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Center for Collegiate
Mental Health



Acknowledgements
The 2015 Annual Report was made possible by:
➤ Collaborative efforts of over 340 university and
college counseling centers
➤ Association for University and College Counseling
Center Directors (AUCCCD)
➤ Titanium Software, Inc.
➤ van Ameringen Foundation
➤ The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
(AFSP)
➤ Penn State University’s Student Affairs

CCMH Research Team at
Penn State University
E X E C U T I V E D I R E C TO R :

Ben Locke, Ph.D.—Associate Director of Clinical Services,
Counseling and Psychological Services
PROJECT MANAGER:

Ashley Stauffer, M.S.
COUNSELING AND
P SYC H O LO G I C A L S E RV I C E S :

Aki Kawamoto, Ph.D.—Staff Psychologist &
Assessment Coordinator
Andres Perez Rojas, Ph.D.—Post Doctoral Fellow
Allison Lockard, M.A.—Psychology Intern
Brett Scofield, Ph.D.—Assistant Director, Research

and Technology

Desiree Howell, Ph.D.—Staff Psychologist
Kristin Hogan, Psy.D.—Post Doctoral Fellow
Paul Carswell, M.A., Ed.S, LPC—Staff Clinician
Shannan Smith-Janik, Ph.D.—Staff Psychologist &

Practicum Coordinator

Ted Bartholomew, M.A.—Psychology Intern

 D E PA R T M E N T O F E D U C AT I O N A L
P S Y C H O L O G Y, C O U N S E L I N G , A N D
S P E C I A L E D U C AT I O N :

Professors of Counseling Psychology
Allison Flemming, Ph.D.
Carlos Zalaquett, Ph.D.
Diandra Prescod, Ph.D.
Kathleen Bieschke, Ph.D.
Katie Kostohryz, Ph.D.
Jeffrey A. Hayes, Ph.D.
SeriaShia Chatters, Ph.D.
Wendy Coduti, Ph.D.
D E PA R T M E N T O F P S Y C H O LO G Y:

Professor of Clinical Psychology
Louis G. Castonguay, Ph.D.
Doctoral Students in Clinical Psychology
Dever Carney, B.A.
Rebecca Janis, B.S.
Soo Jeong Youn, M.S.
Henry Xiao, B.A.
ST U D E NT A F FA I R S R E S E A R C H
A N D A S S E S S M E N T:

CCMH Advisory Board Members (2015)
Rob Davies, Ph.D.—Assistant Director, University of

Utah Counseling Center

Dennis Heitzmann, Ph.D.—(ex-officio)—Director,
Counseling and Psychological Services, Penn State
University
Nathaniel Hopkins, Ph.D.—Staff Psychologist,
Coordinator for Information and Systems, University of
Kentucky Counseling Center
Shelly Lear, Ph.D.—Director of Counseling and Student

Wellness, Hobart and William Smith Colleges

Brian Mistler, Ph.D.—Associate Dean of Students and

Director of Health Services, Ringling College of Art and
Design

Ariella Soffer, Ph.D.—Intake Coordinator, Counseling
and Wellness Services, Hunter College
Curtis Wiseley, Psy.D.—Director of Counseling Services,

School of Professional Counseling, Lindsey Wilson
College

Cynthia Cook, Ph.D.—Executive Director of Counseling,

Health, and Career Services, University of Houston– Clear
Lake

Adam Christensen, Ph.D.—Director
Megan Nyce, B.A.—Graduate Assistant
Ya-Chi Hung, M.A.—Graduate Assistant

Michelle Cooper, Ph.D.—Clinical Director, Counseling
and Psychological Services, Western Carolina University

OFFICE OF PLANNING AND
I N S T I T U T I O N A L A S S E S S M E N T:

University of Southern California Student Counseling
Services

Alexander Yin, Ph.D.—Senior Planning and

David Reetz, Ph.D. (AUCCCD liaison)—Director, Aurora
University Counseling Services

Research Associate

Carolyn HeitzmannRuhf, Ph.D.— Staff Psychologist,

Ryan Weatherford, Ph.D.—Professor and Staff
Psychologist, Counseling and Psychological Services,
West Chester University
N E W M E M B E R S I N 2 01 4 :

Ellie Olson, Ph.D.—Director of Counseling Services,

Simpson College

John Achter, Ph.D.—Director of Counseling and EAP,
University of Wisconsin, Stout
Richard Tyler-Walker, Ph.D.—Assistant Director/Training
Director, North Carolina State University

Recommended Citation
Center for Collegiate Mental Health.
(2016, January). 2015 Annual Report
(Publication No. STA 15-108).
This publication is available in alternative media on request. Penn State is an equal
opportunity, affirmative action employer, and is committed to providing employment
opportunities to all qualified applicants without regard to race, color, religion, age, sex,
sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability or protected veteran status.
U.Ed. STA 15-108 MPC136556

 Table of Contents
1

CCMH: Bringing Science and Practice Together —
Introduction and Orientation

1

Standardized Data Set (SDS) and the Counseling Center Assessment
of Psychological Symptoms (CCAPS)

1

CCMH Data Navigator

2

2015 Report Highlights

3

Discussion of 2015 Highlights

4

2014-2015 Publications and Presentations

5

Mental Health Trends

6

CCAPS Trends

7

Changes in Counseling Center Utilization from 2009–2010 to 2014–2015

9

Counseling Center Resource Utilization by Students

9

Average Number of Attended Individual Sessions

9

Impact of “Threat to Self” History on Appointment Usage

10

Standardized Data Set (SDS)

10

Clinician Index of Client Concerns (CLICC)

11

CLICC – “Check all that apply”

12

CLICC – “Top-most concern”

13

Client Demographic Information

18

Mental Health History Items

30

Provider Data

31

Center Information

32

Institutional Data

32

CCMH Member Institutions

 CCMH: Bringing Science and Practice Together
INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION

College student mental health received widespread
attention during the 2014-2015 academic year with indepth commentary appearing in numerous major media
outlets. These articles examined college student mental
health from various perspectives including the experiences
of students and parents, counseling centers, the rise of
anxiety in higher education, suicide prevention, and even
the role of mental health in campus tragedies. Each of
these articles raised a predictable set of questions: “Is the
demand for mental health services really growing?”, “Are
students really more distressed?”, “How are students more
distressed?”, and of course, “Why?”
While it can be tempting to pursue quick answers that
complement a headline, the frank reality is that the mental
health of our college students is multi-faceted, multimodal, and complexly embedded in overlapping macro/
micro cultures; there is no simple answer. However, this
year’s report, summarizing five years of high quality and
generalizable trend data, sheds some much needed light on
these complex questions and offers helpful information for
administrators, policy-makers, clinicians, and researchers
to consider at each of their unique institutions.
This 2015 Annual Report summarizes data contributed
to CCMH during the 2014-2015 academic year, closing
on June 30, 2015. De-identified data were contributed
by 139 college and university counseling centers,
describing 100,736 unique college students seeking mental
health treatment, 2,770 clinicians, and over 770,000
appointments.
The following are critical to understand when reading
this report:
1) This report describes college students receiving
mental health services, NOT the general college
student population.
2) This report is not a survey. The data summarized
herein is gathered during routine clinical practice at
participating counseling centers, is de-identified, and
then contributed to CCMH.
3) The number of clients will vary by question because
not all questions are asked at each center.
4) Counseling center members, that contributed data for
this report, received IRB approval at their institution.

Standardized Data Set (SDS) and the
Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological
Symptoms (CCAPS)
The data within this report is made possible by
standardized data embedded within electronic medical
records (EMR). The SDS is a large collection of
standardized questions, answers, and instruments that
CCMH makes available to participating counseling centers
through EMR vendors. The SDS has been collaboratively
designed over time by hundreds of counseling centers
and the CCMH Advisory Board, starting in 2006.
Use of the SDS enables counseling centers to gather
standardized data during routine clinical practice, which
can then be contributed to CCMH for this annual report.
The most up-to-date SDS definitions are available at
https://ccmh.psu.edu.

The CCAPS is a standardized multi-dimensional
psychometric instrument designed by/for counseling
centers that is used for initial assessment and outcome
monitoring. The 2015 CCAPS was released in June 2015
with a new normative sample of more than 230,000
students in treatment, a graphical layout, average dose/
response curves, clinician alerts, and much more. The
CCAPS is available to counseling centers via four
electronic medical record (EMR) systems including
Titanium Schedule, Medicat, Point and Click, and
Pyramed. In addition, the 2015 CCAPS is now available
via a dedicated web-interface for both counseling centers
that do not use an EMR and those that utilize an
unsupported EMR. Please email ccmh@psu.edu for more
information about the CCAPS, the CCAPS User Manual,
or online training webinars.
Accessing CCMH Data –
The New CCMH Data Navigator
For many years, a key goal of CCMH has been to give
data back, in an actionable form, to counseling center
members, higher education, and the general public. After
many years of exploring different strategies that did not
work, this goal was finally realized in the fall of 2015 with
the brand new CCMH Data Navigator. (We are thankful
to the Healthy Minds Study at the University of Michigan
for their help and support in this project!)

This year’s data, along with prior years, are now available
to members and the general public online via the CCMH
Data Navigator. Participating centers will be able to track
their data over time and benchmark with other schools. In
addition, CCMH is now making aggregate data available
to the general public for the purpose of informing the

1

 national discussion on college student mental health with
high-quality generalizable data about students seeking
mental health services. The CCMH Data Navigator
allows the user to examine specific data points over time
and to examine any given data point via a wide range of
demographic variables.
The CCMH Data Navigator can be found online here:
http://ccmh.psu.edu/data/

2015 Report Highlights
The 2015 Annual Report represents a decade of work for
CCMH and the hundreds of participating counseling
centers. In addition to describing more than 100,000
college students seeking mental health services in 20142015, this year’s report also summarizes mental health
trends across five full academic years (2010-2011 through
2014-2015). The following list highlights a number of the
key findings in this year’s report. Please note that these
findings refer to students seen in counseling centers, unless
otherwise specified:
1. A supplemental survey of CCMH members in 2015
examined change in institutional enrollment and
counseling center utilization over the last 6 years
(2009-2010 through 2014-2015). Data from 93
institutions showed, on average, the growth in number
of students seeking services at counseling centers
(+29.6%) was more than 5x the rate of institutional
enrollment (+5.6%). Further, the growth in counseling
center appointments (+38.4) is more than 7x the rate
of institutional enrollment. (see page 7)
2. The lifetime prevalence rates for prior mental health
treatment have remained quite stable over the past
five years including prior counseling (1 in 2), prior
psychiatric medications (1 in 3), and prior psychiatric
hospitalizations (1 in 10). Although these rates are
high and should be of concern, the stability of these
indices suggest that the rates of prior treatment are not
changing and therefore unlikely to be the cause of the
increased demand for services. (see page 5)
3. Some types of self-reported distress (measured by
the CCAPS) and mental health history variables
(measured by the SDS) have remained very stable
or even decreased slightly over the last five years,
including CCAPS Subscale Scores on Academic
Distress, Eating Concerns, Hostility (i.e., frustration),
Substance Abuse, Family Distress, as well as SDS
variables of prior treatment for drugs and alcohol and
lifetime prevalence rates of harassment/sexual assault.
(see page 6 for CCAPS and page 5 for SDS)

