Conducted by Bach Harrison, LLC Arizona Youth Survey State Report 2012 Sponsored by: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Conducted by: Bach Harrison, L.L.C. ARIZONA CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMMISSION Chairperson DANIEL G. SHARP, Chief Oro Valley Police Department Vice-Chairperson BILL MONTGOMERY Maricopa County Attorney JOSEPH ARPAIO Maricopa County Sheriff DAVID K. BYERS, Director Administrative Office of the Courts TIMOTHY J. DORN, Chief Gilbert Police Department CLARENCE DUPNIK Pima County Sheriff CHRIS GIBBS, Mayor City of Safford ROBERT C. HALLIDAY, Director Department of Public Safety JESSE HERNANDEZ, Chairperson Board of Executive Clemency TOM HORNE Attorney General BARBARA LAWALL Pima County Attorney RALPH OGDEN Yuma County Sheriff SHEILA POLK Yavapai County Attorney CHARLES RYAN, Director Department of Corrections DAVID SANDERS Pima County Chief Probation Officer STEVEN SHELDON Former Judge MARK SPENCER Law Enforcement Leader CARL TAYLOR Coconino County Supervisor VACANT Police Chief JOHN A. BLACKBURN, JR. Executive Director T Table of Contents Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................................ vi Executive Summary..............................................................................................................................................................vii Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Survey Methods................................................................................................................................................... 3 Survey Questionnaire..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Completion Rate............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Survey Participants........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Participation by County................................................................................................................................................. 4 Survey Norms and Comparative Data........................................................................................................................... 5 Validity of the Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse and Other Youth Problem Behaviors..................... 9 Community Risk and Protective Factors..................................................................................................................... 11 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales............................................................................................................ 13. Family Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................................. 14 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales................................................................................................................... 16 School Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................................. 17 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales.................................................................................................................... 18 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors................................................................................................................ 19 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales...................................................................................................... 22 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes................................................................................................................................. 23 Age of Initiation........................................................................................................................................................... 23 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade.................................................................................................................................... 25 30-Day ATOD Use (Current prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use), By Grade.................................... 28 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender................................................................................................................................... 31 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 i 30-Day Use by Gender ............................................................................................................................................... 33 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs............................................................................................................................... 35 Perceived Availability of ATODs................................................................................................................................. 37 Where Students Obtained Alcohol............................................................................................................................... 39 Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs............................................................................................................. 41 Where Students Obtained Marijuana........................................................................................................................... 43 Drinking and Driving................................................................................................................................................... 45 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results............................................................................... 47 Binge Drinking and Other Antisocial Behaviors by Grade and Gender...................................................................... 47 Handguns..................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Violence....................................................................................................................................................................... 52 Gangs ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54 Student Safety.............................................................................................................................................................. 56 Academic Performance and Substance Use................................................................................................................. 58 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval........................................................................................ 60 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval.............................................................................................. 62 Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use.......................................................................... 64 Prevention-Related Advertisements............................................................................................................................. 65 Youth Resiliency to ATODs......................................................................................................................................... 66 Gambling..................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Section 5: Summary of Findings.............................................................................................................................. 73 Appendices A. B. C. D. E. F. G. 2012 Arizona Youth Survey Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Arizona Youth Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Item Dictionary for the 2012 Arizona Student Survey Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use for Participating Counties Profile Report Charts for Arizona Males Compared to Females (2012) Changes in question wording across the 2008, 2010, and 2012 AYS Administrations Arizona Youth Survey 2012 ii T Table of Figures and Tables Executive Summary Table 1: Table 2: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade............................................................................. ix Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade............................................................................. x Figure 1: Lifetime and 30-Day Use, 2012 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed........................................................ xii Figure 2: Heavy Use, Drinking and Driving, and Antisocial Behavior, 2012 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed............................................................................ xiii Figure 3: Risk Factor Profile, 2012 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed.............................................................. xiv Figure 4: Protective Factor Profile, 2010 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed........................................................ xv Figure 5: Safe School Profile, 2010 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed............................................................................ xvi Section 1: Introduction Table 3: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics.................................................................... 6 Table 4: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Race/Ethnicity............................................. 7 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Table 5: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents and Enrolled School Students by Grade and County......... 8 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors and Scales Table 6: Youth At Risk: Community................................................ 11 Table 7: Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores................................................................................. 13 Table 8: Youth At Risk: Family....................................................... 14 Table 9: Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores........... 16 Table 10: Youth At Risk: School........................................................ 17 Table 11: School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores........... 18 Table 12: Youth At Risk: Peer/Individual.......................................... 19 Table 13: Peer/Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores...................................................................... 22 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Table 14: Age of Initiation................................................................. 23 Figure 6: Average Age of First Substance Use.................................. 24 Figure 7: Lifetime Substance Use: 2008, 2010, and 2012 Arizona State Totals........................................................... 25 Figure 8: Lifetime Substance Use: Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) (Chart 1 of 2)...................... 26 iii Figure 9: Lifetime Substance Use: Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) (Chart 2 of 2)...................... 26 Table 15: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Use ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade........................................ 27 Figure 10: 30-Day Substance Use: 2008, 2010, and 2012 Arizona State Totals........................................................... 28 Figure 11: 30-Day Substance Use: Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) (Chart 1 of 2)...................... 29 Figure 12: 30-Day Substance Use: Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) (Chart 2 of 2)...................... 29 Table 16: Figure 13: Arizona Lifetime Substance Use by Gender...................... 31 Table 17: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade....................... 30 Figure 17: Students’ Sources for Obtaining Alcohol, of Students Who Indicated Drinking Alcohol....................................... 40 Table 22: Figure 18: Students’ Sources of Obtaining Prescription Drugs........... 42 Table 23: Percentage of Students Indicating Their Sources for Obtaining Prescription Drugs............................................ 41 Percentage of Students Indicating Their Sources for Obtaining Marijuana.......................................................... 43 Figure 19: Students’ Sources of Obtaining Marijuana........................ 44 Table 24: Driving After Drinking, and Riding with a Driver Who Has Been Drinking............................................................. 45 Figure 20: Past Month Driving After Drinking or Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking........................................ 46 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime........................................... 32 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Figure 14: Arizona 30-Day Substance Use by Gender....................... 33 Table 18: Percentage of Males and Females By Grade Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days....................................... 34 Figure 21: Arizona Binge Drinking and Antisocial Behaviors: Male, Female, and State Total...................................................... 48 Table 19: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive That Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at “Great Risk”... 35 Table 25: Percentage of Males, Females, and State Total Who Engaged in Binge Drinking and Delinquent Behavior in the Past Year................................................... 49 Figure 15: Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011)............................................ 36 Table 26: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns........................................... 50 Figure 22: Table 27: Students’ Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them.................................................................................. 51 Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence............................................. 52 Table 20: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to Get................................ 37 Figure 16: Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011)............................................ 38 Table 21: Percentage of Alcohol-Drinking Students Indicating Their Sources of Obtaining Alcohol.................................. 39 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Figure 23: Student Violent Behavior and Attitudes............................. 53 Table 28: Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Gangs................................................. 54 Figure 24: Student Gang Involvement................................................ 55 iv Figure 25: Student Gang Reasons for Joining..................................... 55 Table 29: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools.................................................. 56 Figure 26: Student Responses to School Safety Questions................. 57 Table 30: Figure 27: Arizona ATOD Use and Academic Grades........................ 59 Table 31: Percentage Using ATODs by Academic Grades................ 58 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval of Use ................................................................ 60 Figure 28: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval............................................................................ 61 Table 32: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval of Use................................................................. 62 Figure 29: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval............................................................................ 63 Table 33: Percentage of Students Indicating Communication With Parents About Substance Use.................................... 64 Table 34: Percentage of Students Responding to Questions Regarding Prevention-Related Advertising....................... 65 Figure 31: Percentage of Students Reporting Having Noticed Prevention-Related Advertisements................................... 65 Table 35: Student Reports of Being Offered Various Substances in the Past Month............................................................... 66 Figure 32: Youth Resiliency to ATODs............................................... 67 Table 36: Figure 33: Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies................ 69 Table 37: Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies................ 68 Gambling: Percentage of Students Reporting Participation in Various Gambling Activities in the Past Year, and Average Age of First Gambling.................. 71 Figure 34: Past Year Participation in Various Gambling Activities, by Grade............................................................................. 72 Figure 30: Percentage of Students Indicating Communication With Parents About Substance Use.................................... 64 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 v A Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey. We benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from the input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Jennifer Chambers, Arizona State University Katherine Grzybowski, Arizona State University Mary Sands, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 vi E Executive Summary Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Substance Use Findings: In Brief Commission to conduct a statewide survey that is designed to measure the The improvements made to the survey model during the 2002 administration prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by youth, as well as their attitudes were sustained during the 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 survey toward substance abuse. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 the administrations. With the enhancements made to the survey methodology, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducts a results from the 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 surveys are comparable, biennial Arizona Youth Survey. This survey is administered to a statewide survey though this report contains comparisons for only the most recent three years population of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students attending public and charter of data. This State Report presents findings from the past three administrations middle and high schools throughout Arizona. The Arizona Criminal Justice of the AYS only (2002, 2004, and 2006 data can be viewed in reports Commission has been conducting a youth survey for 21 years on a biennial from previous administrations). Because of enhancements made to the basis; however, notable improvements in the survey model, sampling methodology for the surveys administered in 2002 to the present, we The Arizona methods and the increasing levels of participation distinguish the caution against comparisons to pre-2002 survey results. Youth Survey uses Arizona Youth Surveys administered in 2002 to the present from the Risk and Protective It is noteworthy that alcohol is still the most common prior surveys. Framework to guide substance used by Arizona students. In the past month, prevention efforts aimed at 28.1% of students have used alcohol, and 51.7% of students reducing youth The 2012 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) was administered problem have used alcohol in their lifetime. Cigarettes and marijuana are between January and April 2012 in Arizona public and charter behaviors. the second and third most used substances by Arizona youth. For schools. This statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 349 cigarette use, 12.9% of survey participants used cigarettes in the past schools, which resulted in the participation of 62,817 8th, 10th, and month and 28.8% used in their lifetime. For marijuana, 14.3% of survey 12th grade students throughout Arizona (figure represents honest/valid participants indicated they had used marijuana at least once in the past 30 participation only). This report provides a comprehensive statewide perspective days and 28.7% indicated use during their lifetime. Prescription drugs are the on the data obtained through this significant statewide survey effort. Participating fourth highest substance used by Arizona youth, 7.9% of youth indicated use school and district officials also received school and district-specific data in the of any type of prescription drugs at least once in the past month, and 16.6% form of individualized reports to aid in local planning strategies and program indicated use at least once in their lifetime. development. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 vii A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey is another measure for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. The MTF survey is conducted annually by the University of Michigan and is designed to provide ATOD use information from a sample of students representative of the United States as a whole. A lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades in 2012 have had lifetime experience with smokeless tobacco use (category includes chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco) and prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the 2011 MTF survey. Additionally, a lower percentage of Arizona 8th grade students have had lifetime experience with hallucinogens than 8th grade youth in the 2011 national MTF survey population. Twelfth graders’ use of inhalants was also lower for Arizona youth than 12th grade youth in the national MTF survey population. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher cigarette use than students in the same grades in the national survey population. Further, alcohol use rates for Arizona 8th and 10th graders were also higher than 8th and 10th grade alcohol use rates in the national survey population. Alcohol use for Arizona students was 4.2% higher for Arizona 8th graders and 3.1% higher for Arizona 10th graders in comparison to students in the same grades in the national MTF survey population. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 1.3% to 2.1% higher for each grade than in the MTF survey population. In Arizona, lifetime use of many substances in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2010 survey, with alcohol use decreasing 3.6% to 7.8% in each grade, cigarette use decreasing 4.1% to 5.5% in each grade, smokeless tobacco use decreasing 2.6% to 3.4% in each grade, inhalant use decreasing 2.0% to 3.1% in each grade, prescription pain reliever use decreasing 2.4% to 3.3% in each grade, prescription sedative use decreasing 3.4% to 4.3% in each grade, prescription drug use decreasing 3.4% to 5,4% in each grade, and overthe-counter drug use decreasing 1.9% to 2.6% in each grade. Complete lifetime use results can be seen in Table 1 on the following page. A look at past month substance use (Table 2) reveals that a higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol and cigarettes than youth in the same grades in the 2011 national MTF survey population. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Alcohol use in Arizona was 3.5% to 4.9% higher in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey, and cigarette use in Arizona was 1.7% to 2.3% higher in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey. Since the 2010 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 1.5% to 4.8% in all grades for alcohol, decreased 1.1% to 1.9% in all grades for cigarettes, decreased 1.2% to 1.8% in all grades for prescription pain relievers, decreased 1.4% to 1.7% in all grades for prescription sedatives, decreased 2.4% to 2.5% in all grades for prescription drugs, and decreased 1.4% to 2.0% in all grades for over-the-counter drugs. Complete past month use results can be seen in Table 2 on the following pages. Risk and Protective Factors: In Brief In order to make the results of the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey more useful to Arizona communities, risk and protective factor profiles were developed for each participating school that show the percentage of youth at risk and the percentage of youth with protection on each scale. A detailed description of how the profiles were developed is contained in the main body of this Arizona Youth Survey 2012 State Report. Comparisons can be made between youth in Arizona and a more national survey population (Bach Harrison (BH) Norm). The BH Norm is comprised of responses to the same survey questions used in the Arizona Youth Survey but administered in a variety of other states to create a benchmark of responses for comparative purposes. The states upon which the BH Norm is based include Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, and Utah. An example of the substance use rates and risk and protective factor profiles contained in the main report can be seen in Figures 1 through 5 on the following pages. The profile charts in this Executive Summary represent the total of all 8th, 10th, and 12th grade Arizona students who completed the survey. Charts for this group are merely provided as an example of the information that is discussed at the grade level in Section 2 of this report. Further, similar profile reports that provide results by grade were prepared for each participating school (when schools returned a sufficient number of surveys) and district in the state. These profile reports allow prevention planners to more precisely plan, implement, and evaluate prevention interventions. viii Table 1 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs* During Their Lifetime by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 10 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 12 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 Alcohol 47.8 45.1 37.3 33.1 66.2 64.1 59.1 56.0 74.8 72.8 69.2 70.0 59.6 58.2 51.7 Cigarettes 25.9 23.8 19.7 18.4 39.9 37.2 31.7 30.4 50.8 46.9 42.1 40.0 36.0 34.0 28.8 Smokeless tobacco 7.1 7.1 4.5 9.7 12.9 12.5 9.3 15.6 17.7 18.1 14.7 16.9 11.3 11.7 8.4 Marijuana 16.2 17.8 16.2 16.4 32.5 34.3 34.7 34.5 43.1 44.7 44.8 45.5 27.4 29.9 28.7 Hallucinogens 1.9 2.2 1.7 3.3 5.2 5.9 5.2 6.0 7.9 9.0 8.4 8.3 4.3 5.1 4.4 Cocaine 2.7 2.3 1.5 2.2 6.8 5.3 3.9 3.3 11.2 8.8 7.4 5.2 5.9 5.0 3.7 Inhalants 14.3 14.5 11.4 13.1 12.6 11.8 9.4 10.1 9.2 9.4 7.4 8.1 12.6 12.3 9.8 Methamphetamines 1.2 0.7 0.6 1.3 2.4 1.6 1.5 2.1 4.0 2.5 1.8 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.2 Heroin** 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.2 2.0 2.6 1.4 1.2 3.1 3.4 1.8 1.4 1.8 2.1 1.2 Ecstasy 2.2 3.9 2.8 2.6 4.9 8.2 7.4 6.6 7.0 10.6 10.4 8.0 4.2 7.0 6.1 Other Club Drugs N/A N/A 1.9 N/C N/A N/A 2.5 N/C N/A N/A 3.1 N/C N/A N/A 2.4 Steroids 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.4 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.7 Prescription Pain Relievers 12.2 11.5 8.8 N/C 20.5 18.9 15.6 N/C 24.6 23.1 20.7 N/C 17.6 16.8 13.8 Prescription Stimulants 3.8 3.0 2.0 5.2 7.6 7.0 6.6 9.0 7.9 8.5 9.9 12.2 5.9 5.7 5.3 Prescription Sedatives 8.3 8.7 4.4 N/C 12.0 11.5 8.0 N/C 13.2 13.4 10.0 N/C 10.5 10.8 6.9 Prescription Drugs 17.1 16.5 11.1 N/C 25.7 23.7 18.8 N/C 28.7 27.3 23.9 N/C 22.4 21.5 16.6 Over-the-Counter Drugs 9.7 9.5 7.0 N/C 12.9 13.2 10.6 N/C 13.4 14.1 12.2 N/C 11.5 11.8 9.3 Synthetic Drugs N/A N/A 6.9 N/C N/A N/A 11.1 N/C N/A N/A 13.9 N/C N/A N/A 9.9 * Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug (ATOD) ** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2008, 2010, or 2012 Arizona Youth Surveys. N/C - Indicates where equivalent category for these substances is not available from the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 ix Table 2 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 10 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 12 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 Alcohol 23.2 21.9 17.1 12.7 37.7 34.7 32.1 27.2 46.8 45.0 43.5 40.0 33.1 31.9 28.1 Cigarettes 8.7 8.9 7.8 6.1 16.6 15.6 14.0 11.8 23.9 22.9 21.0 18.7 14.7 14.7 12.9 Smokeless tobacco 2.6 2.8 2.1 3.5 4.6 5.7 3.9 6.6 6.8 8.1 6.6 8.3 4.2 5.1 3.8 Marijuana 7.6 8.9 7.7 7.2 15.1 17.4 17.7 17.6 18.7 21.3 22.5 22.6 12.5 14.8 14.3 Hallucinogens 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4 Cocaine 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.8 2.2 1.6 1.2 0.7 3.2 2.2 2.1 1.1 1.9 1.4 1.1 Inhalants 5.4 5.6 4.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.0 3.8 3.7 2.8 Methamphetamines 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 Heroin* 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy 0.8 1.7 0.9 0.6 1.5 2.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 3.4 2.0 2.3 1.3 2.5 1.4 Other Club Drugs N/A N/A 0.6 N/C N/A N/A 0.7 N/C N/A N/A 0.6 N/C N/A N/A 0.6 Steroids 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers 6.0 5.7 4.5 N/C 9.4 8.9 7.3 N/C 10.5 9.7 7.9 3.6 8.1 7.7 6.2 Prescription Stimulants 1.6 1.4 0.9 1.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 Prescription Sedatives 3.4 3.6 1.9 N/C 4.5 4.7 3.3 N/C 5.0 4.7 3.2 N/C 4.1 4.2 2.7 Prescription Drugs 8.6 8.2 5.7 N/C 12.2 11.8 9.3 N/C 13.1 12.4 10.0 N/C 10.7 10.4 7.9 Over-the-Counter Drugs 5.6 5.4 4.0 N/C 6.4 6.3 4.9 N/C 5.9 6.3 4.3 N/C 5.9 5.9 4.4 Synthetic Drugs N/A N/A 3.8 N/C N/A N/A 5.0 N/C N/A N/A 5.2 N/C N/A N/A 4.5 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2008, 2010, or 2012 Arizona Youth Surveys. N/C - Indicates where equivalent category for these substances is not available from the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 x Rates of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs (ATOD) and antisocial behaviors for the statewide survey population can be seen in Figure 1. As was mentioned previously, lifetime and 30-day use of alcohol, cigarettes, and several prescription drug categories saw decreases in reported usage since the 2010 survey. Figure 2 displays binge drinking, drinking and driving, and antisocial behavior data. Rates of most of these behaviors decreased since 2010 with the most notable decreases for binge drinking in the past two weeks, riding in a car driven by someone who had been drinking, going to school while drunk or high, and attacking someone with the intent to seriously harm them. Figure 3 shows the percentage of the AYS statewide survey population who are at risk for problem behaviors compared to the BH Norm. Based on the 2012 survey, Arizona students have risk factor scores that are significantly lower than the BH Norm for seven scales (Perceived Availability of Handguns, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Academic Failure, Rebelliousness, Peer Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, and Interaction with Antisocial Peers). However, as can be seen in the risk profile chart (Figure 3), several scales such as Perceived Availability of Drugs, Family Conflict, Family History of Antisocial Behavior, Friends’ Use of Drugs, and Rewards for Antisocial Behavior are above the BH Norm level for students in the survey population in 2012. A review of the risk factor scales shows that most risk factor scales for the statewide survey population decreased since 2010. Five scales showed a significant increase including Perceived Availability of Handguns, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Low Commitment to School, Perceived Risk of Drug Use, and Peer/ Individual Rewards for Antisocial Behavior. Protective factors buffer the influence of the risk factors operating in a young person’s life. Research has shown that young people who spend time with prosocial peers and participate in prosocial activities in the community and at Arizona Youth Survey 2012 school and are rewarded for those activities, are less likely to become involved in problem behaviors. These and other important protective factors are measured in the AYS. In five of the protective factor scales, the Arizona survey population had similar or lower levels of protection (Figure 4) than students from the BH Norm. However, protection for Arizona students was significantly higher than the BH Norm for Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, Belief in the Moral Order, and Peer/Individual Prosocial Involvement. Comparisons between the 2010 results and those from 2012 show that the statewide survey population levels of protection were largely unchanged for Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, Family Attachment, Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, and Peer/Individual Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The two scales that show a significant increase in protection were Belief in the Moral Order and Peer/Individual Prosocial Involvement (increases of 3.4% and 3.6% respectively since 2010). The following scales showed significant decreases for all students combined: Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement and Interaction with Prosocial Peers. The profile reports created for participating schools, school districts, counties, and some cities across the state also contain charts and tables reporting responses to questions regarding school safety. Figure 5 is an example of the Safe School charts included in the profile reports. Figure 5 reveals that the percentage of students reporting that they felt unsafe at school and the percentage reporting that they were in a physical fight on school property have decreased since the 2010 survey. Rates of carrying a weapon on school property, being threatened or injured on school property, and being picked on or bullied on school property are all slightly up since the 2010 survey. These analyses of the data obtained from the survey and provided in this report are quite extensive but are not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it is believed that the data and highlights contained within this report will provide insights for the many important decisions pertaining to the well-being of Arizona youth. xi Figure 1 LIFETIME & 30-DAY ATOD USE 2012 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 Percentage (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Synthetic Drugs*† Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens State 2012 Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Synthetic Drugs*† Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† State 2010 Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol State 2008 MTF 2011 (National Comparison) *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. **Denotes a change in the question between administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. †No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 xii Figure 2 BINGE DRINKING, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2012 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed 100 Binge Drinking* Drinking & Driving Past Month** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 Percentage (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them State 2012 Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle State 2010 Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? (Past month) DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? (Past month) 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? State 2008 MTF 2011*/BH Norm 2012** *National Comparison data for Binge Drinking category are Monitoring the Future values. **National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 xiii 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Figure 3 RISK PROFILE 2012 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment xiv Arizona Youth Survey 2012 BH Norm 2012 State 2012 State 2010 State 2008 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 *High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors). Figure 4 PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2012 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual Percentage (%) of youth with protection 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement State 2012 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement State 2008 BH Norm 2012 *High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 xv Figure 5 SCHOOL SAFETY & CYBER-BULLYING 2012 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 Percentage (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Harassed or Mistreated On-Line or Electronically* State 2012 Picked On or Bullied on School Property State 2010 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School State 2008 BH Norm 2012 *Prior to 2012, the AYS did not survey online and electronic harassment. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 xvi I Introduction Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission to conduct a statewide survey that is designed to measure the prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by youth, as well as the attitudes youth hold toward substance abuse. