DNA 6002F

SHOT HOOD
c

A Test of the PLUMBBOB Series

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests
Nuclear

Test

Personnel

Review

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency
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Technical Report, Supercedes
First Edition, 27 Feb 1981

SHOT HOOD
A Test of the PLUMBBOB Series

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

JRB 2-816-03-423-00
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Carl Maag, Martha Wilkinson,
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James Striegel,
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13 May 1983
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9. KEY WORDS (Continue

on re~et#e

#id* if nscaaamy

HOOD
PLUMBBOB
Ionizing Radiation
Exercise Desert Rock
Nevada Test Organization
20.

ABSTRACT

,-Cdh.

ad ldontffy by block number)

Nevada Test Site
AFSWP
AFSWC'
Nuclear Weapons Tests
Atmospheric Nuclear Tests

m ~.“r” l id ff W rrd

fdmatlfy

by block numbor)

This report describes the activities of DoD personnel, both military and
civilian, in Shot HOOD, the sixth nuclear test in the PLUMBBOB atmospheric
weapons testing series. The test was conducted on 5 July 1957 and involved
participants from Exercise Desert Rock VII, AFSWP, AFSWC, and AEC
test groups. This volume also describes the radiological safety criteria
and procedures in effect at Shot HOOD.

m I',","*, 1473

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The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer,
this work was done, wishes to acknowledge
contribution of numerous reviewers in the
organizations in addition to those writers
20.

ABSTRACT

Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, under whom
the research and editing
Military Services and other
listed in block 7.

(Continued)

At the time of the first edition of SHOT HOOD, the after-action report
describing the Marine brigade exercise (Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade,
Report of Exercise Desert Rock VII, Marine Corps) had not been located. For
this edition, the after-action report has been used to corroborate, to
correct, and to supplement accounts of the trooo exercise drawn from plannina
u
documents and interviews. This has resulted in'substantial revision of
section 2.2.

UNCLASSIFIED
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 PREFACE

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through the
Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agencv, the Atomic
Energv Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear
weapons tests at sites in the United States and in the Pacific
and Atlantic Oceans.
In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of
Defense (DOD) participants, both military and civilian, were
present at the tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 participated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the
Nevada Test Site (NTS), northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.
In 1977,

15 vears after the last above-ground weapons test,
the Centers for Disease Control* noted a possible leukemia
cluster among a small group of soldiers at Shot SMOKY, another
test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of nuclear weapons tests
conducted in 1957. Since that initial report by the Centers for
Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a
number of claims for medical benefits from former militarv
personnel who believe their health mav have been affected bv
their participation in the weapons testing program.
In late 1977, the DOD began a study to provide data to both
the Centers for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration
on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military
and civilian participants in the atmospheric nuclear weapons
tests.
The DOD organized an effort to:
0

Identifv DOD personnel who had taken part in the
atmospheric nuclear weapons tests

- -----.- ---___

*The Centers for Disease Control are an agency of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services (formerlv the U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare).

 0

Determine the extent of the participants' exposure
to ionizing radiation

0

Provide public disclosure of information concerning
participation bv DOD personnel in the atmospheric
nuclear weapons tests.

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME
This report on Shot HOOD is based on the military and
technical documents associated with this nuclear weapons test.
Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD involvement
in this event were found in the Defense Nuclear Agency Technical
Library, the National Archives, the Department of Energv Nevada
Operations Office, and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratorv
(LASL).
In most cases, the surviving historical documentation
addresses test specifications and technical information rather
than the personnel data critical to the studv undertaken by the
Department of Defense. Moreover, these documents sometimes
reveal inconsistencies in vital facts, such as the number of DOD
participants in a certain pro.ject at a given shot or their
locations and assignments at a given time. These inconsistencies
usually occur between two or more documents hut occasionally
appear within the same document. Efforts have heen made to
resolve these inconsistencies where possible or to bring them to
the attention of the reader.
In addition to these inconsistencies in information, documents from the Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro.iect (AFSWP) do
not always present project titles and agencies consistently. To
make this information as uniform as possible, this report uses
weapons test report titles for each pro<iect.
Information concerning the dates and vields of the test detonation mav also vary
among documents. All such information presented in this report
is taken from the Department of Energv, Announced United States
Other data on
Nuclear Tests, Julv 1945 through 1979 (NVO-209).

 the

test, such as meteorological conditions and

nuclear

cloud

dimensions, are taken from DNA 1251-1, Compilation of Local
Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1.945-1962, Volume 1, except in
instances where more specific information is availahle elsewhere.
For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organization pro.jects discussed in this volume, the only documents
available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation orders and the
Test Director's schedule of events from "Operation Order l-57."
These sources detail the plans developed hy DOD and AEC personnel
during Operation PLUMBBOB, but it is not known if all the
pro,jects were conducted as planned. Although some of the afteraction documents summarize the pro,jects performed during the
PLUMBBOB series, theg do not alwavs supplv shot-specific information.
In the absence of shot-specific after-action reports,
pro.jects are described according to the way thev were planned.
The references indicate whether the description of activities is
based on the schedule of events, operation orders, or afteraction reports.
ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF THE PLUMBROR SERIES REPORTS
This volume details participation bv DOD personnel in Shot
HOOD, the sixth detonation of the Operation PLUMBROB nuclear
weapons testing series. Seven other publications address DOD
activities during the PLUMHBOR series:
0

Series Volume:

Operation PLUMBROR Atmospheric
Nuclear Weapons Tests, 1957

0

Multi-shot Volume:

Shots ROLTZMANN to WILSON, the
First Four Tests of the PLIJMBBOR
Series

0

Shot Volume:

Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of the
PLUMBROB Series

l

Multi-shot Volume:

Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME,
the Mid-series PLUMBROB Tests

 Volume:

Shot SMOKY, a Test of the
PLUMBROB Series

l

Shot

l

Shot Volume:

Shot GALILEO, a Test of the
PLUMBROB Series

0

Multi-shot Volume:

Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, the
Final PLUMHBOB Tests.

The Operation PLUMBHOB volumes are designed for use with one
another.
The series volume contains general information on
topics such as the historical background of the PLUMBBOB test
events, organizational relationships, and radiation safety procedures.
In addi.tion, the series volume contains a bibliography of
works consulted in the preparation of all eight Operation
PLUMBBOB reports. The single-shot volumes, on the other hand,
describe DOD participation in Shots HOOD, PRISCILLA, SMOKY, and
These shots have been addressed in separate volumes
GALILEO.
because they involved suhstantial numbers of Desert Rock
The multi-shot volumes combine shot-specific
participants.
descriptions for several nuclear events, each involving smaller
numbers of DOD personnel. The shot and multi-shot volumes
contain bihliographies only of the sources referenced in each
Descriptions of activities concerning anv particular shot
text.
in Operation PLUMBBOB may be supplemented by the.general information on organization and radiological safety contained irt the
PLUMBBOB series volume.
The first chapter of this volume describes the physical
setting of the HOOD detonation and introduces the Desert Rock
maneuvers and those Nevada Test Organization (NTO) diagnostic and
scientific activities in which DOD personnel participated.
Chapter 2 describes the Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII
militarv pro,iects conducted at Shot HOOD, while chapter 3
describes various training activities, scientific experiments,
and slIpport missions conducted bv the NT0 hut with DOD part:cipants.
In chapter 4, the radiological environment and safety
procedures are described. Details of the overall radiological

4

 protection program at Operation PLUMBBOB are provided in the
series volume.
The information in this report is supplemented by the
Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes.
The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiation
health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques.
It also lists acronyms and provides a glossary of terms used in
the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental United
states.

5

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PKEFACE...........................

1

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

HOOD SHOT SYNOPSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter
1

INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1
1.2
1.3

2

Setting and Characteristics of the
HOOD Detonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Department of Defense Scientific,
Operational Training, and Support
Activities at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exercise Desert Rock Activities at
Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD. . . . . 20
Troop Observer Indoctrination Pro,jects
at Shot HOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Troop Test Project at Shot HOOD. . . . . . .
2.3
Radiological Training Pro,jects at Shot HOOD.
2.4 Technical Service Projects at Shot HOOD. . .

2.1

3

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

. 20
22
.
. 38
39
.

NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD. . . . . 43
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group
Pro,jects at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department of Defense Participation in
LASL and UCRL Test Group Pro,jects at Shot HOOD . . .
Department of Defense Participation in
Civil Effects Test Group Pro,jects at Shot HOOD . . .
Department of Defense Operational Training
ProLjects at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air Force Special Weapons Center
Activities at Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Cloud Sampling. .
3.5.2 Courier Missions.
3.5.3 Cloud Tracking. .
3.5.4 Cloud Penetration

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
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.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
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.
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.

.
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.
.
.
.

.
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.
.
.
.

43
58
59
60
62
62
65
65
65

 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Chapter

Page
3.5.5 Security

Sweep Missions . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.6 Terrain Survey Missions . . . . . . . . . . .

65
66

4 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT HOOD . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

4.1

Radiation Monitoring and Film Badge Readings
for Participants in the Marine Brigade Exercise. . .
4.2 Nevada Test Organization Radiation
Protection Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67
73
81

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
l-1

Page

Location of Shot HOOD in the Nevada Test Site,
in Relation to Other Shots in the PLUMBBOB Series . . .

13

l-2

View of Shot HOOD Detonation from News Nob. . . . . . .

14

2-1

Troop Movement in Desert Rock Project 52.1. . . . . . .

23

2-2

Aerial View of Trenches to Be Occupied by 4th Marine
Corps Atomic Exercise Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

Marines Return to Camp Desert Rock after Shot DIABLO
Fails to Detonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

Observers at News Nob during the Countdown for
ShotHOOD.......................

32

Marine Corps Ontos Vehicle with the Shot HOOD
Cloud in the Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

Marine Corps Helicopters Landing to Recover Men and
Supplies after the Detonation of HOOD . . . . . . . . .

35

2-7

Marines Boarding Helicopter after Shot HOOD . . . . . .

36

4-1

Distribution of Total Film Badge Readings, Project 52.1,
Shot
HOOD.......................
70

2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6

7

 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure

Page

4-2

Distribution of Total Film Badge Readings, Project 52.1,
Participants with Three Film Badges (Monitors). . . . . 72

4-3

Initial Survey for Shot HOOD, 5 July 1957,
Mid-time 0536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

4-4

Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 5 July 1957, Mid-time 1052. . .

76

4-5

Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 6 July 1957, Mid-time 0613. . .

77

4-6

Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 7 July 1957, Mid-time 0818. . .

78

4-7

Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 8 July 1957, Mid-time 0658. . .

79

LIST OF TABLES
Table-

Page

2-1

Exercise Desert Rock VII Projects, Shot HOOD. . . . . .

21

2-2

Subunits of the 4th Marine Corps Provisional
Atomic Exercise Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects,
Shot
H O O D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

LASL, UCRL, and CETG Pro,jects with DOD Personnel
Involvement, Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

3-3

DOD Operational Training Projects, Shot HOOD. . . . . .

60

3-4

AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . .

63

3-l
3-2

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
The following abbreviations and acronvms are used in this volume:
AEC
AFB
AFSWC
AFSWP
B,JY
CETG
DOD
FCDA
LASL
LVTs
NT0
NTS
REECo
R/h
UCRL
USAF
UTM

Atomic Energy Commission
Air Force Base
Air Force Special Weapons Center
Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro,iect
Buster-Jangle "Y"
Civil Effects Test Group
Department of Defense
Federal Civil Defense Administration
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Landing Vehicles, Tracked
Nevada Test Organization
Nevada Test Site
Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Companv
Roentgen per hour
University of California Radiation Laboratory
United States Air Force
Universal Transverse Mercator

 HOOD
SHOT SYNOPSIS
AEC TEST SERIES:
DOD EXERCISES:
DATE/TIME:
YIELD:
HEIGHT OF BURST:
AEC

Objective:

DOD 0b.jective.s:

PLUMBBOB
Desert Rock VII
0440 hours, 5 July 1957
74 kilotons
1,500 feet (balloon shot)

To evaluate the nuclear vield and the blast,
thermal, and radiation phenomena produced hv
this nuclear device.
(1) To obtain and evaluate information on the
effects of a nuclear weapon.
(2) To train military personnel in nuclear
weapons effects and to test militarv tactics
and theory on a simulated nuclear battlefield.
shot-time, the temperature was 21°C,
relative humidity was 19 percent, and pressrlre
was 876 millibars. The wind was calm at
surface level.
At 20,000 feet,
the wind was
At
40,000
from the south at about 10 knots.
feet, thp wind was from thp southwest at
23 knots.

Weather:

At

Radiation Data:

About one hour after the shot, radiation
intensities greater than 0.1 R/h were confinerl
to within 2,000 meters of ground zero.
Intensities between 0.01 and 0.1 R/h extended
up to 3,100 meters from ground zero. Minor
offsite fallout occurred to the northnortheast of the NTS.

Participants:

Atomic

Energv Commission, Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory, University of
California Radiation Laboratorv, Exercise
Desert Rock troops, Air Force Special Weapons
Center, Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro.iect,
Department of Defense Laboratories, Federal
Civil Defense Administration, DOD contractors.

