NFIS Flagelt Program: Evaluation Report Background The Natond Fabrics Inclipnce Sevice (MAIS is eng ott t atanc indigence ol entrcone wit be Devenmen of Fivara at Oca. 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Moser atin A. & Whe, Able G. O01) "Imatng and cntoing wlbeaisn is faken: he ngay of commadtyag abre acon rn in Setmat Ne I Sou‘ me ato, 10 oin: cot Cmd digs Srice Canals (GWT) CBC fncrend Pier Anosncm Matntiogs Otins. Otis Gnenmucet Cami Hows Ridut 1 199) Puroltag a atisece Atas Coe o te Sta offline: In Mensano | MMi, L. ine & Pope, Kl (M10 "Kovetiking rennis inipomes ctu and snit nitin wil rece neva and ates nanipmen n Abi Cale vir infuh Relay ant Fates 20 nle: (thor. | Hooman ty (0) Sats Gonermonatiy and Roig Sarvitnc in Comics Notts 1 Wor" Cada henalotsecnons 5s ) atraoc U80DG — Vint Nate Offi: on Dogs and Cri C010 Crmint Intigece: Manal fr Pact in La Etrconsn Now Yok: Unto Natems snow som £ International Governance & RFMOs Govemance of sberis resources is compleated by the minty rtir of many marine aninals the remedencs of Hisbris activites, and linted poverning authority across th igh seas De Coring & Withoi (015) noe ta th echal reach offting activites is not subject toa paile reach in the mil of ow duet *insuiient at sn uveilance of ves! movements and tanshipment and the lack of tamparency regaling the denity of the beneficial ownen of veseis Outside of Canada‘s EEZ, the United Nations Conmention on the Law of the Sx (UNCLOS) and Repiol Faheres Manmpement Organizations (RFMOs are the mai ntitio addressing conservation and marine rwurse management (Prt tal. 2011) There ate numerous lter and ulated RFMOs which oversee ncoraptcal and spescselted agreements ert ct l. 2016 estinare that 15% of ths ploal sheri catch is derived fom th high sous. |_ Regional Fieri Management Organizations: | |__ Inemation cite abut Comision (RHC) (bate) + Enablahed in 1922 + Manmgement of tock of Pcife Halibut witin Pacifc wate o the member sates +. Canada, United Sites Internationa Wating Conynision PVC) (does ot includ marine fat) | + Esablshe in 1916 + Comenation of whale stocks adepted morton on commersial whaling in 1982 which i opposed by Tapi, | Fusio Nariay and Ieclind + Anina & Barbuda, Arta, Auntila, Auto, Bclgtum, Bole, Renin, Broc, Bolpria, Cambodia, Cameron, Canada, Chil, Chia, Republ f Colombia, Rep of Con, Rep of the Costa Ren, Cote tvo, Cheat, Cypra, Czech Republi, Denmark, Greenland (Donmar), Dominic, Dominican Republi, Evade, Eiopu Eriren Enonia,Filind, France, Gabon, The Gabi Germany, Ghan, Gree, Gremda Rep of Chine: Gunes Bissau, Hunga, lend, Idi, Irland, Ii Tabs Januica, Japa, Kema, Kintot. Rep of Kore, Laos, Lthuani, Lunembours, Mat, Mantll sands, Maittani, Mourtis, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morieco, Naur The Netherlands, Now Zeland, Nearigw, Norway, Oman, Pala, Parana, Pe, Piippines Poland, Portza, Romania, Russian Fodenton San Marino, S Kits & Nevis St Loin, St Viicent & The Gremtines Sener Sexchles, Slovak Republic Slovenia, Slomon Islands, South Affcn, Spain Suriname, Swede, Switrdan, Tanzania, Tops, Tava, Und inpdom Unumay, United Sate of America, Venema Gene Fishaies Commision fo the Madiermnean (GFC) +0 Esublied in 1909 *~ Comenation development and management of ving marine resources and aquacuu i the Meddcrmneon, $Black Se, and connecting waters +> Albans, Algeria, Bulsana, Creuta, Cyprus, Fayp, Buropein Union, France, Gres, Irae, aly, Japan Lebanon, Liya Mata, Morac, Morteretro Merc, Romani, Stoveni Spin Syr, Tid, Turkey Inter American Tropical Ta Commision (ATTO) + Esabished in 1950 +: Comenvaton and management of tim and othr marine resource in the eater Pacif Ocean + Belize,. Canada, Chin, Colombin, Cota ie, Eeundar, El Savade, European Union France, Cunts, Japon Einbal. Korn, Meveo, Mearpn, Pana, Per, Chinese Taips United Stes, Varia, Venema Intemational Commision fo th Conseration of Alanic Tums ICCAT + Esabished in 1900 + Comeaton of tuns and tudike species (Blctn, kipjoc, yellowing. bigeye, swondfih, bilfites, bue mali. silt, sparity mackerel nll tia) in th Aanic Ocean and s adacen sas + United Sates Japa, South Afres, Ghin, Canada, Francs, Bal Marc, Republc of Korn, Cte D Tore, Angol, Rusia, Gabon, Capen, Unipiy, Sto Tomé ¢ Prinise, Vererils, Guinn Eewoi. Guinée wo 4 | République, United Kingdom, Liby, Chia, European Union, Tunic, Panama, Trinidad & Tobago, Nambia, Barbados, Honduras, Algérie, Mevio, Vaniat, ecland, Turkey, Philipines, Norvay, Mearip, Gunter, Senepal 5 Vincon & The Grenadines, Nigeria, Epp Albi, Siam Leon, Murari, Coig, Liber, EJ Sahador, Cine Biss, Grenada Join Norwegian