Running head: A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 1 A Survey of LGBTQ Experiences, Discrimination, and Perceived Necessity for an LGBTInclusive Human Rights Ordinance in Jacksonville, Florida Danielle Krusemark and Lynne Carroll University of North Florida Author Note Danielle Krusemark, A.A., and Lynne Carroll, Ph.D., ABPP, Department of Psychology, University of North Florida. Thank you to all the organizations and websites, including the Jacksonville Coalition for Equality, that helped us recruit participants. Special thanks to Bridging Out Jax, the Jacksonville Coalition for Equality, and the Jacksonville Council on City Involvement for providing questions six, eight, and nine of our survey and for providing the results of their studies. Finally, thank you to all LGBT Jacksonville residents that took the time to complete our survey. We give permission for any party to disseminate, publish, or otherwise use our report and findings with the following requirements: 1) That our report and findings be represented accurately. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 2) That our report be cited. 3) That a digital or physical copy of our report be offered or made available to any party’s audience. Our contact information may be included as a method for obtaining a digital copy as we will e-mail digital report copies to any interested individuals. These requirements are made with the hope to avoid distortion of our information by others and the belief that all should open access to the original report and findings so that they may reach their own personal conclusions about discrimination against LGBT residents in Jacksonville and whether it is necessary to expand Jacksonville’s HRO to specifically include LGBT persons. Correspondence about this report may be directed to Danielle Krusemark at n00840657@ospreys.unf.edu or Dr. Lynne Carroll at lcarroll@unf.edu. 2 A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 3 Abstract This study assessed LGBT Jacksonville residents’ negative experiences, specific discrimination experiences, and the perceived necessity of a LGBT-inclusive Human Rights Ordinance (HRO) in Jacksonville, Florida. According to our findings, of 211 LGBT survey respondents, the majority (57.4%) reported experiencing some form of discrimination within the past five years. Additionally, the majority of LGBT survey respondents (97%) feel that it is necessary to expand Jacksonville’s Human Rights Ordinance (HRO) to specifically include LGBT persons. Keywords: LGBT, discrimination, Human Rights Ordinance, Jacksonville, FL A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 4 A Survey of LGBTQ Experiences, Discrimination, and Perceived Necessity for an LGBTInclusive Human Rights Ordinance in Jacksonville, Florida In 2009, a Jacksonville Council on Citizen Involvement (JCCI) report found that 41% of its 211 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) participants experienced discrimination within the past five years in Jacksonville, Florida (JCCI, 2012). Of the participants reporting discrimination, many reported experiencing discrimination at their places of employment (45%) and at local restaurants (40%; JCCI, 2012). Over half (56%) disagreed or strongly disagreed that Jacksonville laws adequately protected LGBT persons and their families (JCCI, 2012). In 2012, a proposal to expand Jacksonville’s Human Rights Ordinance (HRO) by including LGB persons was introduced and voted down by the Jacksonville city council. A revised version of the proposal, which included specific protection for transgender persons in addition to LGB persons, was also voted down by the Jacksonville city council. Later, in 2015, a proposal to expand Jacksonville’s HRO by including LGBT persons was reintroduced (“Jacksonville to have,” 2015). The expansion to Jacksonville’s HRO would affect approximately 36, 696 residents or 4.3% of Jacksonville’s 853, 382+ residents (Newport & Gates, 2015; “Jacksonville (city),” 2015). The purpose of this study was to assess the breadth and nature of negative experiences and discriminatory behaviors experienced by LGBT persons and to explore LGBT perceptions of whether an expanded HRO with specific inclusion of protection based upon sexual orientation and gender identity and expression was necessary. Our goal is that our research sheds further light on the prevalence of discrimination against LGBT residents in Jacksonville and the necessity of expanding Jacksonville’s HRO to specifically include LGBT persons. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 5 Method Participants Any Jacksonville resident who self-identified as LGBT and was aged 18 or older was eligible to participate in this study. Participants gave electronic informed consent before proceeding with the survey. No costs or rewards were incurred for participating in this study. Two hundred and twenty-one individuals completed or partially completed our study. Ten of the 221 failed one or more requirements (e.g., LGBT identification) and their data were excluded from analyses. The remaining 211 participants were eligible for our study and thus their data were used in analyses. The majority of participants were either male (n = 96, 45.5%) or female (n = 93, 44.1%). Under five percent (n = 9, 4.3%) of participants were male-to female (MTF) transgender, 1.9% (n = 4) were female-to-male (FTM) transgender, 1.9% (n = 4) were genderqueer, 1.4% (n = 3) were genderfluid, and 0.9% (n = 2) identified as other (see Figure 2). When asked about their sexual orientation, 42.7% (n = 90) of participants identified as gay male, 28.9% (n = 61) as lesbian, 4.7% (n = 10) as bisexual male, 11.4% (n = 24) as bisexual female, 0.5% (n = 1) as heterosexual transgender male, and 0.5% (n = 1) as heterosexual transgender female, 5.2% (n = 11) as queer, 2.4% (n = 5) as pansexual, and 3.8% (n = 8) as other (see Figure 3). Participants ranged in age from 18 to 68 (M = 40.69, SD = 13.33). Most participants were Caucasian (n = 186, 88.2%). Another 4.7% (n = 10) of participants were African-American, 3.3% (n = 7) were Hispanic, 1.4% (n = 3) were Asian or Pacific Islander, and 2.4% (n = 5) were Biracial or Mixed (see Figure 4). Income background was mixed, but most participants fell in the lower half of income brackets. A little over fifteen percent (n = 33, 15.6%) of participants indicated their income bracket as less than $19,000, A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 6 12.3% (n = 26) as $20,000 - $29,999, 10.4% (n = 22) as $30,000 - $39,999, 14.2% (n = 30) as $40,000 – $49,999, 9.5% (n = 20) as $50,000 - $59,999, 9.5% (n = 20) as $60,000 - $69,999, 6.6% (n = 14) as $70,000 - $79,999, 3.8% (n = 8) as $80,000 - $89,999, 4.3% (n = 9) as $90,000 - $99,999, and 13.7% (n = 29) as over $100,000 (see Figure 5). Materials Our survey consisted of eleven questions, one of which was open-ended. Questions six, eight, and nine were drawn from previous assessments of LGBT experiences by the Jacksonville Coalition of Equality (see Appendix C; Bridging Out Jax, 2008; Jacksonville Coalition for Equality, 2014; JCCI, 2011; JCCI, 2012) The Merriam-Webster definition of discrimination and a description of what expanding of Jacksonville’s HRO to specifically include LGBT persons would entail was embedded in the survey before relevant items (see Appendix C; MerriamWebster’s online dictionary, n.d.) Our survey was programmed through Qualtrics, an online survey and data collection website. Procedure To reach potential participants, we asked 104 general (e.g., business, community) and LGBT-specific Jacksonville organizations and websites to distribute or otherwise advertise a short description of our study and the corresponding survey link (see Figure 5). Participants were recruited online through e-mail announcements, e-mail newsletters, social media postings, and website postings by willing general and LGBT-specific Jacksonville organizations and websites. Data collection took place from January 7, 2016 – January 31, 2016. At their discretion, participants completed survey items on general negative experiences in Jacksonville, discrimination experiences in Jacksonville, and the proposed expansion of Jacksonville’s HRO to A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 7 specifically include LGBT persons. After completing the survey, participants were thanked for their participation. Results The most common negative experiences of participants were teasing or off-color jokes about LGBT people, verbal abuse or threats, and bullying or intimidation (see Table 1). In addition to the provided negative experiences options, participants added that they had also experienced medical discrimination, demotion, hateful attitudes, disparate pricing, pictures being taken of them and posted on social media with slurs, feeling unsafe or judged, and damage to their property including a brick thrown through their truck windshield, damage to housing, and loosened lug nuts on car rims (“Other” category, see Table 1).. When asked specifically about their discrimination experiences, the majority of participants (n = 116, 57.4%) indicated that they had experienced discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender identity in