10

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Shot HOOD was a test of a 74-kiloton nuclear device conducted at 0440 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 5 July 1957 at the
Nevada Test Site, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission continental
nuclear test area located northwest of Las Vegas. HOOD was the
sixth nuclear test of Operation PLUMBBOB, a series of 24 nuclear
weapons tests and six safety experiments conducted between
24 April and 7 October 1957.
The HOOD nuclear device was sponsored, designed, and built
for the Atomic Energy Commission bv the Universitv of California
Radiation Laboratory (UCRL). The primary ob,jective of the HOOD
test was to evaluate nuclear yield and blast, thermal, and
radiation phenomena. To fulfill this ob,jective, UCRL and the Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory fielded scientific and diagnostic
experiments to study the characteristics of the detonation.
The
Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro.ject of the Department of Defense
also performed experiments to determine the effects of the detonation on military equipment, material, structures, and ordnance.
Other activities at Shot HOOD included Exercise Desert Rock
VII.
As part of this exercise, the armed services fielded eight
pro.iects to evaluate military equipment and tactics.
In one
pro,iect,
the Marine Corps conducted a troop maneuver in the test
area immediately after the detonation. This maneuver, which
involved a Marine brigade and supporting units, included
helicopter airlifts of assault troops, tactical air support, and
air resupply. This was the largest single military! activitv in
Operation PLUMBBOB.

11

 In addition to the eight Desert Hock pro.jects, the Department of Defense conducted four operational training projects at
HOOD.
The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) conducted
another ten pro.jects to assess the effects of nuclear detonations
on civilian populations and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency
preparedness plans. Department of Defense participation in these
pro.jects was limited.

1.1

SETTING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOOD DETONATION

Shot HOOD was originally scheduled for 27 June 1957.
When
Shot DIABLO, which was planned for 25 June 1957, was delayed by
technical difficulties, HOOD was rescheduled for 3 July 1957.
Additional difficulties further delayed the HOOD detonation until
5 July.
The nuclear device tested at Shot HOOD was suspended from a
balloon 1,500 feet above Area 9 at UTM coordinates 852100,* in
the northeastern part of Yucca Flat. Figure l-1 indicates the
location of the HOOD detonation in relation to other shots in
Operation PLUMBBOB, and figure l-2 shows the detonation.
At the time of the detonation, the wind was calm at surface
level.
Minutes after the detonation, the nuclear cloud reached
35,000 to 48,000 feet,+ where the winds were from the southwest
at 19 and 31 knots respectively. The residual radiation consisted primarily of neutron-induced activity around ground zero.
*Universal Transverse Mercator (LJTM) coordinates are used in this
report.
The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west
axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south
axis.
The point so designated is the southwest corner of an
area 100 meters square.
+Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, unless otherwise
noted.

12

 1 --------r---’

-t

1

I

KEPLER

:--’ J
+----

SALILEO

SMOKY
/

JOHN

.,.

LASSEN
I WILSON WHEELER
HOOD
CHARLESTON
I O W E N S MORGAN
-

BOLTZMANN

FmnchmanI
Lake
I
I

Camp Mercury

KIlometers

Rock

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOT HOOD IN THE NEVADA TEST SITE,
IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE PLUMBBOB SERIES
13

 an? wow
.1.an an mam :z-L am?aa

17'? Th" '3

 

Offsite fallout from HOOD was minor and occurred in an area
north-northeast of the NTS (20).*

1.2

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND
SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD

The Nevada Test Organization was established to plan,
coordinate, and conduct atmospheric nuclear weapons tests during
Operation PLUMRROR.
Ali activities of the NT0 were under the
overall control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager, assisted by the
Test Director.
The NT0 was staffed by personnel from the Atomic
Energy Commission, the Department of Defense, and the Federal
Civil Defense Administration, and included representatives from
the AFSWP Weapons Effects Test Group (WETG), the LASL Test Group,
the UCRL Test Group, and the FCDA Civil Effects Test Group
(CETG).
These test groups conducted more than 40 military
effects and diagnostic projects at Shot HOOD. More than half of
these projects had DOD participants.
Air Force and Marine
personnel performed four other pro.iects as part of the DOD operational training program.
Personnel from DOD agencies and all four armed services
participated in the experiments condllcted bv the four test
groups, whose activities were coordinated bv the Test Director.
The largest DOD involvement, totaling at least 200 individuals,
was in the military effects pro.jects of the Weapons Effects Test
Group.
Only about 50 DOD personnel assisted in the pro,jects
conducted by the LASL, JJCRL, and CETG test groups. Participants
in the scientific and diagnostic experiments placed datacollection instruments around the point of detonation in the davs
and weeks preceding the scheduled event. Participants began
*All sources cited in the
numbered in the Reference
number given in the text
document in the Reference

text are listed alphaheticallv and
List, appended to this volume.
The
corresponds to the number of the source
List.

15

 recovering the instruments and equipment after the Test Manager
declared recovery hour at 0608 hours on shot-dav (18).
The operational training pro.jects, which involved about
14 Air Force personnel and 19 Marines, were designed to test
service tactics and equipment and to instruct militarv personnel
in the effects of a nuclear detonation. Three of these projects
required aircrews to fly their aircraft in the vicinitv of the
Nevada Test Site to observe or photograph the fireball and the
rise of the resulting nuclear cloud. The fourth project evaluated the accuracy of bomb damage assessment equipment on an
aircraft.
These pro.iects, like those of the test groups, were
approved and coordinated by the Test Director.
In addition to those personnel involved in experiments and
training, staff and support personnel provided necessary services
to other participants at the test site.
About 500 DOD personnel
were involved in these activities.
One important support function during Shot HOOD was provided
by the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC), based at
Kirtland Air Force Base (AFB), New Mexico. AFSWC provided air
support to the Test Manager and to three test group projects.
During Operation PLUMBBOB, the principal AFSWC units were the
4950th Test Group (Nuclear), the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling),
and the 4935th Air Base Squadron. A total of 493 airmen and 23
officers of the 4950th were stationed at Indian Springs AFR, 28
kilometers* east of Camp Mercury (17). Support was also provided
bv the 4900th Air Base Group at Kirtland AFR. At Shot HOOD,

~------

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric
1 meter = 3.28
units.
The metric conversion factors include:
feet; 1 meter = 1.09 vards; and 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers.
Altitudes and other vertical distances are given in feet.

16

 AFSWC performed several missions, including aircraft control.,
security sweeps, cloud-sampling, cloud-tracking and penetration,
a radio relay, terrain surveys, and courier services.
To minimize exposure to ionizing radiation, the NT0
established radiation protection criteria and procedures.
Participants were to receive no more than 3 roentgens of wholebody gamma radiation for anv 13-week period and 5 roentgens of
whole-body gamma radiation annually. To ensure that these
criteria were followed, access to contaminated areas was rigidlv
controlled, and pro,ject personnel recovering test instruments
from highly contaminated areas were accompanied by radiological
safety monitors. The monitors, who continuously checked the
radiation intensity in the recovery area, had the authoritv to
order a halt to recovery operations if intensities were too great
or the length of time spent in the area were too long.
Pro.ject
personnel were issued film badges to wear when in the test area.
These film badges were collected and processed at regular
intervals.
Anv individual whose accumulated exposure exceeded or
came close to the established limits was barred from further
participation in project activities in the test area.
Although
not implemented during PLUMBBOB, emergency evacuation procedures
were prepared for all test events (46). Radiation protection
procedures of the NT0 are detailed in the PLUMBBOR series volume.
With one exception, the radiation protection procedures for
the Air Force Special Weapons Center air and ground crews were
the same as those established for NT0 activities. As the single
exception, the Test Manager authorized cloud sampler pilots to
receive up to a total of 7.5 roentgens of gamma radiation
annually.
Complete decontamination, including showers and
changes of clothing, was required of all aircrew members
following each pro,ject mission, regardless of the exposure
received on the flight. Aircraft either were decontaminated hv

17

 washing or were isolated until radiation intensities had decaved
to predetermined levels.

1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD
At Shot HOOD, over 3,000 DOD personnel participated in the
eight pro;jects of Exercise Desert Rock VII, the Armv testing and
training program conducted during Operation PLUMBBOB.
These
pro.jects included two troop observer and indoctrination pro.jects,
one troop test, two radiological training pro.jects, and three
technical service pro,jects.
The largest group of participants were the 2,025 Marines who
performed Pro,ject 52.1. This group consisted of the 4th Marine
Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade and support units not
present at the NTS. This pro.iect tested a task force assault
following a nuclear detonation. Most of the participants in this
exercise observed the detonation from trenches nearly five kilometers southwest of ground zero. Elements of one company watched
from an area near the Control Point, more than 20 kilometers
south of ground zero. After the detonation, participants
conducted a coordinated air-ground maneuver against the attack
ob.jective.
When the maneuver was over, the Marines were transported to the equipment display area to view the effects of the
detonation.
Another 970 individuals took part in the other seven Exercise Desert Rock pro.iects.
These pro;iects involved exposing
military equipment to a detonation to evaluate the damage
sustained, testing military equipment and techniques for
detecting nuclear bursts and fallout, and training military
personnel.
In addition to the Desert Rock exercise troops, about 2,000
support troops from variolls Armv units maintained and operated

18

 Camp Desert Rock, providing transportation, communications,
engineering, administrative, and security services. Some of
these Desert Rock support troops worked in the forward area of
the Nevada Test Site to construct observer facilities, lay
communication lines, provide transportation and security, and
assist in preparing for the Desert Rock pro.jects.
Soldiers from
the 50th Chemical Platoon served as radiation safety monitors for
Desert Hock pro,ject personnel during nuclear test events.
Radiation protection procedures at Exercise Desert Rock are
detailed in the PLUMBBOB series volume. The procedures were
designed to minimize potential exposure to ionizing radiation
while allowing participants to accomplish the pro.ject objectives.
Camp Desert Rock support personnel and exercise participants were
Limited to no more than 5 roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation
during any six-month period. The radiation protection procedures
of Exercise Desert Rock included provisions for (28):
0

Maintaining minimum safe distances from nuclear
detonations

0

Enforcing protective procedures for personnel
observing the detonation

0

Controlling access to contaminated areas

l

Film badging Desert Rock personnel and monitoring
their cumulative exposilre

0

Decontaminating equipment and personnel leaving the
test area after the detonation.

This report documents the activities of the Desert Rock
troops and other DOD personnel who participated in Shot HOOD.
The activities of Desert Rock and NT0 support personnel are
detailed in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

 CHAPTER 2

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD

Department of Defense personnel participated in eight
Exercise Desert Rock VII projects at Shot HOOD. Of the
approximately 3,000 participants, 2,025 men were involved in a
single project, the Marine Brigade Exercise.
The projects conducted at Exercise Desert Rock VII at Shot
HOOD were divided into the four programs listed in table 2-l.
The Troop Observer Indoctrination Program was designed to
instruct military personnel in the effects of a nuclear detonation.
The Troop Test Program was designed to test military
tactics and doctrine and to train command staff personnel in
planning and conducting combat operations on a simulated nuclear
battlefield.
The Radiological Training Program provided practice
in applying radiological protection procedures under conditions
similar to those of a nuclear battlefield. The Technical Service
Program tested the effects of nuclear weapons on ordnance
material, fortifications, structures, and equipment and tested
techniques for detecting nuclear detonations.

2.1

TROOP OBSERVER INDOCTRINATION PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD

Two troop observer indoctrination projects were conducted at
Shot HOOD:
Pro.ject 50.2, Troop Observers, and Project 53.3,
Aircrew Observers. Project 50.2 engaged 308 observers from the
Army, one from the Navy, two from the military of the United
Kingdom, and one civilian (28). Project 53.3 involved five Air
Force observers. The 20 Marine Corps observers at Shot HOOD were
affiliated with the Marine Brigade Exercise.

20

 Table 2-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII PROJECTS, SHOT HOOD
Estimated
Number of
Program Type
Troop
Observer
Indoctrination

Troop Test

Radiological

Training

DOD
Personnel

Title

Project

312

50.2

Troop

53.3

Aircrew Observers

52.1

Marine

53.4

Observers

Brigade

Radiological

Exercise

Defense

5
2,025

53.3

Army; Navy; United Kingdom
Military
Personnel
Air Force
4th Marine Corps Provisional
Atomic Exercise Brigade

36

Radiological Defense School,
Lowry AFB, Denver, Colorado

Sixth Army Chemical,
Biological, and Radiological
Defense
Training

24

Sixth Army

Evaluation of Medium Range
Detonation-detection
and

25

Army Signal Research and
Development
Laboratories

Ballistic Research Laboratories;
Continental Army Command;
Detroit Arsenal

Training

Technical Service

Participants

Cloud Tracking Systems

50.7

Test of Ordnance Material

10

50.8

Detection of Atomic Burst
and Radioactive Fallout

557

Army Artillery and Guided
Missile School; Chemical Corps:
Air Defense Board: Artillery
Board; Air Weather Service

21
-

-

 The observers arrived at Camp Desert Rock about three days
before the scheduled detonation. Two days before the shot, they
received an eight-hour preshot orientation. The day before the
shot, they were briefed on observation procedures in the morning
and escorted on a tour of the NTS in the afternoon (28).
On shot-day, the observers viewed the detonation either from
the main trenches with the Marines of Pro.ject 52.1 or from an
observer area located 10 kilometers southwest of ground zero
From one to three hours after the detonation, they
(28) 0
inspected the equipment in the Marine equipment display area,
shown in figure 2-l.
The Army's Final Report of Operations lists the participation of 299 Camp Desert Rock support troops at Shot HOOD (28).
Their specific activities are unknown, although they probably
observed the shot from News Nob, near the Control Point.
The
Control Point was about 23 kilometers south of the HOOD ground
zero.

