Questions that environmental reporting will seek to answer Note - the following five tables set out a broad range of topics that could be reported - against to answer each of the key questions. This is important to ensure we do not Overlookfj-X?. potentially signi?cant factors and so that our picture of the complexity of environmental? pressures and impacts is complete. The next step will be to identify the subset of thosg most significant and statistically tractable factors to form our core list for which developed. .v ?b?Q?ba . Air Which human activities affect What is the condition omen! What are the effects of the New Zealand's air quality? Zealand?s air? ,2 condition of air quality on New - Particulate emissions - Concentga?ionsfiofv zeaianderS? 0 Gas emissions particgat?etgtatter - Population health effects 0 Metal emissions Of gases 0 Economic productivity Volatile and semi volatile 0 (Corio??ntrations of metals - 0 Recreation organic compound 0 ?goqtentrations of volatile Tourism emissions t, a??d semi volatile organic in Cultural values - Odour emission if}: I?dcompound Non?use values a Vi" Odour Branding a - Visibility Which natural factors-faggot .. - New Zealand?s airE-?qyallty? How does New Zealand?s air quality affect other Meteorological conditions environmental domains, Volca" 1-3 I. . Sea including ecosystems and biodiversity? [glifjiirthquakes 0 Atmosphere and climate . Marine Natural fires a Freshwater a Land How have these pressures, states and impacts changed over time? How are these pressures, states and impacts expected to change in the future? projections, assessment against thresholds, identification of risks) How do the state, trends, and impacts of New Zealand?s air compare with other countries (where applicable)? How does the condition of New Zealand?s air quality compare to national and international standards or guidelines? Climate and atmosphere Which human activities affect New What are the What are the effects of the Zealand?s climate? characteristics of New climate and the change injts? . . Zealand?s climate? condition on New is." 0 Greenhouse gas em 55 ons (global and domestic) - Visibility zealanderS? Particulate emissions (black carbon 0 Temperature 0 Economic pro?uctivity and dust) - Rainfall 0 Tourism, - Globally transported contaminants a Wind . effects - Albedo 1- Sunshine 0 loss Which natural factors affect New Occurrence of frost Zealand,s climate? 0 Chemical est?lon-use values concentrations ,V?uInerability/resilience 0 Ocean and atmospheric circulation (gases, ozone etc) f3:- Branding Pattems - Cloud 1 "42:2, 3: Recreation 0 Volcanlc events 0 Security of water, energy 0 Naturalfires - .2- and land What is New Zealand?s contribution to Wit]? the earth?s climate? Wh ff (5-: . at are ects 0 0 Domestic greenhouse gas emissions concentrations intensity and the change in its - Domestic-particulate emissions condition on New - (black carbon 8: dust) Zealanders? Which human activities affect Nevy?gf . Human health effects Zealand?s UV intenSitV? i 0 Economic productivity '0 Ozone depleting subsp?g??si, - - f? . emussuons (global angigornestlc) 0 Emissions of Uvii?'fegfering substances (?gloib? arid domestic) zea'and 5 Chmate cause a pressures in other environmental domains including ecosystems and How do changes in New .- Zealand?sxpvui?tensity? I Atmospheric circulation patterns biodiversity? Zealand?s contribution to 0 Land ozone layer? 0 Marine . . . - Freshwater Domestic em 55 ons of ozone depleting substances How have these pressures, states and impacts changed over time? How are these pressures, states and impacts expected to change in the future? projections, assessment against thresholds, identification of risks) How does the state of New Zealand?s atmosphere and climate compare with other countries (where applicable)? Land Which human activities affect What is the condition of New What are the effects of the the condition of New Zealand?s land environment? land environment and the Zealand?s land environment? change in its condition on 53"- 0 Chemical composition w. New Zealanders? i? 0 Changes to top soil 0 Soil structure - Resource extraction a Land stability 0 Economic produ?tigityl - Soil compaction ?0 Suitable land availability 0 Tourism A 0 Application of chemicals, 0 Recreation nutrients, water - Brandingf'kfv? - Hard surface cover What is the COHdition 0f - Culture-fva'ers terrestrial ecosystems? Which natural factors affect the condition of New 0 Ecological integrity Zealand?s land environment? CommerCial Spades health effects r- (Contaminated sites) Temperature, water and - Rainfall climate regulation V?lcanic events How is New Zealandis affordability Natural ?res resource used? EarthquakES ?is; i - AgriCUITHl?eh x" What are the effects of land Which human activities affect . Urb 4* fit"? ?air- resource use on New the use of New Zealand . - Zealanders? land area? '9 I . I 0 Alterations to ecosystems 1! Cover F00 pm ?am? and biodiversity {it .?'ecreation - Productivity 0 Changes to .L Branding landform/built - Cultural values environments - - introduction rifle-es}: species . Zealand?s land enwronment How have changes in New .z?it Which naturalfactors affected other environmental affected theme of New domains including ecosystems Zeala?nd?s?land area? and biodiversity? Firift??i'infall - Freshwater - Marine do Soil characteristics 0 Atmosphere and climate How have these pressures, states and impacts changed over time? How are these pressures, states and impacts expected to change in the future? projections, assessment against thresholds, identification of risks) How does the state of New Zealand?s land compare with other countries (where applicable)? Freshwater What is the conditin of Which human activities affect Zealand,s freshwater What are the effects ofthe - the condition of New environment? fresh water environment and kg, Zealand?s freshwater . Flow regime the change in its condition environment? . clarity on New Zealanders? - Diffuse inputs - Temperature - Economic - Point source inputs 0 Habitat - Energy 0 Introduction of pests - Sediment regime - Recreation .1 0 Removal of plant and 0 pH 0 Tourism animalspecies a Periphyton (slime) - 0 Water abstraction 0 Nutrient and chemical - Nonjusie va'iu'ites - Physical modifications concentrations a I Pathogens - health effects a Total freshwater volume - vili?ed production WhiCh natural factor?) affECt 0 Soil moisture Water abstractions the condition of New Zealand?s freshwater What is the condition ozfi-?i environment? freshwater ecosystemsle11,7". . How have the changes in . Rainfall Ecological New Zealand?s freshwater . Landslides environment affected other Other extreme events enVimnmental domains- How is including ecosystems and freshwater/resource used? biodiversity? 