U.S. METRO ECONOMIES
 

2015 Metro Job and Gross Metro Product: 2016 Forecast

Prepared for:

The United States of
Conference of Mayors

Prepared by:

IHS, Inc.

January 2016

 

  
 

The United States Conference of Mayors
Stephanie Rawlings-Blake
Mayor of Baltimore
President
Mick Cornett
Mayor of Oklahoma City
Vice President
Mitchell J. Landrieu
Mayor of New Orleans
Second Vice President
Greg Fischer
Chair, Council on Metro Economies and the New American City
Mayor of Louisville
Tom Cochran
CEO and Executive Director

 2011 by IHS, Inc. Reproduction in whole or in part prohibited except by permission. All rights reserved.

 

  
 

METRO FORECAST SUMMARY

The National Economy









GDP growth will accelerate this year as some of the drags on the economy (including
the inventory cycle and the plunge in energy-sector capital spending) ease. Real GDP
growth will improve from 2.4% in 2015 to 2.7% in 2016.
Recent data confirm the mostly sound foundations of the US economic recovery—solid
growth in consumer spending and housing, but pain in parts of the manufacturing sector
because of a strong dollar and an inventory cycle.
Consumption will grow a healthy 3.0% in 2016, following 2015’s 3.1% rate.
The Federal Reserve, confident in the recovery’s sustainability, will raise the fed funds
rate by 1.0 point over the course of the year.
A much needed and long awaited productivity revival has begun. As a result, while GDP
will accelerate, employment growth will slow from 2.1% in 2015 to 1.7% this year.
Increasing labor force participation will keep the unemployment rate from falling much
further. It will drop from 5.0% to 4.9% this year.

US Metro Economies
Gross Metro Product (GMP)





Nearly all (363) of the nation’s 381 metro areas are projected to experience real (inflation
adjusted) economic growth in 2016, up from 331 in 2015.
96 US metros (25%) are projected to see real economic growth (GMP) of 3.0% or higher
in 2016; 233 metros (61%) in 2016 are expected to have real GMP growth of 2.0% or
higher.
337 metros (88%) are expected to see real growth of 1.0% or higher, compared to 277
metros in 2015.

Employment






At the end of 2015, 232 metros (61%) had more jobs than they did prior to the Great
Recession, while 149 had not
21 more metros are expected to return to their pre-recession job levels in 2016, leaving
128 still below their pre-recession peak
Nearly all US metro areas (344) are projected to have positive job growth in 2016.
Only 17 metros will see job growth of 3.0% or higher; 87 are forecast to see job growth
of 2.0% or higher.
231 metros (61%) have a projected job growth of 1.0% or higher in 2016, compared to
262 metros which saw 1.0% or higher in 2015.

1
 

 Appendix Tables

IHS Global Insight

Table of Contents

Table 1:

Return to Peak Employment ...................................................................... 1

Table 2:

Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas .............................................................. 11

Table 3:

Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas ..................................... 21

IHS Global Insight

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Ithaca, NY  
Jacksonville, NC  
Kennewick‐Richland, WA  
Morgantown, WV  
Bismarck, ND  
Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX  
California‐Lexington Park, MD  
College Station‐Bryan, TX  
Fairbanks, AK  
Killeen‐Temple, TX  
Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY  
Anchorage, AK  
Cumberland, MD‐WV  
Austin‐Round Rock, TX  
Hinesville, GA  
McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX  
Dubuque, IA  
Fargo, ND‐MN  
Iowa City, IA  
Lubbock, TX  
Midland, TX  
Beckley, WV  
Burlington‐South Burlington, VT  
Columbia, MO  
El Paso, TX  
Jonesboro, AR  
Odessa, TX  
San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX  
The Villages, FL  
Williamsport, PA  
Grand Forks, ND‐MN  
Laredo, TX  
New Orleans‐Metairie, LA  
Owensboro, KY  
State College, PA  
Warner Robins, GA  
Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐W
Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA  
Columbus, IN  
Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX  
Lincoln, NE  

2008Q2
2009Q3
2009Q4
2009Q4
2009Q4
2008Q1
2009Q4
2009Q1
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q2
2008Q4
2008Q1
2008Q3
2008Q4
2008Q4
2008Q1
2008Q4
2008Q3
2008Q3
2008Q4
2008Q4
2008Q1
2008Q3
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q4
2008Q2
2007Q3
2008Q2
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q2
2008Q4
2008Q4

1

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐0.7
‐0.4
0.0
0.0
‐0.1
‐2.4
‐0.6
‐1.3
‐0.7
‐2.0
‐0.6
‐1.5
‐0.6
‐21.9
‐0.5
‐2.5
‐1.9
‐1.9
‐2.0
‐3.0
‐6.1
‐2.1
‐3.6
‐2.2
‐7.1
‐1.2
‐6.7
‐21.1
‐0.8
‐2.8
‐1.4
‐4.8
‐9.7
‐2.5
‐1.7
‐0.9
‐77.3
‐1.4
‐5.1
‐109.5
‐4.2

‐1.1
‐0.8
0.0
0.0
‐0.2
‐1.9
‐1.5
‐1.3
‐1.9
‐1.6
‐1.3
‐0.9
‐1.5
‐2.8
‐2.7
‐1.1
‐3.5
‐1.5
‐2.2
‐2.3
‐8.3
‐4.2
‐3.1
‐2.4
‐2.5
‐2.5
‐10.3
‐2.5
‐3.8
‐5.2
‐2.6
‐5.2
‐1.8
‐4.9
‐2.2
‐1.2
‐2.6
‐3.2
‐11.0
‐4.2
‐2.4

Return to Peak

2010Q1
2010Q1
2010Q1
2010Q1
2010Q2
2010Q2
2010Q2
2010Q2
2010Q2
2010Q2
2010Q2
2010Q3
2010Q3
2010Q4
2010Q4
2010Q4
2011Q1
2011Q1
2011Q1
2011Q1
2011Q1
2011Q2
2011Q2
2011Q2
2011Q2
2011Q2
2011Q2
2011Q2
2011Q2
2011Q2
2011Q3
2011Q3
2011Q3
2011Q3
2011Q3
2011Q3
2011Q3
2011Q4
2011Q4
2011Q4
2011Q4

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Longview, TX  
Pittsburgh, PA  
Rapid City, SD  
Sioux Falls, SD  
Springfield, IL  
Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA  
Cedar Rapids, IA  
Clarksville, TN‐KY  
Corvallis, OR  
Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX    
Fort Collins, CO  
Greeley, CO  
Lebanon, PA  
Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN
Oklahoma City, OK  
San Angelo, TX  
St. Joseph, MO‐KS  
Ames, IA  
Bakersfield, CA  
Casper, WY  
Charleston‐North Charleston, SC  
Cleveland, TN  
Columbus, OH  
Corpus Christi, TX  
Grand Island, NE  
Lafayette, LA  
Madison, WI  
Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI  
Provo‐Orem, UT  
Ann Arbor, MI  
Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH    
Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA  
Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO  
Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN  
Manhattan, KS  
Raleigh, NC  
Salt Lake City, UT  
Victoria, TX  
Auburn‐Opelika, AL  
Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD  
Boulder, CO  

2008Q4
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q4
2008Q3
2008Q3
2008Q4
2007Q1
2008Q2
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q1
2008Q3
2007Q4
2009Q3
2008Q4
2008Q2
2008Q4
2008Q1
2007Q1
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q4
2008Q4
2008Q3
2008Q2
2007Q3
2007Q1
2008Q2
2008Q3
2007Q4
2008Q3
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q2
2007Q3
2008Q1
2008Q2

2

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐6.1
‐38.1
‐2.2
‐3.9
‐2.7
‐2.9
‐4.0
‐4.4
‐1.9
‐150.9
‐5.7
‐5.9
‐1.8
‐50.8
‐24.3
‐1.8
‐2.2
‐1.5
‐15.7
‐3.7
‐20.6
‐3.7
‐49.0
‐7.9
‐1.4
‐12.2
‐11.7
‐3.1
‐15.3
‐10.0
‐100.0
‐12.9
‐10.6
‐6.2
‐2.3
‐31.1
‐37.4
‐3.0
‐3.2
‐59.3
‐10.9

‐6.2
‐3.3
‐3.4
‐2.9
‐2.4
‐3.2
‐2.8
‐5.3
‐4.8
‐5.0
‐4.1
‐7.1
‐3.5
‐6.4
‐4.2
‐3.9
‐3.5
‐3.0
‐6.5
‐9.0
‐6.8
‐8.8
‐5.1
‐4.3
‐3.4
‐5.6
‐3.2
‐3.3
‐8.0
‐4.9
‐4.0
‐4.0
‐5.1
‐6.4
‐5.4
‐5.9
‐6.0
‐7.2
‐5.8
‐4.5
‐6.4

