MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT
Decision:
2016 ME 71
Docket:
PUC-15-89
Argued:
March 1, 2016
Decided:
May 12, 2016
Panel:

Reporter of Decisions

ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.

BRUCE D. TAYLOR et al.
v.
PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION et al.
GORMAN, J.
[¶1] Bruce D. Taylor and Food & Water Watch appeal from a decision of
the Public Utilities Commission conditionally approving the request of Fryeburg
Water Company to execute an agreement with Nestle Waters North America Inc.
providing for the lease of premises and purchase of water.1 Taylor and Food &
Water Watch challenge certain of the Commission’s procedural decisions, as well
as the Commission’s ultimate approval of the agreement, on several grounds,
including that the agreement exceeds the scope of Fryeburg Water Company’s
charter authority, does not comply with certain statutory requirements, and
deprives the Commission of future oversight authority. We affirm the decision.

1

Fryeburg Water Company, the Public Utilities Commission, and the Office of the Public Advocate
have filed briefs supporting the Commission’s decision.

 2

I. BACKGROUND
[¶2]

In 2012, Fryeburg Water Company (FWC) sought Commission

approval to execute an agreement with Nestle Waters North America Inc.
(NWNA) for NWNA’s lease of certain premises and purchase of water from
FWC.2 In the proposed agreement, NWNA agreed to pay FWC a fixed monthly
rent for the lease of a two-acre parcel of property and pumping station, and to
purchase from FWC a minimum amount of water per year at the
Commission-approved tariff rate.

FWC also agreed to dedicate Well #1 for

NWNA’s exclusive use, but retained the right to suspend NWNA’s use of Well #1
if such a suspension were necessary to maintain the water supply to FWC’s
customers or to comply with environmental regulations. Finally, NWNA agreed to
seek additional water sources outside the existing watershed for use by FWC and
FWC’s customers. The proposed agreement was for twenty-five years, with the
option of four additional five-year extensions.
[¶3]

The Commission opened an investigation and commenced an

adjudicatory proceeding concerning the request in October of 2012.

Taylor

(a Maine resident) and Food & Water Watch (FWW) (a national non-profit
consumer advocacy organization) (hereinafter, collectively, Taylor), among others,
2

Since 2008, with the Commission’s approval, FWC has had a direct contractual relationship with
NWNA for NWNA’s lease of property and purchase of water from FWC. Before that, beginning in 1997,
NWNA purchased water from FWC through an affiliate entity, Pure Mountain Springs, LLC.

 3

were permitted to intervene. See 35-A M.R.S. § 1303 (2015). The parties engaged
in discovery and settlement efforts for the next two years, during which another
intervenor, Clifford R. Hall (a Maine resident), attempted to subpoena information
from NWNA regarding its prior contractual arrangements with FWC and other
suppliers in New England. The Commission later granted NWNA’s request to
vacate the subpoena as untimely and overbroad.
[¶4] The Commission conducted a final evidentiary hearing in September of
2013.3 By decision dated November 21, 2014, the Commission approved the
proposed agreement, conditioned on the removal of an exclusivity provision
prohibiting FWC from selling untreated water to any other person or entity, which
the Commission determined was in violation of 35-A M.R.S. § 703(1) (2015). The
Commission otherwise determined that the agreement satisfied all applicable
statutory criteria. Taylor timely appeals from the Commission’s denial of his
motion for reconsideration. See 35-A M.R.S. § 1320 (2015); 9 C.M.R. 65 407
110-12 § 11(D) (2013).

3

Based on multiple commissioners’ decisions to recuse themselves from this matter, and the resulting
absence of a quorum to issue a decision, the Legislature enacted P.L. 2013, ch. 554, § 1 (effective
Apr. 17, 2014) (codified at 35-A M.R.S. § 108-B (2015)), allowing the Governor to appoint temporary
commissioners if the Commission is otherwise unable to maintain a quorum. See 35-A M.R.S. § 108-A
(2015) (requiring that Commission decisions must be issued by a quorum, that is, “[a] majority of the
duly appointed commissioners”). Pursuant to section 108-B, Governor Paul R. LePage appointed two
retired state court justices as temporary commissioners to decide the matter.

