Case 1:12-cv-00667-CKK Document 31 Filed 01/16/14 Page 1 of 36

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ELECTRONIC PRIVACY
INFORMATION CENTER

)
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
v.
)
)
FEDERAL BUREAU
)
OF INVESTIGATION
)
)
Defendant.
)
____________________________________)

Civil Action No. 1:12-cv-00667(CKK)

DEFENDANT’S OPPOSITION TO PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR
ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS

STUART F. DELERY
Assistant Attorney General
ELIZABETH J. SHAPIRO
Deputy Branch Director
KIMBERLY L. HERB
(Illinois Bar # 6296725)
Trial Attorney
United States Department of Justice
Civil Division, Federal Programs Branch
P.O. Box 883
Washington, DC 20044
Tel: (202) 305-8356
Fax: (202) 616-8470

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1
STATEMENT OF FACTS ..............................................................................................................1
I.

PLAINTIFF’S FOIA REQUEST AND THE FBI’S RESPONSE ......................................1

II.

THE FBI’S SEARCH ..........................................................................................................3

III.

THE FBI’S PROCESSING OF PLAINTIFF’S FOIA REQUEST .....................................3

IV.

THE RESOLUTION OF PLAINTIFF’S SUBSTANTIVE LEGAL CLAIMS ..................6

STANDARD OF REVIEW .............................................................................................................7
ARGUMENT ...................................................................................................................................9
I.

EPIC IS NOT ENTITLED TO FEES ..................................................................................9
A.

B.
II.

The Disclosed Records Did Not Benefit the Public...............................................10
1.

Neither Plaintiff’s Website Nor the Articles Cited in Its
Brief Demonstrate Public Benefit ..............................................................11

2.

EPIC Has Not Demonstrated that the Public Benefited
From Its Newsletter....................................................................................15

The FBI Had a Reasonable Basis for Its Action ....................................................16

EPIC’S FEE REQUEST FOR $34,152.50 IS UNREASONABLE...................................18
A.

The Hours Spent for Drafting, Reviewing, Discussing and Filing the
Complaint Are Unreasonable and Should Be Significantly Reduced ...................19

B.

The Hours Spent Preparing a Proposed Scheduling Order Are
Unreasonable and Should Be Reduced ..................................................................20

C.

EPIC Is Not Entitled to Fees for Reviewing Documents and Other
Work Performed After the Court’s Order on the Open America
Stay Request...........................................................................................................21

D.

The Hourly Rate Sought By EPIC for Alan Butler and Julie
Horwitz Should Be Reduced..................................................................................23
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III.

E.

EPIC’s Billing Records Contain Several Anomalies with Respect
to a Joint Status Report on August 29, 2013 ..........................................................25

F.

EPIC’s Recovery of Fees on Fees, if any, Should Be Adjusted
Downward to the Extent Its Fees Petition Is Unsuccessful ...................................25

BECAUSE DEFENDANT SERVED AN OFFER OF JUDGMENT ON
PLAINTIFF, THE COURT SHOULD DIVIDE ANY FEE AWARD
INTO FEES INCURRED UNTIL AND AFTER THAT DATE.......................................26

CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................28

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
CASES

PAGE(S)

Ajluni v. FBI,
947 F. Supp. 599 (N.D.N.Y. 1996) ....................................................................................22
Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy v. Costle,
631 F. Supp. 1469 (D.D.C. 1986) ......................................................................................10
B.L. Through Lax v. District of Columbia,
517 F. Supp. 2d 57 (D.D.C. 2007) .....................................................................................26
Baker v. D.C. Public Schools,
815 F. Supp. 2d 102 (D.D.C. 2011) ...................................................................................23
Brown v. Stackler,
612 F.2d 1057 (7th Cir.1980) ..............................................................................................9
Burka v. HHS,
142 F.3d 1286 (D.C. Cir. 1998) ...........................................................................................8
CREW v DOJ,
825 F. Supp. 2d 226, 231 (D.D.C. 2011) ...........................................................................22
Church of Scientology of Cal. v. Harris,
653 F.2d 584 (D.C. Cir. 1981) .........................................................................................8, 9
Church of Scientology v. U.S.P.S.,
700 F.2d 486 (9th Cir. 1983) .............................................................................................16
Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Dep't of Justice,
No. 1:10cv850 (unpublished).............................................................................................26
Comm'r, I.N.S. v. Jean,
496 U.S. 154 (1990) ...........................................................................................................25
Cotton v. Heyman,
63 F.3d 1115 (D.C. Cir. 1995) .....................................................................................10, 15
Davy v. CIA,
550 F. 3d 1155 (D.C. Cir. 2008) ..........................................................................................9
Dickens v. Friendship-Edison P.C.S.,
724 F. Supp. 2d 113 (D.D.C. 2010) ...................................................................................23

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EPIC v. Dep't of Homeland Security,
No. 11-2261, 2013 WL 6047561, *3-4 (D.D.C. Nov. 15, 2013) ............................... passim
EPIC v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security,
No. 10-1992, 2013 WL 5620891 (D.D.C. Oct. 15, 2013) ................................................17
EPIC v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security,
811 F. Supp. 2d 216 (D.D.C. 2011) ...................................................................................15
Elec. Frontier Found. v. Office of Dir. Of Nat'l Intelligence, No. C 07-05278,
2008 WL 2331959 (N.D. Cal. June 4, 2008) .....................................................................20
Ellis v. United States,
941 F. Supp. 1068 (D. Utah 1996) .....................................................................................17
Envtl. Defense Fund, Inc. v. Reilly,
1 F.3d 1254 (D.C. Cir. 1993) ...............................................................................................9
Farris v. Cox,
508 F. Supp. 222 (N.D. Cal. 1981) ......................................................................................9
Goos v. Nat'l Ass'n of Realtors,
68 F.3d 1380 (D.C. Cir. 1995) ...........................................................................................27
Hensley v. Eckerhart,
461 U.S. 424 (1982) .............................................................................................................9
Kennedy v. Andrus,
459 F. Supp. 240 (D.D.C. 1978) ........................................................................................21
LaShawn A. v. Barry,
1998 WL 35243112 (D.D.C. Feb. 18, 1998) .....................................................................25
Lane v. Pea,
518 U.S. 187 (1996) ...........................................................................................................21
Marek v. Chesney,
473 U.S. 1 (1985) .........................................................................................................26, 27
N.Y.C. Apparel F.Z.E. v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot. Bureau,
563 F. Supp. 2d 217 (D.D.C.2008) ................................................................................8, 21
Nat'l Veterans Legal Servs. Program v. U.S. Dep't of Veterans Affairs,
No. 96-CV-01740, 1999 WL 33740260 (D.D.C. Apr. 13, 1999) ......................................25

iv

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Pub. Law Educ. Inst. v. DOJ,
744 F.2d 181 (D.C. Cir. 1984) .............................................................................................8
Read v. Federal Aviation Admin.,
252 F. Supp. 2d 1108 (W.D. Wash. 2003) .........................................................................16
Rigmaiden v. FBI
Civ. 12-01605 (D. Ariz. filed July 26, 2012) .......................................................................7
Simon v. United States,
587 F. Supp. 1029 (D.D.C. 1994) ................................................................................16, 17
Steenland v. CIA,
555 F. Supp. 907 (W.D.N.Y. 1983) ...................................................................................22
Tax Analysts v. DOJ,
965 F.2d 1092, 1097 (D.C. Cir. 1992) ...............................................................................17
Tunison v. Continental Airlines Corp.,
162 F.3d 1187 (D.C. Cir. 1998) .........................................................................................26
Uhuru v. U.S. Parole Comm'n,
734 F. Supp. 2d 8 (D.D.C. 2010) .................................................................................22, 23
United America Financial, Inc. v. Potter,
770 F. Supp. 2d 252 (D.D.C. 2011) ...................................................................................17
United States v. Rigmaiden,
08-cr-814 (D. Az. filed July 28, 2008)...............................................................................14
Webman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons,
441 F.3d 1022 (D.C. Cir. 2006) .........................................................................................21
Weisberg v. DOJ,
745 F.2d 1476 (D.C. Cir. 1984) .....................................................................................8, 22
STATUTES
5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii) ..................................................................................................... passim
FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
Fed. R. Civ. P. 68 ...........................................................................................................................26