Russia Fishres Commision (NREC) (blt) + Esablshed in 1976 + Manmgement f fibres inthe Baren Sea +. Rusia Nonvay Northwest Alanic Fishers Orpaizaton (NAFO) +. Eablshed in 1979 +. Conservation and sustaimble se of Asery resource and protection of marine ecogstems in the Conmenton wea * Cnada, Cute, Denmark (cluding Grenland and Faroe Ilnds) European Union, France (St Plone ct Miqslon) North East Alani ishres Commision (NEAFC) +. Exablahed in 1950 + Manmgement Asteris inthe Norh Eas Aanic ocean + Denmark (Grendlan and Faroe Island), European Union, lelad, Norway, Rusian Fodention — Canada i a ccopenting,roncorimct member Commision fo th Consenation of Antartic Marine Living Resorces (CCAMLR) +. Esublshed in 1982 + Objectives include conserving Antarctic marine f in he Soutiem Ocean * Assia, Aust, elslm, Bra, Chil, China, European Union, Franc, Gemany India Kl, Japon, Republ of Kora, Namibia, New Zealand, Nomiay, Poland, Rusian Foletion, South Afrc, Spain Swaten Uisain, Unted Kingdom, Uated Sores of Amencn, Urupy Nort Alanie Salmon Consenation Organization (NASCO) +. Evablahed in 1984 +. Consevation retoriion and management o Alanic salmon +: Canada, Denmark (Greenland and Faroe sands European Union, Norvay, Rusian Federation, Und Sates of America Pacif Stnon Commision PSC) (ilar) + Esublshadin 1985 + Implement Pacifc Salmon Treaty and manage socks +. Canada, United Sates Nort Pcite Anadromous Fish Commision (NPAFC) +. Exablshed in 1992 +. Promotes convention reseach and enforcement of anadromous (pocifi salmon and teclhad rou) fsberis repiltions in Comenton Ares +: Canada Japa; Republic of ere, Rusian Fodenton, United Sates o America Comention on the Consenation and Managemen of he Polock Resources in th Cental Being Sa (CCBSP) (no activ Asbenes +. Exublshed 1994 +. Conserve and restore Polo esoune inthe Bring Sea +. China Jin Republ of Kora, Poland, Rusin Folention Unted Sates of America Commision fo th Comenation of Sothem Blata Tim (CCSBT) +. Esublished in 1994 +. Conservation and management of suthem Blut tuna + Austal European Union, Taiwan Indonesia Japan. Republic of Korm New Zealand, South Afrca wore | Inti Ocean Tura Commision (OTC) «— Exublshe in 1996 + Responsible forthe management of ti and tunik spies inthe Indian Ocean *~ Austlia, Relv, China, Comores, Evite, European Union, France Chines, Ind, Indonesin Tun: Japan, Kenya, South Keres, Midapsce, Malo, Maldives, Maortus, Morambique, Oman Pobisan, Phippnes Stichels, Siena Leon, Somalia South Afic, S Lanka Suda, Tarani, Tailand,Unted Kingdon, Yemen Resionl Commision fo Fishers (RECOFD + Esablshetin 1909 + Development conservation and management of marine resourses and aqueuture + Bahrain, Ian, Ing, Kuwait Qatar Onan, Saut Anbi, United Arb Emites Sout: Eat Atanic Fshres Organization SEAFO) + Esublisted in 2001 «. Fishris science and management towards consenation and mitarable use of marin resouces in South East Alanic Ocean += Aniols, th European Community, lela, Nambia Nomay, Republic f Kors South Afics, Und Kinadom (S. Helen, Trita da Cinta, Ascension bland , Usted Saks Westem and Cental Pcife Fishers Commision (WCPFC) «— Exublshed in 004 +: Conservation and management of um and highly minta sh species acess westem and ctl Pacifc Ocein +. Aust China Canada, Cook Islnds, Earepan Union, Faderted Sates of Micronsi Nj, Franc, Indonsia Zupan Kidba, Republic of Koren, Republic of Mantall ands, Naur, New Zealand, Nive, Pal, Papun New I Guines, Philppines, Sums, Soloman Islnds, Chinese Taips, Tongs, Tuva, Unted Sate of Amera, Vamty |. Southem Indlan Ocean Fisheries Agreement IOFA) | +> Evablshed in 2012 + Comenation and sustainable us ofishery resource in comvenion aren I + Ausra, Cook Iands, European Union, France (ldian Ocean Teri), Republic of Keren, Moustn, | Sexchells, Tailind South Pacife Reina! Fisheries Management Orzaisaton (SPRFMC) += Exublished in 2012 | + Comeraion and sussintle use of fry resource and protection of marine constens in the South Pacite —| Ocemn *~ Ausra, Chile, Chia, Cb, Cook Isands, Eevade, Eropern Union, Dennark (Faroe Islnd, Republi of Kors, Now Zealand, Per, Chinse Taipe, usan Fderion, Vaniat United Sates RFMOs are subjected to mamerouslimtions in tems o Jursiconal comtxt and sovereign elation, incluting an inability to bart and inspect veils or to enforce pealtes aint members ates (Pete ot al.2018).RFMOs can hap «lrurment hese linption by working wit member sare y supplying VMS daa and encouraging enforcement of pon store measures (Petet al. 2018) Case Std: The North Atlant Right Whale in 2017, 18 Nort AsmicRigh whales (NARW were fund dead in Canada (12) and the