2.2

TROOP TEST PROJECT AT SHOT HOOD

The only troop test conducted at Shot HOOD was Project 52.1,
the Marine Brigade Exercise. The largest exercise ever performed
at the NTS, this project engaged 2,025 members of the 4th Marine
Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade (55). To determine the
participating units, Marine Corps researchers studied shots with
similar activities, such as Shot BEE in Operation TEAPOT, in
which the 3d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade
participated.
This study yielded a list of units that probably
took part in the Marine Brigade Exercise at HOOD. A search
through the unit diaries revealed that these units actually were
at the shot.
In addition, the diaries identified the men who had
been temporarily assigned to Camp Desert Rock to take part in
I~( )Oi? . The unit diaries were cross-checked against muster rolls

22

 0
l--d
Kilometer

Main Equipment
Display Area

Objective
I
GZ

/ -\
i- \
F--w--IL--S!hC!S

Blue

I

Helicopter
Loading Zone
Two

‘t

\\
2

/
2

I
I

2

I
I

0

?

Command Post
p
Tracked Vehicle
Assembly Area

t
t
t

Legend:
+ + -)

t
Helicopter Route

t

- - - - Tracked Vehicle Route

t

Marine Assault

t

Foot Route

t

To Helicopter Loading Zone 1
and the Parking Area
Approximately 9 km

Figure 2-1: TROOP MOVEMENT IN DESERT ROCK PROJECT 52.1
23

 for the units and against the listing of individuals who had been
issued film badges for the time period encompassing the 5 July
detonation of Shot HOOD (25). Researchers concluded that about
300 members of Camp Desert Rock support units, most of whom were
drivers from the Transportation Corps units that drove the
Marines to and from the forward area, were onsite in addition to
the project participants. Table 2-2 gives the subunits of the
4th Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade that participated in Project 52.1 at the Nevada Test Site:
The principal
participating units were from the First Marine Division, Camp
Pendleton, California, and the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing from the
Marine Corps Air Station, Santa Ana, California.
Project 52.1 had five objectives (28):
0

To train command and staff personnel in planning
and implementing operations to deal with tactical
nuclear weapons

0

To formulate new tactics and techniques for
dealing with nuclear weapons

0

To acquaint personnel with the effects of nuclear
weapons

0

To test and evaluate military doctrine concerning
nuclear warfare

0

To familiarize personnel with passive defense
measures against the effects of nuclear weapons.

Originally planned to take place during Shot DIABLO on
27 June 1957, Project 52.1 called for some of the troops to take
part in a command post exercise and others in a troop maneuver.
The command post exercise was to start at noon on the day before
the shot and end no later than one hour before the detonation.
Participants in the command post exercise would then join the
rest of the Marines in observation trenches.
Following the
detonation, command post exercise personnel were to be transported to an equipment display area to view the effects of the
nuclear detonation on Marine equipment and uniforms.

24

 Table

2-2:

SUBUNITS OF THE 4TH MARINE CORPS
PROVISIONAL ATOMIC EXERCISE BRIGADE

1st Marine Division
Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion
Headquarters and Service Company, 1st Service Regiment
Headquarters and Service Company, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine
Regiment
Company E, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment
Company F, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment
Company G, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment
Company H, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment
Company C, 1st Pioneer Battalion
Battery E, 2d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment
Platoon, Company A, 1st Anti-tank Battalion (Ontos)
1st Hospital Company, 1st Medical Battalion
1st Light Support Company, 1st Service Battalion
3d Light Support Company, 1st Service Battalion
Company B, 1st Motor Transport Battalion
Company A, 3d Amphibious Tractor Battalion (Amtrac)
Company C, 3d Amphibious Tractor Battalion
3d Amphibious Truck Company, 3d Amphibious Tractor Battalion
3d Marine Aircraft Wing
Headquarters, 3d Marine Aircraft Wing
Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, Marine Air Group
Light Transport Helicopter 36
Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, Marine Air
Group 33
Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron, Marine Air Group
Light Transport Helicopter 36
Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 361, Marine Air
Group Light Transport Helicopter 36
Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 362, Marine Air
Group Light Transport Helicopter 36
Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 363, Marine Air
Group Light Transport Helicopter 36
Marine Attack Squadron 223, Marine Air Group 15
Marine Observation Squadron 6, Marine Air Group Light
Transport Helicopter 36

25

 The troop maneuver was planned as a postshot exercise
involving a coordinated air-ground assault by a reinforced Marine
battalion against a military ob.jective.
For safety reasons, the
objective was to be located far from ground zero. Most Marine
participants were to witness the shot from trenches five
kilometers southwest of ground zero. The trench area is shown in
figure 2-2. Elements of one company would observe the detonation
from Loading Zone One (near Yucca Lake) with the helicopter
squadrons.
After the detonation, the helicopters were to transport troops to landing zones near the attack ob.jective.
A ground
assault on the objective, supported by artillery and tactical
aircraft, would follow the airlift.
In the meantime, one company
would march toward ground zero until it reached the radiological
safety limit. That company would then march back to the loading
zone near the observation trenches, board helicopters for the
airlift, and join the ground attack on the objective.
Another
company would be transported by LVTs (landing vehicles, tracked)
to the ob.jective.
After the ground assault was completed, all
Marines would be transported to the equipment display area to
view the effects of the detonation.
The 4th Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade
arrived at Camp Desert Rock on 19 and 20 June 1957.
After
orientation, participants rehearsed the maneuvers planned for
27 June. The air portion of the exercise was rehearsed beginning
at 0500 hours on 21 June. During this rehearsal, the helicopters
(without troops aboard) flew from Loading Zones One and Two to
Landing Zones Pink and Blue. A modified rehearsal of the field
exercise was conducted on 23 June. Marines traveled by bus from
Camp Desert Rock to the DIABLO trenches.
The troops were led
through the DIABLO equipment display area, and levels of damage
were predicted to prepare the troops for the postshot tour of the
display.
On 24 June, 480 officers and enlisted men from the
brigade observed Shot PRISCILLA (55).

26

 ET

 

hmmr?r SHE. gmznimm Hm mi Ib?im non-um
rigs?n wl?h?m

When Shot DIABLO was postponed from 27 June to 28 June, a
large part of the brigade was already in position for the firing.
Not yet aware that the shot would be delayed, the Marines had
begun the command post exercise portion of Project 52.1 at 1330
hours on 26 June. They completed it at 0130 on 27 June (55). On
28 June, the command post exercise personnel were transported to
the trenches to observe DIABLO with the rest of the 4th Marine
Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade.
At 0430, DIABLO
failed to detonate because of electrical problems, and the
Marines returned to Camp Desert Rock, as shown in figure 2-3.
Shot DIABLO was eventually rescheduled for 12 July 1957.
Because this delay would have prolonged the Marines' stay at Camp
Desert Rock still further, it was decided to have the 4th Marine
Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade perform the troop test
at Shot HOOD, scheduled for 3 July.
Several exercise facilities were modified to accommodate the
high yield anticipated for Shot HOOD. Observation trenches dug
for Shot SHASTA had to be quickly altered to accommodate
1,900 Marines. These trenches were about six feet deep and were
located about five kilometers southwest of the HOOD ground zero
(28; 55).
In addition, the DIABLO equipment display was moved to
the HOOD ground zero area.
The equipment display was designed to demonstrate the effect
of a nuclear detonation on Marine equipment and clothing.
The
main equipment display consisted of ten positions to the northeast of ground zero, as shown in figure 2-l. The equipment,
consisting of items as diverse as trucks and rocket launchers and
telephones and radios, was placed 270 to 1,980 meters from ground
zero to the northeast. Four groups of mannequins were placed in
various stances at distances ranging from about 3,470 meters to

28

 39

 

Figure 2-3: MARINES RETURN TU CAMP DESERT RUSH. AFTER SHDT FAILS
TD 

4,300 meters from ground zero to the northeast and ,just beyond
the observation trenches to the southwest (26; 54).
The troop exercise portion of Pro,ject 52.1 began at 2230 on
2 July.
Because the command post exercise had already been
performed in conjunction with one of Shot DIABLO's postponements,
it was not repeated.
Instead, half the command post exercise
participants were trucked with the maneuver troops to the
trenches and half were sent to the Command Post area to observe
Shot HOOD. The maneuver troops of the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines,
left Camp Desert Rock in a five-unit march column commanded by
the Motor Transport Officer of Exercise Desert Rock (9; 13; 44).
Along the way, elements of Company G disembarked at Loading Zone
One at Yucca Pass. The first march unit left Camp Desert Rock at
2233 hours on 2 July, and the last arrived at the trench area at
0032 on 3 July (55). The convoy vehicles retired to a designated
parking area where they remained on-call to return the troops to
Camp Desert Rock after the maneuver. Troops were already in the
trench area when the 3 July firing of Shot HOOD was postponed
until 0440 hours on 5 July. The activities described above were
repeated beginning at 2230 hours on 4 July (55).
According to the HOOD operation order, three helicopter
squadrons, each consisting of eight helicopters of Marine Air
Group 36, were to leave Camp Desert Rock at 2230 hours on 4 July
for Loading Zone One, near the Yucca Pass airstrip (24).
However, it is unlikely that the helicopters would have flown at
night.
Instead, they probably left Camp Desert Rock before
sunset and arrived at Loading Zone One approximately ten minutes
later.
Marine helicopter pilots have confirmed this assumption
(13; 38).
Two hours before the shot, personnel rehearsed trench
Personnel were ordered to take position in their
procedures.
assigned trenches 23 minutes before the detonation; they were

30

 instructed to don their gas masks and crouch two minutes before
the shot (55). The Marines were apparently positioned at shottime as follows (27):
0

2d Battalion, 5th Marines (with the exception of
Company G), and the Headquarters Company in the trenches

l

Detachments of the 1st Motor Transport Battalion,
the 3d Amtrac Battalion, and the 1st Anti-tank Battalion
at the vehicle assembly area

0

The 3d Light Support Company and Desert Rock transport unit at the parking area on Mercury Highway

a

Marine Helicopter Squadrons 361, 362, and 363 of
Marine Air Group Light Transport Helicopter 36, 3d Marine
Aircraft Wing, and Company G, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines,
at Loading Zone One at Yucca Psss.

The locations of Marine Observation Squadron 6 of Marine Air
Group Light Transport Helicopter 36 and the Marine Aircraft Wing
Headquarters have not been documented, but these units were
probably in the trenches with the 1st Marine Division.
As a loudspeaker announced the countdown, observers at the
vehicle assembly area and News Nob covered their eyes and turned
away from the detonation, as shown in figure 2-4. At 0440, Shot
HOOD was detonated. The heat of the detonation ignited many
brush fires, and the shock caused some of the trenches to
collapse; however, there were no serious cave-ins or personnel
In the mining communities north of the NTS,
casualties (55).
windows shattered and buildings shook. The light from the
detonation was seen in San Francisco, and the blast was felt in
Los Angeles.
Fifteen minutes after the detonation, the maneuver troops
left their trenches.
Company F, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines,
marched west to Loading Zone Two, shown in figure 2-1, to wait
for the helicopter airlift. Company H waited in the trench area
for the truck convoy that would transport it to the vehicle

31

  

Figure 2-4: DESERVEHS AT NEWS DURING THE FEIFI SHDT 

assembly area.
In the meantime, Company E, led by its commanding
officer and executive officer, formed two columns and marched
northeast toward ground zero. Company E was preceded and
accompanied by radiological safety monitors who measured the
levels of radioactivity encountered.
In an apparent contradiction, the after-action report states that Company E, in
stopping about 370 meters from ground zero, did not exceed the
radiation safety criteria (55). Derivative reference material
contains similar statements (28), and some participants have made
similar estimates, although they cannot explain how the distance
would have been accurately determined in the field (34; 56).
From AEC radiological survey data (such as that presented in
chapter 4, especially figure 4-3) and calculations of the unit's
rate of advance, the 5 R/h line is determined to have been about
1,000 meters from ground zero (54).
After spending five to ten
minutes in the area, Company E marched back to Loading Zone Two
near the observation trenches, arriving there at 0700 hours.
While Company E was on its march, a truck convoy left the
parking area to the rear of the Command Post; drove to the
trenches; picked up Company H; and brought Company H to the vehicle assembly area.
From there, parts of the 3d Amtrac Battalion,
preceded by Ontos vehicles of the 1st Anti-tank Battalion,
traveled to the objective. Figure 2-5 shows one of the Ontos
anti-tank vehicles.
Because dust was obscuring visibility in Loading Zone Two,
the helicopters delayed their departure from Yucca Pass one hour
(55).
At 0615, the helicopters landed at Loading Zone Two, as
shown in figure 2-6, and began the airlift of Company F and the
battalion command elements. Figure 2-7 shows Marines boarding
one of the helicopters. Elements of Company G boarded at Loading
Zone One.
Company E .joined the airlift after the company
returned from its march toward ground zero (27; 34).