2

4. Three types of self-reported distress have demonstrated
slow but consistent growth over the past five years
including: Depression, Anxiety, and Social Anxiety.
In comparison to areas of distress that are flat or
decreasing, this finding indicates that college students
are reporting increasing levels of distress, and that these
specific areas parallel the most common presenting
concerns, Depression and Anxiety, as determined by
clinicians. (see page 6)
5. The lifetime prevalence rate for non-suicidal self-injury
(NSSI) has increased slowly but steadily over the last
five years from 21.8% to 25.0% (see page 5). While
NSSI does not always represent imminent threat to
self, it is usually evidence of poor coping or difficulty
with coping and can be disruptive to the campus
community.
6. The lifetime prevalence rate for serious suicidal
ideation (i.e., “I have seriously considered suicide”)
has increased substantially over the last 5 years from
23.8% to more than 32.9% (see page 5). This is a
considerable change, especially in the context of other
indices that are decreasing, flat, or increasing only
slightly.
7. Among those who endorsed a history of serious
suicidal ideation, the frequency of serious suicidal
ideation occurrence within the last month also
increased annually over the last three years from
7.2%in 2013 to 8.3% (this item was new in 2012).
(see page 5)
8. The lifetime prevalence rate for “attempted suicide”
has remained relatively flat for the last five years.
(see page 5)
9. The lifetime prevalence rates for (a) thoughts of
harming others and (b) causing serious harm to others
have remained low and stable over 5 years. (see page 5)
10. Students who endorse mental health histories
involving “threat to self ” thoughts and behaviors
(NSSI, serious suicidal ideation, or suicide attempts)
use an average of 27% more appointments than
students who do not. (see page 9)
11. 20% of students seen in counseling centers utilize
more than 50% of all appointments. (see page 9)

 Discussion of 2015 Highlights
Hundreds of university and college counseling centers have
collaborated with CCMH over the last decade to build
a practice-research-network (PRN) focused on the goal
of accurately describing trends in college student mental
health using high quality and representative data. The
2015 Annual Report realizes this ambitious goal with fiveyear trend data representing hundreds of institutions. The
goal of this section is to explore and interpret the complex
data resulting from these efforts.

First, the highlighted findings make it clear that many
aspects of college student mental health have actually
been stable over the past five years. For example, rates
of prior mental health treatment, some types of mental
health distress reported by students, and the frequency
with which students report thoughts of hurting others (or
having hurt another) have all remained essentially flat.
These same students have expressed slightly increasing
levels of depression and anxiety (see CCAPS Trends),
but the increases are small. The relative stability of these
variables does not decrease their significance (e.g., 10% of
students in counseling centers report a prior psychiatric
hospitalization), but it does help to clarify that some
aspects of college student mental health are not “getting
worse.”
In contrast, a sub-group of mental health variables have
demonstrated worrisome increases over the last five
years, making it clear that some specific aspects of college
student’s mental health are changing and in need of
focused consideration. For example, the average demand
for counseling center services grew at least 5x faster than
average institutional enrollment. In addition, the last
five years of data suggest that students seeking services
are more likely to endorse “threat to self ” indicators
such as serious suicidal thoughts and self-injurious
behaviors, both of which increase the urgency for everyone
involved. Finally, this year’s report finds that the growing
percentage of students with “threat to self ” indicators are
provided with nearly 30% more services. Collectively,

these three trends represent a perfect storm for college
counseling centers. Thus many will now ask, “Why is this
happening?”
Theories have abounded in recent years to explain the
growth of mental health concerns in college ranging from
parenting styles to lack of resilience or coping skills. While
all of these theories may have value, it is important to
test theories with data. An additional theory, which can
be examined with our data, is that a myriad of large-scale
intervention efforts and institutional changes have had a
cumulative and measurable impact in higher education
over the last ten years. Indeed, this theory would contend
that some of the five-year trends observed in this year’s
report are intended outcomes.
While there is no clear starting point, the Garrett Lee
Smith Memorial Act (GLSMA) was signed into law
in 2004 by the US Congress to reduce the incidence
of suicide among college students. Subsequent to
this event, tens of millions of dollars were invested
in higher education by a wide variety of funders with
goals including: suicide prevention, educating campus
communities about mental health, reducing stigma,
increasing help seeking, and improving the ability of
community members (faculty, staff, and students) to
identify students-at-risk and refer them for treatment.
During this same period, annual surveys of college
student’s mental health have become commonplace,
potentially impacting student’s knowledge, attitudes, and
behavior. Finally, institutionally coordinated behavioralthreat and care-teams have become the accepted gold
standard of practice in higher education. The common
goal of these efforts is to improve our collective ability
to identify students-at-risk in order to refer them to
treatment. If these collective efforts have been cumulatively
successful, they should hypothetically produce a
measurable increase in both the overall demand for mental
health services and the percentage of students in treatment
who represent risk. While there are many findings in
the 2015 report, and many potential interpretations, the

3

 data support this hypothesis rather well. For example,
the frequency that students in treatment report having
“seriously considered suicide” has increased by 38% in
the last five years (relative increase). This change stands
out in a field of trends that are generally flat or changing
only slightly. It also seems more plausible that this trend
resulted from a decade of interventions focused on this
very outcome rather than a sudden national decline in
student’s resilience. Given the apparent alignment between
theory, intervention, and data, it seems reasonable to pause
and review our interpretation of, and response to, mental
health concerns in higher education.
The findings in this year’s report strongly suggest that a
decade of efforts, aimed at building communities that
are responsive to the mental health concerns of at-risk
students, have been successful and that counseling
centers are now bearing a heavy burden from this success.
Consequently, it is now imperative that institutions of
higher education take action to accommodate the increase
in demand for mental health services that we have all
worked so hard to create.
2014-2015 Publications and Presentations
Since our founding in 2004, CCMH has operated as a
practice-research network (PRN) conducting practiceoriented research (POR) by actively integrating the
interests of practitioners, researchers, and administrators
to achieve a wide variety of goals that are beneficial to the
field.

Over the past year, CCMH has been specifically addressing
the scientist-practitioner gap through client-focused
research, which is one approach within POR. Clientfocused research promotes the careful assessment and
tracking of client’s progress in treatment, and also provides
empirically validated feedback to therapists to augment
their clinical practice. The 2015 CCAPS profile report
exemplifies this type of practice oriented research.
CCMH also continues to conduct research that is
empirically rigorous and clinically valid. For example, Xiao
et al. (2015) recently examined therapist differences in
attendance and drop out rates. Janis et al. (2015) explored
different methods for calculating the average change
curve and feedback provision that were included in the
2015 CCAPS profile report. Youn et al. (2015) sought to
understand therapist differences in clients’ outcome across
the different CCAPS subscales.
CCMH is excited to share the following POR publications
and presentations from the past academic year:
• Castonguay, L. G., & Muran, J. C. (2015). Fostering
collaboration between researchers and clinicians
through building practice-oriented research: An
introduction. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 1-5.

4

• Castonguay, L. G., Youn, S., Xiao, H., Muran, J. C.,
& Barber, J. P. (2015). Building clinicians-researchers
partnerships: Lessons from diverse natural settings
and practice-oriented initiatives. Psychotherapy
Research, 25(1), 166-184.
• Hayes, J. A., McAleavey, A. A., Castonguay, L. G., &
Locke, B. D. (in press). Psychotherapist effects with
White and racial/ethnic minority clients: First, the
good news. Journal of Counseling Psychology.
• Janis, R., Youn, S., Xiao, H., Castonguay, L. G.,
Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2015, June).
Comparison of expected treatment response and
nearest neighbor methods for generating expected
recovery curves. Paper presented as part of a panel at
the 2015 Society for Psychotherapy Research (SPR),
46th International meeting, Philadelphia, PA.
• McAleavey, A. A., Lockard, A. J., Castonguay,
L. G., Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2015). Building
a practice-research network: Obstacles faced and
lessons learned at the Center for Collegiate Mental
Health. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 134-151.
• Nordberg, S. S., Castonguay, L. G., McAleavey,
A. A., Locke, B. D., & Hayes, J. A. (Accepted for
publication). Enhancing feedback for clinical use:
Creating and evaluating profiles of clients seeking
counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology
• Ratanasiripong, P., Wang, C. D. C., Ratanasiripong,
N., Hayes, J. A., Kaewboonchoo, O., & Kathalae,
D. (2015). Development and cross-cultural
validation of the Counseling Center Assessment
of Psychological Symptoms—Thai version.
The Counseling Psychologist, 43, 248-271.
• Xiao, H., Youn, S., Janis, R., Hayes, J. A.,
Castonguay, L. G., & Locke, B. D. (2015, June).
The unpredictable client: Therapist differences
in client early attendance and dropout. Paper
presented as part of a panel at the 2015 Society for
Psychotherapy Research (SPR), 46th International
meeting, Philadelphia, PA.
• Youn, S., Castonguay, L. G., Xiao, H., Janis, R.,
McAleavey, A. A., Lockard, A. J., Locke, B. D.,
& Hayes, J. A. (2015). The Counseling Center
Assessment of Psychological Symptoms (CCAPS):
Merging clinical practice, training and research.
Psychotherapy
• Youn, S., Xiao, H., Janis, R., Castonguay, L. G.,
Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2015, June). Therapist
effects in naturalistic settings. Paper presented as
part of a panel at the 2015 Society for Psychotherapy
Research (SPR), 46th International meeting,
Philadelphia, PA.

 Mental Health Trends
To examine five-year mental health trends among college students in treatment, the following items were simplified to
“Yes” or “No”, providing the life-time prevalence of each item.
(NOTE: Some items have changed slightly over time. Items with an asterisk (*) had an answer format change between 2011-2012 and 2012-2013.)

Data Sets
Year

# of
Institutions

# of
Clients

2010-2011

97

82,611

2011-2012

120

97,012

Attended counseling for
mental health concerns

Taken a medication for
mental health concerns

Been hospitalized for
mental health concerns*

50

35

12

40

45.2%

47.6% 48.7% 48.1% 48.8%

2014–2015

Made a suicide attempt*
10

32.9%

6

7.9%

8.0%

8.8% 8.9%

9.5%

6

2014–2015

2013–2014

2

2012–2013

4

2014–2014

0

7.8%

2013–2014

2

2012–2013

2014–2015

2013–2014

2012–2013

4

7.2%

8

8.3%

2011–2012

8

25.5%

2011–2012

5

23.8%
2010–2011

2014–2015

2013–2014

2012–2013

2011–2012

2010–2011

10

Seriously considered
attempting suicide
(Last time = within the last
month or sooner):

2010–2011

30.3% 30.9%

25

15

0

10

30

2013–2014

35

7.8%
2012–2013

25

10

2

7.0%

2011–2012

Seriously considered
attempting suicide*

20

4

0

Purposely injured yourself
without suicidal intent
(e.g., cutting, hitting,
burning, hair pulling, etc.)*

15

5

10.3% 10.2% 10.2%

2010–2011

0

2014–2015

100,736

2013–2014

139

10

2012–2013

2014-2015

0

10

6

2011–2012

10

5

32.9% 32.6% 33.1%

8

2010–2011

20

101,027

2014–2015

95,109

140

2013–2014

132

2012–2013

15

2011–2012

20

2010–2011

30

2013-2014

25.0%

31.0% 31.8%

25

2012-2013

23.8%
22.5% 23.2%
20 21.8%

30

0

0

NOTE: New question in 2012.