 4

II. DISCUSSION
[¶5]

Taylor argues that the Commission erred by concluding that the

proposed agreement satisfies all applicable statutory criteria.4 We review decisions
of the Commission with great deference “only to determine whether the agency’s
conclusions are unreasonable, unjust or unlawful in light of the record.”5 Cent.
Me. Power Co. v. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 2014 ME 56, ¶ 18, 90 A.3d 451 (alteration
omitted) (quotation marks omitted). We “will disturb a decision only when the
Commission abuses the discretion entrusted to it, or fails to follow the mandate of
the legislature, or to be bound by the prohibitions of the constitution.” Office of the
Pub. Advocate v. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 2015 ME 113, ¶ 15, 122 A.3d 959
(quotation marks omitted). It is the appellant’s burden to establish on appeal that
the Commission’s action violates one or more of these standards. Cent. Me.
Power, 2014 ME 56, ¶ 19, 90 A.3d 451.
4

Contrary to Taylor’s additional contention—that it was error to vacate the subpoena issued to
NWNA—the Commission acted within its authority in concluding that the subpoena was not requested in
a timely manner and would cause delay in obtaining an efficient resolution of the matter. See 5 M.R.S.
§ 9060 (2015); 35-A M.R.S. § 1304(3) (2015); 9 C.M.R. 65 407 110-6 § 8(C)(1), (2)(c) (2013); Cent. Me.
Power Co. v. Me. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 395 A.2d 414, 424-26 (Me. 1978). For the same reasons, the
Commission also committed no error by denying Taylor’s request for an additional hearing in the matter
after the temporary commissioners were appointed.
5

We decline Taylor’s invitation to evaluate the Commission’s decision with less deference based on
the background of the temporary commissioners appointed to decide the matter. We have never
conditioned deference to the Commission or any other agency on the qualifications and experience of the
particular commissioners whose decision is being challenged, and have rejected similar arguments against
applying deference to other agency decisions. See, e.g., S.D. Warren Co. v. Bd. of Envtl. Prot.,
2005 ME 27, ¶¶ 5-7, 868 A.2d 210; Mar. Energy v. Fund Ins. Review Bd., 2001 ME 45, ¶¶ 8-9,
767 A.2d 812.

 5

[¶6] “When reviewing an agency’s interpretation of a statute that is both
administered by the agency and within the agency’s expertise,” we first determine
de novo whether the statute is ambiguous, i.e., “reasonably susceptible of different
interpretations.”

Id. ¶ 18 (quotation marks omitted).

If the statute is not

ambiguous, we “plainly construe the unambiguous statute.” Id. (quotation marks
omitted). If the statute is ambiguous, we “review the Commission’s construction
of the ambiguous statute for reasonableness.”

Id. (quotation marks omitted).

“Although the Commission’s interpretation of a statute that it administers is not
conclusive or binding on us, such an interpretation is entitled to deference and
should be upheld unless the statute plainly compels a contrary result.” Office of the
Pub. Advocate, 2015 ME 113, ¶ 15, 122 A.3d 959 (quotation marks omitted).
We apply the same standard to the Commission’s interpretation of its own
technical regulations, as long as those regulations comply with the relevant
statutes. Cent. Me. Power, 2014 ME 56, ¶ 19, 90 A.3d 451.
[¶7] On the merits of the conditional approval, Taylor first argues that the
proposed agreement exceeds the scope of FWC’s authority pursuant to its
legislative charter.6 The Legislature enacted FWC’s charter by private and special

6

To the extent Taylor argues that FWC’s actions were beyond the scope of its authority pursuant to
the common law corporate ultra vires doctrine, that doctrine was abrogated by the enactment of the Maine
Business Corporation Act. See 13-C M.R.S. § 304 (2015); Zimpritch, Maine Corporation Law and
Practice § 3.3 at 65 (3d ed. 2015). Section 304 prohibits any challenge to a corporation’s power to act
except in one of three circumstances—in a shareholder proceeding; in a proceeding brought by the