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MISCELLANEOUS
Ellen Nakashima, Little-known Surveillance Tool Raises Concerns by Judges,
Privacy Activists, Washington Post, March 27, 2013 ........................................................12
Eric Lichtblau, Police Are Using Phone Tracking as a Routine Tool,
N.Y. Times, March 31, 2012 .............................................................................................12
Jennifer Valentino-Devries, ‘Stingray’ Phone Tracker Fuels Constitutional Clash,
Wall Street Journal, Sept. 22, 2011..............................................................................11, 14
John Kelly, Law Enforcement Using Methods From NSA Playbook,
USA Today, Dec. 8, 2013 ..................................................................................................13
Kim Zetter, Secrets of FBI Smartphone Surveillance Revealed in Court Fight,
Wired, April 9, 2013 ..........................................................................................................12
Kim Zetter, Feds’ Use of Fake Cell Tower: Did it Constitute a Search?,
Wired, Nov. 3, 2011 ...........................................................................................................14
Nadia Pfaum & Russ Ptacek, DC, Maryland and Virginia Cops Spying on
Cell Phone Data, Dec. 9, 2013 ..........................................................................................13
Rachel Myers, With Technology Like This, Who Needs the Law ..................................................11
Ryan Gallagher, DoJ Accused of Illegally Withholding Info on Clandestine
Cellphone Surveillance Tool, Slate Future Tense Blog, July 24, 2013 .............................14
Ryan Gallagher, FBI Accused of Dragging Feet on Release of Info About ‘Stingray’
Surveillance Technology, Slate Future Tense Blog, Oct. 19, 2012 ...................................14
Ryan Gallagher, Meet the Machines that Steal Your Phone’s Data,
ArsTechnica, September 25, 2013 .....................................................................................13
Ryan Singel, FBI E-Mail Shows Rift Over Warrantless Phone Record Grabs,
Wired, December 20, 2007 ..........................................................................................11, 13
Shaun Waterman, Can you hear me now? Feds admit FBI warrantless cellphone
tracking ‘very common’, The Washington Times, March 29, 2013 ..................................12
Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 300668 ......................................................26

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INTRODUCTION
In this Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) action in which Plaintiff has not contested
any of the FBI’s withholdings or the adequacy of its search, EPIC asserts that it is entitled to
$34,152.50 in fees and costs. EPIC’s motion should be denied. As a threshold matter, EPIC has
not established that it is entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs—it failed to demonstrate that the
public benefited from the release of documents under Court order and the FBI’s response to
EPIC’s FOIA request was reasonable, even if delayed. Even if EPIC was entitled to some fees
for its efforts opposing the FBI’s Motion for an Open America Stay, EPIC’s fee request is
inherently unreasonable and must be reduced. EPIC seeks extensive fees for the filing of
boilerplate documents with which it has great familiarity and experience. Additionally, EPIC
seeks fees for work that it would have undertaken in the ordinary course of business, such as the
review of responsive records, and for work that was not necessary to or that resulted in the
production of responsive documents. Finally, EPIC’s request includes unreasonable fees based
on billing anomalies and an incorrect billing rate for two of its attorneys.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
I.

PLAINTIFF’S FOIA REQUEST AND THE FBI’S RESPONSE
This case concerns a FOIA request for records concerning technology that can be used to

locate and track cell phones. On February 10, 2012, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request by fax to
the FBI seeking “agency records concerning the government’s use of cell-site simulator, or
‘StingRay,' technology to track cell phones and other wireless devices.” (Compl., Dkt. 1, ¶ 2.)
Specifically, Plaintiff requested:
1. All documents concerning technical specifications of the StingRay device or
other cell site simulator technologies; and
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2. All documents concerning procedural requirements or guidelines for the use
of StingRay device or other cell site simulator technologies (e.g.
configuration, data retention, data deletion); and
3. All contracts and statements of work that relate to StingRay device or other
cell site simulator technologies; and
4. All memoranda regarding the legal basis for the use of StingRay device or
other cell-site simulator technologies;
5. All Privacy Impact Assessments or Reports concerning the use or capabilities
of StingRay device or other cell-site simulator technologies.
(Id. ¶ 20.)
The FBI acknowledged receipt of Plaintiff’s request in a letter dated February 16, 2012
and advised that it was searching the general indices of the Central Records System for
information responsive to the request. (First Hardy Decl., July 30, 2012, attached as Exhibit 1, ¶
6.)1 It also notified Plaintiff that its fee waiver request was under consideration. (Id.) Plaintiff
administratively appealed the FBI’s failure to make a timely determination regarding Plaintiff’s
FOIA request to the Office of Information Policy (“OIP”), Department of Justice (“DOJ”) on
March 19, 2012. (Id. ¶ 7.) OIP-DOJ acknowledged receipt of Plaintiff’s appeal on April 5,
2012. (Id. ¶ 8.) Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit on April 26, 2012. (Compl., Dkt. 1)
Subsequently, the FBI and OIP-DOJ sent several letters to Plaintiff regarding its FOIA
request. By letter dated May 22, 2012, OIP-DOJ informed Plaintiff that it was closing the
administrative appeal because the matter was now before the Court. (First Hardy Decl., Ex. 1, ¶
10.) The FBI then granted Plaintiff’s fee waiver request by letter dated June 4, 2012. (Id. ¶ 11.)
Also in a letter dated June 4, 2012, the FBI notified Plaintiff that its request for expedited
processing was denied. (Id. ¶ 12.) The FBI advised Plaintiff that it had not provided enough
information – and specifically had failed to demonstrate an urgency to inform the public about

1

While the First Hardy Declaration was filed with the Court previously, (Dkt. 14-1), it is
reattached here for ease of reference.
2

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the subject of its FOIA request – sufficient to fall within the statutory requirements permitting
expedition. (Id.)
II.

THE FBI’S SEARCH
Because the subject matter of Plaintiff’s request did not lend itself to a search of the

general indexes of the FBI’s Central Records System, the FBI decided to conduct a more
individualized inquiry of certain FBI divisions and offices that were reasonably likely to have
potentially responsive records. (Id. ¶ 17-19.) However, because the FBI had circulated an
Electronic Communication (“EC”) in February 2012 in response to a November 2011 FOIA
request that was similar to EPIC’s request in February 2012, the FBI analyst assigned to
Plaintiff’s case decided to wait to see if any material obtained in response to the November 2011
FOIA request might also be responsive to Plaintiff’s request. (Id. ¶ 19) If the responsive records
were indeed the same, both FOIA cases could be pre-processed together for a concurrent release.
(Id.) The FBI subsequently determined that it would send a search EC specifically related to
Plaintiff’s request on May 23, 2012. (Id. ¶ 20.) Ultimately, the FBI received 22,982 documents
that were potentially responsive to Plaintiff’s request, and thus needed to be reviewed for
possible release. (Fifth Hardy Decl., Jan. 15, 2014, attached as Ex. 2, ¶ 20.)
III.