Considered seriously
hurting another person*
12

11.2% 10.8% 10.8%

10
8

7.8%

7.9%

3.5

25

40

3.3% 3.3%

3.0

2.0

3.1%

35
20

21.0% 21.0%

33.3% 32.8% 33.3%

25

0

Experienced a traumatic
event that caused you
to feel intense fear,
helplessness, or horror*

Felt the need to reduce your
alcohol or drug use*

Others have expressed
concern about your alcohol
or drug use*

Received treatment for
alcohol or drug use*

40

30

20

5

17.7% 17.3% 17.5%
16.9% 16.7%
15

4

35

38.3%

36.9% 37.7% 38.0% 38.2%

25

30
20

25

4.2%

3.9%

2014–2015

2013–2014

2012–2013

1

2011–2012

2

2010–2011

2014–2015

2013–2014

2012–2013

0

2011–2012

5

2010–2011

2014–2015

2013–2014

2012–2013

0

2011–2012

5

4.4%

10

2010–2011

2014–2015

2013–2014

2012–2013

0

2011–2012

5

2010–2011

10

10

4.8% 4.6%

3

15

20
15

26.7% 25.9% 27.2% 26.7% 27.3%

2014–2015

2013–2014

5

0

2012–2013

10

2011–2012

15

2010–2011

2014–2015

2013–2014

2012–2013

5

2011–2012

0.0

0

10

2010–2011

2014–2015

2013–2014

0.5

36.7% 35.5%

30

20

2012–2013

1.0

19.1% 18.9% 20.0%

15

2.2%
2011–2012

1.5

2.4%
2010–2011

2014–2015

2013–2014

2012–2013

2011–2012

2010–2011

2

Had unwanted sexual
contact(s) or experience(s)*

2.5

6
4

Intentionally caused serious
injury to another person*

Experienced harassing,
controlling, and/or abusive
behavior from another
person (e.g., friend, family
member, partner, authority
figure, etc.)*

0

5

 ty

ty

CCAPS Trends
The Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms (CCAPS) is a multi-dimensional assessment and outcome
monitoring instrument used by members of CCMH. The 2015 CCAPS was released in June of 2015 and includes two
versions: the CCAPS-62 (62 items, 8 subscales) and the CCAPS-34 (34 items, 7 subscales). Both the CCAPS-62 and
CCAPS-34 also include the Distress Index, an overall measure of a client’s general psychological distress using items from
several CCAPS subscales. Students respond to the items on a 5-point likert scale from 0 (Not at all like me) to 4 (Extremely
like me).
To explore whether student self-reported distress is changing over time, we examined the average raw subscale scores over
the last five years for both the CCAPS-62 and the CCAPS-34. The charts below indicate that the average raw scores have
gradually increased for Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Social Anxiety. On the other hand, flat or decreasing raw scores
are noted for Academic Distress, Eating Concerns, Hostility (i.e., frustration), Substance/Alcohol Use, and Family Distress.
These findings indicate that not all areas of student distress are worsening and some may even be decreasing. However,
Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Social Anxiety are showing slight but consistent increases. These increases are
consistent with the most common presenting concerns in counseling centers. (see CLICC-Check All That Apply, page 11)
CCAPS-62 Trends: Average Raw Subscale Scores (2010 to 2015)
2.0
2014-2015

1.5

2013-2014

2010-2011

2012-2013

2011-2012

1.0
2012-2013

2011-2012

2013-2014

2010-2011
2014-2015

0.5

0.0
Alcohol
Use

Distress
Index

Depression

Generalized
Anxiety

Social
Anxiety

Academic
Distress

Eating
Concerns

Hostility

Substance
Use

Family
Distress

CCAPS-34 Trends: Average Raw Subscale Score (2010 to 2015)
2.0
2010-2011

2011-2012

1.5
2010-2011

2012-2013
2011-2012

2012-2013

1.0

2013-2014

2013-2014

2014-2015
2014-2015

0.5

0.0
Alcohol
Use

Distress
Index

6

Depression

Generalized
Anxiety

Social
Anxiety

Academic
Distress

Eating
Concerns

Hostility

Alcohol
Use

Distress
Index

 Changes in Counseling Center Utilization from
2009-2010 to 2014-2015
It is widely believed that the demand for mental health services in college is growing at an
unprecedented pace. This belief is based on widespread anecdotal reports from clinicians,
student surveys, surveys of counseling center directors, and a handful of data-driven reports
from individual counseling centers.
To examine this question systematically from a national perspective, CCMH conducted
a supplemental membership survey in November 2015 that asked counseling centers to
provide the following specific data points over the last five academic years between 20092010 and 2014-2015: (1) total institutional enrollment during the Fall semester, (2) total
number of students seeking services at the counseling center, and (3) the total number of
attended appointments in the counseling center. Ninety-three CCMH members (out of a
total of 120 responses) were able to provide complete data for both 2009-2010 and 20142015 academic years. These 93 cases were used for the following five-year trend analysis.
The number of enrolled students, students seeking counseling services, and attended
appointments were averaged across institutions, and the percentage of change was
calculated for each data point. Results indicated that, on average over the last 5 years,
institutional enrollment grew by 5.6%, the number of students seeking services increased
by 29.6%, and the number of attended appointments increased by 38.4%. In other words,
the number of students treated by counseling centers grew at more than 5x the rate of
institutional enrollment and the number of attended appointments grew at more than 7x
the pace of institutional enrollment. To check for the influence of outliers (schools with
dramatic and unusual growth or loss), the three top/bottom schools with greatest growth/
greatest loss were removed and analyses were re-run. Results shifted only slightly, indicating
that the results were not dramatically skewed by individual schools with dramatic and
unusual change. Descriptive statistics (pg. 8) indicate a wide range of sizes, utilization rates,
and change rates.

40

Change Rates between 2009-2010 and 2014-2015 for Counseling Centers and Institutions (N=93)

30

35

38.4%

5.6%

0

5

10

15

20

25

29.6%

Institutional
Enrollment

Students
Served

Appointments
Attended

7

 Descriptive Statistics Table (N=93)
Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Std.
Deviation

Institutional Enrollment

946

6,0821

19,506.4

13,384.1

Students Served

222

4,525

1,529.9

1,099.3

Appointments Attended

411

30,656

7,716.5

6,053.6

1.3%

26.3%

9.5%

4.9%

Change in Institutional Enrollment

-22.2%

37.1%

5.9%

10.4%

Change in Students Served

-15.9%

210.1%

31.8%

31.4%

Change in Appointments Attended

-30.9%

363.5%

44.3%

46.3%

Change in Utilization

-20.4%

212.2%

24.9%

29.3%

2014 Utilization
(% of student body served in the
counseling center)

These results indicate that the demand for counseling center services is dramatically
outpacing the growth of institutional enrollment. While this survey did not examine
staffing level changes over time, we know that it is rare for counseling centers to experience
a 30% increase in staffing in just five years, and that most counseling centers did not meet
the IACS-recommended paid staff-to-student ratios in 2009 (see the 2010 AUCCCD
Survey). A number of conclusions can be drawn from these survey results:
1) A hypothetical average counseling center that met IACS recommended staff-to-student
ratios in 2009, and also received consistent annual funding increases tied to enrollment
growth based on a known historical utilization rate, would be substantially understaffed
five years later in 2014.
2) The average increase in demand for services, without commensurate increases
in resources, will make it difficult to provide responsive mental health services.
Counseling centers that have not been equipped to respond to this trend may have to
reduce other critical services such as education and training of campus stakeholders,
consultation services for faculty and staff, participation in research, treating students
with less severe concerns, and the training of future mental health providers.
3) These results suggest that institutions should evaluate funding decisions based on
observed clinical demand (the number/rate of students seeking services) rather than
historical patterns of utilization that may no longer be reliable.
4) Counseling center utilization is likely to increase even when institutional enrollment
decreases.
5) The average relationship, across 93 institutions, between student change in enrollment
and change in students served in the counseling center was 1-to-5. In other words,
between 2009-2010 and 2014-2015, a 1% increase in institutional enrollment was
associated with a 5% increase in the number of students served in the counseling
center.

8

 Counseling Center Resource
Utilization by Students
One way to inform allocation of resources within centers
is to examine how counseling center services are being
used. With this in mind, 2014-2015 data was examined to
determine how resources are distributed among students
seeking services. The following points describe how various
types of counseling center appointments are utilized by
students across participating centers in 2014-2015:
• One (1) is the most common number of
appointments per client/per year.
• Clients averaged 5.86 appointments with a range
of 1-117 appointments.
• 20% of clients accounted for over 50% of all
appointments.
• 10% of clients accounted for 36% of all
appointments, averaging 20.96 appointments.
• 5% of clients accounted for 23% of all
appointments, averaging 26.14 appointments.
• 1% of clients accounted for 6.5% of all
appointments, averaging 38.13 appointments.
• 10 clients utilized a total of 878 appointments.
Average Number of Attended Individual Sessions

A common question among counseling centers is, “What
is the average number of counseling sessions attended by
clients?” To examine this question we reviewed the 20142015 appointment data for initial clinical evaluations and
any individual counseling session:
A. Total number of attended appointments (initial and
individual counseling): 373,495
B. Total number of clients who attended appointments in
A: 79,331
C. Average number of attended counseling sessions per
client (A divided by B): 4.71
This preliminary analysis, of actual appointment
attendance data across 139 institutions and approximately
370,000 appointments, indicates that clients attend
slightly less than 5 sessions of individual counseling on
average (including an intake, but excluding other types of
appointments).

Impact of “Threat to Self” History on
Appointment Usage

To explore whether the growing levels of non-suicidal
self-injury (NSSI) and serious suicidal ideation (see MH
Trends) are having a clinical impact on counseling centers,
we compared the total number of appointments (of any
attendance value) for clients who endorsed these indicators
and those who did not using five years of combined
appointment data from 2010 through 2015.
Average number of appointments for clients with and without
a history of “threat to self” thoughts and behaviors.
12

Yes

10

No

8
6
4
2
0

No

Yes

Self-Harm

No

Yes

Seriously
Considered
Suicide

No

Yes

No

Yes

Self-Harm &
Suicide Attempt
Seriously
Considered Suicide

This graph illustrates that students with a history of “threat
to self ” thoughts or behaviors use an average of 27% more
services than students who do not.

9

 Standardized Data Set (SDS)
The Standardized Data Set (SDS) is a set of standardized materials used by counseling centers during routine clinical
practice. The SDS contains 8 major sections, which include demographic questions, background information, and
instruments that collect information related to the treatment provided to students receiving services. These sections include:
Demographics:

Instruments:

Client Information

Clinician Index of Client Concerns

Provider Data

Critical Incident Form

Center Information

Termination Form

Participating Institutions

CCMH Appointment Categories

The following sections of this report summarize the SDS data collected in 2014-2015. Please note that five of the SDS sections are included within the
2014-2015 data set. The Termination Form was implemented July 2015 and will be included in next year’s report.