 6

law in 1883; the charter provides for the creation of “a corporation by the name of
the Fryeburg Water Company, for the purpose of conveying to the village of
Fryeburg and vicinity, a supply of pure water for domestic and other purposes.”
P. & S.L. 1883, ch. 268, § 1 (effective Feb. 26, 1883) (apparently reenacting in full
the original charter, P. & S.L. 1879, ch. 177 (effective Feb. 28, 1879)), as amended
by P. & S.L. 1917, ch. 3; P. & S.L. 1969, ch. 74. This language, Taylor contends,
prohibits FWC from allowing water from an aquifer to be extracted in bulk and
shipped outside FWC’s territory for bottling and reselling, and from selling
untreated water. Specifically, Taylor argues that the proposed agreement violates
the charter because the charter (1) allows FWC to sell water only to “public
customers” in the provision of utility service, and NWNA is not a “public
customer” for whom FWC provides any utility service; (2) precludes FWC from
selling water on special terms not available to the general public, and NWNA has
special terms in the proposed agreement; (3) precludes the removal of purchased
water from FWC’s district, and NWNA proposes to remove water in bulk from

corporation against a director, officer, employee, or agent; or in a judicial dissolution proceeding brought
by the Attorney General. 13-C M.R.S. § 304(1), (2). The present matter qualifies for none of these
exceptions.
FWC’s charter is a legislative enactment, however, and we read Taylor’s argument as asserting that
FWC violated a statute by exceeding its charter authority, rather than as an ultra vires argument that FWC
violated its own corporate documents.

 7

FWC’s district for bottling and reselling elsewhere; and (4) precludes FWC from
selling any untreated water, and NWNA proposes to purchase untreated water.
[¶8] As a legislative enactment, we first examine the plain language of the
charter as we would any other statute. See Cent. Me. Power, 2014 ME 56, ¶ 18,
90 A.3d 451. None of Taylor’s interpretations is supported by the unambiguous
language of the charter; the charter makes no mention of public customers, special
terms, the removal of water, the bottling or reselling of water, or untreated7 or
unsafe water. See id. Rather, the charter’s language is broad; it discusses not just
Fryeburg, but the “vicinity,” and it mentions the supply of water not just for
domestic purposes, but for “other purposes” as well. P. & S.L. 1883, ch. 268, § 1.
[¶9]

Taylor also makes several arguments regarding the failure of the

proposed agreement to satisfy the statutory criteria necessary for approval, namely,
35-A M.R.S. § 309 (2015), regarding tariff rates; 35-A M.R.S. §§ 702, 703 (2015),
regarding special contracts; and 35-A M.R.S. § 1101 (2015), regarding leases.

7

As the Commission determined, although the charter does contain the phrase “pure water,” the
charter does not, nor does any other authority, define “pure water” according to the current water quality
standards of either the federal Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C.S. §§ 1251-1388 (LEXIS through PL 114-146,
approved 4/19/16), which, in its earliest incarnation, was enacted almost seventy years after FWC’s
charter was adopted, Pub. L. No. 80-845, 62 Stat. 1155 (1948), or Maine’s safe drinking water statute,
22 M.R.S. §§ 2611-2617 (2015), which was enacted more than ninety years after FWC’s charter, see P.L.
1975, ch. 751, § 4 (effective Apr. 1, 1977). Furthermore, even if the language were ambiguous, the
Commission’s interpretation of that language is reasonable and we therefore decline to disturb the
Commission’s conclusion as to FWC’s charter authority. See Cent. Me. Power Co. v. Pub. Utils.
Comm’n, 2014 ME 56, ¶ 18, 90 A.3d 451.

 8

[¶10] Section 309 provides, in pertinent part,
Except as otherwise provided in section 703, it is unlawful for any
public utility to charge, demand, collect or receive for any service
performed by it within the State or for any service in connection with
that performance, a greater or lesser compensation than is specified in
such printed schedules as may at the time be in force, or to demand,
collect or receive any rate, toll or charge not specified in the
schedules. The rates, tolls and charges named in the schedule are the
lawful rates, tolls and charges until they are changed as provided in
this Title.
35-A M.R.S. § 309(1). This rate, which is established periodically by the utility
and approved by the Commission, is called the tariff rate.