THE FBI’S PROCESSING OF PLAINTIFF’S FOIA REQUEST
Pursuant to the Court’s order requiring the filing of a Joint Proposed Schedule, the parties

offered alternative schedules for the production of documents. (Joint Proposed Schedule, Dkt.
12, at 2.) Plaintiff proposed that the FBI complete the production of documents and a Vaughn
index by August 27, 2012. (Id.) The FBI responded that it could not process the high volume of
material implicated in this case on such a schedule. (Id. at 3.) Nevertheless, the FBI “offered to
review a minimum of 1,000 pages a month of documents potentially responsive to Plaintiff’s

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FOIA request,” commencing in September 2012. (Id.) Additionally, the FBI proposed that it
would complete the processing and production of responsive documents by October 31, 2014.
(Id.)
On July 1, 2012, the Court issued an Order stating it was “not in a position to evaluate the
merits of the FBI’s request on the basis of the parties’ status report alone.” (Dkt. 13 at 2.) It
further stated that “[t]he Court currently lacks sufficient information to evaluate [] the
exceptional circumstances the FBI might be facing.” (Id.) Accordingly, the Court ordered the
FBI to file a motion for an Open America stay and stated that it would adopt Plaintiff’s proposed
schedule if the FBI failed to do so. (Id.) The FBI filed for an Open America stay on July 30,
2012, (Dkt. 14), and briefing was complete on August 30, 2012, (Dkt. 16).
While the FBI’s request for an Open America stay was pending before the Court, and
despite the fact that no production schedule had been accepted by Plaintiff or the Court, the FBI
nevertheless began to process and produce documents on a rolling basis, with the first production
completed on October 3, 2012. (Fifth Hardy Decl., Ex. 2, ¶ 6.) The FBI’s produced eight
interim releases during the pendency of the FBI’s Motion for an Open America Stay, and those
releases involved a review of 7,218 documents and the release of 695 pages, as detailed below:
(1) for the FBI’s first interim release on October 3, 2012, it reviewed 1,015 pages and
released, in full or part, 39, (id.);
(2) for the second interim release on November 15, 2012, it reviewed 924 pages and released
0 pages, (id. ¶ 7);
(3) for the third interim release on December 7, 2012, it reviewed 1,132 pages and released,
in full or part, 62, (id. ¶ 8);

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(4) for the fourth interim release on December 31, 2012, it reviewed 1,131 and released, in
full or part, 157, (id. ¶ 9);
(5) for the fifth interim release on February 7, 2013, it reviewed 611 pages and released, in
full or part, 231 pages, (id. ¶ 10);
(6) for the sixth interim release on February 22, 2013, it reviewed 443 reviewed pages and
released, in full or part, 116 pages, (id. ¶ 11);
(7) for the seventh interim release on February 28, 2013, it reviewed 1,086 pages and
released 0 pages, (id. ¶ 12);
(8) for the eighth interim release on March 29, 2013, it reviewed 876 pages and released, in
full or part, 90, (id. ¶ 14).2
On March 28, 2013, the Court denied the FBI’s Motion for an Open America Stay. (Dkt.
19.) The Court found that “the FBI has not demonstrated exceptional circumstances exist so as
to warrant the fourteen-month stay of proceedings requested by the FBI.” (Id. at 1.)
Accordingly, the Court ordered that “the FBI shall be required to produce all responsive, nonexempt records not subject to classification/declassification review on a rolling basis, but in any
event by no later than August 1, 2013.” (Id. at 12.) It further ordered that the FBI indicate, by
May 31, 2013, how many pages were subject to classification review and propose a deadline for
the production of those documents. (Id.) In response to the Court’s Order, on May 30, 2013, the
FBI informed the Court that it had identified 3,335 classified pages responsive to Plaintiff’s
request and stated that it would produce those by August 1, 2013. (Dkt. 21 at 1-2.) In a Minute
2

While the FBI’s eighth interim release was mailed the day after the Court issued its Order
denying the FBI’s Motion for an Open America Stay, the materials included in this release had
been reviewed and processed well before the Court issued its Order; at the time of the Order, the
release was only awaiting a final review of the correspondence that accompanied it. (Fifth Hardy
Decl., Ex. 2, ¶ 14.) Accordingly, the eighth interim release is included here for purposes of
calculating the pages processed and released prior to the Court’s issuance of its Order.
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Order dated May 31, 2013, the Court then ordered that the FBI produce all responsive pages no
later than August 1, 2013.
The FBI continued to produce documents on a rolling basis to Plaintiff following the
Court’s Order. In fact, the FBI issued five additional releases to Plaintiff following the Court’s
Open America Order, as discussed below:
(1) for the ninth interim release on April 30, 2013, the FBI reviewed 1,290 pages of
responsive records and released, in full or part, 420, (Fifth Hardy Decl, Ex. 2,. ¶ 15);
(2) for the tenth interim release on May 31, 2013, it reviewed 2,646 pages and released, in
full or part, 217, (id. ¶ 16);
(3) for the eleventh interim release on June 28, 2013, it reviewed 5,678 pages and released,
in full or part, 1,212, (id. ¶ 17);
(4) for the twelfth interim release on July 12, 2013, it reviewed 5,224 pages and released, in
full or part, 1,329, (id. ¶ 18);
(5) for the FBI’s final release on July 30, 2013, it reviewed 926 pages and released, in full or
part, 504, (id. ¶ 19).
In total, the FBI reviewed and processed 22,982 pages of responsive material and released, in full
or part, 4,377 pages. (Id. 20.) Of the 4,377 pages released, nearly sixteen percent (695 pages)
were reviewed and released prior to the Court’s Order on the FBI’s request for an Open America
stay, while eighty-four percent (3,682 pages) were reviewed and released after the Court’s Order.
IV.

THE RESOLUTION OF PLAINTIFF’S SUBSTANTIVE LEGAL CLAIMS
On August 29, 2013, pursuant to the Court’s request for the filing of a Joint Status

Report, (see Minute Order, May 31, 2013), the parties informed the Court that they were seeking
to resolve the case prior to summary judgment. (Joint Status Report, Dkt. 23, at 3.) The FBI

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agreed to provide Plaintiff with a draft Vaughn index for a sample of up to 500 pages of
responsive documents. (Id.) Due to developments in another FOIA case involving a request
similar to Plaintiff’s, the FBI also indicated that its review might reveal additional terms that
could be released at same time as the draft Vaughn index. (Fifth Hardy Decl., Ex. 2, ¶ 21.)
Specifically, as a result of a court filing in Rigmaiden v. FBI, Civ. 12-01605 (D. Az. filed July
26, 2012), “the [Rigmaiden] Plaintiff provided sufficient information for the FBI to reconsider
whether it should continue to withhold certain identified aspects and/or terms relating to
contracts with FBI contractor Harris, and certain cell-site simulator technology information” that
were potentially in the public domain. (Id. ¶ 4.) While the FBI’s determination in the Rigmaiden
case to revisit certain terms post-dated the FBI’s review and production of documents responsive
to EPIC’s FOIA request, the FBI offered as a courtesy to disclose any of the newly revealed
terms that it came across in the 500-page sample as it prepared the draft Vaughn index. (Id. ¶
21.) The FBI then produced a draft Vaughn index (as a narrative Vaughn) to counsel on October
1, 2013, and counsel conveyed that to Plaintiff on the same day. (Id.)
The parties informed the Court on November 1, 2013 that they had resolved the
substantive legal issues underlying this action, with the exception of fees and costs. (Joint Status
Report, Nov. 1, 2013, Dkt. 25, ¶ 8.) The parties sought fourteen days to consider whether they
could settle the issues of attorneys’ fees and costs. (Id. ¶ 9.) On November 12, 2013, the parties
advised the Court that they had been unable to reach an agreement on fees and set forth a
proposed briefing schedule to resolve this issue. (Joint Status Report, Nov. 12, 2013, ¶ 2-3.)
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The FOIA statue provides that a “court may assess against the United States reasonable
fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any case . . . in which the complainant has

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substantially prevailed.” 5 U.SC. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i). A plaintiff must satisfy a two-step inquiry in
order to receive fees and costs in a FOIA action. First, a plaintiff must show that it is eligible for
an award. To meet this standard, a plaintiff must show that it has “substantially prevailed,”
which requires that it obtained relief through either (1) “a judicial order, or an enforceable
written agreement or consent decree;” or (2) “a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the
agency, if the complainant’s claim is not insubstantial.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii). The second
of these two options “essentially codifies the so-called ‘catalyst theory’” of recovery, under
which a plaintiff is eligible for fees if the “litigation substantially caused the requested records to
be released.” N.Y.C. Apparel F.Z.E. v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot. Bureau, 563 F. Supp. 2d
217, 221 (D.D.C. 2008) (internal citation omitted). To recover attorneys’ fees under this theory,
“a litigant must . . . show[] that the lawsuit was reasonably necessary and the litigation
substantially caused the requested records to be released.” Burka v. HHS, 142 F.3d 1286, 1288
(D.C. Cir. 1998). Although it is a “salient factor” in the analysis, “the mere filing of the
complaint and the subsequent release of the documents is insufficient to establish causation.”
Weisberg v. DOJ, 745 F.2d 1476, 1496 (D.C. Cir. 1984); Pub. Law Educ. Inst. v. DOJ, 744 F.2d
181, 184 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (“While the temporal relation between an FOIA action and the
release of documents may be taken into account in determining the existence vel non of a causal
nexus, timing, in itself or in conjunction with any other particular factor, does not establish
causation as a matter of law.”).
The determination as to whether to award fees, however, does not end with eligibility, as
a FOIA plaintiff also must show that it is entitled to such fees. Church of Scientology of Cal. v.
Harris, 653 F.2d 584, 590 (D.C. Cir. 1981). The entitlement inquiry examines (1) the public
benefit derived from the case; (2) the commercial benefit to the complainant; (3) the nature of the