Return to Peak

2011Q4
2011Q4
2011Q4
2011Q4
2011Q4
2011Q4
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q1
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q2
2012Q3
2012Q3
2012Q3
2012Q3
2012Q3
2012Q3
2012Q3
2012Q3
2012Q3
2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Charlottesville, VA  
Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO  
El Centro, CA  
Elizabethtown, KY  
Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN  
La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN  
Las Cruces, NM  
Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA  
Rochester, MN  
San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA  
Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ  
Baton Rouge, LA  
Billings, MT  
Bowling Green, KY  
Cheyenne, WY  
Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI  
Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV  
Houma‐Thibodaux, LA  
Missoula, MT  
San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA    
Sherman‐Denison, TX  
Winchester, VA‐WV  
Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC  
Merced, CA  
Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI  
Napa, CA  
New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA    
San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA
Springfield, MA  
Trenton, NJ  
Worcester, MA‐CT  
Amarillo, TX  
Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA  
Green Bay, WI  
Lexington‐Fayette, KY  
Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN  
Ogden‐Clearfield, UT  
Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA    
St. Cloud, MN  
Urban Honolulu, HI  
Wheeling, WV‐OH  

2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q2
2007Q4
2008Q1
2007Q4
2007Q4
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q2
2007Q1
2007Q4
2008Q4
2007Q1
2008Q1
2007Q3
2007Q1
2008Q3
2007Q3
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2007Q2
2008Q2
2008Q2
2008Q1
2008Q3
2008Q2
2007Q3
2007Q2
2007Q2
2007Q4
2008Q1
2008Q1
2007Q4
2008Q1

3

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐4.2
‐71.8
‐2.8
‐3.8
‐52.3
‐3.0
‐1.3
‐15.3
‐5.6
‐75.6
‐14.2
‐14.1
‐5.0
‐5.2
‐1.9
‐47.4
‐6.4
‐7.3
‐2.8
‐157.6
‐1.5
‐5.1
‐14.5
‐3.6
‐115.3
‐5.9
‐397.5
‐9.5
‐9.4
‐6.5
‐17.8
‐4.4
‐4.5
‐6.9
‐15.0
‐38.5
‐14.4
‐125.3
‐6.0
‐25.1
‐2.3

‐4.0
‐5.7
‐5.6
‐7.2
‐5.5
‐3.9
‐1.9
‐3.3
‐4.9
‐8.1
‐4.1
‐3.7
‐6.1
‐7.5
‐4.3
‐9.7
‐6.3
‐7.4
‐4.8
‐7.6
‐3.5
‐8.7
‐5.1
‐6.0
‐6.2
‐9.0
‐4.5
‐9.0
‐3.5
‐2.7
‐4.8
‐3.8
‐5.9
‐4.0
‐5.9
‐6.3
‐6.5
‐7.0
‐5.8
‐5.5
‐3.3

Return to Peak

2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4
2012Q4
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q1
2013Q2
2013Q2
2013Q2
2013Q2
2013Q2
2013Q2
2013Q2
2013Q2
2013Q2
2013Q3
2013Q3
2013Q3
2013Q3
2013Q3
2013Q3
2013Q3
2013Q3
2013Q3
2013Q3

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC  
Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC  
Madera, CA  
Mankato‐North Mankato, MN  
Midland, MI  
Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA  
Richmond, VA  
San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA  
Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA  
Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC  
Boise City, ID  
Columbia, SC  
Great Falls, MT  
Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL  
Rochester, NY  
Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD  
Tyler, TX  
Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY  
Appleton, WI  
Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA  
Barnstable Town, MA  
Colorado Springs, CO  
Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL  
Greenville, NC  
Kansas City, MO‐KS  
Knoxville, TN  
Lake Charles, LA  
Logan, UT‐ID  
Olympia‐Tumwater, WA  
Pueblo, CO  
Savannah, GA  
Springfield, MO  
Tuscaloosa, AL  
Waco, TX  
Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY  
Canton‐Massillon, OH  
Coeur d`Alene, ID  
Gainesville, GA  
Harrisonburg, VA  
Huntsville, AL  
Kankakee, IL  

2007Q4
2008Q1
2007Q4
2007Q3
2008Q1
2008Q1
2007Q3
2007Q3
2007Q4
2008Q2
2007Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q3
2008Q2
2008Q3
2007Q3
2007Q2
2007Q3
2008Q1
2007Q4
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q2
2007Q2
2008Q3
2008Q2
2007Q2
2007Q3
2008Q2
2008Q4
2008Q3
2007Q4
2008Q3
2008Q1
2007Q2
2008Q2
2008Q1

4

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐88.9
‐33.9
‐3.2
‐3.5
‐2.1
‐80.7
‐35.9
‐98.1
‐12.0
‐9.0
‐25.7
‐25.2
‐1.0
‐101.7
‐18.5
‐4.2
‐3.8
‐17.0
‐5.7
‐204.6
‐5.1
‐16.1
‐6.3
‐3.8
‐55.7
‐20.4
‐7.4
‐4.8
‐6.1
‐1.9
‐12.4
‐11.3
‐6.5
‐2.6
‐18.5
‐15.2
‐5.4
‐8.1
‐3.2
‐7.2
‐2.3

‐8.6
‐8.8
‐8.9
‐6.3
‐5.6
‐7.7
‐5.8
‐7.4
‐6.9
‐4.1
‐9.2
‐6.8
‐2.9
‐9.4
‐3.5
‐4.8
‐3.9
‐3.8
‐4.7
‐8.3
‐5.3
‐6.2
‐9.4
‐4.9
‐5.5
‐5.4
‐7.8
‐8.4
‐5.8
‐3.2
‐7.7
‐5.6
‐6.5
‐2.4
‐3.3
‐8.8
‐9.3
‐10.2
‐4.9
‐3.4
‐5.1

Return to Peak

2013Q4
2013Q4
2013Q4
2013Q4
2013Q4
2013Q4
2013Q4
2013Q4
2013Q4
2014Q1
2014Q1
2014Q1
2014Q1
2014Q1
2014Q1
2014Q1
2014Q1
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q2
2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q3

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Lancaster, PA  
Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL    
Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA  
Topeka, KS  
Wenatchee, WA  
Abilene, TX  
Asheville, NC  
Battle Creek, MI  
Bellingham, WA  
Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL  
Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN  
Columbus, GA‐AL  
Evansville, IN‐KY  
Fresno, CA  
Hammond, LA  
Idaho Falls, ID  
Jackson, MS  
Jackson, TN  
Lawrence, KS  
Longview, WA  
Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA    
Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL  
Reading, PA  
Salinas, CA  
Spartanburg, SC  
Tulsa, OK  
Visalia‐Porterville, CA  
Walla Walla, WA  
Yakima, WA  
Athens‐Clarke County, GA  
Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX  
Chico, CA  
Dover, DE  
Eau Claire, WI  
Farmington, NM  
Hattiesburg, MS  
Joplin, MO  
Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI  
Modesto, CA  
Panama City, FL  
Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA  

2008Q1
2007Q2
2007Q3
2008Q4
2008Q2
2008Q3
2008Q1
2007Q2
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q4
2008Q2
2007Q1
2007Q3
2008Q1
2008Q2
2007Q4
2007Q3
2008Q1
2007Q3
2007Q3
2007Q1
2008Q2
2007Q4
2008Q1
2008Q3
2007Q4
2008Q3
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q3
2007Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q3
2007Q3
2008Q3
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q1
2007Q2

5

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐13.7
‐241.3
‐147.4
‐3.5
‐2.5
‐3.1
‐12.3
‐4.2
‐7.0
‐38.2
‐70.1
‐5.2
‐8.6
‐29.2
‐1.9
‐3.4
‐13.1
‐5.3
‐2.9
‐3.0
‐522.5
‐23.3
‐9.9
‐8.8
‐13.8
‐30.1
‐8.8
‐1.1
‐2.6
‐7.3
‐9.7
‐8.1
‐4.5
‐5.3
‐5.0
‐3.1
‐2.8
‐8.2
‐16.1
‐5.4
‐11.4

‐5.7
‐9.9
‐11.4
‐3.2
‐6.2
‐4.6
‐6.9
‐7.1
‐8.1
‐16.3
‐6.7
‐4.3
‐5.5
‐9.3
‐4.2
‐5.6
‐4.8
‐8.1
‐5.6
‐7.7
‐9.1
‐17.5
‐5.6
‐6.7
‐9.9
‐6.8
‐7.6
‐4.1
‐3.3
‐7.9
‐5.7
‐10.5
‐6.7
‐6.3
‐9.4
‐5.1
‐3.5
‐11.3
‐9.8
‐6.7
‐11.8

Return to Peak

2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q3
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2014Q4
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Santa Rosa, CA  
St. George, UT  
Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA  
Wilmington, NC  
Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT  
Duluth, MN‐WI  
Jacksonville, FL  
Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR  
Manchester‐Nashua, NH  
Portland‐South Portland, ME  
Salem, OR  
Salisbury, MD‐DE  
Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA  
Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA  
Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL  
Bend‐Redmond, OR  
Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA  
Gainesville, FL  
Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA  
North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL  
Stockton‐Lodi, CA  
Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI    
Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL  
Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA  
Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD
Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ  
Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA  
Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT  
Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA  
Lewiston‐Auburn, ME  
Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐N
Port St. Lucie, FL  
Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL  
Lansing‐East Lansing, MI  
Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV  
Lewiston, ID‐WA  
Punta Gorda, FL  
Winston‐Salem, NC  
Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL  
Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA  
Chattanooga, TN‐GA  