33

  -: 

SidFigure 1-5: MARINE EDHFE VEHIELE WITH THE ELDUD
IN THE BABHGHUUHD
34

 

Figura 2-5: EEJHPS HELICOPTEHE LANDING TD RECOVER MEN AND SUPPLIES
THE HDOD



 

Figura MARINES HELICUPTEHE AFTER EHCIT 

The helicopters were of the HRS and HUS types.
Each had a
crew of three, and each carried five to seven Marines for this
mission (13; 30; 38; 44). The helicopters carried Company G to
Landing Zone Blue, depicted in figure 2-1. Companies E and F
were flown to Landing Zone Pink, also shown in figure 2-l.
Helicopters completed the airlift from Loading Zone Two to the
two landing zones by 0821 (27). By 0900, the LVT force had
linked up with the helicopter force in the area of the
objective (55).
During the airlift, air support was provided by 24 F9F aircraft of Marine Attack Squadron 223, Marine Air Group 15, from
the Marine Corps air facility at Mo,jave, California. The first
of these aircraft, each flown by one pilot, arrived at the NTS at
0510.

The fighters, flying in groups of four, shuttled between
Mo,jave and the NTS for approximately seven hours. After returning to Mo,jave, they were decontaminated by Marine Air Group 15

ground personnel (3).
Upon arriving at Landing Zone Pink, Company F .joined
Company H in the attack against the ob,jective, while Company E
remained at Landing Zone Pink to back up the attacking companies.
Upon landing at Landing Zone Blue, the remaining unit, Company G,
also attacked the ob,jective (6).
According to one participant, Company G had about 30
"casualties" due to heat exhaustion. These men were taken to a
special assembly area by helicopter and allowed to rest for one
hour.
They then marched to the helicopter landing zone to wait
for the end of the assault (30).
While the tactical exercise was taking place, about 300
Marines from the service and support elements of the 4th Brigade
toured the equipment display area. Upon completion of the helicopter lift and before returning to Camp Desert Rock, 90 pilots

37

 and crew members of Marine Air Group 36 were taken through the
display area. The Equipment Officer, who belonged to the G-3
Section of Headquarters Battalion, 1st Marine Division, conducted
the tours of the display area. Marine Corps monitoring teams
checked all vehicles and personnel for contamination before they
left the display area (35; 55).
When the objective was seized at 1030, the tactical exercise
was concluded. After having lunch in the objective area, the
elements of the 3d Amtrac Battalion and 1st Anti-tank Battalion
withdrew to the vehicle assembly area and were transported by
Company B, 1st Motor Transport Battalion, to the Marine equipment
display area. The 2d Battalion, 5th Marines, was transported
east from the assault areas to the nearest road.
From there,
they were trucked to the equipment display area, where they
arrived at about 1400 hours. After viewing the display area,
they returned to Camp Desert Rock, arriving there at about 1700
(27; 55).
Marine personnel who participated in Project 52.1 passed
through the decontamination station at Yucca Pass, as did the
other participants in Shot HOOD.
The radiological safety
measures used to protect the Marine participants in Project 52.1
are discussed in chapter 4.
Most personnel left Camp Desert Rock on 5 and 6 July, with
the last remnants departing by 12 July (55).

2.3 RADIOLOGICAL TRAINING PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD
The two radiological training pro,jects conducted at Shot
HOOD were Air Force Project 53.4, Radiological Defense Training,
and the Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Defense
Training, which was an unnumbered project.

38

 Thirty-six members of the Air Force Radiological Defense
School, located at Lowry AFB in Denver, Colorado, participated in
Pro,ject 53.4. Participants viewed the detonation from the 50th
Chemical Platoon Decontamination Station at Yucca Pass (28).
After the shot, a representative from the 50th Chemical Platoon
escorted the participants to a specially selected area outside
the 5 R/h line. The participants reported radiation intensities
at designated markers. These readings were reported to control
stations by radio and plotted on a map. The representative from
the 50th Chemical Platoon remained with the project participants
to enforce radiological protection procedures and to give
technical assistance when needed.
The Sixth Army also conducted a monitoring exercise at Shot
HOOD.
Although no detailed final report has been located,
dosimetry records indicate that two chemical, biological, and
radiological defense teams, consisting of 12 men each, participated. The teams originated from Camp Hanford, Washington, and
Fort Mason, California (4; 39).

2.4

TECHNICAL SERVICE PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD

The Army conducted three technical service projects at Shot
HOOD, as listed in table 2-l. The DOD personnel who took part in
these projects also performed them at other PLUMBBOB shots both
before and after Shot HOOD.
Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonationdetection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by the Army
Signal Research and Development Laboratories of Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey. The pro,ject was designed, first, to test the ability
of Army radar equipment to detect nuclear detonations and track
radioactive clouds and, second, to examine Army fallout prediction methods. The project required the use of three radar

39

 sets located at unknown distances from ground zero.
A total of
25 Army personnel were directly involved in this project (28).
In addition, an unspecified number of military personnel were
attached to the Fallout Prediction Unit, part of the Test
Manager's organization headquartered at Camp Mercury. This unit,
operating from an M-109 mobile van next to the weather station at
Camp Mercurv, gathered data and estimated the direction of
fallout.
Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance Materiel, sponsored by the
Ballistic Research Laboratories, had four subprojects, three of
which were conducted at Shot HOOD:
0

Vehicle Damage Test

l

Radiation Test
Foxhole Test.

0

The Vehicle Damage Test was performed by the Detroit Arsenal
and was designed to measure the effects of a nuclear detonation
on vehicles situated near ground zero. Five days before the
shot, Desert Rock personnel positioned three tanks, four hemispheres of conventional and experimental types of tank armor, and
three light-armored vehicles 900 meters southeast of ground zero.
They placed another light-armored vehicle 720 meters southeast of
the area.
These vehicle displays were studied after the
detonation, when radiation levels permitted (28).
In the Radiation Test, fielded by the Ballistic Research
Laboratories, the four hemispheres were exposed to ionizing
radiation from the shot. Four participants from Field Command
Weapons Effects Test Group Pro.ject 2.4 installed gauges for
measuring gamma and neutron radiation on three M-48 tanks, which
Following the shot, six particiwould be exposed to the blast.
pants aided Desert Rock personnel in compiling dosimetry readings
from this subpro.ject (28).

40

 The Foxhole Test, fielded by the Continental Army Command,
was designed to evaluate the protection afforded by positioning
tanks over three revetted and three unrevetted foxholes.
These
foxholes were located 900 meters southeast of ground zero (28).
Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive
Fallout, was conducted by the Army Artillery and Guided Missile
School, with support from the Chemical Corps, the Air Defense
Board, the Artillery Board, and the Air Weather Service.
The
chief purpose of the project was to assess how well equipment
found in a typical Army unit could determine the location, height
of burst, and yield of a nuclear detonation. At Shot HOOD, the
project involved 557 Army participants: 59 officers and 498
enlisted men. Participants in Project 50.8 included (28):
l

One field artillery observation battery

l

Three field artillery meteorological sections

0

One tactical support center detachment

0

One fire support coordination center detachment

l

One Army aviation detachment

0

One Air Weather Service detachment

a

Six Army Chemical Corps monitoring parties (three
aerial, three ground)

0

One Army Chemical Corps radiological monitoring
control party

0

One Army Air Defense Board test and evaluation
unit

0

One Army Artillery Board test and evaluation group

l

One Test Director detachment.

The participants worked at distances between 10 and 80 kilometers
from ground zero.

41

 Part of Project 50.8 required two H-34 helicopters and one
H-13 helicopter to fly aerial monitoring surveys and a B-26
aircraft to track the HOOD cloud. The purpose of these surveys
was to test how well Army personnel could predict and monitor
radioactive fallout. The helicopters flew at altitudes of 6,000
feet.
The crews probably consisted of three men each, although
the H-34 could carry 12. Before the shot, the B-26, with a crew
of four, was flying a holding pattern at 18,000 feet (3).
Details of the B-26 activities in tracking the nuclear cloud are
not documented.
Available documents differ as to whether other Army technical service projects were conducted at Shot HOOD. The Exercise
Desert Rock Final Report of Operations indicates that 11 men
participated in Pro.jects 50.4, 50.5, and 50.6 (28).
However,
other sections of this source, as well as the AFSWP Operation
Summary (18), indicate that these projects were not performed at
HOOD.

42

 CHAPTER 3
NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD

At Shot HOOD, DOD personnel participated in scientific,
diagnostic, and training projects coordinated by the Nevada Test
Organization.
They were involved in all 19 proejects conducted by
the AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group, one project
of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group, and one
project fielded by the University of California Radiation
Laboratory Test Group. DOD personnel also participated in six
pro.jects conducted by the Federal Civil Defense Administration
Civil Effects Test Group.
In addition, Air Force and Marine
personnel conducted four operational training projects.
Finally,
Army and Air Force personnel supported the test groups and the
Test Manager. More than 200 DOD personnel participated directly
in the projects, more than 500 provided air and ground support,
and approximately 100 personnel provided administrative support.
Detailed descriptions of pro.ject ob.jectives and general
project activities are contained in the PLUMBBOB series volume.
The information contained in this chapter addresses only those
project operations conducted at Shot HOOD. The two primary
sources of this information are the Schedule of Events, a preshot
document, and the postshot weapons test reports for each project.

3.1

FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT
HOOD

The Weapons Effects Test Group
ducted the projects Listed in table
indicates the agencies that fielded
possible, the estimated numbers of

of AFSWP Field Command con3-l.
This table also
the pro;jects and, when
participants.

43

--

a-

.---

--

-A

 Table 3-l: FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP
PROJECTS, SHOT HOOD

Project

Participating Agency

Title

1.1

Basic

Airblast

Phenomena

2.2

Neutron-induced

2.3

Neutron

Flux

from

2.4

Neutron

and

Initial-gamma

2.5

Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity
Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils

2.6

Activities

Ballistic
in

Selected

Soil

Naval

Elements

Nuclear

Devices

Research

Radiological

Laboratories

5

Defense

4

Laboratory

3

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories
Ballistic
Warfare

Shielding

Estimated
Number* of
Personnel

Research Laboratories;
Laboratories

Army

Chemical

6

Army Signal Research and Development
Laboratories

4

Evaluation of New Types of Radiac Instruments

Army Signal Research and Development
Laboratories

40

2.7

Radio-wave Attenuation Studies

Naval

Research

14

2.6

Evaluation of Military Radiac

Naval

Material

2.10

Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface
Measurements

General

4.2

Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an
Electromechanical
Shutter

Wright Air Development Center

5.3

In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a
Nuclear
Detonation

Naval Air Special Weapons Facility;
North American Aviation, Inc.

5.4

In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1 Aircraft to a
Nuclear
Detonation

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics;
Douglas Aircraft Company

5.5

In-flight Structural Response of the F-B9D
Nuclear
Detonation

Wright Air Development Center;
Northrop
Aircraft

6.2

Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the
Electromagnetic Field Near a Nuclear Detonation

Diamond

Ordnance

Fuze

Laboratories

21

6.2a

Effect

Diamond

Ordnance

Fuze

Laboratories

**

6.4

Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline
NAROL System

Air

6.5

Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike Hercules

Army Missile Test Center; Bell Telephone
Laboratories

8.2

Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms and
Thermal Effects on Standard-reference Material

Naval

9.1

Technical

Lookout Mountain Laboratory; Edgerton,
Germeshausen and Grier

of

Nuclear

Radiation

on

and

Neutron-induced

Aircraft to a

Semi-conductor

Devices

Photography

* Minimum estimates based on Schedule of Events.
t Unknown.
*it Project b.Za personnel are included in Project 6.2 estimate.