Clinician Index of Client Concerns (CLICC)

The CLICC was designed by CCMH to capture and facilitate reporting on
the most common presenting concerns of counseling center clients, as assessed
by the clinician, at the point of “intake”, or equivalent appointment. The
resulting data enable individual centers, and CCMH, to quickly and easily
report on the most common client concerns in addition to supporting a wide
variety of research. The CLICC includes 44 concerns and asks the clinician
to (a) check all that apply and (b) to identify the ‘top concern’ of those
selected. This dual approach captures the complexity of each client while also
highlighting the ‘primary’ concern of each individual client.

10

 CLICC – “Check all that apply”

First, clinicians are asked to “check all that apply” for each client, such that one client can have many concurrent concerns.
As a result, this chart illustrates how often each concern occurs across all clients, regardless of how many concerns a student
had or what their top concern was (N=37,856).
Concern

Anxiety
Stress
Depression
Family
Relationship problem (specific)
Academic performance
Interpersonal functioning
Self-esteem/confidence
Sleep
Adjustment to new environment
Social isolation
Eating/body image
Mood instability
Grief/loss
Trauma
Alcohol
Career
Identity development
Suicidality
Attention difficulties
Perfectionism
Anger management
Sexual abuse/assault (victim)
Health/medical
Drugs
Self-injurious thoughts or behaviors
Financial
Harassment/emotional abuse (victim)
Obsessions or compulsions
Other
Physical abuse/assault (victim)
Legal/judicial/conduct
Racial, ethnic, or cultural concerns
Sexual orientation
Sexual concern
Violent thoughts or behaviors towards others
Religion/spirituality
Gender identity
Discrimination
Addiction (not drugs or alcohol)
Psychotic thoughts or behaviors
Pregnancy related
None
Stalking (victim)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent

11

 CLICC – “Top-most concern”

For this question, clinicians are asked to choose one primary concern (i.e., the top-most concern) per client. As a result,
clinicians are asked to choose one primary concern (i.e., the top concern) per client. As a result, this graph illustrates the
frequency of each concern as the primary concern for clients (N=37,856).
Concern

Anxiety
Depression
Relationship problem (specific)
Stress
Family
Academic performance
Interpersonal functioning
Grief/loss
Mood instability
Adjustment to new environment
Self-esteem/confidence
Eating/body image
Alcohol
Other
Trauma
Suicidality
Sexual abuse/assault (victim)
Identity development
Attention difficulties
Career
Anger management
Legal/judicial/conduct
Drugs
Health/medical
Obsessions or compulsions
Social isolation
Self-injurious thoughts or behaviors
Perfectionism
Harassment/emotional abuse (victim)
Sleep
Sexual orientation
Physical abuse/assault (victim)
None
Sexual concern
Gender identity
Financial
Psychotic thoughts or behaviors
Addiction (not drugs or alcohol)
Pregnancy related
Violent thoughts or behaviors towards others
Racial, ethnic, or cultural concerns
Religion/spirituality
Stalking (victim)
Discrimination
0

5

10
Percent

12

15

20

 Client Demographic Information

The SDS contains a number of “core” or required items and a larger number of
optional items that are typically asked of students seeking services. Because centers
can ask different questions, the total number of responses vary by question.
What is your gender identity?*
n

Percentage

Woman

53,028

62.6

Man

30,676

36.2

Transgender

292

0.3

Self-Identify

699

0.8

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #88

What was your sex at birth?
Overall (%)
n=8,912

Male (%)
n=2,939

Female (%)
n=5,845

Transgender (%)
n=34

Self-Identify (%)
n=94

Female

66.4

0.2

99.7

61.8

66.0

Male

33.6

99.8

0.3

38.2

34.0

Intersex

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #90

Do you consider yourself to be:
Overall (%)
n=78,935

Male (%)
n=28,505

Female (%)
n=49,465

Transgender (%)
n=283

Self-Identify (%)
n=682
7.0

Heterosexual

84.7

86.3

85.2

16.6

Lesbian

1.6

0.0

2.4

8.1

7.5

Gay

2.8

7.3

0.1

6.0

5.9

Bisexual

5.7

3.2

6.9

19.4

17.3

Questioning

2.3

1.7

2.5

8.8

9.1

Self-Identify

3.0

1.5

2.9

41.0

53.2

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #91

Since puberty, with whom have you had sexual experience(s)?
Overall (%)
n=7,711

Male (%)
n=2,377

Female (%)
n=5,237

Transgender (%)
n=32

Self-Identify (%)
n=65

Only with men

49.3

5.7

69.9

6.3

9.2

Mostly with men

10.6

3.7

13.4

9.4

30.8

About the same
number of men and
women

2.2

1.5

2.2

21.9

10.8

Mostly with women

2.8

5.3

1.3

25.0

16.9

Only with women

22.8

70.8

1.2

21.9

10.8

I have not had sexual
experiences

12.3

13.0

11.8

15.6

21.5

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #93

13

 People are different in their sexual attraction to other people. Which best describes your current
feelings? Are you:
Overall (%)
n=8,778

Male (%)
n=2,843

Female (%)
n=5,832

Transgender (%)
n=33

Self-Identify (%)
n=70

Only attracted to
women

26.8

78.7

1.9

12.1

4.3

Mostly attracted to
women

4.9

8.7

2.5

45.5

25.7

Equally attracted to
women and men

4.4

1.7

5.1

27.3

40.0

Mostly attracted to
men

13.9

3.6

18.9

3.0

17.1

Only attracted to men

48.2

6.0

69.6

9.1

4.3

1.8

1.2

2.0

3.0

8.6

Not sure

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #94

What is your race/ethnicity?
Overall (%)
n=80,039

Male (%)
n=29,072

Female (%)
n=50,016

Transgender (%)
n=278

Self-Identify (%)
n=673

African-American/
Black

9.2

7.5

10.3

6.5

4.0

American Indian or
Alaskan Native

0.4

.4

0.3

1.1

.4

Asian American/Asian

6.9

7.2

6.8

2.2

3.7

Hispanic/Latino/a

7.6

7.1

8.0

6.5

5.8

Native Hawaiian or
Pacific Islander

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.0

Multiracial

4.5

4.0

4.7

8.6

7.9

White

69.5

71.5

68.3

72.3

71.3

1.7

2.1

1.3

2.5

6.8

Self-Identify

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #95

14

 What is your country of origin?
Country

n

Country

Afghanistan

87

11

Aland Islands

12

Czech
Republic

n

Country

n

Country

n

Country

n

Italy

83

Oman

13

22

Jamaica

107

Pakistan

139

Syrian Arab
Republic

Albania

32

Denmark

12

Japan

117

Taiwan

99

93

Jordan

23

Palestinian
Territory,
Occupied

17

10

Ecuador

83

Kenya

39

Panama

35

Tanzania
United
Republic of

Argentina

48

Armenia

12

Australia

51

Egypt

55

Korea,
Democratic
People's
Republic of

Paraguay

18

Thailand

37

32

Peru

124

Trinidad and
Tobago

25
110

Dominican
Republic

Austria

13

El Salvador

45

Bahamas

25

Ethiopia

47

160

99

Turkey

Finland

10

416

Poland

61

Belgium

10

Korea,
Republic of

Philippines

Bangladesh

Uganda

12

France

67

244

10

30

Puerto Rico

Belize

Kuwait

Ukraine

43

Germany

169

34

39

33

Lebanon

Romania

Bolivia

Ghana

63

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

18

116

United Arab
Emirates

18

Liberia

31

Greece

34

Lithuania

10

Russian
Federation

41

45

12

United
Kingdom

Malaysia

Rwanda

193

Guatemala
Guinea

13

163

69,443

402

Saudi Arabia

United States

Mexico

Guyana

14

Serbia

18

Haiti

100

Moldova
Republic of

11

Sierra Leone

10

195

Honduras

42

Morocco

15

Singapore

24

United
States Minor
Outlying
Islands

Hong Kong

39

Myanmar

11

Somalia

17

India

821

Nepal

53

South Africa

37

Indonesia

50

Netherlands

34

Iran, Islamic
Republic of

173

New Zealand

17

Nicaragua

24

Iraq

36

Ireland

29

Israel

36

Brazil

325

Bulgaria

26

Cameroon

23

Canada

303

Chile

52

China

1,086

Colombia
Congo, The
Democratic
Republic of
the

248
10

Costa Rica

23

Cuba

101

Nigeria

132

Norway

24

Spain

Uruguay

49

Sri Lanka

31

Sudan

21

Sweden

29

Switzerland

11

11

Venezuela

150

Vietnam

138

Virgin Islands,
U.S.

26

Yemen

10

Zimbabwe

14

Countries with less than 10 individuals:
Algeria

Croatia

Latvia

Qatar

American Samoa

Cyprus

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Saint Helena

Angola

Djbouti

Luxembourg

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Antigua and Barbuda

Dominica

Macao

Saint Lucia

Aruba

Eritrea

Azerbaijan Bahrain

Estonia

Macedonia, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of

Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines

Barbados

Fiji

Madagascar

Senegal

Belarus

French Guiana

Malawi

Slovakia

Benin

Gabon

Mali

Slovenia

Bermuda

Gambia

Malta

Suriname

Bhutan

Georgia

Marshall Islands

Swaziland

Botswana

Grenada

Martinique

Tajikistan

Burkina Faso

Guam

Mayotte

Togo

Burundi

Guinea-Bissau

Micronesia, Federated States of

Tunisia

Cambodia

Hungary

Mongolia Montenegro

Turkmenistan

Cape Verde

Iceland

Namibia

Turks and Caicos Islands

Cayman Islands

Jersey

Netherlands Antilles

Uzbekistan

Central African Republic

Kazakhstan

Niger

Virgin Islands, British

Chad

Kyrgyzstan

Northern Mariana Islands

Western Sahara

Congo

Lao People’s
Democratic Republic

Papua New Guinea

Zambia

Portugal

Cote d’Ivoire

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #31

15

 Are you an international student?
Overall (%)
n=80,638

Male (%)
n=29,039

Female (%)
n=50,654

Transgender (%)
n=282

Self-Identify (%)
n=663

Yes

5.2

6.4

4.6

1.1

2.9

No

94.8

93.6

95.4

98.9

97.1

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #32

Are you the first generation in your family to attend college?
Overall (%)
n=72,019