2007Q2
2007Q4
2007Q3
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2007Q2
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q1
2008Q1
2007Q3
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q1
2008Q1
2007Q4
2008Q2
2007Q1
2007Q3
2008Q1
2007Q2
2007Q3
2008Q1
2007Q3
2007Q3
2008Q1
2008Q2
2007Q4
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q1
2007Q4
2007Q2
2007Q4
2007Q1
2008Q1
2007Q2
2007Q1
2008Q1

6

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐24.1
‐9.3
‐11.8
‐10.1
‐32.7
‐6.7
‐57.1
‐14.9
‐12.4
‐12.5
‐12.2
‐9.3
‐12.1
‐15.9
‐139.4
‐11.1
‐4.4
‐8.3
‐15.4
‐41.1
‐25.8
‐331.6
‐21.6
‐26.5
‐137.3
‐237.3
‐100.1
‐40.6
‐7.5
‐2.8
‐17.8
‐15.7
‐10.3
‐15.2
‐128.6
‐2.5
‐5.1
‐22.7
‐19.2
‐53.8
‐22.6

‐12.5
‐16.9
‐9.0
‐8.5
‐7.4
‐5.0
‐9.0
‐4.3
‐6.0
‐4.6
‐8.0
‐6.1
‐4.6
‐6.7
‐11.3
‐15.4
‐5.0
‐6.1
‐4.6
‐14.8
‐12.0
‐7.3
‐10.3
‐8.9
‐4.9
‐12.3
‐10.9
‐6.3
‐6.1
‐5.4
‐11.3
‐11.5
‐9.6
‐6.7
‐13.8
‐8.8
‐11.2
‐8.7
‐10.1
‐7.4
‐9.1

Return to Peak

2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q1
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q2
2015Q3
2015Q3
2015Q3
2015Q3
2015Q3
2015Q3
2015Q4
2015Q4
2015Q4
2015Q4
2015Q4
2015Q4
2016Q1
2016Q1
2016Q1
2016Q1
2016Q1
2016Q2
2016Q2
2016Q2
2016Q2
2016Q2
2016Q2
2016Q3
2016Q3
2016Q4

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Elkhart‐Goshen, IN  
Fond du Lac, WI  
Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC  
Medford, OR  
Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA  
Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL  
Pocatello, ID  
Flagstaff, AZ  
Hot Springs, AR  
Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI  
Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI  
Tallahassee, FL  
Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC  
Hanford‐Corcoran, CA  
Tucson, AZ  
Greensboro‐High Point, NC  
Monroe, MI  
Bloomington, IN  
Burlington, NC  
Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA  
Grants Pass, OR  
Akron, OH  
Albuquerque, NM  
Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI    
Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR  
Muskegon, MI  
St. Louis, MO‐IL  
York‐Hanover, PA  
Birmingham‐Hoover, AL  
Bloomington‐Normal, IL  
Cleveland‐Elyria, OH  
Fayetteville, NC  
Fort Wayne, IN  
Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL  
Yuma, AZ  
Bangor, ME  
Macon, GA  
Prescott, AZ  
Gadsden, AL  
Reno, NV  
Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL  

2007Q2
2007Q4
2007Q4
2007Q2
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q2
2007Q4
2007Q3
2008Q3
2007Q2
2007Q2
2007Q2
2008Q3
2007Q3
2008Q2
2007Q1
2008Q1
2008Q2
2007Q1
2007Q4
2007Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2007Q1
2008Q3
2007Q1
2008Q4
2007Q1
2007Q1
2008Q2
2008Q2
2008Q2
2007Q1
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q1

7

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐35.0
‐4.6
‐9.7
‐9.8
‐4.2
‐17.8
‐4.0
‐5.3
‐2.4
‐11.3
‐57.1
‐12.9
‐46.4
‐2.7
‐33.1
‐35.9
‐6.5
‐4.0
‐6.8
‐4.8
‐3.3
‐27.6
‐29.2
‐254.3
‐52.3
‐7.3
‐80.3
‐11.6
‐44.3
‐4.1
‐87.9
‐2.3
‐21.1
‐21.7
‐4.8
‐3.9
‐8.2
‐10.7
‐3.2
‐36.5
‐6.6

‐26.8
‐9.3
‐12.9
‐11.6
‐8.6
‐10.3
‐10.9
‐8.0
‐6.0
‐7.7
‐6.6
‐7.3
‐6.0
‐7.1
‐8.6
‐9.7
‐14.8
‐5.2
‐10.9
‐7.9
‐12.8
‐8.0
‐7.3
‐12.9
‐8.1
‐11.1
‐5.9
‐6.3
‐8.3
‐4.2
‐8.2
‐1.8
‐9.6
‐10.1
‐8.9
‐5.3
‐8.0
‐16.4
‐8.3
‐16.2
‐13.1

Return to Peak

2016Q4
2016Q4
2016Q4
2016Q4
2016Q4
2016Q4
2016Q4
2017Q1
2017Q1
2017Q1
2017Q1
2017Q1
2017Q1
2017Q2
2017Q2
2017Q3
2017Q3
2017Q4
2017Q4
2017Q4
2017Q4
2018Q1
2018Q1
2018Q1
2018Q1
2018Q1
2018Q1
2018Q1
2018Q2
2018Q2
2018Q2
2018Q2
2018Q2
2018Q2
2018Q2
2018Q3
2018Q3
2018Q3
2018Q4
2018Q4
2018Q4

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Gettysburg, PA  
Glens Falls, NY  
New Haven‐Milford, CT  
Ocala, FL  
Valdosta, GA  
Monroe, LA  
Wausau, WI  
Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV  
Janesville‐Beloit, WI  
Redding, CA  
Sebring, FL  
Rome, GA  
Saginaw, MI  
Sheboygan, WI  
Erie, PA  
Eugene, OR  
Florence, SC  
Grand Junction, CO  
Albany, OR  
Morristown, TN  
Wichita, KS  
Gulfport‐Biloxi, MS  
Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH  
Albany, GA  
Alexandria, LA  
Altoona, PA  
Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL  
Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ  
Bay City, MI  
Binghamton, NY  
Brunswick, GA  
Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL  
Carbondale‐Marion, IL  
Carson City, NV  
Champaign‐Urbana, IL  
Charleston, WV  
Dalton, GA  
Danville, IL  
Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL  
Dayton, OH  
Decatur, AL  

2007Q2
2007Q4
2008Q1
2007Q1
2008Q1
2007Q3
2007Q3
2008Q2
2007Q4
2007Q1
2007Q3
2007Q2
2007Q1
2007Q2
2007Q2
2008Q1
2007Q4
2008Q3
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q2
2008Q2
2008Q3
2007Q1
2008Q1
2007Q4
2007Q1
2007Q1
2007Q3
2008Q3
2008Q1
2007Q2
2007Q1
2007Q1
2008Q3
2008Q4
2007Q1
2007Q2
2008Q1
2007Q1
2008Q1

8

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐3.2
‐2.7
‐27.1
‐17.6
‐5.2
‐3.9
‐7.8
‐2.4
‐9.3
‐9.1
‐4.1
‐4.1
‐8.3
‐7.4
‐8.7
‐17.0
‐8.7
‐7.9
‐4.9
‐5.9
‐26.6
‐10.6
‐8.2
‐4.5
‐5.1
‐3.2
‐7.8
‐15.8
‐2.5
‐10.1
‐6.3
‐3.2
‐2.4
‐5.8
‐9.6
‐4.4
‐16.4
‐2.6
‐12.9
‐34.8
‐6.5

‐9.1
‐4.7
‐7.1
‐16.4
‐9.0
‐5.0
‐10.4
‐5.5
‐13.3
‐13.6
‐15.1
‐9.7
‐9.1
‐11.5
‐6.5
‐10.8
‐9.9
‐11.9
‐11.2
‐12.3
‐8.6
‐6.6
‐5.6
‐7.0
‐7.6
‐5.1
‐14.5
‐10.5
‐6.5
‐8.8
‐13.6
‐6.9
‐4.3
‐17.3
‐8.4
‐3.4
‐20.6
‐8.2
‐6.8
‐8.8
‐11.0

Return to Peak

2019Q1
2019Q1
2019Q1
2019Q1
2019Q1
2019Q2
2019Q2
2019Q3
2019Q4
2019Q4
2019Q4
2020Q1
2020Q1
2020Q1
2020Q2
2020Q2
2020Q2
2020Q2
2020Q4
2021Q1
2021Q1
2021Q2
2021Q4
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Decatur, IL  
Dothan, AL  
East Stroudsburg, PA  
Elmira, NY  
Flint, MI  
Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL  
Fort Smith, AR‐OK  
Goldsboro, NC  
Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC  
Homosassa Springs, FL  
Jackson, MI  
Jefferson City, MO  
Johnson City, TN  
Johnstown, PA  
Kingston, NY  
Kokomo, IN  
Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ  
Lawton, OK  
Lima, OH  
Lynchburg, VA  
Mansfield, OH  
Michigan City‐La Porte, IN  
Mobile, AL  
Montgomery, AL  
Muncie, IN  
New Bern, NC  
Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI  
Norwich‐New London, CT  
Ocean City, NJ  
Peoria, IL  
Pine Bluff, AR  
Pittsfield, MA  
Racine, WI  
Roanoke, VA  
Rockford, IL  
Rocky Mount, NC  
Santa Fe, NM  
Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA  
Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ  
South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI  
Springfield, OH  