1- re "banking water Lam? I s, - m?industry . Mame Transport Forestry <11 0 Mining 0 Tourism I 0 Recreation a Culture pressures, states and impacts changed over time? - I 'ifl-viogvi?are these pressures, states and Impacts expected to change in the future? l?jprojections, assessment against thresholds, identification of risks) How does the state of New Zealand?s freshwater compare with other countries (where applicable)? Marine Which human activities affect What is the condition of New What are the effects ofthe New Zealand?s marine Zealand?s marine marine environment and the environment? environment? change in its condition on - Diffuse inputs I Temperature New zealanderS? 0 Point source inputs 0 pH 0 Economic I Exploratory seismic - Clarity I Tourism activity 0 Habitat 0 Recreation - Removal of plant and - Ecological integrity 0 Branding 23;, x" animal species a Sea level 0 Culturalgia?ul?g lntFOdUCtion 0f Pest - Nutrient and chemical 0 Non?? . ?l'v-a-ues species concentrations I o?cl? induction 0 Removal of minerals and - Pathogens ocfilgmpErature and climate hydrocarbons :?xegulation a Physical modifications 4. What is the condition of? marine ecosystems? What are the effects of the Which natural factors affect condition of N25 marine . - Ecologlcal mt the of New . ti resources on New . 0 Commerc_ l-species Zealand 5 marine .Z'ealanders? . environment? "v - <1 . 0 Economic productivity How Is,? Zealand 5 marine - Floods 0 od roducti resoul?ce heed? F0 on - Extreme events Culturalvalues a Sea circulation patterns ,Equuaculture Branding asMining fr I Recreation How have changes in New 0 Tourism Zealand?s marine i - . - Cabling environment affected other . . 0 Transport envrronmental domains Including ecosystems and q, biodiversity? 0 Atmosphere and climate a. - Land .5161 r. L, fw? Cf How have these pressures, states and impacts changed over time? How are these pressures, states and impacts expected to change in the future? projections, assessment against thresholds, identification of risks) How does the state of New Zealand?s marine environment compare with other countries (where applicable)? Broad list of topics Pressure (10) Pressure (5) - Discharges to freshwater - Hydrology - Physical w-aterbod-v - Climate effects emsma?gesimmemafine I,Pr.essure= II I Pressure (6) Greenhouse gas emissions, - Home heating a Emissions intestine-depleting - Transport substances - - Natural sources ?'Eafid'ibli?i' - lndustrialdischarges hand-U5"? - - Discharges from primary - State production 0 Meteorological conditions modification . Land use a. I .1 - FishingSt harvesting . Indugtw . use: - Abstractions 8t diversions . Disturbance regimes a Land use 35- infrastructure? . - Land cover . Erosion State ?y - - . LandscapeEr physical form .2 characteristics 0 ndigen0u5 Species a 7 I - Climate effects - Status of taonga species 533535 - Concentrations of particulate a. Viridiaen - Terrestrial habitats .. 1 St - Functionaldiversitv of 5 . "Congenuatfgn matter ate teri'estrialecowstems . 1 - ConcenErations of carbon - _s i . - - r- "10? - Freshwater habitats Invasive specres . .. - .. .- _tmospi en ti a to on specie. Atmosperrc clarity?- - - - Concentrations of sulphur I A. state i105) . - - State (9) - Concentrations'of'greenhouse. t. :ate-Lui'ji 13; er audscsae 1V - Freshwater piant communities Energii 84 mineral Tr -. .. dioxide - Freshwater animal Landscape physical form a 7 v' 9f . . emperatiire - I - recreationaisr?e?ies . -_..Precipitatioo Concentrations 0f mlmgen communities Land cover dioxide - - . ii. .. - 7 Damned invasive species 5 Humidity evaporation'gt cloud . Indigenous spec'es Emsmn I - 7 1 - cover- - Concentrations of ground level messenger quality - Status of taonga species Soil characteristics ozone . .d&'n 5' es ecres 55.11.3118 3ft! eswatersommn Unwan i va Jim . chr?hceofextremeevents Concentrations ofarsenic - Freshwater qualltv rqu?mner? 5 - - Con entrat' fl a c. afar *Sunshine. hours. {secret '0 50 ea Hydrology 9' . . - Groundwater Impact (13) - - . a - enzo a pvrene Pathogens 8: bacteria Ecoiogical integrity tiffConcentrations of benzene Threatened species habitats 7.: l. I - lm act Regulating services r" . I a Food production . . I - - . - Ecologicai integrity Timber Threatenedapepies;&ihaairats i - - Impact Lt r?ommunitv resilience - Popu ation eat a ects ,iF-o?d gamma? - anactszof antigeme-events . Visibiliw - ?csonemic-pmluctio?n . . . . . Populatiohhea-lthaf?icts: - Atmospheric climatic effects .1 EBner?ation-I Wahi-tapu rah'tap" - Threatened species habitats Minerai extraction - Regulating services Energy generation l. erratum Tourism :1 :1 TsEmS-rrerere?? .. . Agriculture, horticulture 8L . Food Safew a forestry - Access to recreational areas Industrial use . - Tourism . use . Recreational?-Ei Sportinguse 3 Energy generation . Mam-I . - . - Water resourse availability .- 0 - Municipal use {Maori I Recreatonal sporting use ?1 - Wahi tapu 0 Customary use - Mauri 2015 List Potential topics for June 2015 report 2015 list of topics 2 Pressure (6) 0 Discharges to freshwater - Abstractions 8e diversions - Land cover Erosion Landscape 8: physical form Climate effects State (6) - Freshwater habitats Freshwater plant communities - Freshwater animai communities Freshwater quality Hydrology Pathogens bacteria Impact (5) - Threatened species habitats 0 Tourism - Energy generation - Water resourse availability - Recreatonal sporting use Pressure (5) - Hydrology - Climate effects - Land use 0 Industry Disturbance regimes State (10) - Indigenous species - Status of taonga species - Terrestrial habitats - Functional diversity of terrestrial ecosystems Invasive species Energy mineral stocks Landscape physical form Land cover Erosion Soil characteristics Impact (7) - Ecological integrity - Threatened species 8: habitats - Food production - Timber 0 Mineralextraction - Energy generation - Food safety Pressure (4) - Climate-effects - Discharges to the marine environment - Resource use Habitat modification State (9) - Indigenous Species . Status of taonga species. 0 Marine habitats I Functional diversity of'marine ecosystems - Status of apex species - Stau's of commercial r?creatio?nal spec-i: - I Unwanted 8: irnn. siv: species 0 Coastal water quiitV - State of water column Impact (6) a Ecological integrity - Threatened species 8: habitats - Food production Tour-ism 8i'reCreation - Resource extraction energy generation Recreational sporting use 91 EUJI a II) is waite? (I LU 1V Pressure (2) - Greenhouse gas emisSIL-ns - State ofthe water coir mn State - Concentrations of greenhouse {Pads Concentration of atmospheric ozone - Atmospheric circulation - Temperature - Precipitation 0 Occurence of extreme event-s - Sunshine hours solar intensity Impact (3) - Ecological resilience - Economic production - Population health effects a Pressure (6) Home heating - Transport - Natural sources - lndustriai discharges - Discharges from primary production Meteorological conditions State (9) - Concentrations of particulate matter 0 Concentrations of carbon mon0xide - Concentrations of sulphur dioxide - Cancenttatlons of nitrogen dioxide 0 Concentrations of ground level ozone - Concentrations of arsenic - Concentrations oflead - Concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene Concentrations of benzene Impact (3) - Population health effects - Visibility Atmospheric climatic effects 2015 List - Potential topics for June 2015 report Description Home heating The emissions ofair pollutants from the home heating in particular the burning of wood and coal for home heating Reasons for'including Emissions from home heating are the main source of key air pollutants in manyefocations in New Zealand Transport The emissions of air pollutants from transport Emissions from transport are a significant source of key air pollutants locations in New Zealand Natural sources. The contribution of natural sources to the Natural sources are a significant source of particulate matter andlsomecither air pollutants in some locations in New Zealand concentrations of air pollutants Elias; Pressure Industrial The emissions of air pollutants from industrial Emissions from industry can be a signi?cant source of some in some locations in New Zealand discharges activities .- a" Discharges from The emissions of air pollutants from primary primary production production - Meteorological The contribution of meteorological conditions to the Meteorological conditions can have a on the concentrations of air pollutants, eg high winds quickly disperse pollutants conditions concentrations of air pollutants and low winds inhibit dispersion of pollutants; Concentrations of The concentrations of particulate matter in New Exposures to high particulate matter are associated with adverse health effects such as lung and heart conditions. particulate Zealand (a component of particulate mattg?rristhe measured air pollutant that most frequently exceeds national and internationai thresholds in matter New Zealand. is one of they included in the National Environmental Standards for Air Quality (NESAQ) Concentrations of The concentrations of carbon monoxide in New Carbon monoxide is a gas nah aggravate heart conditions. Historically some locations in New Zealand have experienced elevated carbon monoxide Zealand concentrations of carbgn?lp?io?n'tixide. Carbon monoxide is one of the five pollutants included in the NESAQ Concentrations of The concentrations of sulphur dioxide in New Zealand Sulphur dioxide is asg? cited with respiratory problems, such as bronchitis, and can aggravate the of asthma and chronic lung Sulphur dioxide disease. Some locations in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of sulphur dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is one of the five pollutants includedsin?the NESAQ Concentrations of The concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in New Nitrogen diagnd'g is a gas that at elevated concentrations can aggravate asthma and reduce lung development in children. nitrogen di0xide Zealand Some liocatroris'in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is one of the ?ve pollutants the NESAQ Concentrations of The concentrations of ground level ozone in New Cir {id?level ozone is associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. There is much international interest in ozone as ground level Zealand if nrn'jiany countries 020ne concentrations are increasing and regularly exceed WHO short?term guideline values. Ground~leve ozone is one ozone emso the five pollutants included in the NESAQ Concentrations of The concentrations of arsenic in New Zealand arsenic Concentrations of The concentrations of lead in New Zealand. Lead can have adverse effects on the nervous system and can impair mental development in children and hearing. Historically some lead locations in New Zealand have experienced elevated c0ncentrations of lead Concentrations of The concentrations of Zealand Benzo(a)pyrene can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, and is associated with lung cancer. Indications are some locations in New Zealand benzo(a)pyrene can experience .elevated concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene State Arsenic can aggravate and is associated with heart conditions, and damage nerves. Arsenic is also associated with cancer ofthe skin and lungs. Indications are some locations in New Zealand can experience elevated concentrations of arsenic Concentrations of The concentrations of benzene jn'inl'?w Zealand Benzene can have adverse effects on the nervous system and is associated with cancer. Some peak locations in New Zealand can benzene experience elevated concentrations of benzene Population health The occurrence of healtheffe?k that are related to air There are many studies demonstrating the popuiation health effects due to exposure to air pollutants. This topic provides insight into the effects quality heaith effects of New Zealand?s air quality Visibility The occurrence of poor visibility