*see supporting pressure and state topic information table Pressure (6) - Discharges to freshwater - Abstractions 84 diversions - Erosion - Landscape physical form - Climate effects - Water use efficiency State (21) - Deposited fine sediment cover - Wetland extent - Periphyton biomass - Lake trophic state"i - Aquatic plant community composition 0 Phytoplankton biomass - Macroinvertebrate community composition - Distribution and occurrence of fish - Concentrations of phosphorus - Concentrations of ammonia - Concentrations of nitrogen - Water clarity - River suspended sediment loads - Concentrations of pesticides - Groundwater salinity - River flow - Lake reservoir storage - Snow ice storage - Groundwater storage - Concentrations and extent of cyanobacteria - Concentrations of indicator pathogens (includes Ecoli) Pressure and State Topics for the 2015 Report Pressure (3) - Hydrology$2 - Climate effects 0 Land use""'3 State (13) - Distribution of indicator indigenous species - Biomass production in forests, wetlands 8L agricultural systems a Carbon stocks in forests agricultural systems - Nitrogen stocks in forests 81 agricultural systems - Decomposer organisms in' forests agricultural systems 0 Nutrient cycling in forests 8L agricultural systems - Distribution abundance of pest species 0 Distribution extent of land cover - Distribution of threatened indigenous environments - Distribution 84 extent of erosion - Distribution of soil type - Soil condition - Distribution 3L extent of contaminated land .4 Abundance 84 distribution of Pressure - Climate effects - Discharges?to the marine environment"4 . Resource use? 0 Habitat modification?as State marine mammals - Abundance 8; distribution of seabirds 5 9 Abundance 8i. distr'ibutiqniofi . marine fish 'i ?1 Abundance 8: distribution on marine invertebrates - Abundance-& distributicn of mariine flora . 0 Spatial variation of marine species rithces - Distribution 4. extent-of marine - State of bad webs - - rsrattorn-dwelling ldemersal)'~ communities composition Concentrations extent of phytoplankton - Soft-sediment macroinvertebrat?e communities composition a Occurrence of pest species 0 Concentrations of indicator pathogens in coastal waters (includes Enterococcr?) - Concentrations of heavy metals in sediments - Clarity - Shell?sh contamination - Occurence frequencv of algal blooms - Sea level height - Sea temperature - Ocean circulation current - Ocean acidity I 73 aiaudsc-ww Pressure (3) - Global greenhouse gas emissions Global emissions of ozone-depleting substances - Sea temueiature State (10) Concentrations of carbon dioxide - Concentrations of methane - Concentrations of nitrous oxide 0 Concentration of atmospheric ozone - Atmospheric circulation - Temperature Precipitation - Occurrence of extreme events - Sunshine hours - UV intensity Pressure (6) - Horne heating - Transport - Natural sources Industrial discharges - Discharges from primary production - Meteorological conditions State (9) - Concentrations of particulate matter - Concentrations of carbon monoxide - Concentrations of sulphur dioxide - Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide - Concentrations of ground level ozone - Concentrations of arsenic - Concentrations of lead 0 Concentrations of benzola}pyrene - Concentrations of benzene Ecological integrity Biological integrity Impacts on biodiversity. Could include: I Conservation status of threatened species I Distribution range of pest species Physical integrity Impacts on physico?chemical processes. Could include: I Soil status I Water quality yield I Environmental pollutants Systems integrity impacts on ecosystem representation. Could include: I Threatened habitats I Functional diversity of terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems Ecological integrity is__de'fined as the full potential of indigenous biotic and abiotic features, andjnatur?al processes, functioning in sustainable communities, habitats, and landscapes. Informationgortall three ofthese topics is required to provide a meaningful on the natural environment. Economic benefits derived from utilising natural resources Material and food production- This-could in'clude'economic measures of I Timber j: T: - Fish .. - I Aquaculture I Maori business I Maori Land This is important'as a country should be able to provide materials and food for its people. Food'and material produation are also important components ofthe New Zealand economy and contribute significantly to our exports Efficiency of resource use How the resource is used and what does-it bring to the economy I Water availability The availability of natural resources are fundamental to the New Zealand economy Energy generation and mineral extraction Theadded value to the economy. This could include: I Petroleum I Minerals I Geothermal . This is an important component ofthe New'Zealand economy Teurism Contribution to the New Zealand economy from tourism and recreation activities such as water activities . Fishing I, I Boating -- .I Whale watching Tourism represents one of the main contributors-to New Zealand GDP and depends highly on New Zealand?s environment Public health Chronic health effects The ill?health effects of environmental exposuge occur as a result of cumulative exposures overtime. Could include: - - I I Air pollution I Skin cancer Acute health effects The ill-health effects of environmental exposure occur relatively soon after exposure. Could include: I Food safety I Faecal bacteria Once a person has been exposed to an environmental hazard, health effects may manifest themselves which may vary in type, intensity and magnitude depending on the type of hazard, the level of exposure and other factors. This causes death and illness in people. Many health impacts have a potential economic cost. Food safety has a potential impact on mahinga kai/recreational harvest Culture and recreation Abundance, quality and use of Wahi tapu W?hi tapu is a placersa'c'red to Maori in the traditional, spiritual, religious, ritual, or mythologicalseh?sei wahi tapu are land that contains one or more wahi tapu. Could include: I Condition of'sites of significance I Cultutal Health Index Abundance, quality and .use of Wahi taonga Wab?tadn'ga covers (whole or part of} aspect of the environment prized for their cultural valu?-teMaori. This includes-property, goods, possessions, effects and or treasures? applied to anything considered of value, tangible or intangible. Could include: I Condition of taonga species and'mahinga kai (food gathering area) I Cultural Health index I Measures of environment, representing two world views I Relationships between Maori and the land, freshwater, biodiversity, coastal and marine environment I Impact on values of M?ori, including the ability'to practice kaitiakitanga (Custodianship by an iwi or hapu over land and other taonga within the tribal region) I impacts of changes to culturally significant indigenous species, and ecosystems Recreation This could include measures of New Zealanders swimmingand-tramping- ability to access and enjoy ?shing, boating, New Zealah'd-ers an tourists value outdoor recreation and amenities Supporting pressure and state t0pic information Pressure/State Supporting information topic Lake trophic state The advice of the lake expert on the TAG is that the "Lake Eutrophication? topic be revised to ?Lake Trophic State?. This terminology is consistent with the NPS-FM 2014. Trophic Stateyvibhf a? important PFOXV for lake condition, and has historically represented the most widespread change in lake conditicffigif?the national level. 4.x *2 Hydrology Refers to the movement, distribution and quail water, including the hydrological cycle *3 Land use Includes agricultural intensification, industries, urban expansion etc . I I 1? *4 Discharges to the marine Includes, for example, hydroca rbons and litter environment *5 The impact of usipgztihe?marine resource on the wider marine Resource use environment bycatch, removal of target fish or disturbance frtirr?boating . . *6 Habitat Looks at?hgghanges and loss of habltats due to anthropogenlc . . . as bottom trawling, mineral extraction and coastal r" as. development *7 Distribution and ?aflieifnarine equivalent of land cover extent of marine-x; LiMarine habitats support species that are important habitats commercially/culturally or that we are trying to conserve Supporting impact topic information Cultural wellbeing: On 3 July we proposed an impact Topic of ?cultural wellbeing?, you asked us what we meant by this and how it can be measured. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage has defined cultural wellbeing (for its own purpose) as: the vitality that communitiesand individuals enjoy through: I participation in recreation, creative and cultural activities; and the freedom to retain, interpret and express their arts, history, heritage arid traditions. Our intention with the ?Cultural Wellbeing? topic was to ensure that the 201-5f5yn'thesis Report measured the impact the state (or change in state) of the environmentwas having on communities within New Zealand, including Maori The framework we propose includes a ?recreation? topic, under the "and recreation? impact category, which reflects an important aspect of New Zealand?SCUIture (in line with definition) . 3' . We consider that cultural wellbeing, in a Maori context, encompasses the health, happineSs, wealth, etc. of Maori as defined and expressed by their own cultural standards. MaoriStatistics NZ already measure Maori sense (see Te Kupenga: Maori well?being in 2013), so have been working With Statistics NZ on how we might better achieve measuring the impact of environmental change on Maori. We have agreed on the following proposed approach for Topics Willhelp us achieve this: 0 impact topics that are more specific-Ito IVIaori. Therefore, we have replaced ?cultural wellbeing? with and use of W?hi Tapu? and 'Abundance, quality anduse of W?hi Taonga?. (see for explanation). 0 measures that are explicitly relevant to Maori can be reported on under other impact categories. For example, impact on Maori business and Maori land could be measured. under the 'Material and food production? topic. mm form Statistics New Zealand (ATAUHANGA stratum? 9 Manor?? M6 722 Taiao Aide Memoire To: Hon Amy Adams, Minister for the Environment File ref: Hon Nicky Wagner, Minister of Statistics - From: Malcolm McKee, Stewardship Directorate, Colin DGS Customer Strategy Delivery, Statistics NZ Date: 31 July 2014 Re: Environmental Reporting: Development of 2015 Report topics Purpose To provide Ministers with advice regarding topics for the-2015 Report, by setting out different levels at which topics could be specified. The briefing'includes the following advice: Topics for the 2015 Report It Options for topic specificity - Topics and Statistics: A distinction - Impact topics for Maori Environmental Reporting Bill . Costs implications of setting topics?" OUT OF SCOPE Situation analysis We met?Witbr-you on 22 July 2014 to further discuss topics for the 2015 Report. The briefing is in advance of your next scheduled meeting on environmental reporting with the'Secretary for the Environment (Secretary) and the Government Statistician (GS) on 4 August. IN CONFIDENCE 1 Key Points and Advice Topics for the 2015 Report Options for topic Specificity Attached as Appendix One is a set of A33 (one per domain) to guide discussion in your next scheduled meeting with the Secretary and the GS on 4 August. These A33 ?cascade? the potential topics along a scale of specificity. Topics and Statistics: A distinction It is important that both Ministers and the GS feel assured that the distinction between topics and statistics is clear, even though this is to a degree a matter of judgement-Having a clear distinction between topic and statistic will ensure clarity between the role of Ministers to select topics (the ?what?) and the (38?s role in the selection of statistics (the ?howi-j 'tiriat'measure them. Therefore, this distinction is integral to the successful operation of the environmental reporting framework. Both agencies have been working together towards a of this distinction and propose the following explanation: Topic (the ?what?) Statistics.__._to measure topics (the ?how?) Topic a qualitative title that describes Statistics to measure topics a an area or issue of interest. quantitative measure of an attribute or aspect of a topic. A topic will signify an area of relevance Typically includes terms like and is distinguishable from a stati.Sticli.n concentration, abundance, numbers of, that a topic contains no explicit-reference etc. to how it is measured. For example: Impacts biodiversity. For example: Number of species classed as threatened. Although the distin?otions-between topic and statistic can be defined, there is still ambiguity about the point at which .to'specify topics. The problem is that topics can be set at varying degrees of specificity within the above definition. This is further illustrated in Appendix One. There is a risk that as the scale" slides to more specific topics, the 68?s discretion to set statistics is perceived to become,- inCreasingly limited. With-[reference to the table in Appendix One, the GS considers the first level clearly as topics, the se?Cond level as areas of focus for the measurement of a topic, and the third level as the - specific statistics that could be used to measure topics. The G8 feels that her independence (in deciding how the topic will be measured) is preserved if Ministers choose level two and therefore accepts this level of topics should Ministers choose it. However, she has a strong preference for level one as this: lN CONFIDENCE 2 - gives her more flexibility and choice as to which statistics she may choose to measure the topics and is therefore more consistent with the Government?s policy intention of independent reporting; - allows measures to react to changes in environmental science priorities; and 0 provides a level of detail and plain English that will be more effective in telling a coherent story about New Zealand?s environment. Impact Topics for M?ori At our last meeting with Ministers on environmental reporting, it was proposed that Customary Use? could be an impact topic for the 2015 Report. This is important to reflect impacts of environmental changes from a different perspective and ensure that Maori are engaged in the management and maintenance of resources that enable Maori to practice their culture. To ensure that environmental reporting reflects two world views which will contribute to improved outcomes for all New Zealanders we propose an additional impact topic; I?mauri?. Mauri is the sustaining life force or Spirit of all things. When mauri is strong, flora and fauna flourish; when ecosystems are damaged, mauri is low. Measurement of mauri could. include a statistic using the Cultural Health Index (CHI) or the Mauri Compass as methodoldgies. These methodologies and the corresponding information base are unlikely to meet statistical'criteria for a national statistic in 2015 as the CHI is currently used at a regional level and theiMauri Compass is in very early stages of development. However, once more analysisgis complete the Government Statistician may decide to include these, or other statistics in this area, as case studies if the methodology can be proven to meet high quality standards and, data collection can be proven to be cost effective. The GS proposes an assurance mechanism toensure Ministers? confidence in the process and outcomes of the development of measures for Maori impacts. This could regular report back on progress including an assessment of the likely use of specific measures in future reports. . - Environmental Reporting am Costs implications of set-ting topics . There is a concern that setting topics that reach beyond current data sets may set an expectation that'Councils and Crown Research Institutes (CRls) start collecting additional data, or collect data in a certain way. The intention is for topics to be set broadly enough to encompass all important dimensions of each Kip-main. This will identify data gaps, and will drive work over time to fill those gaps. We acknoviiledge that this work will have cost implications, both for central and local government. There is no provision in the Bill for any person to require information for the purposes of 7- environmental reporting. If Ministers, the Ministry for the Environment or Statistics NZ decided that new data was required for the purposes of filling data gaps, existing mechanisms would be used to acquire that information. All of these mechanisms would require cost to be considered on a case by case basis. IN CONFIDENCE 3 Current mechanisms in place to ensure cost effectiveness If Ministers were to decide to direct collection of new data, cost implications (including those on third parties) would be considered through: a the regulation-making process when setting regulations under section 360 of the Resource Management Act 1991; section 32 assessment as well as the regulation?making process for amending National Environmental Standards. Where officials (Ministry for the Environment and Statistics NZ) identify a data gap, - consideration of cost on central government would be triggered by the ?reasonable efforts?