Mills

Force

Laboratory

Company

Cambridge

Material

6

Laboratory

9

Research

17

t
t

t

Center

Laboratory

t

23

7

t

 Project 1.1, Basic Airblast Phenomena, was conducted to
obtain data on overpressure and dynamic pressure as a function of
time and distance from ground zero. Project personnel also
evaluated the performance of various pressure gauges and measurement devices.
Before shot-day, project participants installed 24 gauges
for measuring dynamic and static pressure at 14 stations.
These
stations were located at points approximately 300 to 910 meters
from ground zero along a blast line extending to the southeast.
Pro.ject participants also placed pressure gauges at the Yucca
Lake radio station, located over 19 kilometers south of ground
zero, and at the helicopter pad near Yucca Pass, nearly 24 kilometers south of ground zero. The data were recorded at each
station.
Project participants recovered the records from the two
distant stations one hour after the burst (53). The gauges
located along the blast-line in the shot area were recovered when
radiation intensities allowed (8). The team spent 30 to 45 minutes in recovery activities (53).
The objective of Pro,ject 2.2, Neutron-induced Activities in
Soil Elements, was to gather information concerning the radioactivity produced by the interactions of neutrons from a nuclear
device with soil and to correlate this information with measurements of the resulting gamma radiation fields.
At Shot HOOD,
project participants studied neutron-induced activity in an M-48
tank rather than in soils.
About two days before the detonation, Army personnel placed
the M-48 tank, which was used in Desert Rock Pro,ject 50.7, 910
meters southeast of ground zero. Personnel from Projects 2.2 and
2.4 moved the tank to a position 2,440 meters from ground zero
about eight hours after the detonation in order to measure the
induced radiation of the tank. Nine hours and 30 minutes after
the detonation, four project participants measured the gamma

45

 radiation levels of the tank. The readings were 1.5 R/h at the
rear and 0.4 R/h immediately in front of the tank.
The radiation
intensity 45 meters from the tank was 0.003 R/h; at 60 meters
from the tank, the intensity was 0.0025 R/h. Twelve hours after
the detonation, the radiation levels were measured again. Three
readings of 0.6 R/h were measured inside the tank, while external
readings ranged from 0.35 R/h on the front of the tank to 0.7 R/h
on the rear.
Pro.iect 2.2 participants also measured the gamma
spectrum with a mobile scintillation spectrometer (11; 49).
Project 2.3, Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, was
designed to measure the neutron output from nuclear devices.
However, at Shot HOOD, Pro,ject 2.3 personnel only provided
instruments to other Program 2 studies. They supplied neutron
and gamma detectors for Pro.ject 2.4 and furnished the detectors
that were suspended from balloons in Project 2.10 (37).
Project 2.4, Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding, was a
study of the shielding effectiveness of several types of metals,
military vehicles, and foxholes in reducing radiation levels.
Although the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories planned the
project, placed the instruments, and reported the results, other
Program 2 participants and DOD agencies assisted. The Ballistic
Research Laboratories provided the ordnance equipment, the Evans
Signal Laboratory was responsible for the gamma film packet
measurements, Project 2.X personnel measured neutron flux,
Project 2.5 participants kept the records of initial gamma
intensity versus time, (and the Air Force School of Aviation
Medicine provided the chemical dosimetry instruments.
A few davs before the HOOD shot, Desert Rock Pro.ject 50.7
personnel and Program 2 participants placed M-48 tanks, Ontos
vehicles, and metal hemispheres and dug foxholes at intervals of

 15 to 30 meters on an arc about 910 meters southeast of ground
zero.
Several gamma and neutron detectors and dosimeters were
contained in each item. According to the Schedule of Events, a
recovery party was to leave 15 minutes after the shot to retrieve
the detectors and dosimeters. About eight hours after the shot,
Project 2.2 and 2.4 personnel moved one M-48 tank to a location
2,440 meters from ground zero so that Pro.ject 2.2 personnel could
take readings using a gamma dose ratemeter, as described for
Project 2.2 (43).
Project 2.5, Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and Neutroninduced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils, was designed to determine
the intensities of gamma radiation in the soil shortly after
detonation.
The original project plans called for the Signal
Research and Development Laboratory to measure the initial gamma
intensity.
However, before Operation PLUMBBOB started, the
project was expanded to include support of other Program 2
studies.
Personnel from AFSWC and the Rand Corporation also
assisted.
Before the detonation, pro,ject participants assembled and
tested the instrumentation in the quonset hut area at Camp
The detectors were calibrated both before and after the
Mercury.
shot.
In the days preceding Shot HOOD, personnel from Pro,jects
2.5 and 2.10 transported the instrumentation racks to ground
stations in the shot area. Because the instrumentation racks
weighed several hundred pounds and were about ten feet tall,
participants used a truck with a monorail to emplace them. The
seven ground stations, located at 460-meter intervals between 460
and 3,200 meters south-southeast of ground zero, had been constructed at the beginning of Operation PLUMBBOB and were used at
several of the PLUMBBOB events. The Pro,ject 2.5 work party was
scheduled to have finished installing the instrumentation racks
by 2200 hours on the day before the shot.

47

 The recoverv team reentered the shot area when radiological
conditions permitted. Recovery was completed within three to
four days after the shot.
Participants transported the
instruments back to the quonset hut area, where the data were
processed (18).
Project 2.5 participants also helped Pro,ject 2.10 personnel
to suspend electronic detectors from balloon cables and tether
and launch the balloons on the day before the shot.
In addition,
they assisted in modifying and installing an instrument system in
an M-48 tank for the Project 2.4 study of neutron and gamma
shielding.
Project 2.6, Evaluation of New Types of Radiac Instruments,
had two parts. The first part tested the ability of a new gammaneutron ion chamber dosimeter to detect and measure initial radiation.
Project personnel placed the dosimeters in cylindrical
tubes and mounted them between steel stakes at six locations
ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 meters south of ground zero.
About
four hours after the detonation, pro,ject personnel recovered the
dosimeters and took them to Camp Mercury, where they were read
and interpreted.
The second part of this project was designed to evaluate the
new beta-gamma ion chamber ratemeter for Army field use.
According to the Schedule of Events, one individual was to leave
for the shot area about 30 minutes after the burst to take beta
and gamma readings at the 3 R/h line.
The Weapons Test Report
states that 26 experienced Desert Rock radiological safety
personnel were given the new IM-123 beta-gamma radiac meters and
the standard AN/PDR-39 radiac meters. The Desert Rock participants entered the shot area about 11 hours after the burst to
survey a 90-meter wide area located between 365 and 1,100 meters
from ground zero. They resurveyed the area 29 and 32 hours after
the detonation. Fifty-five hours after the burst, project

48

 personnel and six inexperienced Desert Rock personnel made radiological surveys in the same area.
Intensities of 0.2 R/h to 5 R/h
of gamma radiation were measured during these surveys.
In addition to these manual surveys of the shot area,
participants placed a recording station about 870 meters south of
ground zero. The station was installed two hours after the shot
and recovered 27 hours later. Project personnel made periodic
surveys at the station using the IM-123, AN/PDR-39, and the 1002
beta meter two, four, and 11 hours after the shot. During these
2O- to 3O-minute surveys, personnel wore protective clothing and
used respirators (10).
Project 2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, studied the
interference of high levels of radiation with radio transmissions
and radar operations. Two transmitters and equipment for measuring gamma rays and monitoring the effect on the transmitters
of the electromagnetic signal from the detonation were installed
in two shielded bunkers located 1,160 and 1,460 meters north of
ground zero. Receivers were located in Ruilding 400 near the
Control Point, 22 kilometers south of ground zero. From 2200
hours to 0100 hours the night before the shot, two parties were
in the shot area to activate the stations. Personnel began
recovering data and records about eight hours after the detonation and spent several days in this activity. Personnel also
installed scintillation detectors near the bunkers and obtained
readings from these detectors after the shot (22; 49).
Project 2.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac, was intended to
determine the accuracy of several tvpes of Navy radiac equipment
in measuring radiological hazards in the field under the conditions of nuclear warfare. The experimental equipment consisted
of three masonite phantoms and a dosimeter rack. Two phantoms
were loaded with selectively shielded standard depth-dose detectors and dosimeters, and the third held two recording ratemeters.

49
_-_

----

----

-a---

 About two hours after the detonation, participants, misled by an
erroneous AN/PDR-43 reading, placed the two dosimeter phantoms,
the ratemeter phantom, and the dosimeter rack in a 2 to 3 R/h
field instead of a 5 R/h field as planned.
Because the radiation
intensity in this field was too low to obtain good data, the
dosimeter phantoms and rack were moved to a 7 R/h field about
SO minutes later. The ratemeter phantom could not be transported
to a more intense field, because the power trailer serving the.
ratemeter recorder was shared with another pro,ject and could not
be moved. The ratemeter phantom was recovered 32 hours after the
detonation, and the dosimeter phantoms and rack were recovered
56 hours after the detonation.
According to the Schedule of Events, six project participants used three vehicles to place the dosimeter arrays.
These
personnel were accompanied by a radiation monitor (15; 49).
Pro.ject 2.10, Initial Nelltron and Gamma Air-earth Interface
Measurements, was conducted by AFSWC, with assistance from the
General Mills Company. The study investigated the effect of the
air-ground interface on radiation resulting from a nuclear
detonation.
Pro.ject personnel measured integrated gamma dose and
neutron readings
and gamma dose rates at points on the ground
.
and at corresponding points in the air at heights up to about
950 feet. Four tethered balloons, supplied and handled by the
General Mills Company with technical assistance from Sandia
Laboratory, were used to elevate the equipment and other
instruments.
On the day before the shot, nine Project 2.10 participants
assisted by personnel from Pro.ject 2.5, were scheduled to go to
the pro.ject area at 1300 hours to fill the balLoons with helium,
install instruments, and moor the balloons at positions 1,830,
2,290, 2,780, and 3,270 meters south-southeast of ground zero.
The men were to have completed these tasks and left the area bv

50

 2400 hours. Two hours after the shot, eight men in two vehicles
were to recover the jnstruments from the balloon stations.
The
balloons themselves were destroyed by the blast and thermal
effects of the shot (47; 49).
Project 4.2, Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an
Electromechanical Shutter, was designed to determine the effectiveness of a prototype electromechanical shutter in preventing
or minimizing flash blindness. The Tactical Air Command supplied
the C-47 aircraft in which the experiment took place and the six
volunteer subjects. The Air Force School of Aviation Medicine
furnished a trained examiner for each of the subjects. Personnel
from the Navy Radiological Defense Laboratory, the Wright
Patterson Aero Medical Laboratory, and the Nellis AFB Hospital
provided technical support.
The C-47 had special modifications for six test subjects.
These modifications included six portholes with facilities for
mounting four shutters. One of the prototype electromechanical
shutters used in the test was intentionally inoperative. In
addition, at least one window of the aircraft had been replaced
with a sandblasted diffusing screen to simulate the illumination
of a nuclear detonation as seen by an aircrew flying above,
below, or within a cloud layer. Four or more rabbits were also
used as test subjects. The rabbits were placed in a holder
designed to minimize movement and ensure that their eyes would be
exposed to the light from the detonation.
The C-47 took off from Nellis AFB at 0310 hours.
At shottime, the aircraft was about 30 kilometers southeast of ground
zero at an altitude of 9,000 feet. After the detonation, the
examiners determined the time needed for the volunteers to
recover useful vision, as measured by the ability to read aircraft instruments, and to recover night vision, as measured on a
nyctometer.
The volunteers averaged a minimum time of 10 seconds

51

 to recover aircraft instrument recognition and a maximum time of
90 seconds to recover night vision. Separate results for the
volunteer with the inoperative shutter are not available.
The
aircraft landed at Nellis AFB at 0517. The test subjects
received a complete ophthalmological evaluation at Nellis AFR
(3; 52).

Project 4.2 plans also called for four men to operate a
ground station from four hours and 30 minutes before the shot to
30 minutes after the shot. This station may have been intended
as a second observation post for the experiment.
However, the
weapons test report does not describe any Project 4.2 ground
activities at Shot HOOD (49; 52).
Project 5.3, In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4
Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to measure the
thermal and blast wave response of the FJ-4 aircraft and to
determine its performance and delivery capabilities during a
nuclear detonation. The operational phase of this project was
conducted by the Naval Air Special Weapons Facility, staging from
Indian Springs AFB during the test. North American Aviation,
Inc., supplied the specially instrumented test aircraft and the
personnel required to maintain it. Personnel involved in Project
5.3 were the aircraft crew, the air traffic controllers, and the
maintenance personnel.
The FJ-4 took off from Indian
arrived over the test area at 0354
orbiting point southwest of ground
The aircraft was positioned
feet.

Springs AFB at 0345 and
hours.
It established an
zero at an altitude of 20,000
nearly over ground zero, at a
slant range of about 4,600 meters, in a level flight attitude,
tail-on to the blast at the time of shock arrival. The aircraft
landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0449.
A standby aircraft was
positioned at 20,000 feet over Indian Springs AFB during the
detonation and landed at 0456 (3). Total gamma dose in the test

52

 aircraft was recorded by film badges located in the cockpit,
ammunition bay, right drop tank, and nose-wheel well (29).
Pro;iect 5.4, In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1
Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was fielded by the Navy Bureau
of Aeronautics, supported by the Douglas Aircraft Company.
Its
ob,jective was to measure the thermal and blast wave response of
the A4D-1 aircraft during flight and to determine its performance
and delivery capabilities during a nuclear detonation. Personnel
involved in Project 5.4 were the aircraft crew, the ground
controllers, and the maintenance personnel responsible for the
special painting and instrumentation of the aircraft.
Two aircraft were originally scheduled to participate at
Shot HOOD, but difficulties with communications equipment caused
one of the A4D-1 aircraft to abort (3). The aircraft that did
participate was to obtain gust response at a relatively low
incidence angle. The aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFB
at 0400 hours, entered an orbit pattern at 0408 hours, made two
practice

orbits in a pattern approximately 35 nautical miles in
length, and made a run-in over ground zero five minutes before
the detonation.
4t the time of detonation, the A4D-1 was located 7,800 feet
above terrain, at a slant range of 4,160 meters north of the
detonation.
When the shock wave arrived, the aircraft was
7,800 feet above terrain at a slant range of 9,300 meters further
north (3). Ten minutes after the detonation, the plane landed at
Indian Springs AFB. Nuclear radiation in the aircraft was
measured by four film badges located in the bottom of the nose
section, six film badges in the cockpit map case, and other
dosimeters located in the nose wheel door and the leg pocket of
the pilot's flight suit (3; 45).