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducts a biennial Arizona Youth Survey. This survey is administered to a statewide survey population of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students attending public and charter middle and high schools throughout Arizona. prevention model. The Risk and Protective Factor model identifies "the factors that increase and mitigate the likelihood of delinquent involvement and other dysfunctional behaviors. The model emphasizes the need for community-wide efforts to ameliorate those risk factors” (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1995). August Risk-and-protective-factor-focused prevention is based on a simple premise: to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing while simultaneously identifying those factors that decrease the problem from developing and then find ways to reduce risk The 2012 Arizona Youth Survey was conducted by the Arizona Criminal factor levels and build upon the protective factors. The substance abuse Justice Commission with technical assistance from Bach Harrison, prevention field has evolved over time, often through empirical-based L.L.C. The successful implementation of the Arizona Youth Survey The survey was research. The theoretical development and rigorous empirical-based conducted by can be attributed to strong collaborative efforts and support from research in substance abuse prevention and programming in the Arizona state and local agencies and non-profits that serve youth. recent years are among the most important developments in Criminal Justice Finally, the cooperation of local prevention coordinators, the field. The focus has been on risk and protective factors as Commission and school administrators, teachers, and students directly Bach Harrison, L.L.C. a unifying descriptive and predictive framework for developing contributed to the success of the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey. and evaluating prevention programs. In 2002, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission made a decision to change the substance abuse survey instrument to a model that would benefit multiple state agencies and generate data that are comparable to data collected at a national level. The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the nationally recognized Risk and Protective Factor model. The Risk and Protective Factor model was developed in 1989 by J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. at the University of Washington as a comprehensive Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Substance abuse prevention programs aim to deter the onset of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use by changing individuals’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Researchers with the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington have defined areas of risk that affect youth problem behaviors within the community, family, school, and peer/individual domains. Likewise, protective factors have been identified and include prosocial opportunities, rewards for prosocial involvement, and developing prosocial skills 1 within the community, family, school, and peer/individual domains. Initiation of substance abuse and risk factor behaviors at an early age affect the involvement of youth within the community, family, school, and peer group setting (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 2004). The 2012 Arizona Youth Survey was administered between January and April 2012 in Arizona public and charter schools. The statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 349 schools, which resulted in the participation of 62,817 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students throughout Arizona (figure represents valid participation only). School principals and teachers were provided detailed instructions for administering the survey. Students’ anonymity was emphasized through a teacher-read script, which instructed students not to put their names on the survey. Upon completion, all surveys were returned and electronically scanned by Bach Harrison L.L.C. This report is organized into five sections: 1. Survey Methods: describes how the survey was conducted, who participated, and the procedures used to ensure that valid information was collected. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 2. Risk and Protective Factors and Scales: provides a description of the risk and protective factor model of substance abuse prevention, including the four domains of risk and protection (community, family, school, and peer/individual). Also included are the risk and protective factor scale scores for grades 8, 10, and 12. 3. Substance Use Outcomes: presents data on recent and lifetime use of ATODs among Arizona’s youth and information on other ATOD-related questions (perceived harm; perceived availability; where students obtained alcohol, prescription drugs, and marijuana; and drinking and driving). Some of these results are comparable to the results of the national Monitoring the Future survey. 4. Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results: presents data on binge drinking and other antisocial behaviors. This section also presents findings that show the correlation of substance use to academic achievement, socioeconomic background, perceived parental approval of substance use, and perceived peer approval of substance use. 5. Summary of Findings: fully summarizes the results and conclusions of the report. 2 1 Section 1: Survey Methods August The information presented in this report was gathered using the 2012 Arizona In addition to measuring risk and protective factors, the survey also measures Youth Survey questionnaire (Appendix A). The survey is intended to provide alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use and anti-social behavior. The information about the levels of risk and protection in a community as well as substances that are measured by the survey include: 1) alcohol; 2) cigarettes; 3) levels of substance use and anti-social behaviors of youth. Risk factors are those smokeless tobacco; 4) marijuana; 5) hallucinogens; 6) cocaine; 7) inhalants; 8) conditions or situations that increase the likelihood that a child will develop one methamphetamines; 9) heroin; 10) ecstasy; 11) other club drugs; 12) steroids; or more health and/or behavior problems in adolescence. Protective factors are 13) prescription pain relievers; 14) prescription stimulants; 15) prescription the conditions or situations that decrease the likelihood of future substance abuse sedatives; 16) over-the-counter drugs; and 17) synthetic drugs. Another and behavior problems. Risk and protective factors are found in four domains substance category of “prescription drugs,” which represents use of at least — community, school, family, and the peer/individual. The information one of the prescription drug substance categories, was created in order gathered on risk and protective factors, youth drug use, and anti-social to have comparable data to the 2006 prescription drugs question and Besides behavior is essential in supporting prevention planning, intervention is included in lifetime and past-month substance use charts and measuring risk and planning, and needs assessment at the local and state levels. tables. Most of the questions that ask about substance use are protective factors, similar to those used in the national survey, Monitoring the the survey also assesses The topics addressed in this section include the survey the current prevalence of Future (MTF), so comparisons between the two surveys can alcohol, tobacco, questionnaire, how it was administered, the demographics of be made easily. and other participants, completion rates, and the validity of the results. drug use. There are a total of 14 risk factors and 10 protective factors that are Survey Questionnaire measured by the 2012 survey. However, some of the risk factors are broad enough to require more than one scale for adequate measurement. The survey questionnaire was originally developed through the combined As a result, there are 21 separate risk factor scales and 10 protective factor efforts of six states and the Social Development Research Group at the University scales measured by the survey. Appendix B provides a complete list of the risk of Washington. The collaborative survey development process was a Center and protective factors and the corresponding risk and protective factor scales in for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) funded project called the Six-State the survey. Consortium. The goal of the Consortium was to develop a survey that provided scientifically sound information about the levels of risk and protection in a There are approximately four survey items that measure each risk factor. Reliability community. The survey was further refined through the Diffusion Consortium for the constructs is good (the average value for Cronbach’s alpha = .79). The Project that involved seven states and was funded by four federal agencies: the questionnaire has 149 questions; however, many of the questions have multiple National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), Safe and Drug Free Schools Program, components so students actually responded to a total of 241 items. The questions Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and CSAP. were printed in a test booklet that was machine-scoreable. Most students from all Arizona Youth Survey 2012 3 grades could easily complete the questionnaire in one class period. A complete item dictionary that lists the risk and protective factor scales and the items they contain as well as the outcome variables can be seen in Appendix D. Completion Rate Not all 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students in Arizona participated in the survey. Some schools didn’t participate, some students individually chose not to participate, some parents did not allow their child to participate, and some students were absent on the day the survey was administered. Of the 69,293 students in grades 6 through 12 that took the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey 62,817 comprise the final survey pool for the analysis contained in this state report. The final survey pool discussed in this report is only comprised of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 who provided valid responses. Survey Participants The characteristics of the youth who took the survey are presented in Table 3. In the 2012 survey, there were nearly an equal number of males and females who took the survey in all grades (female = 50.5% and males = 49.5%). Table 3 also shows that English is the primary language spoken in 83.7% of homes. An analysis of the family structure of respondents showed that 55.9% lived with both of their biological parents, 15.8% lived in a step-family structure, and 23.4% lived in a single-parent home. In 2010, Race/Ethnicity data began to be collected consistent with the US Census Bureau, which asks race (White, Native American, African American, and Asian or Pacific Islander) and ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic) separately. Race by ethnicity and grade data are displayed in Table 4 on the Arizona Youth Survey 2012 following pages. Of the 2012 survey respondents, 36.3% of respondents indicated they were of Hispanic ethnic background and 58.0% indicated being nonHispanic. Within those ethnic categories, 29.7% of Hispanic youth were White, and 72.1% of non-Hispanics were White. Of Hispanic youth, the next biggest racial category was Native American (4.9%), and 55.8% of students marking that they were Hispanic did not mark a specific race in which they identified. Of nonHispanic youth, the next biggest racial category was African American (5.4%) and Native American (5.2%). Participation by County Table 5 displays 2012 survey participation rates by county. Every county in the State of Arizona had schools participate in the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey. The data reported show that the percentage of the statewide sample population in each county is very close to the percentage of students who completed the Arizona Youth Survey (AYS). Thus, the survey is a good representation of the students in Arizona. For example, in the state of Arizona, 63.7% of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students live in Maricopa County, 1.8% live in Navajo County, and 0.9% live in Apache County. Similarly, of the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey participants, 65.0% live in Maricopa County, 2.2% live in Navajo County, and 1.2% live in Apache County. While the percentage participating for most counties is very close to the percentage enrolled, Pima County is the exception with 14.4% enrolled and 8.0% participating. However, Pima County had 4,999 students complete the survey, which is adequate for most analyses. Tables reporting substance use by county are located in Appendix E of this report. These tables show the total percentage of students in each participating county who used each substance. 4 Survey Norms and Comparative Data It can be helpful to know how the results from Arizona students compare to the results from a national survey population of students. The 2012 Arizona Youth Survey data are compared throughout this report to the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey data. State results from the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades are compared to national results from the same grades, when the wording of AYS and MTF questions were the same. It should be noted that the latest national data from MTF are for 2011. The MTF survey, a national survey, is conducted annually by the University of Michigan and is designed to provide ATOD use information from a survey population of students representative of the United States as a whole. The survey questions, measurements, and protocol for both the Arizona Youth Survey and the MTF surveys are similar, making most comparisons valid without any additional analysis. More information on the Monitoring the Future survey and survey results can be found at http://www.monitoringthefuture.org. surveys were eliminated because of four predetermined dishonesty indicators — 1) the students indicated that they had used the non-existent drug phenoxydine (2,374 surveys); 2) the students reported an impossibly high level of multiple drug use (1,045 surveys); 3) the students indicated past-month use rates that were higher than lifetime use rates (1,437 surveys); and 4) the students reported an age that was inconsistent with their grade (387 surveys). These surveys were not included in the final analyses. Because the results reported in this state report and in the profile reports focus on data from the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, an additional 3,078 students in the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 11th grades were also eliminated from these state level results. These 6th, 7th, 9th, and 11th graders took the survey because they were attending a class that was largely made up of students in the even grades, or the school chose to survey students in these grades for a more complete description of their students. Further, 83 surveys were eliminated because of students not reporting a grade level or because they marked more than one grade level. Validity of the Data A total of 6,327 questionnaires were eliminated from all survey analysis. This is less than the sum of those eliminated according to the criteria cited above because many of those eliminated met more than one criteria for elimination. There were a total of 69,293 survey questionnaires completed. However, not all of the questionnaires contained valid information. Of these surveys, 3,166 (4.6%) were eliminated because respondents were determined to be dishonest, because students did not answer enough of the validity questions to determine whether or not they were honest in their responses, or because a student marked a grade that was incompatible with the grade range of the school. Dishonest Other steps taken to reduce response bias included carefully pretesting the questionnaire to ensure that students understood the meaning of each question, using a well developed and tested administration protocol, and reading the same instructions to all students who participated in the survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 5 Table 3 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 2012 Total 2010 Total 2008 Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 28,932 46.1 18,766 29.9 15,119 24.1 62,817 100.0 67,405 100.0 54,734 100.0 Male 14,043 49.8 8,982 48.9 7,358 49.8 30,383 49.5 30,645 49.0 26,213 48.8 Female 14,134 50.2 9,373 51.1 7,431 50.2 30,938 50.5 31,928 51.0 27,514 51.2 31,887 48.8 Total Survey population Gender Race/Ethnicity White 4,812 7.4 21,525 32.9 African American 3,915 6.0 Asian or Pacific Islander 3,232 4.9 Native American Hispanic The Method for Gathering and Reporting Race/Ethnicity Data changed in 2010. See Following Table for 2010 and 2012 Race/Ethnicity Data Family Structure Both Parents 16,402 56.7 10,424 55.5 8,302 54.9 35,128 55.9 35,439 55.6 30,311 55.4 Step-Families 4,632 16.0 3,046 16.2 2,236 14.8 9,914 15.8 9,550 15.0 8,704 15.9 Single Parent 6,601 22.8 4,465 23.8 3,631 24.0 14,697 23.4 15,465 24.2 12,707 23.2 English 21,873 80.4 14,998 86.2 12,267 87.1 49,138 83.7 50,053 81.3 43,273 80.5 Spanish 4,664 17.1 1,855 10.7 1,377 9.8 7,896 13.5 9,902 16.1 9,219 17.1 682 2.5 536 3.1 433 3.1 1,651 2.8 1,647 2.7 1,265 2.4 Language Used at Home Another Language NOTE: Numbers and percentages listed here reflect only those students who answered each of the demographic questions. Therefore, the numbers and percentages in the Total column do not add up to the final completion rate indicated in the text of the report. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 6 Table 4 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Race/Ethnicity Grade 8 Number Grade 10 Percent Number Grade 12 Percent Number 2012 Total Percent Number 2010 Total Percent Number Percent Hispanic Student marked ‘Yes’ to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American 654 5.4 294 4.8 173 3.8 1,121 4.9 1,207 4.9 African American 360 3.0 183 3.0 115 2.5 658 2.9 657 2.6 Asian 111 0.9 65 1.1 46 1.0 222 1.0 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 126 1.0 54 0.9 45 1.0 225 1.0 280 1.1 3,552 29.2 1,790 29.2 1,432 31.5 6,774 29.7 5,772 23.2 580 4.8 317 5.2 202 4.4 1,099 4.8 1,021 4.1 6,777 55.7 3,418 55.8 2,537 55.8 12,732 55.8 15,726 63.2 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked Non-Hispanic Student marked ‘No’ to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American 980 6.5 509 4.4 420 4.3 1,909 5.2 2,517 6.8 African American 913 6.1 608 5.2 458 4.7 1,979 5.4 2,129 5.7 Asian 639 4.3 507 4.4 495 5.0 1,641 4.5 1,551 4.2 Pacific Islander 129 0.9 104 0.9 91 0.9 324 0.9 372 1.0 10,555 70.5 8,380 72.1 7,312 74.4 26,247 72.1 27,180 73.2 1,200 8.0 833 7.2 528 5.4 2,561 7.0 2,539 6.8 550 3.7 687 5.9 522 5.3 1,759 4.8 824 2.2 Hispanic Students 12,160 42.0 6,121 32.6 4,550 30.1 22,831 36.3 24,869 39.0 Non-Hispanic Students 14,966 51.7 11,628 62.0 9,826 65.0 36,420 58.0 37,112 58.2 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked Totals Arizona Youth Survey 2012 7 Table 5 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents and Enrolled School Students by Grade and Participating County for the 2012 Survey Grade 8 2012 Survey Participation # Grade 10 2011-2012 School Year Enrollment Information % # % 2012 Survey Participation # % Grade 12 2011-2012 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2012 Survey Participation # % 2012 Total 2011-2012 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2012 Survey Participation # % 2011-2012 School Year Enrollment Information # 2010 Survey Participation % # % 2008 Survey Participation # % Apache 362 1.3 786 1.0 228 1.2 735 0.9 174 1.2 749 0.9 764 1.2 2,270 0.9 1,105 1.7 300 0.5 Cochise 736 2.5 1,517 1.9 694 3.7 1,472 1.8 244 1.6 1,446 1.8 1,674 2.7 4,435 1.8 989 1.6 1,163 2.1 Coconino 319 1.1 1,331 1.6 74 0.4 1,489 1.9 112 0.7 1,416 1.8 505 0.8 4,236 1.8 1,212 1.9 1,129 2.1 Gila 435 1.5 615 0.8 282 1.5 555 0.7 202 1.3 559 0.7 919 1.5 1,729 0.7 714 1.1 835 1.5 Graham 245 0.8 472 0.6 283 1.5 436 0.5 226 1.5 386 0.5 754 1.2 1,294 0.5 840 1.3 788 1.4 Greenlee 119 0.4 143 0.2 115 0.6 152 0.2 68 0.4 110 0.1 302 0.5 405 0.2 255 0.4 162 0.3 La Paz 153 0.5 209 0.3 126 0.7 196 0.2 96 0.6 202 0.3 375 0.6 607 0.3 366 0.6 349 0.6 65.1 51,618 63.8 11,867 66.5 32,929 60.2 Maricopa 18,821 63.2 50,953 63.6 10,158 67.2 51,067 63.7 40,846 65.0 153,638 63.7 42,435 1,048 3.6 1,954 2.4 835 4.4 1,953 2.4 602 4.0 1,738 2.2 2,485 4.0 5,645 2.3 2,257 3.5 1,772 3.2 772 2.7 1,346 1.7 313 1.7 1,449 1.8 278 1.8 1,534 1.9 1,363 2.2 4,329 1.8 1,539 2.4 1,706 3.1 Pima 2,017 7.0 11,375 14.0 1,584 8.4 11,313 14.1 1,398 9.2 11,983 15.0 4,999 8.0 34,671 14.4 3,574 5.6 4,961 9.1 Pinal 1,675 5.8 3,781 4.7 1,462 7.8 3,494 4.4 906 6.0 3,183 4.0 4,043 6.4 10,458 4.3 3,560 5.6 2,896 5.3 Santa Cruz 493 1.7 782 1.0 49 0.3 851 1.1 66 0.4 776 1.0 608 1.0 2,409 1.0 994 1.6 1,175 2.1 Yavapai 904 3.1 2,161 2.7 806 4.3 2,114 2.6 538 3.6 1,985 2.5 2,248 3.6 6,260 2.6 2,553 4.0 2,853 5.2 Yuma 833 2.9 2,866 3.5 48 0.3 2,940 3.7 51 0.3 2,974 3.7 932 1.5 8,780 3.6 1,391 2.2 1,716 3.1 Mohave Navajo Arizona Youth Survey 2012 8 2 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use and Other Youth Problem Behaviors The History and Importance of Risk and Protective Factors August The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the Risk and Protective Factor Model factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can of substance abuse prevention. In medical research, risk factors have been be identified and targeted by preventive interventions that also promote related found for heart disease and other health problems. Through media campaigns protective factors. For example, if academic failure is identified as an elevated risk that inform the general public about the risk factors for heart disease, most factor in a community, then mentoring and tutoring interventions can be provided people are now aware that behaviors such as eating high-fat diets, smoking, to improve academic performance and also increase opportunities and rewards for high cholesterol, being overweight, and lack of exercise place them at risk classroom participation. for heart disease. Just as medical research discovered the risk factors for heart disease, social scientists have identified a set of factors that place The risk and protective factors measured by the Arizona Youth Survey have young people at risk for the problem behaviors of substance abuse, Just been organized into four important areas of a young person’s life — delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. They as medical community, family, school, and peer/individual. There are a total of research discovered also have identified a set of protective factors that help to buffer 14 risk factors and 10 protective factors that are measured by the the risk factors for heart the harmful effects of risk. 2012 survey. However, some of the risk factors require more disease, social scientists than one scale for adequate measurement. As a result, there have defined risk factors that Dr. J. David Hawkins, Dr. Richard F. Catalano, and their are 21 separate risk factor scales and 10 protective factor scales place youth at risk for colleagues at the University of Washington have reviewed measured by the survey. Appendix B provides a complete list of the problem behaviors. more than 30 years of existing work on risk factors from various risk and protective factors and the corresponding risk and protective fields and have completed extensive work of their own to identify factor scales in the survey. risk factors for youth problem behaviors. They identified risk factors in important areas of daily life: 1) the community, 2) the family, 3) the The remainder of this section of the report is organized according to the four school, and 4) within individuals themselves and their peer interactions. domains. For each domain, the definition of each risk factor is presented and Many of the problem behaviors faced by youth — delinquency, substance then risk and protective results gathered from the Arizona Youth Survey for each abuse, violence, school dropout, and teen pregnancy — share many common domain are provided by grade. Risk and protective factor charts are also provided risk factors. Programs designed to reduce those common risk factors will to illustrate levels of risk and protection among Arizona youth in a visual format. have the benefit of reducing several problem behaviors. On the following page is more information about how to read and interpret the risk and protective charts. The Risk and Protective Factor Model and data from the Arizona Youth Survey can be used to help school and community planners assess current conditions and prioritize areas of greatest need. By measuring risk and protective Arizona Youth Survey 2012 9 How to Read the Risk and Protective Factor Charts in This Section It is important that the reader gain an understanding of the cut-points that are used to create the risk and protective factor scale scores presented in this section. These cut-points are an important component of the risk and protective factor tables in this section. Cut-Points Before the percentage of youth at risk on a given scale could be calculated, a scale value or cut-point needed to be determined that would separate the at-risk group from the group that was not at-risk. The Prevention Needs Assessment survey instrument was designed to assess adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior, and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. Because risk and protective factor model surveys have been given to thousands of youth in the Six-State and Seven-State Consortium Projects, it was possible to select two groups of youth nationwide, one that was more at-risk for problem behaviors and another group that was less at-risk. A cut-point score was then determined for each risk and protective factor scale that best divided the youth from the two groups into their appropriate group, more at-risk or less at-risk. The Arizona Youth Survey 2012 criteria for selecting the more at-risk and the less at-risk groups included academic grades (the more at-risk group received “D” and “F” grades, the less at-risk group received “A” and “B” grades); alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use (the more at-risk group had more regular use, the less at-risk group had no drug use and use of alcohol or tobacco on only a few occasions); and antisocial behavior (the more at-risk group had two or more serious delinquent acts in the past year, the less at-risk group had no serious delinquent acts). The cut-points that were determined by analyzing the results of the more atrisk and less at-risk groups will remain constant and will be used to produce the profiles for future surveys. Because the cut-points for each scale will remain fixed, the percentage of youth above the cut-point on a scale (at-risk) will provide a method for evaluating the progress of prevention programs over time. For example, if the percent of youth at risk for family conflict in a community prior to implementing a community-wide family/parenting program was 60% and then decreased to 50% one year after the program was implemented, the results may indicate that the program helped to reduce family conflict. 10 Community Risk and Protective Factors When looking at the community domain, it is important to consider more than how members of a community interact with the youth of the community. Youth benefit from living in an area where neighbors and community members show concern for them, offer them support, and give encouragement and praise. However, youth also benefit from living in a community that functions in a socially healthy manner. What is the community like? Are drugs and guns readily available? Is the community lacking in economic resources? Do community members, businesses, or police turn a blind eye toward drug use and antisocial behaviors or condone such behaviors? Is there a sense of community disorganization or does the community have a common set of shared norms and expectations of behavior? All of these community issues, and more, play significant roles in shaping the behaviors of the youth that live within a particular community. By understanding how youth perceive their neighborhood, Arizona communities can get a better sense of how they need to change in order to reduce the risk that youth will participate in problem behaviors. Definitions of all community domain risk factors, as well as scale scores for the community domain, are provided on the following pages. Table 6 below shows the links between the community risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Check marks have been placed in this and similar tables to indicate where at least two well-designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Table 6       Violence Delinquency  School Dropout Substance Abuse YOUTH AT RISK Teen Pregnancy PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Community Availability of Drugs Availability of Firearms Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime  Media Portrayals of Violence The more available drugs are in a community, the higher the risk that young people will abuse drugs in that community. Perceived availability of drugs is also associated with risk. For example, in schools where students just think drugs are more available, a higher rate of drug use typically occurs. Availability of Firearms (Linked to Delinquency and Violence) Firearm availability and firearm homicide have increased together since the late 1950s. When a firearm is used in a crime or assault instead of another weapon or no weapon, the outcome is much more likely to be fatal. While a few studies report no association between firearm availability and violence, more studies show a positive relationship. Given the lethality of firearms, the increase in the likelihood of conflict escalating into homicide when guns are present, and the strong association between availability of guns and homicide rates, firearm availability is included as a risk factor. Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Community norms, the attitudes and policies a community holds about drug use and crime, are communicated in a variety of ways: through laws and written policies, through informal social practices, and through the expectations parents and other community members have of young people. When laws and community standards are favorable toward drug use or crime, or even if they are just unclear, youth are at higher risk.  Low Neighborhood Attachment   Extreme Economic and Social Deprivation   Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Availability of Drugs (Linked to Substance Abuse and Violence)     11 Media Portrayals of Violence (Linked to Violence) The role of media violence on the behavior of viewers, especially young viewers, has been debated for more than three decades. Research over that time period has shown a clear correlation between media portrayal of violence and the development of aggressive and violent behavior. Exposure to violence in the media appears to have an impact on children in several ways: 1) children learn violent behavior from watching actors model that behavior, 2) they learn violent problem-solving strategies, and 3) media portrayals of violence appear to alter children’s attitudes and sensitivity to violence. Please note that a scale has not been developed for this risk factor, and the Arizona Youth Survey does not gather results for this risk factor. Low Neighborhood Attachment (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Higher rates of drug problems, juvenile delinquency, and violence occur in communities or neighborhoods where people have little attachment to the community, where the rates of vandalism are high, and where there is low surveillance of public places. These conditions are not limited to low-income neighborhoods; they can also be found in wealthier neighborhoods. The less homogeneous a community (in terms of race, class, religion, and even the mix of industrial to residential neighborhoods), the less connected its residents may feel to the overall community, and the more difficult it is to establish clear community goals and identity. The challenge of creating neighborhood attachment and organization is greater in these neighborhoods. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Perhaps the most significant issue affecting community attachment is whether residents feel they can make a difference in their own lives. If the key players in the neighborhood, such as merchants, teachers, police, and human services personnel, live outside the neighborhood, residents’ sense of commitment will be less. Lower rates of voter participation and parental involvement in schools also indicate lower attachment to the community. Extreme Economic Deprivation (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Children who live in deteriorating and crime-ridden neighborhoods characterized by extreme poverty are more likely to develop problems with delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Children who live in these areas and have behavior and adjustment problems early in life are also more likely to have problems with drugs later on. Please note that a scale has not been developed for this risk factor, and the Arizona Youth Survey does not gather results for this risk factor. 12 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors In all grades, a majority of Arizona survey participants in 2012 were not at-risk in the community domain. Table 7 shows that Low Neighborhood Attachment was the highest scaled score for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades with 36.8% of 8th graders, 42.8% of 10th graders, and 48.1% of 12th graders at risk in this scale. Protective Factors There is one protective factor scale for the community domain – Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Rates of Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were as follows for each grade: 33.2% in the 8th grade, 37.9% in the 10th grade, 37.7% in the 12th grade, and 35.8% for all grades combined. Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2008, 2010, and 2012) of risk and protective factor data are presented in this report. Data presented in Table 7 depict changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2008 and 2010 surveys. Since the 2010 survey, rates of Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use decreased 2.9% for the 8th grade (from 35.0% in 2010 to 32.1% in 2012), decreased 2.5% for the 10th grade (from 41.8% in 2010 to 39.3% in 2012), and decreased 1.6% for all grades combined. Rates of Perceived Availability of Drugs decreased 2.6% for the 8th grade (from 36.9% in 2010 to 34.3% in 2012) and decreased 1.4% for all grades combined. Scaled scores for Perceived Availability of Handguns increased 1.2% in the 8th grade (from 33.4% in 2010 to 34.6% in 2012), 2.6% in the 12th grade (from 26.5% in 2010 to 29.1% in 2012), and 1.3% for all grades combined. Table 7 Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Low Neighborhood Attachment 38.5 35.9 36.8 46.2 43.6 42.8 51.0 47.3 48.1 43.8 41.3 41.6 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 36.6 35.0 32.1 42.1 41.8 39.3 36.3 35.5 37.1 38.1 37.2 35.6 Perceived Availability of Drugs 38.2 36.9 34.3 49.6 42.9 42.3 52.2 43.8 43.5 45.0 40.6 39.2 Perceived Availability of Handguns 37.8 33.4 34.6 26.7 22.3 22.8 33.1 26.5 29.1 33.4 28.2 29.5 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 31.3 32.9 33.2 35.4 38.0 37.9 33.2 37.0 37.7 33.0 35.6 35.8 Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons between the 2008, 2010, and 2012 state survey data. In regard to the Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement scale, rates did not significantly change since the 2010 survey; however, a comparison of 2008 and 2012 data shows that protection for this scale has increased 1.9% to 4.5% in each grade and 2.8% for all grades combined in the past four years. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 13 Family Risk and Protective Factors For the family domain, one must consider more than parents’ personal interaction with their children. Youth benefit from being bonded with their family and from belonging to a family in which their parents offer support, encouragement, and praise. Other important factors that can contribute to youth problem behaviors are whether or not the youth’s parents or siblings have used substances, approve of the use of substances, or have participated in antisocial behaviors. If a youth’s living situation is full of conflict (fights and arguments) and disorganization (lack of family communication or parents’ not knowing the whereabouts or doings of their children), the youth is likely to be at risk for problem behaviors. Definitions of all family domain risk factors, as well as scores for the family domain are provided on the following pages. Table 8 below shows the links between the family risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Table 8 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Family History of the Problem Behavior      Family Management Problems      Family Conflict      Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior   YOUTH AT RISK Family History of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) If children are raised in a family with a history of addiction to alcohol or other drugs, the risk of their having alcohol and other drug problems themselves increases. If children are born or raised in a family with a history of criminal activity, their risk of juvenile delinquency increases. Similarly, children who are raised by a teenage mother are more likely to become teen parents and children of dropouts are more likely to drop out of school themselves. Family Management Problems (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Poor family management practices include lack of clear expectations for behavior, failure of parents to monitor their children (knowing where they are and who they are with), and excessively severe or inconsistent punishment. Family Arizona Youth Survey 2012  Family Conflict (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Persistent, serious conflict between primary care givers or between care givers and children appears to increase risk for children raised in these families. Conflict between family members appears to be more important than family structure. Whether the family is headed by two biological parents, a single parent, or some other primary care giver, children raised in families high in conflict appear to be at risk for all of the problem behaviors. 14 Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Parental attitudes and behavior toward drugs, crime, and violence influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Parental approval of young people’s moderate drinking, even under parental supervision, increases the risk of the young person using marijuana. Similarly, children of parents who excuse their children for breaking the law are more likely to develop problems with juvenile delinquency. In families where parents display violent behavior toward those outside or inside the family, there is an increase in the risk that a child will become violent. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become substance abusers in adolescence. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 15 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors In all grades, a majority of Arizona survey respondents were not atrisk in the family domain. Table 9 shows that the Family Conflict scale was the highest scale score for the 8th grade (51.2% at risk), while the Parent Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior was the highest scaled score for the 10th grade (49.9% at risk) and 12th grade (48.7% at risk). Protective Factors There are three protective factor scales for the family domain – Family Attachment, Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, and Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The highest protective factor score in all grades was Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement (60.6% in the 8th grade, 56.0% in the 10th grade, 56.8% in the 12th grade). Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2008, 2010, and 2012) of risk and protective factor data are presented in this report. Data presented in Table 9 depict changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2008 and 2010 surveys. As seen in Table 9, there were many decreases in risk. For the Poor Family Management scale, risk decreased 1.2% to 3.4% in each grade and 2.1% for all grades combined. Significant decreases in risk since the 2010 survey were also found for the 8th grade Family Conflict scale, 10th grade Family History of Antisocial Behavior scale, 8th grade Parental Attitudes Favorable toward Antisocial Behavior scale, and 8th grade Parental Attitudes Favorable toward Drug Use scale. It should also be noted that the scale scores for Parental Attitudes Favorable toward Drug Use increased 1.8% for the 10th Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Table 9 Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Poor Family Management 45.5 43.7 42.5 42.8 40.6 37.2 44.3 41.2 39.4 44.4 42.1 40.0 Family Conflict 53.5 53.1 51.2 42.8 42.1 41.6 38.3 39.1 39.5 46.5 45.9 45.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 40.3 39.3 38.5 41.1 41.5 40.4 37.3 37.4 38.6 39.8 39.4 39.1 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior 49.3 47.7 46.1 53.4 50.0 49.9 50.2 48.6 48.7 50.8 48.6 48.0 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 26.8 24.7 23.7 41.1 37.9 39.7 41.2 38.6 43.0 34.6 32.4 33.8 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Family Attachment 51.5 51.1 51.7 46.1 45.6 46.9 56.2 56.6 55.7 51.1 50.9 51.2 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 59.7 59.7 60.6 54.0 54.6 56.0 55.2 56.4 56.8 56.9 57.2 58.1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 61.4 61.7 59.0 55.1 54.9 53.0 55.8 56.4 53.3 58.1 58.2 55.6 grade (from 37.9% at risk in 2010 to 39.7% at risk in 2012) and 4.4% for the 12th grade (from 38.6% at risk in 2010 to 43.0% at risk in 2012). As for protection in the family domain, 10th grade students showed significant increases in protection for the Family Attachment scale (a 1.3% increase since 2010) and the Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement scale (a 1.4% increase since 2010). However, the protective factor scale scores for all grades decreased significantly for the Rewards for Prosocial Involvement scale, with decreases of 1.9% to 3.1% for each grade. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2008 and 2010 state survey data. 16 School Risk and Protective Factors Lack of commitment to school means the young person has ceased to see the role of student as a viable one. Young people who have lost this commitment to school are at higher risk for all five problem behaviors. Table 10 Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS School Dropout Definitions of all school domain risk factors, as well as scores for the school domain are provided on the following pages. Table 10 below shows the links between the school risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Lack of Commitment to School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Teen Pregnancy As with the community and family domains, bonding at the school level also decreases risk and increases protection. When students have healthy relationships with their teachers, when they feel as if they are able to play an active role in their classes and in their school, and when they receive encouragement and support they are more bonded to their school and their commitment to school is less likely to falter. Beginning in the late elementary grades, academic failure increases the risk of drug abuse, delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Students fail for many reasons. It appears that the experience of failure, not necessarily the student’s ability, increases the risk of problem behaviors. Delinquency These two factors (academic failure and early engagement in antisocial behavior) indicate that prevention programs targeting school-based risk should begin early in a student’s schooling. Programs that can effectively target the needs of the school population will help decrease the level of risk, thereby decreasing problem behaviors. The Arizona data will help schools target the problem behaviors and student populations that have the greatest need for services. Academic Failure in Elementary School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Substance Abuse In the school domain, the early school years are a formative time when mitigating childrens’ risk is important. Academic failure in elementary school puts children at risk for substance use, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school drop out, and violence later in life. Further, a child with early and persistent antisocial behavior is at risk for substance use and other problems later in life. Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School      Lack of Commitment to School      YOUTH AT RISK School Arizona Youth Survey 2012 17 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors There are two risk factor scales for the school domain – Academic Failure and Low Commitment to School. Of the two scale scores, 10th graders in Arizona were at higher risk in the Academic Failure scale (45.8% at risk in this scale), while 10th and 12th graders were at higher risk in the Low Commitment to School scale (45.9% at risk in the 10th grade and 46.4% at risk in the 12th grade). Protective Factors There are also two protective factor scales for the school domain – School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The highest protective factor scale score for all grades was School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement (61.6% in the 8th grade, 65.0% in the 10th grade, 66.6% in the 12th grade). Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2008, 2010, and 2012) of risk and protective factor data are presented in this section. Data presented in Table 11 depict changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2008 and 2010 surveys. Since the 2010 survey, Academic Failure scale scores decreased 1.5% in the 8th grade, 2.7% in the 10th grade, and 1.5% for all grades combined. In contrast, since Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Table 11 School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Academic Failure 47.3 45.5 44.0 49.5 48.5 45.8 44.4 40.6 40.3 47.3 45.1 43.6 Low Commitment to School 41.0 41.0 40.2 43.7 41.7 45.9 45.6 42.2 46.4 42.9 41.5 43.4 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 60.3 63.0 61.6 62.4 65.6 65.0 64.3 67.6 66.6 61.9 65.0 63.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 51.2 52.0 53.2 59.8 61.2 62.8 45.4 46.9 49.5 52.4 53.5 55.2 the 2010 survey, Low Commitment to School scale scores increased 4.2% in the 10th grade, 4.2% in the 12th grade, and 1.9% for all grades combined. As for protective factors in the school domain, the School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement scale scores showed increases for all grades since 2010 (increased 1.2% in the 8th grade, 1.6% in the 10th grade, and 2.6% in the 12th grade). While the 10th grade School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement scale score was relatively unchanged since 2010, the 8th grade score for this scale decreased 1.4% since 2010, and the 12th grade score decreased 1.0% since 2010. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2008 and 2010 state survey data. 18 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors The final domain of a student’s life — peer/individual — consists of much more than mere peer pressure. While students are at risk for problem behaviors when they have friends who are engaging in problem behaviors or their friends have favorable attitudes toward the behaviors (i.e. it is seen as “cool”), the peer/individual domain also consists of several factors that spring from the individual. For example, students who are depressed, rebellious, or who feel alienated are more likely to use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior. Other constitutional factors also play a part in whether or not a student is at risk for ATOD use or antisocial behaviors. Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Definitions of all peer/individual domain risk and protective factors, as well as a description of individual characteristics, bonding, and healthy beliefs and clear standards, are presented in this section. Also in this discussion of peer/ individual risk factors, scores for the scales in this domain are provided in the form of tables and charts. Table 12 below shows the links between peer/individual risk factors and the five problem behaviors. This risk factor also includes persistent antisocial behavior in early adolescence, like misbehaving in school, skipping school, and getting into fights with other children. Young people, both girls and boys, who engage in these behaviors during early adolescence are at increased risk for drug abuse, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school dropout, and violence. Alienation, Rebelliousness, and Lack of Bonding to Society (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and School Dropout) Table 12 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior      Rebelliousness   Friends Who Engage in a Problem Behavior   Gang Involvement   Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior     Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior     Constitutional Factors   YOUTH AT RISK Peer/Individual Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Boys who are aggressive in grades K-3 are at higher risk for substance abuse and delinquency. When a boy’s aggressive behavior in the early grades is combined with isolation or withdrawal there is an even greater risk of problems in adolescence. This increased risk also applies to aggressive behavior combined with hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder.        Young people who feel they are not part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society are at higher risk of drug abuse, delinquency, and school dropout. Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are much more likely to engage in the same problem behaviors. This is one of the most consistent predictors of youth problem behaviors identified through research. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, just hanging out with those who engage in problem behaviors increases their risks. However, young people who experience a low number of risk factors are less likely to associate with those who are involved in problem behaviors. 19 Gang Involvement (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who belong to gangs or who have friends that belong to gangs are at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. The risk factors associated with gang involvement are well known as many gang-related crimes and events are covered by local media. Gang membership has been linked to violence, shootings, destruction of public property, and involvement in other illegal behaviors including distribution of drugs. Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, and School Dropout) During the elementary school years, children usually express anti-drug, anticrime, prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places them at higher risk. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, engaging in violent activity, becoming sexually active, and dropping out of school, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. For example, research shows that young people who initiate drug use before age 15 are at twice the risk of having drug problems as those who begin using after age 19. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Constitutional Factors (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Constitutional factors are factors that may have a biological or physiological basis. These factors are often seen in young people with behaviors such as sensation seeking, low harm avoidance, and lack of impulse control. These factors appear to increase the risk of young people abusing drugs, engaging in delinquent behavior, and/or committing violent acts. It is important to note that young people who are exposed to multiple risk factors do not become substance abusers, juvenile delinquents, teen parents, or school dropouts. Balancing the risk factors are protective factors, those aspects of people’s lives that counter risk factors or provide buffers against them. They protect by either reducing the impact of the risks or by changing the way a person responds to the risks. A key strategy to counter risk factors is to enhance protective factors that promote positive behavior, health, well-being, and personal success. Research indicates that protective factors fall into three basic categories: Individual Characteristics, Bonding, and Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards. Individual Characteristics Research has identified four individual characteristics as protective factors. These attributes are considered to be inherent in the youngster and are difficult, if not impossible, to change. They consist of: Gender. Given equal exposure to risks, girls are less likely to develop health and behavior problems in adolescence than are boys. A Resilient Temperament. Young people who have the ability to quickly adjust to or recover from misfortune or changes are at reduced risk. 20 A Positive Social Orientation. Young people who are good natured, enjoy social interactions, and elicit positive attention from others are at reduced risk. Intelligence. Bright children are less likely to become delinquent or drop out of school. However, intelligence does not protect against substance abuse. Bonding Research indicates that one of the most effective ways to reduce children’s risk is to strengthen their bond with positive, prosocial family members, teachers, other significant adults, and/or prosocial friends. Children who are attached to positive families, friends, schools, and their community, and who are committed to achieving the goals valued by these groups, are less likely to develop problems in adolescence. Children who are bonded to others who hold healthy beliefs are less likely to do things that threaten that bond, such as use drugs, commit crimes, or drop out of school. For example, if children are attached to their parents and want to please them, they will be less likely to risk breaking this connection by doing things which their parents strongly disapprove of. Studies of successful children who live in high-risk neighborhoods or situations indicate that strong bonds with a caregiver can keep children from getting into trouble. Positive bonding makes up for many disadvantages caused by risk factors or other environmental characteristics. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards Bonding is only part of the protective equation. Research indicates that another group of protective factors falls into the category of healthy beliefs and clear standards. The people with whom children are bonded need to have clear, positive standards for behavior. The content of these standards is what protects young people. For example, being opposed to youth alcohol and drug use is a standard that has been shown to protect young people from the damaging effects of substance abuse risk factors. Children whose parents have high expectations for their school success and personal achievement are less likely to drop out of school. A similar protective effect is found when parents have clear standards against criminal activity and early, unprotected sexual activity. The negative effects of risk factors can be reduced when schools, families, and/ or peer groups teach young people healthy beliefs and set clear standards for their behavior. Examples of healthy beliefs include believing it is best for children to be drug and crime free and to do well in school. Examples of clear standards include establishing clear no drug and alcohol family rules, establishing the expectation that children do well in school, and having consistent family rules against problem behaviors. 21 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors When looking at the grades individually, the highest Peer/Individual domain risk scores for youth in the 8th grade were Interaction with Antisocial Peers and Perceived Risk of Drug Use (both at 50.2% at risk). The highest risk score in the 10th grade was Perceived Risk of Drug Use (51.4% at risk) and in the 12th grade the highest risk score was Rewards for Antisocial Behavior (60.4% at risk). Protective Factors There are five protective factor scales for the peer/individual domain. In all grades, the highest protective factor score was Belief in the Moral Order (65.1% with protection in the 8th grade, 71.5% with protection in the 10th grade, 58.5% with protection in the 12th grade). Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2008, 2010, and 2012) of risk and protective factor data are featured in this section. Data presented in Table 13 depict changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2008 and 2010 surveys. Since the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey, decreases in risk factor scale scores were identified for all grades for Rebelliousness (decreases of 6.7% to 7.8% in each grade), Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior (decreases of 3.1% to 4.9% in each grade), Early Initiation of Drug Use (decreases of 1.8% to 5.3% in each grade), Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior (decreases of 3.3% to 4.6% in each grade), Interaction with Antisocial Peers (decreases of 5.6% to 9.1% in each grade), Friends’ Use of Drugs (decreases of 3.3% to 3.7% in each grade), and Gang Involvement (decreases of 3.6% to 7.5% in each grade). There was one scale that showed significant increases in all grades since the 2010 survey, Perceived Risk of Drug Use (increases of 2.4% to 5.9% in each grade). Table 13 Peer-Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Total RISK FACTORS 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Rebelliousness 43.1 43.8 37.1 46.8 47.6 40.6 44.0 44.6 36.8 44.4 45.1 38.1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior 39.4 37.6 34.2 42.0 40.6 35.7 41.2 38.6 35.5 40.6 38.8 35.0 Early Initiation of Drug Use 30.3 29.3 24.0 32.7 31.0 27.5 33.1 29.6 27.8 31.7 29.9 26.0 Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior 44.6 41.4 36.8 50.7 44.7 41.4 46.9 41.7 37.8 46.9 42.4 38.4 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 29.1 29.3 26.1 37.4 36.2 36.1 36.3 35.9 35.8 33.2 33.1 31.4 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 44.5 47.8 50.2 42.3 45.9 51.4 46.5 50.4 56.3 44.3 47.9 52.1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 58.2 55.8 50.2 57.3 56.3 47.2 53.2 51.5 45.6 56.8 54.8 48.2 Friend’s Use of Drugs 39.4 39.4 35.7 41.9 42.6 39.0 37.3 38.1 34.8 39.7 40.0 36.5 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior 45.6 48.2 44.9 44.0 46.8 50.6 54.6 57.1 60.4 47.3 50.1 50.4 Gang Involvement 26.9 20.8 14.9 23.2 20.9 13.4 16.8 16.1 12.5 23.4 19.6 13.9 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Belief in the Moral Order 59.4 60.3 65.1 66.5 69.4 71.5 53.6 56.4 58.5 60.1 62.0 65.4 Interaction with Prosocial Peers 53.1 54.7 50.1 55.3 57.5 55.2 52.5 57.3 54.9 53.6 56.2 52.8 Prosocial Involvement 39.0 40.0 43.0 41.2 45.3 50.3 36.4 41.9 45.1 39.0 42.1 45.7 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 59.4 59.2 59.3 59.7 61.7 61.8 52.2 55.6 55.2 57.8 59.0 59.0 two scales: Belief in the Moral Order (increases of 2.1% to 4.8% in each grade) and Prosocial Involvement (increases of 3.0% to 5.0% in each grade). Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2008 and 2010 state survey data. In regard to Peer/Individual domain protective factor scale scores since 2010, there were increases in protection in all grades for the following Arizona Youth Survey 2012 22 3 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Age of Initiation The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes and engaging in violent activity, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. The Arizona Youth Survey asks students to report how old they were when, if ever, they first used ATODs. Asking students to report their age of first substance use allows the average age when students begin using a substance to be determined. This not only gives prevention planners an age group in which to target interventions, but also gives the state of Arizona a better idea of the seriousness of the problem; the younger the age of initiation, the more serious the problem is. Through future surveys, age of initiation can be tracked and if prevention programs are successful, the age of initiation will increase over time. In Table 14 on this page and Figure 6 on the following page, the average age of first use is reported. Students begin using cigarettes at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2012 was 12.7 years. For alcohol use, a distinction can be made between the first experimental use of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) and the first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month). Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) at age 12.8 years in 2012 (down from 13.1 years in 2010), while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was over a year and a half later at age 14.4 years. The survey results also show that those students who have used marijuana, on average, try marijuana at a younger age than students who began regularly using Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Table 14 Age of Initiation Drug Used Average Age of First Use (Of Students Who Indicated That They Had Used) 2008 2010 2012 First Cigarette Use 12.7 12.9 12.7 First Marijuana Use 13.5 13.6 13.6 First Alcohol Sip or More 12.9 13.1 12.8 First Regular Alcohol Use 14.3 14.3 14.4 First Methamphetamine Use 14.0 13.8 13.0 First Prescription Drug Use N/A N/A 13.5 alcohol. In 2012, the average age of initiation for marijuana use was 13.6 years, while students began regularly using alcohol at 14.4 years. Of the students who reported having used methamphetamines at least once in their lifetime, the average age of first use was 13.0 years. Finally, of the students indicating they has used prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them, the average age of first use was 13.5 years. 23 Figure 6 Average Age of First Substance Use 2008 2012 2010 12.7 First Cigarette Use 12.7 12.9 13.5 13.6 13.6 First Marijuana Use 12.9 First Alcohol Sip or More 12.8 13.1 14.3 14.3 14.4 First Regular Alcohol Use First Methamphetamine Use 13.0 First Prescription Drug Use 11.5 13.8 14.0 13.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 Student age in years Arizona Youth Survey 2012 24 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade Arizona Lifetime Usage 2012 Results Compared to Past Survey Results Lifetime use is seen as a measure of youth experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. As can be seen in Figures 7, 8, and 9 the most commonly used substances are alcohol (51.7% of Arizona survey participants in the 2012 survey have used at least once), cigarettes (28.8% have used), marijuana (28.7% have used), prescription drugs (16.6% have used), prescription pain relievers (13.8% have used), inhalants (9.8% have used) and over-the-counter drugs (9.3% have used). Lifetime use of many substances in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2010 survey, with alcohol use decreasing 3.6% to 7.8% in each grade, cigarette use decreasing 4.1% to 5.5% in each grade, smokeless tobacco use (category includes chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco) decreasing 2.6% to 3.4% in each grade, inhalant use decreasing 2.0% to 3.1% in each grade, prescription pain reliever use decreasing 2.4% to 3.3% in each grade, prescription sedative use decreasing 3.4% to 4.3% in each grade, prescription drug use decreasing 3.4% to 5.4% in each grade, and over-the-counter drug use decreasing 1.9% to 2.5% in each grade. Complete lifetime use results can be seen in Table 15 on page 27. Comparing Arizona Youth Survey data to the MTF survey is another method for assessing substance abuse among Arizona youth. Table 15 shows that a lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with smokeless tobacco and prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the 2011 national survey. Additionally, a lower percentage of 8th grade Arizona students have had lifetime experience with hallucinogens than 8th grade youth in the national MTF survey population. Twelfth grade use of inhalants was lower for Arizona youth than 12th grade youth in the national MTF survey population. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher cigarette use than students in the same grades in the national survey population. Further, alcohol use rates for Arizona 8th and 10th graders were also higher than 8th and 10th grade alcohol use rates in the national survey population. Alcohol use was 4.2% higher for Arizona 8th graders and 3.1% higher for Arizona 10th graders in comparison to students in the same grades in the national MTF survey population. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 1.3% to 2.1% higher for each grade than in the MTF survey population. Figure 7 Lifetime Substance Use: 2008, 2010, and 2012 Arizona State Totals 2008 2010 2012 100 90 Percent of students who have used at least once in their lifetime Arizona Results Compared to National Results 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2012 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to this year’s survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 25 Figure 8 Lifetime Substance Use (Alcohol, Cigarettes, Smokeless Tobacco, Marijuana, Hallucinogens, Cocaine, Inhalants, Methamphetamines, and Heroin): Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in their lifetime Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 MTF 2011 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Figure 9 Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Hallucinogens Inhalants Methamphetamines 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade Cocaine 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade Cigarettes 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade Alcohol 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 Heroin* Lifetime Substance Use (Ecstasy, Other Club Drugs, Steroids, Prescription Pain Relievers, Prescription Stimulants, Prescription Sedatives, Prescription Drugs, Overthe-Counter Drugs, Synthetic Drugs): Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in their lifetime Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 MTF 2011 100 90 80 70 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. 60 50 40 30 20 ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2012. 10 Ecstasy Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Other Club Drugs**† Steroids Prescription Pain Relievers† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Drugs† Over-the-Counter Drugs† 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 Synthetic Drugs**† † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. 26 Table 15 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 10 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 12 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 Alcohol 47.8 45.1 37.3 33.1 66.2 64.1 59.1 56.0 74.8 72.8 69.2 70.0 59.6 58.2 51.7 Cigarettes 25.9 23.8 19.7 18.4 39.9 37.2 31.7 30.4 50.8 46.9 42.1 40.0 36.0 34.0 28.8 Smokeless tobacco 7.1 7.1 4.5 9.7 12.9 12.5 9.3 15.6 17.7 18.1 14.7 16.9 11.3 11.7 8.4 Marijuana 16.2 17.8 16.2 16.4 32.5 34.3 34.7 34.5 43.1 44.7 44.8 45.5 27.4 29.9 28.7 Hallucinogens 1.9 2.2 1.7 3.3 5.2 5.9 5.2 6.0 7.9 9.0 8.4 8.3 4.3 5.1 4.4 Cocaine 2.7 2.3 1.5 2.2 6.8 5.3 3.9 3.3 11.2 8.8 7.4 5.2 5.9 5.0 3.7 Inhalants 14.3 14.5 11.4 13.1 12.6 11.8 9.4 10.1 9.2 9.4 7.4 8.1 12.6 12.3 9.8 Methamphetamines 1.2 0.7 0.6 1.3 2.4 1.6 1.5 2.1 4.0 2.5 1.8 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.2 Heroin* 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.2 2.0 2.6 1.4 1.2 3.1 3.4 1.8 1.4 1.8 2.1 1.2 Ecstasy 2.2 3.9 2.8 2.6 4.9 8.2 7.4 6.6 7.0 10.6 10.4 8.0 4.2 7.0 6.1 Other Club Drugs N/A N/A 1.9 N/C N/A N/A 2.5 N/C N/A N/A 3.1 N/C N/A N/A 2.4 Steroids 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.4 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.7 Prescription Pain Relievers 12.2 11.5 8.8 N/C 20.5 18.9 15.6 N/C 24.6 23.1 20.7 N/C 17.6 16.8 13.8 Prescription Stimulants 3.8 3.0 2.0 5.2 7.6 7.0 6.6 9.0 7.9 8.5 9.9 12.2 5.9 5.7 5.3 Prescription Sedatives 8.3 8.7 4.4 N/C 12.0 11.5 8.0 N/C 13.2 13.4 10.0 N/C 10.5 10.8 6.9 Prescription Drugs 17.1 16.5 11.1 N/C 25.7 23.7 18.8 N/C 28.7 27.3 23.9 N/C 22.4 21.5 16.6 Over-the-Counter Drugs 9.7 9.5 7.0 N/C 12.9 13.2 10.6 N/C 13.4 14.1 12.2 N/C 11.5 11.8 9.3 Synthetic Drugs N/A N/A 6.9 N/C N/A N/A 11.1 N/C N/A N/A 13.9 N/C N/A N/A 9.9 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2008, 2010, or 2012 Arizona Youth Surveys. N/C - Indicates where equivalent category for these substances is not available from the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 27 30-Day ATOD Use, By Grade When looking at the percent of students who indicated that they used ATODs in the past 30 days (Table 16; Figures 10, 11, and 12), an increase by grade can be seen for most substances except inhalants (peaks in the 8th grade at 4.2%), prescription sedatives (peaks in the 10th grade at 3.3%), and over-thecounter drugs (peaks in the 10th grade at 4.9%). This is most clearly observed in Figures 11 and 12. Arizona Results Compared to National Results A look at past month substance use reveals that a higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol and cigarettes than youth in the same grades in the 2011 national MTF survey population. Alcohol use in Arizona was 3.5% to 4.9% higher in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey and cigarette use in Arizona was 1.7% to 2.3% higher in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey. 2012 Results Compared to Past Survey Results Since the 2010 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 1.5% to 4.8% in all grades for alcohol, decreased 1.1% to 1.9% in all grades for cigarettes, decreased 1.2% to 1.8% in all grades for prescription pain relievers, decreased 1.4% to 1.7% in all grades for prescription sedatives, decreased 2.4% to 2.5% in all grades for prescription drugs, and decreased 1.4% to 2.0% in all grades for over-the-counter drugs. Complete past month use results can be seen in Table 16 and Figures 11 and 12 on the following pages. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Figure 10 30-Day Substance Use: 2008, 2010, and 2012 Arizona State Totals 2008 2010 2012 100 90 Percent of students who have used at least once in the past 30 days Arizona 30-Day Usage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2012 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to this year’s survey. 28 Figure 11 30-Day Substance Use (Alcohol, Cigarettes, Smokeless Tobacco, Marijuana, Hallucinogens, Cocaine, Inhalants, Methamphetamines, and Heroin): Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 MTF 2011 Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in the past 30 days 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Figure 12 Cigarettes Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Hallucinogens Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade Alcohol 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 0 Heroin* 30-Day Substance Use (Ecstasy, Other Club Drugs, Steroids, Prescription Pain Relievers, Prescription Stimulants, Prescription Sedatives, Prescription Drugs, Over-the-Counter Drugs, Synthetic Drugs): Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in the past 30 days Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 MTF 2011 100 90 80 70 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. 60 50 40 30 ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2012. 20 10 Ecstasy Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Other Club Drugs**† Steroids Prescription Pain Relievers† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Drugs† Over-the-Counter Drugs† 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 Synthetic Drugs**† † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. 29 Table 16 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 10 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 12 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 2011 2008 2010 2012 Alcohol 23.2 21.9 17.1 12.7 37.7 34.7 32.1 27.2 46.8 45.0 43.5 40.0 33.1 31.9 28.1 Cigarettes 8.7 8.9 7.8 6.1 16.6 15.6 14.0 11.8 23.9 22.9 21.0 18.7 14.7 14.7 12.9 Smokeless tobacco 2.6 2.8 2.1 3.5 4.6 5.7 3.9 6.6 6.8 8.1 6.6 8.3 4.2 5.1 3.8 Marijuana 7.6 8.9 7.7 7.2 15.1 17.4 17.7 17.6 18.7 21.3 22.5 22.6 12.5 14.8 14.3 Hallucinogens 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4 Cocaine 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.8 2.2 1.6 1.2 0.7 3.2 2.2 2.1 1.1 1.9 1.4 1.1 Inhalants 5.4 5.6 4.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.0 3.8 3.7 2.8 Methamphetamines 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 Heroin* 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy 0.8 1.7 0.9 0.6 1.5 2.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 3.4 2.0 2.3 1.3 2.5 1.4 Other Club Drugs N/A N/A 0.6 N/C N/A N/A 0.7 N/C N/A N/A 0.6 N/C N/A N/A 0.6 Steroids 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers 6.0 5.7 4.5 N/C 9.4 8.9 7.3 N/C 10.5 9.7 7.9 3.6 8.1 7.7 6.2 Prescription Stimulants 1.6 1.4 0.9 1.