Johnson, Maine

Regulation of Public Utilities 105 (2008); see 35-A M.R.S. § 304 (2015). Thus,
section 309 requires utilities to charge the tariff rate to all customers unless section
703 provides an exception.
[¶11] Section 703 echoes section 309’s provision for charging the tariff rate:
No person may knowingly solicit, accept or receive any rebate,
discount or discrimination in respect to any service rendered, or to be
rendered by a public utility, or for any related service where the
service is rendered free or at a rate less than named in the schedules in
force, or where a service or advantage is received other than is
specified.
35-A M.R.S. § 703(1); see 35-A M.R.S. § 702(1) (“It is unlawful for a public
utility to give any undue or unreasonable preference, advantage, prejudice or
disadvantage to a particular person.”). Section 703(3-A) provides for an exception
to the requirement of tariff rates in the case of “[s]pecial contracts” as follows:

 9

“A public utility, subject to the commission’s approval, may make a contract for a
definite term for its product or service, but the published rates for the product or
service may not be changed during the term of the contract without the
commission’s consent.”

35-A M.R.S. § 703(3-A).

In sum, a public utility

generally must charge all customers its approved tariff rate, except as to a special
contract approved by the Commission pursuant to section 703(3-A). The statutes
and regulations otherwise provide no guidance regarding by what standard a
“[s]pecial contract” is reviewed or approved, and are therefore ambiguous on that
basis. 35-A M.R.S. § 703(3-A).
[¶12] There is no dispute that the proposed agreement provides that, when
NWNA purchases water from FWC, it will pay at least the tariff rate. Recognizing
that fact, Taylor is not challenging the proposed agreement as affording NWNA a
rate benefit. Instead, Taylor argues that the agreement could violate these statutes
by allowing NWNA to pay an amount above the tariff rate because NWNA is
taking untreated water for the same price as treated water, and because NWNA
could elect to take less than the minimum amount of water while still paying for
the minimum amount of water. The Commission concluded that because the
proposed agreement could in no way result in a rate benefit to NWNA, the
agreement satisfied section 703, which only prohibits the rendering of service for
“free or at a rate less than named in the schedules in force.” 35-A M.R.S. § 703(1)

 10

(emphasis added); see 35-A M.R.S. § 702(1) (providing that only “undue or
unreasonable preference, advantage, prejudice or disadvantage” constitutes
“[u]njust discrimination”). This is a reasonable interpretation of the Commission’s
own statutes and regulations and is not contradicted by any statutory or
constitutional authority. We therefore uphold this portion of the Commission’s
decision. See Cent. Me. Power, 2014 ME 56, ¶ 18, 90 A.3d 451.
[¶13] Title 35-A M.R.S. § 1101(1)(A) provides that a public utility must get
Commission approval to “[s]ell, lease, assign, mortgage or otherwise dispose of or
encumber the whole or part of its property that is necessary or useful in the
performance of its duties to the public.” Nevertheless, pursuant to 35-A M.R.S.
§ 1101(4), “[t]ransactions involving utility property that do not materially affect
the ability of a utility to perform its duties to the public do not require commission
authorization” even when that property is otherwise “necessary or useful” pursuant
to section 1101(1)(A).

Again, the statute provides no guidance on how to

determine whether property is “necessary or useful” or will not “materially affect”
the utility’s ability to perform its duties, and is therefore ambiguous in that regard.
35-A M.R.S. § 1101(1)(A), (4).
[¶14] Although the Commission concluded that the property FWC proposed
to lease to NWNA—Well #1, approximately two acres of land, and certain
equipment—was “necessary or useful” to FWC pursuant to section 1101(1)(A), it