53

 Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-891) Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the
structural response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast
and thermal effects of a nuclear detonation.
Northrop Aircraft
Corporation had a contract with the Wright Air Development Center
to assist in planning and conducting the test. Northrop was
responsible for calibrating, maintaining, and operating the
instrumentation and associated equipment, as well as analyzing
the data collected. Northrop and Wright Air Development Center
jointly determined positions and positioning methods.
The F-89D aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0410 hours,
arriving at its designated preshot position northeast of ground
zero at 0417 hours. The aircraft established a holding pattern
northeast of ground zero at an altitude of 26,000 feet.
At the
moment of detonation, the aircraft was about 11,000 meters southsouthwest of ground zero on a heading of 200 degrees.
At the
time of shock arrival, the aircraft had traveled approximately
6,000 meters further from the shot and was continuing on the same
heading.
The aircraft left the area at 0443 hours and landed at
Indian Springs AFB at 0446 (3; 42).
Project 6.2, Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the
Electromagnetic Field near a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by
Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories. The pro,ject determined the
characteristics of the electromagnetic pulse from a nuclear
detonation as a function of time and distance. This study used
five self-powered recording stations located at distances of
about 170, 320, 750, 1,520, and 2,890 meters from ground zero.
Before Shot HOOD, the project staff, which had 21 members,
installed sensors and recording devices at each station. The
devices were buried in holes lined with concrete and then covered
with sandbags. The preparation of these stations required the
support of between 10 and 15 members of the pro,ject staff.

54

 According to the Schedule of Events, three men were to occupy a
station at UTM coordinates 895855 between Yucca Lake and Mercury
Highway from two hours before to one hour after the shot.
Recovery operations began about four hours after shot-time.
Recovery of some of the recording devices took only about 90 minutes, but the recovery of others was considerably more difficult
because the protecting sandbags had disintegrated and the holes
had to be dug out before the recording packages could be
retrieved. Recovery operations within the four days after the
shot involved eight to ten men who spent one to two days working
in the field (21; 49; 51).
Project 6.2a, Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Semiconductor
Devices, was conducted by Pro.ject 6.2 personnel. The objective
of the project was to ascertain the effects of neutron, gamma,
and electromagnetic radiation on commercially available transistors, diodes, and electronic circuits using these components.
The major project effort was at Shot PRISCILLA. Project
personnel placed transistors and diodes in aluminum cans, which
in turn were packed in insulated plywood boxes.
The one box used
at Shot HOOD was buried 240 meters from ground zero and was
probably recovered within a few days after the shot (50).
Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline
NAROL System, had three ob.jectives:
0

To study the ability of the NAROL System to detect
the position and measure the yield of a nuclear
detonation

0

To detect accurately the electromagnetic pulse from
nuclear bursts

0

To collect data on the propagation of that pulse as
it travels over land.

The NAROL geometry tested during PLUMBBOB consisted of one
inverse LORAN net, with stations at Albuquerque, New Mexico;
Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota (18).

55

 Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike Hercules, investigated the effects of nuclear detonations on the
structural and operational characteristics of components,
materials, and electronic systems of the Nike Hercules guidedmissile system. At Shot HOOD, however, the only ob.jective was to
investigate radar signal propagation through a nuclear cloud.
The pro.ject was fielded by 23 personnel from the Army Missile
Test Center of the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico.
They
were assisted by four employees of the Systems Test Division of
the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Whippanv, New Jersey.
The project procedure actually used differed considerably
from that planned because cf an instrument malfunction.
For
attenuation measurements, the plan was to locate a Nike beacon on
a mountain high enough so that a radar signal sent from another
mountftin station could pass through the nuclear cloud and illuminate the beacon. Before detonation, however, the clock on the
radio relay used to energize the beacon malfunctioned, and the
beacon failed to activate. The radar signal that reflected from
the mountain where the beacon was located was then used to make
the attenuation measurements (16).
At 2330 hours on the day before the shot, ten project
participants went to the radar station, located near Syncline
Ridge at UTM coordinates 765103. The radar station was manned
through shot-time. Personnel left the area two hours after the
shot (16; 49).
Project 8.2, Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms
and Thermal Effects on Standard-reference Material, investigated
the ability of laboratory experiments to predict accurately the
effects of intense thermal radiation on live skin and tissue
covered by various uniform materials. Laboratory results were
compared with actual burns in selected materials exposed to

56

 thermal radiation from a nuclear detonation. Although two equipment stations were planned for this project, only one station,
containing recording instruments and selected materials, was
installed 3,180 meters from ground zero. Protective covers were
removed from exposure assemblies the evening before the detonation.
Seven men returned to the station to retrieve samples
and instruments after recovery hour was declared at 0608 hours
(14; 49).
It is not known how long the recovery team spent in
these activities.
Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided technical
photography and documented detonations for historical purposes
and for release to the press through the Joint Office of Test
Information.
In addition, the pro.ject provided cameras for
Project 8.2.
An airborne camera station, manned by personnel from the
Lookout Mountain Laboratory, and a camera station in the forward
area, operated by Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier photographers, provided color and black-and-white and still and motion
picture coverage. By using laboratory facilities established at
the test site, personnel could process and classify the photographs for release to the press (18).
The airborne station, a C-47 from the Military Air Transport
Service, left Indian Springs AFB at 0325 hours and arrived at the
NTS at 0330 hours. The aircraft established an orbiting pattern
at 10,000 feet about 25 kilometers south of ground zero at
0340 hours.
It left the NTS at 0520 hours and landed at Indian
Springs AFB at 0525 hours. The plane spent 40 minutes over the
NTS after the detonation (3).
Based on standard photographv procedures during the test
series, cameramen probably spent one day photographing pro,ject
setups before the detonation. The postshot pho.tography was

57

 ------ --

done within a few davs,
logically safe.

after the areas were declared radio-

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN LASL AND UCRL TEST
GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD
The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group performed
five projects at Shot HOOD. Of these five projects, only
Pro,ject 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD participants,
as indicated in table 3-2. The University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group conducted eight pro,jects at Shot HOOD,
but DOD personnel took part only in Pro.ject 21.2, Radiochemistry
Sampling.
4s shown in table 3-2, the same sampler pilots from
AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) provided support concurrently for these projects. The two pro,jects are discussed
together under AFSWC participation at Shot HOOD, in section 3.5
of this chapter.

Table 3-2: LASL, UCRL, AND CETG PROJECTS WITH DOD PERSONNEL
INVOLVEMENT, SHOT HOOD

Title

Project

Sponsor

Estimated
Number
DOD
Personnel

DOD

LASL/
UCRL

16

Biophysical
Aspects of
Fallout!Physical
Aspects of
Fallout

CETG

a

39.1

Gamma and Neutron
Radiation
Measurements

CETG

22

USAF School of
Aviation Medicine

39.5

Radiation Dosimetry
Human
Exposure

CETG

3

USAF School of
Aviation Medicine

39.9

Remote
Radiological
Monitoring

CETG

1

USAF School of
Aviation Medicine

11.2/
21.2

Radiochemistry

37.21
37.2a

Sampling

for

+ Unknown

58

Capacity

Agency
4926th Test Squadron,
AFSWC

Cloud

Sampling

AFSWC

R a d i o Relay

*
Laboratory

Analysis

 3.3

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL EFFECTS TEST
GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted ten projects at HOOD.
DOD personnel took part in five of these projects, as shown in
table 3-2.
As at all shots in the PLUMBHOH series, Department of
Defense participation in the Civil Effects Test Group projects
was limited.
Projects 37.2, Riophysical Aspects of Fallout, and 37.2a,
Physical Aspects of Fallout, required one C-47 aircraft, provided
by AFSWC, for a radio relay. Other than eight AFSWC particiThe C-47
pants, DOD personnel were not involved in this project.
aircraft arrived at the NTS at 0240 hours and began an orbit 20
nautical miles southeast of ground zero at an altitude of 12,Oi)U
feet.
It left the NTS after 0600 hours (3).
Pro.ject 39.1, Gamma and Neutron Radiation Measurements,
engaged 22 DOD personnel. Some of these participants were from
the .$ir Force School of Aviation Medicine. They experimented
with film dosimetry techniqlles to measure gamma radiation from a
nuclear detonation. Dosimeters were placed at loo-meter intervals 450 to 1,:350 meters from ground zero (41).
According to the
Schedule of Events, three men were to enter the shot area eight
hours after the detonation to recover the dosimeters (49).
Pro.ject 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposure,
involved three DOD personnel from the Air Force School of
Aviation Medicine. Other personnel included 18 civilians from
the AEC Oak Ridge National Laboratory, three civilians from
Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, and one civilian from the
General Electric Company. The ob,jective of Project 39.5 was to
determine the shielding afforded by light-frame houses and similar structures against fast neutrons and gamma rays.
Pro.ject
personnel placed an array of neutron and gamma ray detection
devices southeast of ground zero at slant ranges of 1,140, 1,370,

59

 and 1,600 meters. Shortly after the detonation, participants
recovered the devices (12; 40).
Pro.ject 39.9, Remote Radiological Monitoring, involved one
DOD participant from the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine.
Participants recorded residual radiation data at four monitoring
stations located 675, 900, 1,125, and 1,350 meters northeast of
ground zero (40).

3.4

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS AT SHOT
HOOD

The Marine Corps conducted one operational training pro,ject
at Shot HOOD, and the Air Force conducted three, as shown in
table 3-3.
The primary aims of these training projects were to
test tactics and equipment and to instruct military personnel in
the effects of nuclear detonations.

Table 3-3: DOD OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS, SHOT HOOD

Projoct
52.3

Tide
Manne Fly-by lndoctrtnatlon

53.5

Awcrew lndoctnnation

53.z

Indirect Bomb
Assessment

53.9

Damage

Photographic

TYW

Sponsor

Aircraft

Mann0 C o r p s

Air Defense Command

Wright Air Development

No.
I
Aircmft
1

TactIcal

Atr Command

60

El Toro Marine Air
Base Station,
California

R5D
A40

3

T-33

4

Nailis

F-890

1

Indian Springs
6Jevada

RF-84F

2

Luke AFB,
California

Command

Reconnawsnce
Trawvng

Staging Etssa

AFB. Nevada

AFB.

Estimated
No.
Cersonnel
16
3
8

2

2

 Pro,ject 52.3, Marine Fly-by Indoctrination, was conducted by
Marine Air Group 33 of the 3d Marine Air Wing.
The project
involved one RFjD aircraft, probably manned by a crew of three and
carrying 13 passengers, and three A4D aircraft, manned by one
pilot each. A fourth A4D was supposed to participate, but
technical problems forced it to abort its mission. The aircraft
operated from the El Toro Marine Corps Air Base Station, Santa
Ana, California.
The three A4Ds flew at altitudes of 21,000 to
24,000 feet in an orbit 25 nautical miles long.
The A4D aircraft
entered the NTS and began their orbit at 0430 and left at
0500 hours. At shot-time, they were 16.5 nautical miles southeast of the HOOD detonation. The R5D began its orbit between
Lathrop Wells and Camp Desert Rock at 11,000 feet at 0430 hours,
and was ten nautical miles south of ground zero at shot-time. It
left the area at 0500.

The reporting point of all aircraft was

Lathrop Wells (3).
Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination, was conducted by the
Air Defense Command to provide an opportunity for crew members
and commanders to witness a nuclear detonation and penetrate the
nuclear cloud. Four T-33 aircraft, each with a crew of two, took
off from Nellis AFB at 0420.
/It 0435, they began orbiting at
34,000 feet, 30 nautical miles northeast of ground zero.
They
left their orbit and penetrated the cloud when ordered to do so
by the sampler control aircraft discussed in section 3.5.1.
The
T-33s left the area by 0500 hours (3).
Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, conducted by
the Wright Air Development Center, included one F-B9D manned by a
crew of two. The plane left Indian Springs AFB at 0355 and
arrived at its shot-time position at 0410.
It flew at an
altitude of 35,000 feet in an orbit that placed it east of ground
zero at shot-time. The plane left its orbit at 0441 and landed
at Indian Springs AFB at 0504 (3).

61

 Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, was
conducted by an Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Unit.
The project involved two RF-84F aircraft, each probably manned by
one pilot. The aircraft left Luke AFB at 0355 and arrived at the
NTS at 0435, where they orbited between Lathrop Wells and Beatty,
Nevada.
The participants, who were from the Alabama National
Guard, were assigned to photograph the ground zero area.
At 0450
they flew toward ground zero at 10,000 feet. The planes left the
area at 0515 (3).

3.5

AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD

Air Force Special Weapons Center support to the Test Manager
and to test groups during Shot HOOD was provided by the 4950th
Test Group (Nuclear), the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling), and
the 4935th Air Base Squadron, with support from the 4900th Air
Base Group.
AFSWC missions consisted of nuclear cloud sampling,
cloud tracking, cloud penetration, terrain surveys, and courier
missions.
Cloud sampling was conducted for LASL Pro.ject 11.2 and
UCRL Project 21.2. AFSWC personnel located in the air operations
center at the Control Point at Yucca Pass exercised operational
control of all aircraft participating at Shot HOOD.
Table 3-4
indicates DOD participation in AFSWC projects, including the
number and types of aircraft used.
3.5.1

Cloud Sampling

Ten aircraft collected samples of the Shot HOOD cloud for
LASL Pro.ject 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and UCRL Pro.ject
21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. These ten sampler aircraft were
flown by pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and
included four B-57Bs, each with one pilot and a radiation
monitor, two F-84s with one pilot each, and four T-33s, each with
a crew of two. A B-57B sampler control aircraft, which was flown
by an AFSWC pilot accompanied by a scientific advisor from UCRL,
also participated.