Jacksonville, Florida within the past five years. Almost twelve percent (n = 24, 11.9%) of participants were unsure if they had experienced such discrimination, and 30.7% (n = 62) of participants indicated that they had not experienced such discrimination in Jacksonville within the past five years (see Figure 6). The most common places where participants experienced discrimination were their job, a restaurant, club, or bar, and a job interview (see Table 2). In general, participants had negative views about Jacksonville’s welcoming and protection of LGBT persons. Most participants (n = 132, 62.6%) disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement “Jacksonville is a city that embraces diversity”; 18.9% (n = 40) of participants agreed or strongly agreed that Jacksonville is a city that embraces diversity (see Figure 7). Over half (n = 117, 55.5%) of participants disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement “I A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 8 (would) recommend Jacksonville to LGBT persons and their families.” Nineteen percent of participants (n = 40) agreed or strongly agreed they (would) recommend Jacksonville to LGBT persons and their families (See Figure 8). Finally, 81.9% (n = 173) participants disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement “The laws in Jacksonville adequately protects LGBT persons and their families.” Only 4.7% (n = 10) of participants agreed or strongly agreed that laws in Jacksonville adequately protect LGBT persons and their families (see Figure 9). Perhaps unsurprisingly, 97% (n = 194) of participants indicated that yes, an expansion to Jacksonville’s HRO to include LGBT rights was needed (see Figure 10). Discussion The results of this study should be interpreted with care because of the following. First, our sample was composed of self-reporting volunteer participants, many of whom were required to have access to a computer and the internet. There are always limitations related to generalizability given who self-selects to participate in surveys such as this. Second, our sample had a distinct lack of diversity; most participants were Caucasian and most were gay men or lesbians. Therefore, our results may not accurately represent the experiences of transgender, bisexual, or racial minority Jacksonville residents, whom may have different concerns and experiences than those of gay men or lesbians. When compared to the results of the 2009 JCCI report, our results differ in several significant ways. First, a significantly larger amount of our participants reported experiencing bullying or intimidation and teasing or off-color jokes about LGBT people than did participants of the 2009 JCCI report (ps < 0.01). Second, a significantly larger number of our participants reported that they had experienced discrimination in Jacksonville within the past five years than did participants of the 2009 JCCI report (p < 0.01), indicating that more, not less, LGBT A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 9 Jacksonville residents have experienced discrimination. Third, a significantly lower number of our participants reported experiencing discrimination at their job, at school, and at a bank or loan office than did participants of the 2009 JCCI report (ps < 0.01). When comparing data from 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2016, there has been a steady increase in the numbers of LGBT persons who view Jacksonville as an unwelcoming place and perceive current protections of LGBT citizens as inadequate (see Table 3; Bridging Out Jax, 2008; JASMYN & Jacksonville Coalition for Equality, 2011; Jacksonville Coalition for Equality, 2014; JCCI, 2011). The sole exception is that from 2014 to 2016, the percent of LGBT persons that either disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement “Jacksonville is a city that embraces diversity” has significantly decreased (p < 0.01; see Table 3). Because the previous surveys (2008, 2011, 2014) did not assess respondents’ views about the inclusion of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression to the HRO, no comparative data are available. However, our findings were clear: the overwhelming majority of LGBT Jacksonville residents felt that an expansion to Jacksonville’s HRO to include LGBT rights is needed. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 10 Appendix A UNF Institutional Review Board (IRB) Notice of Approval A SURVEY OF EXPERIENCES Hmn-suhjem dim-?amed. canylain?fmmparliciwnm mgr-?ng?skamdhme?uufmeraarm I- Them?n?l hein?amudasmnnaspmr?cahle hum:- 113151.155 day's Emmy-wand Meme?akm?r lam Elimith ?ange. Dilemma L112me .