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 Prescription Sedatives 3.4 3.6 1.9 N/C 4.5 4.7 3.3 N/C 5.0 4.7 3.2 N/C 4.1 4.2 2.7 Prescription Drugs 8.6 8.2 5.7 N/C 12.2 11.8 9.3 N/C 13.1 12.4 10.0 N/C 10.7 10.4 7.9 Over-the-Counter Drugs 5.6 5.4 4.0 N/C 6.4 6.3 4.9 N/C 5.9 6.3 4.3 N/C 5.9 5.9 4.4 Synthetic Drugs N/A N/A 3.8 N/C N/A N/A 5.0 N/C N/A N/A 5.2 N/C N/A N/A 4.5 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2008, 2010, or 2012 Arizona Youth Surveys. N/C - Indicates where equivalent category for these substances is not available from the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 30 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender Table 17 on the following page shows the percentage of lifetime ATOD use for males and for females. While being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use of the Arizona students who took the survey, females are becoming the predominant substance users in the lower grades. In some substance use categories, females report higher use than males in all grades. Males in all grades indicate higher use rates for smokeless tobacco (2.6% higher use in the 8th grade, 9.0% higher use in the 10th grade, 17.2% higher use in the 12th grade) and marijuana (2.1% to 4.8% higher than female use rates in each grade). In contrast, females in all grades indicated higher lifetime use rates of alcohol (53.3% total female use compared to 49.7% total male use) and sedatives (8.1% total female use compared to 5.6% total male use). As was previously mentioned, female lifetime use rates top male use rates in the younger grades, while 12th grade use is more similar among males and females. In the 8th grade, females indicated significantly higher (i.e. 1.0% or more difference) lifetime use rates in seven of the 18 substance use categories. In the 10th grade, females have more similar, though still significantly higher use rates in six categories. By the 12th grade, females had significantly higher use rates in only two of 18 categories. These findings indicate that females may be experimenting with drug use at higher rates than males in the early grades and into high school, but as students finish high school, males take over as the more numerous substance users. Figure 13 Arizona Lifetime Substance Use by Gender (2008, 2010, 2012) 2008 2010 2012 Percent of students who used at least once in their lifetime 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana 31 Table 17 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime Grade 8 Drug Used Males Grade 10 Females Males Grade 12 Females Males Total Females Males Females 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Alcohol 45.9 43.2 35.3 49.7 46.9 38.8 63.4 62.2 56.7 68.8 65.9 61.2 73.4 72.5 67.8 76.1 73.3 70.5 57.4 56.7 49.7 61.8 59.7 53.3 Cigarettes 25.7 24.4 19.6 26.2 23.1 19.5 39.7 37.5 32.1 40.1 36.8 31.2 51.7 48.9 43.9 49.8 45.0 40.3 35.9 34.9 29.3 36.1 33.2 28.1 Smokeless tobacco 8.3 8.5 5.8 5.9 5.8 3.2 17.7 18.4 13.9 8.4 7.0 4.9 27.0 27.6 23.4 9.2 9.0 6.2 15.4 16.5 12.5 7.4 7.0 4.4 Marijuana 17.1 19.2 17.2 15.3 16.2 15.1 33.7 35.8 37.0 31.3 32.9 32.2 45.0 48.0 47.3 41.2 41.6 42.5 28.5 31.8 30.6 26.3 28.1 27.0 Hallucinogens 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.5 5.7 6.3 5.8 4.8 5.4 4.5 10.0 11.3 10.1 6.0 6.8 6.7 4.9 5.8 5.1 3.8 4.4 3.7 Cocaine 2.5 2.3 1.5 2.9 2.4 1.5 6.5 5.6 4.5 7.0 5.1 3.4 11.7 10.1 8.4 10.6 7.6 6.3 5.8 5.4 4.1 6.0 4.6 3.2 Inhalants 11.2 11.5 8.7 17.3 17.4 14.1 10.6 9.5 7.6 14.5 14.0 11.1 9.3 9.4 7.0 9.0 9.4 7.7 10.6 10.3 7.9 14.5 14.2 11.6 Methamphetamines 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.6 2.0 1.6 1.5 2.7 1.7 1.4 3.3 2.6 2.0 4.6 2.3 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.2 2.6 1.6 1.1 Heroin* 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.7 2.2 2.8 1.4 1.9 2.4 1.3 3.7 4.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 1.6 2.0 2.3 1.2 1.7 1.9 1.1 Ecstasy 2.1 3.7 2.7 2.4 4.1 2.8 4.9 7.7 7.4 5.0 8.6 7.4 8.0 11.8 10.6 6.1 9.4 10.2 4.3 7.1 6.1 4.0 6.9 6.0 Other Club Drugs N/A N/A 1.7 N/A N/A 2.0 N/A N/A 2.4 N/A N/A 2.6 N/A N/A 3.4 N/A N/A 2.8 N/A N/A 2.3 N/A N/A 2.4 Steroids 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.3 3.1 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.3 1.4 3.8 2.6 2.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 Prescription Pain Relievers 10.0 9.9 6.9 14.3 13.1 10.6 19.3 17.9 14.7 21.6 19.8 16.4 25.4 25.0 21.1 24.0 21.4 20.4 16.3 16.3 12.8 18.8 17.4 14.8 Prescription Stimulants 3.0 2.6 1.5 4.5 3.4 2.5 7.2 6.3 6.3 8.0 7.6 6.7 8.1 9.3 10.2 7.6 7.7 9.6 5.4 5.5 5.1 6.3 5.8 5.5 Prescription Sedatives 5.7 6.0 3.1 10.8 11.3 5.6 9.3 8.8 6.3 14.4 14.0 9.7 11.6 12.2 9.4 14.8 14.5 10.6 8.2 8.5 5.6 12.9 13.0 8.1 Prescription Drugs 14.0 13.7 8.6 20.3 19.1 13.5 23.3 21.5 17.2 27.9 25.8 20.4 28.5 28.3 23.9 29.0 26.5 23.9 20.1 19.9 15.0 24.7 23.1 18.1 Over-the-Counter Drugs 8.3 8.2 5.8 11.2 10.6 8.1 11.3 11.9 9.9 14.3 14.3 11.1 13.6 16.1 12.9 13.1 12.3 11.6 10.4 11.4 8.8 12.6 12.2 9.9 Synthetic Drugs N/A N/A 6.5 N/A N/A 7.2 N/A N/A 12.6 N/A N/A 9.7 N/A N/A 16.3 N/A N/A 11.4 N/A N/A 10.7 N/A N/A 9.0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked prior to the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 32 30-Day ATOD Use by Gender Table 18 on the following page shows the percentage of ATOD use in the past 30 days by males and females in all three grades and the total for all males and all females. Again, rates are very similar for both genders. However, marijuana 30-day use rates were consistently higher for males (1.0% to 6.5% higher in each grade) and the 30-day use rates of smokeless tobacco are higher for males as well (1.0% to 8.6% higher than females in each grade). As with lifetime substance use, females are using substances at higher rates than males in the younger grades as 8th grade females indicated significantly higher (difference of 1.0% or more) use rates in six of the 18 substance categories. In the 10th grade, use rates were higher for females in five of the 18 categories. However, in the 12th grade, most use rates were equal among the two genders or higher for males. Such findings seem to match what was discovered from looking at lifetime use rates by gender — that more younger females are experimenting with substances and are indicating regular use of substances than young males. Figure 14 Arizona 30-Day Substance Use by Gender (2008, 2010, 2012) 2008 2010 2012 Percent of students who used at least once in the past 30 days 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana 33 Table 18 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During The Past 30 Days Grade 8 Drug Used Males Grade 10 Females Males Grade 12 Females Males Total Females Males Females 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Alcohol 20.7 19.3 15.4 25.5 24.3 18.6 36.0 33.4 30.7 39.3 35.8 33.2 47.0 46.7 43.8 46.4 43.3 43.1 31.3 30.8 27.0 34.7 32.9 29.0 Cigarettes 8.6 8.5 7.6 8.8 9.2 7.8 17.1 16.2 14.2 16.1 14.9 13.7 26.4 26.2 23.6 21.5 19.9 18.5 15.3 15.5 13.5 14.1 13.8 12.2 Smokeless tobacco 3.0 3.3 2.6 2.3 2.3 1.6 7.1 8.9 6.0 2.4 2.7 2.0 11.4 13.3 10.9 2.5 3.2 2.3 6.2 7.6 5.7 2.4 2.7 1.9 Marijuana 8.0 9.3 8.2 7.4 8.5 7.2 16.8 19.0 19.8 13.6 15.9 15.7 21.0 24.9 25.8 16.6 18.0 19.3 13.6 16.3 16.0 11.4 13.3 12.7 Hallucinogens 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.5 3.5 3.2 3.1 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.1 Cocaine 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.5 2.5 1.8 1.3 2.0 1.3 1.0 3.6 2.7 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.8 1.2 0.9 Inhalants 3.9 3.8 3.0 6.9 7.2 5.4 2.7 2.4 1.4 3.4 3.5 2.5 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 3.0 2.8 2.1 4.6 4.6 3.5 Methamphetamines 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 Heroin* 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.9 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.3 1.4 1.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 Ecstasy 0.9 1.6 0.9 0.8 1.7 0.8 1.6 3.0 1.8 1.4 2.8 1.6 2.5 4.1 2.3 1.5 2.7 1.7 1.5 2.7 1.5 1.2 2.3 1.2 Other Club Drugs N/A N/A 0.6 N/A N/A 0.6 N/A N/A 0.7 N/A N/A 0.7 N/A N/A 0.8 N/A N/A 0.4 N/A N/A 0.7 N/A N/A 0.6 Steroids 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.7 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 Prescription Pain Relievers 4.8 4.6 3.2 7.3 6.6 5.6 8.7 8.6 6.7 10.1 9.3 7.9 11.6 11.4 8.6 9.6 8.1 7.2 7.5 7.6 5.6 8.7 7.8 6.7 Prescription Stimulants 1.4 1.3 0.6 1.8 1.5 1.1 2.8 2.6 2.5 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.2 3.1 3.4 2.0 2.0 2.6 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 Prescription Sedatives 2.3 2.5 1.3 4.6 4.6 2.4 3.5 3.5 2.5 5.4 5.7 4.1 4.6 4.5 3.3 5.5 4.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 2.2 5.1 5.0 3.1 Prescription Drugs 6.7 6.7 4.1 10.4 9.5 7.1 10.6 10.8 8.2 13.5 12.8 10.3 13.6 13.7 10.7 12.8 11.1 9.3 9.5 9.8 7.0 11.9 10.9 8.7 Over-the-Counter Drugs 4.8 4.6 3.4 6.4 6.2 4.6 5.5 5.5 4.5 7.3 6.9 5.2 6.1 7.1 4.5 5.6 5.5 4.2 5.3 5.6 4.0 6.5 6.2 4.7 Synthetic Drugs N/A N/A 3.5 N/A N/A 4.0 N/A N/A 5.8 N/A N/A 4.2 N/A N/A 6.3 N/A N/A 4.0 N/A N/A 4.9 N/A N/A 4.0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked prior to the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 34 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs When students perceive that a substance is harmful, they are less likely to use it. The 2012 AYS asked students, “How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they smoked one or more packs of cigarettes per day, tried marijuana once or twice, smoked marijuana regularly, or drank one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day.” Response categories were “No Risk,” “Slight Risk,” “Moderate Risk,” or “Great Risk.” For Arizona 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth, the greatest perceived harm was associated with heavy cigarette smoking (61.7% of 8th graders perceived great risk, 67.4% of 10th graders perceived great risk, and 69.1% of 12th graders perceived great risk). The question that captured the behavior considered the least harmful by 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students asked about trying marijuana once or twice (26.9% of 8th graders, 16.7% of 10th graders, and 14.2% of 12th graders perceived great risk). Arizona youth perceived a greater risk in drinking one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day than national MTF students. Notable differences can be seen when comparing 8th and 12th grade responses (3.3% higher in the 8th grade, 9.2% higher in the 12th grade). A greater percent of Arizona 12th graders perceived great risk of binge drinking every week (49.5% of 12th graders in Arizona perceived great risk compared to 47.6% of national 12th graders). However, Arizona youth perceived significantly less risk than national MTF students in regularly using marijuana. Rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades — 12.4% less perceived risk in the 8th grade (55.9% for Arizona, 68.3% for MTF), 16.1% less perceived risk in the 10th grade (39.1% for Arizona, 55.2% for MTF), and 13.0% less perceived risk for the 12th grade (32.7% for Arizona, 45.7% for MTF). From 2010 to 2012, the Arizona Youth Survey data showed significant decreases in perceived harmfulness of drinking five or more alcoholic beverages once or twice a week (decreases of 0.7% to 3.6% in each grade), trying marijuana once or twice (decreases of 3.7% to 4.9% in each grade), and smoking marijuana regularly (decreases of 4.2% to 7.0% in each grade). However, from 2010 to 2012, 10th grader perceived harmfulness of regular cigarette use increased 1.1%, and 8th grade perceived harmfulness of drinking one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day increased 2.9%. Table 19 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive that Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at “Great Risk” Arizona Grade 8 MTF Grade 8 Arizona Grade 10 MTF Grade 10 Arizona Grade 12 MTF Grade 12 Arizona Total 2008 2010 2012 2007 2009 2011 2008 2010 2012 2007 2009 2011 2008 2010 2012 2007 2009 2011 2008 2010 2012 Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day 60.8 61.1 61.7 61.1 59.1 62.5 66.1 66.3 67.4 68.2 67.3 69.8 69.0 71.1 69.1 77.3 74.9 77.7 64.4 65.3 65.3 Try marijuana once or twice 35.2 31.8 26.9 32.8 29.5 28.2 23.8 21.5 16.7 22.2 20.5 19.3 20.4 17.9 14.2 18.6 18.5 15.6 28.3 25.0 20.6 Smoke marijuana regularly 64.5 60.1 55.9 74.3 69.8 68.3 51.1 46.1 39.1 64.5 59.5 55.2 44.8 39.2 32.7 54.8 52.4 45.7 55.8 50.2 45.0 Drink one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day 30.5 32.2 35.1 32.6 31.5 31.8 31.2 33.4 33.2 33.3 33.8 32.9 32.5 34.6 33.8 25.1 23.7 24.6 31.2 33.2 34.2 Drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week 53.0 54.0 53.3 57.9 55.8 58.4 52.2 53.5 51.9 54.1 54.2 55.5 51.0 53.1 49.5 45.8 48.0 47.6 52.3 53.6 51.9 Question Arizona Youth Survey 2012 35 Figure 15 Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 MTF 2011 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th 10th 12th Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day Arizona Youth Survey 2012 8th 10th 12th Try marijuana once or twice 8th 10th 12th Smoke marijuana regularly 8th 10th 12th 8th 10th 12th Drink one or two alcoholic Drink five or more drinks once or twice a week beverages nearly every day 36 Perceived Availability of ATODs Availability of ATODs has been linked to substance abuse and violence. On the 2012 AYS questionnaire, a question asked if the participant wanted to get the substances listed in Table 20, “how easy would it be to get some?” The response choices were, “Very Hard,” “Sort of Hard,” “Sort of Easy,” and “Very Easy.” Table 20 contains the percentage of youth who reported that it was “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to get the substances. When looking at the 2012 results by grade, Arizona 8th graders and 10th graders perceived alcohol as the substance that was the most available, and in the 12th grade the substance perceived as being the easiest to get was cigarettes. The group of substances with the lowest perceived availability (or the substance category perceived as being the most difficult to get) were cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines. The results reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get as do the youth from the national survey population. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 4.3% to 14.0% difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. This difference is illustrated in Figure 16, which looks at the perceived availability of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in the Arizona and national surveys. In comparing 2012 data to 2010 data, perceived availability of cigarettes decreased by 1.7% in the 8th grade, but increased 2.6% in the 10th grade and 5.2% in the 12th grade. The perceived availability of alcohol decreased 0.9% in the 8th grade, but increased 4.1% in the 10th grade and 4.7% in the 12th grade. The perceived availability of marijuana decreased 3.1% in the 8th grade and was relatively unchanged in the 10th and 12th grades and the perceived availability of other drugs (cocaine, LSD, and amphetamines) decreased 3.1% to 3.3% in all grades. Table 20 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to Get Arizona Grade 8 MTF Grade 8 Arizona Grade 10 MTF Grade 10 Arizona Grade 12 MTF Grade 12 Arizona Total 2008 2010 2012 2007 2009 2011 2008 2010 2012 2007 2009 2011 2008 2010 2012 2007 2009 2011 2008 2010 2012 Cigarettes 44.1 41.8 40.1 55.6 55.3 51.9 68.0 59.7 62.3 78.2 76.1 73.6 86.3 76.4 81.6 N/A N/A N/A 61.4 56.6 57.7 Alcoholic beverages 52.4 48.8 47.9 62.0 61.8 59.0 71.8 64.2 68.3 82.6 80.9 77.9 78.4 70.2 74.9 92.2 92.1 88.9 64.4 59.3 61.2 Marijuana 35.9 36.7 33.6 37.4 39.8 37.9 64.3 61.0 61.4 69.0 69.3 68.4 72.9 69.2 69.4 83.9 81.1 82.2 53.3 52.9 51.4 Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines 16.8 14.9 11.8 N/A N/A N/A 33.3 26.3 23.1 N/A N/A N/A 40.4 30.7 27.4 N/A N/A N/A 27.4 22.7 19.3 Question Arizona Youth Survey 2012 37 Figure 16 Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Arizona (2008, 2010, 2012) Compared to National (2011) Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 MTF 2011 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th 10th Cigarettes Arizona Youth Survey 2012 12th 8th 10th Alcohol 12th 8th 10th Marijuana 12th 8th 10th 12th Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines 38 Where Students Obtained Alcohol Table 21 and Figure 17 contain data on where students obtained alcohol. When examining sources of alcohol data, it is important to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting alcohol from a parent or guardian might also report getting it at a party. Accordingly, total percentages will not sum to 100% within each grade. Further, it must be noted that the percentages only account for alcohol-using students and not those students who answered “did not use” to the question. money to buy it (29.8% for 10th graders, 39.3% for 12th graders), having a non-relative over the age of 21 give it to them (24.5% of 10th graders, 31.1% of 12th graders), and getting it from someone under the age of 21 (25.8% of 10th graders, 22.7% of 12th graders). Encouragingly, very few students reported buying alcohol themselves at a liquor store, gas station, or grocery store (5.6% to 10.4% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade), at a restaurant, bar, or club (2.7% to 4.7% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade), or at a public event (2.7% to 3.7% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade). Across all grades, one of the most prominent alcohol sources for Arizona students is getting it at a party. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (37.2% obtained alcohol at a party) to the 12th grade (53.5% obtained alcohol at a party). For alcohol-using 8th graders, the primary sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (37.2%), taking it from home (26.8%), and getting it some other way not listed (25.4%). For alcoholusing 10th and 12th graders, the primary sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (49.4% for 10th graders, 53.5% for 12th graders), giving someone In comparing 2010 data to 2012 data, Table 21 shows that most rates were unchanged. A few alcohol sources that changed significantly in all grades were the following: the percent of alcohol-using students who reported giving someone else money to buy alcohol decreased 1.9% to 3.2% in each grade, the percent of alcohol-using students who reported having a parent or guardian give it to them increased 1.0% to 2.0% in each grade, and the percent of alcohol-using students who reported getting alcohol from someone under the age of 21 increased 1.9% to 4.1% in each grade. Table 21 Percentage of Alcohol-Drinking Students Indicating Their Sources of Obtaining Alcohol 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Survey population size** 2008 2010 2012 4,418 4,473 3,700 4,872 5,295 5,007 5,065 6,341 5,656 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 14,355 16,109 14,363 5.0 4.9 5.6 6.9 6.3 6.2 12.3 9.9 10.4 8.2 7.3 7.7 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 3.0 2.5 3.4 3.0 2.1 2.7 7.0 3.6 4.7 4.4 2.8 3.7 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 2.9 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.2 2.9 3.9 2.5 2.7 3.3 2.6 3.0 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 21.4 19.2 17.3 34.4 32.6 29.8 43.7 42.5 39.3 33.7 32.8 30.3 My parent or guardian gave it to me 18.7 17.5 19.5 14.8 15.0 16.0 13.0 13.3 15.3 15.4 15.0 16.6 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 19.7 17.3 19.2 18.7 16.8 17.1 18.2 14.8 16.3 18.9 16.1 17.3 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 19.2 16.2 17.2 28.7 24.8 24.5 39.5 30.4 31.1 29.6 24.6 25.2 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 23.8 21.0 22.9 24.8 23.1 25.8 22.0 18.6 22.7 23.5 20.7 23.8 I got it at a party 41.5 38.7 37.2 53.1 49.6 49.4 57.6 53.8 53.5 51.1 48.2 47.9 I took it from home 31.4 30.2 26.8 23.2 21.9 22.2 13.8 13.1 14.0 22.4 20.7 20.2 I took it from a store or someone else’s home 11.7 9.4 8.8 11.3 9.8 9.2 8.0 5.6 5.6 10.3 8.1 7.7 I got it some other way 28.7 25.2 25.4 23.6 18.8 17.8 17.9 13.3 13.2 23.1 18.4 17.9 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 39 Figure 17 Students' Sources for Obtaining Alcohol 2008 2010 2012 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 I bought it in a I bought it at a I bought it at a I gave someone My parent or Another family Someone not Someone under store such as a restaurant, bar, public event else money to guardian gave it member who is related to me the age of 21 liquor store, or club such as a buy it for me to me 21 or older gave who is 21 or gave it to me convenience concert or it to me older gave it to store, sporting event me supermarket, discount store, or gas station I got it at a party I took it from home I took it from a store or someone else's home 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 I got it some other way NOTE: Students could select all sources that applied to them in the past month. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 40 Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs Table 22 and Figure 18 contain data on where students obtained prescription drugs. When examining prescription drugs sources data, it is important to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting prescription drugs from friends might also report getting it at a party. Accordingly, total percentages will not sum to 100% within each grade. In all grades, amongst students who have used prescription drugs to get high, the most prominent method of obtaining prescription drugs was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (48.7% obtained prescription drugs from a friend) to the 12th grade (62.8% obtained prescription drugs from a friend). The next most frequent methods of obtaining prescription drugs (among students who used them) included getting them from home (e.g., a medicine cabinet) (24.7% to 31.3% in each grade) and getting them from a party (19.5% to 21.4% in each grade and 4.0% overall). Of the students in the survey population who indicating having used prescription drugs to get high, 16.5% indicated having gotten prescription drugs from family/ relatives, 16.1% got them from a doctor/pharmacy, 13.8% got them at school, 14.0% got them some other place not listed, 1.5% got them over the Internet, and 4.2% got them outside the United States. Table 22 Percentage of Prescription-Drug Using Students who Indicated Their Sources of Obtaining Prescription Narcotics Survey population size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining prescription drugs. Students indicating they have never used prescription drugs to get high are not included in the survey population. Survey population size 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2010 2012 2010 2012 2010 2012 2010 2012 2,424 1,637 2,989 2,321 3,184 2,478 8,597 6,436 Friends 58.5 48.7 67.7 59.8 69.8 62.8 65.9 58.2 Family/Relatives 22.9 16.8 22.3 16.6 21.0 16.3 22.0 16.5 Parties 26.9 21.4 29.6 19.6 27.4 19.5 28.0 20.0 Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) 30.4 28.2 30.0 31.3 25.8 24.7 28.6 28.0 Doctor/Pharmacy 13.6 13.5 16.9 14.3 22.2 19.5 17.9 16.1 School 17.1 12.9 22.4 15.6 18.1 12.7 19.3 13.8 Other 19.1 17.8 17.8 13.2 15.7 12.3 17.4 14.0 Over the Internet 3.1 2.4 2.3 1.4 1.6 0.9 2.3 1.5 Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) 7.3 5.1 6.2 4.2 6.7 3.6 6.7 4.2 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 41 Figure 18 Prescription Drug-Using Students'* Sources of Obtaining Prescription Drugs (2010 and 2012) *Data presented in this chart represents only students indicating at least one means of obtaining prescription drugs to get high. 2010 2012 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Friends Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) 42 Where Students Obtained Marijuana Table 23 and Figure 19 contain data on where students obtained marijuana in the past 30 days. When examining marijuana sources data, it is important to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting marijuana in the past month from friends might also report getting it at a party. Further, as with alcohol and prescription drug sources data, it must be noted that the percentages reported in Table 23 reflect the percentage of students who reported at least one source of obtaining prescription drugs in the past month. Students that reported that they had not used marijuana in the past month were excluded from these analyses. In all grades, among students who have reported obtaining marijuana in the past month, the primary method of obtaining marijuana was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (72.7% obtained marijuana from a friend) to the 12th grade (80.9% obtained marijuana from a friend). The next highest methods of obtaining marijuana (among students who used in the past month) included getting them at a party (25.9% to 30.4% in each grade) and getting them from another source not listed as a response option (21.0% to 28.8% in each grade). Of the students in the survey population who indicated at least one source of obtaining marijuana in the past month, 11.6% indicated having gotten it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card, 14.8% got them from family/relatives, 6.1% got them at home, and 13.4% got them from school. Table 23 Percentage of Marijuana-Using Students who Indicated Their Sources of Obtaining Marijuana Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Survey population size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining marijuana in the past 30 days. Students indicating they did not use marijuana in the past month are not included in the survey population. 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Survey population size 3,000 3,911 3,747 10,658 I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card 8.5 10.9 14.9 11.6 Friends 72.7 80.8 80.9 78.6 Family/Relatives 17.4 14.7 12.7 14.8 Parties 25.9 28.9 30.4 28.6 Home 6.1 6.3 6.0 6.1 School 15.8 14.9 10.1 13.4 Other 28.8 22.3 21.0 23.7 43 Figure 19 Marijuana-Using Students'* Sources of Obtaining Marijuana (2012) *Data presented in this chart represents only students indicating at least one means of obtaining marijuana in the past month. 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home School Other NOTE: Students could select all sources that applied to them in their lifetime. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 44 Drinking and Driving The Arizona Youth Survey contains questions asking each student to report the number of times in the past 30 days they either drove a vehicle after drinking or rode with someone who had been drinking. The questions were worded as follows: “During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol?” and “During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol?” Response options were “0 times,” “1 time,” “2 or 3 times,” “4 or 5 times,” and “6 or more times.” The 2012 survey reveals that a minority of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth in the state had driven a vehicle after drinking (3.9% of 8th graders, 6.1% of 10th graders, 12.5% of 12th graders) or ridden with a driver who had been drinking (24.7% of students in all grades combined) (see Table 24). Of those students who indicated that they had driven after drinking or ridden with a driver who had been drinking, most indicate that they did so one time in the past month (3.4% driving after drinking one time in the past month, 10.2% riding with a driver who had a drink one time in the past month). Comparisons of 2010 and 2012 survey data show that reported rates of drinking alcohol and driving at least one time in the past 30 days and riding in a car with a driver who had been drinking decreased. Since the 2010 survey, the percentage of students indicating driving after drinking at least one time has decreased 1.1% in the 8th grade, 1.5% in the 10th grade, 1.6% in the 12th grade, and 1.5% overall. Since the 2010 survey, the percent of students indicating riding with a driver who had been drinking at least one time decreased 3.6% in the 8th grade, 4.6% in the 10th grade, 2.9% in the 12th grade, and 3.8% overall. Table 24 Drunk Driving and Riding with a Drunk Driver 8th Grade 2008 2010 10th Grade 2012 2008 2010 12th Grade 2012 2008 2010 Total Survey population 2012 2008 2010 2012 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? 0 time 94.4 95.0 96.1 92.1 92.4 93.9 83.9 85.9 87.5 91.2 91.8 93.3 1 time 2.7 2.7 1.9 3.9 3.6 3.2 7.2 6.8 6.2 4.1 4.0 3.4 2-3 times 1.5 1.3 1.1 2.2 2.3 1.7 5.1 4.5 4.0 2.6 2.5 2.0 4-5 times 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.5 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 6 or more times 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.6 2.1 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.7 During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Arizona Youth Survey 2012 0 time 70.9 72.3 75.9 70.9 70.9 75.5 70.3 71.1 74.0 70.8 71.5 75.3 1 time 11.2 11.3 10.1 11.8 11.5 10.0 11.1 11.4 10.5 11.4 11.4 10.2 2-3 times 9.3 9.5 8.1 9.6 10.3 8.9 10.2 9.9 9.7 9.6 9.9 8.7 4-5 times 3.5 2.9 2.4 3.3 3.2 2.3 3.6 3.3 2.4 3.5 3.1 2.4 6 or more times 5.1 4.0 3.5 4.4 4.1 3.2 4.8 4.2 3.4 4.8 4.1 3.4 45 Figure 20 Past Month Driving After Drinking or Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking 2008 2010 2012 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Indicated driving a vehicle after drinking at least once in the past month Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Total 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Indicated riding in a vehicle with someone who had been drinking at least once in the past month 46 4 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Binge Drinking and Other Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender The male-female differences in heavy use of alcohol and tobacco and antisocial behavior are more pronounced than the results for lifetime and 30-day use by gender. Figure 21 and Table 25 show that males engage in these behaviors more than females. The only exceptions were that a higher percent of females than males in the 8th grade participated in binge drinking (1.7% more females than males) and being drunk or high in school (0.5% more females than males). These higher rates correspond with the slightly higher rates of drug and alcohol use by females in the lower grades. In looking at the male and female antisocial behavior data totals in Table 25, some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (17.7% for males compared to 9.3% for females), selling illegal drugs (10.2% for males compared to 4.9% for females), and being arrested (8.0% for males and 4.5% for females). Table 25, which contains percentages of reported binge drinking and antisocial behavior, shows that antisocial behavior doesn’t always increase by grade level. The rate of students being suspended from school peaked in the 8th grade (17.0%). The rates of student reporting having stolen a vehicle peaked in the 10th grade (2.6% vehicle theft). Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be one of the biggest problems among Arizona youth with 15.7% of surveyed 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 15.9% of students surveyed in the three grades reported being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. These behaviors increase with increased grade level. For binge drinking, 8th graders had a rate of 8.7%, 10th graders had a rate of 17.5% and 12th graders had a rate of 26.5%. With respect to being drunk or high at school, 8th graders had a rate of 10.4%, 10th graders had a rate of 19.8%, and 12th graders had a rate of 21.6%. The behavior that the fewest students in all grades participated in was stealing a vehicle (2.2%). Engagement in antisocial behaviors by gender, and for the state as a whole, decreased from 2010 to 2012. Binge drinking rates are down 2.7% to 3.7% in each grade since 2010, rates of being drunk or high at school are down 0.5% to 2.4% in each grade since 2010, school suspension rates are down 1.0% to 2.3% in each grade, vehicle theft rates are down 1.6% to 2.0% in each grade, and arrest rates are down 1.1% to 2.9% in each grade. 47 Figure 21 Arizona Frequent Substance Use and Antisocial Behaviors (2008, 2010, 2012): Male, Female, and State Total 2008 2010 2012 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Binge Drinking Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Drunk or High at School Suspended from School Sold Illegal Drugs Stolen a Vehicle State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female 0 Male Percent of students who engaged in the following antisocial behaviors 90 Been Arrested 48 Table 25 Percentage of Males, Females, and the State Total who Engaged in Binge Drinking and Antisocial Behavior In the Past Year Grade 8 Drug Used / Antisocial Behavior Males Grade 10 Females Total Males Females Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Binge drinking 11.4 10.6 7.8 14.9 14.0 9.5 13.1 12.4 8.7 22.1 20.9 17.5 22.8 21.1 17.5 22.4 21.0 17.5 Drunk or high at school 10.6 11.8 10.1 13.4 13.6 10.6 12.0 12.8 10.4 20.4 22.3 20.6 20.6 21.2 18.9 20.5 21.8 19.8 Suspended from school 25.8 24.3 22.0 14.6 12.6 11.7 20.2 18.5 17.0 19.0 18.3 15.7 10.4 10.5 8.5 14.6 14.4 12.1 Sold illegal drugs 5.9 6.4 5.8 3.3 3.6 3.1 4.6 5.0 4.5 13.2 14.2 13.4 6.5 7.0 6.3 9.8 10.6 9.8 Stolen a vehicle 4.5 4.4 2.7 2.7 2.9 1.6 3.6 3.7 2.1 4.7 6.0 3.6 2.6 3.1 1.7 3.7 4.6 2.6 Been arrested 9.8 9.0 6.8 5.3 5.2 4.2 7.5 7.1 5.5 11.7 12.6 8.9 6.7 7.2 5.0 9.2 9.9 7.0 Grade 12 Drug Used / Antisocial Behavior Males Total Females Total Males Females Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Binge drinking 32.0 32.5 28.7 28.3 25.9 24.4 30.2 29.2 26.5 19.3 19.5 15.9 20.5 19.4 15.5 19.9 19.5 15.7 Drunk or high at school 25.8 26.2 25.1 18.6 18.2 18.1 22.2 22.1 21.6 17.0 18.8 16.8 16.8 17.2 14.9 16.9 18.0 15.9 Suspended from school 14.1 13.5 12.1 6.6 6.3 5.6 10.2 9.9 8.9 21.1 19.7 17.7 11.5 10.3 9.3 16.2 15.0 13.6 Sold illegal drugs 14.8 15.4 14.8 6.1 6.3 6.7 10.4 10.8 10.8 10.1 11.1 10.2 4.9 5.4 4.9 7.5 8.2 7.6 Stolen a vehicle 4.1 4.4 3.0 1.3 1.7 0.9 2.7 3.1 2.0 4.5 4.9 3.0 2.4 2.6 1.5 3.4 3.8 2.2 Been arrested 12.3 11.6 9.4 5.2 5.7 4.5 8.7 8.7 7.0 11.0 10.8 8.0 5.7 5.9 4.5 8.3 8.4 6.3 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 49 Handguns The issue of youth carrying handguns is a serious concern of communities, schools, and families. The Arizona Youth Survey has several questions about handguns and violent behavior. Table 26 lists the questions concerning possession of handguns by grade. It is clear that a very low percentage of students who carry handguns or take them to school. For example, 1.2% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 5.6% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months and 7.5% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in their lifetime. Only 7.2% of students think that they would be seen as cool if they carried a handgun. Most students (76.9%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if they wanted one. When looking at the results by grade, it is interesting to note that 8th graders reported the highest rates of believing they had a good chance of being seen as cool if they carried a handgun (8.2%). All other rates peaked in the 12th grade, with 12th graders reporting the highest rates of carrying a handgun in their Table 26 lifetime (8.2%), carrying a handgun in the past year (5.9%), taking a handgun to school (1.3%), believing it was not at all wrong to take a handgun to school (1.3%), believing it was easy to get a gun (29.1%), that their parents wouldn’t know if they carried a handgun (30.8%), and that the police wouldn’t catch them if they carried a handgun (56.6%). In comparing 2010 and 2012 results, Table 26 and Figure 22 show that there were several significant changes. Reports of past year handgun carrying decreased 1.5% for the statewide survey population and 1.0% to 2.4% in each grade, the belief that parents wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 1.9% for the statewide survey population and 1.1% to 3.0% for each grade, and the belief that the police wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 1.6% in the 8th grade and 3.9% in the 10th grade since 2010. In contrast, the percent of students perceiving ease in getting a handgun increased 3.0% in the 8th grade and 2.6% in the 12th grade. Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns 8th Grade Arizona Youth Survey 2012 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Carried a Handgun - Lifetime 8.5 7.0 7.2 9.4 8.1 7.3 9.7 8.5 8.2 9.0 7.8 7.5 Carried a Handgun in the Past 12 Months 7.7 6.7 5.7 7.2 7.6 5.2 8.1 7.2 5.9 7.7 7.1 5.6 Taken a Handgun to School in Past 12 Months 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.3 2.1 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.2 Very Easy or Sort of Easy to Get a Handgun 20.7 16.8 19.8 26.7 22.3 22.8 33.1 26.5 29.1 25.5 21.1 23.1 Not At All Wrong to Take a Handgun to School 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 Very or Pretty Good Chance You Would Be Seen As Cool if You Carried a Handgun 9.5 8.2 8.2 8.1 7.3 6.5 7.1 6.4 6.2 8.5 7.5 7.2 Parents Wouldn’t Know if You Carried a Handgun (no or NO!) 21.1 19.8 18.7 28.6 26.8 23.8 35.5 32.7 30.8 26.9 25.4 23.5 Police Wouldn’t Catch Kid Carrying a Handgun (no or NO!) 44.4 40.4 38.8 56.4 53.4 49.5 61.6 57.0 56.6 52.1 48.8 46.7 50 Figure 22 Students' Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them (2008, 2010, 2012) 2008 2010 2012 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Police Wouldn't Parents Very or Pretty Not At All Very Easy or Taken a Carried a Catch Kid Handgun in the Handgun to Sort of Easy to Wrong to Take Good Chance Wouldn't Know Carrying a Past 12 Months School in Past Get a Handgun a Handgun to You Would Be if You Carried a Seen As Cool if Handgun (no or Handgun (no or School 12 Months NO!) NO!) You Carried a Handgun 51 Violence The Arizona Youth Survey also asked several questions about violent behavior and attitudes towards violence. Table 27 and Figure 23 show the questions that relate to violence. A review of the responses reveals that 14.1% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them at some time in their life and 9.9% have attacked someone in the past 12 months. Further, a majority of students (55.6%) have seen someone punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up in the past year. However, only a small percent (5.7%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. When looking at the results by grade, it appears that 8th and 10th graders have the most problems with violent behavior and attitudes. More 8th graders than students in other grades had attacked someone in the past year (11.2%), believed it was not at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them (6.4%), believed it was not all wrong to pick a fight (6.4%), have been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by a boyfriend or girlfriend in the past the past year (14.6%), have seen someone be punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up (60.8%), have seen someone be attacked with a weapon other than a gun (12.4%), and have seen someone be shot or shot at (9.6%). Tenth graders had the highest rates of attacking someone to hurt them in their lifetime (14.7%) and of believing it was okay to beat someone up if they started the fight (50.5%). Table 27 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Their Lifetime 20.7 19.1 13.7 21.7 20.4 14.7 19.6 17.9 14.0 20.7 19.2 14.1 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Past 12 Months 18.1 16.6 11.2 16.1 15.5 9.7 12.9 11.5 7.7 16.3 14.9 9.9 Not At All Wrong to Attack Someone to Seriously Hurt Them 4.4 3.6 6.4 4.1 3.7 5.8 3.7 2.7 4.1 4.1 3.4 5.7 It is okay to beat someone up if they start the fight (response of “YES” or “yes”) 51.4 50.6 45.9 55.9 54.4 50.5 52.5 50.3 46.7 53.0 51.7 47.5 Not At All Wrong to Pick a Fight 9.3 8.9 6.4 8.4 7.3 5.8 6.0 4.9 4.1 8.3 7.3 5.7 Have been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by a boyfriend or girlfriend in the past year N/A 17.2 14.6 N/A 18.1 13.1 N/A 16.4 12.3 N/A 17.3 13.6 Have seen someone be punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up in the past year N/A 70.8 60.8 N/A 68.9 56.3 N/A 57.9 44.7 N/A 66.8 55.6 Have seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain in the past year N/A 18.7 12.4 N/A 18.3 9.8 N/A 14.1 8.1 N/A 17.4 10.6 Have seen someone shot or shot at in the past year N/A 12.8 9.6 N/A 12.3 7.9 N/A 10.2 6.5 N/A 11.9 8.3 From 2010 to 2012, most data reported in Table 27 to the right showed significant decreases. For the entire survey population, there were significant decreases in all grades for a large majority of violence measures. The only measure that showed an increase in all grades was the percentage of students believing it was not at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them; this measure increased 1.4% to 2.8% in each grade and 2.3% for all grades combined. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 52 Figure 23 Student Violent Behavior and Attitudes (2008, 2010, 2012) 2008 2010 2012 100 Percent of students 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Not At All Have been hit, It is okay to Not At All Attacked Attacked slapped, Wrong to beat someone Wrong to Pick Someone to Someone to pushed, a Fight up if they start Attack Seriously Hurt Seriously Hurt shoved, the fight Them in Their Them in Past Someone to kicked, or any 12 Months Seriously Hurt Lifetime other way Them physically assaulted by a boyfriend or girlfiend in the past year Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Have seen Have seen Have seen someone shot someone someone be punched with attacked with or shot at in the past year a weapon a fist, kicked, other than a choked or beaten up in gun, such as a knife, bat, the past year bottle, or chain in the past year 53 Gangs In covering a range of antisocial behaviors, the Arizona Youth Survey also asks questions about gang involvement. One of the most telling questions asks students not only if they have ever been in a gang or are currently in a gang, but also about how current gang members feel about their present membership. Further, an additional question asked students “If you ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?” Response options for this question included: Protection, Friendship, Parent(s) are in a gang, Sibling(s) are in a gang, Make money, Other, and I have never belonged. As can be seen in Table 28, a large majority of Arizona youth (93.0%) have never belonged to a gang, while 3.6% of the youth surveyed reported that they had been members in the past, 1.8% reported they belong now, 1.2% reported that they would like to join a gang, and 0.4% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. The percentage of students reporting that they had never belonged to a gang increased 1.7% since 2010 (1.0% to 2.3% in each grade). The second portion of Table 28, regarding major reasons for joining a gang, contains data for a survey population of students who indicated having belonged to a gang at some point in their lives. That data indicate that the number one reason for joining was friendship (32.5% of previous or current gang members indicated this reason), followed by another option not listed (21.6%), for protection (17.9%), and to make money (17.0%). Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Table 28 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Gangs 8th Grade 2008 2010 10th Grade 2012 2008 2010 12th Grade 2012 2008 2010 Total 2012 2008 2010 2012 GANGS (Total Number and Percentage of Youth Who Responded to the Question, “Have you ever belonged in a gang?”) No 87.5 90.1 92.0 89.8 91.4 93.7 92.7 93.1 94.1 89.4 91.3 93.0 No, but would like to 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 Yes, in the past 6.4 5.3 4.1 5.1 4.8 3.3 3.9 3.7 3.1 5.4 4.7 3.6 Yes, belong now 3.7 2.4 2.0 3.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.3 3.1 2.1 1.8 Yes, but would like to get out 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 GANGS (Total Number and Percentage of Youth Who Responded to the Question, “If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?”. Survey population contains only students who responded “Yes, in the past,” “Yes, belong now,” or “Yes, but would like to get out” from the gang question listed above). Sample size for this analysis 2,098 1,679 1,287 1,106 1,041 697 626 705 527 3,830 3,425 2,511 Protection 21.4 19.6 21.0 16.8 12.2 16.4 14.9 13.0 12.5 19.0 16.0 17.9 Friendship 32.0 33.3 32.5 34.9 33.4 29.6 35.1 38.2 36.4 33.3 34.3 32.5 Parent(s) are in a gang 1.1 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.6 3.2 3.4 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.0 2.5 Sibling(s) are in a gang 8.0 6.7 6.3 6.0 8.0 6.0 6.5 5.8 6.1 7.2 6.9 6.2 Make money 10.6 14.8 14.2 12.5 17.2 20.9 14.9 17.0 18.6 11.9 16.0 17.0 Other 25.5 22.0 21.9 26.3 25.6 21.5 24.3 20.9 21.1 25.6 22.8 21.6 I have never belonged 1.3 1.8 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.4 1.0 2.4 2.8 1.3 2.0 2.3 54 Figure 25 Figure 24 Student Gang Involvement (2008, 2010, 2012) Student Gang Reasons For Joining (2012) Have Ever Belonged to a Gang? (Response of "Yes, in the past," "Yes, belong now," or "Yes, but would like to get out") 2008 2010 Total Number and Percent of Past or Present Gang Members Who Responded to the Question, "If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?". 2012 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Protection 8th Grade Friendship 10th Grade Parent(s) are in a gang Sibling(s) are in a gang 12th Grade Make money Total Other 0 10 20 30 Percent of students (Scale is 50%) 40 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent of Past or Present Gang Members NOTE: Figure 25 data pertain only to students who indicated they had either previously belonged to a gang or currently belonged to a gang. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 55 School Safety The Arizona Youth Survey also asked students questions regarding their safety on school property. Each student was asked to indicate the number of days in the past month that they carried a weapon to school and the number of days that they didn’t go to school because they felt unsafe at school or on their way to school. Additionally, students were asked how many times in the past year they were threatened by someone or injured with a weapon on school property, how many times they had a physical fight at school, and how many times they were bullied on school property. Results for these questions are found on the following pages in Table 29 and Figure 26. Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon to school in the past month. However, just as with handgun carrying, even small percentages for these safety issues can be serious. For example, 5.2% of 8th graders, 5.5% of 10th graders, and 5.5% of 12th graders have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past month. Most safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon at school) and being bullied show decreases with increased grade level. While 7.9% of 8th graders reported that they did not go to school because they felt unsafe at least one day in the past month, the rate for 10th and 12th graders was lower, with 5.4% of 10th graders and 4.2% of 12th graders indicating they had skipped school because they felt unsafe. A higher percentage of Arizona youth indicated that they had been threatened or injured by someone at school. Of 8th graders, 11.1% indicated that they had been threatened by someone or injured with a weapon at school. This number decreases with increased grade level, with 8.5% of 10th graders and 6.1% of 12th graders reporting being threatened or injured with a weapon at school. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 The survey also contained a question asking students to report how often, if ever, they had been bullied on school property in the past year. For all three grades combined, 30.7% of students reported having been bullied at least once in the past year (39.9% of 8th graders, 27.4% of 10th graders, and 17.1% of 12th graders). In looking at the 2012 results in comparison to 2010 survey results, there were several notable changes. Rates of not feeling safe at school decreased 1.5% for the total survey population (1.2% to 2.2% decrease in each grade), rates of being in a physical fight at school in the past year decreased 2.1% for the survey population (3.2% decrease in the 8th grade, 2.7% decrease in the 10th grade), and rates of not going to school at least one day in the past month due to safety concerns decreased 1.1% for the survey population (1.6% in the 8th grade and 1.3% in the 10th grade). In contrast, a higher percent of students in 2012 indicated they had been threatened or injured with a weapon on school property in the past year in comparison to 2010 data (9.1% of the 2012 survey population, compared to 7.0% of the 2010 survey population). Table 29 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 In a Physical Fight at School at Least Once in the Past 12 Months 23.5 20.5 17.3 14.8 13.0 10.3 8.5 7.4 7.0 17.4 14.8 12.7 I Do Not Feel Safe At My School (response of “NO” or “no” to the statement “I feel safe at my school”) 23.5 20.0 18.8 22.6 18.2 16.0 18.2 13.3 11.5 22.0 17.7 16.2 Did Not Go to School at Least One Day in the Past Month Because Felt Unsafe At School or On the Way to School 10.1 9.5 7.9 8.9 6.7 5.4 6.2 4.3 4.2 8.8 7.3 6.2 Carried a Weapon to School at Least Once in the Past 30 Days 6.1 4.8 5.2 6.2 5.0 5.5 5.6 4.6 5.5 6.0 4.8 5.3 Been Threatened or Injured With a Weapon on School Property in the Past 12 Months 12.9 8.3 11.1 11.6 7.3 8.5 7.6 4.7 6.1 11.3 7.0 9.1 Been Bullied At School At Least 40.6 Once in the Past Year 39.5 39.9 30.9 26.9 27.4 17.7 14.6 17.1 32.3 29.1 30.7 56 Figure 26 Student Responses to School Safety Questions (2008, 2010, 2012) 2008 2010 2012 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Been Bullied At In a Fight at School I Do Not Feel Safe Did Not Go to School Carried a Weapon to Been Threatened or School At Least Once Injured With a At My School at Least One Day in School at Least Once at Least Once in the in the Past Year in the Past 30 Days Weapon on School the Past Month Past 12 Months Property in the Past Because Felt Unsafe 12 Months At School or On the Way to School Arizona Youth Survey 2012 57 Academic Performance and Substance Use Table 30 and Figure 27 show a clear relationship between substance use and academic performance. Of the students who report getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer have recently used ATODs than those who report poorer grades. For example, failing students (those students receiving mostly Ds and Fs) are twice as likely to have used alcohol in the past 30 days, five times as likely to have used cigarettes in the past 30 days, and over three times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than students who reported they make “Mostly A’s.” Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Table 30 Percentage Using ATODs in the Past 30 Days by Academic Grades (2012) Academic Grades Drugs Used Mostly A’s Mostly B’s Mostly C’s Mostly D’s or F’s Alcohol 19.4 30.2 36.0 40.0 Cigarettes 5.5 13.3 20.3 28.6 Smokeless Tobacco 1.8 4.0 5.8 7.0 Marijuana 7.4 15.3 21.1 27.4 Hallucinogens 0.8 1.4 1.9 3.1 Cocaine 0.4 1.1 1.7 3.1 Inhalants 1.7 2.9 3.9 4.9 Methamphetamines 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.2 Heroin 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.1 Ecstasy 0.7 1.3 2.3 3.2 Other Club Drugs 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.6 Steroids 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 Prescription Pain Relievers 3.7 6.4 8.8 11.4 Prescription Stimulants 1.0 2.1 2.9 3.8 Prescription Sedatives 1.6 2.8 3.8 5.0 Prescription Drugs 4.8 8.3 10.8 13.7 Over-the-Counter Drugs 2.6 4.3 6.4 7.8 Synthetic Drugs 2.2 4.5 6.8 10.2 58 Figure 27 ATOD Use and Academic Grades (2012) Mostly As Mostly Bs Mostly Cs Mostly Ds or Fs 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 59 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval When parents have favorable attitudes toward drugs, they influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. For example, parental approval of young people’s moderate drinking, even under parental supervision, increases the risk of the young person using marijuana. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become drug abusers in adolescence. Table 31 and Figure 28 illustrate how perceived parental approval is related to substance use. In the Arizona Youth Survey, students were asked how wrong their parents felt it was to use different ATODs. Table 31 displays the percentage of students who have used marijuana in their lifetime and in the past 30 days in relation to their responses about their parents’ approval of marijuana use. Table 31 Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval of Marijuana Use (2012) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days Very Wrong 21.0 8.8 Wrong 55.8 29.7 A Little Bit Wrong 75.4 51.2 Not Wrong At All 77.1 58.0 As can be seen, a relatively low percentage of students (21.0% lifetime, 8.8% 30-day) use marijuana when their parents think it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents have less strong negative feelings about marijuana use (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 55.8% for lifetime use and 29.7% for 30-day use. These results make a strong argument for the importance of parents having strong and clear standards and rules when it comes to ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 60 Figure 28 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval (2012) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Very Wrong Wrong A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong At All Percent of students indicating substance use by perceived parental acceptability category 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days 61 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval During the elementary school years, children usually express antidrug, anti-crime, and prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places students at higher risk. The results provided in the following table and figure illustrate the relation between peer approval and individual drug use. As with perceived parental approval, the slightest perceived peer acceptability increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. In this section, lifetime and 30-day marijuana use are looked at in relation to what students thought were their chances of being seen as cool if they used marijuana. Table 32 Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval of Marijuana Use (2012) What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days No or very little chance 11.4 3.9 Little chance 34.4 15.2 Some chance 42.4 21.2 Pretty good chance 46.9 25.6 Very good chance 55.6 34.3 When students thought there was “No or very little chance” that they would be seen as cool if they used marijuana, only 11.4% had tried marijuana in their lifetime and only 3.9% had used it in the last month. However, when students thought that there was even a “Little chance” that they would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were nearly three times higher for lifetime use (34.4%) and nearly four times higher for past-month use (15.2%). Students who thought that there was a “Very good chance” they would be seen as cool, indicated past-month marijuana use rates that were eight times higher than students who perceived that marijuana use was not cool. These results better illustrate how peer acceptability puts youth at risk for ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 62 Figure 29 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval (2012) What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? No or very little chance Little chance Some chance Pretty good chance Very good chance 100 Percent of students indicating substance use by perceived peer acceptability category 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days 63 Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use The results of the question presented in Table 33 and Figure 30 indicate that slightly less than half of students surveyed (49.6%) have not had a discussion with their parents about the dangers of any substance. Further, when distinguishing which substances parents had discussed with their students, it appears that parent/ child discussions about the dangers of tobacco use stay relatively even across grades. When it comes to parents talking to their kids about the dangers of tobacco use, 28.2% of 8th graders, 27.5% of 10th graders, and 27.0% of 12th graders indicated they had that discussion with their parents. With respect to discussing the dangers of alcohol use, 27.9% of 8th graders, 31.3% of 10th graders, and 31.6% of 12th graders indicated they had that alcohol-focused discussion with their parents. In regard to speaking with parents about the dangers of drug use, 38.3% of 8th graders, 38.7% of 10th graders, and 34.6% of 12th graders reported that they had that discussion in the past year. In comparing 2010 and 2012 data, Table 33 reveals an increase in the percentage of students who reported that they had not spoken with their parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use (increases of 1.0% to 1.5% in each grade). It appears that discussions regarding the dangers of tobacco use specifically are down; the percent of students reporting that they had spoken with their parents about tobacco use decreased 3.2% to 4.3% in each grade and 3.7% for the statewide survey population. Table 33 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication with Parents About Substance Use 2012 2010 Total 2008 2012 2010 12th Grade 2008 2012 2010 2008 2012 2010 10th Grade No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers 43.1 46.9 48.4 46.2 48.0 49.3 50.8 50.9 51.9 45.9 48.3 49.6 of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. 34.6 31.4 28.2 32.8 31.8 27.5 30.8 30.8 27.0 33.2 31.4 27.7 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. 31.0 28.7 27.9 34.3 31.5 31.3 33.0 32.3 31.6 32.5 30.5 29.9 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of drug 42.1 40.0 38.3 39.5 39.0 38.7 33.3 34.1 34.6 39.2 38.1 37.5 use. Figure 30 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication with Parents About Substance Use 2008 2010 2012 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 8th Grade 2008 During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians – whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply) Percent of students In the Arizona Youth Survey, students were asked to indicate whether or not their parents had talked to them about the dangers of substance use. The question was worded as follows: “During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians – whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply).” 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Yes, I talked to my parents Yes, I talked to my parents Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of tobacco about the dangers of alcohol use. about the dangers of drug use. use. 64 Prevention-Related Advertisements In the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey, one advertising-related question was posed to students to gather information on whether they remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year. The results of this question are presented in Table 34 and Figure 31. The results show that the majority of youth (78.5%) have remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year. Further, the data show that the reported rates of remembering substance abuse prevention ads increases with increased grade level (73.7% in 8th grade, 81.4% in 10th grade, 83.0% in 12th grade). Table 34 Percentage of Students Responding to Questions Regarding Prevention-Related Advertisements 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 Reported hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention 75.7 73.2 73.7 advertisement in the past year 83.4 79.5 81.4 85.8 82.3 83.0 80.5 77.6 78.5 Figure 31 In comparing 2008, 2010, and 2012 data, Table 34 shows that the percent of students reporting having heard, read, or watched a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year has slightly increased in all grades since the 2010 survey. However, 2.0% fewer students in 2012 reported being exposed to a prevention advertisement in comparison to 2008 data. Percentage of Students Reporting Having Noticed Prevention-Related Advertisements 2008 2010 2012 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Reported hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year Arizona Youth Survey 2012 65 Youth Resiliency to ATODs 2010 2012 10th Grade 2010 12th Grade 2012 2010 Total 2012 2010 2012 Alcohol? In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: Other drugs? In regard to student reports of avoiding people or places to avoid being offered substances, it appears that 8th and 10th graders are more likely than 12th graders to avoid places or people to avoid substance use offers. Of all students combined, 13.9% indicate that they’ve avoided places or people one time in the past month, 12.8% have avoided them two to three times in the past month, and 14.4% have avoided them four or more times in the past month. 8th Grade Cigarettes? The results of the question presented in Table 35 and Figure 32 indicate that most students surveyed have never been offered a substance – 59.4% of students were not offered alcohol in the past month, 75.7% were not offered cigarettes in the past month, 64.3% were not offered marijuana in the past month, and 85.2% were not offered other drugs in the past month. Alcohol and marijuana are the substances most often offered to students. Table 35 Student Reports of Being Offered Various Substances in the Past Month Marijuana? In the 2010 and 2012 Arizona Youth Surveys, students were asked to indicate whether they had been offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs in the past year and how often they avoided people or places for fear of being offered those substances. Never 71.4 72.9 52.3 53.1 41.6 41.6 57.7 59.4 Once 12.3 12.1 14.2 13.7 13.2 12.9 13.1 12.8 2-3 times 9.5 8.5 17.3 17.0 21.3 20.1 15.0 13.9 4-6 times 3.4 3.1 7.7 7.3 10.7 11.5 6.7 6.4 7-10 times 1.0 1.1 2.9 3.2 4.9 4.7 2.6 2.6 More than 10 times 2.4 2.3 5.7 5.7 8.3 9.2 4.9 5.0 Never 80.6 82.8 68.4 73.3 62.7 65.7 72.2 75.7 Once 8.7 8.2 10.3 10.1 10.3 10.1 9.6 9.2 2-3 times 5.2 4.6 8.6 6.8 9.6 8.9 7.4 6.3 4-6 times 2.2 1.7 3.9 3.2 4.8 4.4 3.4 2.8 7-10 times 1.0 0.8 2.3 1.8 2.8 2.2 1.9 1.4 More than 10 times 2.4 1.9 6.5 4.8 9.8 8.7 5.6 4.4 Never 75.4 74.3 58.7 57.4 56.9 53.8 65.4 64.3 Once 8.1 8.4 11.1 10.8 11.0 10.9 9.7 9.7 2-3 times 6.5 6.5 10.3 11.1 10.7 11.4 8.7 9.1 4-6 times 3.5 3.5 6.2 6.7 6.3 6.8 5.1 5.3 7-10 times 1.9 2.1 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.8 2.9 3.0 More than 10 times 4.7 5.2 10.2 10.4 11.4 13.3 8.2 8.7 Never 88.4 88.4 81.4 82.9 81.7 82.1 84.5 85.2 Once 5.4 5.3 7.5 7.3 7.3 6.6 6.6 6.2 2-3 times 2.7 2.6 4.8 4.2 4.8 4.8 3.9 3.6 4-6 times 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.7 7-10 times 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 More than 10 times 1.7 1.7 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.4 2.4 In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Never 64.9 57.4 63.0 59.0 67.0 61.4 64.9 58.9 Once 13.6 15.1 12.7 13.7 10.9 12.1 12.6 13.9 2-3 times 10.3 12.5 11.9 13.2 10.8 12.7 10.9 12.8 4-6 times 3.5 4.8 4.5 5.1 4.2 5.4 4.0 5.0 7-10 times 1.5 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.2 More than 10 times 6.2 8.1 6.0 6.8 5.1 6.2 5.8 7.2 66 Figure 32 Youth Resiliency to ATOD's (2012) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Was offered alcohol at least once in the past month Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Was offered cigarettes at least once in the past month Was offered marijuana at least once in the past month Was offered other drugs at least once in the past month Avoided people or places because they might have been offered a substance at least once in the past month 67 Youth Resiliency to ATODs 8th Grade 2010 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 2012 10th Grade 2010 2012 12th Grade 2010 2012 Total 2010 2012 give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? say “No” without giving a reason why? In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? The results of the question presented in Table 36 and Figure 33 indicate that 31.0% responded “I say ‘no’ without giving a reason why” at least one time in the past 30 days, 27.9% responded with “I give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer” at least once in the past month, 20.3% responded with “I decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer” at least once in the past month, and 16.5% indicated that “I use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs” at least once in the past month. A simple “no” to the offer is the most used strategy by students in all grades. Table 36 decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? The 2010 and 2012 Arizona Youth Surveys asked students to indicate their resiliency to offers of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other substances. They were asked, “In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs were offered to you?: say ‘no’ without giving a reason why, give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer, decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer, and use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs.” Response options were as follows: “Never,” “Once,” “Twice,” “Three times,” “Four or more times,” and “I never got offers.” Never 30.9 28.2 33.4 32.1 33.8 34.1 32.4 30.8 Once 14.2 12.4 17.4 15.2 17.2 15.5 16.0 14.0 Twice 5.8 4.6 8.9 7.1 10.3 8.9 8.0 6.4 Three times 2.7 2.6 4.1 3.7 5.5 4.4 3.9 3.4 Four or more times 5.3 5.5 8.8 8.1 10.4 9.1 7.7 7.2 I never got offers 41.1 46.8 27.3 33.8 22.8 28.0 32.0 38.2 Never 35.7 31.7 38.7 34.9 39.4 37.2 37.6 34.0 Once 10.9 9.7 13.9 13.2 15.2 14.5 13.0 12.0 Twice 5.4 4.7 8.2 7.5 10.2 8.6 7.5 6.5 Three times 2.7 2.6 4.6 4.3 5.2 4.8 3.9 3.7 Four or more times 4.4 4.4 7.3 6.5 7.4 7.1 6.1 5.7 I never got offers 41.0 47.0 27.3 33.6 22.5 27.8 31.9 38.1 Never 37.3 34.0 45.1 43.7 50.9 50.0 43.3 40.9 Once 10.2 8.8 12.3 10.2 11.4 10.1 11.1 9.5 Twice 3.7 3.1 5.2 4.0 5.2 4.3 4.6 3.7 Three times 2.4 2.2 2.9 2.5 3.2 2.3 2.8 2.3 Four or more times 4.6 4.5 6.3 5.1 5.9 4.8 5.5 4.8 I never got offers 41.8 47.5 28.1 34.6 23.4 28.6 32.8 38.9 Never 40.7 36.8 49.7 47.6 55.3 53.8 47.4 44.3 Once 8.2 7.1 9.9 8.0 9.6 7.6 9.1 7.5 Twice 3.3 2.7 4.2 3.3 4.3 3.7 3.8 3.1 Three times 1.9 1.8 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.0 Four or more times 3.8 3.7 5.2 4.1 4.6 3.9 4.4 3.9 I never got offers 42.1 47.9 28.3 34.8 23.7 29.0 33.0 39.2 68 Figure 33 Youth Resiliency to ATOD's In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 say "No" without giving a reason why? Arizona Youth Survey 2012 give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? 69 Gambling In the AYS, students were asked to report how often (if ever) they participated in various gambling activities in the past year. Table 37 and Figure 34 display the data for survey questions regarding past year gambling and the average age when youth first gambled. Past year gambling percentages include those students who responded that they had gambled “A few times in the past year,” “Once or twice a month,” “Once or twice a week,” or “Almost every day.” Average age of initiation was determined by asking students to report how old they were they first time they bet or gambled. When students were asked how often they participated in various gambling activities, betting on cards was the activity in which the greatest number of students participated in the past year. Of respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, 31.2% indicated that they had bet on cards at least once in the past year. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Betting on sports had the second highest rates of participation (24.5% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade participating) and the third highest gambling activity was betting on a game of personal skill (24.4% of the three grades) in the past year. The gambling activities with the least past-year participation were gambling on the Internet (4.3%), animal races (4.5%), and playing a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine (4.6%). Rates of reported past year gambling tend to decrease with increased grade level, as rates of gambling peaked in the 8th grade for nine of the 10 gambling categories (playing the lottery, betting on sports, playing cards, buying a raffle ticket, playing bingo for money, Internet gambling, playing a dice game, betting on personal skill, and betting at a horse or animal race). 70 Table 37 Gambling: Percentage of Students Reporting Participation in Various Gambling Activities in the Past Year and Average Age of First Gambling 8th Grade 2008 2010 10th Grade 2012 2008 2010 12th Grade 2012 2008 2010 Total 2012 2008 2010 2012 Have engaged in one of the following gambling activities for money, possessions, or anything of value at least once in the past year Any Gambling 69.1 61.6 59.0 65.9 59.8 57.2 60.6 56.5 53.7 66.2 59.7 57.2 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? 6.4 5.3 4.6 6.1 4.8 4.2 5.8 5.3 5.1 6.2 5.2 4.6 Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? 24.8 21.4 23.1 21.8 20.7 22.4 19.0 18.9 21.5 22.5 20.6 22.5 Bet on sports?* 31.8 28.6 26.1 30.2 27.0 24.5 25.6 24.4 21.5 29.9 27.0 24.5 Played cards? 43.7 36.1 31.7 43.7 36.0 31.1 40.6 34.8 30.3 42.9 35.7 31.2 Bought a raffle ticket? 20.4 15.9 16.8 20.7 16.6 16.6 18.9 15.3 16.0 20.1 16.0 16.5 Played bingo? 32.6 26.4 25.7 23.2 20.4 19.6 14.7 14.2 13.2 25.6 21.4 20.8 Gambled on the Internet? 6.3 5.1 4.9 5.1 4.6 4.1 4.7 4.2 3.6 5.6 4.7 4.3 Played a dice game?* 31.5 26.0 24.4 25.1 21.9 20.5 19.2 17.9 16.1 26.7 22.6 21.2 Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* 32.7 28.2 25.6 31.3 27.7 24.3 27.0 24.9 22.1 31.0 27.2 24.4 Bet on a horse or other animal race?* 6.4 5.0 4.8 5.8 5.0 4.5 5.1 4.4 4.0 5.9 4.8 4.5 11.6 11.5 10.8 12.2 12.2 11.5 13.2 13.2 12.7 12.1 12.1 11.4 Average age of first gambling or betting? Average age of initiation – 8th, 10th, and 12th grade combined Arizona Youth Survey 2012 71 Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Bet on a horse or other animal race? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? 12th Grade Played a dice game? Gambled on the Internet? 10th Grade Played bingo? Bought a raffle ticket? 8th Grade Played cards? Bet on sports? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Any Gambling Percent of Students Figure 34 Percent of students indicating they had gambled a few times in the past year, once or twice a month, once or twice a week, or almost every day Past Year Participation in Various Gambling Activities (2012) Total 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 72 5 Section 5: Summary of Findings The AYS, conducted in January through April 2012, gathered a substantial amount of information that can be used by Arizona policy makers and practitioners. Because of time and resource constraints the data presented in this report merely skim the surface of the data gathered by the survey; however, the results can be highly beneficial in helping Arizona communities identify the needs of Arizona youth and plan prevention and delinquency programs that fit their needs. The Arizona Youth Survey is based on the national Communities That Care model and the research of J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. The model has strong support from numerous federal agencies including the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), the National Youth Gang Center, and the CSAP. Given the limited resources available to schools and service providers today, the information contained within this report and the ongoing analysis of the data provides Arizona with a considerable advantage at all levels of government in securing additional funding for youth programming. This statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 349 schools, which resulted in the participation of 62,817 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students throughout Arizona. As a result of this year’s success and the success of previous administrations, outstanding strides continue to be made in developing a data infrastructure that provides valuable information regarding youth at the state and local level. Continuing to build and strengthen partnerships between those who work with youth remains the primary goal of the Arizona Youth Survey. The ability to accurately understand the underlying factors — behaviors, attitudes, conditions or events — that increase and decrease the risk for substance abuse and delinquency will provide a basis on which to bring about positive change. Risk factors are powerful tools for identifying and locating populations Arizona Youth Survey 2012 and individuals with a high potential for substance abuse, delinquency, school drop-out, and/or violence, and they provide valuable targets for programs aimed at preventing or reducing these problem behaviors. Protective factors are also important tools for enhancing the availability of positive interactions and bonding with the community, family, school, and peer groups. Additionally, the data obtained on the use of ATOD and delinquency provide further insight into the experiences of Arizona youth, which can assist in the development of school and community-based intervention programming. Findings for each of the report sections are summarized below: Risk Factor Profiles The following risk factor scales showed significant decreases of 1.0% or higher in all grades since the 2010 survey: Poor Family Management, Rebelliousness, Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior, Early Initiation of Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, Friend’s Use of Drugs, and Gang Involvement. Only one risk factor scale showed a significant increase in all grades since 2010: Perceived Risk of Drug Use. Protective Factor Profiles The following protective factor scales showed significant increases of 1.0% or higher in all grades since the 2010 survey: School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, Belief in the Moral Order, and Prosocial Involvement. Two scales showed significant decreases in all grades since 2010: Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement and Interaction with Prosocial Peers. 73 Age of Initiation The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2012 was 12.7 years. For alcohol use, a distinction can be made between the first experimental use of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) and the first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month). Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) at age 12.8 years in 2012 (down from 13.1 years in 2010), while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was over a year and a half later at age 14.4 years. Substance Use for Arizona It is noteworthy that alcohol is still the most common substance used by Arizona students. In the past month, 28.1% of students have used alcohol, and 51.7% of students have used alcohol in their lifetime. Cigarettes and marijuana are the second and third most used substances by Arizona youth. For cigarette use, 12.9% of survey participants used cigarettes in the past month and 28.8% used in their lifetime. For marijuana, 14.3% of survey participants indicated they had used marijuana at least once in the past 30 days and 28.7% indicated use during their lifetime. Prescription drugs are the fourth highest substance used by Arizona youth, 7.9% of youth indicated use of any type of prescription drugs at least once in the past month, and 16.6% indicated use at least once in their lifetime. Lifetime use of many substances in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2010 survey, with alcohol use decreasing 3.6% to 7.8% in each grade, cigarette use decreasing 4.1% to 5.5% in each grade, smokeless tobacco use decreasing 2.6% to 3.4% in each grade, inhalant use decreasing 2.0% to 3.1% in each grade, prescription pain reliever use decreasing 2.4% to 3.3% in each grade, prescription sedative use decreasing 3.4% to 4.3% in each grade, prescription drug use decreasing 3.4% to 5,4% in each grade, and over-the-counter drug use decreasing 1.9% to 2.5% in each grade. Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Since the 2010 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 1.5% to 4.8% in all grades for alcohol, decreased 1.1% to 1.9% in all grades for cigarettes, decreased 1.2% to 1.8% in all grades for prescription pain relievers, decreased 1.4% to 1.7% in all grades for prescription sedatives, decreased 2.4% to 2.5% in all grades for prescription drugs, and decreased 1.4% to 2.0% in all grades for over-the-counter drugs. Arizona Results Compared to National Results A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national MTF survey is another method for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. A lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with smokeless tobacco and prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the 2011 national survey. Additionally, a lower percentage of 8th grade Arizona students have had lifetime experience with hallucinogens than 8th grade youth in the national MTF survey population. Twelfth grade students’ use of inhalants was also lower for Arizona youth than 12th grade youth in the national MTF survey population. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher cigarette use than students in the same grades in the national survey population. Further, alcohol use rates for Arizona 8th and 10th graders were also higher than 8th and 10th grade alcohol use rates in the national survey population. Alcohol use for Arizona students was 4.2% higher for Arizona 8th graders and 3.1% higher for Arizona 10th graders in comparison to students in the same grades in the national MTF survey population. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 1.3% to 2.1% higher for each grade than in the MTF survey population. A look at past month substance use reveals that a higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol and cigarettes than youth in the same grades in the 2011 national MTF survey population. Alcohol use in Arizona was 3.5% to 4.9% higher in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey and cigarette use in Arizona was 1.7% to 2.3% higher in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey. 74 Substance Use by Gender While being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use, of the Arizona students who took the survey, males and females are very similar in their use of most substances. In some cases, females (especially in the lower grades) actually have use rates that are higher than males. Males in all grades indicate higher use rates for smokeless tobacco (2.6% higher use in the 8th grade, 9.0% higher use in the 10th grade, 17.2% higher use in the 12th grade) and marijuana (2.1% to 4.8% higher than female use rates in each grade). In contrast, the 2012 AYS results show that females in all grades indicated higher lifetime use rates of the following substances: alcohol (53.3% total female use compared to 49.7% total male use) and sedatives (8.1% total female use compared to 5.6% total male use). For 30-day use, marijuana 30-day use rates were consistently higher for males (1.0% to 6.5% higher in each grade) and the 30-day use rates of smokeless tobacco are higher for males as well (1.0% to 8.6% higher than females in each grade). Perceived Harmfulness of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Survey population Arizona youth in the 8th and 12th grades perceived a greater risk in drinking one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day than national MTF students (3.3% higher in the 8th grade, 9.2% higher in the 12th grade) and a greater percent of Arizona 12th graders perceived great risk in binge drinking every week (49.5% of 12th graders in Arizona perceived great risk compared to 47.6% of national 12th graders). However, Arizona youth perceived significantly less risk in regularly using marijuana. Rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades — 12.4% less perceived risk in the 8th grade (55.9% for Arizona, 68.3% for MTF), 16.1% less perceived risk in the 10th grade (39.1% for Arizona, 55.2% for MTF), and 13.0% less perceived risk for the 12th grade (32.7% for Arizona, 45.7% for MTF). Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Perceived Availability of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Survey population The results also reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get as do the youth from the national survey population. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 4.3% to 14.0% difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. This difference is illustrated in Figure 16, which looks at the perceived availability of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in the Arizona and national surveys. Where Students Obtained Alcohol Across all grades, one of the primary sources of alcohol for Arizona students is getting it at a party. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (37.2% obtained alcohol at a party) to the 12th grade (53.5% obtained alcohol at a party). For alcohol-using 8th graders, the primary sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (37.2%), taking it from home (26.8%), and getting it some other way not listed (25.4%). For alcoholusing 10th and 12th graders, the primary sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (49.4% for 10th graders, 53.5% for 12th graders), giving someone money to buy it (29.8% for 10th graders, 39.3% for 12th graders), having a non-relative over the age of 21 give it to them (24.5% of 10th graders, 31.1% of 12th graders), and getting it from someone under the age of 21 (25.8% of 10th graders, 22.7% of 12th graders). Encouragingly, very few students reported buying alcohol themselves at a liquor store, gas station, or grocery store (5.6% to 10.4% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade), at a restaurant, bar, or club (2.7% to 4.7% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade), or at a public event (2.7% to 3.7% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade). 75 Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs Binge Drinking and Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender In all grades, among students who have used prescription drugs to get high, the primary method of obtaining prescription drugs was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (48.7% obtained prescription drugs from a friend) to the 12th grade (62.8% obtained prescription drugs from a friend). Other primary methods of obtaining prescription drugs (amongst students who used them) included getting them from home (e.g., a medicine cabinet) (24.7% to 31.3% in each grade), and getting them from a party (19.5% to 21.4% in each grade and 4.0% overall). Unlike 30-day and lifetime ATOD substance use, where Arizona males and females often had similar use rates, the male-female differences in heavy use of alcohol and tobacco and antisocial behavior are more pronounced with males using more than females. Some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (17.7% for males compared to 9.3% for females), selling illegal drugs (10.2% for males compared to 4.9% for females), and being arrested (8.0% for males and 4.5% for females). Where Students Obtained Marijuana In all grades, among students who have reported obtaining marijuana in the past month, the primary method of obtaining marijuana was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (72.7% obtained marijuana from a friend) to the 12th grade (80.9% obtained marijuana from a friend). Other primary methods of obtaining marijuana (amongst students who used in the past month) included getting them at a party (25.9% to 30.4% in each grade) and getting them from another source not listed as a response option (21.0% to 28.8% in each grade). Drinking and Driving The 2012 survey found that a minority of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth in the state reported having driven a vehicle after drinking (3.9% of 8th graders, 6.1% of 10th graders, 12.5% of 12th graders) or ridden with a driver who had been drinking (24.7% of students in all grades combined) (see Table 23). Of those students who indicated that they had driven after drinking or ridden with a driver who had been drinking, most indicate that they did so one time in the past month (3.4% driving after drinking one time in the past month, 10.2% riding with a driver who had a drink one time in the past month). Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be one of the biggest problems among Arizona youth with 15.7% of surveyed 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 15.9% of students surveyed in the three grades reporting being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. These behaviors increase with increased grade level. For binge drinking, 8th graders had a rate of 8.7%, 10th graders had a rate of 17.5%, and 12th graders had a rate of 26.5%. For being drunk or high at school, 8th graders had a rate of 10.4%, 10th graders had a rate of 19.8%, and 12th graders had a rate of 21.6%. The behavior that the fewest students in all grades participated in was stealing a vehicle (2.2%). Handguns It is clear that a very low percentage of students carry handguns or take them to school. For example, 1.2% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 5.6% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months and 7.5% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in their lifetime. Only 7.2% of students think that they would be seen as cool if they carried a handgun. Most students (76.9%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if they wanted one. 76 In comparing 2010 and 2012 results, there were several significant changes. Reports of past year handgun carrying decreased 1.5% for the statewide survey population and 1.0% to 2.4% in each grade, the belief that parents wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 1.9% for the statewide survey population and 1.1% to 3.0% for each grade, and the belief that the police wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 1.6% in the 8th grade and 3.9% in the 10th grade since 2010. In contrast, the percent of students perceiving ease in getting a handgun increased 3.0% in the 8th grade and 2.6% in the 12th grade. Violence A review of the responses reveals that 14.1% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them at some time in their life and 9.9% have attacked someone in the past 12 months. Further, a majority of students (55.6%) have seen someone be punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up in the past year. However, only a small percent (5.7%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. From 2010 to 2012, most of the violence data showed significant decreases. The only measure that showed an increase in all grades was the percent of students believing it was not at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them; this measure increased 1.4% to 2.8% in each grade and 2.3% for all grades combined. Gangs A large majority of Arizona youth (93.0%) have never belonged to a gang, while 3.6% of the youth surveyed reported that they had been members in the past, 1.8% reported they belong now, 1.2% reported that they would like to join a gang, and 0.4% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. The percentage of students reporting that they had never belonged to a gang increased 1.7% since 2010 (1.0% to 2.3% in each grade). Among students who indicated Arizona Youth Survey 2012 they had belonged to a gang at some point in their lives, the number one reason for joining was friendship (32.5% of previous or current gang members indicated this reason), followed by “another option not listed” (21.6%), to make money (17.0%), and for protection (17.9%). Student Safety Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon to school in the past month. However, just as with handgun carrying, even small percentages for these school safety issues can be serious. For example, 5.2% of 8th graders, 5.5% of 10th graders, and 5.5% of 12th graders have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past month. Most safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon at school) and being bullied show a decrease with increased grade level. In looking at the 2012 results in comparison to 2010 survey results, there were several notable changes. Rates of not feeling safe at school decreased 1.5% for the total survey population (1.2% to 2.2% decrease in each grade), rates of being in a physical fight at school in the past year decreased 2.1% for the survey population (3.2% decrease in the 8th grade, 2.7% decrease in the 10th grade), and rates of not going to school at least one day in the past month due to safety concerns decreased 1.1% for the survey population (1.6% in the 8th grade and 1.3% in the 10th grade). In contrast, a higher percentage of students in 2012 indicated they had been threatened or injured with a weapon on school property in the past year in comparison to 2010 data (30.7% of the 2012 survey population, compared to 29.1% of the 2010 survey population). 77 Students’ Academic Performance and Substance Use Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use There is a clear relationship between substance use and school performance. Of the students who report getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer have recently used ATODs than those who report poorer grades. For example, failing students (those students receiving mostly Ds and Fs) are twice as likely to have used alcohol in the past 30 days, five times as likely to have used cigarettes in the past 30 days, and over three times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than “A” students. In the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate whether or not their parents had talked to them about the dangers of substance use. The results indicate that slightly less than half of students surveyed (49.6%) have not had a discussion with their parents about the dangers of any substance. Further, when distinguishing between which substances parents had discussed with their children, it appears that parent/child discussions about the dangers of tobacco use stay relatively even across grades. When it comes to parents talking to their kids about the dangers of tobacco use, 28.2% of 8th graders, 27.5% of 10th graders, and 27.0% of 12th graders indicated they had that discussion with their parents. As for discussing the dangers of alcohol use, 27.9% of 8th graders, 31.3% of 10th graders, and 31.6% of 12th graders indicated they had that discussion with their parents. In regard to speaking with parents about the dangers of drug use, 38.3% of 8th graders, 38.7% of 10th graders, and 34.6% of 12th graders reported that they had that discussion in the past year. Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval Parental attitudes toward drugs influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Even a small amount of perceived parental approval can lead to substance use. For example, relatively few students (21.0% lifetime, 8.8% 30day) use marijuana when their parents think it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents have less strong negative feelings about marijuana use (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 55.8% for lifetime use and 29.7% for 30-day use. Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval As with perceived parental approval, the slightest perceived peer approval increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. For example, when students thought there was “No or very little chance” that they would be seen as cool if they used marijuana, only 13.7% had tried marijuana in their lifetime and only 4.9% had used it in the last month. However, when students thought that there was even a “Little chance” that they would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were nearly three times higher for lifetime use (37.6%) and over three times higher for past-month use (15.9%). Arizona Youth Survey 2012 Prevention-Related Advertisements In the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey, one prevention message-related question was posed to students to gather information on whether they remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year. The results show that an overwhelming majority of youth (78.5%) have remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year. Further, the data show that the reported rates of remembering substance abuse prevention ads increases with increased grade level (73.7% in 8th grade, 81.4% in 10th grade, 83.0% in 12th grade). 78 Youth Resiliency to ATODs In the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate whether they had been offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs in the past year; and how often they avoided people or places for fear of being offered those substances. The results indicate that most students surveyed have never been offered a substance – 59.4% of students were not offered alcohol in the past month, 75.7% were not offered cigarettes in the past month, 64.3% were not offered marijuana in the past month, and 85.2% were not offered other drugs in the past month. In regard to student reports of avoiding people or places to avoid being offered substances, it appears that 8th and 10th graders are more likely than 12th graders to avoid places or people to avoid substance use offers. Of all students combined, 13.9% indicate that they’ve avoided places or people because of drugs or alcohol one time in the past month, 12.8% have avoided them two to three times in the past month, and 14.4% have avoided them four or more times in the past month. Questions were also added asking students to indicate their typical responses/ strategies when offered ATOD’s. The results indicate that 31.0% responded “I say ‘no’ without giving a reason why” at least one time in the past 30 days, 27.9% responded with “I give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer” at least once in the past month, 20.3% responded with “I decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer” at least once in the past month, and 16.5% indicated having used the excuse “I use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs” at least once in the past month. A simple “no” to the offer is the most used strategy by students in all grades. Gambling When students were asked how often they participated in various gambling activities, betting on cards was the activity in which the highest percentage of students participated in the past year. Of respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th Arizona Youth Survey 2012 grades, 31.2% indicated that they had bet on cards at least once in the past year. Betting on sports had the second highest rate of participation (24.5% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade participating), and the third highest gambling activity was betting on a game of personal skill (24.4% of the three grades). The gambling activities with the least past-year participation were gambling on the Internet (4.3%), animal races (4.5%), and playing a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine (4.6%). Rates of reported past year gambling tend to decrease with increased grade level, as rates of gambling peaked in the 8th grade for nine of the 10 gambling categories (playing the lottery, betting on sports, playing cards, buying a raffle ticket, playing bingo for money, Internet gambling, playing a dice game, betting on personal skill, and betting at a horse or animal race). Conclusion The Arizona Youth Survey fills a critical role within a statewide substance abuse, violence, and juvenile delinquency prevention strategy by providing information on the well-being of youth, families, and communities. In the next two years, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission will continue to place an emphasis on building partnerships and working to disseminate survey data to community leaders and decision makers. Although this report provides a statewide perspective, additional reports are available at the county and city levels. In addition, topical research briefs will be made available as they are produced. The data made available through the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey provides local decision makers with information for developing strategies in directing scarce funding toward needed programs to serve the youth and families in their community. Data-driven programs are more likely to target needed areas and, therefore, are more likely to result in the successful maximization of limited resources. Critical to this effort is the continued development of a state data infrastructure that provides information on the wellbeing of our youth and the communities in which we live. 79 Appendix A: 2012 Arizona Youth Survey C C ARIZONA YOUTH SURVEY 1. Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The purpose of this survey is to learn how students in our schools feel about their community, family, peers, and school. The survey also asks about health behaviors. 2. The survey is completely voluntary and anonymous. DO NOT put your name on the questionnaire. 3. This is not a test, so there are no right or wrong answers. We would like you to work quickly so you can finish. 4. All of the questions should be answered by completely filling in one of the answer spaces. If you do not find an answer that fits exactly, use the one that comes closest. If any question does not apply to you, or you are not sure what it means, just leave it blank. You can skip any question that you do not wish to answer. 5. For questions that have the following answers: NO! no yes YES! Mark (the BIG) NO! if you think the statement is DEFINITELY NOT TRUE for you. Mark (the little) no if you think the statement is MOSTLY NOT TRUE for you. Mark (the little) yes if you think the statement is MOSTLY TRUE for you. Mark (the BIG) YES! if you think the statement is DEFINITELY TRUE for you. NO! no yes YES! Example: Chocolate is the best ice cream flavor. In the example above, the student marked "yes" because he or she thinks the statement is mostly true. 6. Please mark only one answer for each question by completely filling in the circle with a #2 pencil. County: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Type: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 District: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 16 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 14 FEMALE Neither No Another language 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Student’s Zip Code: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ED99 10. What is the highest level of education completed by your mother? 8th grade or less Completed 4 year college Some high school (Bachelor’s Degree) Graduate or Professional Completed high school or GED (e.g., Master’s, Ph.D., M.D., Some college Ed.D., J.D) Completed community Don’t know college or technical school 9. Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Mark all that apply.) Mother Uncle Stepmother Other Adult(s) Father Brother(s) Stepfather Stepbrother(s) Foster Parent(s) Sister(s) Grandparent(s) Stepsister(s) Aunt Other Children My parents and I were all born in the United States I was born in the United States, but one or both of my parents were not I was born outside of the United States 8. Where were you and your parents born? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 District Site: Please fill in the following information with the help of your teacher/survey assistant. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Are you: MALE 12 2. How old are you? 10 or younger 19 or older Reduced cost lunch Spanish 12th 17 11th 15 8th 10th 13 7th 9th 11 6th 3. What grade are you in? Free lunch 4. Do you get a free or reduced cost lunch at school? 5. What is your race? (Mark all that apply.) American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African American Yes Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander White 6. Are you Hispanic or Latino? English 7. What is the language you use most often at home? EW-284262-2:654321 NO! no yes YES! 11. What, if any, is the current military status of your parent(s)? (Mark all that apply) Neither of my parents have ever been in the military Active Duty In country Overseas – not in a combat zone Overseas – in a combat zone Reserve Not Deployed In country Overseas – not in a combat zone Overseas – in a combat zone Former military Died while serving in the military The next section asks about your experiences at school. 12. In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things like class activities and rules. 13. Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. 14. My teachers notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. 15. There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. 16. There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. 17. I feel safe at my school. 18. The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. 19. My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. 20. Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? 21. I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. 22. Which school-sponsored activities are you involved in during after-school hours? (Mark all that apply) Sports Performing arts (such as band, dance, drama, chorus) Academic clubs (such as language, math, and science clubs) Volunteering, service, or mentoring Student government or student council Newspaper or yearbook Homework help or tutoring to help your grades Other school group or club I do not participate in an organized activity at school 23. Which after-school activities, that are not schoolsponsored, are you involved in? (Mark all that apply) Sports Performing arts (such as band, dance, drama, chorus) Volunteering or service Scouts/Campfire Boys & Girls Clubs/Junior Achievement/YMCA 4-H/FFA (Future Farmers of America) Big Brothers Big Sisters or another mentoring program Other after school activity I do not participate in an organized activity after school 2 Almost always Often Sometimes Seldom Never 24. Now thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you: a. enjoy being in school? b. hate being in school? c. try to do your best work? 25. How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? 26. Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Mostly F’s Mostly C’s Mostly A’s Mostly D’s Mostly B’s 27. How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for you later in life? Very important Slightly important Quite important Not at all important Fairly important 2 days 3 days 4-5 days 6-10 days 11 or more days 28. How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very interesting Slightly interesting Quite interesting Not at all interesting Fairly interesting 29. During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or ‘cut’? None 1 day 30. During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 4-5 times 10-11 times 1 time 6-7 times 12 or more times 2-3 times 8-9 times 31. During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 4-5 times 10-11 times 1 time 6-7 times 12 or more times 2-3 times 8-9 times 32. During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 4-5 times 10-11 times 1 time 6-7 times 12 or more times 2-3 times 8-9 times 33. During the past 12 months, how many times have you been harassed, mistreated, or made fun of by another person while on-line or through a cell phone or other electronic device? 0 times 4-5 times 10-11 times 1 time 6-7 times 12 or more times 2-3 times 8-9 times 34. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you NOT go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 0 days 2 or 3 days 6 or more days 1 day 4 or 5 days 35. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 days 2 or 3 days 6 or more days 1 day 4 or 5 days 12 Very good chance 15 19 or older 18 16 17 36. What are the chances Pretty good chance you would be Some chance seen as cool Little chance if you: No or very little chance a. smoked cigarettes? b. worked hard at school? 11 14 c. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? 10 13 d. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? e. smoked marijuana? f. carried a handgun? 9 g. regularly volunteered to do community service? 37. How old were you when you first: 8 or younger Never a. smoked marijuana? b. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? c. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? d. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? e. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal)? f. got suspended from school? g. got arrested? h. carried a handgun? i. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? j. belonged to a gang? k. gambled or bet on anything (cards, lottery,sports, bingo, dice, raffles, casino, internet or video games, etc.)? l. used prescription drugs without a doctor telling you to take them? 3 38. How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: a. take a handgun to school? b. steal anything worth more than $5? c. pick a fight with someone? Not wrong at all A little bit wrong Wrong Very wrong d. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? e. stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? f. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? g. smoke cigarettes? h. smoke marijuana? i. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? j. use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them? 40+ times 30 to 39 times 39. How many times in 20 to 29 times the past year (12 months) 10 to 19 times have you: 6 to 9 times 3 to 5 times 1 to 2 times Never a. been suspended from school? b. carried a handgun? c. sold illegal drugs? d. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? e. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? f. been arrested? g. done extra work on your own for school? h. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? i. been drunk or high at school? j. volunteered to do community service? k. taken a handgun to school? l. been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? m. seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked, or beaten up? n. seen someone attacked with a weapon, other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? o. seen someone shot or shot at? 40. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: 0 1 2 3 4 Number of friends Almost every day Once or twice a week Once or twice a month At least once in the past 12 months Before, but not in the past 12 months Never a. Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? b. Played the lottery or scratch off tickets? c. Bet on sports? d. Played cards? e. Bought a raffle ticket? f. Played bingo? g. Gambled on the internet? h. Played a dice game? i. Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? j. Bet on a horse or other animal race? 41. Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: a. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? b. smoked cigarettes? c. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn’t know about it? d. made a commitment to stay drug-free? e. used marijuana? f. tried to do well in school? g. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drugs? h. been suspended from school? i. liked school? j. carried a handgun? k. sold illegal drugs? 43. I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. Very False Somewhat True Somewhat False Very True NO! no yes YES! 44. I like to see how much I can get away with. Very False Somewhat True Somewhat False Very True 45. I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. 46. It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. 47. I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. 48. During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 0 times 2 or 3 times 6 or more times 1 time 4 or 5 times 49. During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? 0 times 2 or 3 times 6 or more times 1 time 4 or 5 times 50. Think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? None Twice 6-9 times Once 3-5 times 10 or more times 51. Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never Regularly in the past Once or twice Regularly now Once in a while but not regularly 52. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 0 days 6 to 9 days All 30 days 1 or 2 days 10 to 19 days 3 to 5 days 20 to 29 days 53. Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco)? Never Regularly in the past Once or twice Regularly now Once in a while but not regularly More than 10 times 7-10 times 4-6 times 2-3 times Once Never 54. How frequently have you used smokeless tobacco during the past 30 days? 0 days 6 to 9 days All 30 days 1 or 2 days 10 to 19 days 3 to 5 days 20 to 29 days a. alcohol? 55. In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: m. been arrested? b. cigarettes? l. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? n. dropped out of school? 56. In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? d. other drugs? c. marijuana? 42. I ignore rules that get in my way. Very False Somewhat True Somewhat False Very True o. been members of a gang? 4 C C C C On how many occasions (if any) have you: OCCASIONS : 57. had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime -- more than just a few sips? 58. had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days? 59. used marijuana in your lifetime? 60. used marijuana during the past 30 days? 61. used LSD or other hallucinogens in your lifetime? 62. used LSD or other hallucinogens during the past 30 days? 63. used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? 64. used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? 65. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 66. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? 67. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? 68. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) during the past 30 days? 69. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in your lifetime? 70. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in the past 30 days? 71. used heroin in your lifetime? 72. used heroin during the past 30 days? 73. used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA) in your lifetime? 74. used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA) in the past 30 days? 75. used other “club” drugs (such as Special K, Roofies, GHB, or Rohypnol) in your lifetime? 76. used other “club” drugs (such as Special K, Roofies, GHB, or Rohypnol) in the past 30 days? 77. used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 78. used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in the past 30 days? 79. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 80. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 81. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 82. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 83. used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 84. used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 85. used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high in your lifetime? 86. used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high during the past 30 days? 87. On how many occasions (if any) have you used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lighting or herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) in your lifetime? 0 1-2 3-5 6-9 10-19 20-39 40+ d. gotten drunk or high? 1 2 3 5 or more adults 4 0 adults c. done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc? b. sold or dealt drugs? a. used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? 