 Table 3-4: AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT HOOD

Program/Project
11.2/21.2

Mission
Cloud Sampling
Sampler
Control
Sampler
Sampler
Sampler
Courier

Missions

37.2t37.2a

Radio-Relay

-

Cloud

Estimated Number of
DOD Personnel

Type Aircraft

Number of Aircraft

0-57
F-84

2
2

B-57
T-33

1
2
4
4

C-47

3

15

c-47

1

a

0-25

1

6

a
a

Tracking

-

Cloud
Penetration

T-33

1

2

-

Security Sweeps

L-20

2

4

-

Survey Missions

H-21

6

24
I

The sampler control aircraft (serial number 504) left Indian
Springs AFB at 0425 and reached its preshot position 50 nautical
miles east of ground zero at an altitude of 30,000 feet at 0430.
It left this orbit shortly after the detonation to view the cloud
from all sides. The scientific advisor then directed the sampler
aircraft to penetrate the cloud in order to collect the necessary
samples.
The sampler control aircraft left the NTS at about 0725
and landed at Indian Springs AFB around 0730. A spare B-57B
sampler control aircraft stood by at Indian Springs AFB but was
not needed.

63

 The missions of the sampler aircraft, which all staged from
Indian Springs AFB, are summarized in the following listing:

-----------.---------------------------_----__

TIME
TIME
AIRCRAFT
SERIAL
TAKEOFF
ENTERED
LEFT
LANDING
TYPE
NUMBER
TIME
CLOUD AREA CLOUD AREA TIME
-----.---------------------.----------.----.--------------T-33
T-33

803
825

0416
0416

0445
0450

T-33
T-33
F-84G
F-84G
B-57B
B-57B
B-57B
B-5'7B

267
812
054
046
495
496
500
50%

0420
0420
0610
0620
0555
0600
0630
0640

11450
0450
0615
0625
0600
0605
0635
0655

0600
0600
0610
0610
0655
0705
0632
0645
0715
0725

3605
0605
0615
0615
0700
0710
0640
0650
0720
0730

Two spare F-84G and one B-57B aircraft stood by at.Indian Springs
AFB during the cloud sampling mission but were not used (3).
Upon landing, sampler aircraft taxied to a designated area
where Air Force ground personnel removed the samples and placed
them in metal containers which were sent by courier to the
laboratories.
At the completion of this activity, the aircraft
crew went through the decontamination procedures described in the
PLUMBBOB series volume.

64

 3.5.2

Courier Missions

It was planned that three C-47s would deliver cloud samples
to UCRL and LASL. Five Air Force personnel probably manned each
aircraft (3).

3.5.3

Cloud Tracking

Immediately after the HOOD detonation, four aircraft were
scheduled to fly cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the
Nevada Test Site. However, available documentation specifies
only that one B-25, serial number 410, left Indian Springs AFB at
0500 and entered NTS airspace at 0510. The B-25 probably had a
crew of six (3).

3.5.4

Cloud

Penetration

Another AFSWC activity at Shot HOOD was part of an ongoing
study to determine whether the Air Force should monitor the
A T-33,
accumulation of radioactive contaminants on aircraft.
serial number 105, from the 4926th Test Squadron, piloted by an
officer from Air Support Group Headquarters and carrying one
observer, entered the Shot HOOD cloud. The pilot and the
observer both wore lead vests instrumented with several film
badges.
Six additional film badges were taped to the e,jection
seats. The T-33 left Indian Springs AFd at 0550, began following
the cloud at 0610, discontinued tracking at 0630, and landed at
Indian Springs AFB at 0635 (2; 3).
3.5.5

Security Sweep Missions

Two L-20 aircraft, each carrying a security guard and a pilot,
were scheduled to fly security checks over the test area on the dav
before and sometime after the detonation. The L-20 aircraft were
based at the Yucca Lake airstrip (3).

65

 3.5.6

Terrain Survey Missions

Six H-21 helicopters, staging from the helicopter pad near
the Control Point, were available to fly radiation safety and
terrain survey missions, as directed by the Test 'Manager and the
Test Director. Each helicopter carried two Air Force crew
members and two radiation safety monitors from Reynolds
Electrical and Engineering Company. This survey mission is
described with the other monitoring activities in chapter 4.

 CHAPTER 4
RADIATION PROTECTION AT
SHOT HOOD

To protect DOD participants at Shot HOOD from the radiation
associated with a nuclear detonation, Exercise Desert Rock VII,
the Nevada Test Organization, and the Air Force Special Weapons
Center each developed its own criteria and procedures.
These
safety criteria and procedures, as well as the organizations
developed to implement them, are detailed in chapter 5 of the
PLUMBBOB series volume. The purpose of the radiation protection
procedures developed for Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that
individual exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible.
At the same time, the procedures were designed so that
participants could accomplish their missions.
Some

of the procedures required that records be kept so that

Exercise Desert Rock, the NTO, and AFSWC could evaluate the
effectiveness of their radiation protection programs. Available
information concerning radiation protection at Shot HOOD includes
film badge readings for some of the participants in Desert Rock
Project 52.1, Marine Brigade Exercise, and NT0 data on radiation
safety equipment, survey results and records, isointensity plots,
and decontamination records.

4.1

RADIATION MONITORING AND FILM BADGE READINGS FOR
PARTICIPANTS IN THE MARINE BRIGADE EXERCISE

The following discussion details radiation protection
activities specifically related to the Marine Brigade Exercise,
Pro.ject 52.1, at Shot HOOD.

67

 Monitoring and Dosimetry
Monitors from seven major Marine Corps commands participated
in special monitoring exercises while the 4th Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade was at Camp Desert Rock.
These
178 monitors were in addition to those monitors who belonged to
the subordinate units of the 4th Brigade. At shot-time, 13 of
the 16 monitoring teams were in the trenches, two were with the
observers in the News Nob area, and one was in the vehicle
assembly area.
Fifteen minutes after the shot, the monitors
began their activities. They monitored the equipment display
area, accompanied Desert Rock monitors surveying towards the
ground zero area, preceded Company E on its march towards ground
zero, accompanied the motor convoy from the vehicle assembly area
to the trenches and back to the assembly area, monitored Loading
Zone One, and accompanied observers on buses and in sedans.
The
monitoring teams reassembled at the equipment display area upon
completion of the exercise and monitored departing vehicles and
personnel for contamination. The monitors returned to Camp
Desert Rock at about 1800 hours (27; 55).
Sixteen monitors from 2d Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment,
were deployed to Camp Desert Rock for special training by Army
radiological safety teams at the NTS.
These monitors, grouped
into four teams, performed monitoring during the field exercise
for Companies E, F, G, and H (55).
An attempt was made to establish an interim dosimetry capability for the Marine Corps. Field X-ray processing equipment
was set up, and dental X-ray packets were issued to a representative group of participating personnel. After the troop
exercise, the film was processed and interpreted. The results
appeared to be in the reliability range of other photodosimetry
systems (55). Results of the regular dosimetry program are
reported in the next section.

68

 Film Badge Results
Each Exercise Desert Rock participant was issued a film
badge.
Form LSD SCTF 10, the Lexington Signal Depot Film Badge
Service Radiation Report, was used to record the individual's
name, rank, serial number, organization, film badge number, and
exposure.
While the forms include much useful information, they
do not always provide information specific to Shot HOOD.
The LSD
SCTF 10 forms cover periods of time ranging from two days to two
months.
In some cases, the participants could have gone to the
forward area during another event.
In addition, information on
these forms was not always recorded accurately; names were
misspelled and incorrect organization names were recorded.
In spite of these recordkeeping problems, film badge
readings can be identified for about two-thirds of the DOD
personnel at Shot HOOD. These are the records of the participants in Project S2.1, the Marine Brigade Exercise, which was
performed only at Shot HOOD during the PLUMBBOB series. By
separating the records of Project 52.1 participants from the
other PLUMBBOB LSD SCTF 10 forms, it was possible to compile film
badge readings specific to Shot HOOD.
Film badge readings are available for 639 persons assigned
The only group not fully represented in these
to Project 52.1.
data is the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines:
film badge readings are
not available for the majority of enlisted men in this group.
Research indicates that 51 of the 639 soldiers had film badges
that were damaged or otherwise unreadable.
Figure 4-l presents
the distribution of film badge readings for the 588 participants
with readable badges. Although Pro,ject S2.l consisted almost
entirely of Marines, ten Navy medical personnel also participated. Only one of these ten men received an exposure greater
than 1 ;oentgen; this exposure was 1.3 roentgens.

69

 Total: 588 individuals (does not include 51 persons
for whom badge readings are unavailable)

Number
of
Persons

.l

rl

r

I

I

I rl I L

L

232
0

1
0.2

3

50

112
0.4

31
0.6

30
0.8

31
1.0

53
1.2

Film Badge Readings (Roentgens)

15

17
1.4

1.6

9
1.8

f
2.0

5

1

2.2 and over

*specific total readings were: 2.305
2.480
2.570
3.020
7.200

Figure 4-l: DISTF IBUTION OF TOTAL FILM BADGE READINGS,
PROJ ICT 52.1, SHOT HOOD
70

l

 The mean exposure reading for the 588 participants with
readable badges was 0.6 roentgens.
Seventy-five percent of the
readings were below 1.6 roentgens, but eight of the 588 participants received 2 roentgens or more. The Equipment Display
Officer, who returned to the display area several times in the
days after the shot, received 7.2 roentgens. This is the only
reading detected among Project 52.1 participants in excess of
the Exercise Desert Rock limit of 5 roentgens. Aside from an
equipment display assistant, all others with totals greater than
1.25 roentgens were members of the monitoring teams.
Most of the ProSect 52.1 participants were issued only one
film badge. However, over one-third of those for whom dosimetry
results are available received more than one badge, as shown
below:
Persons issued one film badge:
Persons issued two film badges:
Persons issued three film badges*:
TOTAL

369
42
177
588

(63%)
(7%)
(30%)
(lOO%,

The men who received three badges were monitors. Half the monitors entered contaminated areas twice during training exercises,
thus using two film badges. The other half used only one badge
during training. The last badge received by both groups of
monitors was used for Shots PRISCILLA and HOOD (55). Readings
The mean reading for
for the monitors are shown in figure 4-2.
monitors was between 1.1 and 1.2 roentgens, approximately twice
as high as the mean reading for all Project 52.1 participants.

--- --- ----.------

*One person received four badges; the fourth may have been a
replacement for a lost badge.

71

 50

172 individuals (does not include four persons
the one person who had four badges)
40

.

30
Number
of
Participants

8
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

11
0.8

20
1.0

49
1.2

17
1.4

15
1.6

In
9

1.8

3

2.0

4

2.2 and over

Film Badge Readings (Roentgens)

Figure 4-2: DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL FILM BADGE READINGS, PROJECT 52.1,
PARTICIPANTS WITH THREE FILM BADGES (MONITORS)

 For all Desert Rock pro.jects other than Pro,ject 52.1,
participants were required to follow the standard procedures
described in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

4.2

NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION RADIATION PROTECTION ACTIVITIES

The following subsections describe the radiological protection activities of the Nevada Test Organization at Shot HOOD.
Dosimetrv

Records

From 4 July to 13 July 1957, a period that includes the
5 July detonation of HOOD, the Personnel Dosimetrv Branch of the
NT0 issued 838 film badges and 405 pocket dosimeters.
Although the number of AFSWC participants who wore film
badges is not known, data have been found that indicate the
exposures received by ground crews during aircraft decontamination.
For the decontamination of F-84 cloud samplers at Shots
HOOD, PRISCILLA, DIABLO, DOPPLER, and OWENS, ground crew members
received an average total exposure of 0.112 roentgens (1). No
shot-specific exposure data are availahle.
Information on Radiation Safety Equipment
For Shot HOOD, the Logistics Branch issued 1,425 pieces of
protective clothing and 370 respirators.
Monitoring Procedures and Support
Five minutes after the detonation,
total of 12 monitors began the initial
mid-time of 0536 hours. Resurvevs were
of 1052 hours on shot-day, and again on

nine vehicles carrying a
ground survey, which had a
also made at a mid-time
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and

13 Julv.

73

--

---

A-

A

-_

-

--

 Because heavy dust obscured ground points, the AFSWC aerial
survey team, described in section 3.5.6 of this volume, could not
perform its survey until about six hours after the detonation.
The mid-time of this survey was 1043 hours. The aerial survey
team also resurveyed the area around ground zero on 6 and 7 <July.
The maximum intensity encountered by the aerial survey team was
40 R/h, measured the day after Shot HOOD at 25 feet above ground
zero (36; 46).
Plotting and Briefing
Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and
Briefing Branch developed radiation isointensity contour maps.
Figure 4-3 shows a copy of the initial map, with radiation
intensities at a mid-time of 0536 hours.
Figures 4-4 through 4-7
show copies of the contour maps generated from resurveys.
Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and
Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclusion (RADEX) areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued
the access permits required for entry into these areas.
During
the period 5 July through 13 July, access permits were issued to
a total of 619 individuals involved in 66 pro,jects (36; 46).
Decontamination

Activities

During the period 4 July through 13 July 1957, personnel of
the Decontamination Section decontaminated 29 vehicles, 20
pressure gauges, and five electrical devices.