- approp?atelf- WE: I'JmugEtu?JEpmtum] Hwkm?edgemms?m?skla?; I- 1- I- manmmimal?sk; I- 1- To mmitmanminmt, have qtms?nmahnm?nanmdumtmimpimaa. dill-3" Tmm?fmd?lmaduenpt e?tnire Illm'm?l?. Please submit IllmT??lQ ii'?u's I'l1i5w1'JJ [annuitieij of 111-13311ij march. 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Filpurl l'm- I'm: In mm FUL- 11 A SURVEY OF EXPERIENCES 12 af?x-1WD: agatfatreasmable?uaaniina UHF Livy-I ram-alum ?umhpunm-Elart A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 13 Appendix B Recruitment Email Template Form Dear , Danielle Krusemark and Dr. Lynne Carroll of UNF are running a study on LGBT experiences in Jacksonville, Florida. This study is free to take and completely anonymous. No identifying information will be collected. Questions will be asked about discrimination experiences and expanding Jacksonville’s HRO to specifically include LGBT individuals. Participants must be 18 or older, live in Jacksonville, Florida, and identify as LGBT. Would you be willing to share this study with your organization/group? The survey may be found at this link: Thank you, Danielle Krusemark N00840657@ospreys.unf.edu A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 14 Appendix C Sample Survey This survey is designed to assess the experiences of LGBT residents in Jacksonville, Florida. Specifically, this survey will contain questions about discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and the proposed expansion to Jacksonville's Human Rights Ordinance (HRO) to specifically include LGBT individuals. REQUIREMENTS: Participation is restricted to individuals that are (1) 18 years of age or older, (2) identify as LGBT, and (3) live in Jacksonville, Florida. It is important to answer each question HONESTLY and TO THE BEST OF YOUR ABILITY so that an accurate picture of LGBT experiences in Jacksonville, Florida is captured. Results may be presented to Jacksonville government and organizations or publicly published. No identifying information will be collected or released, your identity is unknown. Your participation is completely anonymous and voluntary. We do not anticipate any risks, but if you find yourself distressed, please end your participation immediately. You may end your participation at any time for any reason by exiting out of your browser window. You will not be penalized for ending your participation. This survey is free to take. There are no monetary benefits or compensation for taking this survey. Thank you in advance for your participation! If you have any questions regarding this survey, please email Danielle Krusemark at n00840657@ospreys.unf.edu or Dr. Lynne Carroll at lcarroll@unf.edu. If you have questions or concerns about your rights as a participant, please email the UNF Institutional Review Board (IRB) at irb@unf.edu. If you meet the above participation requirements, understand what the study entails, and agree to participate, please press the “Next” button to move on to the next page. If you do not meet the above participation requirements or do not agree to participate, please exit your browser window. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 1. What is your sexual orientation? Gay Male Lesbian Bisexual Male Bisexual Female Heterosexual Male Heterosexual Female Other 2. What is your gender identity? Male Female Female-to-Male Transgender Male-to-Female Transgender Other 3. What is your age? 4. What is your ethnicity? Caucasian African-American Asian or Pacific Islander Hispanic or Latino(a) Native American Other 15 A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 16 5. Which best describes your income bracket? Less than $19,000 $20,000 - $29,999 $30,000 - $39,999 $40,000 - $49,999 $50,000 - $59,999 $60,000 - $69,999 $70,000 - $79,999 $80,000 - $89,999 $90,000 - $99,999 Over $100,000 6. Please answer how you agree or disagree with the following statements about Jacksonville and its LGBT community. Strongly agree Agree Unsure Disagree Strongly disagree (a) Jacksonville is a city that embraces diversity. (b) I (would) recommend Jacksonville to LGBT persons who are considering moving here. (c) The laws in Jacksonville adequately protect LGBT persons and their families. Discrimination is defined as: unfair or unequal treatment of a person or group of people differently from other groups of people 7. Have you faced discrimination in JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA based on your sexual orientation or gender identity within the past five years? Yes Unsure No A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 17 8. If yes, where have you faced