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complainant’s interest in the records sought; and (4) whether the government’s withholding had
a reasonable basis in law. See Davy v. CIA, 550 F. 3d 1155, 1159 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Ultimately,
the decision on whether a plaintiff is entitled to attorneys’ fees “rests in the sound discretion of
the district court.” Church of Scientology, 653 F.2d at 590.
Finally, even if a plaintiff is eligible and entitled to fees, the court may grant only those
fees that are “reasonable.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E). An appropriate starting point is typically the
lodestar, a reasonable number of hours multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate. See Hensley v.
Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1982). Moreover, because a decision to award fees is
discretionary, a court “may deny in its entirety a request for an ‘outrageously unreasonable’
amount, lest claimants feel free to make ‘unreasonable demands, knowing that the only
unfavorable consequence of such misconduct would be reduction of their fee to what they should
have asked for in the first place.’” Envtl. Def. Fund, Inc. v. Reilly, 1 F.3d 1254, 1258 (D.C. Cir.
1993) (quoting Brown v. Stackler, 612 F.2d 1057, 1059 (7th Cir.1980)). If overbilling is less
egregious but still unreasonable, the Court “may impose a lesser sanction, such as awarding a fee
below what a ‘reasonable’ fee would have been in order to discourage fee petitioners from
submitting an excessive request.” Id. (citing Farris v. Cox, 508 F. Supp. 222, 227 (N.D. Cal.
1981)).
ARGUMENT
I.

EPIC IS NOT ENTITLED TO FEES
EPIC is not entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs in this case. Courts primarily consider

four factors in determining whether a plaintiff who is eligible for fees is also entitled to such
fees: “(1) the public benefit derived from the case; (2) the commercial benefit to the plaintiff; (3)
the nature of the plaintiff’s interest in the records; and (4) whether the government has a

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reasonable basis for withholding the requested information.” Cotton v. Heyman, 63 F.3d 1115,
1117 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Based a consideration of the factors, this Court should find that EPIC is
not entitled to attorneys’ fees.
A.

The Disclosed Records Did Not Benefit the Public

In evaluating the public benefit factor, courts have held that “[t]he simple disclosure of
government documents does not satisfy the public interest factor.” Alliance for Responsible
CFC Policy v. Costle, 631 F. Supp. 1469, 1471 (D.D.C. 1986). Instead, the public benefit prong
focuses on whether the information received “is likely to add to the fund of information that
citizens may use in making vital political choices.” Cotton, 63 F.3d at 1120. This inquiry should
focus on the “specific documents at issue in the case at hand.” Id. In this case, EPIC argues that
the documents it received benefited the public because (1) EPIC maintains a popular website for
searches involving the term “privacy,” (2) there has been “public debate over the use of these
devices” as a result of the released documents, and (3) EPIC disseminates a newsletter to
approximately 8,000 subscribers on a bi-weekly basis. (Pl.’s Mot. at 9.)
None of the arguments offered by EPIC demonstrate a public benefit. For purposes of
the first two arguments, which can be considered together, it is helpful to review the “Top News”
and “News Items” entries on EPIC’s website, as well as the five articles cited in Plaintiff’s brief
to support the alleged public benefit from documents produced following the Court’s Open
America Order. This examination reveals that much of what Plaintiff claims to have
disseminated was already in the public domain or did not arise from documents produced
following the Court’s Order. With respect to the third argument, EPIC has not proffered any
evidence that its bi-weekly newsletter contained a substantive discussion of any of the
documents released in this case following the Court’s Open America Order, let alone that the

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newsletter was anything more than an email blast to a general list of subscribers interested in a
variety of topics related to privacy or electronic media.
1. Neither Plaintiff’s Website Nor the Articles Cited in Its Brief Demonstrate
Public Benefit
In its Motion, Plaintiff itself acknowledged that “[t]he use of cell phone tracking
technologies has been the subject of intense public debate for several years,” and cites to articles
dating from 2006 that discuss the technology. (Pl’s Mot. a 10.) Indeed, a cursory review of
documents related to cell-site simulator technologies revealed a number of articles about the
technology, its use by law enforcement, and its legal implications. For instance, in 2007, Wired
magazine published an article that referenced “[a] special surveillance unit called the Wireless
Intercept and Tracking Team (WITT)” employed by the FBI that “use[es] the cell site location to
get the approximate location of the cellphone customer,” and it discussed internal FBI concerns
about its work. Ryan Singel, FBI E-Mail Shows Rift Over Warrantless Phone Record Grabs,
Wired, Dec. 20, 2007, http://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/news/2007/12/fbi_cell?
currentPage=all (attached as Ex. 3). A 2008 article on the American Civil Liberties Union
(“ACLU”) website (and published elsewhere) discussed the development of “triggerfish”
technology and the FBI’s use of that technology to locate a cell phone without the use of a cell
phone service provider and questioned whether it would be used without court permission.
Rachel Myers, With Technology Like This, Who Needs the Law, https://www.aclu.org/blog/freespeech-national-security/technology-who-needs-law, ACLU, Nov. 14, 2008 (attached as Ex. 4).
In addition, a 2011 article in the Wall Street Journal stated that “Stingrays are one of several new
technologies used by law enforcement to track people’s locations, often without a search
warrant.” Jennifer Valentino-Devries, ‘Stingray’ Phone Tracker Fuels Constitutional Clash,
Wall Street Journal, Sept. 22, 2011 (attached as Ex. 5). And articles throughout 2012 and 2013
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recounted the findings derived from extensive FOIA requests from the ACLU and Electronic
Frontier Foundation to law enforcement agencies concerning the use of cell-site simulator
technology. See, e.g., Eric Lichtblau, Police Are Using Phone Tracking as a Routine Tool, N.Y.
Times, Mar. 31, 2012 (attached as Ex. 6); Ellen Nakashima, Little-known Surveillance Tool
Raises Concerns by Judges, Privacy Activists, Washington Post, March 27, 2013 (attached as Ex.
7); Shaun Waterman, Can you hear me now? Feds admit FBI warrantless cellphone tracking
‘very common’, The Washington Times, Mar. 29, 2013 (attached as Ex. 8); Kim Zetter, Secrets
of FBI Smartphone Surveillance Tool Revealed in Court Fight, Wired, Apr. 9, 2013 (attached as
Ex. 9). Given Plaintiff’s own acknowledgement that there had been extensive public debate over
this topic for years, it must make a compelling showing that newly released documents
substantially broadened or aided that debate.
Yet, a review of the news articles listed on EPIC’s website and in its opening brief
reveals that the vast majority of those articles simply reiterated information that was already in
the public domain by the time the FBI began producing documents pursuant to the Court’s
March 2013 Order on the Open America stay. Two of the items listed on the top of EPIC’s
website under the “Top News” heading – “EPIC FOIA Documents Shed Light on Secret Cell
Phone Tracking Team at FBI” and “EPIC Obtains New Documents About FBI Cellphone
Tracking Technology,” https://epic.org/foia/fbi/stingray/ – recount the same basic information
that was detailed in the articles above dating from 2007 and to just prior to the Court’s Open
America Order. Similarly, two news articles cited on both Plaintiff’s website, id., and in its brief,
(Pl.’s Mot at 9) – articles for Slate’s “Future Tense” blog dated January 10, 2013 and October 8,
2013 – revealed that there were concerns about the legal implications of the use of cell-site
simulator devices and the existence of the Wireless Intercept Tracking Team, respectively.