events due to air Poor visibility can disrupt transport (due to large-scale events like volcanic eruptions) and can influence people's perception of air quality Impact quality and sometimes the activities they engage in. This topic provides insight into the impact of poor visibility events due to air quality Atmosphere and The interaction of air pollution and the state of our Air pollution can affect the atmosphere and climate directly through the warming and cooling properties of pollutants. Indirectly, air climate atmosphere and climate pollution can change rainfall and the reflectivity and distribution of clouds. This topic provides insight into the impact of New Zealand?s air quality on the atmosphere and climate 2015 List - Potential topics for une 2015 report Pressure Greenhouse gas emissions 1 Description The global concentrations and emissions of gases that absorb infrared radiation and hence contribute to the warming of the planet Reasons for including; Global greenhouse gas concentrations are one of the mostgsignificant pressures on our climate. increases in their concentrations though emissions lead to increased temperature and changes in clouds, rainfall and winds. This is of interest to New Zealanders as New Zealand for many aspects of everyday life and the economy, such as agricultural production and hydropo'Wer State of the water column The heat contained within the-ocean plays an important role in determining the climate. The temperature of the ocean provides heat directly to the atmosphere and can determine how much moisture is-taken up by the air Changes in sea surface temperature gives an i - ligation of how the climate, which is influenced by the heat contained in the ocean, might change. Thisqg'r?i?g rtant to New Zealanders as New Zealand is surrounded by ocean that can alter our climate, therefore temperature strongly effects our climate State Concentrations of greenhouse gases The global concentrations of gases that absorb infrared radiation and contribute to global warming Global greenhouse gas concentrations af??sone of the most significant pressures on our climate. increases in their concentrations lead to increased temperature and changes in clouds, rainfall and winds. This is of interest to New Zealanders as New Zealand its climate for many aSpects of the economy and everyday life Concentration of atmospheric ozone The concentration of atmospheric ozone over New Zealand Ozone levels determine of UV light that falls onto the earth?s surface. UV light is important for life. When levels are too hi 'his an cause material deterioration, sun burn, cancer and death. This is important to New Zealanders as I ea and has high UV levels, high exposure to UV and high rates of deaths from skin cancer Atmospheric circulation The variations in atmospheric circulations drive the climate that New Zealand experiences Variations in atmqispgi?ib circulations determine much of the variability in New Zealand?s climate. This is of interest to New Zealanders as the climatic variability affects temperature, rainfall, wind and sunshine, which will impact economy eg. agricultural production Temperatu re Measurement of New Zealand?s national average temperature, and regional representations such as average maximum and minimum temperature, annual number of frost days and warm days, day-night temperature differences, and growing degree days. Temper fu ?gist key topic and has impacts across many aspects of everyday life in New Zealand. Temperature is of inter. tot ew Zealanders as, for example, variations impact our heating needs, the water holding capacity of the aiith cycles of many species, public health, and grass growing for agricultural production i "ii Precipitation Measurement of New Zealand?s rainfall, snowfall and hail ?yPiiecipitation varies from hour~to~hour, day-to-day, year-to-year, and on very small space scales. Precipitation "levels are important to new Zealander?s as variations affect drinking water availability, hydropower generation, grass growth for agricultural production, and many other aSpects of everyday life Occurrence of extreme events The occurrence of extreme weather (wind, rainfall, snow, and If thunderstorms) that may cause damage to property, displacemeh?tso people, or a signi?cant need .to react to the event Extreme events form a signi?cant impact on our society and economy, for example, they are the reason behind the expenditure on river protection. This is of interest to New Zealanders because these events have a significant impact on our society and economy, for example, flooding. Sunshine hours solar intensity The number of sunshine hours in New Zealand, and thei?tejijsity of solar radiation emitted from the sun in the form of UV light . . . UV light is important for life, however when levels are too high this can cause material deterioration, sun burn, cancer and death. This is important to New Zealanders as New Zealand has high UV levels, high exposure to UV and high rate of deaths from skin cancer Impact Ecological resilience This includes measurement of indicators thattim?pakct the ecological u. resilience of New Zealand, by indicating chapgiirgfconditions The resilience of our ecosystems is vital to New Zealand in terms of the values placed by New Zealanders on their environment as well as from our dependence on the services the ecosystems provide Economic production Measurement of the economic produ/ctiohggf?hl ew Zealand focusing on aspects of New Zealand?s economylhaiftjepend on the atmosphere and Many a5pects of New Zealand?s economy, including agricultural production and tourism, are dependent on the atmosphere and climate. Therefore, this is of interest to New Zealanders as changes in our atmosphere and climate could impact New Zealand?s economic production Population health effects climate, including agricultural and tourism Report the occurrence of health-Effects that are related to atmospheric and climate variations Eli-5!? Provide insight into the health effects of our changing climate. This is of interest to New Zealander's. as changes to our climate will have public health implications. For example New Zealand has high occurrences of many food and water borne diseases and these are expected to increase with a