US. () (Witizns 2018). "These dats ar beeved to b antivopopenc stemming fom human activity including stiping and Asking (Willang 2018) Noth Atari iht whales ae migrntay and rtum to Canada to feed on dense yer of copepods in the By of Pandy and Nova Seo fe calving in Horia and Georia n the United Sixes (Baumpatne tal 2017; Grzenperce anm. ‘The North Aanic righ whale was hate the ink ofextintion y commerial whaling fom th 12" to 18" cemures and rensin tilly endangered (Baumzariner o al. 2017; Grenpence 2019). There have been oortvated fft o cen | protest the speies inc 1935, including "population montoring and standing networks . tablished in the 19708 and 1980" (Baumpater al. 2017) However, eff to protect th species have had Tinited impoct due to "high rts of mortality fom futing near extamiements and sti stokes" (Baumzater otal 2017) —The populaton i estimated at 450 whiles (Greeposce 201) wit only 100 reproducing females (Mackinnon 2018). Most concerning is that no righ whale calve have ben seen this |_ eir (Willams 2018) | I In past yeas, ship stikes have accounted fr morethan hlf of netop righ whale deaths (CanpbelAalone a al |= 2008) and $3% ofall whiles have been ataniled and of hes, 9% have been etandled more han once" (Buumgarmer | etal 2007). Eifons to prevent siles and entanglement have ld to vesel speed reductions and changes t th sow ch |= fking seasons, including temporan closrein Canadian water (Baumgartner etal. 2017; Makimoon 2018) As well, the Government of Canada has promised t incase aerial suvellance and resume dsentangloment reese effors ater thse were supendad in 2017 (Mackimon 2018, Changes to fatingprtes have also been intoduced. including lint on rope eng and the mandatory repoing of lost gear (Mackimon 2018) ‘These efets have reduced but not limiatod anthropogenic moraliies (Baumgartner ota. 2017) and complince remains a comem. For example, St2 ship tants viitd the speod limit imposed in 2017 (Mackimon 2018) Coortinion isalso problenati. For example, a sinlefonale who is response for 22 descendants has bee entanled in ting yar and sifering detining hesh since 2014, wih only sporadic ffots o remove therap a she migrates between Canada and the United Stirs (The Canadian Pros 2018) ‘There i also the ctillens of n—poing and poorly reconized impacts. Right whales rly on sound t communica, navigate, and feed (Paks ata. 2011), However, it i only n eset yea, ince mixed spies mass standings were lins t seinic toting, tht the impuct of nose has ben recognized (Dotman & Jsny 2015; Soni Ses 2016) ‘The wold‘s oseans ae increasingly Ailed wit low level chonic and itermitet high power sounds thatare impucting the breeding, forging, and communication of socis (Dolman & Jony 2015) Miitry ad industrial noise sources have also been ound o cause pysical trum and even moriliy to marine annals (Gone Ses 2016) These impact have also been recoded in North Ainic right while popultions whose alty to communicate has been serousy compromised (Doinan & Jasny 2015) As a esl ofthe presies ths bsn ximato that the Norh Alri right whilc nay be extinct in 20 your (Uiited Sties Seate 2018, n response to this die outlook, numerous consenation and aninal welive groups are sung the Natoral Murine Fisheries Sevice of he Unted Sure or failing t protect the Norh Alanic igh whale (Mackimnon 20m Some sero wit the United Sates Sete have aio expressed concen that Canada is no adegatelyaddresing ight whale population dein. leven senators have writen he National Osenic and Atnosphrl Adninseation (NOAA) requesting an invito nto Canada‘ Alatic sbris and conseaton standards (United Stites Senate 2018) "These serators have expressed concem that Canada isnot encing adequate measres o potete Noth Alaric ight while when compared to the various measrs thatare bing emcto n the Unite Sates (United Sates Sete 2018) "These seniors hav strssed tha if Canada‘ effors ae ound o be lacking imports fom petinet Canada fishies sould be prohibited under the Marie Mammal Potion Act (MMPA) (United Sates Senate 2018) This cas study exemlifes the clillengs confontig fishies and marine resource comertion and management Despite th provinity o he Canada and the Unted Sates, the liited migration and opulaton of he Norh Alanic vig while and th exitenc of postive, bilateal relations, onsenation and enfozement efors renain fouale and disconnected coon t aks: whale foraging ecology andt rte n haman caused morality, Marine Feolouy Progress Series, 581 2017) 163 181 Greenpeace (2017) North Alanic Right Whale, Creenpence Canada avalable at a FisterisBrics There are numerous fiers opertin in Canadian waten. There are