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However, Plaintiff itself acknowledged that there has been long-standing public debate about the
legal implications of the use of the technology, and the existence of the FBI’s WITT team had
been discussed as early as 2007 as indicated above. See Singel, FBI E-Mail Shows Rift Over
Warrantless Phone Record Grabs, Wired, Dec. 20, 2007 (discussing “[a] special surveillance
unit called the Wireless Intercept and Tracking Team (WITT)”).
Moreover, the news articles on EPIC’s website and cited in Plaintiff’s Motion discuss
information that is largely derived information from three sources unrelated to the documents
actually produced in this case. In the first category, EPIC attempts to demonstrate public benefit
on the basis of articles that reveal information obtained, not through EPIC’s efforts but rather
through FOIA requests (non-litigation) and independent investigations by third parties. For
example, while EPIC cites to a news story on WUSA9’s website to demonstrate public benefit,
(Pl.’s Mot. at 9), that article plainly states that the information was derived as a result of “a joint
investigation with Gannett television stations across the country and USA Today.” Nadia Pfaum
& Russ Ptacek, DC, Maryland and Virginia Cops Spying on Cell Phone Data, WUSA, Dec. 9,
2013, http:// http://www.wusa9.com/news/ article/ 285084/189/DC-area-police-spying-on-cellphone-data (attacheded as Ex. 14). Other articles falling into the category include the following:
John Kelly, Law Enforcement Using Methods From NSA Playbook, USA Today, Dec. 8, 2013
(cited in Pl.’s Mot. at 9 and reporting information derived from “public records obtained by USA
Today and Gannett newspapers and TV stations”) (attached as Ex. 12), and Ryan Gallagher,
Meet the Machines that Steal Your Phone’s Data, ArsTechnica, Sept. 25, 2013 (cited on Pl.’s
website and reporting information compiled “by scrutinizing publicly available purchasing
contracts published on government websites and marketing materials obtained through
equipment resellers”) (attached as Ex. 13).

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In the second category, EPIC cites demonstrate public benefit on the basis of information
derived from legal proceedings in other cases. For instance, two articles listed in the “Top
News” section of Plaintiff’s website – identified by the titles “EPIC FOIA - FBI Says 20% Error
Rate Okay for Facial Recognition” and “EPIC Sues FBI to Obtain Details of Massive Biometric
ID Database” – arise from litigation related to a separate EPIC FOIA request related to the “Next
Generation Identification” program, and not this case. Id. (embedding links to EPIC’s FOIA
litigation in EPIC v. FBI, 13-cv-442 (D.D.C. filed April 8, 2013).3 And in the third category,
Plaintiff seeks to demonstrate public benefit based on articles that discuss the Court’s denial of
the FBI’s request for an Open America stay but do not discuss the documents produced
following the Court’s Order on that request. By way of example, the fourth item in the “Top
News” section of EPIC’s website simply reports that the Court denied the FBI’s request for an
Open America stay but does not discuss the documents being released pursuant to the case, as
evidenced by its title “Court Rules for EPIC, Denies FBI Request for Delay in StingRay Case.”
https://epic.org/foia/fbi/stingray/; see also Ryan Gallagher, FBI Accused of Dragging Feet on
Release of Info About ‘Stingray’ Surveillance Technology, Slate Future Tense Blog, Oct. 19,

3

Several other articles cited by EPIC on its website also concern information derived from
other legal proceedings. The third item listed in the “Top News” section of EPIC’s website –
titled “Court Permits Police Use of Phony Cell Phone Tower” – recounts an Arizona court’s
denial of a suppression motion in a criminal case involving the use of cell-site simulator
technology. Id. (discussing United States v. Rigmaiden, 08-cr-814 (D. Ariz. filed July 28,
2008)). Several other articles listed in the “News Items” section of EPIC’s website concern other
legal cases. See Ryan Gallagher, DoJ Accused of Illegally Withholding Info on Clandestine
Cellphone Surveillance Tool, Slate Future Tense Blog, July 24, 2013 (concerning a “new [FOIA]
lawsuit filed in California earlier this month”) (attached as Ex. 10); and Kim Zetter, Feds’ Use of
Fake Cell Tower: Did it Constitute a Search?, Wired, Nov. 3, 2011 (concerning the Rigmaiden
case) (attached as Ex. 11); Jennifer Valentino-Devries, ‘Stingray’ Phone Tracker Fuels
Constitutional Clash, Wall Street Journal, Sept. 22, 2011 (concerning the Rigmaiden case)
(attached as Ex. 5).
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2012 (discussing EPIC’s efforts to “force the feds to disclose all of the non-classified documents
within 60 days”) (attached as Ex. 15).
EPIC’s brief and website actually demonstrate how little resulted from this litigation. In
contrast to cases where courts have found that the records produced in those cases had been
widely discussed in the news media, EPIC has failed to demonstrate that following the Court’s
Order on the Open America stay it made any worthwhile effort to disseminate the documents and
advance the already extensive public discussion on this topic. This stands in sharp contrast to
other cases in where a public benefit was found based on the fact that the released documents
initiated and contributed to debate. For example, in EPIC v. U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, 811 F. Supp. 2d 216 (D.D.C. 2011), EPIC sought records pertaining to whole-body
imaging technology used for screening air travelers. This Court found that the records disclosed
in that case “have provided a public benefit in that they were covered extensively in the news
media and cited frequently as a news source during the public debate surrounding the use of
whole body imaging devices in airports.” Id. at 234 (emphasis added). See also EPIC v. Dep’t
of Homeland Security, No. 11-2261, 2013 WL 6047561, *3-*4 (D.D.C. Nov. 15, 2013)
(documents obtained were analyzed in the Washington Post and other news media and “heavily
featured at a congressional hearing”). Here, Plaintiff cannot even come close to this level, and
thus cannot demonstrate that it added “to the fund of information that citizens may use in making
vital political choices.” Cotton, 63 F.3d at 1120.
2.

EPIC Has Not Demonstrated that the Public Benefited from Its Newsletter

While EPIC contends that it disseminated the records to approximately 8,000 recipients
of its bi-weekly newsletter, (Pl.’s Mot. at 9), a single email blast on a wide-variety of topics to a
general audience without any indication of subsequent publication, public debate, or activism

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hardly demonstrates a benefit to the public. Furthermore, EPIC has failed to attach any evidence
of the contents of this bi-weekly newsletter to determine whether and to what extent the present
litigation and the FBI releases were discussed. For these reasons, EPIC has not provided this
Court or Defendant with information sufficient to establish the public benefit from its newsletter
release.
B.

The FBI Had a Reasonable Basis for Its Action

Under the “reasonable basis” factor, courts consider whether the action taken by the
agency had a “reasonable basis” or was instead carried out “merely to avoid embarrassment or to
frustrate the requester.” Church of Scientology v. U.S.P.S., 700 F.2d 486, 492 n.6, 494 (9th Cir.
1983). Because EPIC did not challenge any of the withholdings made by the FBI pursuant to
exemptions, EPIC is left to argue that FBI acted unreasonably because “the FBI violated
statutory deadlines by failing to make a timely determination concerning EPIC’s administrative
requests” and because “the Court specifically denied the agency’s request for an Open America
stay.” (Pl.’s Mot. at 11.) However, EPIC’s argument has no merit.
Even in instances where “there was undeniably delay” in the release of responsive FOIA
records, courts have held that the fourth factor weighs against the award of attorney fees where
“[t]he government never refused to release documents or asserted a frivolous legal defense to
plaintiffs’ action.” Simon v. United States, 587 F. Supp. 1029, 1032 (D.D.C. 1984). “While an
agency’s failure to meet deadlines is not be condoned, it does not warrant an award of fees in and
of itself.” Id.; see also Read v. Federal Aviation Admin., 252 F. Supp. 2d 1108, 1112 (W.D.
Wash. 2003) (“[D]elay due to bureaucratic ineptitude alone is not sufficient to weigh in favor of
an award of attorneys’ fees.”) Rather, the “reasonable basis” factor “is intended to weed out
those cases in which the government was ‘recalcitrant in its opposition to a valid claim or