warming climate 2015 List - Potential topics for June 2015 report gF'reshw'ater Pressure ("Topic Discharges to freshwater a. a y: urces and This will cover diffuse and point so leaching I This is important to New Zealanders as contaminant rges are key direct pressures which cause changes in freshwater quality . Abstractions 8: diversions This will look at information relating to consented water takes Abstractions and diversions are pressures which in the state of hydrology, and the amount of water available to support economic, recreational and anyir?anmental values Land cover Reported as a state within the Land domain. Information includes mapped land cover categories across New Zealand, such as urban or exotic forestry or natural Catchment land c0ver influences erosion of,soil,l?supiply of soil derived water column constituents during rainfall and surface runoff including nutrients and sediments Erosion Reported as a state within the Land damain. This will look at the erodability of catchments as a result of New Zealand?s hilly terrain and geology - Erosion increases sediment bodies, altering freshwater quality, habitats, animals and plant. communities Landscape and physical form Reported as a state within the Land domain. This topic presents the physical form of catchment landscapes as they relate to freshwater, such as topography and geology ,9 gs Catchment topography stro ?Tg?iyllinfluences how precipitation is stored (due to snow pack and lakes) and released as well as erosion and transpb {of sediment. Catchment geology influences aspects of hydrology, including groundwater storage and release (Le conditions) Climate effects This combines information sourced from the Atmosphere and Climate domain that most affect freshwater. lnforr'natidn will likely include precipitation, temperature and extreme events 70 0" Climate influencessgfeai?itation (how much rain catchments receive) and water temperature. This is of interest to New Zealan-d-ers a dittreme eventssuch as droughts or floods impact the economy, society and environmental values ?31. )7 State Freshwater habitats The physical characteristics of habitat types for example wetlands This is impor it": to New Zealand as freshwater habitats support plant and animal communities, and can regulate pressures as floods or discharges Freshwater plant communities This will look at the presence of plants such as periphyton or submerged plants in lakes the state or health of an ecosystem and impacts on values such as agricultural use (by blocking water {litigate-s for example), tourism and recreation Freshwater animal communities Water insect communities communicated by the Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI) a '?lirlacroinvertebrates are small aquatic animals that are good indicators of the diversity and resilience of river ?ecosystems. They are ideal candidates for 'biotic' measures of river state because they respond quickly to pressures Freshwater quality Chemical concentrations of key water "quality parameters in and groundwater us This is important as water quality is fundamental human and ecological uses and values of water Hydrology Water quantity and flow information such as average sumrgeflovcflow, or flood flows r? Water quantity and flow characteristics are ecologically meaningful and de?ne water availability. An example includes large flows which can flush periphyton from river channels, improving water quality and river health Pathogens 8: bacteria Concentration of harmful biological contaminants (E. coli) This is important to New as pathogens may have an impact on native and domesticated animals, as well as on human health Impact Threatened species 8r habitats Conservation status of New Zealand freshwatenfish}. assessed through the New Zealand Threat Classification System The term ?threatened species? (which has three sub?categories: nationally critical, nationally endangered and nationally vulnerable) covers species that could become extinct. Indigenous freshwater fish have intrinsic value as taonga and play a role in supporting a functioning freshwater ecosystem Tourism This will look at the proportion of tougis activity psi took part in a freshwater Freshwater impacts New Zealander?s everyday activities and is reported to be an integral part of the tourism experience. Tourism isan important contributor to New Ze?aiand's economy Energy generation Proportion of New Zealand?s met by hydroelectric generation A Hydroelectric generation contributes a significant proportion of New Zealand?s energy needs. Climate acts as a pressure on hydrology, which impacts generation capability Water resource availability Water resource availabil'tyTa-speists, which can include the number of days with take anailocation as a proportion of .an estimated quantum mean weekly low flows) Availability of water is fundamental to the New Zealand economy. The ability to utilisea water resource is in?uenced by abstractions, discharges and. climate Recreational Si sporting use Captures the health risk for contact recreation swimming), freshwater swimming closures or alerts, and popularity of freshwater activities based on existing survey data New Zealanders, and many tourists, enjoy freshwater contact recreation such as swimming or boating in lakes or rivers. It is important that people can interact with our waterbodies without getting sick 2015 List - Potential topics for June 2015 report Pressure Hydrology Description The effect that the water cycle has on the land, including the effect of water stocks and flows Reasons for including Hydrology is a key environmental parameter which influences the state of the land environment. it is of interest to New Zealanders as it influences how land can be used Climate effects Climate conditions affect the condition and physical terrain of the land in which various ecosystems and species live This is of interest to New Zealanders as the climate influencesthetonditions for living on and ability to use the land Land use This is how New Zealand?s land is being used. Knowing what land is being used for is fundamental to understanding the pressures on the land domain. This is of lnterestto New Zealanders as this has implilcation'sifor the management of land and the intentions for land use change, as well as understanding how land use is a pressure on'land ecosystems, and how ecosystems are changing over time Industry The economic sector activities that directly affect the land domain, especially mining, energy generation and large industry enterprises This topic has direct impacts on the land domaingan?d .is'of interest to New Zealanders as these activities can destroy land ecosystems and habitats and impact New Zealand's domestic and international economic activity Disturbance regimes Disturbance refers to events that cause a change .to the land environmental system, from which the system has to recover. This can be part of the natural cycle of events or caused by human intervention or activities Events that cause disturbance have a lagg?