 11

also apparently concluded that the lease of the property would not “materially
affect” FWC’s ability to serve the public pursuant to section 1101(4), and that the
agreement therefore did not violate the statute. In particular, the Commission
found that although FWC’s other customers were served by water drawn from the
same aquifer as the well leased to NWNA, “the efforts of the parties . . . to insure
that the Company and the Commission can monitor water levels at [that] aquifer
and interrupt NWNA’s use of the water there under the circumstances cited in the
Proposed Agreement and the 2013 Stipulation” provided adequate protection that
the property leased to NWNA did not materially affect FWC’s ability to supply
water to its customers.
[¶15] In making this determination, the Commission applied the “no net
harm” standard, by which it analyzed “whether the contract will neither be adverse
to the public interest nor inconsistent with the interests of the Company’s
ratepayers and investors.” Contrary to Taylor’s contention, there is no authority
pursuant to which the Commission was required to analyze this matter based on a
prudence or reasonableness test, and no authority that prohibits application of the
no net harm standard. Rather, Taylor seems to be arguing that the Commission
should have applied to this lease the standard by which ratemaking is determined
and costs are assessed. E.g., 35-A M.R.S. § 301(2) (2015) (“The rate, toll or
charge, or any joint rate made, exacted, demanded or collected by any public utility

 12

for production, transmission, delivery or furnishing of electricity, gas, heat or water
. . . shall be just and reasonable.”); 35-A M.R.S. § 303 (2015) (“In fixing a
reasonable value, the commission shall give due consideration to evidence of the
cost of the property when first devoted to public use and the prudent acquisition
cost to the utility . . . .”); 35-A M.R.S. § 6109(3) (2015) (“The sale of
consumer-owned water utility land pursuant to this subsection may not be
considered unreasonable or imprudent solely by reason of its sale at a price below
market value.”); see also 35-A M.R.S. § 707(3) (2015) (requiring the Commission
to evaluate an agreement between a public utility and an affiliated interest by
determining whether the contract or arrangement is “adverse to the public
interest”). As these provisions illustrate, the Legislature is capable of establishing
a particular standard for considering a given inquiry when it wishes to do so. In
contrast, section 1101 imposes no requirements on the Commission in its choice of
a method for determining whether the property at issue in the lease is “necessary or
useful” in otherwise providing utility service.

35-A M.R.S. § 1101(1).

The

Commission’s decision as to section 1101 was reasonable.8
8

We are also not persuaded by Taylor’s contention that the Commission erred by approving the
proposed agreement because it improperly restrains the Commission’s own ability to set rates in the
future. The proposed agreement plainly states that FWC is charging NWNA the tariff rate for water, and
that if the tariff rate is changed with Commission approval in the future, FWC will then charge NWNA
the new applicable tariff rate. The agreement does not purport to afford FWC any authority that properly
lies with the Commission—nor could it—and instead merely allows FWC to alter the rate charged to
NWNA based on changes wrought by the Commission. See 35-A M.R.S. § 103 (2015) (setting out the
basic powers and duties of the Commission).

 13

[¶16] In sum, we discern no abuse of discretion or violation of a statutory or
constitutional provision in the Commission’s decision approving FWC’s proposed
agreement with NWNA, and we therefore affirm that decision. See Office of the
Pub. Advocate, 2015 ME 113, ¶ 15, 122 A.3d 959.
The entry is:
Decision affirmed.

On the briefs:
Bruce A. McGlauflin, Esq., Petruccelli, Martin & Haddow,
LLP, Portland, for appellants Bruce D. Taylor and Food and
Water Watch
Andrew S. Hagler, Esq., Mitchell M. Tannenbaum, Esq., Maine
Public Utilities Commission, Augusta, for appellee Maine
Public Utilities Commission
William C. Black, Esq., Maine Public Advocate Office,
Augusta, for appellee Maine Public Advocate Office
James L. Costello, Esq., and Benjamin M. Leoni, Esq., Curtis
Thaxter LLC, Portland, for appellee Fryeburg Water Company

 14

At oral argument:
Bruce A. McGlauflin, Esq., for appellants Bruce D. Taylor and
Food and Water Watch
Jordan D. McColman, Esq., Maine Public Utilities
Commission, Augusta, for appellee Maine Public Utilities
Commission
James L. Costello, Esq., for appellee Fryeburg Water Company

Public Utilities Commission docket number 2012-00487
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY