In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: October 5, 2015

S15A1045. HARRELL v. THE STATE.
HINES, Presiding Justice.
Lister W. Harrell appeals from his convictions and sentences for
endeavoring to intimidate a court officer and cruelty to animals. For the reasons
that follow, we reverse.
Construed to support the verdicts, the evidence showed that Harrell was
charged with violating the duties of a landlord and, after he failed to appear for
a court hearing in connection with that charge, a bench warrant was issued for
his arrest. On April 29, 2013, Harrell placed messages on the internet site
Facebook that referred to Dodge County Superior Court Clerk Rhett Walker and
Deputy Chief Clerk Tammy Graham. One post threatened that if the bench
warrant was not lifted, Harrell would post an internet link to a video which he
claimed showed Graham engaging in sexual activity with Harrell and two other
men; no such video existed. Harrell also posted a claim that Graham had lied
to the court regarding whether Harrell had been served with notice of a hearing

 regarding the accusation that he violated the duties of a landlord; it was his
failure to appear at this hearing which served as the basis for the bench warrant
being issued for him. In another post, Harrell listed Walker’s personal cell
phone number and urged readers to call Walker to tell him to leave Harrell alone
while he was “on the run,” and thus not ruin Harrell’s “chicken foot eating
victory.” Harrell also initiated telephone communication with Walker in an
attempt to persuade him to lift the bench warrant, saying that if he did not do so
by a certain date, Harrell would “turn [Walker’s] world upside down,” and that
“you know what will happen on Facebook.”
At trial, evidence was also presented that on April 15, 2013, Harrell left
two voice mail messages intended for Shirley Webb, Harrell’s former girlfriend
and the mother of two of Harrell’s children. In one message, Harrell stated that
he was Sid Carter, Webb’s current boyfriend, was placing the call from the cell
phone of Harrell’s son, and referred to a “dead pussy” in Webb’s mailbox. In
the other message, Harrell implied that he intended to upload pornographic
videos of Webb to an internet site. That same day, Carter, who lived with
Webb, found a dead cat in their mailbox when he checked the mail. As Carter
called 911 from his cell phone to report the dead cat, Harrell drove by the house,
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 slowed down considerably, rolled down a window, and pointed at the mailbox
containing the dead cat before driving away. Carter and Webb later found an
animal trap on a portion of Harrell’s property which adjoined Webb’s.
1. At the time of the acts alleged in Harrell’s indictment, OCGA § 16-1097 read:
(a) A person who by threat or force or by any threatening action, letter, or
communication:
(1) Endeavors to intimidate or impede any grand juror or trial juror
or any officer in or of any court of this state or any court of any
county or municipality of this state or any officer who may be
serving at any proceeding in any such court while in the discharge
of such juror's or officer's duties;
(2) Injures any grand juror or trial juror in his or her person or
property on account of any indictment or verdict assented to by him
or her or on account of his or her being or having been such juror;
or
(3) Injures any officer in or of any court of this state or any court of
any county or municipality of this state or any officer who may be
serving at any proceeding in any such court in his or her person or
property on account of the performance of his or her official duties
shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than
$5,000.00 or by imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both.
(b) As used in this Code section, the term “any officer in or of any court”
means a judge, attorney, clerk of court, deputy clerk of court, court
reporter, or probation officer.
(c) A person who by threat or force or by any threatening action, letter, or
communication endeavors to intimidate any law enforcement officer,
outside the scope and course of his or her employment, or his or her
immediate family member in retaliation or response to the discharge of
such officer's official duties shall be guilty of a felony and, upon
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 conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than
one nor more than five years, a fine not to exceed $5,000.00, or both.1
Harrell contends that, on its face and as applied to him, OCGA § 16-10-97 (a)
(1) is unconstitutional because it violates the right of free speech found in the
First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.2 The Supreme Court
of the United States has held that a state can criminalize some speech made with
the intent to intimidate another without running afoul of the First Amendment.3
Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (123 SCt 1536, 155 LE2d 535) (2003).
However, we conclude that OCGA § 16-10-97 (a) (1) was unconstitutionally
applied to Harrell.
In Counts 2 and 3 of the indictment, Harrell was alleged to have violated

1

In 2015, an amendment to OCGA § 16-10-97 expanded the applicability of the statute under
subsection (b). See Ga. L. 2015, p. 422, § 5-25.
2

The State contends that the question of the constitutionality of OCGA § 16-10-97 (a) (1)
is not properly before this Court because Harrell did not file his pleading raising the issue within 10
days of arraignment, as required by OCGA § 17-7-110. See also USCR 31.1. However, the State
did not raise any such issue below, before or after the trial court’s ruling on the subject, and its ability
to enforce the strictures of OCGA § 17-7-110 on appeal has been waived. See Hicks v. State, 287
Ga. App. 105, 106 (1) (650 SE2d 767) (2007).
3

Harrell does not challenge the constitutionality of that portion of OCGA § 16-10-97 (a) (1)
which prohibits “imped[ing] any grand juror or trial juror or any [court] officer . . . .” But, we note
that punishing speech that endeavors to impede the duties of a juror or court officer appears to be
permissible under the First Amendment. See Haley v. State, 289 Ga. 515, 519-528 (2) (712 SE2d
838) (2011).
4

 OCGA § 16-10-97 (a) (1), with both counts accusing him of
the offense of INTIMIDATION OF A COURT OFFICER, for that
[Harrell] . . . by a threatening communication, did unlawfully
endeavor to intimidate [the alleged victim] while in the discharge of
said officers [sic] duties, by threatening to embarrass and harass
said [alleged victim if the alleged victim] did not withdraw a
warrant issued by the Superior Court Judge . . . .4
As noted, a prohibition against intimidating another by speech does not
necessarily run afoul of the First Amendment. However, in Black, supra, the
United States Supreme Court addressed a Virginia statute that stated: “It shall
be unlawful for any person or persons, with the intent of intimidating any person
or group of persons, to burn, or cause to be burned, a cross on the property of
another, a highway or other public place.” Id. at 348 (I). In doing so, the Court
stated that “[i]ntimidation in the constitutionally proscribable sense of the word
is a type of true threat, where a speaker directs a threat to a person or group of
persons with the intent of placing the victim in fear of bodily harm or death.”
Id. at 344 (III) (A). Thus, for intimidation such as alleged in the indictment to
be validly proscribed by OCGA § 16-10-97 (a) (1), the intimidation must be

4

We note that by requiring that the defendant “did . . . endeavor” to intimidate a court officer
“while in the discharge” of his or her duties, OCGA § 16-10-97 (a) (1) does not have as an element
of the crime that the intimidation be directed at procuring an act which the court officer is actually
empowered to perform.
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 considered a “true threat.” And, as Black noted, “‘[t]rue threats’ encompass
those statements where the speaker means to communicate a serious expression
of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or
group of individuals. [Cits.]” Id. at 359.
“[I]n cases raising First Amendment issues . . . an appellate court has an
obligation to ‘make an independent examination of the whole record’ in order
to make sure that ‘the judgment does not constitute a forbidden intrusion on the
field of free expression.’ [Cits.]” Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc.,
466 U.S. 485, 499 (II) (104 SCt 1949, 80 LE2d 502) (1984). See also New York
Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 284-285 (84 SCt 710, 11 LE2d 686)
(1964). When determining whether “‘an intent to inflict bodily harm’ exists,
the speech is examined in the ‘light of its entire factual context, including the
surrounding events and reaction of the listeners.’ [Cit.]” Corales v. Bennett, 567
F.3d 554, 564 (III) (A) (9th Cir. 2009). A “true threat” may be conditional, need
not be explicit, and the threatened violence need not be imminent. United States
v. Turner, 720 F3d 411, 424 (2d Cir. 2013). “A true threat ‘convey[s] a gravity
of purpose and likelihood of execution so as to constitute speech beyond the
pale of protected vehement, caustic . . .
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unpleasantly sharp attacks on

 government and public officials.’ [Cit.]” Nielander v. Board of County Com’rs
of County Republic, Kan., 582 F.3d 1155, 1168 (II) (B) (2) (a) (10th Cir. 2009).
As to Count 2 of the indictment, naming Graham as the victim, the only
evidence was that Harrell posted embarrassing material about Graham, and
threatened to post more. The fact that Harrell’s communications were made
only by Facebook and that he did not communicate with Graham directly would
not preclude their being considered “true threats.” See United States v. Castillo,
564 Fed. Appx. 500, 502-503 (11th Cir. 2014). But, although Harrell’s posting
was on a Facebook group titled “DixieMafia,” it only suggested that she had lied
to the court and that such would lead to her arrest, and that an embarrassing
video of her would be released; nothing in the communications threaten an
unlawful act of violence to her as required by Black, supra.
As to Count 3 of the indictment, naming Walker as the victim, Walker
testified that after Harrell’s telephone call, he “had to think about it and try to
keep from getting a little nervous because I knew from what was going on that
[Harrell] may not have been stable mentally, and so it concerned me.” He also
testified that he “felt intimidated” by Harrell’s Facebook posting and telephone
call, and was “concerned” when Harrell stated that he “would turn [Walker’s]
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 world upside down,” but he did not testify that his concern was related to any
fear of violence. There was no reference to any form of violence in Harrell’s
communications, nor even an intimation of such. See Black, supra. While
Harrell’s speech might well be described as caustic and unpleasant, Nielander,
supra, it did not convey “a serious expression of an intent to commit an act of
unlawful violence.” Black, supra.5
Although the State notes that OCGA § 16-10-97 (a) (1) prohibits
endeavoring to impede a court officer through communication, and asserts that
Walker and Graham were impeded in the discharge of their duties by virtue of
Harrell’s speech, the State did not charge Harrell with impeding court officers,
or any other crimes that might have been implicated by his behavior, but only
with endeavoring to intimidate the alleged victims. And, as his speech cannot
be considered to constitute “true threats,” and thus does not constitute any
proscribable act of intimidation, his convictions for violating OCGA § 16-10-97
(a) (1) must be reversed.

5

We note that the court did not instruct the jury on the meaning of “intimidate” or “true
threat,” nor were such instructions requested. However, our resolution of this issue renders moot
any question of whether these omissions constituted plain error under OCGA § 17–8–58 (b). See
Cheddersingh v. State, 290 Ga. 680, 683 (2) (724 SE2d 366) (2012).
8

 2. Harrell further contends that he should not have been tried on the
animal cruelty charge in the same proceeding in which he had to answer the
charges of endeavoring to intimidate court officers, and that the trial court erred
in denying his motion to sever the counts.6 While in some circumstances joinder
of charges is required, see OCGA § 16-1-7 (b),7 the ability of the State to join
charges is not unfettered. In Dingler v. State, 233 Ga. 462 (211 SE2d 752)
(1975), this Court adopted the ABA Standards on Joinder of Offenses, under
which

6

Harrell also asserts that dismissal of the entire indictment is the proper remedy when
multiple charges that should have been severed are presented in the same indictment, but the case
he cites for that proposition does not so hold, rather it merely reversed the trial court based upon the
specific pleadings in the case, which sought severance as an alternative remedy to quashing the
indictment. See Fair v. State, 129 Ga. App. 565 (200 SE2d 296) (1973).
7

OCGA § 16-1-7 reads:

(a) When the same conduct of an accused may establish the commission of more than one crime, the
accused may be prosecuted for each crime. He may not, however, be convicted of more than one
crime if:
(1) One crime is included in the other; or
(2) The crimes differ only in that one is defined to prohibit a designated kind of conduct
generally and the other to prohibit a specific instance of such conduct.
(b) If the several crimes arising from the same conduct are known to the proper prosecuting officer
at the time of commencing the prosecution and are within the jurisdiction of a single court, they must
be prosecuted in a single prosecution except as provided in subsection (c) of this Code section.
(c) When two or more crimes are charged as required by subsection (b) of this Code section, the
court in the interest of justice may order that one or more of such charges be tried separately.
9

 [t]wo or more offenses may be joined in one charge, with each
offense stated in a separate count, when the offenses, whether
felonies or misdemeanors or both: (a) are of the same or similar
character, even if not part of a single scheme or plan; or (b) are
based on the same conduct or on a series of acts connected together
or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.
Id. at 463 (Punctuation omitted.) Further, when
two or more offenses are joined on grounds that they are of the
same or similar character, and are part of a single scheme or plan,
or are based on the same conduct or on a series of acts connected
together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan, the trial
court, in its discretion, should grant a severance of offenses if it is
deemed appropriate to promote a fair determination of the
defendant's guilt or innocence of each charge; in this regard, the
question for decision is whether, in view of the number of offenses
charged and the complexity of the evidence to be offered, the trier
of fact will be able to distinguish the evidence and apply the law
intelligently as to each offense.
Terry v. State, 259 Ga. 165, 168 (1) (377 SE2d 837) (1989).
Harrell asserts that joinder of the animal cruelty charge with the other
charges was improper, as the acts alleged are not part of a single scheme or plan,
are not based on the same conduct or series of acts, and are not of the same or
similar character. See Dingler, supra. Accordingly, he urges, the trial court
erred in denying his motion to sever the charges, and we agree.
Of course, cruelty to an animal and endeavoring to intimidate a court
10

 officer are not, judging by their statutory elements, similar crimes. Nor do the
facts surrounding the commission of the acts alleged exhibit the basis for a
proper joinder of charges. The indictment alleged that animal cruelty was
committed on April 16, 2013, and that Harrell endeavored to intimidate the court
officers on April 29, 2013. Although the acts were alleged to have been
committed in close proximity of time, the record is devoid of any indication that
they were committed in pursuit of some common scheme or that they had some
connection. As alleged, they were simply separate crimes of different character,
committed 13 days apart.
The State contends that the similarity between the acts alleged “reaches
the level of a pattern.” Cooper v. State, 253 Ga. 736, 737 (3) (325 SE2d 137)
(1985). But, there is no evidence of such. The State asserted at the hearing on
the motion to sever, and now asserts in this Court, that Harrell used the dead cat,
and thus the results of the act of animal cruelty, “to intimidate or otherwise
hinder [Webb] from continued participation in [Harrell’s] court case[],” and that
Harrell thus had a “common motive” in making communications intended to
intimidate Walker, Graham, and Webb, all in relation to court cases involving
him. However, this argument is necessarily dependant on the claim that at the
11