_test set out in the Bill (see clthe Bill). This test allows the GS and Seer??tary to decide whether to report on each topic. It would not, for example, be ?reasonable? toanur costs beyond the priority of the information needs. . - The Bill also requires that the GS, when deciding what statistics be used to measure topics, follow best practice (see cl. 13 (3) of the Bill). The intention of this drafting. isto give effect to the Cabinet decision for the GS to apply the ?Principles of Tier 1 Statistics? min 13 26/6]. This includes a range of criteria that'the GS must satisfy before setting statistics, one of these principles is ?lntegrity? and it readsI?The selection of statistical sources, methods and procedures is a professional responsibility. and is based on scientific principles and best international practice, taking into account the cost implications to government and providers?. Both of these clauses would flow into operational cqihSidErations of cost on central government that both departments are required to apply. Depaftniental costs assoCiated with statistic choice are likely to be considered through: the Ministry for the Environment?s depart-mental spend process; -- 0 Statistics annual purchase advice to Ministers about priorities for investment in official statistics; a under the Statistics Act GS has the power to require information to be collected, but only with the approval of the Minister for Statistics. There is no power for officials to impose data collection requirements on Councils or CRls; this is the Ministers? prerogative. We consider the above process, set through existing "mechanisms, the Bill, the Statistics Act 1975 and the Principles and Protocols for producers of tier 1 statistics, covers the concern? 'of cost consideration sufficiently. We are also mindful of creating redundancies in leg'iSiat-iOn. Alternatr'ire option Should'you wish to make the consideration of cost more explicit in the Bill, the Bill could require the G8 to consider the cost implications of setting statistics for a domain report or a report. This option could be applied at varying levels, such as: - Low threshold: requiring the GS to consider the cost implications of setting certain statistics; 0 Higher threshold: requiring the GS to be satisfied that the benefit of collecting certain data outweighed the cost this would impose, whether it is cost on central or local government. IN CONFIDENCE 4 A statutory obligation to consider cost elevates this consideration to statutory requirement, effectively allowing the G8 to be held accountable for costs imposed by setting a certain statistic. Setting this out in the Bill would also provide assurance to Ministers and information providers Councils and CRls) that cost implications of information gathering was being managed at all levels of the environmental reporting framework. There may also be unintended consequences which would need to be further thought through. For example, how this obligation for the GS to consider cost would intersect with the Minister?s powers under section 360 of the RMA. On balance our advice is that new legislative requirements are both unnecessary andpresent unquantifiable risks. OUT OF SCOPE IN CONFIDENCE OUT OF SCOPE OUT OF SCOPE Conclusions and Next Steps This advice is provided in advance of your next scheduled meeting on environmentaifeporting with the Secretary and the G8 on 4 August. Depending on the outcome of that conyersa'tion, we expect to seek formal agreement to the topics for the 2015 Report by midaAugust. IN CONFIDENCE 7 Appendix One fAtmospH . . What are-We twins! 10% ?nd: til-ii? Pressure What human activities affect New Zealand?s climate and atmosphere? 1 Greenhouse gas emissions and Ozone-depleting substances r2 Topic level Global greenhouse gas emissions level 3 Estimate" the global concentrations of gas inducted "2907 3.0.5 .l Yes In- Global emissions of ozone- depleting substances 4 1-. {glim?lte of the global concentrations of debris-depleting substances Yes What natural factors affect New Zealand?s climate and atmosphere? Sea temperature Sea temperature vi? - a Sea surface temperature No State Green house gases Carbon dioxide Concentrations of carbon dioxide Yes Methane Concentrations of methane Yes Nitrous oxigg?j?. sec- Concentrations of nitrous oxide Yes Atmospheric ozone Concentration of atmospheric ozone Yes Atmospheric circulation Atmosph?e?c circulation Southern oscillation index No What are the characteristics of New Zealand?s Temperature ex 7.x ?if! {temperature Observations for the climate database, including the seven station temperature time senes Yes atmosphere and climate? use Precipitation ?rst?: Rainfall Observations for the climate database of rainfall Yes Snowfall Snowfall from the end of summer snowline observations No Extreme ?z'k ?ip Extreme events Occurrence of extreme events, including lightning, ?ooding, windstorms, droughts NO at, I - Sunshine?ilours solar .- .- Sunshine hours NZ observations of sunshine hours No UV intensity NZ observations of UV intensity Yes impact What are the effects of the condition of atmosphere and? climate on ecological integrity "2 5 processes .3 on ecosystem Ocean acidity Ocean pH No Droughts Occurrence (frequency and duration) of droughts in New Zealand No Water availability Water stress No What are the effects of the atmosphere and the change in its condition on the New Zealand economy? Resource availability it Use Ag production GDP No Economic impacts of extreme weather events Insurance loses from (insurance council statistics) extreme events No Chronic health effects Skin cancer (UV) Skin cancer (UV) rates No What are the effects of the conditiongof'latmlosphere and climate on public health {if} "sit-'9 {a :1 r. in Acute health effects Contagious diseases Occurrence of contagious diseases (for example flu, salmonella) No 31 July 2014 CONFIDENCE What are we trying to find out? What human activities affect New Zeaiand?s air quality? Pressure Topic level 1 Home heating Topic level 2 Woodlcoal bumers Topic ievel 3 En?iifi?i?'ns from woodicoal burners Included 2007 Yes Transport Land transport Emissions from [and transport Ectiviti es No? Aviation &shipping Emissions from aviation shipping activities No industrial discharges Discharges from industry? No Discharges from NO Discharges from primary production Discharges from'gfci?estry No What natural factors affect New Zealand's air quality? Concentrations of dust No Natural sources Airbome dusgtg?? Sea salt, it Concentrations of sea salt NO Sporagiq'eir??nts (bush ?res, volcanoes) Emissions from sporadic events (bush ?res. volcanoes) No Meteorological conditions that trap and disperse Tefh?brature inversions Yes pollutants Wipd conditions No What is the condition of New Zeaiand's State lnhaiable particles of concern to human health Mil'bome particulate matter Concentration of particulate matter Yes Carbon monoxide Concentrations of carbon monoxide Yes Sulphur dioxide Concentrations of sulphur dioxide Yes inhalable gases of concern to human 4' Nitrogen dioxide Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide Yes agate- Ground level ozone Concentrations of ground level ozone Yes Airbome arsenic Concentrations of arsenic No ?i lnhalable metals of concern to hum?nhedlth Airborne lead Concentrations of lead Yes lnhatabie volatile and serrii?otatile organic Benzo(a)pyrene Concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene No Benzene Concentrations of benzene Yes What are the effects of the condition of impact air quality on public health compounds of concern to hugnh??ealth Chronic health effects We, a . v? Chronic respiratory or cardiac illnesses Premature deaths Yes Hospital admissions No (ff Acute health Acute respiratory or cardiac illnesses Restricted activity days No Premature deaths Yes 31 July 2014 indicates not included in 200? 80E report but included in subgsegtient Report Card updates . .. n? IN CONFIDENCE Freshwater What are we trying to find out? Topic level 1 Topic level 2 Topic level 3 '.lncluded in - 2007 $05 Diffuse discharges Yes Point source discharges it?s Yes Abstractions diversions Abstractions 8: diversions "Reported water abstractions Yes Land cover Land cover ?ex .g Distribution extent of land cover Yes Erosion Erosion ?t Occurrence 8. extent of erosion No What natural factors affect the condition of New Zealand?s freshwater? gigscape 8? pwsical Landscape physical form Terrain geology topography Yes Climate effects Climate effects No Wetlands Wetland extent Yes River morphology Natural character index - Composition of aquatic plant Freshwater plants Freshwater plagts? communities No? .5 3.3 1, A Lake submerged plant index What is the condition of freshwater ecosystems? Yes resh?tiiat??t fish Distribution and occurrence of ?sh No Biological properties f" 35.} Trophic level index Yes . Periphyton and lankton ?I??phlc State biomass Vt Yes nutrients, clarity ?3 Phosphorous Concentrations of phosphorous Yes Ammonia Concentrations of ammonia Yes Water eg'sscbemical Nitrogen Concentrations of nitrogen Yes properties IL- Pesticides Concentrations of pesticides What human activities affect the condition of New Zealand?s Discharges to freshwater freshwater? Pressure Freshwater habitats State at . . Concentrations of groundwater - Groundwater salinity salinity it Water clarity Optical clarity Yes dwater?physical properties River suspended sediment River suspended sediment load No Deposited fine sediment Deposited ?ne sediment cover No Annual average volume of in?ows No and outflows Net change in storage of lakes and rivers Volume of water stored as snow and ice Mean annual groundwater storage volume Cyanobacterta in freshwater bodies emcentramns 8? mam ?f Pathogens bacteria Cyambacte?a . . - Concentrations of indicator Indicator pathogens In freshwater bodies pathogens (includes Econ Number of species classed as Yes threatened Impacts on ecosystem Chemical 6? physical integrity No Yes I What is the condition of New Zealand?s freshwaten.? River flow environment? Lake reservoir storage No Hydrology (surface groundwater cycle) Snow ice storage No Groundwater storage No Yes Yes What are the effects of the condition of the freshwater Impacts on biodiversity Conservation status of indigenous species Impact environment on ecological integrity? IN CONFIDENCE 1 0 processes What are the effects of the freshwater environment and the change in its condition on the New Zealand economy? Material food production Material and food production Yes Resource availability use Commercial and industrial use Yes Water resource availability Physical supply use tables No Energy generation mineral extraction Hydrowelectric power . Hydro-electric power generation No* Tourism Tourism No What are the effects of the condition of the freshwater environment on public health? Acute health effects Waterborne infections and diseases Hospital admissions waterborne disease Infection risk No What are the effects of the condition of the freshwater environment on culture and recreation? Customary use Access and ability to usenfreshwater resources for customary purposes Cultural Health Index No Mauri Health of freshwater""from a Maori perspective . lvlauri compass N0 Recreation Suitability for contact recreation Yes 31 July 2014 indicates not included in 2007' 80E report but included in subsequent Report Card updates Recreational sporti'r'ig'use IN CONFIDENCE 11 Pressure What are we trying to ?nd out? What human activities affect the condition and use of New Zealand?s land environment? Topic level 1 Land use Topic level 2 Land use Topic "level 3 Urbanisation over time included 2007 Yes In What natural factors affect the condition and use of New Zealand?s land environment? Hydrology (water cycle) Hydrology (water cycle) No Climate effects Climate effects N0 Landscape physical form Landscape a physical form Yes State What is the condition of terrestrial ecosystems? indigenous species indigenous indicator species Distribution of indicator indigenous species Yes Ecosystem function Biomass production Biomass production in forests, wetlands 8; agricultural systems No Carbon stores .r Carbon stocks in forests a agricultural systems Yes Nitrogen stores i I Nitrogen stocks in agricultural systems forests Yes Decomposer" organisms Decomposer organisms in forests agricultural systems No cycling Nutrient cycling in forests 8. agricultural systems No What is the condition and use of New Zealand?s land environment? Unwanted a species . invasive I Pest species Distribution abundance of pest species Yes Land cover Land cover Distribution extent of land cover Yes Erosion Erosion Occurrence 8r extent of erosion Yes J. Soil condition Carbon in soils Carbon content in soils Yes Nitrogen in soils Nitrogen content in soils Yes Soil acidity Soils pH Yes Soil compaction Soils macroporosity Yes Soil phosphate Olsen phosphate Yes Soil types Distribution of soil types Yes .Soiifty'pes Contaminated land Contaminated [and Distribution extent of contaminated land Yes Impact What are the effects of the condition environment on ecological integrity? Impacts on biodiversity Conservation status of species indigenous Number of species classed as threatened Yes impacts on ecosystem processes Threatened indigenous environments Distribution of threatened indigenous environments Yes What are the effects of the land .?environment and the change in its condition on the NeW?Zealand economy? Material food production Food production Value added of food production to the NZ economy Yes Timber Value added of timber to the NZ economy Yes Resource availability use Use of versatile soils Versatile soils No Energy generation mineral extraction Energy generation Value added of energy generation to the NZ economy No? CONFIDENCE 12 mineral extraction Value added of mineral extraction to the NZ economy N0 Tourism Tourism No What are the effects of the condition of the land Chronic health effects Chronic Illness No environment on public health? Acute health effects Infections and diseases No Customary use What are the effects of the condition of the land environment on culture and recreation? Access and ability to use and preserve sites of customary significance Access: and condition of wahi tapu site?s-- Access and ability to use land based resources ?Cultural Health Index No Mauri Health of the land from a: Maori perspective Mauri compass (extension of) No Recreation NO 31 July 2014 indicates not included in 2007 report but included in subsequent Report Card updates Recreational sporting use IN CONFIDENCE Pressure What human activities affect the condition of New Zeaiand's marine environment? Discharges to the marine environment Discharges to the marine environment of oit spiits Yes Resource use Resource use Fish removais Estimated ?sheries interactions mortalities (seabirds mammals) Yes Habitat modi?cation Habitat modi?cation Bottom trawling footprint Yes' What natural factors affect the condition of New Zeaiand's marine environment? Climate effects Climate effects Southern annular mode i'hterdecadal paci?c oscillation El Nino southern oscillation No State What is the condition of marine ecosystems? indigenous species Species richness Spatial variations in the number of species No Marine ?sh Abundance 8: distribution of ?sh Number of ?sh stocks that are at or above management limits Yes? Marine invertebrates- Abundance distribution of marine invertebrates Number of fish stocks that are at or above management limits Yes Marine flora: Number 8: distribution of marine flora No Marine habitats Marine habitats Distribution extent of marine environments No Ecosystem function State of food webs No Bottom~dwelling ?sh communities Composition of demersal fish communities No Phytoplankton Concentrations 8: extent of phytoplankton N0 Soft sediment macroinvertebrate communities Composition of soft sediment macroinvertebrate communities No Top-level predator species Marine mammals Abundance distribution of marine mammals No Seabirds Abundance 8: distribution of seabirds No What is the condition of New Zealand?s marine environment? Pest species Occurrence of unwanted organisms N0 Unwanted invasive species Coastal waters Indicator pathogens in coastal waters Concentrations of indicator pathogens in coastal waters (includes Enterococco Yes Heavy metals in sediment Concentrations of heavy metals in sediment N0 Clarity Optical clarity No Shetl?sh contamination NO Algal biooms Occurrence frequency of aigai bioorns No Sea level Sea level height No "Oceanic Waters Sea temperature Sea surface temperature N0 Ocean circulation and currents No Ocean acidity Ocean pH NO impact What are the effects of the condition ,bf'the marine environment on ecologicai integrity? impacts on biodiversity Conservation status of indigenous species Number of species classed as threatened Yes impacts on processes ecosystem Primary production No Threatened habitats No What are the effects of the marine environment and the change in its condition on the New Zeaiand economy? Material 8. food production Fisheries production Value added of ?sheries to the NZ economy Fish stocks asset value Yes Aquaduiture production Value added of aquaculture to the NZ economy No Resource use Fisheries effort Catch per unit effort (CPUE) No IN CONFIDENCE 14 extraction Energy generation 8: mineral Oil Value added of mineral and oil extraction to the NZ economy Minerals Tourism Tourism Value added of tourism and recreation to the NZ economy What are the effects of the condition of the marine environment on public health? Acute health (?eets Food safety .Faecal bacteria Customary use What are the effects of the condition of the Access and ability to use marine resources for customary purposes index marine environment on culture and recreation? Mauri Health of the marine environment from a Maori perspective Maud-compass No Recreation Recreational sporting use Yes 31 July 2014 indicates not included in 2007 report but included in subsequent Report Card updates IN CONFIDENCE 15 Appendix Two {Atmospheresclimate..- e11 2 - .5, . -. Reasons-fa inciu ng? Global greenhptise gas concentrations are one of the most significant - pressures tong-four climate. increases in their concentrations though Global greenhouse The global concentrations and emissions of gases that absorb to increased temperature and changes in clouds, rainfall gas emissions infrared radiation and hence contribute to the warming of the planet and Was}. This is of interest to New Zealanders as New Zealand depends for many aspects of everyday life and the economy, such as Greenhouse 933 agrithiturai production and hydropower em'sslons 5e ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from damaging UV Substances such as CFCs can be canted aloft into the stratosphere where they act as in the destruction of ozone- This topic looks at the emissions of these substances and the pressure they apply to ozone levels over NZ. . . . . - Changes in sea surface temperature gives an indication of how the climate, Cihma??fdat?g"tgre ?famepff?g'?e?a?: which is in?uenced by the heat contained in the ocean, might change. This important to New Zealanders as New Zealand is surrounded by ocean 3:363)" mme amspheie and can detemmezhg?gmum mmsture '5 that can alter our climate, therefore changes in sea temperature strongly 3 8? a? 7. effects our climate t? The global emissions of substances that deplete stratosph??g? ozone .. Global emissions of ozone?depleting substances Pressure Sea temperature Sea temperature Carbon dioxide Global greenhouse gas concentrations are one of the most signi?cant . . pressures on our climate. increases in their concentrations lead to Greenhc?use Methane Th: 9:03; absorb Infrared rad'ation increased temperature and changes in clouds, rainfall and winds. This is of 93399 8? 0 9? 39%? interest to New Zealanders as New Zealand depends on its climate for many aspects of the economy and everyday life I Nitrous oxide Ozone levels determine the amount of UV light that falls onto the earth?s surface. UV light is important for life. When levels are too high this can cause material deterioration, sun burn, cancer and death. This is important to New Zealanders as New Zealand has high UV levels, high exposure to ., UV and high rates of deaths from skin cancer State "as" Variations in atmospheric circulations determine much of the variability in Atmospheric Atmospheric The variations in atmospheric circulations drive the climate that New New Zealand?s climate. This is of interest to New Zealanders as the climatic circulation circulation Zeal?nd ,?iiperiences variability affects temperature, rainfall, wind and sunshine, which will impact .2 aspects of the economy eg. agricultural production fN d, t. 1 ?6 amre and Temperature is a key topic and has impacts across many aspects of egsurfmen 0 ft?? ea anh "a mmpg?mum' and everyday life in New Zealand. Temperature is of interest to New Zealanders ?reglona represen 3 {ans sue as as, for example, variations impact our heating needs, the water holding 0:33,? days? capacity of the air, the life cycles of many species, public health, and grass 3)"le empera 9 9 9 growing for agricultural production Atmospheric Atmospheric ozone ozone Temperature Temperature - . . . . . . Precipitation varies from hour-tMour, day-to-day, year-to-year, and on Rarnfali Measurement of New Zealand rainfall, snowfall and hail very small space states. Precipitation levels are important to new IN CONFIDENCE 16 Snowfall Zealanders as variations affect drinking water availability, hydropower generation, grass growth for agricultural production, and many other aspects of everyday life Extreme events Extreme events The occurrence of extreme weather (wind, rainfall, snow, and thunderstorms) that may cause damage to property, displacement of people, or a significant need to react to the event Extreme events form -a signi?cant impact on our society and economy, for example, they are behind the expenditure on river protection. This is of interest to New Zealanders because these events have a significant impact o?j-our society and economy, for example, ?ooding. Sunshine hours 8; solar intensity Sunshine hours UV intensity The number of sunshine hours in New Zealand, and the intensity of solar radiation emitted from the sun in the form of UV light UV light is important for life, however when levels are too high this can cause material'deterioration, sun burn, cancer and death. This is important to New Zealanders as New Zealand has high UV levels. high exposure to UV and high rate of deaths from skin cancer Impact Impacts on ecosystems processes Ocean acidity Drought Water availability This includes measurement of indicators that impact the ecological resilience of New Zealand. by indicating changing conditions These-three indicators show aspects of the impacts the changing climate is ."fhaVing on our ecological resilience. Resource availability use and Economic production Economic impacts of extreme weather events Measurement of the economic production of New Zealand focusing on aspects of New Zealand?s economy that atmosphere and climate, including agricultural produ'cti'On and tourism . Many aspects of New Zealand's economy, including agricultural production and tourism, are dependent on the atmosphere and climate. Therefore, this is of interest to New Zealanders as changes in our atmosphere and climate could impact New Zealand's economic production Chronic health effects Skin cancer (UV) Acute health effects Contagious diseases Report the occurrence of health effects;'tha't" are related to atmospheric and climate variations Provide insight into the health effects of our changing climate. This is of interest to New Zealanders as changes to our climate will have public health implications. For example New Zealand has high occurrences of many food and water borne diseases and these are expected to increase with a warming climate IN CONFIDENCE 17 Pressure Topic '_leVel 1 Home heating Topic level 2- Woodicoal burners - Description The emissions of air pollutants from the home heating - in particular the burning of wood and coal for home heating Reasons for'_inCIudih'Q. Emissions from home heatingrc?rei-Ethe main source of key air pollutants in many locations in NewZealand Transport Land transport Aviation 8. shipping The emissions of air pollutants from transport Emissions from transport. areia significant source of key air pollutants in many locations in New Zealand industrial discharges Discharges from manufacturing Discharges from industry The emissions of air pollutants from industrial activities Emissions from can be a signi?cant source of some air pollutants in some locatidns in New?gealand Discharges from primary production Discharges from agricuiture Discharges from forestry The emissions of air poiiutants from primary production Emission-affrom primary production activities may be a signi?cant source of some air pollutants'in some locations in New Zealand Natural sources Airborne dust Sea salt events ?res, Sporadic (bush volcanoes) The contribution of natural sources lathe. concentrations of air pollutants 11' sources are a signi?cant source of particulate matter and some other air pollutants in some locations in New Zealand Meteorological conditions that trap and disperse pollutants Temperature inversions Wind conditions The contribution of meteorological conditions to the concentrations of air pollutants lt- Meteorologlcai conditions can haVe a signi?cant effect on the concentrations of air pollutants, eg high winds quickly disperse pollutants and tow winds inhibit dispersion of pollutants State lnhalable particles of concern to human health Airborne matter particulate i The particulate matter in New Zealand-=1; Exposures to high particulate matter concentrations are associated with adverse health effects such as lung and heart conditions- (a component of particulate matter) is the measured air pollutant that most frequently exceeds nationai and international thresholds in New Zealand. Pit/110 is one of the ?ve pollutants included in the National Environmental Standards for Air Quality (NESAQ) lnhaiable gases of concern to human health Carbon monoxide u- I The .- concentrations of carbon monoxrde Carbon monoxide is a gas that can aggravate heart conditions. Historically some iocations in New Zealand have experienced elevated concentrations of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is one of the ?ve pollutants included in the NESAQ Sulphur dioxide concentrations of sulphur dioxide in .. - New Zealand Sulphur dioxide is associated with respiratory problems, such as bronchitis, and can aggravate the of asthma and chronic lung disease- Some locations in New Zeaiand can experience elevated concentrations of sulphur dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is one of the ?ve pollutants included in the NESAQ 5 Nitrogengdidxrde The concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in New Zealand Nitrogen dioxide is a gas that at elevated concentrations can aggravate asthma and reduce lung development in children. Some locations in New Zealand can experience eleVated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is one of the ?ve pollutants included in the NESAQ .. level ozone The concentrations of ground level ozone in New Zealand Ground-level ozone is associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. There is much international interest in ozone as in many countries ozone concentrations are increasing and regularly exceed WHO short-term guideline values. Ground-level ozone is one of the ?ve pollutants included in the NESAQ inhalable metals of concern to human health Airborne arsenic The concentrations of arsenic in New Zealand Arsenic can aggravate and is associated with heart conditions, and damaged nerves. Arsenic is also associated with cancer of the skin and lungs- Indications are some locations in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of arsenic IN CONFIDENCE 18 Airborne lead The concentrations of lead in New Zealand Lead can have adverse effects on the nervous system and can impair mental development in children and hearing. Historically some locations in New Zealand have experienced elevated concentrations of lead lnhalable volatile and semi- Voiatile organic compounds of concern to human health Benzo(a)pyrene levels The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in New Zealand Benzo(a)pyrene can irritate the eyes. nose, and throat, and is associated with lung cancer. indications are some__;_locations in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene' Benzene levels The concentrations of benzene in New Zealand Benzene can have adverse effects on the nervous system and is associated with cancer. Some peak locations in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of benzene - Impact Chronic health effects Chronic respiratory or cardiac illnesses Acute health effects Acute respiratory or cardiac illnesses The occurrence of health effects that are related to air quality There are many studies demonstrating the pOpulation health effects due to exposure to air pollutants. insight into the health effects of New Zealand?s air quality IN CONFIDENCE 3 Freshwater Pressure level: 1.. Discharges to freshwater Titanic level Diffuse discharges Point source discharges Description- This will cover diffuse and point sources and pathways for example nutrient leaching Reasons-for including This is important to New Zealanders as contaminant discharges are key direct pressures whichucause changes in freshwater quality Abstractions diversions Abstractions 8i diversions This will look at information relating to consented water takes Abstractions and digersions are pressures which cause changes in the state of and the amount of water available to support economiciecreational and environmental values Land cover Land cover Reported as a state within the Land domain. Information includes mapped land cover categories across New Zealand, such as urban or exotic forestry or natural Catchmentjlah?d cover in?uences erosion of soil, supply of soil derived watertpolurhn constituents during rainfall and surface runoff including nutrients. and sediments Erosion Erosion Reported as a state within the Land domain. This will look at the erodability of catchments as a result of New Zealand?s hilly terrain and geology increases sediment supply to freshwater bodies, altering freshwater quality= habitats, animals and plant communities Landscape 8: physical form Landscape 8. form physical Reported as a state within the Land domain. This topic piesents 3. the physical form of catchment landscapes as they??rel?t? to freshwater, such as topography and geology ray.? is Catchment topography strongly in?uences how precipitation is stored (due to snow pack and lakes) and released as well as erosion and transport of sediment. Catchment geology in?uences aspects of hydrology, including groundwater storage and release (is. base flow conditions) Climate effects Climate effects This combines information sourced from Atmosphere and Climate domain that most affect freshwaterl-?lrlfe?irhation will likely include precipitation, temperature and extf??rti'e- events Climate influences precipitation (how much rain catchments receive) and water temperature. This is of interest to New Zealanders as extreme events such as droughts or floods impact the economy. society and environmental values State Freshwater habitats Wetlands River morphology The physical characteristics of habitat?types for example wetlands This is important to New Zealand as freshwater habitats support plant and animal communities, and can regulate pressures such as ?oods or discharges Freshwater plant Freshwater plants This will look at the presence? of plants such as periphyton or submerged plants in lakes I. Relevant to the state or health of an ecosystem and impacts on values such as agricultural use (by blocking water intakes for example), tourism and recreation Biological properties Macroinvertebrate Freshwater ?sh Trophic state Key the biological condition of lakes or rivers. This insect communities communicated by the Macromvertebrate Community index (MCI), the distribution of ?sh species occurrence. or the biological productivity of the water 'i body (trophic state) Macroinvertebrates are small aquatic animals that are good indicators of the diversity and resilience of river ecosystems at the reach scale. They are ideal candidates for 'biotic? measures of river state because they live in and respond quickly to pressures affecting a small section of stream. Similarly, ?sh are good indicators of stream network health, but over larger areas and timescales than macroinvertebrates because they live longer and migrate further. Trophic State is an important proxy for water body condition, and has historically represented the most widespread change in lake condition at the national level. Trophic state attributes inform the compulsory national value of Ecosystem Health in the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2014. Water chemical properties Phosphatesirr Ammonia Nitrogen Pesticides Groundwater salinity Key water quality parameters in rivers or lakes or groundwater This is important as water quality is fundamental to support human and ecological uses and values of water lN CONFIDENCE 20 Trophic state Water properties physical Water clarity River sediment suspended Deposited ?ne sediment Trophic state Trophic state Hydrology (surface groundwater cycle) and River flow Lake reservoir storage Snow ice storage Groundwater storage Water quantity and flow information such as average summer low flow, or flood flows Water'qua-ntity and flow characteristics are ecologically meaningful and de?n'eWater availability. An example includes large flows which can flus?hvperiphyton from river channels, improving water quality and river . health Pathogens bacteria Cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies Indicator pathogens in freshwater bodies Concentration of harmful biological contaminants (e.g EscheriChia coil (E. coli) - This is important to New Zealander's as pathogens may have an impact on native and domesticated animals, as well as on human health Impact Impacts on biodiversity Threat status of indigenous species Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish, assessed through the New Zealand Threat Classification-System The term ?threatened species? (which has three sub-categories: nationally critical, nationally endangered and nationally vulnerable) covers species that could become extinct. Indigenous freshwater fish have intrinsic value as taonga and play a role in supporting a functioning freshwater ecosystem impacts on ecosystems processes Chemical integrity and physical How far current conditions have-departed from a modelled unmodi?ed state. Conditions in unmodified catchments naturally vary from one another according to their characteristics (such as geology and climate). By taking these into account we can give a long-term picture of how much water bodies have been altered by human activities. Material food production Material and food production Commercial and industrial use Measurement of production of New Zealand focusing on aspects. "of'New Zealand?s economy that depend freshwater, including agricultural production, forestry and tourism Many aspects of New Zealand?s economy, including agricultural production and tourism, are dependent on the freshwater domain. Therefore, this is of interest to New Zealanders as changes in our atmosphere and climate could impact New Zealand?s economic production Resource availability use and Water resource availability Water aspects, which can include the number of days with take restrictions, or an allocation as a proportion-ofa'n estimated quantum mean weekly low flows) Availability of water is fundamental to the New Zealand economy. The ability to utilise a water resource is influenced by abstractions, discharges and climate Efficiency of resource use The output generated from water resource use can vary depending on the process used different irrigation methods make more efficient use of water than others) Efficient use of an allocation optimises the available resource and economic outputs Energy generation 8: mineral extraction Hydro-electric power Proportion of New Zealand?s energy needs met by hydroelectric generation Hydroelectric generation contributes a significant proportion of New Zealand's energy needs. Climate acts as a pressure on hydrology, which impacts generation capability Tourism Tourism This will look at the proportion of tourists that took part in a freshwater activity Freshwater impacts New Zealander's everyday activities and is reported to be an integral part of the tourism experience. Tourism is an important contributor to New Zealand?s economy Acute effects hea?h Waterborne infeCtions and diseases Customary use Access to and ability to use freshwater for customary purposes Access and use of freshwater for customary materials and food Maori have traditionally used freshwater resources as part of their cultural identity and there is a need to continue to understand the impacts on the freshwater environment so Maori can continue to IN CONFIDENCE 21 engage in the management and maintenance of freshwater resources Mauri Health of freshwater from . Health of freshwater from a cultural perspective a cultural perspective We are interested in the Mauri because it encompasses a view of the lifeforce (health) of the freshwater resource that supports Maori cultural and Spiritual aspirations. Recreation Captures the health risk for contact recreation swimming), freshwater swimming closures or alerts, and popularity of freshwater activities based on existing survey data Recreational 8: sporting use New Zealanders, and many tourists, enjoy freshwater contact recreation such as swimming or boating in lakes or rivers. It is important that IN CONFIDENCE people can interactwith our waterbodies without getting sick 22 Pressure Topic level 1 Land use Topic level 2 Land use Description This is how New Zealand?s land is being used. Knowing what land is being used for is fundamental to understanding the pressures on the land domain. Reasons for including This is of interest to New Zealanders as this has implications for the management of land and the intentions for land use change, as well as understanding how land use is a pressure on land ecosystems, and how ecosystems are changing over time Hydrology cycle) (water Hydrology (water cycle) The effect that the water cycle has on the land, including the effect of water stocks and flows Hydrology is a keyehvironmental parameter which in?uences the state of the land environment.--lt is of interest to New Zealanders as it in?uences how land can be used Climate e?ects Climate effects Climate conditions affect the condition and physical terrain of the land in which various ecosystems and species live This is of interest to New Zealanders as the climate in?uences the conditions for living on. anc'l'ability to use the land Landscape physical form Landscape 8: physical fon?n The geomorphology (landforms) that underlay and shapes the land domain Landforms influence important aspects of the land domain such as land cover and use: Soil types Soil types Mapped data showing the distribution of soil classes, nationally. influence other important aspects of the land domain such as land . hotter and land resource use State Indigenous species Indigenous indicator species This topic describes the status of indigenous?lan?d'a' species as a whole and presents information ?on species from the NZT CS -. a Understanding the status of indigenous species is important to New Zealander?s in terms of ecological integrity and cultural heritage. it provides information on the estimated proportion of species that are considered threatened? or ?at risk? at a New Zealand level Ecosystem function Biomass production The biological material produced by an ecosystem, eg, wood and leaves in a forestuorr'pasmre in an agricultural system Carbon stores The amount of carbon stored-sin "an ecosystems, especially in trees, plants andifso? Nitrogen stores The amount of nitrogen-tin soil (and roots) in an ecosystem .- Decomposer organisms Organisms such asbacte'ria and fungi that live in the soil and break {Spurn-the organic matter in the dead plants and anim?ls,,producing nutrients for plants. Nutrient cycling The movement;- and exchange of organic and inorganiczm?atter'back into the production of plants and animals." These measures provide an indication of ecosystem function, the exchange of energy and nutrients between animal and plant communities in an ecosystem. There are many aspects to ecosystem functioning, but listed here are things that we are likely to be able to measure for the 2015 report. Measures of ecosystem function provide an indication of the health of our terrestrial ecosystems, including agricultural systems. Unwanted and invasive species Pest species Covers" the occurrence of invasiVe land species in News-Zealand This is important to New Zealanders as invasive species can profoundly interfere with the function of natural and human managed ecosystems and landscapes Land cover Land cover The different forms of vegetation and other land cover pin" New Zealand, Wetlands, production forest, including indigenous forests, pasture, urban and infrastructure. The extent to which land cover has changed over time, particularly in respect to indigenous environments, is central to our understanding of the New Zealand environment. Erosion Erosion New Zealand?s hilly terrain is prone to erosion, especially under particular land use regimes. This topic will cover both the erosion status of land as well as erosion susceptibility The erosion of land is important for several reasons, including its productivity, danger and hazards posed by various erosion events (whether landslide, mass movement, etc), change in soil carbon storage capacity, availability of land for various uses, and effects upon water quality (eg from sediment loading) Soil condition Carbon inspils The amount of carbon stored in soils Nitrogen in soils The amount of nitrogen stored in soil Soils acidity The pH (aciditylalkalinity) of soil Soils compaction How compacted the soil is, known as macroporosity Combined, these measures are required to assess soil health in both productive and indigenous land environments. Soil health in?uences productivity, which in tum underpins our economy- IN CONFIDENCE 23 Soil phosphate The amount of phosphate available to be used by plants to grow Contaminated land Contaminated land The number of contaminated sites in each region, including those that are remediated or actively managed Contaminated site numbers and their degree of remediation is an indicator of how much NZ's land is contaminated by hazardous substances. Impact Impacts on biodiversity Threat status of indigenous species The number of known plant and animal species that are acuter threatened, chronically threatened or at risk. A strong indicator of thecondltion of our indigenous natural heritage. The main factors influencing threatsta?tus is the abundance of pests and the state and extent of indigenous habitats. Impacts on ecosystem processes Threatened environments indigenous How much indigenous vegetation remains within land environments and its legal protection status Provides a of how well the full extent of our indigenous environments wetlands, lowland forests) are represented throughout New Zealand - Material production food Food production This topic will look at New Zealand?s food production and the monetary value of food produced on the land and the added value to the economy This is important as a country should be able to provide food for its people. Food produgtion.?is also an important component of the New Zealand economy and contribiite's significantly to our exports Timber This topic will look at the added value of timber generation to the economy This is'important as timber generation is an important component of the New Zealand economy and contribute to our exports Resource availability and use Distribution and extent of versatile soils Highly productive soils are an important natural resource and are valuable forfood production. "VeiSatile soils need to be managed to ensure a variety of land-use options remain for future generations and that the production needs of current generations can be met. Energy generation mineral extraction Energy generation mineral extraction This topic will look at the added value of-energy generation to the economy I I This is important as energy generation is an important component of the New Zealand economy This topic will look at the added value" of mineral extraction to the economy .- This is important as mineral extraction is an important component of the New Zealand economy Tourism Tourism How the land domain is utilised bytti'e tourism sector and what value is derived from it The value derived from our natural environment by the tourism sector is important to measure as tourism is as significant element of our economy. Chronic health effects Chronic health effects Acute health effects Infections and diseases This topic looks at how the-condition and management of land impacts foods'a'fety' Chemicals and nutrients may build up in the land and get into the food supply. Also, changes in land use can influence the levels of pathogens that our food is exposed to. This is important to the health of the New Zealand public and the economic sector Customary use Access and ability to use and preserve sites of customary significance Access and ability to use and preserve sites of customarysignificance Understand how negative forces breakdown the state of particular sites of significance which can effect Maori identity and mana (prestige). Mauri Health of land from a cultural perspective Health land from a cultural perspective The lifeforce of the land sustains the people and give people a sense of belonging and identity Recreation Recreational sporting use The value derived by New Zealanders from the land domain through recreational use The ability to access and enjoy our natural environment for recreational pursuits is important to the social and cultural wellbeing of New Zealanders. 