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otherwise engaged in obdurate behavior.” United America Financial, Inc. v. Potter, 770 F.
Supp. 2d 252, 257 (D.D.C. 2011); accord Tax Analysts v. DOJ, 965 F.2d 1092, 1097 (D.C. Cir.
1992); Simon, 587 F. Supp. at 1032; Ellis v. United States, 941 F. Supp. 1068, 1080 (D. Utah
1996) (concluding that when “the government’s delay in releasing the records rather than its
substantive claims of exemption” is challenged, “the reasonableness factor does not favor a fee
award so long as the government did not engage in obdurate behavior or bad faith”); Simon, 587
F. Supp at 1032 (“[W]ithout evidence of bad faith, the court declines to impose a fee award to
sanction sluggish agency response.”).
In this case, while FBI was not able to process the request within the 20 working days
prescribed by FOIA, the FBI did not simply ignore the requests. The FBI began to review and
process EPIC’s FOIA request prior to the filing of this action. As discussed in the First Hardy
Declaration, the FBI’s initial review of the request lead it to believe that it would need to conduct
an individualized inquiry for responsive records. (First Hardy Decl., Ex. 1, ¶ 19.) The FBI then
considered whether it might be able to process Plaintiff’s request concurrently with a very
similar request that the FBI had received in November 2011, prior to receiving EPIC’s request.
(Id.) The FBI was awaiting the results of an Electronic Communication sent in response to the
November 2011 request to determine it the requests could be processed concurrently when EPIC
filed the present action. (Id.)
After the filing of the present action, the FBI continued to make measured progress on
Plaintiff’s request without Court order. In May 2013, the FBI sent out an individualized
Electronic Communication seeking documents responsive to Plaintiff’s specific FOIA request.
(Id. at 20.) The FBI received some 25,000 pages for review and processing by the end of July
2013. (Id. ¶ 21.) After a short delay due to a scheduled upgrade of the FBI’s document

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processing system, (id. ¶ 26), the FBI then began producing documents to Plaintiff on a rolling
basis beginning on October 3, 2013, (Fifth Hardy Decl., Ex. 2, ¶ 6). Without any Court order
mandating a production schedule due to the pendency of its Motion for an Open America Stay,
the FBI nevertheless produced eight interim releases on a rolling basis until the Court ruled on
the Open America stay on March 28, 2013. (Id. ¶¶ 6-13.)
Though the Court ultimately denied the FBI’s request for an Open America stay, the
FBI’s request for such a stay hardly demonstrates bad faith. In its Order, the Court noted that
“[t]he amount of classified material involved in EPIC’s request as well as EPIC’s refusal to
narrow its request as suggested by the FBI support a stay to some degree,” but found that
nevertheless the “record as a whole” did not demonstrate the existence of exceptional
circumstances. (Dkt. 19 at 12.) Additionally, the Court recognized that the “FBI has
implemented changes to increase the efficiency of its FOIA processing system,” but found that
this was offset by an increase in the size of the backlog. (Id.) While the Court then denied the
FBI’s request for an Open America stay, it must have inherently believed there was some tenable
basis for the request as it provided the FBI with an additional four months to complete the
production of responsive documents. (Id.) In such circumstances, where the FBI did not act in
bad faith, the FBI’s ultimately unsuccessful request for an Open America stay was nevertheless a
reasonable one with a colorable basis in the law. Accordingly, the fourth factor regarding
entitlement to attorneys’ fees weighs against the award of such fees.
II.

EPIC’S FEE REQUEST FOR $34,152.50 IS UNREASONABLE
Even if EPIC were entitled to some fees, the amount of fees sought by EPIC is

unreasonable. Here, the only relief that EPIC can contend it achieved is the Court’s Order

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denying Plaintiff’s Open America stay.4 Because the FBI met that timeline and EPIC never
contested any redactions, EPIC is at most entitled to reasonable fees for the time spent prior to
the issuance of the Open America Order, which in this case is the time spent drafting and filing
the Complaint and in opposing the FBI’s Motion for an Open America Stay. Moreover, the
amount of hours billed by EPIC for the Complaint and the work performed leading up to and
following the Court’s Order on the Open America stay is excessive or otherwise unnecessary.
Finally, EPIC incorrectly billed for the work of two attorneys who had been admitted to the bar
for less than one year at the time that they performed the work.
A.

The Hours Spent for Drafting, Reviewing, Discussing and Filing the
Complaint Are Unreasonable and Should Be Significantly Reduced

In this case, EPIC billed a total of 18.4 hours ($5,308.50) for time spent by three
attorneys drafting, reviewing, discussing and filing the Complaint: 9.4 hours by Alan Butler, 5.5
hours by Ginger McCall, and 3.5 hours by Marc Rotenberg. (Dkt. 28-9 at 1-2.) This amount of
time is excessive for what was a simple complaint describing the FOIA requests, listing EPIC’s
correspondence with the FBI regarding the requests, and asserting boilerplate claims regarding
the FBI’s untimely response. Given EPIC’s status as a sophisticated, repeat FOIA litigant with

4

In its Motion, Plaintiff also claims that it “substantially prevailed” with respect to “the
additional FBI disclosures on October 1, 2013” that were released in conjunction with the FBI’s
issuance of a draft Vaughn index. (Pl.’s Mot. at 7-8.) However, as discussed above and noted in
the Hardy Declaration, the FBI’s release of a few additional terms arose, not out of this litigation,
but rather the Rigmaiden litigation in the District of Arizona. (Fifth Hardy Declaration, Ex. 2, ¶¶
4, 21.) Because the FBI had completed its review and production of documents responsive to
Plaintiff’s FOIA request prior to making the determination to release additional information in
the Rigmaiden case, the FBI had no legal obligation to provide the additional information to
Plaintiff. Nevertheless, the FBI offered the information to EPIC as a courtesy with respect to the
limited sample set because the FBI was reviewing those documents as it prepared its draft
Vaughn index. (Id.) The fact that the FBI did not release the new terms for the entirety of the
4,377 pages produced in this case, and instead only revisited certain terms with respect to less
than twelve percent of the total number of released documents, demonstrates that Plaintiff did
not substantially prevail with respect to the October 1, 2013 release.
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numerous FOIA actions pending in this district currently, it reasonably could draw on that
experience in drafting the sections of its Complaint dedicated to Jurisdiction, the Parties, the
Counts, and the Prayer for Relief, as that language is largely boilerplate and does not need to
substantially vary from case to case. Additionally, while EPIC included thirty-one paragraphs of
facts related to the specific FOIA request at issue here, this requires nothing more than a rote
recitation of information already gathered in preparation of the FOIA request itself and
information on the correspondence between the parties. Given EPIC’s breadth of experience in
filing FOIA actions, including many against the FBI, EPIC’s expenditure of time and request for
fees for the preparation and filing of its Complaint was unreasonable. See Elec. Frontier Found.
v. Office of Dir. of Nat’l Intelligence, No. C 07-05278 2008 WL 2331959, at *5 (N.D. Cal. June
4, 2008) (finding “12.0 hours for drafting and reviewing [a FOIA] complaint” to be
“unreasonable”). At most, EPIC should be entitled to 8 hours – six at Mr. Butler’s rate and two
at Mr. Rotenburg’s – for drafting what should have been a simple and straightforward FOIA
complaint of the sort EPIC has filed many times before.
B.