Male (%)
n=25,833

Female (%)
n=45,311

Transgender (%)
n=261

Self-Identify (%)
n=614

Yes

22.5

20.8

23.4

24.9

20.0

No

77.5

79.2

76.6

75.1

80.0

Male (%)
n=30,099

Female (%)
n=52,055

Transgender (%)
n=283

Self-Identify (%)
n=676
19.7

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #56

Current academic status
Overall (%)
n=83,113
Freshmen/first-year

20.1

19.9

20.2

24.4

Sophomore

20.4

20.0

20.6

19.8

21.2

Junior

22.4

22.4

22.5

23.7

22.8

Senior

21.4

22.2

20.9

18.0

22.2

Graduate/professional
degree student

14.1

13.7

14.3

12.0

11.5

Non-student

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.0

0.2

High school student
taking college classes

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Non-degree student

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.3

Faculty or staff

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

Other

1.0

1.1

0.9

1.8

2.2

Female (%)
n=14,665

Transgender (%)
n=67

Self-Identify (%)
n=169

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #37

Graduate or professional degree program
Overall (%)
n=23,350

Male (%)
n=8,449

Post-Baccalaureate

11.0

11.4

10.9

7.5

4.7

Masters

14.5

12.2

15.8

14.9

12.4

Doctoral degree

8.0

8.9

7.5

3.0

10.1

Law

2.2

2.7

2.0

1.5

1.2

Medical

2.2

1.7

2.5

0.0

0.0

Pharmacy

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.0

1.2

Dental

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.0

0.0

Veterinary Medicine

0.6

0.2

0.8

1.5

0.0

Not Applicable

54.9

56.5

53.8

65.7

66.9

Other

6.1

5.9

6.2

6.0

3.6

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #39

16

 What year are you in your graduate/professional program?
Overall (%)
n=11,684

Male (%)
n=4,218

Female (%)
n=7,370

Transgender (%)
n=23

Self-Identify (%)
n=73

1

35.4

32.7

36.8

34.8

50.7

2

24.8

23.6

25.5

26.1

16.4

3

15.0

15.1

14.9

26.1

11.0

4

17.4

19.3

16.4

8.7

11.0

5+

7.4

9.2

6.3

4.3

11.0

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #41

Did you transfer from another campus/institution to this school?
Overall (%)
n=75,995

Male (%)
n=27,480

Female (%)
n=47,646

Transgender (%)
n=250

Self-Identify (%)
n=619

Yes

19.8

21.0

19.0

24.0

25.5

No

80.2

79.0

81.0

76.0

74.5

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #46

What kind of housing do you currently have?
Overall (%)
n=65,332

Male (%)
n=23,417

Female (%)
n=41,138

Transgender (%)
n=220

Self-Identify (%)
n=557

On-campus residence
hall/apartment

38.4

36.6

39.3

41.8

40.4

On/off campus
fraternity/sorority
house

2.0

2.4

1.7

0.9

1.1

On/off campus
co-operative housing

0.9

1.0

0.9

1.4

1.1

Off-campus
apartment/house

57.3

58.6

56.9

53.6

55.8

Other

1.3

1.4

1.2

2.3

1.6

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #42

With whom do you live? (check all that apply)
Overall (%)

Male (%)

Female (%)

Transgender (%)

Self-Identify (%)

Alone

9.8
(n=8,298)

10.4
(n=3,176)

9.4
(n=4,983)

15.4
(n=45)

13.4
(n=94)

Spouse, partner, or
significant other

7.5
(n=6,372)

6.7
(n=2,053)

8.0
(n=4,227)

11.6
(n=34)

8.3
(n=58)

Roommate(s)

49.3
(n=41,755)

48.0
(n=14,739)

50.1
(n=26,584)

41.1
(n=120)

44.6
(n=312)

Children

2.1
(n=1,751)

1.6
(n=485)

2.4
(n=1,249)

1.7
(n=5)

1.7
(n=12)

Parent(s) or
guardian(s)

7.0
(n=5,907)

6.8
(n=2,082)

7.0
(n=3,716)

11.6
(n=34)

10.7
(n=75)

Family other

3.3
(n=2,829)

3.3
(n=1,017)

3.3
(n=1,771)

4.5
(n=13)

4.0
(n=28)

1.1
(n=910)

1.0
(n=311)

1.1
(n=576)

2.4
(n=7)

2.3
(n=16)

Other

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #44

17

 Relationship status
Overall (%)
n=80,677

Male (%)
n=29,198

Female (%)
n=50,526

Transgender (%)
n=279

Self-Identify (%)
n=674

Single

61.8

67.3

58.7

59.5

58.8

Serious dating
or committed
relationship

32.6

27.2

35.7

36.6

37.4

Civil union, domestic
partnership, or
equivalent

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.9

Married

4.1

4.2

4.1

2.9

1.9

Divorced

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.0

0.6

Separated

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

Widowed

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

Female (%)
n=47,793

Transgender (%)
n=273

Self-Identify (%)
n=637

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #33

Mental Health History Items
Attended counseling for mental health concerns
Overall (%)
n=76,060

Male (%)
n=27,357

Never

51.3

56.4

48.9

24.5

24.0

Prior to college

19.4

17.0

20.6

25.6

25.7

After starting college

16.4

16.1

16.5

19.8

21.8

Both

13.0

10.5

14.0

30.0

28.4

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #1

Taken a prescribed medication for mental health concerns
Overall (%)
n=78,871

Male (%)
n=26,876

Female (%)
n=47,098

Transgender (%)
n=266

Self-Identify (%)
n=631

Never

66.9

69.0

66.1

48.5

46.0

Prior to college

8.8

8.7

8.7

11.3

14.4

After starting college

13.1

12.4

13.3

16.5

19.3

Both

11.3

9.8

11.9

23.7

20.3

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #2

NOTE: The following paired questions ask the student to identify “How many times” and “The last time” for
each experience/event. Frequencies for “The last time” questions are based on students who reported having
the experience one time or more.

Been hospitalized for mental health concerns (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=80,503

Male (%)
n=28,960

Female (%)
n=50,578

Transgender (%)
n=285

Never

89.8

89.6

90.0

82.1

81.5

1 time

6.6

6.6

6.6

11.9

12.1

2-3 times

2.8

2.9

2.6

3.9

4.7

4-5 times

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.7

0.7

More than 5 times

0.4

0.4

0.4

1.4

1.0

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #64

18

Self-Identify (%)
n=680

 Been hospitalized for mental health concerns (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=7,865

Male (%)
n=2,872

Female (%)
n=4,818

Transgender (%)
n=50

Self-Identify (%)
n=125

Never

1.2

1.6

0.9

0.0

0.0

Within the last two
weeks

8.8

9.3

8.7

2.0

4.8

Within the last month

4.9

5.4

4.7

6.0

4.0

Within the last year

20.9

20.3

21.2

18.0

24.0

Within the last
1-5 years

40.5

38.9

41.4

52.0

40.0

More than 5 years ago

23.7

24.5

23.1

22.0

27.2

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #65

Purposely injured yourself without suicidal intent (e.g., cutting, hitting, burning, etc.)
(how many times)
Overall (%)
n=80,321

Male (%)
n=28,874

Female (%)
n=50,489

Transgender (%)
n=281

Self-Identify (%)
n=677

Never

75.0

83.3

70.9

41.6

38.8

1 time

5.4

4.7

5.8

6.8

8.0

2-3 times

6.8

5.2

7.6

10.7

11.8

4-5 times

2.5

1.5

3.0

5.3

6.1

More than 5 times

10.3

5.3

12.6

35.6

35.3

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #72

Purposely injured yourself without suicidal intent (e.g., cutting, hitting, burning, etc.)
(the last time)
Overall (%)
n=16,927

Male (%)
n=4,045

Female (%)
n=12,367

Transgender (%)
n=148

Self-Identify (%)
n=367

Never

0.8

1.0

0.8

0.0

0.3

Within the last two
weeks

14.0

14.8

13.6

14.9

16.1

Within the last month

8.4

8.4

8.3

6.8

12.5

Within the last year

21.1

20.9

21.1

25.0

22.3

Within the last
1-5 years

33.0

32.7

33.1

40.5

32.4

More than 5 years ago

22.7

22.2

23.2

12.8

16.3

Self-Identify (%)
n=681

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #73

Seriously considered attempting suicide (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=80,333

Male (%)
n=28,895

Female (%)
n=50,476

Transgender (%)
n=281

Never

67.1

69.2

66.5

34.9

31.6

1 time

11.9

11.2

12.3

11.4

13.5

2-3 times

11.7

10.6

12.0

20.6

25.6

4-5 times

2.5

2.2

2.5

6.8

7.0

More than 5 times

6.9

6.9

6.6

26.3

22.3

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #74

19

 Seriously considered attempting suicide (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=21,413

Male (%)
n=7,146

Female (%)
n=13,688

Transgender (%)
n=167

Self-Identify (%)
n=412

Never

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.0

1.2

Within the last two
weeks

16.0

18.8

14.5

15.6

19.2

Within the last month

10.3

11.1

9.9

7.2

11.2

Within the last year

21.1

21.2

20.9

22.8

22.1

Within the last
1-5 years

34.5

31.8

35.9

40.1

32.8

More than 5 years ago

17.3

16.4

17.9

14.4

13.6

Self-Identify (%)
n=678

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #75

Made a suicide attempt (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=80,247

Male (%)
n=28,847

Female (%)
n=50,439

Transgender (%)
n=283

Never

90.5

92.1

89.9

69.3

76.0

1 time

6.3

5.3

6.7

16.6

13.6

2-3 times

2.5

2.1

2.6

10.6

8.1

4-5 times

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.1

0.7

More than 5 times

0.4

0.3

0.4

2.5

1.6

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #76

Made a suicide attempt (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=6,579

Male (%)
n=1,955

Female (%)
n=4,390

Transgender (%)
n=82

Self-Identify (%)
n=152

Never

0.8

1.1

0.7

0.0

1.3

Within the last two
weeks

5.5

6.8

5.1

3.7

2.6

Within the last month

3.3

3.9

3.1

1.2

2.6

Within the last year

15.9

15.4

16.0

12.2

17.8

Within the last
1-5 years

43.1

41.9

43.2

56.1

46.7

More than 5 years ago

31.4

30.7

31.9

26.8

28.9

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #77

Considered causing serious physical injury to another (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=80,218

Male (%)
n=28,841

Female (%)
n=50,418

Transgender (%)
n=283

Self-Identify (%)
n=676

Never

89.2

86.2

91.0

82.0

79.4

1 time

3.4

4.1

3.0

4.2

5.8

2-3 times

3.8

5.0

3.1

5.7

6.1

4-5 times

0.8

0.9

0.7

2.1

1.2

More than 5 times

2.8

3.7

2.2

6.0

7.5

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #78

20

 Considered causing serious physical injury to another (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=6,629

Male (%)
n=3,062

Female (%)
n=3,5405

Transgender (%)
n=46

Self-Identify (%)
n=116

Never

2.2

2.4

2.2

0.0

0.9

Within the last two
weeks

19.2

18.9

19.8

13.0

16.4

Within the last month

11.4

10.8

12.0

6.5

12.1

Within the last year

23.8

24.8

23.0

23.9

21.6

Within the last
1-5 years

29.2

29.1

29.0

39.1

31.9

More than 5 years ago

14.1

14.1

14.0

17.4

17.2

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #79

Intentionally caused serious physical injury to another (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=79,830

Male (%)
n=28,737

Female (%)
n=50,136

Transgender (%)
n=284

Self-Identify (%)
n=673

Never

96.9

95.6

97.7

95.1

95.2

1 time

1.6

2.1

1.3

2.5

2.2

2-3 times

1.0

1.4

0.7

2.1

1.5

4-5 times

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.0

0.6

More than 5 times

0.4

0.7

0.2

0.4

0.4

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #80

Intentionally caused serious physical injury to another (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=1,797