 time of the animal cruelty, Webb was involved in a court case of Harrell’s. But,
the State made absolutely no showing in this regard; neither at the pre-trial
motion hearing, nor at trial, did the State attempt to produce any evidence to
support its statement to the trial court that Webb was “a witness in one court
action” involving Harrell.
While there was testimony that there had been prior custody disputes between
Webb and Harrell, that Carter described as “bitter,” there was no testimony that
would allow an inference that there was any case existing between Webb and
Harrell at the time of the acts alleged. Nor did the messages that Harrell left on
Webb’s answering machine contain any reference to a court case of Harrell’s.8
And, there was no evidence that Harrell’s motive for contacting Webb was
to attempt to intimidate her into any action. Of course, that Harrell had the
motive to intimidate his victims to take certain actions was explicitly set forth
in the allegations regarding his acts toward Graham and Walker. Nor was the
evidence of animal cruelty so intertwined with evidence of endeavoring to

8

Even if the use of a telephone to make an allegedly threatening call to Walker can be seen
as similar to the use of a telephone to make arguably harassing calls to Webb, such would not
authorize joinder. Rather, if “charges are joined solely because they are of the same or similar
character, a defendant has an absolute right to sever. [Cits.]” Stewart v. State, 277 Ga. 138, 139 (587
SE2d 602) (2003).
12

 intimidate court officers such that it would not be possible to present evidence
of one without the other. See Carter v. State, 269 Ga. 420, 422 (3) (499 SE2d
63) (1998); Radford v. State, 251 Ga. 50, 51 (2) (302 SE2d 555) (1983). Rather,
there was simply no connection shown between the alleged animal cruelty and
the alleged crimes of endeavoring to intimidate court officers. As there was no
showing that the crimes alleged were based on the same conduct, were part of
a single scheme or plan, or were a series of connected acts, joinder was not
authorized. Dingler, supra.
Further, the failure to sever the counts must be considered harmful error.
The crime of endeavoring to intimidate a court officer is of an entirely different
nature than animal cruelty, and the posture of the defense would have been
dramatically different had severance been granted, and had the State presented
only evidence regarding the charge of cruelty to an animal, without the
additional, and prejudicial, evidence regarding Harrell’s communications to and
about Walker and Graham being placed before the jury. See Carter v State, 261
Ga. 344, 345 (1) (404 SE2d 432) (1991). Further, Counts 2 and 3 were
allegations that should not even have been presented to a jury, whether joined
with Count 1 or standing by themselves. See Division 1, supra. The prejudicial
13

 effect of having to defend the charge of animal cruelty when joined with
dissimilar, unconnected charges is exacerbated when those charges are not
themselves properly presented for prosecution. The presentment of the joined
charges to the jury in this case serves to demonstrate the value of severance of
charges, which helps to prevent a defendant from being forced to proceed “at an
unfair disadvantage, due to confusion of law and evidence by the trier of the fact
and the ‘smear’ effect such confusion can produce.” Dingler, supra at 463
(Punctuation omitted.) See also Brown v. State, 230 Ga. App. 190, 193-194 (2)
(495 SE2d 858) (1998). In these circumstances, Harrell’s conviction on the
charge of animal cruelty must be reversed.
3. As Harrell could be retried for cruelty to animals, we must address his
contention that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for that
crime. See Dinning v. State, 267 Ga. 879, 880 (485 SE2d 464) (1997).9 The
jury could have inferred from the evidence presented that Harrell trapped the
cat, killed it, and placed it in Webb’s mailbox, and the evidence thus authorized
a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Harrell was guilty
9

We note that, as he was convicted of the lesser included crime of cruelty to animals, Harrell
cannot be re-tried for the crime of aggravated cruelty to animals set forth in the indictment. See
Williams v. State, 288 Ga. 7, 8-12 (2) (700 SE2d 564) (2010).
14

 of the crime of cruelty to animals. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (99
SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
4. The indictment was not subject to a special demurrer as it sufficiently
informed Harrell of the animal cruelty charge he must be prepared be to meet.
See State v. Wyatt, 295 Ga. 257, 260 (2) (789 SE2d 500) (2014); Little v. State,
278 Ga. 425, 428 (4) (603 SE2d 252) (2004).
5. Harrell’s remaining enumerations of error are either rendered moot by
our reversal of his convictions or are unlikely to recur on retrial. See Jones v.
State, 292 Ga. 656, 662-663 (3) (740 SE2d 590) (2013).
Judgments reversed. All the Justices concur.

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