discrimination in the past five years? (check all that apply): My job My school My place of worship My physician’s office Bank or loan office Housing Within LGBT organizations Family planning Adoption services Job interview Hospital Police or law enforcement Court system Jail or prison Other (please specify) Restaurant, club, or bar 9. Have you experienced any of the following situations related to your sexual orientation or gender identity in the past five years in the Jacksonville area? (check all that apply) Physical violence Verbal abuse or threats Bullying or intimidation Teasing or off-color jokes about LGBT people Shunning or isolation Being fired or terminated Denied service Evicted from housing Other (please specify) A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 18 10. Please provide a description what occurred during the most recent time that you have experienced discrimination in JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA because of your sexual orientation or gender identity. If you have not experienced this, please leave skip this question. If Jacksonville’s Human Rights Ordinance (HRO) was expanded to specifically include LGBT individuals, businesses would not be allowed to hire, transfer, punish, terminate, or decide pay for an employee based on the employee’s sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. Landlords would not be allowed to deny renting or selling housing to an individual based on the individual’s sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. It would not be allowed to deny access to public accommodations which are “any establishment, service, place, or building which offers, sells or otherwise makes available to the public any good, service, privilege, or advantage” based on an individual’s sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. 11. In your opinion, is the expansion of Jacksonville’s HRO to include LGBT rights is needed? Yes No A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 19 References Bridging Out Jax. (2008). [Data on LGBT persons’ perceptions of Jacksonville, Florida]. Unpublished raw data. Discrimination. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discrimination. Jacksonville Area Sexual Minority Youth Network (JASMYN) & Jacksonville Coalition for Equality. (2011). [Data on LGBT persons’ perceptions of Jacksonville, Florida]. Unpublished raw data. Jacksonville (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2015, December 2). Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1235000.html Jacksonville Coalition for Equality. (2014). [Data on LGBT persons’ perceptions of Jacksonville, Florida]. Unpublished raw data. Jacksonville Council on Citizen Involvement. (2012). Community engagement: Understanding the GLBT community (gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender) experience with discrimination (Rep.). Retrieved from https://issuu.com/jcci/docs/09-glbt-discrimination Jacksonville Council on Citizen Involvement. (2011). [Data on LGBT persons’ perceptions of Jacksonville, Florida]. Unpublished raw data. Jacksonville to have community conversation on HRO proposal. (2015, December 03). from http://www.actionnewsjax.com/news/local/jacksonville-have-communityconversation-hro-propo/20151503 Newport, F., & Gates, G. J. (2015, March 20). San Francisco metro area ranks highest in LGBT percentage. Retrieved February 11, 2016, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/182051/san-francisco-metro-area-ranks-highest-lgbt- A SURVEY OF EXPERIENCES Issues 20 A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 1.9% Genderqueer 21 1.4% Genderfluid 0.9% Other 1.9% FTM Transgender 4.3% MTF Transgender 44.1% Female 45.5% Male Number of respondents: 211 Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% Figure 1. Gender identity composition of participants. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 22 5.2% Queer 2.4% Pansexual 0.5% Heterosexual transgender female 3.8% Other 0.5% Heterosexual transgender male 42.7% Gay male 11.4% Bisexual female 4.7% Bisexual male 28.9% Lesbian Number of respondents: 211 Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% Figure 2. Sexual orientation composition of participants. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 23 4.7% AfricanAmerican 2.4% Biracial or Mixed 3.3% Hispanic or Latino(a) 1.4% Asian or Pacific Islander 88.2% Caucasian Number of respondents: 211 Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% Figure 3. Ethnic composition of participants. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 24 Over $100,000 $90,000 - $99,999 $80,000 - $89,999 13.7% 4.3% 3.8% Number of respondents: 211 $70,000 - $79,999 6.6% Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% $60,000 - $69,999 9.5% $50,000 - $59,999 9.5% $40,000 - $49,999 $30,000 - $39,999 $20,000 - $29,999 Less than $19,000 Figure 4. Income bracket composition of participants. 14.2% 10.4% 12.3% 15.6% A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 25 7% Religious 10% Community/ social 6% Political 49% LGBT-specific 3% Nonprofit 5% News 6% College 14% Business/ commerce Figure 5. Topic composition of organizations, groups, and websites contacted for participant recruitment. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES Table 1 LGBT Negative Experiences in Jacksonville, Florida Have you experienced any of the following situations related to your sexual orientation or gender identity in the past five years in Jacksonville, Florida? Number of respondents: 211 Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% Situation % of participants who have experienced Teasing or off-color jokes about LGBT people 61.1% Verbal abuse or threats 33.2% Bullying or intimidation 32.2% Shunning or isolation 24.2% Denied service 12.3% Being fired or terminated 5.7% Physical violence 5.7% Other 3.8% Evicted from housing 0.5% 26 A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 27 30.7% No 57.4% Yes 11.9% Unsure Number of respondents: 202 Margin of Error: +/- 6.88% Figure 6. Participants’ response distribution to the question, “Have you faced discrimination in Jacksonville, Florida based on your sexual orientation or gender identity within the past five years?” A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 28 2.8% Strongly agree 14.7% Strongly disagree 16.1% Agree 18.5% Unsure 47.9% Disagree Number of respondents: 211 Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% Figure 7. Participants indicated how much they agreed with the following statement, “Jacksonville is a city that embraces diversity.” A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 29 1.9% Strongly agree 16.6% Strongly disagree 38.9% Disagree 17.1% Agree 25.6% Unsure Number of respondents: 211 Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% Figure 8. Participants indicated how much they agreed with the following statement, “I (would) recommend Jacksonville to LGBT persons and their families.” A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 1.9% Strongly agree 30 2.8% Agree 13.3% Unsure 48.3% Strongly disagree 33.6% Disagree Number of respondents: 211 Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% Figure 9. Participants indicated how much they agreed with the following statement, “The laws in Jacksonville adequately protect LGBT persons and their families.” A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 31 Table 2 Locations of LGBT discrimination in Jacksonville, Florida If yes, where have you faced discrimination in Jacksonville, Florida in the past five years? Number of respondents: 211 Margin of Error: +/- 6.73% Location My job % of participants who have experienced discrimination at this location 27.5% Restaurant, club, or bar 22.7% Job interview 13.3% My place of worship 11.8% Police or law enforcement 10.9% My physician’s office 10.9% Other 10% My school 8.5% Hospital 8.5% Housing 7.1% Within LGBT organizations 5.2% Court system 4.3% Adoption services 3.3% Bank or loan office 2.4% Jail or prison 2.4% Family planning 1.4% A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 32 No 3% Yes 97% Number of respondents: 200 Margin of Error: +/- 6.91% Figure 10. Participants responded to the item “In your opinion, is the expansion of Jacksonville’s HRO to include LGBT rights needed?” Perceived necessity of expanding Jacksonville’s HRO to include LGBT rights. A SURVEY OF LGBTQ EXPERIENCES 33 Table 3 LGBT Respondents’ Ratings of Survey Items # 6a, 6b, and 6c Researchers Year of study Sample size Bridging Out Jax JCCI Jacksonville Coalition for Equality* 2008 2011 2014 2016 N = 259 N = 214 N = 167 N = 211 % of participants that agreed or strongly agreed (% of participants that disagreed or strongly disagreed) 6a) Jacksonville is a city that embraces diversity. 34% (34%)ͣ 31% (41%)ͣ 13% (78.92%) 19% (63%) 6b) I (would) recommend Jacksonville to LGBT persons who are considering moving here 43% (21%) 32% (38%) 22% (54%)ᵇ 19% (56%)ᵇ 6c) The laws in Jacksonville adequately protect LGBT persons and their families 15% (49%) 3% (63%) 1% (69%)ᶜ 4.7% (81.90%)ᶜ Note. Missing percentages are those participants who marked “Unsure.” Therefore, all percentages presented may not add up to 100. ͣᵇᶜ Nonsignificant changes. * Data only available from online respondents.