Male (%)
n=927

Female (%)
n=831

Transgender (%)
n=12

Self-Identify (%)
n=27

Never

2.8

2.9

2.9

0.0

0.0

Within the last two
weeks

6.5

4.5

9.0

0.0

0.0

Within the last month

5.0

4.4

5.8

0.0

0.0

Within the last year

15.5

14.7

16.6

0.0

14.8

Within the last
1-5 years

34.3

35.4

33.1

50.0

25.9

More than 5 years ago

35.9

38.1

32.6

50.0

59.3

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #81

Someone had sexual contact with you without your consent (e.g., you were afraid to stop what
was happening, passed out, drugged, drunk, incapacitated, asleep, threatened or physically
forced) (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=79,286

Male (%)
n=28,546

Female (%)
n=49,790

Transgender (%)
n=282

Self-Identify (%)
n=668

Never

80.0

93.2

72.8

69.5

57.5

1 time

11.3

4.4

15.1

13.1

17.5

2-3 times

5.5

1.5

7.7

7.4

15.3

4-5 times

0.9

0.3

1.2

2.1

2.2

More than 5 times

2.3

0.7

3.2

7.8

7.5

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #82

21

 Someone had sexual contact with you without your consent (e.g., you were afraid to stop what
was happening, passed out, drugged, drunk, incapacitated, asleep, threatened or physically
forced) (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=12,767

Male (%)
n=1,570

Female (%)
n=10,863

Transgender (%)
n=81

Self-Identify (%)
n=253

Never

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

Within the last two
weeks

3.7

2.5

3.9

2.5

2.4

Within the last month

3.7

2.5

4.0

1.2

2.0

Within the last year

19.9

16.1

20.5

19.8

18.2

Within the last
1-5 years

38.7

30.4

39.8

38.3

45.8

More than 5 years ago

33.5

47.6

31.4

38.3

31.6

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #83

Experienced harassing, controlling, and/or abusive behavior from another person (e.g., friend,
family member, partner, or authority figure) (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=80,000

Male (%)
n=28,781

Female (%)
n=50,263

Transgender (%)
n=278

Self-Identify (%)
n=678

Never

66.7

75.7

62.1

42.8

33.9

1 time

6.9

4.6

8.2

6.8

8.3

2-3 times

7.3

5.3

8.4

9.7

12.1

4-5 times

2.0

1.4

2.4

4.7

2.2

More than 5 times

17.0

13.0

18.9

36.0

43.5

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #84

Experienced harassing, controlling, and/or abusive behavior from another person (e.g., friend,
family member, partner, or authority figure) (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=20,762

Male (%)
n=5,389

Female (%)
n=14,837

Transgender (%)
n=144

Self-Identify (%)
n=392

Never

0.9

1.2

0.8

0.7

0.0

Within the last two
weeks

10.3

10.5

10.3

9.0

7.9

7.9

7.7

7.8

13.9

11.2

Within the last month
Within the last year

20.7

18.7

21.2

25.0

24.5

Within the last
1-5 years

37.0

30.5

39.4

32.6

36.7

More than 5 years ago

23.3

31.3

20.5

18.8

19.6

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #85

Experienced a traumatic event that caused you to feel intense fear, helplessness, or horror
(how many times)
Overall (%)
n=77,990

Male (%)
n=28,153

Female (%)
n=48,906

Transgender (%)
n=273

Self-Identify (%)
n=658

Never

61.9

67.7

58.8

51.3

47.6

1 time

16.8

14.1

18.4

13.9

15.8

2-3 times

12.5

10.7

13.5

15.4

16.9

4-5 times

2.2

1.9

2.4

2.9

5.3

More than 5 times

6.5

5.6

6.8

16.5

14.4

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #86

22

 Experienced a traumatic event that caused you to feel intense fear, helplessness, or horror
(the last time)
Overall (%)
n=22,591

Male (%)
n=6,849

Female (%)
n=15,328

Transgender (%)
n=116

Self-Identify (%)
n=298

Never

0.9

1.1

0.8

0.0

0.3

Within the last two
weeks

11.3

13.1

10.5

6.9

10.1

Within the last month

7.3

7.4

7.3

4.3

6.0

Within the last year

22.6

22.0

22.8

25.0

21.5

Within the last
1-5 years

34.9

32.2

36.1

37.9

33.9

More than 5 years ago

23.1

24.1

22.5

25.9

28.2

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #87

Please select the traumatic event(s) you have experienced:
Overall (%)
n=16,013

Male (%)
n=4,558

Female (%)
n=11,170

Transgender (%)
n=76

Self-Identify (%)
n=209

Childhood
physical abuse

18.8
(n=3,004)

20.6
(n=939)

17.8
(n=1,987)

19.7
(n=15)

30.1
(n=63)

Childhood
sexual abuse

16.1
(n=2,586)

9.9
(n=451)

18.6
(n=2,076)

17.1
(n=13)

22.0
(n=46)

Childhood
emotional abuse

44.3
(n=7,092)

42.6
(n=1,943)

44.6
(n=4,983)

56.6
(n=43)

58.9
(n=123)

Physical attack
(e.g., mugged, beaten
up, shot, stabbed,
threatened with a
weapon)

15.2
(n=2,433)

23.3
(n=1,060)

11.8
(n=1,316)

21.1
(n=16)

19.6
(n=41)

Sexual violence
(rape or attempted
rape, sexually
assaulted, stalked,
abused by intimate
partner, etc.)

29.3
(n=4,686)

8.0
(n=364)

37.7
(n=4,207)

31.6
(n=24)

43.5
(n=91)

Military combat or
war zone experience

1.3
(n=213)

3.2
(n=48)

0.5
(n=60)

0.0
(n=0)

2.4
(n=5)

Kidnapped or
taken hostage

1.1
(n=176)

0.7
(n=33)

1.3
(n=142)

0.0
(n=0)

0.5
(n=1)

11.7
(n=1,875)

14.3
(n=651)

10.7
(n=1,191)

13.2
(n=10)

11.0
(n=23)

Terrorist attack

0.9
(n=138)

1.5
(n=68)

0.6
(n=67)

1.3
(n=1)

1.0
(n=2)

Near drowning

10.2
(n=1,630)

14.9
(n=677)

8.1
(n=910)

19.7
(n=15)

13.4
(n=28)

Diagnosed with life
threatening illness

4.2
(n=676)

5.2
(n=238)

3.8
(n=424)

1.3
(n=1)

6.2
(n=13)

Natural disaster
(e.g., flood, quake,
hurricane, etc.)

4.6
(n=734)

5.2
(n=239)

4.3
(n=481)

1.3
(n=1)

6.2
(n=13)

Imprisonment or
torture

1.0
(n=153)

2.1
(n=97)

0.5
(n=53)

2.6
(n=2)

0.5
(n=1)

Animal attack

3.7
(n=598)

5.0
(n=229)

3.2
(n=357)

2.6
(n=2)

4.8
(n=10)

23.1
(n=3,703)

25.5
(n=1,161)

22.1
(n=2,472)

25.0
(n=19)

24.4
(n=51)

Serious accident, fire,
or explosion (e.g.,
an industrial, farm,
car, plane, or boating
accident)

Other (please specify)

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #99
** The total N includes treatment seeking students who reported having experienced at least 1 trauma
experience on the SDS Question #99.

23

 Felt the need to reduce your alcohol or drug use (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=77,522

Male (%)
n=27,948

Female (%)
n=48,661

Transgender (%)
n=271

Self-Identify (%)
n=642

Never

72.8

66.6

76.3

72.3

69.2

1 time

10.2

11.1

9.6

12.9

10.9

2-3 times

10.1

12.0

9.0

8.9

12.9

4-5 times

1.8

2.3

1.6

3.0

2.2

More than 5 times

5.1

8.0

3.5

3.0

4.8

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #66

Felt the need to reduce your alcohol or drug use (the last time)

Never
Within the last two
weeks

Overall (%)
n=16,501

Male (%)
n=7,271

Female (%)
n=8,988

Transgender (%)
n=65

Self-Identify (%)
n=177

1.4

1.4

1.5

0.0

1.1

28.5

32.0

26.0

13.8

20.3

Within the last month

18.2

17.9

18.3

18.5

21.5

Within the last year

29.9

29.0

30.5

30.8

35.6

Within the last
1-5 years

18.3

16.4

19.7

32.3

19.2

More than 5 years ago

3.6

3.2

4.0

4.6

2.3

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #67

Others have expressed concern about your alcohol or drug use (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=77,385

Male (%)
n=27,880

Female (%)
n=48,587

Transgender (%)
n=274

Self-Identify (%)
n=644

Never

82.6

77.6

85.5

83.2

80.9

1 time

7.3

8.6

6.6

7.7

8.4

2-3 times

6.1

7.7

5.3

4.0

5.3

4-5 times

1.2

1.5

0.9

2.9

1.6

More than 5 times

2.8

4.6

1.8

2.2

3.9

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #68

Others have expressed concern about your alcohol or drug use (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=10,328

Male (%)
n=4,745

Female (%)
n=5,433

Transgender (%)
n=44

Self-Identify (%)
n=106

Never

1.4

1.3

1.5

0.0

1.9

Within the last two
weeks

21.8

23.2

20.8

15.9

17.0

Within the last month

16.4

16.9

16.0

9.1

12.3

Within the last year

32.9

32.4

33.4

31.8

34.9

Within the last
1-5 years

22.3

21.6

22.6

31.8

32.1

More than 5 years ago

5.2

4.7

5.7

11.4

1.9

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #69

24

 Received treatment for alcohol or drug use (how many times)
Overall (%)
n=79,350

Male (%)
n=28,491

Female (%)
n=49,906

Transgender (%)
n=281

Self-Identify (%)
n=672

Never

96.1

93.9

97.4

96.8

95.8

1 time

2.9

4.3

2.0

1.4

3.0

2-3 times

0.7

1.3

0.4

0.4

0.6

4-5 times

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.3

More than 5 times

0.2

0.4

0.1

1.4

0.3

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #70

Received treatment for alcohol or drug use (the last time)
Overall (%)
n=2,405

Male (%)
n=1,346

Female (%)
n=1,029

Transgender (%)
n=9

Self-Identify (%)
n=21

Never

1.7

1.8

1.7

0.0

0.0

Within the last two
weeks

9.4

8.7

10.5

10.0

4.8

Within the last month

7.6

7.5

8.0

0.0

0.0

Within the last year

26.8

27.6

26.2

0.0

19.0

Within the last
1-5 years

38.9

39.5

37.1

88.9

66.7

More than 5 years ago

15.6

15.0

16.5

11.1

9.5

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #71

Think back over the last two weeks. How many times have you had: five or more drinks* in a row
(for males) OR four or more drinks* in a row (for females)? (*A drink is a bottle of beer, a glass of
wine, a wine cooler, a shot glass of liquor, or a mixed drink.)
Overall (%)
n=64,904