2008Q4
2007Q1
2008Q1
2007Q4
2007Q1
2007Q1
2007Q4
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q1
2007Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2007Q1
2007Q2
2007Q1
2009Q4
2007Q1
2008Q3
2007Q1
2007Q1
2008Q2
2008Q1
2007Q2
2007Q1
2007Q3
2008Q2
2007Q1
2008Q3
2007Q1
2007Q1
2007Q4
2007Q1
2007Q2
2007Q2
2007Q4
2008Q1
2008Q2
2007Q2
2008Q1

9

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐3.7
‐7.3
‐6.9
‐2.3
‐18.9
‐3.4
‐11.0
‐3.2
‐20.8
‐5.1
‐6.5
‐4.4
‐5.2
‐2.8
‐4.3
‐9.5
‐10.3
‐0.2
‐4.4
‐8.1
‐6.6
‐5.1
‐12.8
‐14.2
‐4.6
‐4.4
‐6.9
‐11.8
‐4.2
‐15.9
‐5.5
‐3.0
‐6.8
‐9.6
‐19.7
‐9.6
‐5.6
‐6.7
‐4.5
‐13.7
‐4.4

‐6.7
‐11.5
‐11.1
‐5.6
‐12.4
‐6.0
‐9.0
‐7.0
‐12.8
‐13.3
‐11.0
‐5.5
‐6.5
‐4.6
‐6.8
‐22.3
‐18.7
‐0.5
‐7.9
‐7.4
‐11.4
‐10.8
‐6.9
‐7.9
‐8.6
‐9.4
‐10.5
‐8.6
‐9.6
‐8.4
‐13.9
‐4.7
‐8.4
‐5.9
‐12.2
‐14.4
‐8.5
‐3.4
‐11.5
‐9.5
‐8.3

Return to Peak

after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021

 Table 1: Return to Peak Employment
(Employment Peak Before the Late 2000s Recession)
Pre-Recession
Peak

Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA  
Sumter, SC  
Syracuse, NY  
Terre Haute, IN  
Texarkana, TX‐AR  
Toledo, OH  
Utica‐Rome, NY  
Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ  
Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH  
Wichita Falls, TX  
Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA  
Yuba City, CA  

2008Q1
2007Q1
2008Q3
2007Q3
2008Q3
2007Q1
2008Q1
2008Q1
2008Q3
2007Q3
2007Q1
2007Q1

10

Job Losses
(thous.) Decline (%)

‐4.1
‐4.4
‐13.0
‐4.6
‐5.0
‐32.4
‐6.1
‐6.3
‐5.9
‐4.6
‐23.1
‐5.7

‐8.0
‐11.0
‐4.0
‐6.2
‐7.9
‐10.4
‐4.6
‐10.2
‐11.9
‐7.3
‐9.6
‐13.3

Return to Peak

after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021
after 2021

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 
 The Villages, FL 
 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 
 El Centro, CA 
 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 
 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 
 Provo‐Orem, UT 
 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 
 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 
 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 
 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 
 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 
 Sioux Falls, SD 
 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 
 Greeley, CO 
 Tucson, AZ 
 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 
 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 
 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 
 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 
 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 
 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 
 St. George, UT 
 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 
 Idaho Falls, ID 
 Ocala, FL 
 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 
 Punta Gorda, FL 
 Yuma, AZ 
 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 
 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 
 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA  (MSA) 
 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX  (MSA) 
 Prescott, AZ 
 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 
 Jacksonville, FL 
 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 
 Manhattan, KS 
 Raleigh, NC 
 Salt Lake City, UT 

11

2015
%

2016
%

3.7
2.4
3.0
1.5
2.7
2.8
6.1
2.7
5.4
3.3
3.9
4.0
2.1
3.4
5.2
1.3
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.6
3.2
3.5
2.1
3.0
4.0
3.1
3.5
2.5
‐1.3
2.8
3.8
3.3
3.4
2.8
3.5
2.5
3.3
2.9
2.7
3.7

3.6
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

 Boise City, ID 
 Salisbury, MD‐DE 
 Columbia, SC 
 Trenton, NJ 
 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL  (MSA) 
 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 
 Fort Collins, CO 
 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 
 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 
 Coeur d`Alene, ID 
 Savannah, GA 
 Bend‐Redmond, OR 
 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 
 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 
 Lake Charles, LA 
 Odessa, TX 
 Logan, UT‐ID 
 Pocatello, ID 
 Baton Rouge, LA 
 Richmond, VA 
 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 
 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 
 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 
 Jonesboro, AR 
 Bakersfield, CA 
 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 
 Columbus, OH 
 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV  (MSA) 
 Owensboro, KY 
 Napa, CA 
 Fresno, CA 
 Barnstable Town, MA 
 Clarksville, TN‐KY 
 Columbus, IN 
 Modesto, CA 
 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 
 Lincoln, NE 
 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 
 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA  (MSA) 
 Gainesville, GA 

12

2015
%

2016
%

2.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.8
2.6
3.1
2.6
2.8
5.0
3.2
4.3
2.1
2.8
5.5
4.5
2.7
2.6
2.1
0.6
2.6
1.6
3.0
4.3
1.1
3.6
2.2
2.0
1.0
2.3
3.3
1.2
2.9
3.5
2.4
2.6
1.7
2.9
3.4
3.1

2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 
 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 
 Port St. Lucie, FL 
 Homosassa Springs, FL 
 Reno, NV 
 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 
 Boulder, CO 
 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 
 Medford, OR 
 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 
 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 
 Jackson, TN 
 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 
 Redding, CA 
 Lewiston, ID‐WA 
 Ann Arbor, MI 
 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 
 Lawrence, KS 
 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 
 Spartanburg, SC 
 Winston‐Salem, NC 
 Springfield, MO 
 Laredo, TX 
 Morristown, TN 
 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 
 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 
 Bowling Green, KY 
 Springfield, MA 
 Columbia, MO 
 Salinas, CA 
 Rome, GA 
 Gainesville, FL 
 Bangor, ME 
 El Paso, TX 
 Wichita, KS 
 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 
 Rocky Mount, NC 
 Albuquerque, NM 
 Huntsville, AL 
 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH  (MSA) 

13

2015
%

2016
%

2.8
2.9
3.4
1.1
3.0
2.8
1.3
2.3
3.5
2.0
2.1
1.5
3.1
2.1
0.3
1.0
1.8
2.1
0.8
2.9
2.0
1.6
2.6
2.3
1.5
2.7
2.3
1.9
2.0
3.2
1.2
2.5
0.9
0.8
0.6
3.7
‐0.6
1.7
1.1
2.3

2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160

 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 
 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 
 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 
 College Station‐Bryan, TX 
 Rochester, MN 
 Monroe, MI 
 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 
 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA  (MSA) 
 Salem, OR 
 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 
 Urban Honolulu, HI 
 Madison, WI 
 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 
 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 
 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 
 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 
 Greenville, NC 
 Rapid City, SD 
 Tuscaloosa, AL 
 Colorado Springs, CO 
 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 
 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 
 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA  (MSA) 
 Saginaw, MI 
 Midland, MI 
 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 
 Santa Rosa, CA 
 Winchester, VA‐WV 
 Columbus, GA‐AL 
 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 
 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 
 Knoxville, TN 
 Asheville, NC 
 Appleton, WI 
 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 
 Elizabethtown, KY 
 Green Bay, WI 
 Valdosta, GA 
 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 
 Chico, CA 

14

2015
%

2016
%

1.5
2.3
2.3
0.7
0.4
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.8
3.8
1.7
2.3
3.3
1.5
1.1
2.3
0.6
1.2
3.0
1.4
2.5
2.6
1.6
1.2
0.9
2.0
2.3
2.7
1.5
2.9
1.1
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.2
2.3
‐0.3
3.8
2.6

1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

 Burlington, NC 
 Lima, OH 
 Akron, OH 
 Corpus Christi, TX 
 Muskegon, MI 
 Sebring, FL 
 Corvallis, OR 
 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 
 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 
 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 
 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 
 Grants Pass, OR 
 Harrisonburg, VA 
 Oklahoma City, OK 
 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 
 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD  (MSA) 
 Kansas City, MO‐KS 
 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 
 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 
 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 
 Warner Robins, GA 
 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 
 Eugene, OR 
 Panama City, FL 
 Dayton, OH 
 Jackson, MS 
 Cleveland, TN 
 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 
 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 
 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 
 Norwich‐New London, CT 
 Tallahassee, FL 
 Bloomington, IN 
 Dalton, GA 
 Lancaster, PA 
 Duluth, MN‐WI 
 Fort Wayne, IN 
 Worcester, MA‐CT 
 Ames, IA 
 Pueblo, CO 