96. About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have: These questions ask about the neighborhood and community where you live 95. If you did not use alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the past 30 days, please tell us about some of the reasons for not using (Mark all that apply): I’m not interested in using drugs It can harm my body My parents would be disappointed in me My parents would take away my privileges if they found out My teachers/mentors/other adults in my life would be disappointed in me I might get kicked out of school or extracurricular activities (e.g., sports, cheerleading, drama club/plays) My friends would stop talking to me or hanging out with me I would get a bad reputation with peers I wanted to, but I couldn’t get it or wasn’t offered it It’s illegal – I could get arrested I’ve tried them before and I don’t like them It’s morally wrong It’s against my religious or spiritual beliefs 94. If you used alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the past 30 days, please tell us about some of your reasons for using (Mark all that apply): To fit in with my friends To try something new or exciting To get back at my parents or to get my parent’s attention To help me lose weight To keep from feeling sad or down I was bored and needed something to do To get a high or to have a good feeling To help me feel normal To help me stay focused or think better To have fun To be like an actor or musician/band that I admire To feel more grown up or prove that I am grown up I needed it, craved it, or am addicted To deal with the stress in my life (Please mark all areas of stress that were related to your substance use below) Parents/family Peers/Friends (e.g., fighting with friends, getting bullied, dealing with rumors, etc…) School Community Other (Please tell us other reasons you had for using substances in the space provided) ______________ __________________________________________ 88. On how many occasions (if any) have you used synthetic 93. If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lighting high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? or herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) during (Mark all that apply.) the past 30 days? I’ve never used prescription Doctor/Pharmacy 0 occasions 6-9 occasions 40 or more occasions drugs to get high School 1-2 occasions 10-19 occasions Friends Other Over the Internet 3-5 occasions 20-39 occasions Family/Relatives Outside the United States Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) (e.g., Mexico, Canada) 89. If during the past 30 days you used marijuana, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) I did not use marijuana during the past 30 days I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home School Other Great risk Moderate risk Slight risk No risk 90. In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, I never got offers cigarettes, marijuana Four or more times or other drugs were Three times offered to you? (Fill in Twice an answer for each Once way of responding) Never a. say “No” without giving a reason why. b. give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer. c. decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer. d. use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs. 91. How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? b. try marijuana once or twice? c. smoke marijuana regularly? d. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? e. have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage in a row once or twice a week? f. use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them? 92. If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) I did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event I gave someone else money to buy it for me My parent or guardian gave it to me Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me I got it at a party I took it from home I took it from a store or someone else’s home I got it some other way 6 no yes YES! Very easy Sort of easy Sort of hard Very hard 97. If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? 98. If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? 99. If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? 100. If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? NO! 101. If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? 102. If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? 103. If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? 104. If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? 105. Have you ever belonged to a gang? No Yes, belong now No, but would like to Yes, but would like to get out Yes, in the past 106. If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined? Protection/safety Make money Friendship Other Parent(s) are in a gang I have never belonged to a Sibling(s) are in a gang gang 107. If you have ever belonged to a gang, did the gang have a name? I have never belonged to a gang No Yes 108. How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: Not wrong at all A little bit wrong Wrong Very wrong 110. If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. 111. My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. 112. I like my neighborhood. 113. There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. 114. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. 115. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. 116. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. 117. I feel safe in my neighborhood. 0 1 2 3 NO! 4 no 5 7 yes YES! 6 118. During a typical week, how many days do all or most of your family eat at least one meal together? Number of days: 119. During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians – whether or not they live with you. (Mark all that apply) No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of drug use. 120. Which of the following people do you feel comfortable going to for help when things go wrong or when you need someone to talk to about your problems? (Mark all that apply) Parents/Step-parents Mentors Grandparents Tutors Siblings Counselors Other relatives Other adults Friends I have no one I can talk to or go to for help Teachers Coaches/Instructors 121. Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: I don’t have any brothers or sisters Yes No a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? a. to use marijuana? b. to drink alcohol? e. been suspended or expelled from school? d. taken a handgun to school? c. smoked cigarettes? b. smoked marijuana? 109. During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, reading, or watching an advertisement about the prevention of substance use? No Yes c. to smoke cigarettes? 7 122. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: yes YES! Not wrong at all A little bit wrong Wrong Very wrong a. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? b. smoke cigarettes? c. smoke marijuana? d. steal something worth more than $5? e. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the owner’s permission)? f. pick a fight with someone? no 116 South 500 East Phone: 801-359-2064 NO! g. use prescription drugs without a doctor telling you to take them? 123. The rules in my family are clear. 124. People in my family often insult or yell at each other. 125. When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am with. 126. We argue about the same things in my family over and over. 127. If you drank some beer, wine or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? 128. My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. 129. If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? 130. If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? 131. My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. 132. Do you feel very close to your mother? 133. Do you feel very close to your father? 134. Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? 135. Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? 136. Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? Bach Harrison, L.L.C. Salt Lake City, Utah 84102 8 137. Do you enjoy spending time with your father? 138. If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. 139. My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. 140. My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. 141. People in my family have serious arguments. 142. Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? 143. It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. NO! no yes YES! 144. Has anyone in your family ever had severe alcohol or drug problems? No Yes 145. My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or Almost Never Often Sometimes All the Time 146. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? Never or Almost Never Often Sometimes All the Time 147. In a normal school week, how many days are you home after school for at least one hour without an adult there? Never or Almost Never 3 days 1 day 4 day 2 days 5 days 148. Have any of your relatives previously been in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) No one has been in prison or jail Mother Stepmother Other Adult(s) Father Brother(s) Stepbrother(s) Stepfather Sister(s) Grandparent(s) Aunt Stepsister(s) Uncle Other Children 149. Are any of your relatives currently in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) No one has been in prison or jail Mother Stepmother Other Adult(s) Father Brother(s) Stepbrother(s) Stepfather Sister(s) Grandparent(s) Aunt Stepsister(s) Uncle Other Children Thank you for completing the survey C C Appendix B: Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Community Domain Protective Factors Community Domain Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Low Neighborhood Attachment Low Neighborhood Attachment Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use Availability of Drugs and Firearms Perceived Availability of Drugs Perceived Availability of Handguns Media Portrayals of Violence Extreme Economic Deprivation Family Domain Protective Factors No Scale No Scale Protective Factor Associated Scales Family Attachment Family Attachment Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Family Domain Risk Factors School Domain Protective Factors School Domain Risk Factors Risk Factor Associated Scales Family Management Problems Poor Family Management Family Conflict Family Conflict Family Involvement in the Problem Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Favorable Parental Attitudes Towards The Problem Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Protective Factor Associated Scales School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Low School Commitment Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Individual-Peer Protective Factors Individual-Peer Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Belief in the Moral Order Belief in the Moral Order Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Interaction with Prosocial Peers Risk Factor Associated Scales Rebelliousness Rebelliousness Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friends’ Use of Drugs Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Favorable Attitudes Towards the Problem Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Antisocial Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Drug Use Perceived Risks of Drug Use Gang Involvement Gang Involvement Appendix C: AYS Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Question Q1 Q2 Are you? How old are you? Response Q4 What grade are you in? 30,383 49.5 female 30,938 50.5 12 51 0.1 13 10,787 17.2 14 16,818 26.8 15 8,316 13.2 16 11,043 17.6 17 6,693 10.7 18 8,426 13.4 683 1.1 8th 28,932 46.1 10th 18,766 29.9 12th 15,119 24.1 20,218 32.9 5,175 8.4 36,040 58.7 Do you get a free or reduced cost lunch at school? Free lunch Reduced cost lunch Neither Q5 What is your race? (Mark all that apply.) American Indican or Alaska Native 4,921 7.8 Asian 3,125 5.0 Black or African American 4,510 7.2 Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 1,300 2.1 37,666 60.0 White Q6 Q7 Are you Hispanic or Latino? Question % male 19 or older Q3 # Yes 22,831 38.5 No 36,420 61.5 What is the language you use most often at home? English 49,138 83.7 Spanish 7,896 13.5 Another Language 1,651 2.8 Q8 Q9 Where were you and your parents born? Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Choose all that apply.) Response I was born outside the USA 5,204 8.4 14,737 23.7 My parents and I were born in the USA 42,221 67.9 Mother 55,624 88.5 Stepmother 3,385 5.4 40,634 64.7 7,763 12.4 319 0.5 Granpparent(s) 5,848 9.3 Aunt 2,533 4.0 Uncle 2,534 4.0 Other adults 1,793 2.9 31,103 49.5 Stepfather Foster-parents Brother(s) Stepbrother(s) 2,405 3.8 29,629 47.2 Stepsister(s) 2,160 3.4 Other children 3,146 5.0 Sister(s) What is the highest level of education completed by your mother? % I was born in the USA but not my parents Father Q10 # 8th grade or less 3,150 5.2 Some high school 7,061 11.6 GED 9,978 16.4 Some college 8,427 13.8 Completed community/tech school 3,989 6.6 10,081 16.6 Completed 4 year college Graduate degree Don’t know 5,865 9.6 12,329 20.3 Question Q11 Response 23.9 44.4 1.2 yes 15,355 25.0 566 0.9 YES! 4,132 6.7 6,560 10.5 Died while serving in the miliary 165 0.3 Active, in country 600 1.0 Active overseas – not in a combat zone 325 Active, overseas – in a combat zone Reserve, not deployed 732 Reserve Reserve, overseas – not in a combat zone Reserve, overseas – in a combat zone In my school, students have lots of chances to help NO! decide things like class activities and rules. no yes YES! Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. NO! Q15 There are a lot of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. NO! 8,317 13.5 23,813 38.7 0.5 yes 24,009 39.0 238 0.4 YES! 5,352 8.7 529 0.8 274 0.4 1,026 1.6 163 0.3 9,452 15.3 23,705 38.4 24,498 39.7 4,088 6.6 7,442 12.1 26,821 43.5 yes 23,171 37.6 4,167 6.8 My teacher(s) notices when I am doing a good job NO! and lets me know about it. no Q19 no no YES! Q14 Q20 Q21 Q22 Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. Q22A School Sponsored - Sports NO! 4,607 7.5 18,529 30.2 yes 27,711 45.1 YES! 10,563 17.2 NO! 2,161 3.5 no 9,458 15.4 yes 37,095 60.4 YES! 12,692 20.7 Sports 25,127 95.6 Performing arts (such as band, dance, drama, chorus) 10,618 85.9 Academic clubs (such as language, math, and science clubs) 3,678 65.3 no 4,722 7.6 Volunteering, service, or mentoring 8,627 82.4 15,410 24.9 Student government or student council 2,801 59.0 yes 31,299 50.6 Newspaper or yearbook 2,081 51.2 YES! 10,391 16.8 Homework help or tutoring to help your grades 4,986 72.7 Other school group or club 7,774 81.0 I do not participate in an organized activity at school 22,483 94.4 Sports 19,882 93.7 7,012 79.3 NO! 2,084 3.4 no 4,197 6.8 yes 23,990 38.7 YES! 31,684 51.1 Q23 Q23A Not School Sponsored - Sports Performing arts (such as band, dance, drama, chorus) Q16 Q17 There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. I feel safe at my school. % 27,297 Active Duty The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. # 14,673 79.6 Q18 Response no 49,986 Reserve, in country Q13 Question % NO! What, if any, is the current military status of your Neither of my parents have eer been in the parent(s)? (Mark all that apply.) military Former Military Q12 # NO! 2,546 4.1 10,638 85.8 no 10,705 17.3 Scouts/Campfire 3,506 64.3 yes 32,922 53.3 Boys & Girls Clubs/Junior Achievement/YMCA 2,120 52.1 YES! 15,638 25.3 4-H/FFA (Future Farmers of America) 1,803 47.7 Big Brothers Big Sisters or another mentoring program 1,496 42.8 9,486 84.6 25,422 95.2 Volunteering or service NO! 3,258 5.3 no 6,754 10.9 Other after school activity I do not participate in an organized activity after school yes 34,878 56.5 YES! 16,806 27.2 Question Q24 Q24A Response # Now think back over the past year in school, how often did you: enjoy being in school? Q29 Response During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many none whole days of school have you missed because you 1 skipped or “cut”? hate being in school? 68.5 11.0 2 4,635 7.5 40.7 3 3,136 5.1 18,129 29.4 4 to 5 2,909 4.7 6,908 11.2 6 to 10 1,101 1.8 837 1.4 56,028 90.9 2,429 3.9 1,460 2.4 6.8 Seldom 7,324 11.9 Sometimes 25,114 Often Never 4,745 7.7 Seldom 15,874 25.8 Sometimes 23,613 38.4 Often 11,572 18.8 During the past 12 months, how many times has 0 times someone threatened or injured you with a weapon 1 time such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 2-3 times 5,647 9.2 4-5 times 477 0.8 6-7 times 313 0.5 179 0.3 59 0.1 717 1.2 0 times 53,790 87.3 1 time 4,118 6.7 Almost Always Q24C try to do your best work in school? Never How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? Q30 623 1.0 8 times 2,206 3.6 10-11 times Sometimes 11,332 18.5 Often 23,007 37.6 Almost Always 24,092 39.3 Seldom Q25 Never 12 or more times Q31 During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 4,959 8.1 2-3 times 2,164 3.5 Seldom 12,894 21.1 4-5 times 520 0.8 Sometimes 22,055 36.0 6-7 times 291 0.5 Often 15,132 24.7 8 times 156 0.3 6,205 10.1 10-11 times 85 0.1 500 0.8 0 times 42,736 69.3 1 time 4,761 7.7 Almost Always 12 or more times Q26 Q27 Putting them all together, what were your grades Mostly F’s like last year? Mostly D’s 1,167 2,875 4.8 Mostly C’s 12,230 20.2 Mostly B’s 22,445 37.2 2-3 times 5,705 9.3 Mostly A’s 21,680 35.9 4-5 times 2,356 3.8 6-7 times 1,150 1.9 How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your later life? 1.9 Q32 During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? Very important 13,908 22.6 8 times 784 1.3 Quite important 15,254 24.8 10-11 times 317 0.5 Fairly important 18,803 30.5 12 or more times 3,826 6.2 Slightly important 11,027 17.9 2,609 4.2 45,378 73.7 4,702 7.6 5,013 8.1 Not at all important Q28 % 6,787 4,207 11 or more Q24B # 42,203 Never Almost Always Question % 4,582 7.4 During the past 12 months, how many times have 0 times you been harassed, mistreated, or made fun of by another person while on-line or through a cell 1 time phone or other electronic device? 2-3 times Quite interesting 14,536 23.6 4-5 times 2,013 3.3 Fairly interesting 23,054 37.5 6-7 times 942 1.5 Slightly Dull 14,672 23.9 8 times 664 1.1 4,669 7.6 10-11 times 328 0.5 2,498 4.1 How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very interesting and stimulating Very Dull Q33 12 or more times Question Q34 Response During the past 30 days, on how many days did 0 times you NOT go to school because you felt you would 1 time be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 2-3 times 4-5 times 6 or more times Q35 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 1 time 2-3 times 4-5 times 6 or more times Q36 Q36A smoked cigarettes? No or Very Little Chance Some Chance Pretty Good Chance Very Good Chance worked hard in school? No or Very Little Chance began drinking alcohol beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? 56,902 93.8 45,500 74.5 1,838 3.0 Little Chance 7,239 11.8 1,133 1.9 Some Chance 3,958 6.5 0.6 Pretty Good Chance 2,057 3.4 484 0.8 Very Good Chance 2,350 3.8 56,804 94.7 338 1,072 639 283 1,208 Q36G No or Very Little Chance 19,336 31.6 1.8 Little Chance 14,882 24.3 1.1 Some Chance 14,252 23.3 0.5 Pretty Good Chance 7,837 12.8 2.0 Very Good Chance 4,949 8.1 Q37 38,649 10,573 6,991 3,275 1,872 9,644 Q37A regularly volunteer to do community service? How old were you when you first: smoked marijuana? Never have 43,247 70.2 17.2 8 or younger 768 1.2 11.4 9 397 0.6 5.3 10 559 0.9 3.1 11 921 1.5 12 2,130 3.5 15.7 13 3,638 5.9 63.0 12,443 20.3 3,424 5.6 17,180 28.0 15 3,199 5.2 Pretty Good Chance 13,685 22.3 16 1,934 3.1 8,357 13.6 17 1,030 1.7 18 279 0.5 55 0.1 43,039 70.0 2,045 3.3 890 1.4 10 1,168 1.9 14.5 11 1,293 2.1 15.6 12 2,311 3.8 26.6 13 3,122 5.1 25.1 14 2,592 4.2 18.2 15 2,364 3.8 16 1,380 2.2 48.2 17 892 1.5 12.6 18 363 0.6 19 or Older 41 0.1 No or Very Little Chance 28,220 46.1 Little Chance 9,702 15.8 Some Chance 9,989 16.3 Pretty Good Chance 8,467 13.8 defended someone who was being verbally abused No or Very Little Chance at school? Little Chance Pretty Good Chance Very Good Chance smoked marijuana? No or Very Little Chance % Some Chance Some Chance Q36E carried a handgun? # Little Chance Very Good Chance Q36D Q36F Response 14 Very Good Chance Q36C Question % What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you… Little Chance Q36B # No or Very Little Chance Little Chance 4,835 8,921 9,566 16,340 15,365 11,145 29,525 7,724 7.9 Some Chance 8,421 13.7 Pretty Good Chance 7,610 12.4 Very Good Chance 8,004 13.1 19 or Older Q37B smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Never have 8 or younger 9 Question Q37C had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? Response Never have began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? Q37F got suspended from school? Response Never have # % 27,510 44.8 45,736 74.5 3,940 6.4 8 or younger 2,527 4.1 9 1,252 2.0 9 1,083 1.8 10 2,049 3.3 10 1,362 2.2 11 2,070 3.4 11 1,561 2.5 12 3,915 6.4 12 2,456 4.0 13 5,947 9.7 13 2,896 4.7 14 5,176 8.4 14 1,813 3.0 15 4,810 7.8 15 1,056 1.7 16 2,818 4.6 16 528 0.9 17 1,378 2.2 17 259 0.4 18 491 0.8 18 74 0.1 50 0.1 19 or Older 29 0.0 Never have Q37G got arrested? Never have 46,663 75.9 55,862 90.9 8 or younger 407 0.7 8 or younger 339 0.6 9 158 0.3 9 152 0.2 10 293 0.5 10 258 0.4 11 481 0.8 11 301 0.5 12 1,018 1.7 12 677 1.1 13 2,213 3.6 13 1,024 1.7 14 2,384 3.9 14 977 1.6 15 3,200 5.2 15 831 1.4 16 2,444 4.0 16 508 0.8 17 1,509 2.5 17 367 0.6 18 593 1.0 18 94 0.2 81 0.1 19 or Older 36 0.1 60,476 98.2 19 or Older Q37E Question % 8 or younger 19 or Older Q37D # Never have 8 or younger Q37H carried a handgun? Never have 56,302 92.5 222 0.4 8 or younger 877 1.4 9 36 0.1 9 287 0.5 10 40 0.1 10 418 0.7 11 39 0.1 11 369 0.6 12 79 0.1 12 559 0.9 13 118 0.2 13 644 1.1 14 144 0.2 14 531 0.9 15 156 0.3 15 362 0.6 16 131 0.2 16 248 0.4 17 77 0.1 17 130 0.2 18 29 0.0 18 99 0.2 19 or Older 32 0.1 19 or Older 28 0.0 Question Q37I Q37J Q37K attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? belonged to a gang? gambled or bet? Response Never have # % 52,289 85.9 1,639 2.7 9 501 10 667 8 or younger Question Q37L used prescription drugs without a doctor telling you to take them? Response Never have # % 51,557 85.3 8 or younger 701 1.2 0.8 9 212 0.4 1.1 10 338 0.6 11 704 1.2 11 419 0.7 12 1,187 2.0 12 841 1.4 13 1,516 2.5 13 1,462 2.4 14 1,085 1.8 14 1,558 2.6 15 653 1.1 15 1,532 2.5 16 377 0.6 16 1,042 1.7 17 167 0.3 17 573 0.9 18 51 0.1 18 165 0.3 19 or Older 34 0.1 19 or Older 30 0.0 57,451 95.0 Q38 8 or younger Never have 524 0.9 Q38A 52,648 85.5 9 154 0.3 Wrong 6,558 10.6 10 231 0.4 A Little Bit Wrong 1,662 2.7 11 281 0.5 Not Wrong at All 711 1.2 12 431 0.7 13 587 1.0 Very Wrong 30,290 49.3 14 391 0.6 Wrong 21,284 34.6 15 208 0.3 A Little Bit Wrong 8,139 13.2 16 95 0.2 Not Wrong at All 1,717 2.8 17 51 0.1 18 16 0.0 Very Wrong 22,942 37.6 19 or Older 25 0.0 Wrong 21,525 35.3 A Little Bit Wrong 13,034 21.4 3,463 5.7 41,203 67.3 13,733 22.4 Never have Q38B Q38C How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: take a handgun to school? steal anything worth more than $5? pick a fight with someone? Very Wrong Not Wrong at All 38,065 63.1 8 or younger 4,682 7.8 9 1,577 2.6 10 2,749 4.6 11 1,956 3.2 A Little Bit Wrong 4,806 7.8 12 3,144 5.2 Not Wrong at All 1,510 2.5 13 3,162 5.2 14 2,165 3.6 28,065 45.7 15 1,391 2.3 19,873 32.4 16 821 1.4 A Little Bit Wrong 10,716 17.5 17 362 0.6 Not Wrong at All 2,755 4.5 18 232 0.4 53 0.1 19 or Older Q38D Q38E attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting Very Wrong them? Wrong stay away from school all day when their parents Very Wrong think they are at school? Wrong Question Q38F drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? Response smoke cigarettes? Question % Q39C Q38I Q38J Q39 Q39A smoke marijuana? use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them? 51.9 56,403 92.4 13,345 21.7 1 or 2 Times 1,845 3.0 A Little Bit Wrong 11,205 18.2 3 to 5 Times 862 1.4 5,010 8.2 6 to 9 Times 515 0.8 10 to 19 Times 374 0.6 Very Wrong 38,352 62.5 20 to 29 Times 217 0.4 Wrong 12,258 20.0 30 to 39 Times 86 0.1 A Little Bit Wrong 6,656 10.8 40+ Times 727 1.2 Not Wrong at All 4,139 6.7 35,590 58.1 Wrong 9,804 A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong at All Very Wrong Very Wrong stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? Never 59,873 97.8 1 or 2 Times 756 1.2 16.0 3 to 5 Times 228 0.4 8,022 13.1 6 to 9 Times 106 0.2 7,822 12.8 10 to 19 Times 70 0.1 20 to 29 Times 33 0.1 30 to 39 Times 26 0.0 159 0.3 Never 17,876 29.2 1 or 2 Times 11,506 18.8 52,400 85.4 Wrong 5,595 9.1 A Little Bit Wrong 2,049 3.3 Not Wrong at All 1,324 2.2 40+ Times Q39E participated in clubs, organizations or activities in school? Very Wrong 42,660 69.5 3 to 5 Times 8,315 13.6 Wrong 11,539 18.8 6 to 9 Times 4,767 7.8 A Little Bit Wrong 5,101 8.3 10 to 19 Times 4,337 7.1 Not Wrong at All 2,043 3.3 20 to 29 Times 2,902 4.7 30 to 39 Times 1,424 2.3 40+ Times 10,086 16.5 Never Never 53,143 86.4 1 or 2 Times 6,262 10.2 57,254 93.7 3 to 5 Times 1,273 2.1 1 or 2 Times 2,916 4.8 6 to 9 Times 393 0.6 3 to 5 Times 479 0.8 10 to 19 Times 201 0.3 6 to 9 Times 178 0.3 20 to 29 Times 35 0.1 10 to 19 Times 92 0.2 30 to 39 Times 20 0.0 20 to 29 Times 38 0.1 150 0.2 30 to 39 Times 17 0.0 137 0.2 40+ Times Q39F been arrested? 40+ Times Q39B carried a handgun? % 31,869 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: been suspended from school? Never # Wrong Q39D Q38H sold illegal drugs? Response Very Wrong Not Wrong at All Q38G # Never 57,936 94.4 1 or 2 Times 1,513 2.5 3 to 5 Times 686 1.1 6 to 9 Times 372 0.6 10 to 19 Times 243 0.4 20 to 29 Times 124 0.2 30 to 39 Times 73 0.1 411 0.7 40+ Times Question Q39G Q39H done extra work on your own for school? attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? Response been drunk or high at school? 16,670 27.3 1 or 2 Times 13,779 22.6 3 to 5 Times 10,750 17.6 6 to 9 Times 6,936 11.4 Q39K volunteered to do community service? taken a handgun to school? Q39L been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? Response Never # % 52,836 86.4 1 or 2 Times 3,877 6.3 3 to 5 Times 1,803 2.9 6 to 9 Times 872 1.4 10 to 19 Times 5,286 8.7 10 to 19 Times 508 0.8 20 to 29 Times 2,746 4.5 20 to 29 Times 270 0.4 30 to 39 Times 1,130 1.9 30 to 39 Times 128 0.2 40+ Times 3,701 6.1 40+ Times 858 1.4 Never 27,174 44.4 1 or 2 Times 15,390 25.2 Never Q39M seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked, or beaten up? 55,161 90.1 1 or 2 Times 3,952 6.5 3 to 5 Times 1,029 1.7 3 to 5 Times 9,569 15.6 6 to 9 Times 446 0.7 6 to 9 Times 4,222 6.9 10 to 19 Times 238 0.4 10 to 19 Times 2,059 3.4 20 to 29 Times 118 0.2 20 to 29 Times 911 1.5 30 to 39 Times 48 0.1 30 to 39 Times 329 0.5 238 0.4 40+ Times 1,495 2.4 Never 51,417 84.1 1 or 2 Times 4,069 6.7 3 to 5 Times 1,756 6 to 9 Times Q39N seen someone attacked with a weapon, other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? Never 54,574 89.4 1 or 2 Times 3,683 6.0 2.9 3 to 5 Times 1,224 2.0 995 1.6 6 to 9 Times 576 0.9 10 to 19 Times 840 1.4 10 to 19 Times 319 0.5 20 to 29 Times 440 0.7 20 to 29 Times 164 0.3 30 to 39 Times 235 0.4 30 to 39 Times 98 0.2 1,392 2.3 40+ Times 396 0.6 Never 27,748 45.4 55,911 91.7 1 or 2 Times 10,779 17.6 1 or 2 Times 3,112 5.1 40+ Times Q39J Question % Never 40+ Times Q39I # Q39O seen someone shot or shot at? Never 3 to 5 Times 7,692 12.6 3 to 5 Times 805 1.3 6 to 9 Times 4,842 7.9 6 to 9 Times 372 0.6 10 to 19 Times 3,798 6.2 10 to 19 Times 240 0.4 20 to 29 Times 2,216 3.6 20 to 29 Times 109 0.2 30 to 39 Times 1,011 1.7 30 to 39 Times 59 0.1 40+ Times 2,989 4.9 40+ Times 387 0.6 Never 60,310 98.8 Q40 1 or 2 Times 255 0.4 Q40A 3 to 5 Times 112 0.2 6 to 9 Times 67 10 to 19 Times How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Played a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine? Never 53,991 88.7 Not in past year 4,089 6.7 0.1 A few times in the past year 1,892 3.1 49 0.1 Once or twice a month 527 0.9 20 to 29 Times 34 0.1 Once or twice a week 194 0.3 30 to 39 Times 22 0.0 Almost every day 191 0.3 163 0.3 40+ Times Question Q40B Q40C Q40D Q40E Q40F Q40G Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bet on sports? Played cards? Bought a raffle ticket? Played bingo? Gambled on the internet? Response Never # % Question Q40H Played a dice game? Response Never # 40,328 % 37,956 62.4 Not in past year 9,173 15.1 Not in past year 7,202 66.8 11.9 A few times in the past year 9,538 15.7 A few times in the past year 7,708 12.8 Once or twice a month 3,068 5.0 Once or twice a month 3,389 5.6 Once or twice a week 773 1.3 Once or twice a week 1,049 1.7 Almost every day 294 0.5 Almost every day 672 1.1 40,130 66.1 Never 39,052 64.3 Not in past year 6,784 11.2 A few times in the past year 9,025 14.9 Once or twice a month 3,499 Once or twice a week 1,262 Almost every day Q40I Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Never Not in past year 5,762 9.5 A few times in the past year 7,228 11.9 5.8 Once or twice a month 4,058 6.7 2.1 Once or twice a week 1,884 3.1 1,092 1.8 Almost every day 1,617 2.7 34,306 56.7 55,272 91.1 Not in past year 7,355 12.1 Not in past year 2,663 4.4 A few times in the past year 9,837 16.2 A few times in the past year 1,502 2.5 Once or twice a month 5,974 9.9 Once or twice a month 654 1.1 Once or twice a week 1,979 3.3 Once or twice a week 265 0.4 Almost every day 1,104 1.8 Almost every day 317 0.5 Never Never 42,984 70.9 Not in past year 7,641 12.6 A few times in the past year 7,623 12.6 Once or twice a month 1,709 2.8 Once or twice a week 403 0.7 Almost every day 279 0.5 Never 36,881 60.8 Not in past year 11,116 18.3 A few times in the past year 8,747 14.4 Once or twice a month 2,664 4.4 Once or twice a week 673 1.1 Almost every day 539 0.9 56,146 92.8 Not in past year 1,766 2.9 A few times in the past year 1,193 2.0 Once or twice a month 636 1.1 Once or twice a week 351 0.6 Almost every day 431 0.7 Never Q40J Q41 Q41A Q41B Q41C Bet on a horse or other animal race? Never Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have... participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? 0 Friends 10,752 17.8 1 Friend 8,904 14.8 2 Friends 11,954 19.8 3 Friends 8,749 14.5 4 Friends 19,929 33.1 0 Friends 36,611 60.7 1 Friend 9,629 16.0 2 Friends 6,029 10.0 3 Friends 3,217 5.3 4 Friends 4,877 8.1 tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, 0 Friends vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn’t 1 Friend know about it? 23,688 39.3 8,751 14.5 2 Friends 7,861 13.0 3 Friends 5,926 9.8 4 Friends 14,068 23.3 smoked cigarettes? Question Q41D Q41E Q41F Q41G Q41H Q41I made a commitment to stay drug-free? Response # % Question 20,377 34.0 0 Friends 49,194 81.9 9,810 16.4 1 Friend 5,509 9.2 2 Friends 6,596 11.0 2 Friends 2,756 4.6 3 Friends 5,524 9.2 3 Friends 1,075 1.8 4 Friends 17,593 29.4 4 Friends 1,533 2.6 0 Friends 30,800 51.2 0 Friends 56,533 94.0 1 Friend 8,163 13.6 1 Friend 2,059 3.4 2 Friends 6,236 10.4 2 Friends 709 1.2 3 Friends 5,068 8.4 3 Friends 304 0.5 4 Friends 9,879 16.4 4 Friends 532 0.9 0 Friends 3,376 5.6 0 Friends 48,739 81.0 1 Friend 3,966 6.6 1 Friend 6,398 10.6 2 Friends 7,869 13.1 2 Friends 2,726 4.5 3 Friends 11,208 18.7 3 Friends 1,022 1.7 4 Friends 33,598 56.0 4 Friends 1,295 2.2 used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal 0 Friends drugs? 1 Friend 51,332 85.3 0 Friends 53,905 89.9 4,529 7.5 1 Friend 3,948 6.6 2 Friends 1,937 3.2 2 Friends 1,115 1.9 3 Friends 906 1.5 3 Friends 412 0.7 4 Friends 1,507 2.5 4 Friends 588 1.0 tried to do well in school? been suspended from school? liked school? Q41M Q41N Q41O carried a handgun? stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? been arrested? dropped out of school? 0 Friends 37,509 62.2 0 Friends 53,838 89.8 1 Friend 10,574 17.5 1 Friend 2,858 4.8 2 Friends 6,257 10.4 2 Friends 1,303 2.2 3 Friends 2,450 4.1 3 Friends 551 0.9 4 Friends 3,472 5.8 4 Friends 1,376 2.3 0 Friends 17,128 28.5 Very False 16,937 29.7 1 Friend 9,128 15.2 Somewhat False 19,453 34.1 2 Friends 12,827 21.4 Somewhat True 18,100 31.7 3 Friends 9,163 15.3 Very True 2,521 4.4 4 Friends 11,818 19.7 Very False 25,563 42.8 0 Friends 56,028 93.1 Somewhat False 19,325 32.3 1 Friend 2,062 3.4 Somewhat True 12,499 20.9 2 Friends 945 1.6 Very True 2,396 4.0 3 Friends 397 0.7 4 Friends 729 1.2 Very False 24,181 40.6 Somewhat False 17,479 29.4 Somewhat True 14,153 23.8 3,733 6.3 Q42 Q43 Q41J % 1 Friend Q41L sold illegal drugs? # 0 Friends used marijuana? Q41K Response Q44 been members of a gang? I ignore the rules that get in my way. I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. I like to see how much I can get away with. Very True Question Q45 I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. Response Q47 % NO! 16,459 27.6 no 23,167 38.8 yes 17,118 2,998 YES! Q46 # It is all right to beat up people if they start a fight. NO! Question Q52 87.1 3,089 5.2 28.7 3 to 5 days 1,177 2.0 5.0 6 to 9 days 764 1.3 10 to 19 days 780 1.3 642 1.1 1,201 2.0 no 13,331 22.4 All 30 days yes 16,544 27.8 YES! 11,747 19.7 Q53 91.6 2,929 4.9 1,105 1.9 20,812 35.0 Regularly in the past 478 0.8 3,622 6.1 Regularly now 498 0.8 886 1.5 44,793 75.3 6,048 2-3 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use smokeless tobacco, snuff, or dip? 0 days 57,102 96.2 1 or 2 days 942 1.6 10.2 3 to 5 days 371 0.6 5,188 8.7 6 to 9 days 224 0.4 4-5 times 1,411 2.4 10 to 19 days 216 0.4 6 or more times 2,026 3.4 20 to 29 days 165 0.3 All 30 days 308 0.5 During the past 30 days, how many times did you 0 times DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been 1 time drinking alcohol? Have you ever smoked cigarettes? 54,563 Once in a while but not regularly 55,589 93.3 2,008 3.4 Q55 2-3 times 1,179 2.0 Q55A None 34,677 59.4 4-5 times 333 0.6 Once 7,455 12.8 6 or more times 441 0.7 2-3 times 8,098 13.9 4-6 times 3,745 In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 6.4 7-10 times 1,514 2.6 10 or more times 2,938 5.0 Alcohol? None 50,179 84.3 Once 3,663 6.2 Twice 2,507 4.2 3-5 times 1,918 3.2 None 43,755 75.7 6-9 times 514 0.9 Once 5,329 9.2 1.3 2-3 times 3,662 6.3 4-6 times 1,627 2.8 834 1.4 2,560 4.4 None 36,658 64.3 Once 5,536 9.7 2-3 times 5,174 9.1 4-6 times 2,999 5.3 7-10 times 1,711 3.0 10 or more times 4,961 8.7 10 or more times Q51 Never Once or Twice 57.5 During the past 30 days, how many times did you 0 times RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone 1 time who had been drinking alcohol? Think back over the last two weeks. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or smokeless tobacco)? 34,201 Q54 Q50 % 51,787 20 to 29 days I think it is okay to take something without asking NO! if you can get away with it. no # 1 or 2 days 30.2 YES! Q49 0 days 17,983 yes Q48 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? Response 750 Q55B Cigarettes? 42,494 71.2 7-10 times Once or Twice 8,476 14.2 10 or more times Once in a while but not regularly 4,425 7.4 Regularly in the past 2,122 3.6 Regularly now 2,129 3.6 Never Q55C Marijuana? Question Q55D Other Drugs? Response # Question % Q60 used marijuana during the past 30 days? Response 0 Occasions 48,456 85.2 50,538 85.7 Once 3,532 6.2 1-2 Occasions 2,995 5.1 2-3 times 2,069 3.6 3-5 Occasions 1,477 2.5 4-6 times 945 1.7 6-9 Occasions 1,030 1.7 7-10 times 502 0.9 10-19 Occasions 964 1.6 1,358 2.4 20-39 Occasions 659 1.1 1,334 2.3 40+ Occasions In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? None 33,336 58.9 Once 7,898 13.9 2-3 times 7,230 Q61 used LSD or other psychedelics in your lifetime? Q58 Q59 0 Occasions 56,777 95.6 12.8 1-2 Occasions 1,293 2.2 583 1.0 4-6 times 2,851 5.0 3-5 Occasions 7-10 times 1,219 2.2 6-9 Occasions 287 0.5 10 or more times 4,095 7.2 10-19 Occasions 197 0.3 20-39 Occasions 94 0.2 157 0.3 40+ Occasions Q57-Q88: On how many occasions (if any) have you: Q57 % None 10 or more times Q56 # had alcoholic beverages beer, wine or hard liquor) 0 Occasions to drink in your lifetime - more than just a few 1-2 Occasions sips? 28,916 48.3 8,866 14.8 3-5 Occasions 5,920 9.9 6-9 Occasions 3,968 10-19 Occasions Q62 used LSD or other psychedelics in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 58,344 98.6 1-2 Occasions 525 0.9 6.6 3-5 Occasions 134 0.2 4,201 7.0 6-9 Occasions 65 0.1 20-39 Occasions 2,954 4.9 10-19 Occasions 26 0.0 40+ Occasions 4,985 8.3 20-39 Occasions 17 0.0 40+ Occasions 43 0.1 had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the 0 Occasions past 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 42,723 71.9 8,602 14.5 57,171 96.3 3-5 Occasions 3,724 6.3 1-2 Occasions 1,102 1.9 6-9 Occasions 1,941 3.3 3-5 Occasions 376 0.6 10-19 Occasions 1,299 2.2 6-9 Occasions 200 0.3 20-39 Occasions 403 0.7 10-19 Occasions 199 0.3 40+ Occasions 698 1.2 20-39 Occasions 108 0.2 40+ Occasions 207 0.3 used marijuana in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 1-2 Occasions 3-5 Occasions 6-9 Occasions 42,403 71.3 3,961 6.7 2,413 1,734 Q63 Q64 used cocaine or other crack in your lifetime? used cocaine or other crack in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 0 Occasions 58,344 98.9 4.1 1-2 Occasions 387 0.7 2.9 3-5 Occasions 117 0.2 10-19 Occasions 2,127 3.6 6-9 Occasions 57 0.1 20-39 Occasions 1,657 2.8 10-19 Occasions 43 0.1 40+ Occasions 5,210 8.8 20-39 Occasions 12 0.0 40+ Occasions 45 0.1 Question Q65 Q66 Q67 Q68 Q69 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in the past 30 days? used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in the past 30 days? Response 0 Occasions Question % Q71 used heroin or other opiates in your lifetime? Response 0 Occasions # % 53,483 90.2 58,414 98.8 1-2 Occasions 3,309 5.6 1-2 Occasions 363 0.6 3-5 Occasions 1,236 2.1 3-5 Occasions 93 0.2 6-9 Occasions 524 0.9 6-9 Occasions 69 0.1 10-19 Occasions 305 0.5 10-19 Occasions 37 0.1 20-39 Occasions 171 0.3 20-39 Occasions 31 0.1 40+ Occasions 278 0.5 40+ Occasions 96 0.2 0 Occasions Q72 used heroin or other opiates in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 57,441 97.2 58,655 99.6 1-2 Occasions 1,121 1.9 1-2 Occasions 109 0.2 3-5 Occasions 278 0.5 3-5 Occasions 31 0.1 6-9 Occasions 119 0.2 6-9 Occasions 24 0.0 10-19 Occasions 72 0.1 10-19 Occasions 15 0.0 20-39 Occasions 26 0.0 20-39 Occasions 9 0.0 40+ Occasions 49 0.1 40+ Occasions 35 0.1 58,967 100.0 0 Occasions 0 Occasions 58,890 58,450 327 0.6 3-5 Occasions 107 0.2 6-9 Occasions 66 0.1 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 57 28 100 Q73 used ecstasy (“X”, “E”, “MDMA”) in your lifetime? 