1N CONFIDENCE 24 Pressure Discharges to the marine environment Discharges to the marine environment This topic covers all discharges to the marine environment from land, freshwater or marine sources This is important to New Zealanders as discharges to the marine environment impact the human activities and use that are consideredpau?t of our way of life 'Resource use Resource use This topic covers the extraction of physical and biological marine resources Extractive use of resources is a key pressure on the marine environment Habitat modi?cation Habitat modi?cation This topic covers the pressures from human activities on oceanic and coastal benthicr? habitats This is important because habitat loss or degradation is a major pressure on the marine environment and affects the functioning of ecological systems Climate effects Climate effects This topic covers natural and anthropogenic climate variability and long-term change-3 . This is important because the variability and Iong?tenn change of New Zealand?s climate affects the marine domain and impacts the economy and everyday activities State Indigenous Species Species richness This topic considers the- geographic variation of marine biodiversity, Marine ?sh Marine invertebrates This topic describes . the status of indigenous madne.based on Zealand Threat Classi?cation System assessments. It also covers the state" of ?n?sh stocks in the Quota Management System. There may be more than one? stock per species Marine ?ora based on Classi?cation System assessments describes the status of indigenous marine species as a whole the New Zealand Threat Knowing the state and trends for marine species and which areas are more diverse is important for understanding our environment, especially as New Zealand?s marine environment is highly complex The status of ?sh stocks provides an indication of the level of exploitation and whether stocks are stable, increasing or declining. This is important because ?sh stocks are a commercial, recreational and customary resource that contributes to New Zealand?s economy and way of life Marine habitats Marine habitats This topic covers the extent and occurrence of marine habitats Marine habitats have an intrinsic value in addition to playing a critical role in the cycle of marine species, including the developmental and adult stages of commercially important species Ecosystem function State of food webs Bottom-dwelling ?sh communities Phytoplankton Soft sediment matroinvertebrate communities This topic looks at the marine environment through the lens of ecosystem function for example by looking at primary production. Some of the measures being considered are used internationaily as measures of ecosystem health. This is important because the lower trophic levels of the marine food chain are critical for species that are culturally or commercially important Top-level predator species Marine mammals Seabirds This topic aims to describe the numbers, distribution, range and breeding success of apex marine species such as seabirds and marine mammals This is important because the presence of top-level predator Species is an indication that their environment is in good health. Many of these species are iconic or endemic to New Zealand Unwanted 8: invasive species . Pest-species This topic covers the occurrence and incursions of unwanted marine organisms in New Zealand Unwanted organisms have the potential to alter whole ecosystems. They can also reduce our enjoyment of recreational areas and adversely impact ?shed or harvested species Coastal waters "indicator pathogens in coastal waters Heavy metals in sediment Clarity Shell?sh contamination This topic covers the quality of coastal and estuarine waters (including substances that present a health risk) as well as sea level rise information on the quality of coastal and estuarine water is important because coastal areas are where people enjoy or relate to the ocean. Water quality of bathing sites is especially important to New Zealanders and has generated a lot of media IN CONFIDENCE 25 Algal blooms Sea level coverage in the past. Sea level rise is a global issue that could potentially affect coastal infrastructure and property Oceanic waters Sea temperature Ocean circulation and currents Ocean acidity This topic covers the physical and chemical properties of oceanic waters such as temperature or acidity Changes in physical and chemical properties of the sea can have an effect on species and habitats as well as on some human activities. This is important to New Zealanders as, for example ocean acidification could impact shellfish stocks potentially reducingthe? economic value of some ?sheries and recreational or cultural'bse of the marine environment Impact impacts on biodiversity Threat status of indigenous species This topic covers threatened species, which are considered at risk of extinction The" tefm ?threatened species? (which has three sub-categories: nationally critical, nationally endangered and nationally vulnerable) covers species that could become extinct due past or current changes in abundance or distribution. Some of those species, such as Maui?s dolphins, are iconic species and have generated a lot of domestic and international interest impacts on processes ecosystem Primary production Threatened habitats This topic would cover'_' the marine environments, and possibly look at vulnerable ecosystems or-s'ensitive habitats. impacts on marine environments provide an overview of how the system as a whole can be impacted. Vulnerable ecosystemsisensitive habitats could provide an indication or where ecological processes could be impaired. Material food production Fisheries production Aquaculture production This topic will look- at'the monetary value of food produced by'commercial ?sheries and aquaculture, and their added value to the economy] Food production is an important dimension of the New Zealand economy with aquaculture likely to grow in the near future Resource availability use Fisheries effort __This topic would consider how efficiently we use-the marine environment Resource efficiency has an impact on the benefits we derive from the environment, for example the effort put in to catch fish will impact the benefits derived by commercial or recreational fishers. Energy generation mineral extraction Oil Minerals I This topic will look at the added value of minerals and oil extraction to the economy This is important as oil and mineral extraction is a major component of the New Zealand economy Tourism Tourism This topic aims to look at the added value of marine?based tourism and recreation to the economy and potentially visitor surveys Tourism, both international and domestic, and recreation contribute significantly to the New Zealand economy. This is important to New Zealand as most marine-based tourist and recreational activities rely on a good quality marine environment Chronic health effects Acute health effects Food safety Faecal bacteria Customary use Accessfia?d ability to use the marine environment for customary purposes Access and ability to use marine resources for customary purposes Maori have traditionally used marine resources (particularly as kai) as part of their cultural identity and there is a need to continue to understand the impacts on the marine environment so Maori can continue to engage in the management and maintenance of the marine resource. Mauri Health of the marine environment from a cultural perspective Health of the marine environment from a cultural perspective To understand the health of the marine resource that supports Maori cultural and spiritual aspirations: - Kohinga kai collecting - Moana kai - resource IN CONFIDENCE 26 - t. I rt- This topic will look at the recreational use of This is important to New Zealander?s as the enjoyment of marine Recreatlon Recrea Iona Spo mg use the marine environment resource is an integral part of their lifestyle CONFIDENCE 27 To: Ministry for the Environment Maud?: Mo? Taicm New Zealand mmumuvcn 0?0 9 Statistics Hon Amy Adams, Minister for the Environment Hon Nicky Wagner, Minister of Statistics Topics for the 2015 report Other Dept Tracking 14?8?00891 "Tracking Number: Number: Date Submitted: Priority: Urgent Security Level: IN CONFIDENCE Number of One Attachments: I. Action Sought: Approval/Agreement Response Needed 3 September'i20?l41 by: .. Ministry for the Environment Contacts Position Name Telephone 1st Contact (cell) I. __(work) Principal author 59(2)(a) . 59(2)(a) Responsible Manager Tom Bowen 021.535 i457 04 439 7792 Director Malcolm McKee 2931? 4216 04 439 7407 Statistics New Zealand Contacts Position Name Telephone 151; Contact I "m (cell) (work) Responsible Manager Stephen oak-lay 04 931 4670 Director Michele Lloyd 04 931 4507 Executive 1. The purposepf this-briefing is to recommend topics for your approval for the 2015 report. The topics are being recommended for your approval through this process because regulations will not be made in sufficient time to inform the development of the report. A list of tepics recommended for your approval for the 2015 report, with a description of each topic and the reasons for including it, has been included in Appendix 1. - I-jT-he topics will be reported on using a national indicator, case study or commentary, as with the Air Domain Report. Not all of the topics you approve will be able to be reported on using a national indicator in the 2015 report. This is due to time and cost limitations. Data to measure the topics will be sourced from existing data sets. No additional data sourcing costs will be imposed on local and regional councils. lf approval of the topics were delayed beyond the election it would not be possible to produce a report by 30 June 2015 that was shaped by the topics. The 2015 report will be used to pilot the process for producing reports under the Bill. Situation Analysis Reporting prior to primary legislation and regulations being in place 6. Clause 18 of the Environmental Reporting Bill (the Bill) specifies that regulations are to be made, by the joint recommendation of the Minister for the Environment and the Minister of Statistics, prescribing the topics to be covered in domain and reports. The Bill also specifies that the first report is to be published by 30 June 2015 (cl. in order to meet the 30 June 2015 deadline, topics for the 2015 report need' to be determined outside of regulations, because the report will be published before the relevant regulations can be made. While there is no strict requirement to do so?, we recommend that the process for setting topics and producing the first report follow the process set out in the Bill as closely as practicable. This is why'we are recommending topics for your approval through this briefing note. Following the process in the Bill will provide an opportunity to pilot the process, to test andvrefine the framework for producing reports. it is also likely to increase public confidence in the 2015 report. The topics recommended for approval in this briefing are for the'putposes of the 2015 report only. There will be a separate process for recommending topics to be set in regulation under the Bill after it has come into effect.'This will be informed by consultation and a Regulatory Impact Assessment. How topic approval influences data sourcing and report: production 9. 10. Topics define the scope of what is to be reported on. This will influence the data that needs to be sourced to produce statistics? for the 2015 report. Data sourcing will take several months." No further data can be included in the report after 31 December 2014 without" ca'uSing delays to its publication and potentially compromising the quality of the report. If approval of the topics were delayed beyond the election, it would not be. passible to produce a report by 30 June 2015 that was shaped by topics'that-yOU have approved. Advice Topics recommended for-approval for the 2015 report 11. 12. 13. We have. provided a list of topics recommended for the 2015 report in AppendiX-j fOr your consideration and approval. This list includes an outline of the scope-of each topic. While the Bill is not yet in force, we consider the considerations it sets out for topic selection to provide useful guidance. Clause specifies that Ministers must be satisfied that any: pressure topic or impact topic affects significant areas, resources, or numbers of people: I topic can be measured with robust statistical methods: pressure topic is closely related to any state topic that it is asserted to affect: impact topic is closely related to any state topic that is asserted to give rise to that impact. Technical Advisory Groups (TAGS) were used to develop content for each domain, and were asked to consider the clause 18(2) tests when recommending topics. The topics were then refined by officials to ensure they were consistent in language and level of 14. 15. 16. detail across domains, and assess whether they met requirements envisaged under the Bill. We consider that the topics recommended for approval meet these tests. Due to the refinement of the topic list during the development process, we intend to communicate the approved topic list with TAGs. This will ensure they are not surprised by any changes upon release of the 2015 report. Confidentiality agreements are in place to ensure TAG members treat this information appropriately. The topics will be reported on using a national indicator, case study or commentary, as with the Air Domain Report. Not all of the topics you approve will be able to be reported on using a national indicator statistic in the 2015 report. This is due to time- and cost limitations for data sourcing. Data for these topics will be sourced from existing data sets. The cost of data sourcing and analysis will be covered using funding allocated to the Ministry for the Environment for this purpose [see briefing note While the Minister for the Environment can require information under section 360 of the ResourceIManagement Act 1991, there is no provision in the Bill for officials to require informat'EOn for the purposes of environmental reporting. Therefore, no direct data sourcing Costs will be imposed on local or regional councils. Where data is to be sourced "Councils, it will be data they already collect. There may be some administrative.- costs involved in aggregating the data; these will be in line with data requests '-cuirently made by for information collected by councils. - Considering costs when setting statistics 17. 18. 19. 20. As the Bill is currently drafted, clause 13(3)(a) requires the Government Statistician to follow best practice principles and protocols when deciding what statistics be used to measure topics. i The intention of thisdrafting is to give effeCt-to the Cabinet decision for the Government Statistician to apply the Principles and-Protocols for Producers of Tier 1 Statistics (the Principles) min 13 26/6], The. Principles will apply not only to individual Tier 1 statistics, but to the full environmental reporting regime. The Principles include a range? of criteria that the Government Statistician must satisfy before setting any statistics, including, but not limited to, Tier 1 statistics. This includes Principle 2, which ensures the costs of setting a statistic are considered by specifying: ?The selection of statistical sources, methods and procedures is a professional responsibility and is based on scientific principles and best international practice, taking into account-the cost implications to government and providers?. We considerth'e existing mechanisms set out under clause the Statistics Act 1975.\and "the Principles, ensure sufficient cost consideration by the Government Statistician when statistics are set. Should you wish, consideration of costs could be strengthened by recommending insertion of a clause through the Departmental Report. and Mitigations v_ '21. 