The Hours Spent Preparing a Proposed Scheduling Order Are Unreasonable
and Should Be Reduced

EPIC seeks some $3,494.50 in fees for three separate attorneys to complete the initial
proposed scheduling order requested by the Court, despite the fact that this order was largely
boiler plate with the exception of a one paragraph substantive submission from Plaintiff.5 (Dkt.
12.) Beginning on June 14, 2013, EPIC began to bill for three attorneys to complete 11.1 hours

5

This is not the first instance of EPIC unabashedly overbilling the government. In
Electronic Privacy Information Center v. U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security, No. 10-1992, 2013
WL 5620891 (D.D.C. Oct. 15, 2013), Judge Royce C. Lamberth reduced the hours claimed for
two conferences for which EPIC had billed for eight attorneys. Id. at *4. He stressed that “the
Court will pay particular close attention when many lawyers bill for a single task.” Id. at *2.
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of work in relation to the drafting and filing of a Joint Proposed Scheduling Order on June 27,
2012. (Dkt. 28-9, entries from June 14, 2012 through June 27, 2012.) This is an unreasonable
request given a plain review of the document at issue – the document is only three and a half
pages, one of which was entirely and solely drafted by defense counsel, and it contains
boilerplate language borrowed from EPIC’s Complaint and other routine proposed scheduling
language. (Dkt. 12.) While EPIC included a one-paragraph statement of its position regarding
the FBI’s proposed schedule for the production of documents and listed its counter proposal, it
hardly requires three attorneys some eleven hours to draft a one-page statement. These entries
should be reduced to, at most, three hours billed at Mr. Butler’s rate.
C.

EPIC Is Not Entitled to Fees for Reviewing Documents and Other Work
Performed After the Court’s Order on the Open America Stay Request

Even if EPIC were entitled to some reimbursement for reasonable time spent drafting and
filing the complaint on the theory that it obtained relief based on the Court’s entry of the Open
America Order, EPIC is not entitled to reimbursement for its work performed reviewing
documents received pursuant to the FOIA request and for work following the FBI’s production
of documents in accordance with the Court’s Open America Order. The provision in FOIA
authorizing an award of attorneys’ fees and other litigation costs is a limited waiver of the federal
government’s sovereign immunity. See Kennedy v. Andrus, 459 F. Supp. 240, 242 (D.D.C.
1978). Although “[t]he federal government may waive its sovereign immunity by statute,” such
a waiver “‘must be unequivocally expressed in statutory text.’” Webman v. Fed. Bureau of
Prisons, 441 F.3d 1022, 1025 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Lane v. Peña, 518 U.S. 187, 192
(1996)). Moreover, “[c]ourts must strictly construe any waiver of sovereign immunity, in terms
of its scope, in favor of the sovereign.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Accordingly, “an express waiver is required before attorneys’ fees can be assessed against the
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federal government.” Kennedy, 459 F. Supp. at 242; see also N.Y.C. Apparel F.Z.E., 563 F.
Supp. 2d at 226-27 (construing the FOIA attorneys’ fee provision narrowly because a broader
construction would impermissibly go beyond the scope of Congress’s explicit waiver of
sovereign immunity).
Because FOIA only provides courts with jurisdiction to “enjoin [an] agency from
withholding agency records and to order the production of any agency records improperly
withheld,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B), a party may only obtain fees insofar as such fees relate to an
agency’s withholding of documents. Uhuru v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 734 F. Supp. 2d 8, 13
(D.D.C. 2010). EPIC’s claim of eligibility for attorneys’ fees here is based on its argument that
it obtained documents pursuant to this Court’s Order on the Open America stay. (Pl.’s Mot. at
7.) Assuming arguendo that EPIC is correct, that does not provide a basis on which EPIC may
obtain fees for reviewing the released documents or other matters. The “catalyst theory” is not a
“poisonous tree” that continues to bear fruit in the form of attorneys’ fees assessed against
federal taxpayers for the duration of litigation.
Moreover, the review of released documents is work that EPIC would have performed
irrespective of whether it had instituted litigation, and in this manner is indistinguishable from an
initial FOIA request or work at the administrative level, tasks for which FOIA does not permit
the recovery of attorneys’ fees. See CREW v. DOJ, 825 F. Supp. 2d 226, 231 (D.D.C. 2011); see
also Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1496 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (holding that a
party seeking attorneys’ fees under FOIA “must show that the prosecution of the action could
reasonably be regarded as necessary to obtain the information . . . and that a causal nexus exists
between that action and the agency’s surrender of the information”); see also Ajluni v. FBI, 947
F. Supp. 599, 611 (N.D.N.Y. 1996) (limiting plaintiff’s award to “fees incurred up to, and

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including” the point at which “the last of the . . . documents were released” in a case where the
defendant agency was granted summary judgment on its use of exemptions); Steenland v. CIA,
555 F. Supp. 907, 911 (W.D.N.Y. 1983) (finding that work performed after records were
released, where defendant’s asserted exemptions were subsequently upheld, “would assess a
penalty against defendants which is clearly unwarranted”). This is especially true here, where
EPIC never challenged any of the redactions or received any other court-ordered relief as a result
of this review. Indeed, under these circumstances, an award of fees would not constitute
reasonable compensation for litigation expenses, but would instead amount to “a sanction for the
[defendant’s] delay in responding to [a] FOIA request, [and] the FOIA does not recognize such a
claim.” Uhuru, 734 F. Supp. 2d at 14.
In short, to the extent that EPIC is eligible for or entitled to any fees, it is eligible for fees
for the work performed that was necessary to obtain release of the non-exempt documents, and
nothing more.
D.

The Hourly Rate Sought By EPIC for Alan Butler and Julie Horwitz Should
Be Reduced

The hourly rates sought by EPIC for the work done by Alan Butler and Julie Horwitz
should be reduced.6 For 2012, the Laffey matrix lists the rate for attorneys with 1-3 years of
experience as $240; this rate increased to $245 in 2013. See Ex. 16. As this Court has
6

Because Mr. Butler was not admitted to practice in the District of Columbia until January
11, 2013, and Ms. Horwitz still is not admitted to practice in this Court, it is questionable
whether they are even entitled to attorney rates for periods when there were not admitted to this
bar. See Dickens v. Friendship-Edison P.C.S.,724 F. Supp. 2d 113, 119-20 (D.D.C. 2010)
(“Though they were admitted to the bars of other states, neither RR nor CB were licensed to
practice in the District of Columbia during the time they worked on these cases. . . . Accordingly,
this Court accepts Defendant’s suggestion that attorneys RR and CB are reasonably billed at the
hourly rate for paralegals.”) (IDEA case). See also Baker v. D.C. Pub. Schs., 815 F. Supp. 2d
102, 116 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Attorneys who are not admitted to the D.C. Bar are not entitled to
reimbursement at attorney rates. . .”) (IDEA case); but see EPIC v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec.,
2013 WL 6047561, at *6.
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recognized, however, the Laffey matrix contains “no category for an attorney who has been
admitted to practice law but who has less than a full year of legal experience.” EPIC v. Dep’t of
Homeland Security, 2013 WL 6047561, at *6. Because there is no category for attorneys with
less than one year of experience, Judge Bates recently found that attorneys with less than one
year experience should be compensated at an hourly rate of $195 for 2013, splitting the
difference between the $145 hourly rate for paralegal and law clerks and the $245 hourly rate for
attorneys with 1 to 3 years of experience. Id.
Applied to this case, the rate billed by both Alan Butler and Julia Horwitz must be
reduced. Alan Butler is a 2011 law school graduate, and was admitted to the bar on December
12, 2011. (Butler Decl., Ex. 3 to Pl.’s Mot., Dkt. 28-4, ¶¶ 3, 7.) Mr. Butler would not qualify for
the Laffey matrix rate for attorneys with 1-3 years of experience until he had reached the oneyear anniversary of his bar admission on December 12, 2012. Yet, Mr. Butler seeks to bill for
some 52.2 hours of work completed prior to his one year anniversary at the rate assigned to
attorneys with 1-3 years of experience. Similarly, Julia Horwitz is a 2012 law school graduate.
(Horwitz Decl., Ex. 4 to Pl.’s Mot., Dkt. 28-5, ¶ 4.) Ms. Horwitz omits, however, that she was
not admitted to the Maryland Bar until December 12, 2012, and thus would not qualify for the
Laffey rate for those with 1-3 years of experience until December 12, 2013. (Md. State Bar
Ass’n Member Directory, Julia Horwitz (attached as Ex. 17).) For Ms. Horwitz, 4.7 hours of the
11.7 hours she billed for this case were completed prior to her marking the one-year anniversary
of her bar admission. Therefore, to the extent that this Court finds that EPIC is entitled to
compensation for the time spent by Mr. Butler and Ms. Horwitz on this case, the hourly rate
attributed to their work should be reduced to $190 and $195 as discussed above.