Male (%)
n=22,766

Female (%)
n=41,332

Transgender (%)
n=228

Self-Identify (%)
n=578

None

59.1

53.7

61.7

77.2

74.0

Once

17.2

17.2

17.4

12.7

12.5

Twice

11.2

12.6

10.4

4.8

6.1

3 to 5 times

9.6

12.0

8.4

4.8

5.2

6 to 9 times

2.0

2.9

1.5

0.0

1.6

10 or more times

1.0

1.6

0.6

0.4

0.7

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #19

Think back over the last two weeks. How many times have you smoked marijuana?
Overall (%)
n=74,057

Male (%)
n=26,376

Female (%)
n=46,782

Transgender (%)
n=262

Self-Identify (%)
n=637

None

79.3

73.2

82.9

79.4

76.6

Once

5.5

6.1

5.2

8.4

6.0

Twice

3.6

4.3

3.2

3.1

3.5

3 to 5 times

4.6

6.1

3.8

3.1

5.3

6 to 9 times

2.2

3.2

1.7

1.5

1.9

10 or more times

4.7

7.2

3.3

4.6

6.8

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #96

25

 Please indicate how much you agree with the statement: “I get the emotional help and support
I need from my family.”
Overall (%)
n=48,407

Male (%)
n=16,739

Female (%)
n=31,094

Transgender (%)
n=174

Self-Identify (%)
n=400

Strongly disagree

10.5

9.9

10.7

25.9

20.3

Somewhat disagree

13.7

13.0

14.0

19.0

23.5
19.0

Neutral

15.5

17.3

14.4

17.2

Somewhat agree

31.0

29.9

31.7

24.7

27.0

Strongly agree

29.2

29.9

29.2

13.2

10.3

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #22

Please indicate how much you agree with the statement: “I get the emotional help and support
I need from my social network (e.g., friends, acquaintances).”
Overall (%)
n=50,811

Male (%)
n=17,879

Female (%)
n=32,341

Transgender (%)
n=178

Self-Identify (%)
n=413

Strongly disagree

8.5

9.7

7.8

3.4

7.7

Somewhat disagree

13.1

14.4

12.4

10.7

12.1

Neutral

19.2

21.8

17.8

14.0

17.2

Somewhat agree

37.4

34.6

39.0

36.5

40.0

Strongly agree

21.8

19.4

23.0

35.4

23.0

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #23

Are you registered, with the office for disability services on this campus, as having a documented
and diagnosed disability?
Overall (%)
n=79,902

Male (%)
n=28,698

Female (%)
n=50,255

Transgender (%)
n=278

Self-Identify (%)
n=671

Yes

7.8

8.4

7.4

12.2

12.1

No

92.2

91.6

92.6

87.8

87.9

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #60

26

 If you selected “Yes” for the previous question, please indicate which category of disability you
are registered for (check all that apply):
Overall (%)

Male (%)

Female (%)

Transgender (%)

Self-Identify (%)

Attention Deficit/
Hyperactivity
Disorders

44.3
(n=2,767)

52.1
(n=1,257)

39.6
(n=1,472)

38.2
(n=13)

30.9
(n=25)

Deaf or
Hard of Hearing

2.7
(n=169)

2.6
(n=63)

2.7
(n=102)

8.8
(n=3)

1.2
(n=1)

24.9
(n=1,558)

24.9
(n=600)

25.1
(n=934)

23.5
(n=8)

19.8
(n=16)

Mobility Impairments

3.5
(n=216)

2.8
(n=67)

3.8
(n=140)

5.9
(n=2)

8.6
(n=7)

Neurological
Disorders

5.7
(n=358)

4.8
(n=116)

6.2
(n=231)

8.8
(n=3)

9.9
(n=8)

Physical/Health
Related Disorders

11.3
(n=708)

7.7
(n=187)

13.7
(n=508)

2.9
(n=1)

14.8
(n=12)

Psychological
Disorder/Condition

23.2
(n=1,448)

18.9
(n=457)

25.5
(n=948)

38.2
(n=13)

37.0
(n=30)

Visual Impairments

2.7
(n=169)

2.8
(n=67)

2.7
(n=100)

0.0
(n=0)

2.5
(n=2)

Other

12.7
(n=796)

12.1
(n=293)

13.0
(n=484)

14.7
(n=5)

17.3
(n=14)

Learning Disorders

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #61

Please indicate your level of involvement in organized extra-curricular activities (e.g., sports,
clubs, student government, etc.)
Overall (%)
n=43,221

Male (%)
n=15,142

Female (%)
n=27,603

Transgender (%)
n=151

Self-Identify (%)
n=325

None

29.2

31.6

27.9

24.5

27.1

Occasional
participation

21.0

22.7

20.1

25.8

22.2

One regularly
attended activity

19.7

19.4

19.9

15.2

23.7

Two regularly
attended activities

16.5

14.5

17.6

18.5

18.8

Three or more
regularly attended
activities

13.5

11.8

14.5

15.9

8.3

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #48

Do you participate on an athletic team that competes with other colleges or universities?
Overall (%)
n=70,131

Male (%)
n=25,289

Female (%)
n=44,000

Transgender (%)
n=257

Self-Identify (%)
n=585

Yes

7.2

8.6

6.5

3.9

3.1

No

92.8

91.4

93.5

96.1

96.9

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #50

27

 Religious or spiritual preference
Overall (%)
n=69,171

Male (%)
n=24,894

Female (%)
n=43,472

Transgender (%)
n=240

Self-Identify (%)
n=565

Agnostic

12.9

15.4

11.3

22.1

21.9

Atheist

8.6

11.9

6.5

22.1

18.9

Buddhist

0.9

0.9

0.9

1.7

2.1

Catholic

17.6

16.2

18.7

4.6

3.0

Christian

31.9

26.8

35.2

12.9

8.5

Hindu

0.9

1.0

0.8

0.0

0.2

Jewish

2.7

2.7

2.8

1.3

2.1

Muslim

1.3

1.7

1.2

0.4

0.0

No preference

19.3

19.5

19.2

18.8

23.0

Self-Identify

3.8

3.9

3.5

16.3

20.2

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #97

To what extent does your religious or spiritual preference play an important role in your life?
Overall (%)
n=51,971

Male (%)
n=18,207

Female (%)
n=33,120

Transgender (%)
n=195

Self-Identify (%)
n=449

Very important

15.2

12.6

16.7

7.7

8.0

Important

23.5

21.5

24.6

20.5

21.4

Neutral

34.7

35.5

34.2

33.8

35.0

Unimportant

14.7

16.0

13.9

19.5

15.1

Very unimportant

12.0

14.3

10.6

18.5

20.5

Female (%)
n=38,571

Transgender (%)
n=229

Self-Identify (%)
n=527
18.4

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #36

How would you describe your financial situation right now?
Overall (%)
n=60,653

Male (%)
n=21,326

Always stressful

14.8

12.5

16.0

19.2

Often stressful

22.0

20.4

22.8

27.1

27.3

Sometimes stressful

35.3

35.9

35.0

38.0

36.1

Rarely stressful

20.1

22.2

19.1

13.1

14.2

Never stressful

7.7

9.0

7.1

2.6

4.0

Transgender (%)
n=152

Self-Identify (%)
n=351

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #57

How would you describe your financial situation growing up?
Overall (%)
n=41,008

Male (%)
n=14,130

Female (%)
n=26,375

Always stressful

10.6

9.1

11.4

15.1

14.2

Often stressful

15.3

14.0

15.9

20.4

18.2

Sometimes stressful

23.6

22.6

24.1

25.7

23.6

Rarely stressful

28.6

30.3

27.7

25.0

28.8

Never stressful

21.9

24.0

20.9

13.8

15.1

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #58

28

 Are you a member of ROTC?
Overall (%)
n=39,907

Male (%)
n=14,219

Female (%)
n=25,334

Transgender (%)
n=147

Self-Identify (%)
n=307

Yes

0.7

1.1

0.5

0.7

0.3

No

99.3

98.9

99.5

99.3

99.7

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #51

Have you ever served in any branch of the US military (active duty, veteran, National Guard or
reserves)?
Overall (%)
n=80,827

Male (%)
n=29,147

Female (%)
n=50,720

Transgender (%)
n=285

Self-Identify (%)
n=675

Yes

1.7

3.1

0.9

2.5

1.5

No

98.3

96.9

99.1

97.5

98.5

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #98

Did your military experience include any traumatic or highly stressful experiences which
continue to bother you?
Overall (%)
n=1,232

Male (%)
n=807

Female (%)
n=410

Transgender (%)
n=5

Self-Identify (%)
n=10

Yes

31.1

33.7

25.9

40.0

30.0

No

68.9

66.3

74.1

60.0

70.0

This question is from the Standardized Data Set Question #53

29

 Provider Data
The Standardized Data Set includes some basic demographic information about providers at participating counseling
centers. The 2014-2015 dataset represents over 2,771 unique providers. Answer totals vary by question since some
counseling centers do not gather this data, or a counselor chose not to answer one or more questions.
Gender

Highest Degree-Discipline (descending sort)
n

Percentage (%)

n

Percentage

Male

263

30.7

Counseling Psychology

304

36.1

Female

590

68.8

Clinical Psychology

266

31.6

Transgender

2

0.2

Social Work

88

10.5

Prefer not to answer

2

0.2

Other

71

8.4

Counselor Education

54

6.4

Psychiatry

26

3.1

Marriage and Family Therapist

15

1.8

Community Psychology

6

0.7

Age

Average Age
Modal Age

Age
(years)

n

Nursing

5

0.6

43.1

782

Educational Psychology

5

0.6

32

35

Higher Education

1

0.1

Health Education

1

0.1

Race/Ethnicity
n

Percentage (%)

African-American/Black

68

8.0

American Indian or Alaskan Native

3

0.4

Asian American/Asian

58

6.9

Caucasian/White

619

73.3

Hispanic/Latino/a

51

6.0

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

0

0.0

Multi-racial

29

3.4

Prefer not to answer

5

.6

Other

12

1.4

Are you licensed under your current degree?