conmertal fuberis, both demesic and fren, reccatoal Asbries and Aboriginal fre: all of which are goverad by numero fade and povincareplatons. Over, Cnada‘s commercial ad aquaculure Ashore are worth 59 bilin anally and Canada expoed $6. billon wort o ish and seafood product n 2016 (Levinaoi7) Research indates hat 79% of Canadians eat seafood epulty or occasionally (Levin 2017) Canada expots $% of fsh and sexod products and osimates india that $0% of seraod connmad is imported (evin 2017. This i became Canada produces highquality seaond while Conadans tend toward import and lover value seafood products (Levin 2017) ‘The United Sates and Japan a the two largest fnport make, compriing 13 and 14% of the veal marist har (Pramod tal 2014) The Buropean Union ist latest ovenll import comprising 27% or the plobl male (Pramod oal 2014) The largest consumer of seafood and fik product is Chim, who consumes 27% ofthe global sh and seafood products (Pramod at al 2014) China‘s consumption has increased 50% tn the pas en yeas andis roc t continue to nceas rapidly in th coming decade (Utell 2018) ‘The Ustad Sas is th second largest consumer markt and both China and the United Sates import fsh fst, h men, and processed and canned fsh products (Pramod at al 204) Other large import markets sach as Japan, prize fest, high value rather than processed f forthe sut and sshini matics Japon imports sgifeant anouits of high vale safood including tum, shimp, salmon, cabs and eels (Pramod tal 2017) ‘Th fish and sexfod markt as some unique chanteritcs tha alw tto perte ouside ofthe sil suply and denand princes whch init ther industis(Looni 2015) sh and safood markets do not exhibit "pice szntig® inition where Auctions in mailbilty are refed in cot (Loomis 2015) This is becuse of wbsaton practices "where one generictastng fah is .. substired fr ather" (Loonis 2019. Additonal, new lotion of eplottion can be sougtt when a faking ares becomes scar, For epl, thee is proving ineret in Canada and the Arctic for expansion a his are host inemationally atinctive species (Pevosian 2015) Fish foud is common in Canada. A stady by Oceana in 2016 found tha on i iv seafood producs sampled aabaly were misled. n Canada, sucies found sinilr ites with 284410 of products mmistaheled (Levin 2017. For eampl, 3206 of seatad was found misabled in Quctes and 4496 of products misatled in Otava (Lesin 2017) Mstablng i diven by enonic incentive where chep fi ae auld as more expersivespeies and this racic suppons ileal faking by Inandaing at isk or endangered fs ino the marker Mega Unregulated and Unreported Fisting (UU or UF) Mya, Uneepalted and Uneporta fubing (UU) is "ary fishing that beaks fiers lus and repiition or occ outside the reach of thse laws and epultion" (Racelein 2017) 10W fisting isa loveisc crime that ield highretums because peralicsare much lower han oter compunbl oms of criminal ctviy and th value of some fi is inrudily high (Hnercin 2017) As wel, fshoes are poorly repiited intematonally, and mational contes must contend with "Fnctured povernnce arangments intemal and extonaly (Haen 2017. | som | 10 is difient o oximate becaue i isa clandesine and eaily concealed actvig. I i stinared thi 100 Tsking is companible to 20 to 36% of lebl caches, representing a S10 to 20 billon amily (senlin 2017; Pramod at al 2017) IUD fahing is nt only a thea to comenation it aso itencots wit othr criminal activites. RUV asa orm o natonl ad transnational cime occus alongside dug, ams, and haman taficking money laundering, ta aud, and ford labour (Haenlein 201) ‘The Food and Agriculture Organization of he United Nation (FAQ) simated n 2013 tat 31% of stocks are overfed ad 90% of tacks ar ily or overshed gloly (Mocnlin 2017). IUU sing places additional pressures on thse resouns. In recognition of criinal and comenaion concerns reiting to 10U, in 2014 INTERPOL called o ome forms of TUU t b recognized as "vansational and oriniz crine" (Hoenn 2017) 1UW is condcto through numerous methods such as futing ouside of deigated rons or scsons the use of banned or legal nets fking in closed resees or consention ones as wellas sing witout a Heense Dual Ashing ia difiel to dret form af TUV wher a harvest may b conducting commercial fisting under a reretionl cee. Though peril for bth may be hl, some fsh may nt meet the arieri of th eca being wed Additional mechanisms of UU includ cal sales to avoid documentation, inluing onn ules forged ar mudatet lense; Heens string: the use o hel conpaies an th se of banned mater uch as dymanite or poison to fllite hanvesing (Roelein 2017) As well epa bavesrs may cnploy countersineilnce stateies