15

2015
%

2016
%

3.0
3.0
1.0
2.2
2.1
3.0
1.8
2.3
1.8
‐1.0
2.2
3.8
1.3
1.9
2.0
1.2
1.8
1.4
1.7
2.7
‐1.0
1.0
2.1
0.9
1.3
1.8
‐0.6
1.0
1.6
1.8
0.8
1.5
0.7
3.1
2.0
0.9
1.4
1.5
2.6
1.7

1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240

 Evansville, IN‐KY 
 Wausau, WI 
 Anchorage, AK 
 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 
 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 
 Madera, CA 
 East Stroudsburg, PA 
 Bloomington‐Normal, IL 
 California‐Lexington Park, MD 
 Wilmington, NC 
 Billings, MT 
 Joplin, MO 
 Topeka, KS 
 Brunswick, GA 
 St. Louis, MO‐IL 
 Portland‐South Portland, ME 
 Kokomo, IN 
 Monroe, LA 
 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 
 Charlottesville, VA 
 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 
 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 
 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 
 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 
 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 
 Mobile, AL 
 Dothan, AL 
 Lubbock, TX 
 Gadsden, AL 
 Hot Springs, AR 
 Springfield, IL 
 Cedar Rapids, IA 
 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS 
 Kingston, NY 
 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 
 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 
 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI  (MSA) 
 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 
 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 
 Reading, PA 

16

2015
%

2016
%

2.3
1.9
0.6
1.5
3.2
‐0.1
0.0
0.1
1.5
2.2
2.3
1.9
0.7
2.3
0.9
1.3
2.2
‐1.2
2.1
2.5
1.6
1.1
‐0.2
1.2
1.7
0.3
1.2
2.0
1.2
1.9
0.6
0.2
‐1.0
0.8
1.8
0.9
1.3
0.1
‐2.2
1.7

1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280

 Bellingham, WA 
 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 
 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 
 Sheboygan, WI 
 Killeen‐Temple, TX 
 New Haven‐Milford, CT 
 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 
 Sumter, SC 
 Merced, CA 
 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 
 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI  (MSA) 
 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 
 Muncie, IN 
 State College, PA 
 Victoria, TX 
 Tyler, TX 
 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 
 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 
 Sherman‐Denison, TX 
 Midland, TX 
 Hinesville, GA 
 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 
 Rochester, NY 
 Pittsburgh, PA 
 Decatur, AL 
 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 
 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 
 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 
 Fayetteville, NC 
 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 
 Carson City, NV 
 Grand Junction, CO 
 St. Cloud, MN 
 Tulsa, OK 
 Glens Falls, NY 
 Montgomery, AL 
 Florence, SC 
 Peoria, IL 
 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 
 Toledo, OH 

17

2015
%

2016
%

3.8
0.3
0.5
2.0
1.4
1.0
1.8
0.3
2.3
0.2
2.2
0.3
1.8
0.9
2.9
1.8
1.8
1.3
0.6
4.5
0.6
0.4
1.1
1.4
‐0.1
1.5
1.5
0.1
0.1
3.0
0.5
1.1
0.4
0.8
1.3
1.2
1.3
‐0.7
0.7
1.4

0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320

 Jefferson City, MO 
 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 
 Syracuse, NY 
 Fond du Lac, WI 
 York‐Hanover, PA 
 Morgantown, WV 
 Beckley, WV 
 Racine, WI 
 Dover, DE 
 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 
 Iowa City, IA 
 Amarillo, TX 
 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 
 Erie, PA 
 Hattiesburg, MS 
 Wenatchee, WA 
 Hammond, LA 
 Las Cruces, NM 
 Yakima, WA 
 Yuba City, CA 
 Canton‐Massillon, OH 
 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 
 Battle Creek, MI 
 Santa Fe, NM 
 Longview, TX 
 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 
 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 
 Eau Claire, WI 
 Johnson City, TN 
 Waco, TX 
 Grand Island, NE 
 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 
 Goldsboro, NC 
 Bay City, MI 
 Lawton, OK 
 Flagstaff, AZ 
 Ithaca, NY 
 Charleston, WV 
 Jackson, MI 
 New Bern, NC 

18

2015
%

2016
%

‐0.2
1.0
0.5
2.0
0.7
‐0.1
‐0.4
‐0.9
0.2
‐1.2
1.3
0.8
0.7
1.2
0.6
3.2
1.6
‐1.0
2.8
2.4
0.8
‐0.4
2.2
0.0
2.3
‐0.3
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.4
‐0.1
‐1.3
‐0.8
0.6
‐1.7
2.2
‐0.9
‐0.5
0.8
0.6

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360

 Albany, OR 
 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 
 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 
 Flint, MI 
 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 
 Lynchburg, VA 
 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 
 Cheyenne, WY 
 Longview, WA 
 Bismarck, ND 
 Terre Haute, IN 
 Roanoke, VA 
 San Angelo, TX 
 Kankakee, IL 
 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 
 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 
 Jacksonville, NC 
 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 
 Utica‐Rome, NY 
 Gettysburg, PA 
 Great Falls, MT 
 Abilene, TX 
 Missoula, MT 
 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 
 Pittsfield, MA 
 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 
 Albany, GA 
 Walla Walla, WA 
 Texarkana, TX‐AR 
 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 
 Binghamton, NY 
 Fairbanks, AK 
 Lebanon, PA 
 Fargo, ND‐MN 
 Alexandria, LA 
 Farmington, NM 
 Rockford, IL 
 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 
 Wheeling, WV‐OH 
 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 

19

2015
%

2016
%

1.5
‐0.8
1.7
1.3
2.0
0.7
2.8
1.4
1.6
3.1
‐0.3
0.0
1.6
0.7
0.7
‐0.4
1.2
0.7
0.8
1.4
‐2.1
1.1
1.9
0.0
0.6
0.8
‐0.5
0.9
‐0.1
‐0.7
‐0.5
0.6
‐1.1
2.1
0.0
2.1
0.8
‐0.2
0.6
‐1.0

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
‐0.1
‐0.1
‐0.1
‐0.2
‐0.2
‐0.3
‐0.3
‐0.3

 Table 2: Job Growth of U.S. Metro Areas
(% change)
Rank 2016 Growth

361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381

 Dubuque, IA 
 Lafayette, LA 
 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN 
 Elmira, NY 
 Decatur, IL 
 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 
 Altoona, PA 
 Johnstown, PA 
 Cumberland, MD‐WV 
 Danville, IL 
 Wichita Falls, TX 
 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 
 Mansfield, OH 
 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 
 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 
 Springfield, OH 
 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA 
 Williamsport, PA 
 Pine Bluff, AR 
 Ocean City, NJ 
 Casper, WY 

20

2015
%

2016
%

1.4
‐0.9
0.1
0.6
‐0.7
‐1.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
2.0
‐1.0
2.3
0.6
‐0.3
‐0.3
1.4
‐1.3
‐0.6
‐4.8
2.2
‐0.1

‐0.3
‐0.3
‐0.3
‐0.4
‐0.4
‐0.5
‐0.5
‐0.5
‐0.5
‐0.5
‐0.6
‐0.6
‐0.6
‐0.6
‐0.7
‐0.9
‐1.0
‐1.1
‐1.2
‐1.4
‐1.5

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

2015

 Cape Coral‐Fort Myers, FL 
 The Villages, FL 
 Austin‐Round Rock, TX 
 Fayetteville‐Springdale‐Rogers, AR‐MO 
 San Jose‐Sunnyvale‐Santa Clara, CA 
 Naples‐Immokalee‐Marco Island, FL 
 Raleigh, NC 
 Orlando‐Kissimmee‐Sanford, FL 
 McAllen‐Edinburg‐Mission, TX 
 Provo‐Orem, UT 
 Las Vegas‐Henderson‐Paradise, NV 
 Ocala, FL 
 Fort Collins, CO 
 California‐Lexington Park, MD 
 San Francisco‐Oakland‐Hayward, CA  
 St. George, UT 
 Lakeland‐Winter Haven, FL 
 Charlotte‐Concord‐Gastonia, NC‐SC 
 Punta Gorda, FL 
 North Port‐Sarasota‐Bradenton, FL 
 Sioux Falls, SD 
 Phoenix‐Mesa‐Scottsdale, AZ 
 Tampa‐St. Petersburg‐Clearwater, FL 
 Charleston‐North Charleston, SC 
 Medford, OR 
 Durham‐Chapel Hill, NC 
 Denver‐Aurora‐Lakewood, CO 
 Brownsville‐Harlingen, TX 
 Miami‐Fort Lauderdale‐West Palm Beach, FL  
 Columbia, MO 
 San Antonio‐New Braunfels, TX 
 Myrtle Beach‐North Myrtle Beach‐Conway, SC‐NC 
 Daphne‐Fairhope‐Foley, AL 
 Reno, NV 
 Corpus Christi, TX 
 Columbia, SC 
 Sebring, FL 
 Dallas‐Fort Worth‐Arlington, TX  
 Atlanta‐Sandy Springs‐Roswell, GA 
 Jonesboro, AR 