- impact on the biophysical character of the land domain. This is of interest to New Zealanders asit has a direct effect livelihoods, as disturbance regimes can signi?cantly affect public safety, living standards, and the potential for lan?dandve'conomic production State indigenous species This topic describes the status of indigenous land species as a whole and presents information on species from the Understanding the status of indigenous species is important to New Zealander?s in terms of ecological integrity and cultural heritage. It provides information on the estimated proportion of species that are considered 'threatened? or ?at risk? at a New Zealand level Status of taonga species This topic describes the status of flora and fauna with which Maori have developed intimate and multifaceted relationships over 40 or so generations This is important to New Zealanders as taonga species are of high cultural value to Maori Terrestrial habitats This topic will look at the condition of ecosystems, with the intention of providing reporting that is more in-depth than land use and land cover Provides informationath the condition of terrestrial ecosystems, and highlights which are rare, threatened, and/or protected. This is an importantpa'i?t' of New Zealand?s natural heritage, and necessary for understanding present condition of ecosystems, including in relation towhfa-t existed before Functional diversity of terrestrial ecosystems Provides information about the how terrestrial ecosystems are functioning This is important to New Zealander because it provides information about ecological integrity, productivity and other aspects of ecosvstem functioning invasive species Covers the occurrence and incursions of invasive land species in New Zealand Thisisfimportant to New Zealanders as invasive species can interfere with the function of natural and human managed ecosystems and landscapes Energy mineral stocks Assessment of?nite resources extracted from land domain it numbEr of environmental externaiities incurred in extractionfproduction have an impact on the land domain. This influences New "Zealand?s environment, economy and availability of certain products and energy Landscape physical form Presents the physical form of the land, which is the physical template'that underlays land to some extent prescribes) New Zealand?s ecosystems it is of interest to New Zealanders as it is a contributing factor to de?ning what comprises land in New Zealand, and why Land cover The biomes and ecosystems that exist in New Zealand such asfores?tj- grasslands, wetlands ., This is important for New Zealanders at it can provide an understanding of the kind of ecosystems New Zealand currently has, as well as how they have changed over time. It is fundamental to understanding the opportunities and constraints for living here, as well as appreciating the country?s biological heritage Erosion New Zealand?s hilly terrain is prone to erosion, especially under particular land use regimes. This topic will cover both the erosion-status of land as well as erosion susceptibility The erosion of land is important for several reasons, including its productivity, danger and hazards posed by various erosion events (whether landslide, mass movement, etc), change in soil carbon storage capacity, and effects upon water quality leg from sediment loading) Soil characteristics This topic includes measures of soil type, and availability Underpins ecosystem functioning, as well as economic production in the primary sectors. This is important to New Zealand?s biological heritage and economic production Impact Ecological integrity Ecological integrity describes the landscapa'city to absorb perturbations and recover Ecological integrity is an important measure of the Overall health of the land. The effect of pressures on land as well as current condition and its trends needs to be assessed in order to understand future trajectories Threatened species habitats Threatened species are those species which due to number of individuals, distribution (and how these.two_Variables change over time) are considered at risk of extinction The term ?threatened species? (which has three sub-categories: nationally critical, nationally endangered and nationally vulnerable} covers species that could become extinct. The viability of ecosystems and survivability of threatened and endangered species vary through time Food production This topic will look athewZealand?s food production and the monetary value of food produced on the land and the added value to the economy This is important as a country should be able to provide food for its people. Food production is also an important component of the New Zealand economy and contribute significantly to our exports Timber This topic will look at the added value of timber generation to the economy This is important as timber generation is an important component of the New Zealand economy and contribute to our exports Mineral extraction This topic will look at the added value of mineral extraction to the economy This is important as mineral extraction is an important component of the New Zealand economy Energy generation This topic will look at the added value of energy generation to the economy This is important as energy generation is an important component of the New Zealand economy Food safety This topic looks at how the condition and management of land impacts food safety Chemicals and nutrients may build up in the land and get into