sich as evading patos, miscpoting hain or Iuilout times, the filsfation of documentation, and th mien ad misidetfexionofcaictes(Heenlin 2017) Additonal Mechanin of 10U Fags of Convenience: vesels choose a la sat known to lack the wil.or ably to sur ther vesls act Ini" (Hoencin 2017) Al ships operating on the Nihaeas (ouside of EEZ) are required o y the lay ofthe sure where the veslsisepiternt Pons of Comenience: 10U sing vessls wll offend ata "or of comenznce where impecton ies are low" (Telseky 209) It has ben supgosed hat Cnada‘s postion between both the European Union and Asin, the two lares import maris, incase he appeal f ors of comvnierc in Canada (Pavesi 2015) "ranshipping: "he tanfer of Fak beween vessl a sen to avoid seriny at po tended to icitite the Inndering of ilegal fh ito egal etches (onlin 2017) Trmsshipment can be dificul to diferentae (rom th pocices o e tip reigned ships tat collet stor, and proces fs t se alloving harvesters to conte sing without having t return to por: Higharading the procice of holding fsh unit higher valu catces can b obiain at which tine the oriinal catch is dicardad at sn. High grading vioits fiting repuatons wile maintaining the aprearice ofmesing utas Case Study: Ehers Elves ae wild cough vel els, also known as glas ecs The curen estimated vase of lve in North Ameria i $2,000 pe pound, with roughly 2.0 els or pound (NFTS 2017). Ovenas, in Asian atis this same amount can sllfor mote tha sx times ths pice (NFHS 2017) a resent ase, an | | | iim nen kana u et o Heaton ir ree ai AE Ain s din a. 11.0 nial indvidal was ari o London wil 6OOkg of elves fom Spain iden in shipment of h, wit an extiated sret value of 23 nition (NFTS 2017) ‘The overeaplotaon o el stocks in Japan: as well as the dstncton of et rences by the Tobolu cathqual, has dive increased ites in Weser clvers (Kilingswort 2015) Du to overeplottion, European els were designated aseiicall endanger though France and Spin continue to hare els ‘Tse dinding stock hav atifed prssretovants North American lv (Rilinzsworh 2019) Els camot be rad in captvig; thrcor the oly means of eplestig ext tks i trough the harvesting ofwild ves Hl nee accouted fr 50t f the biomass i Fstem Noth America ver and ar essential source of food in local bats (ilingswort 2015) Ther ae two suspected sani grounds for els n the world and all els mite t thse rounds to repedace: One spawning ground isa despce trench known as he Spass Sain he mid—Alanic fom which Noth American and European elsmignte A seront groun is believed o cus ner Japan but has not been dented Evers that have been spawned in the Sarsso Sen mig to frsh water rives to mature efire returning to the sea to produc, Netural eves are easily harvested at nigh along rivenites daring mnigrton using Aastligs, hand beld na, and bucket. Once harvested lvers are sld and shipped ovens o production stes where they will be mand, processd,and stipped to markets wound the woud Case Study: North Aint Bucto Tons The Adanic Bluctn Tuma harvest is on the of the wodl‘s most lacutve commercial fiheries Exploatin of thi fsbry has inereaed sice th 1970s and tun are heavily terete or the Japanse raw fish marie Belin Tuna ae the "highstprced tima by weight coutht n the Alanic® and are highly valid o raw consmpton in h asi morkt(Galand et al 2016) Las yeaa Pacific lucia tara was auction in apon for 742 milion (5857000) (McCary 2017. | "The Interatonal Commision of the Comenation of Aanic Tura (CCAT) confimed in 2009 tat Admile Bii Tuns hve desl dramalnly oce the lut 40 sous by 280 i he Bao Adamle | and by 82% in the Westem Allnie As a migrntary species, Atantic Bein Tum are vilontle to overespliation i the Noiwet Adat where thy aquremre Hased on thi ansi ofl Tun catches fom 28 counties rom 2008 t 201 Gagem ta. 2013) estinare a allowable quotas are pevenly excentad by fory—four percent (475) Noby this uly found that becwcen the years of 2008 and 2011, qutss were exceudad by (ity sven peront (321) Tha findings mo inin o reming presure on Afontc Ati P by 10D fing and thre s | evidence o ih aating, ranstipmen, and misase of he contol opsin stem Chia‘s Overseas Hct & Canadas Are Oereapacty is blevad to be a stong diver of 1UU imeronally (Maenkin 2017) The FAO estimate in 204 thatthe lobal fuking Aes is comprised o 46 milion tis, 75% of which belonsto Asian counties (Macnlin 2017). China has th lapet overseas Asting fet wth 2.400 vessls n 2014 (Wien 2017). Conplaims have been brough to the World Trade Oranization epading Chin‘s Hiing Aes capocy. Though China‘s povernment commit to reduce "ts Nes of mediim and large: wore sized vesels by $300, an ttl faking