21

        24.6
          2.3
      120.2
        25.7
      229.7
        17.0
        75.4
      123.4
        18.8
        20.6
      101.5
          8.2
        15.3
          6.3
      437.6
          4.5
        19.4
      150.5
          3.7
        28.8
        19.0
      225.5
      134.5
        35.8
          7.4
        45.5
      194.6
          9.5
      316.8
          8.3
      109.2
        16.2
          6.8
        21.9
        25.3
        37.6
          2.0
      527.2
      340.5
          4.8

2016

        26.2
          2.4
      127.9
        27.3
      243.1
        18.1
        79.9
      130.8
        20.0
        21.9
      107.6
          8.7
        16.2
          6.6
      461.5
          4.8
        20.5
      158.8
          3.9
        30.3
        20.1
      238.0
      141.8
        37.7
          7.8
        48.0
      205.4
        10.0
      333.6
          8.7
      115.5
        17.1
          7.2
        23.1
        26.7
        39.6
          2.1
      557.4
      358.0
          5.1

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          6.5
          6.1
          6.5
          6.1
          5.8
          6.1
          5.9
          6.0
          6.4
          6.3
          6.0
          5.8
          6.0
          5.0
          5.5
          6.1
          5.5
          5.5
          5.6
          5.5
          5.6
          5.6
          5.4
          5.5
          5.2
          5.4
          5.5
          5.8
          5.3
          5.5
          5.8
          5.5
          5.4
          5.5
          5.7
          5.3
          4.8
          5.7
          5.1
          5.4

4.6
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

2015

 Laredo, TX 
 Rochester, MN 
 Little Rock‐North Little Rock‐Conway, AR 
 Homosassa Springs, FL 
 Yuma, AZ 
 Hammond, LA 
 Salt Lake City, UT 
 Killeen‐Temple, TX 
 Deltona‐Daytona Beach‐Ormond Beach, FL 
 Nashville‐Davidson‐‐Murfreesboro‐‐Franklin, TN 
 Gainesville, FL 
 Portland‐Vancouver‐Hillsboro, OR‐WA 
 Grants Pass, OR 
 Jacksonville, FL 
 Columbus, OH 
 Madison, WI 
 Boise City, ID 
 Seattle‐Tacoma‐Bellevue, WA  
 Lake Charles, LA 
 College Station‐Bryan, TX 
 Port St. Lucie, FL 
 Mankato‐North Mankato, MN 
 El Centro, CA 
 Vallejo‐Fairfield, CA 
 Waco, TX 
 Beaumont‐Port Arthur, TX 
 Springfield, MO 
 Omaha‐Council Bluffs, NE‐IA 
 Manchester‐Nashua, NH 
 Bend‐Redmond, OR 
 Ogden‐Clearfield, UT 
 Greenville‐Mauldin‐Easley, SC 
 Prescott, AZ 
 Lewiston‐Auburn, ME 
 Jackson, MS 
 Palm Bay‐Melbourne‐Titusville, FL 
 Bridgeport‐Stamford‐Norwalk, CT 
 Washington‐Arlington‐Alexandria, DC‐VA‐MD‐WV  
 Sacramento‐‐Roseville‐‐Arden‐Arcade, CA 
 Des Moines‐West Des Moines, IA 

22

          8.2
        11.2
        38.9
          3.0
          5.5
          3.9
        78.7
        16.5
        15.4
      110.3
        12.1
      167.8
          2.1
        68.2
      121.3
        45.0
        30.0
      315.4
        14.9
          9.3
        12.3
          4.9
          5.8
        18.9
        11.1
        24.3
        18.0
        58.7
        25.0
          7.4
        24.8
        38.0
          5.0
          4.1
        29.6
        19.4
      100.5
      489.2
      117.9
        45.6

2016

          8.7
        11.8
        40.9
          3.1
          5.8
          4.1
        83.0
        17.4
        16.2
      115.9
        12.8
      176.6
          2.2
        71.6
      127.5
        47.3
        31.6
      330.4
        15.7
          9.9
        12.9
          5.1
          6.1
        19.9
        11.7
        25.6
        18.9
        61.5
        26.2
          7.8
        26.1
        39.8
          5.3
          4.3
        31.1
        20.3
      105.3
      513.2
      123.7
        47.8

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          6.0
          5.3
          5.1
          5.2
          5.3
          5.0
          5.4
          5.6
          5.2
          5.1
          5.2
          5.3
          4.7
          5.0
          5.1
          5.0
          5.2
          4.8
          5.3
          6.0
          5.0
          4.2
          4.8
          5.1
          5.5
          5.6
          4.9
          4.8
          4.8
          4.7
          5.2
          4.8
          5.1
          4.8
          4.9
          4.9
          4.8
          4.9
          4.9
          4.7

3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

2015

 Kokomo, IN 
 Lawrence, KS 
 Ann Arbor, MI 
 Baton Rouge, LA 
 Lubbock, TX 
 Manhattan, KS 
 Stockton‐Lodi, CA 
 Pueblo, CO 
 Riverside‐San Bernardino‐Ontario, CA 
 San Luis Obispo‐Paso Robles‐Arroyo Grande, CA 
 Tucson, AZ 
 Lincoln, NE 
 Indianapolis‐Carmel, IN 
 Colorado Springs, CO 
 Coeur d`Alene, ID 
 Rocky Mount, NC 
 Monroe, LA 
 Minneapolis‐St. Paul‐Bloomington, MN‐WI 
 San Diego‐Carlsbad, CA 
 Logan, UT‐ID 
 Spartanburg, SC 
 Louisville‐Jefferson County, KY‐IN 
 Sebastian‐Vero Beach, FL 
 Oxnard‐Thousand Oaks‐Ventura, CA 
 Boulder, CO 
 Richmond, VA 
 El Paso, TX 
 Greenville, NC 
 Monroe, MI 
 Joplin, MO 
 Billings, MT 
 Boston‐Cambridge‐Newton, MA‐NH  
 Los Angeles‐Long Beach‐Anaheim, CA  
 Huntsville, AL 
 Gainesville, GA 
 Cheyenne, WY 
 Bowling Green, KY 
 Idaho Falls, ID 
 Cincinnati, OH‐KY‐IN 
 St. Cloud, MN 

23

          4.4
          4.0
        20.8
        52.4
        13.7
          3.1
        24.6
          5.0
      141.2
        13.8
        37.0
        18.5
      130.8
        30.2
          5.1
          6.2
          7.2
      248.7
      216.9
          4.4
        13.9
        69.9
          5.0
        48.5
        23.1
        72.8
        28.7
          7.7
          4.8
          6.6
          9.9
      395.2
      907.1
        24.8
          8.5
          5.4
          6.4
          6.0
      125.2
          9.3

2016

          4.6
          4.2
        21.8
        55.0
        14.4
          3.3
        25.7
          5.2
      147.9
        14.4
        38.8
        19.4
      136.9
        31.7
          5.4
          6.5
          7.6
      260.4
      227.1
          4.7
        14.6
        73.1
          5.2
        50.7
        24.2
        76.2
        30.1
          8.1
          5.0
          6.9
        10.4
      413.2
      947.3
        25.9
          8.8
          5.6
          6.7
          6.2
      130.8
          9.7

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          4.9
          5.1
          4.8
          4.9
          5.3
          4.3
          4.7
          4.9
          4.7
          4.8
          4.9
          4.8
          4.6
          4.9
          4.9
          4.8
          4.5
          4.7
          4.7
          5.0
          4.7
          4.6
          4.7
          4.5
          4.7
          4.6
          4.8
          4.8
          4.5
          4.5
          4.6
          4.6
          4.4
          4.6
          4.6
          3.8
          4.6
          4.6
          4.5
          4.5

3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160

2015

 Eugene, OR 
 Savannah, GA 
 Salem, OR 
 Spokane‐Spokane Valley, WA 
 Kennewick‐Richland, WA 
 Trenton, NJ 
 New York‐Newark‐Jersey City, NY‐NJ‐PA  
 Baltimore‐Columbia‐Towson, MD 
 Pensacola‐Ferry Pass‐Brent, FL 
 Sherman‐Denison, TX 
 Tallahassee, FL 
 Texarkana, TX‐AR 
 Bangor, ME 
 Lawton, OK 
 Burlington, NC 
 Rapid City, SD 
 Hot Springs, AR 
 Winston‐Salem, NC 
 Yakima, WA 
 Ames, IA 
 Jefferson City, MO 
 Redding, CA 
 Greensboro‐High Point, NC 
 Kansas City, MO‐KS 
 Burlington‐South Burlington, VT 
 Walla Walla, WA 
 Jackson, TN 
 Panama City, FL 
 Duluth, MN‐WI 
 Mount Vernon‐Anacortes, WA 
 Owensboro, KY 
 Wausau, WI 
 Lansing‐East Lansing, MI 
 Bellingham, WA 
 Philadelphia‐Camden‐Wilmington, PA‐NJ‐DE‐MD  
 Kingston, NY 
 Grand Rapids‐Wyoming, MI 
 Harrisburg‐Carlisle, PA 
 Morristown, TN 
 Elizabethtown, KY 