Yes
n=596 72.0%
No
n=232 28.0%

Highest Degree (descending sort)

30

n

Percentage (%)

Doctor of Philosophy

320

37.6

Master of Arts

121

14.2

Doctor of Psychology

110

12.9

Master of Science

85

10

Master of Social Work

80

9.4

Doctor of Medicine

32

3.8

Bachelor of Arts

30

3.5

Master of Education

23

2.7

Doctor of Education

13

1.5

Other

12

1.4

Bachelor of Science

12

1.4

Nursing (e.g. RN, RNP, PNP)

5

0.6

Education Specialist

4

0.5

Doctor of Osteopathy

3

0.4

Position Type: (descending sort)
n

Percentage (%)

Professional Staff Member

631

73.9

Pre-Doctoral Intern

67

7.8

Doctoral Level Trainee (not an intern)

48

5.6

Master’s Level Trainee

39

4.6

Other

37

4.3

Post-Doctoral Level (non-psychiatric)

30

3.5

Psychiatric Resident

2

0.2

 Center Information
The information below describes the 139 colleges and universities that contributed data to the 2014-2015 CCMH data set.
Does your counseling center currently have an APA accredited

What psychiatric services are provided by your center?

pre-doctoral training program?

n

Percentage (%)

None

40

29.9

31.1

Part time, in house

61

45.5

68.9

Full time, in house

13

9.7

Part time, off campus consultant

6

4.5

Other

14

10.4

n

Percentage (%)

Yes

42

No

93

Is your counseling center currently accredited by IACS
(International Association of Counseling Services)?
n

Percentage (%)

Yes

65

48.1

No

70

51.9

Does your center have an annual individual psychotherapy
limit?
n

Percentage (%)

Yes

49

36.6

No

85

63.4

Which services are integrated with your counseling center?
(check all that apply)

Career Services

n

Percentage (%)

13

9.6

If you answered “yes” to session limit, please enter your
individual psychotherapy session limit*
n

Percentage (%)

2

4.1

Disability Services

7

5.2

Drug & Alcohol Treatment Program

39

28.9

8

Employee Assistance Program

2

1.5

10

9

18.4

Learning Services

4

3.0

12

20

40.8

Health Services

19

14.1

14

2

4.1

Testing Services

21

15.6

15

6

12.2

Other

13

9.6

16

4

8.2

17

1

2.0

18

1

2.0

20

3

6.1

24

1

2.0

*No school that provided information entered less than 7 sessions

Check each service for which you charge a standard fee (don’t
check services that are initially free–e.g., first 8 sessions)
n

Percentage (%)

Intake

2

1.5

Individual Counseling

6

4.4

Group Counseling

6

4.4

Psychiatric Evaluation
(initial meeting)

25

18.5

25

18.5

Formal Assessment: Psychological

14

10.4

Formal Assessment: Career

12

8.9

Psychiatric Follow-up
(ongoing client)

Formal Assessment: Disability

5

3.7

Other

17

12.6

31

 Institutional Data
Data for the 2014-2015 CCMH data set has been contributed by 139 colleges and universities that hold membership with
CCMH. Demographics for these institutions are listed below.
Campus Characteristic

n

Percentage (%)

Public

85

63.0

Private

45

33.3

Combined

5

3.7

Northeast (CT, ME, MA, NH, NJ,
NY, PA, RI, VT)

36

28.1

Midwest (IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, MN,
MO, NE, ND, OH, SD, WI)

35

27.3

South (AL, AR, DE, DC, FL, GA,
KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN,
TX, VA, WV)

42

32.8

West (AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT,
NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY)

15

11.7

Under 1,500

4

3.0

1,501-2,500

12

8.9

2,501-5,000

14

10.4

Campus Characteristic

5,001-7,500

12

8.9

Athletic Division

7,501-10,000

15

11.1

None

9

6.8

10,001-15,000

20

14.8

Division I

75

56.8

Type of Institution

Location of Campus

Enrollment

n

Percentage (%)

15,001-20,000

16

11.9

Division II

22

16.7

20,001-25,000

16

11.9

Division III

26

19.7

25,001-30,000

6

4.4

30,001-35,000

10

7.4

0-4

132

97.1

35,001-40,000

3

2.2

1-5

0

0

40,001-50,000

5

3.7

0-100

2

1.5

50,001 and over

2

1.5

Other

2

1.5

Grade Scale

CCMH Member Institutions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

32

Abilene Christian University
Agnes Scott College
American College of Greece
American University
Amherst College
Anderson University
Appalachian State University
Arkansas State University
Auburn University
Auburn University, Montgomery
Augustana College
Aurora University
Ball State University
Barnard College
Barry University
Baylor University
Binghamton University
Boston College

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

Bowling Green State University
Brigham Young University
Bucknell University
Butler University
Cabrini College
California Maritime Academy
California State Polytechnic
University, Pomona
California State University,
Channel Islands
California State University, Chico
California State University,
Fullerton
California State University,
Long Beach
California State University,
Sacramento
California State University,
San Bernardino

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

California State University,
San Marcos
Calvin College
Case Western Reserve University
Central College
Charleston Southern University
Chesnut Hill College
Claremont University Consortium
Clayton State University
Cleveland State University
Cleveland State University,
Counseling and Academic Success
Clinic
Coastal Carolina University
Colby College
Colgate University
College of Charleston
College of Saint Benedict  
Saint John’s University

 47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.

College of Southern Nevada
College of the Holy Cross
College of William & Mary
Collin County Community College
Colorado Christian University
Colorado State University,
Fort Collins
Columbia College, Chicago
Columbia College, Missouri
Columbus State University
Connecticut College
Converse College
Culver-Stockton College
CUNY College of Staten Island
CUNY Hunter College
Dartmouth College
DePaul University
Dickinson College
Dominican University
Drexel University
Duke University
East Carolina University
East Carolina University,
Student Health Services
Eastern Illinois University
Eastern Kentucky University
Eastern Michigan University
Eastern Washington University
Edgewood College
Elon University
Emerson College
Emmanuel College
Emory & Henry College
Emory University
Fairfield University
Ferris State University
Florida Atlantic University
Florida Gulf Coast University
Florida International University
Fordham University
Fort Lewis College
Franklin & Marshall College
Fullerton College
Gannon University
George Mason University
Georgia College and
State University
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Southern University
Georgia State University
Gordon College
Grand Valley State University
Hamilton College
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Houghton College
Husson University
Idaho State University
Illinois Institute of Technology
Illinois State University
Illinois Wesleyan University
Iowa State University
Ithaca College
Jewish Theology Seminary
John Brown University

108. Johnson & Wales University,
Providence
109. Keele University
110. Kennesaw State University
111. La Salle University
112. Lafayette College
113. Lamar University
114. Lawrence University
115. Lee University
116. Lehigh University
117. Lehman College
118. Lewis Clark State College
119. Lindsey Wilson College
120. Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge
121. Louisiana State University,
Shreveport
122. Loyola Marymount University
123. Loyola University, Chicago
124. Loyola University, New Orleans
125. Lyon College
126. Marquette University
127. Marywood University
128. Mercer University
129. Metropolitan State University
of Denver
130. Miami University, Ohio
131. Michigan State University
132. Middle Tennessee State University
133. Mississippi State University
134. Montana State University, Bozeman
135. Montclair State University
136. New College of Florida
137. New Mexico State University
138. North Carolina State University
139. North Central College
140. North Dakota State University
141. Northeastern Illinois University
142. Northern Arizona University
143. Northern Illinois University
144. Northwestern University
145. Ohio State University
146. Ohio University
147. Old Dominion University
148. Oregon Institute of Technology
149. Oregon State University
150. Pace University
151. Pace University,
Westchester Campuses
152. Penn State University
153. Penn State University, CEDAR Clinic
154. Pennsylvania College of Technology
155. Pepperdine University
156. Plymouth State University
157. Prince George’s Community
College
158. Purdue University, West Lafayette
159. Quincy University
160. Ramapo College of New Jersey
161. Regis University
162. Rhode Island College
163. Rice University
164. Richard Stockton College of
New Jersey
165. Ringling College of Art and Design

166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.

Robert Morris University
Rochester Institute of Technology
Roger Williams University
Rollins College
Roosevelt University
Rose-Hulman Institute of
Technology
Rutgers University, Camden
Sacred Heart University
Saddleback College
Saint Joseph’s University
Saint Mary’s College of California
Saint Mary’s College of Maryland
Saint Norbert College
Salem State University
Salisbury University
Sam Houston State University
San Diego State University
Santa Clara University
Santa Rosa Junior College
Savannah College of Art
and Design
Scranton University
Seton Hall University
Shenandoah University
Simpson College
Slippery Rock University
South Dakota State University
Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale
Southern Oregon University
Spalding University
Springfield College
St. Cloud State University
St. Edward’s University
St. John’s University
Stephen F. Austin State University
Stetson University
Stevenson University
Suffolk University
SUNY Albany
SUNY Brockport
SUNY Buffalo
SUNY Cortland
SUNY Geneseo
SUNY Old Westbury
SUNY Oneonta
SUNY Oswego
Susquehanna University
Syracuse University
Tarleton State University
Texas A&M University
Texas A&M University,
Central Texas
Texas A&M University,
Corpus Christi
Texas A&M University, West Texas
Texas State University, San Marcos
Texas Tech University
The University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Towson University
Truman State University
Tulane University
Union College

33

 225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.

34

University at Buffalo
University of Akron
University of Alabama
University of Alberta
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of British Columbia
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California,
Los Angeles
University of California, Merced
University of California, Riverside
University of California, San Diego
University of California,
San Francisco
University of California,
Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Cruz
University of Cambridge
University of Central Florida
University of Central Missouri
University of Central Oklahoma
University of Chicago
University of Cincinnati
University of Colorado, Boulder
University of Colorado, Denver
University of Connecticut
University of Dayton
University of Delaware
University of Denver
University of Florida
University of Houston
University of Houston, Clear Lake
University of Idaho
University of Illinois, Chicago
University of Illinois,
Urbana Champaign
University of Iowa
University of Kansas Medical
Center, Kansas City
University of Kentucky
University of Maine
University of Massachusetts,
Boston

264. University of Massachusetts,
Dartmouth
265. University of Massachusetts, Lowell
266. University of Memphis
267. University of Miami
268. University of Michigan
269. University of Michigan, Flint
270. University of Missouri
271. University of Missouri, Kansas City
272. University of Nebraska, Kearney
273. University of Nevada, Reno
274. University of New Brunswick
275. University of New Hampshire
276. University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill
277. University of North Carolina,
Charlotte
278. University of North Carolina,
Greensboro
279. University of North Carolina,
Pembroke
280. University of North Florida
281. University of North Texas
282. University of Northern Iowa
283. University of Notre Dame
284. University of Oregon
285. University of Pennsylvania
286. University of Richmond
287. University of Saint Joseph
288. University of San Francisco
289. University of Sheffield
290. University of South Carolina,
Columbia
291. University of South Florida,
St. Petersburg
292. University of South Florida, Tampa
293. University of Southern Maine
294. University of Southern Mississippi
295. University of Tennessee, Knoxville
296. University of Texas, Arlington
297. University of Texas, Austin
298. University of Texas, Dallas
299. University of Texas, San Antonio
300. University of the Sciences,
Philadelphia

301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
325.
326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.
334.
335.
336.
337.

University of the South
University of Utah
University of Washington, Seattle
University of Washington, Tacoma
University of Waterloo
University of West Florida
University of West Georgia
University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire
University of Wisconsin, Madison
University of Wisconsin, Parkside
University of Wisconsin, Platteville
University of Wisconsin, River Falls
University of Wisconsin, Stout
University of Wisconsin,
Whitewater
University of Wyoming
Ursinus College
Valparaiso University
Vanderbilt University
Virginia Commonwealth University
Virginia Military Institute
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University
Wake Forest University
Washington State University
Washington State University,
Vancouver
Wayne State University
Weber State University
West Chester University
West Virginia University
Western Carolina University
Western Connecticut State
University
Western Illinois University
Western Kentucky University
Western New England University
Western Washington University
Winthrop University
Wright State University
Yeshiva University

  

 

 

 

35

Contact Information
Center for Collegiate Mental Health
Penn State University
501 Student Health Center
University Park, PA 16802
Phone: 814-865-1419
Email: ccmh@psu.edu
Web: ccmh.psu.edu

36