e by 20,000 vessl" additional ships contini to be added 10th fest (Sop Meral ishing 2017) In Januar 2018, China‘s povernment issued a whte paper, "Chia‘s Artic Polcy®, which desard the sures iners in undertanding, developing, protecting and partiiptingin th povemance of th Arctic (Hong 2016) China denes tlf as a "nea—Arco nan" wit conidenle nere i limite change reseah, resource expatrion including natual yas, minenls, and fiberio), the development of transportation utes, and investment in Art intstmetur (Pan & Huntington 2016 Hong 2018) Terminolony: Catch and Ei: isthe blancs of eff and time spot fubing apuinst th amount of ish caut during thi time. Catch and Eon ematiosar used t indesly estinate fsh stock ht, where prover lfon with lover catch is intent ofdecining socks Comention on Intemational Trade and Endangered Species of Wild Faum and Fm (CITES): entered lto for in 1978 and *in i to ensire tai intratonl ade in spcimens of wild anil and plans does ot tremen their surial" (CITES) Exclsve Economic Zone (EEZ): Comention exablshed by the UN Law of the Sn extending the soversin triton ofa ste 200 rautical miles rom store Hal. tOut: Repivera Aiing vessels are required to fo and announce thir ain (aval at por) and hal:out (departure om por) times as a equrement of thi lice. Haiing times are used o stinate catch and efor and ar require to ange for dockside monitoring and atse cbsever baring Phojet Scale INTERPOL projec initiated n 2013 to combat Mepal fishing, project sols to verially inert INTERPOL wth domesic sing enfrsment, devel Fisheries Crime Working Group and conduct region and commodity specifi persion (Telscly 2015) | References: Ganty Galan, Grandy, Rogen, Anthony, & Nicon, Ananda C016) Nevin Alors: 4 Glal Yabsaion af Ture, The Pew Chartable Tris, hips ws pestras or unasalue Gagem A, van den Bergh J, Sumaila UR (2013) Trade Based Enimatio of Buctn Tom Cates in he Easem _" Atbnc . and .. Medternnean, . 2005—2011.. PLoS. ONE — $0; — «998 do0137t onal pone 006950 Henlein Cthy (2017) Below th Sutic: How Mega, Uivepoted and Unreplied Fisting Thetens our Secuy, Whtchl: Rosal Unto Sevices Intutions for Defence ad Securty Studies | Hartel, Louis (2018) Rabobankc Chinato dive morethan half of lobal sefeed consumption grouth ove next dead, Undercurent News Jan 12,2018 Hong Nong 018) China‘sIneressin th Arctic: Opportunites and Chillers. Washington: Insure for China Americ Satis | sen Kilingwoth, Sivin Z015) The oot ife ofthe Lowly Ex, The New Yorker, Apri 23, 2015 Levin Jui 2017) Mystery Fh Sefond Era n Canada and How to Stop I Tort: Occam Canada. Loonis lima 015) Fishoonics 10; the Musion of Abundance, akai Magarin, October 2018 Mears Justin (2017) Blctn Tum el for £00.00 t Japan auction anid ovefiting concem. The Catia Jamary 5, 2017, Avilible at lito:Fivothemartian cormworld 0L75on Soin unas sell foS00000 apm ascionanidcoerfstinconcems NFIS (017) IUU Fisting and Cnada‘s Itevetios EVEY MDA Conference Montery, July 14,2017 Pan, Min & Huntington, Heney P; (016) A precutionay appronch to Asbees in the Cenral Artic Ocean: Polis, siews, and China Main Poe, 63 2016; 153197 Perrasta, Gobir A. (2015) Preveting Mepal, ureportod and oveplied (UU) fotine: a itation approach Bologlal Comsenation hit:/t door 0.10165 iocon 201409008 Pramod, Ganapahirajs, Nakamurs, Katina, Picher Tory J, & Delian, Losic (2014) Eximates of (Mepal and unreporid fil in sexfd import i th USA, Marine Poly, 48 (2014) 102—113 Pramod, Ganapathinje, Picher Tory J, & Masia, Goplivshra (017) Estnates of ileal and anrepoted sexfod inponst Japon, Marine Roley, 4 2019; 4251 Sip Ilegal Fiing (017) "Aflr WTO overfishing cop out Chim‘s CNFC commisions seven new tuna ves, Step Mega Fisting, online: tps onilea ising com press nk wtoeutshine son: chinassnfecomnisionsseremnenstim vols "Telaetdy, Anasaia (2015) Laundering Fish in the Gloal Undereuncets: Mepal, Unreponed, and Unreplied Fisting aod Trarsationa Organized Crin, eology Law Quarrl, 41 () 939.597. wees E | | ‘Theiss Act and abiar In the sunmer of 2012, th Fisheries At of 1976 was sinifeanly amended whe the Goverment | | removed Setion 38 (1) which stiplaed hat "No person tall cary on any work o underaking tat resuts in the ham alriion, disnption or destaction of fsh hablar The Fisheries Act is the | "attry Framework that describes most of the goverment s responslts for Canad‘sAiseries and | | fik habiin®, therefor this amendment fandamenallshifed the pvernmen‘s approach to consenaon | | and protesion (Muchings 2013) | "The removal of protesions aysint the hal arin, dispion or dstmzion of fish tubiat | (ADD) weabenad national consenatio avs and