24

        14.1
        16.8
        14.3
        23.1
        11.9
        31.1
   1,612.6
      180.5
        16.7
          4.0
        14.7
          5.1
          5.7
          4.7
          5.4
          6.1
          3.4
        29.7
          9.1
          4.8
          6.5
          5.8
        40.5
      122.5
        12.9
          2.6
          6.1
          8.0
        12.4
          5.5
          5.7
          7.1
        21.6
        10.4
      401.8
          5.5
        54.0
        33.1
          3.8
          6.1

2016

        14.7
        17.6
        14.9
        24.1
        12.4
        32.5
   1,685.3
      188.5
        17.4
          4.2
        15.4
          5.3
          5.9
          4.9
          5.7
          6.4
          3.5
        31.0
          9.5
          5.0
          6.8
          6.1
        42.2
      127.9
        13.4
          2.7
          6.3
          8.4
        12.9
          5.7
          5.9
          7.4
        22.5
        10.9
      418.9
          5.7
        56.2
        34.5
          4.0
          6.4

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          4.2
          4.5
          4.3
          4.4
          4.4
          4.4
          4.5
          4.4
          4.5
          5.0
          4.5
          4.7
          4.4
          5.0
          4.5
          4.6
          4.5
          4.3
          4.1
          4.2
          4.3
          4.5
          4.2
          4.3
          4.3
          3.5
          4.4
          4.3
          4.5
          4.1
          4.4
          4.3
          4.2
          4.1
          4.3
          4.2
          4.1
          4.3
          4.2
          4.3

2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

2015

 Corvallis, OR 
 Napa, CA 
 Crestview‐Fort Walton Beach‐Destin, FL 
 Olympia‐Tumwater, WA 
 Tuscaloosa, AL 
 Alexandria, LA 
 Dalton, GA 
 Janesville‐Beloit, WI 
 Evansville, IN‐KY 
 Lafayette‐West Lafayette, IN 
 Visalia‐Porterville, CA 
 Milwaukee‐Waukesha‐West Allis, WI 
 Green Bay, WI 
 Kalamazoo‐Portage, MI 
 Fresno, CA 
 Augusta‐Richmond County, GA‐SC 
 Bakersfield, CA 
 Warner Robins, GA 
 Saginaw, MI 
 Chattanooga, TN‐GA 
 Memphis, TN‐MS‐AR 
 Modesto, CA 
 Cedar Rapids, IA 
 Lexington‐Fayette, KY 
 Knoxville, TN 
 Auburn‐Opelika, AL 
 Gulfport‐Biloxi‐Pascagoula, MS 
 South Bend‐Mishawaka, IN‐MI 
 Salisbury, MD‐DE 
 Wilmington, NC 
 Norwich‐New London, CT 
 Portland‐South Portland, ME 
 Buffalo‐Cheektowaga‐Niagara Falls, NY 
 Topeka, KS 
 Pocatello, ID 
 Allentown‐Bethlehem‐Easton, PA‐NJ 
 Scranton‐‐Wilkes‐Barre‐‐Hazleton, PA 
 Sheboygan, WI 
 Ithaca, NY 
 Albany‐Schenectady‐Troy, NY 

          4.8
          9.2
        12.4
        10.6
        10.8
          5.4
          6.1
          6.2
        17.1
        10.0
        14.2
        99.0
        18.0
        14.6
        38.9
        22.0
        40.8
          6.8
          7.8
        23.2
        71.3
        18.7
        17.9
        27.2
        38.5
          5.1
        15.7
        13.8
        14.7
        13.5
        15.9
        27.8
        56.7
        10.0
          2.6
        36.5
        22.6
          6.5
          4.7
        51.1

25

2016

          5.0
          9.6
        12.9
        11.0
        11.3
          5.7
          6.4
          6.5
        17.9
        10.4
        14.8
      103.1
        18.7
        15.2
        40.5
        22.9
        42.6
          7.1
          8.1
        24.1
        74.1
        19.5
        18.6
        28.3
        40.0
          5.4
        16.3
        14.3
        15.3
        14.1
        16.5
        28.9
        59.0
        10.4
          2.7
        38.0
        23.5
          6.7
          4.9
        53.1

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          4.0
          4.2
          4.3
          4.2
          4.2
          4.4
          4.2
          4.1
          4.3
          4.3
          3.9
          4.1
          4.3
          4.2
          4.2
          4.1
          4.3
          4.1
          4.2
          4.0
          3.9
          4.1
          3.8
          4.2
          4.0
          4.0
          4.3
          4.2
          4.1
          4.2
          3.9
          4.0
          4.0
          4.2
          4.2
          4.0
          4.0
          4.0
          4.2
          4.0

2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240

2015

 East Stroudsburg, PA 
 Providence‐Warwick, RI‐MA 
 Birmingham‐Hoover, AL 
 Carson City, NV 
 Valdosta, GA 
 Appleton, WI 
 Bay City, MI 
 Muskegon, MI 
 Asheville, NC 
 Cleveland‐Elyria, OH 
 Racine, WI 
 Iowa City, IA 
 Albuquerque, NM 
 Rome, GA 
 Madera, CA 
 Akron, OH 
 Hilton Head Island‐Bluffton‐Beaufort, SC 
 Hattiesburg, MS 
 St. Louis, MO‐IL 
 Cleveland, TN 
 Dayton, OH 
 Amarillo, TX 
 St. Joseph, MO‐KS 
 Bloomington, IN 
 Chico, CA 
 Chambersburg‐Waynesboro, PA 
 Dover, DE 
 Fort Wayne, IN 
 Virginia Beach‐Norfolk‐Newport News, VA‐NC 
 Santa Maria‐Santa Barbara, CA 
 Columbus, GA‐AL 
 Lima, OH 
 Grand Island, NE 
 Brunswick, GA 
 Detroit‐Warren‐Dearborn, MI  
 Fond du Lac, WI 
 Santa Rosa, CA 
 Pittsburgh, PA 
 La Crosse‐Onalaska, WI‐MN 
 Abilene, TX 

          5.2
        78.2
        65.1
          3.1
          5.0
        12.2
          3.2
          5.8
        17.1
      126.4
          7.5
          9.1
        41.5
          3.5
          4.8
        32.9
          8.1
          5.6
      152.5
          4.2
        38.6
        12.4
          5.7
          6.4
          7.2
          4.9
          6.9
        20.6
        92.7
        24.9
        14.2
          6.0
          4.2
          3.6
      243.5
          4.6
        24.7
      139.7
          6.8
          6.9

26

2016

          5.4
        81.3
        67.7
          3.2
          5.2
        12.7
          3.3
          6.0
        17.8
      131.4
          7.8
          9.4
        43.3
          3.7
          5.0
        34.2
          8.5
          5.9
      158.3
          4.4
        40.2
        13.0
          5.9
          6.7
          7.5
          5.0
          7.2
        21.4
        96.2
        25.8
        14.7
          6.2
          4.4
          3.8
      252.4
          4.8
        25.7
      145.0
          7.1
          7.2

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          3.5
          4.0
          3.9
          4.2
          3.9
          4.0
          3.9
          3.8
          4.1
          3.9
          3.9
          3.7
          4.3
          3.9
          3.7
          3.8
          4.1
          4.0
          3.8
          3.9
          3.9
          4.6
          3.8
          3.9
          3.8
          3.2
          3.8
          3.7
          3.8
          3.8
          3.8
          4.0
          3.0
          3.7
          3.6
          3.7
          3.8
          3.8
          3.8
          4.4

2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280

2015

 New Bern, NC 
 Rochester, NY 
 Sierra Vista‐Douglas, AZ 
 Lancaster, PA 
 Wichita, KS 
 New Haven‐Milford, CT 
 Florence‐Muscle Shoals, AL 
 Huntington‐Ashland, WV‐KY‐OH 
 Bremerton‐Silverdale, WA 
 Elkhart‐Goshen, IN 
 Bloomington‐Normal, IL 
 Toledo, OH 
 Kahului‐Wailuku‐Lahaina, HI 
 Albany, OR 
 Oshkosh‐Neenah, WI 
 Reading, PA 
 Salinas, CA 
 Midland, MI 
 Chicago‐Naperville‐Elgin, IL‐IN‐WI  
 Gadsden, AL 
 Lewiston, ID‐WA 
 Cape Girardeau, MO‐IL 
 Glens Falls, NY 
 Athens‐Clarke County, GA 
 Syracuse, NY 
 Winchester, VA‐WV 
 Eau Claire, WI 
 Sioux City, IA‐NE‐SD 
 Parkersburg‐Vienna, WV 
 Flint, MI 
 Kingsport‐Bristol‐Bristol, TN‐VA 
 Hartford‐West Hartford‐East Hartford, CT 
 Wenatchee, WA 
 Sumter, SC 
 Mobile, AL 
 Binghamton, NY 
 Hickory‐Lenoir‐Morganton, NC 
 Decatur, AL 
 Goldsboro, NC 
 Florence, SC 