22. Because this is a pilot process which parallels passage of the Bill through Parliament, consultation on provisional topics for the 2015 report has been limited. In particular, no consultation with the general public or the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE) has taken place. This may not match expectations created by the Bill for future reporting. This risk is mitigated by significant involvement of technical experts in developing topics. It can also be addressed by communicating on release of the 2015 report that the topics are provisional, and will be replaced when the Bill comes into force by a more enduring set which will benefit from a rigorous consultation process. WITHHOLD Consultation 24. TAG advice was sought when developing the topics recommended for approval. Next steps 25. Provided we receive your approval of the topics before the election, we will finalise the set of statistics to be included in the report, and progress data procurement to enable production of the report for publication by 30 June 2015. We recommend that you: a) b) C) d) 9) Note that regulations under the Environmental Reporting Bill will not be made in sufficient time to inform the 2015 report topics, and the report will be used to pilot the process for producing reports under the Bill. Note that officials consider that the provisional topics proposed for the 2015 report meet the requirements of clause 18(2) of the Bill, which specifies the matters that the Ministers must be satisfied of before recommending the topics to be set in regulation. Note that due to time and cost limitations for data sourcing, not all of the topics you approve will be able to be reported on using a national indicator in the-2015 report. Topics will be covered using either a national indicator, case study or commentary, as with the Air Domain Report. . Note that officials consider existing mechanisms set out in Statistics Act 1975 and the Principles and Protocols for Producers ssof'Tier 1 Statistics, sufficiently covers the concern of cost consideration when. setting statistics. Advise whether you want officials to investigate alternative options for ensuring cost is considered when setting statistics, Departmental Report process. Yes I No Atmosphere and Climate domain Agree to the following topics for the-atmosphere and climate domain for the 2015 report (with set out inu-Appendix 1): Pressure topics - - a. Global emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone?depleting substances Yes I No b. Sea temperature?s'influence on weather and climate Yes I No State topics c. Greenhbuse gases that absorb infrared radiation and contribute to climate Change Yes I No d. Atmospheric ozone over New Zealand Yes I No e. .VariatiOns in Atmospheric circulation that drive New Zealand?s Climate Yes I No National and Regional Temperature Yes I No Rain, hail, sleet and snow Yes I No The occurrence of extreme weather events Yes I No Sunshine hours and solar intensity Yes I No Impact topics j. Impacts on biodiversity Yes I No k. Economic production by primary industries Yes! No l. Impacts on tourism Yes I No m. Chronic health effects related to our changing climate Yes I No n. Acute health effects related to our changing climate Yes I No Air domain g) Agree to the following topics for the air domain for the 2015 report (with supporting information set out in Appendix 1): Pressure topics a. Emissions of air pollutants from home heating Yes I No b. Emissions of air pollutants from transport Yes I No 0. Emissions of air pollutants from industrial activities Yes I No d. Emissions of air pollutants from primary industries Yes I No e. Natural sources of particulate matter and other air pollutants Yes I No f. Meteorological conditions that trap or disperse air pollutants Yes I No State topics g. Airborne particles of concern to human health Yes-I No h. Airborne gases of concern to human health No i. Airborne metals of concern to human health I Yes I No j. Airborne organic compounds of concern to human health 'Yes I No Impact topics .- k. Chronic health effects related to air quality - Yes I No l. Acute health effects related to air quality Yes I No Freshwater domain h) Agree to the following topics for thefrfE'ishvvater domain for the 2015 report (with supporting information sate-utin'Appendix 1): Pressure topics a. Contaminant discharges tp freshwater Yes I No b. Abstractions and diversions-that affect rivers, lakes, and groundwater . Yes I No 0. Land cover in freshvvat'er catchments Yes I No d. Land erosion in freshwater catchments Yes I No e. Landscape and form of freshwater catchments Yes I No f. Climate efteCts. on the freshwater environment Yes] No State topics-3- - g. Condition and physical characteristics of freshwater habitats Yes I No h. Presence or abundance of freshwater plants and animals Yes I No i, Biological productivity of lakes and rivers Yes I No j. Chemical properties of river?, lake?, and ground?water Yes I No it. Freshwater sediment, clarity, quantities, and flows Yes I No l. Organisms that cause disease or illness Yes I No Impact topics m. Impacts on biodiversity Yes I No n. Economic impacts related to primary industries Yes I No 0. Energy generation and mineral extraction Yes I No p. Urban freshwater use Yes I No q. Impacts on tourism Yes I No r. Acute health effects related to freshwater quality Yes I No 3. Access to and use of freshwater environments for customary materials and food Yes I No Cultural significance of the freshwater environment to Maori Yes I No u. Recreational use of the freshwater environment Yes I No Land domain i) Agree to the following topics for the land domain for the 2015 report (with supporting information set out in Appendix 1): Pressure topics a. Land use and land use change Yes I No b. Effects of surface and groundwater on the land environment Yes I No c. Climate effects on the land environment Yes I No d. Landscape and physical form Yes I No State topics . e. Presence and abundance of indigenous plants and animals Yes -I- No f. Ability of terrestrial ecosystems to function effectively Yes -I 'No Q. The occurrence of invasive plants and animals Yes! No h. Vegetation and other land cover . . No i. Status of, and susceptibility to, erosion Yes I No j. Soil health and quality Yes I No k. Soil types Yes I No l. Land contaminated by hazardous substances Yes I No Pressure topics m. Impacts on biodiversity - Yes I No n. Economic impacts related to primary industries Yes I No 0. Extent of highly productive soils available for food production Yes I No p. Energy generation and mineral extraction Yes I No q. Impacts on tourism . - Yes I No r. Chronic health effects, result-ing'fro-m condition and management of land .. Yes! No 8. Acute health effects, resulting from condition and management of land . - Yes I No t. Access to and use off-the land environment to provide customary materials and food Yes I No u. Cultural significance of the land environment to Maori Yes I No v. Recreational use ofthe land environment Yes I No Marine domain j) Agree- to the following topics for the marine domain for the 2015 report (with-supporting information set out in Appendix 1): Pressure topics a. Discharges to the marine environment Yes I No b. Extraction of mineral and biological marine resources Yes I No 0. Marine habitat modification by human activity Yes I No d. Climate effects on the marine environment Yes I No State topics 9. Presence and abundance of indigenous plants and animals Yes I No f. Extent and occurrence of marine habitats Yes I No 9. Ability of marine ecosystems to function effectively Yes I No h. Presence and abundance of animals at the top of the food chain Yes I No i. Occurrence of invasive marine organisms Yes I No j. Quality of coastal and estuarine waters Yes I No k. Ocean acidity Yes I No l. Sea level, temperature, and circulation Yes I No Impact topics m. n. 9'99 ?1 Tom Bowen Manager, Environmental Reporting (Ministry for the Environment) Impacts on biodiversity Economic impacts related to primary industries Energy generation and mineral extraction Impacts on tourism Chronic health effects resulting from the condition of the marine environment Acute health effects resulting from the condition of the marine environment Access to and use of marine resources to provide customary materials and food Cultural significance ofthe marine environment to Maori Recreational use of the marine environment Michele Lloyd Research-(Statistics NZYes-I No Yes -I . No Manager Customer, Policy, and Date Date. II I Hon Amy Adams Date Minister for the Environment Hon Nicky Wagner-H . Date Minister of statistics Minister?s feedback on quality of briefing 1 2 3 4 5 note: 1 Was not satisfactory 4 Met and sometimes exceeded my expectations 2 Fell short of my expectations in some respects 5 Greatly exceeded my expectations 3 Met my expectations Appendix 1: Topics recommended for approval for the 2015 Report Atmosphere and {treats Pressure where: we to 991?. What human activities and natural factors affect New Zealand?s climate and atmosphere? Global emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances A her description-and ~reasOn;s?forinciUding Global greenhouse gas concentrations are one of the most signi?cant pressures on our climate. increases in their concentrations through emissions lead to increased temperature and changes in clouds, rainfall and"ivinds. This is of interest to New Zealanders as New Zealand depends on its climate for many aspects of everyday life and the economy, such as agricultural production and hydropower- The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from daniagin'g?UV rays. Substances such as CFCs can be carried aloft into the stratosphere where they act as in the destruction ctr-ozone. This topic looks at the emissions of these substances and the pressure they apply to ozone levels over New Zealand. Sea temperature's in?uence on weather and climate Sea surface temperature influences our weather and climate. also a measure of the heat taken up by the ocean from climate warming. This is important to New Zealanders as it can impact that depend on that climate such as agricultural production, recreation, and hydropower. -. - State What are the characteristics of New Zealand?s atmosphere and climate? Greenhouse gases that absorb infrared radiation and contribute to climate change Global greenhouse gas concentrations are onexof the. most signi?cant pressures on our climate. Increases in their concentrations lead to increased temperature and changes in clouds-grands" and winds. This is of interest to New Zealanders as New Zealand depends on its climate for many aspects of the economygandgejveryday life. Atmospheric ozone over New Zealand Ozone levels determine the amount oil that falls onto the earth?s surface. UV light is important for life. When levels are too high this can cause material deterioration, {sun-5min, cancer and death. This is important to New Zealanders as New Zealand has high UV leVels, high exposure to UV and high rat?ss?f deaths from skin cancer. Variations in Atmospheric circulation that drive New Zealand?s climate Variations in atmospheric circulations determine much of the variability in New Zealand?s climate. This is of interest to New Zealanders as the climatic variability affectsf?ternperature, rainfall, wind and sunshine, which will impact aspects of the economy, eg agricultural production. National and Temperature Regional Measurement of NetiEJeaIand's national average temperature, and regional representations such as average maximum and minimum temperatgre, annual number of frost days and warm days, day?night temperature differences, and growing degree days. Temperature is? air/key topic and has impacts across many aspects of everyday life in New Zealand. Temperature is of interest to New variations impact our heating needs, the water holding capacity of the air, the life cycles of many species, public health, and grass growing for, agricultural production. Rain, hail, sleet and snow Measurementof New Zealand's rainfall, snowfall and hail. Precipitation varies from hour-to?hour, day-to-day, year-to?year, and on very scales- Precipitation levels are important to New Zealanders as variations affect drinking water availability, hydropower generation, grass growth for agricultural production, and many other aspects of everyday life. The occurrence of extreme. weather events 1The occurrence of extreme weather (wind, rainfall, snow, and thunderstorms) that may cause damage to property, displacement of people, .Lo-r' a significant need to react to the event. Extreme weather events are of interest to New Zealanders because these events have a signi?cant impact on our society and economy, for example, ?ooding. Sunshine hours a'nd'solar intensity The number of sunshine hours in New Zealand, and the intensity of solar radiation emitted from the sun in the form of UV light. UV light is important for life, however when levels are too high this can cause material deterioration, sun burn, cancer and death. This is important to New Zealanders as New Zealand has high UV levels, high exposure to UV and high rate of deaths from skin cancer. Impact What are the effects of the condition of the atmosphere and climate on ecological integrity? impacts on biodiversity This includes measurement of indicators that impact the ecological resilience of New Zealand, by indicating changing conditions such as ocean acidity, drought conditions and water availability. These indicators show aspects of the impacts the changing climate ls having on our ecological resilience. What are the effects Economic production by of the atmosphere primary industries and climate and the change in its condition on the New Zealand economy? What are the effects of the condition of Chronic health effects .d . . ht. . lh atmosphere and related to our changing row es inSIg in _o cDronic eat ects of our changing climate. This __is-of interest to New Zealanders as changes to our climate will Climate on public climate have public health Implications, for example, skin cancer. - health What are the effects of the condition of Acute health effects related Provides insight into the acute health effects of our changing climate. This is of interest to New Zealanders as changes to our climate will atmosFlhere and . . have public health implications. For example New Zealand has high occurrences of man food and water borne di . . . . - seases climate on public to our Changing chmate expected to increase With a warmmg climate. and these are hea?h Many aspects of New Zealand?s economy, including agricultural production and tourism, are dependent on the atmosphere and climate. Therefore, this is of interest to New Zealanders as changes in our atmosphere and climate could impact New Zealand?s economic Impacts on tourism ?10 Pressure What-are we trying to find out? What human Emissions of air pollutants from home heating Further description and reasons for including Emissions of air pollutants from home heating (in particular, the burning of we are the main source of Key air pollutants in many locations in New Zealand. .-. Emissions of air pollutants from transport Emissions from transport are a signi?cant source of key air pollutants in manyflo'Eations in New Zealand. Emissions of air pollutants from industrial activities Emissions from industry can be a significant source of some air pollutants'in some locations in New Zealand. activities and natural factors affect New Zealand's quality? arr Emissions of air pollutants from primary industries Natural sources of particulate matter and other air pollutants Emissions from primary production activities may be a signi?cant'so?ume of some air pollutants in some locations in New Zealand. Natural sources are a signi?cant source of particulate matterahd some other air pollutants in some locations in New Zealand. Meteorological conditions that trap or disperse air pollutants Meteorological conditions can have a signi?cant affection the concentrations of air pollutants, eg high winds quickly disperse pollutants and low winds inhibit dispersion of pollutants. State Airborne particles of concern to human health The concentrations of particulate matter in Nevr"Z?ealand. Exposures to high particulate matter concentrations are associated with adverse health effects such as lung and heart conditions. PMro (a component of particulate matter) is the measured air pollutant that most frequently exceeds national and international thresholds in New Zealand. is one of the ?ve pollutants included in the National Environmental Standards for Air Quality (NESAQ). What is the condition of New Zealand?s air? Airborne gases of concern to human health The concentrations of carbon mggoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ground level ozone in New Zealand. Carbon monoxide is a gas that can aggravate heart conditions. Historically some locations in New Zealand have experienced elevated concentrations of carbon monoxide. Sulphur dioxide is associatedmith respiratory problems, such as bronchitis, and can aggravate the of asthma and chronic lung disease- Some location's-in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of sulphur dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is a""ga_s that at elevated concentrations can aggravate asthma and reduce lung development in children- Some locations in Newzealand can experience elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. Ground-level ozone is associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases- There is much international interest in ozone as in many countries-czone concentrations are increasing and regularly exceed WHO short-term guideline values. All the gases; listed above are included in the NESAQ. Airborne metals of concern to human health The concentrations of arsenic and lead in New Zealand?s air. Arsenic can aggravate and is associated with heart conditions, and damaged nerves. ZAisenic is also associated with cancer of the skin and lungs. Indications are some locations in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of arsenic Lead can have adverse effects on the nervous system and can impair mental development in children and affect their hearing. Historically -i?soine locations in New Zealand have experienced elevated concentrations of lead. Airborne compounds of condom? to human health organ or . The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene and benzene in New Zealand. Benzo(a)pyrene can irritate the eyes. nose, and throat, and is associated with lung cancer. Indications are some locations in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene. Benzene can have adverse effects on the nervous system and is associated with cancer. Some peak locations in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of benzene. impact What are the effects of the condition of air quality health on public Chronic health?? effects related to air duality Acute health--effects related to air quality The occurrence of health effects that are related to air quality. There are many studies demonstrating the population health effects due to exposure to air pollutants. This topic provides insight into the health effects of New Zealand?s air quality. 11 Pressure What are we trying to ?nd out? What human activities and natural factors affect the condition of New Zeaiand?s freshwater? Topic Contaminant discharges to freshwater Further description and reasons for including Diffuse and point sources and pathways. example, nutrient ieachin g. This isimpoftant to New Zealanders as contaminant discharges are key direct pressures which cause changes in freshwater quality. Abstractions and diversions that affect rivers, lakes, and groundwater Abstractions and diversions are pressures which cause changes in the hydroiogy, and the amount of water available to support economic, recreational and environmental values. - Land cover in freshwater catchments Catchment land cover in?uences the condition of the freshwater envirdpment. Land cover in?uences water ?ows by affecting rainfall runoff, and the rate at which rain soaks into the ground. it also influenceskthe?itypes of material and contaminants that are carried to water bodies by falling rain. L, Land erosion in freshwater catchments Land erosion increases sediment in freshwater. altering freshwater quality, habitats, animals and plant communities- Landscape and form of freshwater catchments The landscape and form of catchments inciudes thejshape of the iand (topography) and geology. Catchment topography strongly in?uences how rain and snow is stored and ?ows overggib?nd. Catchment geology in?uences how fast water flows through the ground, the quantities that are stored in aquifers, whether rivers are recharged or depleted by ground water, and how quickiy it can be pumped from a well or bore- . Climate effects on the freshwater environment lnforrnation will include rainfall, air temperamfeli'and the frequency and scale of extreme events. This is of interest to New Zeaianders as State What is the condition of New Zeaiand?s freshwater environment? Condition and physical characteristics of freshwater habitats extreme events such as droughts or ?oodg?irg?p'act the economy, society and environmental values- Freshwater habitats (for example, rift and wetlands) support plant and animal communities, have aesthetic values, and can regulate pressures such as floods .gyi?dggharges- Presence or abundance of freshwater plants and animals Aquatic plants are relevant tq state or health of the water body and impact on agricultural use), tourism and recreation. Macroinvertebrates are srgailadd'atic animals that are good indicators of the diversity and resitience of rivers- Similarly, ?sh are good indicators of stream healtiatandioonnectivity because of their lifespan and migration patterns. Biological productivity of lakes and rivers Key measures of me?biologicai productivity of lakes or rivers. It is important to know about the overall state of a water body in terms of how much life or can support 2? Chemical properties of river?, lake?, and ground- water Key chemicals-j rquaiity parameters in rivers, lakes, or groundwater. This includes the concentrations of chemicals such as nutrients. This is important as chemical water quality is fundamental to support freshwater life. and other human uses and vaiues of water such as Freshwater clarity. ?ows sediment, quantities, and .. The= physical (non-living) condition of water, such as the amount of sediment it carries, how turbid or ciear it is, and water quantities and are important for the species and habitats within the waterbody. For example, sediment suspended and large ?ows act to abrade ?ush periphyton (slime) from rivers. in rare cases the physical condition can create hazards such as ?oods. Organisms that Concentration of harmful biological contaminants (eg Escherichia coii (E. coli). This is important to New Zealanders as pathogens may have an impact on native and domesticated animals, as wet! as on human health- Impact What are the effects of the condition of the freshwater environment on ecological integrity? disease or ?lness . e? impacts Conservation status of New Zeaiand freshwater species- Indigenous freshwater species are valued as taonga and play a roie in supporting a functioning freshwater ecosystem. 12 What are the effects of the freshwater environment and the change in its condition on the New Zealand economy? Economic impacts related to primary industries Many aspects of New Zealand's economy, including agricultural production and forestry, are dependent on freshwater. Therefore, this is of interest to New Zealanders as changes in our freshwater could impact New Zealand?s economic production. Energy generation and mineral extraction The effect'of the freshwater environment on energy generation and mineral extraction. Hydroelectric generation contributes a significant proportion of New Zealand?s energy needs. . Urban freshwater use The effect of the freshwater environment an urban water use, including drinking water'and industrial use. These aspects of New Zealand?s urban economy depend on access to freshwater. Therefore, this is of interest to?New Zealanders as changes in our freshwater could impact New Zealand?s economic production. impacts on tourism Freshwater impacts New Zealanders? everyday activities and is reported to?be an integral part of the tourism experience. Tourism is an What are the effects of the condition of the freshwater environment public health? on Acute health effects related to freshwater quality important contributor to New Zealand?s economy. The occurrence of health effects that are related water quality. topic provides insight into the health effects of New Zealand's freshwaterquality. What are the effects of the condition of the freshwater environment culture recreation? on and Access to and use of freshwater environments for customary materials and food Access and use of freshwater for customary materials and-food. Maori have traditionally used freshwater resources as part of their cultural identity and there is a need to continue to understand. the impacts on the freshwater environment so Maori can continue to use and engage in the management and maintenance of freshwater resources. Cultural significance of the freshwater environment to Maori This topic recognises the cultural relationship 'Lbetween iviaori and the environment. The environment is integral to Maori identity and culture. it is important to include this topic in, order-to re?ect the M?ori worldview and perspective in environmental reporting, and to ensure that this information is available to informe'nvirdnmental decision making by both Treaty partners. There are methods available to measure this category, for example by usingthe Cultural Health Index (CHI). Maori take a holistic approach to managing and maintaining waterways, which differs from technically ?orientated water resource management practices. As such, iwi need a means to evaluate the health of streams and rivers that eXpresses and accommodates their perspective. Implementing the CHI requires several steps, such as conducting interviews to collect qualitative data for analysis, selecting sites for assessment, and the data entry necessary to calculate CHI scores. Examples of indicators that are used during the field assessment include: . a water quality (Whether the water appears polluted, affected by various invasive life forms, or has an impact on native or exotic water species) a the mattingakai1 plant species seen at the site - access-tome site, area or site of cultural signi?cance (ability to gather mahinga kai) - whe'therfthe person would return to the site in future. The full and processes for development and implementation of the CHI is published on the website. The CHI is currently used at level. The Government Statistician may decide to include these examples as case studies for reporting if the methoddiogy can be proven to be of relevance and meet data quality standards, and data collection can be proven to be cost effective. methodology was developed to be applicable to different waterways and iwiihapu, therefore CHI users and the GS would be l?boking to apply this methodology across other domains, and it may become a nationally representative measure in future. This topic could also include descriptions of the relationship between Meori and specific environmental features or landforms as part of the narrative in the report. This information can be found in lwi Management Plans, reports produced using the CHI or in published academic papers. Recreational; use of the freshwater environment The ability to use freshwater for recreational purposes. This topic provides information on any health risks for recreation (eg swimming), freshwater swimming closures or alerts, and popularity of freshwater activities. New Zealanders, and many tourists, enjoy freshwater contact recreation such as swimming or boating in lakes or rivers. It is important that people can interact with New Zealand's waterbodies without getting sick. 1 Mahinga kai - traditional food and other natural resources and the piaces where those resources are obtained 13 Pressure What are we trying to ?nd out? What human activities and natural factors affect the condition of New Zealand?s land environment? Land use and land use change Further description and reasons for including How New Zealand?s land is being used. Knowing what land is being used for isfunda'mental to understanding the pressures on the land domain. This is of interest to New Zealanders as this has implications for the management of land and the intentions for land use change, as well as understanding how land use is a pressure on land ecosystems, and how ecosystems are changing overtime. Effects of surface and groundwater on the land environment The effect that the water cycle has on the land, including the effect of surface?and groundwater stocks and ?ows. These components of the water cycle in?uence the state of the land environment. It is of interest-to New Zealanders as it in?uences how land can be used. Climate effects on the land environment Climate conditions affect the condition and physical terrain of thetand on which various ecosystems and species depend- This is of interest to New Zealanders as the climate influences the conditions for living bn and ability to use the land. Landscape and physical form The (landforms) that underlies and shapes?the. land domain. Landforms in?uence important aspects of the land domain such as landcover and use- State What is the condition of New Zealand?s land environment? Presence and abundance of indigenous plants and animals lnfonnation about the distribution and extent of indicatorindigenous species. Changes in the extent of indicator species re?ect trends in other widespread indigenous species. Understandingthe status of indigenous species is important to New Zealanders in terms of ecological health and cultural heritage. Ability of ecosystems effectiver terrestrial to function These measures, including the exchange of energy and nutrients between animal and plant communities in an ecosystem, provide an indication of how terrestrial ecosystems are functioning. Measures of ecosystem function provide an indication of the health of our terrestrial ecosystems. including agricultural systems. The occurrence of invasive plants and animals The occurrence of invasive land species in New Zealand. This is important to New Zealanders as invasive species can profoundly interfere with the function of natural and human managed ecosystems and landscapes. Vegetation and other land cover The different forms of vegetation?a'nd other land cover in New Zealand, including indigenous forests. wetlands, production forest, pasture, urban and infrastructure- The extent to which land cover has changed overtime, particulariy in reSpect to indigenous environments, is central to our understandingof the New Zealand environment. Status of, and susceptibility to, erosion New Zealand?s hilly terrain?is? prone to erosion, especially under particular land use regimes. includes both the erosion status of land as well as erosion susceptibility. The erosion .of land is important for several reasons, including its productivity, danger and hazards posed by various erosion events (whether landslide, mass movement, etc), change in soil carbon storage capacity, availability of land for various uses, and effects Upton water quality (eg from sediment loading). Soil health and quality Soil health Cabinet approved Tier 1 statistic. includes the measuresare required to assess soil health in both productivity, Which in turn underpins