the food supply. This is important to the health of the New Zealand public and the economic sector 2015 List - Potential topics for June 2015 report Pressure Climate effects Encompasses both natural and anthropogenic climate variability drivers This is of interest to New Zealanders as variability in New Zealan'd?s climate affects the marine domain and impacts the economy and everyday activities - - Discharges to the marine environment This topic covers all discharges to the marine environment from land, freshwater or marine sources This is important to New Zealanders as discharges to the-marine environment impact the human activities and use that are considered part of our way of life Resource use This topic covers the extraction of physical and biological marine resources Extractive userof resources is a key pressure on theimarine environment Habitat modification This topic encompasses the extent of the impact of human activities on oceanic and coastal benthic habitats This is important to New Zealand as habitatloss or degradation is a major pressure on the marine environment and affects the functioning on ecological systems State Indigenous species This topic describes the status of indigenOus marine species as a whole and presents information on species from the New Zealand Threat Classification System This is imp0rtant to New Zealanders as?jt provides information, through the assessments, on the estimated proportion of species that are considered"threatened? or ?at risk? at a New Zealand level Status of taonga species This topic describes the status of flora and fauna with which Maori have developed intimate and multifaceted relationships over 40 or so generations This is important to New Zealanders as taonga species are of high cultural value to Maori Maine habitats COvers the extent and occurrence of marine habitats Marine habitats have arr-intrinsic value in addition to playing a critical role in the cycle of marine species, including the developmental and: adult stages of commercially important species Functional diversity of marine ecosystems This topic looks at benthic communities, biogenic habitats as well as primary productivity and low and middle trophic levels This topic look-slatthe marine environment through the lens of ecosystem function. Some of the measures are used internationally as measures of ecosystem health. This is of interest to New Zealanders because the lower trophic levels of the marine .fOOd chain are critical for species that are culturally or commercially important Status of apex species Aims to describe the numbers, distribution, range and breeding success ofapex marine species such as seabirds, sharks and marine mammals .'i'nportant to New Zealanders as the presence of top predator species is an indication that their environment is in good health as they can be supported. Many ofthese species are iconic to New Zealanders or endemic to New Zealand Status of commercial recreational species The status of fish stocks. A fish stock does not always equate to a fish species as some species have a number of stocks for management purposes .-The status of fish stocks pr0vides an indication ofthe level of exploitation and whether the populations are stable or declining. This is of interest to New Zealanders because fish stocks are a commercial, recreational and customary resource that contributes to New Zealand?s economy and way of life Unwanted invasive species Covers the occurrence and incursions of unwanted marin'je?prganism in New Zealand Unwanted organisms have the potential to alter whole ecosystems. Unwanted species can also reduce our enjoyment of recreational areas and adversely impact fished or harvested species Coastal water quality Covers the physical and chemical water quality invcoastal areas Provides information on the quality of coastal waters, including substances that present a health risk. Water quality of bathing sites is a subject that is very important to New Zealander?s and has gEnerated a lot of media coverage in the past State of the water column The physical and chemical properties of oceanicwaters, including temperature, currents, pH and sea level rise. Changes in physical and chemical properties of the sea can have an effect on species and habitats as well as on some human activities. This is important to New Zealanders as, for example ocean acidification could impact shellfish stocks potentially reducing the economic value of some fisheries and recreational or cultural use of the marine environment Impact Ecological integrity Ecological integrity describes the system?s capacity to absorb perturbations and recover Ecological integrity is an important measure of the overall health ofthe marine environment Threatened species 8L habitats Threatened species are thosegspecies which due to number of individuals, distribution {and how these two variables change over time) are considered at risk of extinction The term ?threatened species? (which has three sub-categories: nationally critical, nationally endangered and nationally vulnerable) covers species that could become extinct. Some of those species are iconic species like Maui dolphins or orcas Food production This topic will lookat-the?monetary value of food produced by commercial fisheries and aquaculture and their added value to the economy Food production is an important dimension of the New Zealand economy with aquaculture likely to grow in the near future Tourism recreation This topic aims to look at the added value of marine-based tourism to the economy and potentially visitor surveys T0urism, both international and domestic, is an important economic activity for New Zealand. This is important to New Zealand as most marine-based tourist activities rely on a good quality marine environment Resource extraction 8i energy generation This topic will look at the added value of minerals and oil extraction to the economy This is important as oil and mineral extraction is a major component of the New Zealand economy Recreational 81. sporting use This topic will look at the recreational use of the marine environment This is important to New Zealander?s as the enjoyment of marine resource is an integral part of their lifestyle Process to develop the Broad (A) and 2015 (B) lists of topics ?is Technical Advisorv Group advice Constraints for Envi ental Reporting topics selection data acquisition 2 workshops organised per domain TAG members? assistance in developing Topics and Statistics Criteria for topics - Signi?cance - Statistical rigour Relationship between topics Development of the Broad list Policy interpretation of the lists from TAG members from all domains is carried out and consistency across domains for terminology and level of details is ensured. This is the Broad list. I Number of TAG members per domain 't 015-l' enawc usuon In the 2 IS Freshwater statistic available i re 10 members Possible to fund collection and analysis Marine Climate and atmopshere 9 members 8 members n? RC: Development of the 2015 list For each tepic of the Broad list, potential statistics are listed by of?cials. The topics which we reasonably expect to be populated by statistics, case study or narrative in due time for the report are selected. They form Land Air the 2015 list. 14 members 11 members Greenhouse gas emissions Global greenhouse gas emissions Emissions of ozone depleting Global emissions-of ozone depleting substanc?s Pressure . - . - - . - substances . Stat-e of the water column Sea temperature a . ConcentratiOn-s of carbon dioxide - {a 7% Concentratiohs. of greenhouse gases Concentrations 'of 'imeth'ane- 1 I Concentrations tof'nitrous oxidkv Concentration of atmospheric ozone Concentration of atmosph??gglhe Atmospheric circulation Atmospheric tate . Temperature Temperature (XV PreCipitati?on Precipitatith R433 Occurrence of extreme events Occurrence of &%me events Sunshine hours solar intensity Ecological resilience Economch production . (I, jonom'i-c production . - at . Impact Population health effects Population health effects - Ocean acidity Cultural wellbeing Previous proposed topics (as seen by New proposed topics Ministers on 18 June 2014) Discharges to freshwater Discharges to freshwater Pressure i, Landscape physical form Landscape physical form a? Deposited fine sediment Wetland extent Freshwater habitats Freshwaterani?malcommunities Mac ebrate com'munit com osition I tri ion and occurrence of fish State Hydrology River flow Lake reservoir storage 0 Snow and ice storage . rou ndwater storage Y, i, Threatened species 81 habitats Threatened species habitats Conservation status of indigenous species and Q, taong-a species Imp Water resource availability Water resource availability Energy generation . Energy generation Previous proposed (as seen Ministers on 18 June 2014) New prOposed topics Timber Hydrology Hydrology Climate effects Climate effects Pressure Land use Land use Industry Industry Disturbance regimes Disturbance regimes Indigenous species Distribution of indicator indigenous species Status of taonga species Biomass production in and agricultural systems Carbon stocks in agricultural systems Functional diversity of terrestrial Nitrogen l?jf9l?st??a?d agriCUItural ecosystems SyStems Decomposer organisms in forests and agricultural system?; in forests and agricultural W?i'teri15 Invasive species Distribution abundance of pest species State - ?tDistribution extent of land cover Land cover (8: Terrestrial habitats) I Distribution of threatened indigenous environments Erosion Distribution and extent of erosion Distribution of soil types Carbon content in soils I Nitrogen content in soils Soil characteristics-l .- Acidity of soils Macroporosity of soils Plant?available phosphate in soils Distribution and extent of contaminated land Energy mineral stocks Occurrence and quantity of mineral energy resources iEcological integrity Ecological integrity Threatened species habitats Threatened species habitats Conservation status of indigenous and taonga specnes -- Food production Food production Impact Timber Food safety Food safety Mineral extraction Mineral extraction Energy generation Energy generation Cultural wellbeing Climate effects Climate effects Discharges to the marine environment Discharges to the marine environment Pressure Resource use Resource use Habitat modification Habitat modification Spatial variation of species richness Numbers and distribution of fish indigenous speCIes . . . .- . Numbers and distribution of marine invertebrates Numbers and distribution of marineflora Status of taonga species i Marine habitats Distribution and extent of marine habitats State of food webs i. I I Functional diversity of marine Bottom-dwelling?ld?mersal) fish communities ecosystems Phytoplankton ?eictent and concentrations Soft sediment m'acroinvertebrate communities Status of apex Species Numbers and distribution of marine mammals Numbers and distribution of seabirds Status of commercial recreational . Status-of commercial and recreational species State species Unwanted invasive species Occurrence of pest species I Concentrations of indicator pathogens in coastal waters (includes Enterococci) a Concentrations of heavy metals in sediment Coastal water quality - . Clarity Shellfish contamination Occurrence and frequency of algal blooms Sea level height Stocks of seabed and energy resources Occurrence and quantity of mineral and energy resources . Sea temperature State of the water column Ocean circulation and currents I Ocean acidity Ecological integrity Ecological integrity Threatened species habitats Threatened species habitats Conservation status of indigenous and taonga species .I - Food production Food production ImpaCt Food safety Tourism recreation Tourism recreation Recreational sporting use Recreational sporting use Resource extraction energy generation Resource extraction energy generation Cultural wellbeing Propose-d topics (as seen by Ministers 3 on 18 June 2014) Home heating Tran-sport Pressure Natural sources Industrial discharges Discharges from primary production Meteorological conditions Concentrations of particulate matter Concentrations of carbon monoxide Concentrations of sulphur dioxide Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide State Concentrations of ground level ozone Concentrations of arsenic Concentrations of lead Concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene ?is Concentrations of benzene .. . Population health effects Impact Visibility A Atmospheric 8t climatic effect??/f .. V7