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E.

EPIC’s Billing Records Contain Several Anomalies with Respect to a Joint
Status Report on August 29, 2013

EPIC’s billing records contain several anomalies in relation to a Joint Status Report filed
on August 27, 2013. First, Plaintiff billed for two conferences calls with undersigned defense
counsel on this date, (Dkt. 28-9 at 11-12), but there was only a single call on this date. (Email
from Alan Butler, August 27, 2013 at 5:51 pm (attaching a draft of the status report “as discussed
in our call this afternoon) (attached as Ex. 18); Decl. of Kimberly Herb at ¶ 2 (stating that there
was only a single call that day) (attached as Ex. 19). Second, Plaintiff seeks reimbursement for
the participation of Julia Horwitz in one of the conference calls on August 27, 2013, (Dkt. 28-9
at 11), but Plaintiff failed to indicate to opposing counsel at any time during that call that Ms.
Horwitz was in attendance or otherwise participating, (Herb Decl. ¶ 3). Third, EPIC seeks
reimbursement for an internal “conference to discuss joint status report” on August 30, 2013, but
the joint status report had been previously prepared and filed. (Dkt. 23.) To the degree that this
Court believes that EPIC is entitled to fees in relation to the preparation of the joint status report
filed on August 27, 2013, it should exclude $149 for the conference call and $298.5 for EPIC’s
internal conference on August 30, 2013 to discuss the joint status report.
F.

EPIC’s Recovery of Fees on Fees, if any, Should Be Adjusted Downward to
the Extent Its Fees Petition Is Unsuccessful

Finally, because most (if not all) of EPIC’s fees demands are unwarranted or
unsupported, the amount of “fees on fees” EPIC recovers, if any, should be reduced accordingly.
See Comm’r, I.N.S. v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 163 n.10 (1990) (“[F]ees for fee litigation should be
excluded to the extent that the applicant ultimately fails to prevail in such litigation.”); Nat’l
Veterans Legal Servs. Program v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, No. 96-CV-01740, 1999 WL
33740260, at *5-*6 (D.D.C. Apr. 13, 1999). EPIC to date seeks approximately $ 8,144.50 in

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connection with the settlement of its request for fees and costs and its fee petition. Accordingly,
if EPIC receives an award of “fees on fees” at all, that amount should be substantially reduced to
reflect any reduction in the award of fees on the merits. Defendant, moreover, urges the Court to
consider as an appropriate measure the metric adopted by Judge Hogan in LaShawn A. v. Barry,
No. 89-1754, 1998 WL 35243112 (D.D.C. Feb. 18, 1998), which capped plaintiff’s recovery for
“fees on fees” at 15 percent of any recovery for litigation of the merits of the case. Id. at *6
(citing Coulter v. Tennessee, 805 F.2d 146, 151 (6th Cir. 1986).
III.

BECAUSE DEFENDANT SERVED AN OFFER OF JUDGMENT ON
PLAINTIFF, THE COURT SHOULD DIVIDE ANY AWARD INTO FEES
INCURRED UNTIL AND AFTER THAT DATE
One final important condition applies to any fees awarded to EPIC as a result of

Defendant’s service of an Offer of Judgment on EPIC on November 13, 2013 pursuant to Fed. R.
Civ. P. 68. (See Ex. 20 (redacted Offer of Judgment).) This Offer of Judgment was Defendant’s
final offer in this matter and was tendered by Defendant in a good-faith attempt to settle this
litigation without burdening the Court with fee litigation. EPIC did not accept this offer within
14 days of service, choosing instead to litigate and further drive up its expenses.
Under Rule 68, if an offeree prevails but recovers less than the amount that was offered,
the offeree cannot recover any costs incurred after the offer. See Tunison v. Cont’l Airlines
Corp., 162 F.3d 1187, 1192-93 (D.C. Cir. 1998); B.L. Through Lax v. District of Columbia, 517
F. Supp. 2d 57, 60 (D.D.C. 2007); Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure, § 3006. The
Supreme Court has held that such “costs” include attorney’s fees if the relevant fee-shifting
statute defines “costs” to include attorney’s fees. See Marek v. Chesney, 473 U.S. 1, 9 (1985).
FOIA does, in fact, include attorney’s fees as part of its definition of costs. See 5 U.S.C. §
552(a)(4)(E) (authorizing award of “attorney fees and other litigation costs”); Marek, 473 U.S. at

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44 (Brennan, J., dissenting) (listing FOIA as a statute in which attorney’s fees are included as
costs); Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No.
1:10cv850, ECF No. 21 (unpublished) (attached as Ex. 6) at 2-4 (holding that FOIA includes
attorneys’ fees as litigation costs for the purposes of Rule 68 and reducing award of plaintiff that
rejected Rule 68 offer, noting that “the thrust of Rule 68” is that “a party who recovers less than
it was offered must bear the expense of its erroneous choice”).
For the purpose of determining whether a judgment for attorneys’ fees is, or is not, more
favorable than an unaccepted Offer of Judgment, the point of comparison is the court’s
determination of the amount of fees reasonably incurred prior to the Offer of Judgment. See
Marek, 473 U.S. at 7 (“[P]ost-offer costs merely offset part of the expense of continuing the
litigation . . . and should not be included in the calculus”); Goos v. Nat’l Ass’n of Realtors, 68
F.3d 1380, 1382 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Thus, if the Court determines that EPIC is entitled to preoffer fees and costs that are less than the amount specified in Defendant’s Offer of Judgment,
EPIC may not receive any post-offer attorney’s fees.
At this time, unless requested to do so by the Court, Defendant is not disclosing the
amount of its Offer of Judgment out of concern that it could influence improperly the Court’s
fact-finding or be construed as a concession by Defendant that the amount specified in the Offer
represents a reasonable award. Rather, Defendant respectfully requests that if the Court finds
EPIC entitled to attorneys’ fees, the Court divide such fees into two categories: those incurred
until November 13, 2013, and those incurred after that date, and that the Court refrain from
entering final judgment for any amount of attorneys’ fees immediately. Defendant will then
determine whether the Offer of Judgment is greater or less than any pre-Offer expenses awarded

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to EPIC, and will expeditiously either file the Offer (and a request to deny any fees subsequent to
the Offer), or will file a Notice that the Offer did not exceed EPIC’s pre-Offer expenses.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, EPIC’s motion for attorneys’ fees should be denied because
EPIC is not entitled to attorney fees under 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E). However, to the extent that
this Court finds that EPIC is entitled to fees and costs, it should receive no more than a total of
$11,180.00. This figure represents a reasonable fee, given the limited dispute here regarding the
production schedule for documents responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA request. This figure was
calculated to include: (1) $350 for Plaintiff’s filing fee; (2) $1,140 for six hours of work at the
rate of $190 for Alan Butler’s work drafting the Complaint; (3) $990 for two hours of work at the
rate of $495 for Marc Rotenberg’s work drafting the Complaint; (4) $570 for three hours of work
at the rate of $190 for EPIC’s work drafting the Joint Proposed Scheduling Order; (5) $6,142.50
for 31.5 hours of work at the rate of $195 for Alan Butler’s work drafting Plaintiff’s opposition
to the FBI’s Motion for an Open America Stay; (6) $725 for 2.5 hours of work at the rate of $290
for Ginger McCall’s work drafting Plaintiff’s opposition to the FBI’s Motion for an Open
America Stay; and (7) $1,262.50 for 2.5 hours of work at the rate of $505 for Marc Rotenberg’s
work drafting Plaintiff’s opposition to the FBI’s Motion for an Open America Stay.

Dated: January 16, 2014

Respectfully submitted,
STUART F. DELERY
Assistant Attorney General
ELIZABETH J. SHAPIRO
Deputy Branch Director

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/s/ Kimberly L. Herb
KIMBERLY L. HERB
(Illinois Bar # 6296725)
Trial Attorney
United States Department of Justice
Civil Division, Federal Programs Branch
P.O. Box 883
Washington, DC 20044
Tel: (202) 305-8356
Fax: (202) 616-8470
kimberly.l.herb@usdoj.gov
Counsel for Defendant

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