100.0 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank) in 0 Occasions your lifetime? 1-2 Occasions 10-19 Occasions Q70 # 98.8 Q74 used ecstasy (“X”, “E”, “MDMA”) in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 55,419 93.9 1-2 Occasions 1,808 3.1 3-5 Occasions 675 1.1 6-9 Occasions 392 0.7 10-19 Occasions 269 0.5 20-39 Occasions 158 0.3 40+ Occasions 275 0.5 0 Occasions 57,912 98.6 1-2 Occasions 532 0.9 0.0 3-5 Occasions 145 0.2 0.2 6-9 Occasions 53 0.1 10-19 Occasions 29 0.0 20-39 Occasions 18 0.0 40+ Occasions 43 0.1 0.1 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank) in 0 Occasions the past 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 58,708 104 0.2 3-5 Occasions 34 0.1 6-9 Occasions 27 0.0 10-19 Occasions 14 0.0 20-39 Occasions 10 40+ Occasions 25 99.6 Q75 used other “club” drugs (such as Special K, Roofies, GHB, or Rohypnol) in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 57,611 97.6 1-2 Occasions 785 1.3 0.0 3-5 Occasions 259 0.4 0.0 6 Occasions 131 0.2 10-19 Occasions 75 0.1 20-39 Occasions 36 0.1 105 0.2 40+ Occasions Question Q76 used other “club” drugs (such as Special K, Roofies, GHB, or Rohypnol) in the past 30 days? Response 0 Occasions used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 99.4 1-2 Occasions 233 0.4 3-5 Occasions 61 0.1 6 Occasions 30 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 0 Occasions Q79 Q80 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) during the past 30 days? Q81 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? Response 0 Occasions # % 55,669 94.7 1-2 Occasions 1,192 2.0 3-5 Occasions 635 1.1 0.1 6-9 Occasions 432 0.7 15 0.0 10-19 Occasions 303 0.5 6 0.0 20-39 Occasions 180 0.3 33 0.1 40+ Occasions 387 0.7 57,951 98.3 1-2 Occasions 523 0.9 3-5 Occasions 158 6-9 Occasions Q82 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 57,382 98.0 1-2 Occasions 641 1.1 0.3 3-5 Occasions 237 0.4 82 0.1 6-9 Occasions 113 0.2 10-19 Occasions 49 0.1 10-19 Occasions 64 0.1 20-39 Occasions 37 0.1 20-39 Occasions 46 0.1 133 0.2 40+ Occasions 46 0.1 40+ Occasions Q78 Question % 58,419 40+ Occasions Q77 # 0 Occasions 58,353 99.4 1-2 Occasions 163 0.3 3-5 Occasions 51 6-9 Occasions Q83 used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as valium or xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them, in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 54,686 93.1 1-2 Occasions 1,630 2.8 0.1 3-5 Occasions 867 1.5 35 0.1 6-9 Occasions 558 1.0 10-19 Occasions 26 0.0 10-19 Occasions 366 0.6 20-39 Occasions 19 0.0 20-39 Occasions 198 0.3 40+ Occasions 64 0.1 40+ Occasions 416 0.7 used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, 0 Occasions Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor 1-2 Occasions telling you to take them in your lifetime? 50,750 86.2 2,910 4.9 3-5 Occasions 1,781 3.0 6-9 Occasions 1,127 1.9 10-19 Occasions 904 1.5 20-39 Occasions 493 40+ Occasions Q84 used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as valium or xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them, in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 56,826 97.3 1-2 Occasions 892 1.5 3-5 Occasions 313 0.5 6-9 Occasions 144 0.2 10-19 Occasions 89 0.2 0.8 20-39 Occasions 44 0.1 900 1.5 40+ Occasions 66 0.1 used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, 0 Occasions Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 55,009 93.8 90.7 3.6 used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, 0 Occasions cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of 1-2 Occasions getting high in your lifetime? 53,199 2,109 1,836 3.1 3-5 Occasions 774 1.3 3-5 Occasions 1,142 1.9 6-9 Occasions 353 0.6 6-9 Occasions 775 1.3 10-19 Occasions 191 0.3 10-19 Occasions 577 1.0 20-39 Occasions 85 0.1 20-39 Occasions 371 0.6 112 0.2 40+ Occasions 781 1.3 40+ Occasions Q85 Question Q86 Response # % used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, 0 Occasions cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of 1-2 Occasions getting high during the past 30 days? 55,775 95.6 1,335 2.3 3-5 Occasions 633 6-9 Occasions Question Q90B Q87 Q88 Q89 Q90 Q90A On how many occasions (if any) have you used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lighting or herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lighting or herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) during the past 30 days? If during the past 30 days you used marijuana, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) % 19,223 34.0 Once 6,761 12.0 1.1 Twice 3,680 6.5 278 0.5 Three times 2,072 3.7 10-19 Occasions 123 0.2 Four or more times 3,223 5.7 20-39 Occasions 78 0.1 I never got offers 21,557 38.1 40+ Occasions 93 0.2 Never 23,036 40.9 Once 5,372 9.5 0 Occasions decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer. 53,302 90.1 1-2 Occasions 2,407 4.1 Twice 2,059 3.7 3-5 Occasions 1,189 2.0 Three times 1,284 2.3 6-9 Occasions 678 1.1 Four or more times 2,677 4.8 10-19 Occasions 581 1.0 I never got offers 21,892 38.9 20-39 Occasions 341 0.6 40+ Occasions 650 1.1 Never 24,926 44.3 Once 4,222 7.5 Twice 1,762 3.1 2.0 0 Occasions Q90D use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs. 55,452 95.5 1-2 Occasions 1,374 2.4 Three times 1,130 3-5 Occasions 462 0.8 Four or more times 2,167 3.9 6-9 Occasions 239 0.4 I never got offers 22,048 39.2 10-19 Occasions 214 0.4 20-39 Occasions 133 0.2 Q91 40+ Occasions 195 0.3 Q91A No risk 4,346 7.6 Slight risk 4,319 7.5 Moderate risk 11,225 19.6 Great risk 37,363 65.3 No risk 19,485 34.1 Slight risk 16,032 28.1 9,796 17.2 11,773 20.6 No risk 9,000 16.0 Slight risk 9,988 17.8 Moderate risk 11,941 21.2 Great risk 25,265 45.0 I did not use marijuana during the past 30 days 46,655 78.6 I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card 1,240 2.1 Friends 8,373 14.1 Family/Relatives 1,573 2.6 Parties 3,047 5.1 Home 653 1.1 School 1,433 2.4 Other 2,523 4.2 Q91B How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? try marijuana once or twice? Moderate risk Great risk Q91C smoke marijuana regularly? In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? (Fill in an answer for each way of responding) say “No” without giving a reason why. # Never Q90C give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer. Response Never 17,488 30.8 Once 7,944 14.0 Twice 3,647 6.4 Three times 1,902 Four or more times I never got offers Q91D take one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? No risk 7,325 12.9 Slight risk 13,336 23.4 3.4 Moderate risk 16,805 29.5 4,093 7.2 Great risk 19,465 34.2 21,648 38.2 Question Q91E Q91F Q92 Response have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage No Risk in a row once or twice a week? Slight Risk use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them? 8.5 7,131 12.5 Moderate Risk 15,439 27.1 Great Risk 29,593 51.9 No Risk 4,418 7.8 Slight Risk 5,805 10.2 Moderate Risk 12,275 21.6 Great Risk 34,453 60.5 If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how I did not drink did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) Got it from a store Question % 4,854 41,945 71.6 1,105 1.9 Bought it at a restaurant/bar 526 0.9 Bought it at a public event 436 0.7 4,359 7.4 I gave someone else money for it Q93 # Q94 Response If you used alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the To fit in with my friends past 30 days, please tell us about some of your To try something new or exciting reasons for using (Mark all that apply): # % 3,414 5.8 4,939 8.4 737 1.3 To help me lose weight 1,044 1.8 To keep from feeling sad or down 4,909 8.4 I was bored and needed something to do 4,867 8.3 To get a high or to have a good feeling 6,837 11.7 To help me feel normal 1,509 2.6 To help me stay focused or think better 2,688 4.6 10,537 18.0 To be like an actor or musician/band that I admire 336 0.6 To feel more grown up or prove that I am grown up 580 1.0 To get back at my parents or to get my parent’s attention To have fun I needed it, craved it, or am addicted 1,632 2.8 6,528 11.1 My parent/guardian gave it to me 2,383 4.1 A family member over 21 gave it to me 2,486 4.2 To deal with the stress in my life (Please mark all areas of stress that were related to your substance use below) Someone over 21 gave it to me 3,624 6.2 Parents/family 4,712 8.0 Peers/Friends (e.g., fighting with friends, getting bullied, dealing with rumors, etc…) 3,318 5.7 School 4,335 7.4 Community 1,157 2.0 Other (Please tell us other reasons you had for using substances in the space provided) 5,752 9.8 Someone under 21 gave it to me 3,425 5.8 I got it at a party 6,874 11.7 I took it from home 2,897 4.9 I took it from a store or someone else’s house 1,105 1.9 I got it in some other way 2,578 4.4 49,596 84.6 3,743 6.4 Family/Relatives 1,065 1.8 Parties 1,289 2.2 Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) 1,800 3.1 Doctor/Pharmacy 1,036 1.8 School 889 1.5 Other 904 1.5 95 0.2 271 0.5 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order I’ve never used prescription drugs to get high to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you Friends get them? (Mark all that apply.) Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) Question Q95 Response If you did not use alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs I’m not interested in using drugs in the past 30 days, please tell us about some of It can harm my body the reasons for not using (Mark all that apply): 0 adults 17,320 32.5 1 adult 7,588 14.3 My parents would be disappointed in me 26,546 45.3 2 adults 5,842 11.0 My parents would take away my privileges if they found out 20,620 35.2 3 adults 4,116 7.7 My teachers/mentors/other adults in my life would be disappointed in me 20,711 35.3 4 adults 2,610 4.9 5+ adults 15,748 29.6 I might get kicked out of school or extracurricular activities (e.g., sports, cheerleading, drama club/plays) 19,451 33.2 Very hard My friends would stop talking to me or hanging out with me 12,899 I would get a bad reputation with peers 15,878 27.1 2,556 4.4 21,713 37.0 3,515 6.0 19,724 33.6 9,874 16.8 It’s morally wrong It’s against my religious or spiritual beliefs Q96B Q96C sold or dealt drugs? done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging others, etc.? If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? 15,515 28.5 Sort of hard 7,562 13.9 Sort of easy 10,919 20.0 Very easy 20,512 37.6 If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard Very hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how Sort of hard easy would it be for you to get some? 12,662 23.3 8,452 15.5 Sort of easy 14,379 26.4 Very easy 18,901 34.7 Very hard 22.0 Q98 Q99 About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have: used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? % 45.7 Q97 gotten drunk or high? # 66.4 I’ve tried them before and I don’t like them Q96D Response 26,787 It’s illegal – I could get arrested Q96A Question % 38,955 I wanted to, but I couldn’t get it or wasn’t offered it Q96 # 0 adults 29,635 54.6 1 adult 7,651 14.1 2 adults 5,605 10.3 3 adults 3,266 6.0 4 adults 1,467 2.7 5+ adults 6,648 12.2 0 adults 38,369 71.6 1 adult 5,884 11.0 2 adults 3,359 6.3 3 adults 1,941 3.6 4 adults 1,020 1.9 5+ adults 3,047 5.7 0 adults 37,588 70.6 1 adult 5,911 11.1 2 adults 3,232 6.1 3 adults 1,917 3.6 4 adults 1,071 2.0 5+ adults 3,528 6.6 Q100 Q101 Q102 If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? 19,138 35.3 Sort of hard 7,193 13.3 Sort of easy 10,158 18.7 Very easy 17,716 32.7 Very hard 33,002 61.0 Sort of hard 10,657 19.7 Sort of easy 5,558 10.3 Very easy 4,886 9.0 If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it Very hard be for you to get one? Sort of hard 32,489 60.0 9,125 16.9 Sort of easy 5,612 10.4 Very easy 6,902 12.8 10,962 20.0 25,862 47.2 11,840 21.6 YES! 6,085 11.1 If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood NO! would he or she be caught by the police? no yes Q103 If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? NO! 14,466 26.5 no 27,171 49.7 yes 8,920 16.3 YES! 4,081 7.5 Question Q104 Q105 If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? Have you ever belonged to a gang? Response NO! 7,634 14.0 17,821 32.7 yes 16,833 30.9 YES! 12,261 22.5 No 51,266 93.0 686 1.2 1,975 3.6 Yes, belong now 972 1.8 Yes, but would like to get out 198 0.4 Yes, in the past If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the Protection/Safety major reason your joined? Friendship Question % no No, but would like to Q106 # Q109 Q110 Q111 to smoke cigarettes? 13.6 11,167 20.6 yes 18,702 34.6 YES! 16,855 31.2 23,656 43.9 19,328 35.8 yes 7,930 14.7 YES! 3,002 5.6 My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job NO! and let me know about it. no 101 0.2 NO! 6,113 11.4 189 0.4 no 8,154 15.2 Make money 808 1.7 yes 25,969 48.5 Other 859 1.8 YES! 13,311 24.9 42,464 90.5 NO! 18,443 34.5 47,215 90.9 no 17,965 33.6 1,771 3.4 yes 11,584 21.7 2,969 5.7 YES! 5,505 10.3 NO! 17,118 32.0 Very wrong 33,673 62.9 no 20,964 39.2 Wrong 12,051 22.5 yes 9,548 17.8 A Little Wrong 5,747 10.7 YES! 5,870 11.0 Not wrong at all 2,052 3.8 NO! 17,091 31.9 Very wrong 27,200 51.1 no 17,508 32.7 Wrong 13,869 26.0 yes 14,274 26.6 A Little Wrong 9,262 17.4 YES! 4,727 8.8 Not wrong at all 2,942 5.5 NO! 16,466 30.8 Very wrong 30,525 57.5 no 15,908 29.7 Wrong 12,683 23.9 yes 14,928 27.9 A Little Wrong 6,757 12.7 YES! 6,207 11.6 Not wrong at all 3,163 6.0 Q112 Q114 Q116 Q108C 7,377 no Sibling(s) in a gang How wrong would most adults in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: to drink alcohol? 78.5 Parent(s) in a gang Q115 Q108B 21.5 39,845 2.4 If you have ever belonged to a gang, did the gang No have a name? Yes to use marijuana? NO! 10,902 1,143 I have never belonged Q108 If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. % 2.9 Q113 Q108A During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, No reading, or watching an advertisement about the Yes prevention of substance use? # 1,370 Never belonged to a gang Q107 Response I like my neighborhood. There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. Question Q117 I feel safe in my neighborhood. Response # % Question Q121B Q119 Q120 During a typical week, how many days do all or most of your family eat at least one meal together? During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians – whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply.) 3,765 7.1 No 34,224 65.6 5,874 11.0 Yes 15,559 29.8 yes 25,495 47.7 No brothers/sisters 2,392 4.6 YES! 18,261 34.2 No 34,106 65.7 0 times 6,183 11.6 Yes 15,400 29.7 1 time 5,239 9.8 2,397 4.6 2 times 5,237 9.8 3 times 5,864 11.0 No 48,356 93.7 4 times 5,411 10.1 Yes 891 1.7 5 times 7,042 13.2 No brothers/sisters 2,372 4.6 6 times 4,619 8.7 7 times 13,745 25.8 No 35,146 68.0 Yes 14,174 27.4 2,386 4.6 No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or other drug use. 27,221 49.6 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. 15,183 27.7 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. 16,418 29.9 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of drug use. 20,579 Which of the following people do you feel Parents/Step-parents comfortable going to for help when things go Grandparents wrong or when you need someone to talk to about your problems? (Mark all that apply) Siblings 32,825 59.8 11,097 20.2 20,968 12,384 Teachers 8,807 16.1 Coaches/Instructors 6,238 11.4 933 Q121D Q121E Q122 Q122A How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to: drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? Q122B smoke cigarettes? Q122C smoke marijuana? 5.9 1.7 Counselors 5,849 10.7 Other adults 7,648 13.9 I have no one I can talkto or go to for help 2,987 5.4 No 25,379 48.4 Yes 24,591 46.9 2,419 4.6 No brothers/sisters been suspended or expelled from school? No brothers/sisters Q122D Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? taken a handgun to school? 22.5 65.8 Tutors No brothers/sisters 38.1 36,168 3,224 smoked cigarettes? 37.5 Friends Mentors Q121A % no Other relatives Q121 # NO! Q121C Q118 smoked marijuana? Response steal something worth more than $5? Very wrong 35,743 68.0 Wrong 9,142 17.4 A Little Wrong 6,032 11.5 Not wrong at all 1,650 3.1 Very wrong 42,911 81.7 Wrong 6,459 12.3 A Little Wrong 2,060 3.9 Not wrong at all 1,061 2.0 Very wrong 42,687 81.9 Wrong 5,307 10.2 A Little Wrong 2,698 5.2 Not wrong at all 1,438 2.8 Very wrong 40,810 78.1 Wrong 8,515 16.3 A Little Wrong 2,169 4.2 734 1.4 41,576 79.3 7,619 14.5 2,239 4.3 965 1.8 Not wrong at all Q122E draw graffiti, or write things or draw pictures on Very wrong buildings or other property (without the owner’s Wrong permission)? A Little Wrong Not wrong at all Question Q122F Q122G pick a fight with someone? use prescription drugs without a doctor telling you to take them? Response Q124 The rules in my family are clear. People in my family often insult or yell at each other. 30,507 58.3 Wrong 13,113 25.0 A Little Wrong 7,015 13.4 Not wrong at all 1,726 3.3 Very wrong Q126 If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? % 4,389 8.6 7,629 14.9 yes 13,742 26.9 YES! 25,326 49.6 NO! 3,444 6.7 no 7,366 14.4 86.0 9.4 A Little Wrong 1,531 2.9 yes 16,656 32.5 899 1.7 YES! 23,738 46.4 NO! 1,775 3.4 no 5,289 10.1 yes 22,655 YES! Q131 My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. NO! 6,833 13.5 no 12,233 24.2 43.4 yes 19,920 39.4 22,487 43.1 YES! 11,636 23.0 NO! 10,258 19.7 NO! 4,346 8.5 no 21,956 42.2 no 6,067 11.9 yes 13,917 26.8 yes 15,801 31.1 5,841 11.2 YES! 24,642 48.5 2,145 4.1 NO! 8,882 17.6 4,996 9.6 no 8,952 17.7 yes 22,452 43.3 yes 14,874 29.4 YES! 22,237 42.9 YES! 17,828 35.3 When I am not at home, one of my parents knows NO! where I am and who I am with. no We argue about the same things in my family over NO! and over. no If you drank some beer or wine or hard liquor NO! (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by no your parents? yes My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. Q130 If you carried a handgun without your parents’ NO! permission, would you be caught by your parents? no # 4,919 YES! Q128 Q129 Response 44,976 yes Q127 Question Wrong YES! Q125 % Very wrong Not wrong at all Q123 # 8,757 17.0 19,431 37.7 16,110 Q132 Q133 Q134 Do you feel very close to your mother? Do you feel very close to your mother? Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? NO! 6,956 13.8 no 11,887 23.5 31.2 yes 16,029 31.7 7,303 14.2 YES! 15,633 31.0 NO! 12,115 24.2 no 14,935 29.8 13,742 27.5 Q135 Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? 7,387 14.4 17,828 34.7 12,706 24.8 yes YES! 13,402 26.1 YES! 9,252 18.5 6.8 NO! 2,606 5.1 NO! 3,394 no 7,347 14.3 Q136 Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? no 4,274 8.6 yes 16,726 32.6 yes 19,977 40.1 YES! 24,692 48.1 YES! 22,222 44.6 Question Question Q137 Q138 Q139 Q140 Do you enjoy spending time with your father? Response % NO! 6,519 13.0 no 5,112 10.2 yes 19,671 YES! 18,890 If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom NO! or dad for help. no My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. # My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or almost never Q142 People in my family have serious arguments. Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? 10.9 31.1 39.2 Often 15,749 31.2 37.6 All the time 13,506 26.8 9.8 14.7 yes 18,679 36.9 YES! 19,512 38.6 4,153 8.2 no 10,301 20.4 yes 20,132 39.8 YES! 15,955 31.6 4,031 8.0 no 7,559 15.0 yes 18,846 37.3 YES! 20,098 39.8 Q146 Q147 Q148 How often do your parents tell you they’re proud Never or almost never of you for something you’ve done? Some times 6,072 12.1 14,758 29.4 Often 15,850 31.5 All the time 13,568 27.0 16,076 32.1 In a normal school week, how many days are you Never or almost never home after school for at least one hour without an 1 day adult there? Have any of your relatives previously been in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) 5,501 11.0 2 days 5,408 10.8 3 days 4,904 9.8 4 days 3,600 7.2 5 days 14,614 29.2 No one has been in prison or jail 27,991 78.3 2,609 14.9 Mother Q144 It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem? 440 2.7 NO! 10,935 21.7 Father 7,118 34.4 no 21,460 42.6 Stepfather 1,464 8.8 yes 11,708 23.3 Grandparent(s) 1,674 9.9 YES! 6,218 12.4 Aunt 3,095 17.4 Uncle NO! 2,764 5.5 no 7,224 yes YES! 11,654 48.9 Other Adult(s) 5,492 28.5 14.4 Brother(s) 3,371 18.7 20,142 40.0 Stepbrother(s) 707 4.4 20,195 40.1 Sister(s) 1,082 6.6 Stepsister(s) Q143 % 5,518 Stepmother Q141 # 15,686 7,422 My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. NO! Q145 Response Some times 4,975 NO! Question NO! 2,811 5.6 no 5,960 11.9 yes 20,039 39.9 YES! 21,420 42.6 No 30,525 60.4 Yes 20,021 39.6 Other Children 325 2.0 2,049 12.0 Question Question Q149 Are any of your relatives currently in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) Response No one has been in prison or jail # % 37,772 88.6 Mother 394 2.5 Stepmother 155 1.0 1,214 7.3 Stepfather 300 1.9 Grandparent(s) 344 2.2 Aunt 715 4.4 Uncle 4,364 23.3 Other Adult(s) Father 2,589 14.8 Brother(s) 835 5.1 Stepbrother(s) 240 1.5 Sister(s) 188 1.2 Stepsister(s) 114 0.7 Other Children 957 5.8 Appendix D: Item Dictionary for the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Appendix E: Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD use for Participating Counties Alcohol Cigarettes Smokeless tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogen Cocaine Methamphetamines Stimulants Sedatives Prescription Narcotics Heroin Ecstasy Other Club Drugs Steroids Calculated Prescription Drugs Over the Counter drugs Synthetic Drugs Lifetime ATOD Use by County (2012) Apache 44.9 44.3 17.2 37.1 12.2 4.6 4.0 1.2 2.5 4.6 13.2 1.4 5.3 1.8 1.9 15.0 9.5 7.4 Cochise 57.2 33.6 11.6 25.3 9.5 2.9 3.5 0.8 3.3 6.7 13.6 0.7 4.3 2.3 0.8 16.3 9.9 8.0 Coconino 44.8 32.2 15.0 28.9 9.4 5.1 4.3 1.2 4.5 5.5 12.7 0.8 5.9 1.6 1.2 16.2 11.9 7.7 Gila 57.1 44.3 19.5 36.1 13.9 3.7 3.8 1.2 3.0 5.1 13.0 1.6 4.3 1.9 1.7 15.4 7.9 13.0 Graham 44.5 29.7 11.6 23.4 9.1 3.1 2.9 1.1 1.6 3.2 10.5 1.1 3.7 1.8 1.1 11.8 7.5 13.0 Greenlee 67.7 50.0 27.2 34.8 17.3 3.4 2.7 1.0 4.8 8.7 17.6 1.4 2.8 2.1 2.1 19.6 15.9 18.2 La Paz 52.2 35.8 8.4 31.8 10.6 1.9 1.9 1.1 3.9 6.7 13.4 0.8 4.2 1.4 0.8 15.6 11.8 6.4 Maricopa 50.6 26.0 7.0 27.9 9.2 4.5 3.6 1.2 5.8 7.0 13.5 1.2 6.1 2.4 1.7 16.5 9.0 9.4 Mohave 61.8 35.8 9.2 37.0 11.9 5.2 3.6 1.4 5.8 10.3 19.5 1.4 9.1 2.4 2.3 21.9 12.2 10.7 Navajo 41.6 31.2 16.6 27.2 10.1 3.3 2.2 0.5 3.8 6.2 13.5 0.9 3.8 2.0 1.9 15.5 9.8 9.5 Pima 55.6 31.3 8.3 32.2 10.9 5.3 4.9 1.2 5.8 6.5 14.5 1.3 7.2 3.1 1.3 17.3 9.6 14.1 Pinal 53.2 34.5 10.2 29.2 11.1 3.5 4.1 1.1 4.6 6.4 14.1 1.1 5.6 2.0 2.2 16.4 9.9 9.7 Santa Cruz 43.7 25.7 5.3 19.4 8.6 1.4 2.3 0.5 1.3 2.7 9.0 0.0 3.3 2.7 0.7 10.6 7.5 5.8 Yavapai 59.5 37.5 12.1 33.8 10.3 6.3 3.9 1.2 4.6 8.6 15.4 1.4 7.2 2.4 1.6 18.3 10.6 11.1 Yuma 40.7 21.9 4.0 14.1 11.3 0.8 3.3 1.1 2.1 4.9 10.0 0.8 2.9 2.2 1.3 12.8 6.2 6.1 Alcohol Cigarettes Smokeless tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogen Cocaine Methamphetamines Stimulants Sedatives Prescription Narcotics Heroin Ecstasy Other Club Drugs Steroids Calculated Prescription Drugs Over the Counter drugs Synthetic Drugs 30-day ATOD Use by County (2012) Apache 21.7 19.8 8.4 17.8 3.2 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.4 1.5 5.6 0.1 1.5 0.6 0.8 6.3 4.1 3.2 Cochise 30.8 15.9 4.9 10.8 2.8 1.2 1.3 0.2 1.7 3.6 7.5 0.1 1.2 0.7 0.5 9.2 4.9 4.6 Coconino 22.7 14.4 8.0 13.9 2.5 1.2 0.8 0.0 1.2 1.4 5.6 0.2 2.0 0.4 0.2 6.7 5.5 3.3 Gila 33.8 22.9 9.2 17.5 3.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.3 5.9 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.2 6.9 4.0 6.4 Graham 24.1 13.3 5.2 10.8 2.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.2 4.4 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.7 5.2 3.3 6.4 Greenlee 34.4 24.2 13.4 15.0 5.8 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.0 3.8 6.6 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.7 7.9 8.4 11.0 La Paz 22.4 12.0 2.2 14.0 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.7 2.0 6.4 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 7.5 7.0 1.7 Maricopa 27.9 11.6 3.1 14.3 2.7 1.4 1.1 0.4 2.1 2.6 5.9 0.4 1.4 0.7 0.6 7.7 4.2 4.2 Mohave 33.4 14.8 3.4 17.9 3.0 1.3 0.8 0.3 1.7 4.4 9.0 0.3 1.8 0.8 1.0 11.1 5.1 4.4 Navajo 21.6 13.6 7.9 13.6 3.2 1.4 0.5 0.2 1.9 2.8 6.5 0.3 1.4 0.5 0.4 7.7 5.0 4.8 Pima 30.7 14.0 4.2 16.3 3.0 1.6 1.6 0.3 2.0 2.5 6.3 0.4 1.7 0.8 0.5 8.1 4.8 7.1 Pinal 26.3 15.1 4.4 12.5 3.0 1.3 1.5 0.3 2.0 2.6 6.6 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.8 8.2 4.8 4.3 Santa Cruz 23.4 11.5 2.3 8.4 2.2 0.4 1.3 0.2 0.7 1.7 4.6 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 6.2 3.3 4.0 Yavapai 32.4 18.1 4.7 16.9 2.7 1.3 1.0 0.3 1.9 3.6 6.8 0.3 1.3 0.7 0.6 8.7 4.3 4.5 Yuma 18.3 8.7 2.4 3.8 4.8 0.2 0.8 0.4 1.3 2.7 5.5 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 7.0 3.4 3.0 Appendix F: Profile Report Charts for Arizona Males Compared to Females (2012) Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME & 30-DAY ATOD USE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 8 Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Synthetic Drugs*† Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines State 2012 Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Synthetic Drugs*† Female 2012 Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Male 2012 MTF 2011 *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. **Denotes a change in the question between administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *† No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females BINGE DRINKING, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 8 100 Binge Drinking* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF 2011*/BH Norm 2012** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun *National Comparison data for Binge Drinking category are Monitoring the Future values. **National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them State 2012 Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Female 2012 Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? Male 2012 Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females GAMBLING 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BH Norm 2012 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race? Bet on Games of Skill State 2012 Bet on Dice *National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. Gambled on the lnternet Female 2012 Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket* Bet on Cards Bet on Sports Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Male 2012 Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 8 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment BH Norm 2012 State 2012 Female 2012 Male 2012 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 *High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors). Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement State 2012 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order Female 2012 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Male 2012 BH Norm 2012 *High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY & CYBER-BULLYING 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 State 2012 Harassed or Mistreated On-Line or Electronically* Female 2012 Picked On or Bullied on School Property In a Physical Fight on School Property *Prior to 2012 the AYS did not survey online and electronic harassment. Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2012 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME & 30-DAY ATOD USE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 10 Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Synthetic Drugs*† Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines State 2012 Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Synthetic Drugs*† Female 2012 Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Male 2012 MTF 2011 *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. **Denotes a change in the question between administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *† No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females BINGE DRINKING, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 10 100 Binge Drinking* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF 2011*/BH Norm 2012** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun *National Comparison data for Binge Drinking category are Monitoring the Future values. **National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them State 2012 Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Female 2012 Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? Male 2012 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females GAMBLING 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BH Norm 2012 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race? Bet on Games of Skill State 2012 Bet on Dice *National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. Gambled on the lnternet Female 2012 Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket* Bet on Cards Bet on Sports Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Male 2012 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 10 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment BH Norm 2012 State 2012 Female 2012 Male 2012 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 *High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors). Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement State 2012 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order Female 2012 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Male 2012 BH Norm 2012 *High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY & CYBER-BULLYING 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 State 2012 Harassed or Mistreated On-Line or Electronically* Female 2012 Picked On or Bullied on School Property In a Physical Fight on School Property *Prior to 2012 the AYS did not survey online and electronic harassment. Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2012 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME & 30-DAY ATOD USE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 12 Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Synthetic Drugs*† Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines State 2012 Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Synthetic Drugs*† Female 2012 Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Male 2012 MTF 2011 *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. **Denotes a change in the question between administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *† No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females BINGE DRINKING, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 12 100 Binge Drinking* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF 2011*/BH Norm 2012** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun *National Comparison data for Binge Drinking category are Monitoring the Future values. **National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them State 2012 Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Female 2012 Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? Male 2012 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females GAMBLING 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BH Norm 2012 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race? Bet on Games of Skill State 2012 Bet on Dice *National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. Gambled on the lnternet Female 2012 Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket* Bet on Cards Bet on Sports Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Male 2012 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 12 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment BH Norm 2012 State 2012 Female 2012 Male 2012 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 *High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors). Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement State 2012 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order Female 2012 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Male 2012 BH Norm 2012 *High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY & CYBER-BULLYING 2012 Students by Gender, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 State 2012 Harassed or Mistreated On-Line or Electronically* Female 2012 Picked On or Bullied on School Property In a Physical Fight on School Property *Prior to 2012 the AYS did not survey online and electronic harassment. Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2012 Arizona Statewide Survey population Males Compared to Females LIFETIME & 30-DAY ATOD USE 2012 Students by Gender, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Synthetic Drugs*† Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines State 2012 Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Synthetic Drugs*† Female 2012 Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Other Club Drugs* Ecstasy Heroin** Methamphetamines Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Smokeless Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Male 2012 MTF 2011 *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. **Denotes a change in the question between administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *† No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona Statewide Survey population Males Compared to Females BINGE DRINKING, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2012 Students by Gender, All Students Surveyed 100 Binge Drinking* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF 2011*/BH Norm 2012** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun *National Comparison data for Binge Drinking category are Monitoring the Future values. **National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them State 2012 Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Female 2012 Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? Male 2012 Arizona Statewide Survey population Males Compared to Females GAMBLING 2012 Students by Gender, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BH Norm 2012 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race? Bet on Games of Skill State 2012 Bet on Dice *National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. Gambled on the lnternet Female 2012 Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket* Bet on Cards Bet on Sports Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Male 2012 Arizona Statewide Survey population Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2012 Students by Gender, All Students Surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment BH Norm 2012 State 2012 Female 2012 Male 2012 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 *High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors). Arizona Statewide Survey population Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2012 Students by Gender, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement State 2012 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order Female 2012 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Male 2012 BH Norm 2012 *High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona Statewide Survey population Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY & CYBER-BULLYING 2012 Students by Gender, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 State 2012 Harassed or Mistreated On-Line or Electronically* Female 2012 Picked On or Bullied on School Property In a Physical Fight on School Property *Prior to 2012 the AYS did not survey online and electronic harassment. Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2012 Appendix G: Changes in question wording across the 2008, 2010, and 2012 AYS Administrations                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               , Ph.D.                                                                                             