distanced Canada fom it itemational obligations to prost spss at isk (HMuctings 2013) For example, Caada‘sSpeies at Rise Act (SARA 2002) ctes | habtatas "key to consenation®, wile he Deparment of ishore and Occis (DFO) was commited o adpting an eco stm approal to comsenation (Rurching 2015) Addtionly, the government amendment aplica "no human. no fy" pricile o th aplcaton of th Fskry Act (Rrchings 201), This ici ema ved marine emironments hat are nt sujet active fiing rom he mandate ofthe Fishies Act Thi change to DFO‘s mandit lad consdenle consrits on the Deparment‘s ablity to coeve and protest fithtabiat, leading to a srcesive review ofthe Actin 2016 and the craton of Bi C—68 In addtion to resoring tabiat potesions, the 2016 review soup to addrss modernization rssonllition, eforement Asheris management and biodiversity protetin and to provide a response to growing publ concems regading marine marinals in captvig. Addrionly, new considention or deisonmaking were included in Bil C68 which propos a prosutlonay and ecoustems based aprssches inclusion of triton knowledge, and he romoton fconmunt knowledge: Inpotady, th resontin of HADD will aso beaccomponid by revisions that #updat and srenghen erferement power" (DFO 2018). Speifealy, DFO office would ain th ably to op and dain vests or vices (Subsection £900), he authority to entree their poem under the Act on Canadian fabing vescl in forsan port and vates seton 7.1, and th responsbiy to reain cord for cnch cetifcaion purposes (Subsection 616.1) (PFO 2018) Wah HADD resored in the Fisheries Act, these expanded powers would allow DFO to enforce the protibiton against caising th dath of fit, by meses other tan fiting, eros cotets that were proviody open o propery and development nittvs. To dat, B C68 has passed Third Rexing in | the House of Commons on June 20,2018 an is curent before the Sea. The proposed reintroduction of habtat proton in th Fishers Act achnonloties the coal ole habit ply in consenaion fors (Canaclanot at 2014). Though the proposed amendment of Bi C: 68 will bing DFO polices closer inline wih the mandite of Comerction and Prrecion, many challenge nitin rotting tabie tn patos, habia studies ar hindered by a lck o data as stadies of erica habiat are guida by «xistng knowledge of animal populations and satarabli, pata simetur, and populaton vali models are rarely appled (Camaclang t l, 2004). As a reult of ths Timttios, crtenl tab or esis may not b adequately protected by measre ach as he Comite on the Satus of Endangered Wife in Canada (COSENIC or ly asessd under the Spies at Rik Ac (SARA) COSEWIC is reponsile f implementing th Intemational Union fo Consenation of Nawe‘s (UCN) Red Lis aera towards th assessment of spocis satu in Canada (Dorey & Walter 2017) When there ces | is concem epating a specie? statu, COSEWIC recommends hi spies fo epa isting under he Species a Risk Act (Dour & Walter 0) In Canada, SARA preto s only provided on adel land and fr aqute spocis and mlgrty bins as he povinces hold "ursticin over natual resurcs, public lads and pine propery" (Dory & Waller 2017 Cumlitvaly, SARA proecton covers 5% of land in Canada and protections may be "based towants peies that ae es likly to affect inst and soicy® (Dorey & Walker 2017) COSEWIC was fist comened in 1977 and was given the power to determine speics tat want assesment fo comeration satus (Huctings ta. 2016. Sine this ine, COSEIIC his assessed 970 wildife spcisand found 724 o be at i including 195 Fa species (Hhichings otal. 2016). OF these species aporeninatly $5% have been accsted under SARA protecton (Hutchings eral 2010) "Though maine fits account or nealy one in two species at ris, marin fhe ae the "group lest Hikely to b included" i SARA listngs (Hatching t a. 2016, or those that ar ited, SARA requres the Miniser of Fisheries and Ocean to prepare a recovery states, including the ifeniicaion and protection ofentcal abiat (Rotchings tal. 2016) Itis lear ta thre are emions betveen commersia and consenation tees when comidering species rofesion (Hutchings tal. 2016) For exnpe, the stonn mako was econimendad fo pottin by COSENIC in 2006 yet no decision has ben made by goverment (Hechings ot al. 2016. Faking and pelasic longining spcifell, are the prewtst tren to the mako which is caught as bycatch in swordft, trs and stack fishies and "sought afer by spor fir" (DFO 2018) Exising dts suggest tht catchrate denes of 40.50% have been esorda n American and Japanese in studies, though there is inadequate independen. dat for Canada (DFO 2018) This cumple demonstates the prenia Yintatins placed on proection measirs, partclaty for