our economy- physical, biological and chemical condition of soils. Combined, these productive and indigenous land environments. Soil health and fertility in?uences Soil types Mapped data showing the distribution of soil classes nationally. Soil types influence other important aspects of the land domain such as land cover and land resource use. Land contaminated by hazardous substances The number of contaminated sites, including those that are remediated or actively managed. Contaminated site numbers and their degree dfrernediation is an indicator of how much New Zealand?s land is contaminated by hazardous substances. impact What are the effects of the condition of the land environment on ecological integrity? impacts on biodiversity-? The number of known plant and animal species that are acutely threatened, chronically threatened or at risk- includes how much indigenous vegetation remains within land environments and its legal protection status. These measures are a strong indicator of the condition of our indigenous natural heritage. The main factors in?uencing threat status is the abundance of pests and the state and extent of indigenous habitats- They provide a good indication of how well the full extent of our indigenous environments (eg wetiands, lowland forests) are represented throughout New Zealand. What are the effects of the land environment and the change in its condition on the New Economic impacts related to primary industries New Zealand?s food production, the monetary value of food produced on the land and the added value to the economy; includes the added value of timber generation to the economy. This is important as a country should be able to provide food for its people. Food production is aiso an important component of the New Zealand economy and contributes signi?cantly to our exports. Timber generation is an important component of the New Zealand economy and contributes to our exports. Extent of highly productive The extent of highly productive soils available for food production. Versatile soils need to be managed to ensure a variety of land-use 14 Zealand economy? soils available for food options remain for future generations and that the production needs of current generations can be met. production Energy generation and The added value of energy generation and mineral extraction to the economy. This is important as energy generation and mineral mineral extraction extraction are important components of the New Zealand economy. - How the land domain is utilised by the tourism sector and what value is derived from value derived from our natural environment ImpaCts 0 Guns the t0urism sector 15 important to measure as tourism is as srgni?ca nt element of our economy. Chronic health effects, What are the effects resulting from condition of the condition of the and management of land land environment on Acute health effects, public health? resulting from condition and management of land How the condition and management of land impacts food safety. Chemicalsand nutrients may build up in the land and get into the food supply. Also, changes in the land environment can influence the levels of pathogens that our food is exposed to. This is important to the health of the New Zealand public and the economic sector. . Access land environment to Access and ability to use and preserve sites of customary significanCe. Also provides an understanding of how negative forces breakdown provide customary the state of particular sites of significance which can affect Maori?l'dentity and mana (prestige). materials and food This topic recognises the cultural relationship between mean and the environment. The environment is integral to maori identity and culture. It is important to include this topic in order to reflect the M?ori worldview and perspective in environmental reporting, and to ensure that this information is available to inform environmental decision making by both Treaty partners. There are methods available to measure this category, for example by using the cultural_._HeaIth Index (CHI). NIaori take a holistic approach to managing and maintaining waterways, which differs from technically orientated water resource management practices. As such, iwi need a means to evaluate the health of streams and rivers that expresses-and accommodates their perspective. Implementing the CHI requires several steps, such as conducting interviews to collect qualitative data for analysis, selecting sites for assessment, and the data entry necessary to calculate CHI scores. Examples of indicators that are used during the field assessment What are the effects include: gntgeef??nfnneg: tg?: - water quality (whether the-water appears polluted, affected by various invasive life forms, or has an impact on native or exotic water culture and Cultural significance of the species)_ '2 - ?ono land envrronment to Maori - the mahinga specres seen at the snte recrea - access to the site, area or site of cultural significance (ability to gather mahinga kai) - whether the'perso'n would return to the site in future. The full methodology and processes for development and implementation of the CHI is published on the website. The CHI is currently used at a catchment level. The Government Statistician may decide to include these examples as case studies for reporting if the methodologycan be proven to be of relevance and meet data quality standards, and data collection can be proven to be cost effective. The CHI-methodology was developed to be applicable to different waterways and iwiihapu, therefore CHI users and the GS would be looking to apply this methodology across other domains, and it may become a nationally representative measure in future. .This'topic could also include descriptions of the relationship between M?ori and specific environmental features or landforms as part of the narrative in the report. This information can be found in Iwi Management Plans, reports produced using the CHI or in published academic papers. Recreational use The value derived by New Zealanders from the land domain through recreational use. The ability to access and enjoy our natural [and environment .- environment for recreational pursuits is important to the social and cultural wellbeing of New Zealanders. 2 Mahinga kai - traditional food and other natural resources and the places where those resources are obtained 15 Pre SSU re What human activities and natural factors affect the condition of New Zealand?s marine environment? Discharges to the marine environment All discharges to the marine environment from land, freshwater or marine sources. This-is important to New Zealanders as discharges to the marine environment impact the human activities and use that are considered part of our way of life Extraction of mineral and biological marine resources The extraction of physical and biological marine resources. Extractive use of'_'resburces is a key pressure on the marine environment. Marine habitat modi?cation by human activity The pressures from human activities on oceanic and coastal benthic habitats. This is important because habitat loss or degradation is a major pressure on the marine environment and affects the functioning of ecological systems. Climate effects on the marine environment Natural and anthropogenic climate variability and long-term change- This is important because the variability and long-term change of New Zealand?s climate affects the marine domain and impacts the'economy and everyday activities. State What is the condition of New Zealand?s marine environment? Presence and abundance of indigenous plants and animals The geographic variation of marine biodiversity including describing the status of indigenous marine species based on Zealand Threat Classi?cation System assessments. it also covers the state bf ?n?sh stocks in the Quote Management System. There may be more than one stock per species. Knowing the state and trends for marine species and Which areas are more diverse is important for understanding our environment, especially as New Zealand?s marine environment is highly complex. The status of fish stocks provides an indication of the level of exploitation and whether stocks are stable, increasing or declining. This is important because ?sh stocks are a commercial, recreational and customary resource that contributes to New Zealand's economy and way of life. Extent and occurrence of marine habitats The extent and occurrence of marine habitats; Marine habitats have an intrinsic value in addition to playing a critical role in the cycle of marine species, including the deveIOpment?aland adult stages of commercially important species. marine function Ability of ecosystems to effectively The marine environment through the-lens. of ecosystem function, for example by looking at biological production. Some of the measures being considered are used internationally as measures of ecosystem health. This is important because the lower trophic levels of the marine food chain are critical for Sp?eCies that are culturally or commercially important. Presence and abundance of animals at the top of the food chain The numbers, distribution, range and breeding success of apex marine species such as seabirds and marine mammals. This is important because the presen'ce'of top-level species is an indication that their environment is in good health. Many of these species are iconic or endemic to New Zealand. Occurrence of marine organisms invasive Invasive marine organisms'have the potential to alter whole ecosystems. They can also reduce our enjoyment of recreational areas and adversely impact ?shed or harvested species. Quality of coastal and estuarine waters Information on of coastal and estuarine water (including substances that present a health risk) is important because coastal areas are where-people enjoy or relate to the ocean. Water quality of bathing sites is especially important to New Zealanders and has generated a lot of media coverage in the past. Ocean acidity Sea level, temperature, and circulation Changes in physical and chemical properties of the sea can have an effect on species and habitats as well as on some human activities. This isimportant to New Zealanders as, for example ocean acidification could impact shell?sh stocks potentially reducing the economic value'of some ?sheries and recreational or cultural use of the marine environment. Sea level rise is a global issue that could potentially affett coastal infrastructure and property. Impact What are the effects of the condition of the environment marine on ecological integrity? Impacts on biodiversity Threatened species, which are considered at risk of extinction. Includes marine environments, vulnerable ecosystems and sensitive habitats- The term threatened species? (which has three sub?categories: nationally critical, nationally endangered and nationally vulnerable) covers species that could become extinct due past or current changes in abundance or distribution. Some of those species, such as Maurs dolphins, are iconic species and have generated a lot of domestic and intemational interest. Impacts on marine environments provide an overview of how the system as a whole is impacted. Vulnerable ecosystems and sensitive habitats provide an indication or where ecological processes are impaired. 16 What are the effects of the marine environment and the change in its condition on the New Zealand economy? Economic impacts to primary industries related The monetary value of food produced by commercial fisheries and aquaculture and their added value to the economy. Food production is an important dimension of the New Zealand economy, with aquaculture likely to grow in the near future. Energy generation mineral extraction and The added value of mineralsand oil extraction to the economy. This is important as oil and mineral extraction is a major component of the New Zealand economy. - impacts on tourism The added value of marine-based'tourism and recreation to the economy and potentially visitor surveys. Tourism, both international and domestic, and recreation contribute significantly to the New Zealand This is important to New Zealand as most marine-based tourist and recreational activities rely on a good quality marine environment; What are the effects of the condition of the marine environment on public health? Chronic health effects resulting from the condition of the marine environment Acute health effects resulting from the condition of the marine environment Faecai bacteria levels and how the condition of the marine enyirb?nhient impacts food safety. Chemicals and nutrients may build up and get into the food supply. This is important to the health of the,New-Zealand public and the economic sector. What are the effects of the condition of the marine environment on culture and recreation? Access to and use of marine resources to provide and customary materials food Access and ability to use marine resources for customary purposes. Maori have traditionally used marine resources (particularly as kai) as part of their cultural identity and there is a continue to understand the impacts on the marine environment so Maori can continue to engage in the management and maintenance of the marine resource. Cultural significance of the marine environment M?ori to This topic recognises the cultural relationshipb??cween Maori and the environment. The environment is integral to Niaori identity and culture. It is important to include this topic in order to reflect the M?ori worldview and perspective in environmental reporting, and to ensure that this information is available. toinform environmental decision making by both Treaty partners. There are methods available to measure this category, for example by using the Cultural Health Index (CHI). maori take a holistic approach to managing and maintaining waterways, which differs-from technically orientated water resource management practices. As such, iwi need a means to evaluate the health of streams and-rivers that expresses and accommodates their perspective. implementing the CHI requires several steps, such as conducting interviews to collect qualitative data for analysis, selecting sites for assessment, and necessary to calculate CHI scores, Examples of indicators that are used during the field assessment include: a water quality (whether the water appears polluted, affected by various invasive life forms, or has an impact on native or exotic water species) - the?rrjahi'nga kai3 plant species seen at the site - access to the site, area or site of cultural significance (ability to gather mahlnga kai) - whether the person would return to the site in future. The full methodology and processes for development and implementation of the CHI is published on the website. The CHI is currently used at a catchment level. The Government Statistician may decide to include these examples as case studies for reporting if the methodology can be proven to be of relevance and meet data quality standards, and data collection can be proven to be cost effective. The CHI methodology was developed to be applicable to different watenrvays and iwi/hapu, therefore CHI users and the GS ?would be looking to apply this methodology across other domains, and it may become a nationally representative measure in future. This topic could also include descriptions of the relationship between Maori and speci?c environmental features or landforms as part of the narrative in the report. This information can be found in Iwi Management Plans, reports produced using the CHI or in published academic papers. Recreational use of the marine environment The recreational use of the marine environment. This is important, as the enjoyment of marine resource is an integral part of many New Zealanders' lifestyle. 3 Mahinga kai - traditional food and other natural resources and the places where those resources are obtained 17