          5.0
        54.2
          4.0
        24.6
        30.2
        45.7
          4.9
        14.1
          9.9
        13.6
        11.3
        33.8
          7.9
          3.7
          9.4
        17.3
        21.9
          4.1
      629.3
          3.0
          2.2
          3.7
          4.7
          7.9
        31.9
          5.8
          7.8
          8.9
          3.5
        13.5
        11.6
        87.7
          4.5
          3.8
        18.8
          9.1
        13.0
          5.6
          4.3
          8.1

27

2016

          5.1
        56.2
          4.1
        25.5
        31.4
        47.4
          5.0
        14.6
        10.3
        14.1
        11.7
        35.0
          8.2
          3.8
          9.8
        17.9
        22.7
          4.2
      651.3
          3.1
          2.2
          3.9
          4.9
          8.2
        33.1
          6.0
          8.1
          9.2
          3.6
        14.0
        12.0
        90.7
          4.7
          3.9
        19.4
          9.4
        13.5
          5.8
          4.4
          8.4

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          3.0
          3.6
          3.4
          3.7
          3.7
          3.7
          3.7
          3.9
          3.7
          3.6
          3.8
          3.6
          3.5
          2.5
          3.7
          3.7
          3.4
          3.7
          3.5
          3.6
          3.6
          3.1
          3.5
          3.5
          3.5
          3.6
          3.6
          3.3
          3.6
          3.5
          3.5
          3.4
          3.3
          3.6
          3.5
          3.4
          3.5
          3.4
          3.6
          3.5

1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320

2015

 Great Falls, MT 
 Barnstable Town, MA 
 Lake Havasu City‐Kingman, AZ 
 Las Cruces, NM 
 Bloomsburg‐Berwick, PA 
 Montgomery, AL 
 Clarksville, TN‐KY 
 Dubuque, IA 
 Springfield, MA 
 Muncie, IN 
 Hagerstown‐Martinsburg, MD‐WV 
 Carbondale‐Marion, IL 
 Worcester, MA‐CT 
 Champaign‐Urbana, IL 
 Danville, IL 
 Elmira, NY 
 Beckley, WV 
 Gettysburg, PA 
 Fort Smith, AR‐OK 
 Columbus, IN 
 Oklahoma City, OK 
 Harrisonburg, VA 
 Santa Cruz‐Watsonville, CA 
 Waterloo‐Cedar Falls, IA 
 Weirton‐Steubenville, WV‐OH 
 Urban Honolulu, HI 
 Youngstown‐Warren‐Boardman, OH‐PA 
 Missoula, MT 
 New Orleans‐Metairie, LA 
 State College, PA 
 Cumberland, MD‐WV 
 Utica‐Rome, NY 
 Staunton‐Waynesboro, VA 
 Charlottesville, VA 
 Dothan, AL 
 Watertown‐Fort Drum, NY 
 Hanford‐Corcoran, CA 
 Flagstaff, AZ 
 Jackson, MI 
 Fayetteville, NC 

          3.4
        10.7
          4.0
          6.5
          3.8
        17.3
        11.0
          5.6
        25.5
          3.9
          9.0
          4.7
        38.8
        10.5
          2.9
          3.4
          4.4
          3.0
        10.3
          5.7
        72.7
          7.4
        11.6
          9.5
          3.8
        61.0
        21.3
          5.1
        79.3
          8.0
          3.1
        10.5
          4.8
        12.1
          5.2
          6.4
          5.4
          5.5
          5.9
        17.4

28

2016

          3.5
        11.1
          4.1
          6.8
          3.9
        17.8
        11.4
          5.7
        26.4
          4.0
          9.3
          4.8
        40.1
        10.8
          3.0
          3.5
          4.6
          3.1
        10.6
          5.8
        75.7
          7.7
        12.0
          9.8
          3.9
        62.9
        22.0
          5.3
        82.1
          8.3
          3.2
        10.9
          4.9
        12.5
          5.4
          6.6
          5.6
          5.7
          6.1
        18.0

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          3.6
          3.5
          3.5
          4.0
          2.9
          3.4
          3.5
          3.2
          3.4
          3.5
          3.3
          2.8
          3.3
          3.2
          3.1
          3.2
          3.2
          2.7
          3.6
          3.2
          4.2
          3.1
          3.2
          2.9
          3.3
          3.1
          3.1
          3.2
          3.5
          3.3
          3.2
          3.1
          2.5
          3.1
          3.0
          2.4
          2.8
          3.1
          3.0
          3.2

1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360

2015

 Houston‐The Woodlands‐Sugar Land, TX 
 York‐Hanover, PA 
 Erie, PA 
 Fargo, ND‐MN 
 Merced, CA 
 Canton‐Massillon, OH 
 Roanoke, VA 
 Terre Haute, IN 
 Yuba City, CA 
 Johnson City, TN 
 Longview, WA 
 Springfield, IL 
 Davenport‐Moline‐Rock Island, IA‐IL 
 Wheeling, WV‐OH 
 Michigan City‐La Porte, IN 
 Hinesville, GA 
 Macon‐Bibb County, GA 
 Atlantic City‐Hammonton, NJ 
 Tulsa, OK 
 Jacksonville, NC 
 Altoona, PA 
 Kankakee, IL 
 Decatur, IL 
 Niles‐Benton Harbor, MI 
 Peoria, IL 
 Santa Fe, NM 
 Rockford, IL 
 Blacksburg‐Christiansburg‐Radford, VA 
 Charleston, WV 
 Bismarck, ND 
 Battle Creek, MI 
 Lynchburg, VA 
 Morgantown, WV 
 Anniston‐Oxford‐Jacksonville, AL 
 Vineland‐Bridgeton, NJ 
 Tyler, TX 
 Shreveport‐Bossier City, LA 
 Lebanon, PA 
 Wichita Falls, TX 
 Grand Junction, CO 

      500.8
        17.2
        11.1
        15.8
          7.5
        17.5
        14.5
          6.4
          5.7
          6.5
          3.8
        10.1
        19.5
          7.1
          3.8
          3.7
          9.2
        13.8
        55.7
          8.0
          4.9
          3.9
          6.5
          6.4
        20.7
          6.8
        15.0
          6.9
        13.9
          7.7
          5.8
          9.0
          6.8
          3.9
          5.8
        11.6
        24.1
          4.4
          7.1
          5.3

29

2016

      518.6
        17.8
        11.5
        16.3
          7.7
        18.0
        15.0
          6.6
          5.8
          6.7
          3.9
        10.4
        20.1
          7.3
          3.9
          3.8
          9.4
        14.1
        57.5
          8.2
          5.0
          4.0
          6.7
          6.6
        21.2
          7.1
        15.4
          7.1
        14.3
          8.0
          5.9
          9.3
          7.0
          4.0
          5.9
        12.0
        24.8
          4.5
          7.4
          5.4

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          3.5
          3.1
          3.1
          3.3
          2.7
          3.2
          2.9
          2.9
          2.9
          2.9
          2.6
          2.9
          2.6
          2.8
          2.8
          2.8
          2.8
          2.8
          3.3
          2.8
          2.6
          2.5
          2.5
          2.5
          2.6
          3.5
          2.5
          2.5
          2.9
          3.2
          2.6
          2.5
          3.0
          2.4
          2.5
          3.2
          3.1
          2.3
          3.1
          2.7

1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4

 Table 3: Gross Metropolitan Product of U.S. Metro Areas
(US$, Billions)
Rank Real Growth

361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381

2015

 Albany, GA 
 Anchorage, AK 
 Johnstown, PA 
 Williamsport, PA 
 Grand Forks, ND‐MN 
 Fairbanks, AK 
 Mansfield, OH 
 Greeley, CO 
 Pittsfield, MA 
 Pine Bluff, AR 
 Springfield, OH 
 Odessa, TX 
 Lafayette, LA 
 San Angelo, TX 
 Casper, WY 
 Longview, TX 
 Victoria, TX 
 Farmington, NM 
 Midland, TX 
 Ocean City, NJ 
 Houma‐Thibodaux, LA 

          5.3
        29.7
          4.2
          5.2
          5.0
          5.2
          4.2
        10.2
          6.3
          2.9
          4.1
          9.7
        26.8
          5.3
          6.8
        12.0
          5.7
          6.1
        29.1
          4.8
        12.5

30

2016

          5.4
        30.3
          4.3
          5.3
          5.1
          5.3
          4.2
        10.4
          6.4
          3.0
          4.2
          9.8
        27.3
          5.4
          6.9
        12.2
          5.8
          6.2
        29.6
          4.8
        12.5

Growth (%)
Nominal
Real

          2.1
          2.3
          2.1
          1.9
          2.4
          1.7
          1.8
          2.5
          1.6
          1.7
          1.6
          1.1
          1.8
          2.1
          1.9
          2.1
          1.6
          2.2
          1.9
          0.6
          0.2

0.4
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
‐0.1
‐0.2
‐0.2
‐0.4
‐0.4
‐0.6
‐0.7
‐0.7
‐0.7
‐1.0
‐1.2
‐1.2
‐1.5
‐1.5
‐1.6