endanger or thrstenad rin fs, ofwhich only 67 of COSEWIC speis have bec ited under SARA (Rorchings eal. ani0) In 2013, the Commision of th Environment and Susainble Developmen "found that criiel bint was not ident ed" n 66% of DFO recovery stratgis (Hutchings etal 2016), Sinc the inroducion of SARA, ony one order o etal babiat protection hasbeen ssud for a marin peces and thi acton was taken afer Ivsui was brough orvart (Huctings tal 2016), These liiations coud pntally place Canadas inertonl epution atis For earle, though Canada has adeped inertia teria fr potecton though th Red Lin, only 36% of plobally: endangered speies are pote under SARA (Dory & Walker 2017). The reintroduction of babi protections inthe Fishers Act wouldbe an important mean to achieve stronger peotestions fo marine wildlife ad increase Conat‘spancipion in ittemaonl protectin tfors Imasive Species Habiat protections ar also cosly inked to the then posed by invasive spcis and new replatons have been ceny introduced o help protect aint thei introduction in Canada. The Aquari imcaive Species Regulations provides epa fouls under the fond Fsfeis detto prevent th ntroduction af aqui imasivespeies (AB) nto Canadian wate and to contol and manage thir salshnen and spread cac inteducad® (DFO 2018) ‘Th determination and designation of a speis as imasiv is Highly detaed and is ofen the reult of complex process that may be influenced by colopical coidentfons "mena rpresenition, and sone social context" (Ester a al 2014; Coauti & Misa 2004; David ar al 2017) In Canada, two apocis are of parielar concen: the aobra musil and Asian car. As imasve speci, these aninals have creted an ae expected t crea severe impacts throughout allccoystems (Sata eal. 2001) "The satus of imasive socks remains a highly subjective concept and processes ae pecicnssnii, focusing on individal species ather than pathways of ntroduction or on resin dta intend nlotal trends tharfor avalible infmation irlatvely biased and ited n scope (Molnar eal 2008 David et a 2017) This isa problem in repard to marine invasive speies as they are a major thre to bidivests, and have had profound ecaloglat ad economic impact" (Molnar o al 2008) As noted by Molar cta (2008), when an ieasiveapeies "becomes cubis} in marine abla it can be neady imposible to ciminate" (Molnar t l. 2008) The most conman pathways for the inroducion of imasive marine spesies to Norh America are shiping and aquulure (Molar ta 2006) The astra mussel is believed to have been inroduccd by shpoing while the Asan Carp was introduce itetonally to support aquneuture (DFO 2018; Traynoe 2016) Casestidy Asan Cap Asian Car isa term usd to refer t the species of carp thersise know as bighend. sive, ack and ross cap. Crp wer introduced to Amere to conta asil population and "improve wate quai® n catish aqieilure farms (Traynor 2018) Becaine car conmime large quatis of alga, they agressively displace native sh by removing base nutes m th fod ctai and altringtabios. Sins thir invaducion and prolifeton though the Misinippi Rive in he Unted Sates, Asian Cap popultion have been expanding towards Gra Lakes vtenheds. Of paicular concem is th potential role payed by the Chicago Santry and Stip Canal (CS9C). Conte to filtre vado and remove water wase,the CSS was eninerad t reve th fow ofthe Des aines River (Traynor 2018) ‘The CSSC curenty fils the movement of "sven milion ton o carro" amialy, valued a S16 bition (Trynor 2018) Three, recommendations to clos the canal o prevet the movenent of Asim carp from the Misisipp Rivero the Great Lakes have not been implemented. Inte, etic bavien and exising lock natems ar bine erployed to help lint movenent (Traynor 2018). However, DNA eviderc suggoss that Asin ca have succofily pollratd beyond thie bavies, acing the Great Lakes ecagstem at signicant isk (Ceo eral. 2018) Because many maine spies, "including some at rs are the mubie of extemive commensal harvesting" thee is a clear neod for balance "betwesn explotatin and conservation" (Muctings o al 2016) Incrsased power to pofethablat could bolter comrvaton power by protein the abtat of commenially adacen spies, which coud in tum, deca presure on commerially exploted marine wposis. sant | Beyond the barriers fame Asian carp DNA evidence has been found miles ... |.. Lae beyond electric bariers meant to keep the ish (© Michigan: oot of Lake Micha. That means the carp have .\ Rois managed to get past the barriers and are now \ won dangerously within reach of th lake nino lsc c Camich wis.) dake | Mrs T4 MeWe,| — uumos Cels . | Tpe mick \r tomiom | dgieo. 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