74

 .*
. .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.>

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- - w - e - - - - -.-.-.-.-.-.

METERS

Stake Lines
0.01 R/h
0.1 A/h
1.0 R/h

Figure 4-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 5 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0536
75

 METERS
LI
11 I
0
1000

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
---d------.-.-.-,-.-.

Stake Lines
0.01 R/h
0.1 R/h
1.0 R/h

Figure 4-4: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 5 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 1052

 l
0

METERS
1 1 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- - - e - e - - - -

I
1000

-.-.-.-.-.-.

Stake Lines
0.01 R/h
0.1 R/h
1.0 R/h

Figure 4-5: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 6 JULY 1967, MID-TIME 0613
77

 I
0

METERS
1 1 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
---v----w-.-.-.-.-.-.

I
loo0

Stake Lines
0.01 R/h
0.1 R/h
1.0 R/h

Figure 4-6: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 7 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0818
7s

 . .
.
..........
w--B --v--w
a.m.-.-.-.-.

METERS
I
0

1000

Stake Lines
0.01 R/h
0.1 R/h
1.0 R/h

Figure 4-7: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 8 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0668
7’9

 80

REFERENCE LIST

The following list of references represents
only those documents cited in the HOOD
volume.
When a DASA-WT document is followed
bg an EX, the latest version has been cited.
A complete list of all documents consulted
during the preparation of the PLUMBBOB series
volumes is contained in the Operation
PLUMBBOB volume.

81
- - -

--- -

 AVAILAHILITY

INFORM.4TION

An availability statement has been included at the end of
the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or
obtain copies of source documents.
Availability statements were
correct at the time the bibliography was prepared.
It is
anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may
become available during the declassification review process.
The
Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future
DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number.
Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC
may be reviewed at the following address:
Department of Energy
Coordination and Information Center
(Operated by Revnolds Electrical XI Engineering Co., Inc.)
ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley
2753 S. Highland
P.O. Box 14100
Phone:
(70%) 734-3194
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
FTS:
598-3194
Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS
may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.
When ordering bv mail or phone, please include both the price
code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses
before the NTIS order number.
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Phone:
Springfield, Virginia 22161

(703) 487-4650
(Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by
writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling
(703) 487-4660.

82

 SHOT

HOOD:

REFERENCES

1.

4950th Test Group, Nuclear.
IT-33 Contamination Study.1
Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC.
7 October 1957.
7 Pages.**

2.

4950th Test Group, Nuclear.
"Operation Plan l-57,
Operation PLUMBBOB."
Kirtland AFB, NM.:
AFSWC.
1 March 1980.
139 Pages.
(A07) AD/A995 031.*

3.

Air Force Special Weapons Center.
"Air Mission Summary
Report for HOOD Event."
Mercurv, NV.:
AFSWC.
6 July 1957.
6 Pages.**

4.

Armed Forces Special Weapons Proeject.
fparticipation of
Military Personnel Assigned to Nevada Test Organization in Exercise Desert Rock.1
Mercury, NV.:
AFSWP.
10 July 1957.
2 Pages.**

5.

Atomic Energy Commission.
"The Effects of Nevada Atomic
Tests."
AEC.
March 1957.
46 Pages.**

6.

Ballard, George, LTCOL., USMC (Ret.).
[Notes from
Interview, Sub.iect:
Shots PRISCILLA and HOOD.1
Houston, TX.
5 Pages.***
October 7, 1980.

7.

Bass,

8.

Bryant, E.; Keefer, J.H.
Basic Airblast Phenomena, Pro,ject
Ballistic Research Laboratories.
1.1.
Albuquerque,
NM.:
Field Command, DASA.
WT-1401.
June 1962.
202 Pages.
(AlO) AD 344 935.*

9.

Bradv, B.
[Notes from Interview with LTCOL. Bvron Bradv,
USMC (Ret.) on Shot HOOD and Pro,iect S2.1, and Shot
PRISCILLA.1
September 25, 19380.
5 Pages.***

10.

Cohen, A.; Jachter, M.; Koeh, D.; et al.
"Evaluation of
New Types of Radiac Instruments, Pro.iect 2.6."
Albuquerque, NM.:
Field Command, DASA.
WT-1415-EX.
October 1979.
(A04) AD/B951 766.*
71 Pages.

[Taped Interview, Suh,iect: Shot HOOD. 1
Joseph.
Fairhope, AL.
February 11, 1981.***

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the
asterisk.
**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

83

 11.

Cook,

et al.
Neutron-Induced Activities in Soil
Elements, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 2.2.
Naval
Radiological Defense Laboratory.
Albuquerque, NM.:
Field Command, DASA.
WT-1411-EX.
February 1980.
82 Pages.
(A05) AD/A955 019.*

12.

Corsbie, R.
"Operation PLUMBBOB Civil Effects Test Group
Project Summaries."
Mercury, NV.:
CETG.
May 1957.
69 Pages.
(A04) AD/B 951 587.*

13.

Curtis, Oliver, COL., USMC (Ret.).
Shot HOOD.1
Cape Coral, FL.

14.

Derksen, W.; Monahan, T.; Bracciaventi, J.; et al.
"Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms, and
Thermal Effects on a Standard-Reference Material,
Naval Material Laboratory.
Project 8.2."
4lbuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.
WT-1441.
May 1960.
SO Pages.
(AO3) AD 360 876.*

15.

"Evaluation of Military Radiac,
DiIanni, E.; Riggin, F.
Proeject 2.8."
Naval Material Laboratory.
Albuquerque, NM.:
Field Command, DASA.
WT-1417.
November 1957.
58 Pages.
(A03) AD 360 872.*

16.

Elder, G.
"Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike
Hercules, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 6.5."
White
Sands Missile Range.
October 1960.***

17.

Evans, W.A. History of 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) in
Operation PLUMBBOB. Air Force Special Weapons Center,
Historical Section. Kirtland AFB, NM.:
AFSWC.
6 January 1958.
128 Pages.

18.

Field Command, AFSWP.
"Operational Summary: Operation
PLUMBBOB."
Albuquerque, NM.:
Field Command, AFSWP,
WT-1444-EX.
October 1979.
73 Pages.
(A04)
AD/B951 751.*

19.

Frash, W.F., COL., USMC, (Ret.).
[Notes from Phone
Interview, Sub.ject:
Shot HOOD.] Palos Verdes, CA.
February 1981.***

C.;

[Interview, Subject:
February 10, 1981.***

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the
asterisk.
**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

84

 20.

General Electric Company - TEMPO.
Compilation of Local
Fallout Data From Test Detonations 1945-1962.
Volume 1:
Washington,
"Continental U.S. Tests."
DC.:
DNA-1251-l-EX.
1979.
600 Pages.
(A16) AD/A079 310.*

21.

Haas, P.; Wimenitz, F.; Hoadley, J.; et al.
"Measurement
of the Magnetic Component of the Electromagnetic Field
near a Nuclear Detonation, Pro.ject 6.2."
Diamond
Ordnance Fuze Laboratory.
Albuquerque, NM.:
Field
Command, DASA.
WT-1436-EX.
February 1980.
66 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 750.*

22.

Hanscome, T.; Caldwell, P.; Gorbics, S.; et al.
Investigation of Effects of Nuclear Detonations on
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Nuclear Radiation
Naval Research
Detector Design, Project 2.7.
Laboratory.
Albuquerque, NM.:
Field Command, DASA.
WT-1416-EX.
September 1980.
97 Pages.
(A05) AD/A995 057.**

23.

[JRB Interview,
Harney, J. B., LTCOL., USMC (Ret.).
Sub,ject: Shot PRISCILLA.]
Vista, CA.
*January 21,
1981.***

24.

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock.
"Operation Order Number 7,
Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, Shot HOOD."
Camp
Desert Rock.
39 Pages.**
28 June 1957.

2s.

Headquarters, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. Unit Diary for
1st Marine Division, Battalions and Companies,
April--July 1957. Headquarters, USMC, Personnel
Department.
Washington, DC.:
1957.
Hqs > USMC.

26.

Headquarters, Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic
Exercise Bde.
"Administrative Plan l-57, Desert Rock
VII."
Camp Pendleton, CA.: U.S. Marine Corps.
29 May 1957.
80 Pages.**

27.

Headquarters, Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic
Exercise Bde.
Schedule of Events.
1957.
3 Pages.**
*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the
asterisk.

**Available at DOE CIC..
***Not Available.
****Reqhests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

85

 28.

Headquarters, Sixth Army.
Exercise Desert Rock VII and
Presidio of San
VIII:
Final Report of Operations.
AG-S-9531.
Francisco, CA.: Sixth U.S. Army.
25 November 1957.
107 Pages.
(AO6) AD/A077 515.*

29.

Julian, A.
Inflight Structural Response of FJ-4 Aircraft
to Nuclear Detonations, Operation PLUMBBOB, Pro.iect
Washington, DC.: Department of the Navy,
5.3.
Bureau of Aeronautics.
WT-1432.
February 1960.
190 Pages.
(AO9) AD 360 875.*

30.

Klinck, C. C.
HOOD. 1

31.

Lega,

32.

Operation PLUMBBOB:
Marine Nuclear Test Personnel Review.
List of Participation Units.
Washington, DC.
1979.
1 Page.**

33.

DELETED.

34.

Negron, R.; Murphy, H.
[Notes of Telephone Interviews with
R . Negron and H. Murphv to Reconstruct Marine
Activities at Shot HOOD.1
Washington, DC.
April
21 Pages.***
1978.

35.

Pearce, G.
[Notes from Interview with LTCOL. Gary Pearce,
USMC (Ret.) former Equipment Officer, 4th MCPAEB.1
April 22, 1980.***

36.

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company.
"On Site
Las Vegas, NV.:
REECo.
Rad-Safe Support Shot HOOD."
1957.
10 Pages.****

37.

Rigotti, D.; Kinch, H.; Funsten, H.; et al.
"Neutron Flux
from Selected Nuclear Devices, Project 2.3."
US
Albuquerque, NM.:
Army, Chemical Warfare Laboratory.
Field Command, DASA.
WT-1412-EX.
October 1979.
SO Pages.
(A04) AD/A995 074.*

38.

Sawver, James, MAJ., USMC (Ret.).
[Taped Interview,
Sub.ject:
Shot HOOD.]
Hudson, WI.
02/10/81.***

[Interview,
Vickerv, OH.

Sub,ject: Shots PRISCILLA
Februarv 1981.***

and

[Notes from Interview, Sub;ject:
Charles J., Jr.
Shots PRISCILLA, DIABLO, and HOOD.]
Westbury, NY.
September 27, 1980.
4 Pages.***

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the
asterisk.
**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
****Requests sub.ject

to Privacy Act restrictions.

86

 39.

Film Badge Dosimetrv Analvsis:
Science Applications, Inc.
Exercise Desert Rock VII-VIII.
McLean, VA.:
SAI.
June 1979.
345 Pages.****

40.

Sigoloff, S.
Remote Radiological Monitoring, Project 39.0.
WT-1509.
Mercury, NV.: Civil Effects Test Group.
1960.
90 Pages.
(A05) AD/A077 508.*

41.

Sigoloff, S.; Logie, L.; Borella, H.; et al.
"Radiation
Measurements Utilizing the USAF Chemical Dosimeters,
Pro,ject 39.1."
Civil Effects Test Group.
WT-1500.
November 1958.
66 Pages.
(A04) AD 339 464.*

42.

Stalk, G.; Gee, R.; Bednar, J.; et al.
"In-Flight
Structural Response of an F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear
Detonation, Pro,ject 5.5."
Wright Air Development
Center.
Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.
WT-1494.
March 1960.
56 Pages.
(A04) AD 357
975.*

43.

Tompkins, R.; Weaver, C.; Peterson, G.
Neutron and
Initial-Gamma Shielding, Pro,ject 2.4.
TJS A=v,
Chemical Warfare Laboratory.
Albuquerque, NM.:
Field Command, DASA.
WT-1413-EX.
Fehruarv 19380.
115 Pages.
(A06) AD/A995 035.*

44.

Wagenhoffer, M.T., LTCOL., USMC (Ret.).
fNotes from Phone
Interview, Sub.ject:
Shot HOOD.1 Alexandria, VA.
Februarv 1981.***

45.

Walls,

46.

Wilcox, F.; Goeke, R.; Weaver, C.
Operation PLUMBBOB
&site Radiological Safetg Support Report.
Las
Vegas, NV.:
REECo.
OTO-57-2.
1957.
193 Pages.
(A09) AD/A077 488.*/**

47.

York, E.; Bovd, R.; Blavlock, J.
"Initial Neutron and
Gamma Air-Earth Interface Measurements, Operation
PLUMBBOB, Pro,ject 2.10."
Air Force, Special Weapons
Center.
Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.
WT-1419.
70 Pages.
(A04) AD 464
February 1960.
381.*
*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the
asterisk.

J.
In-Flight Structural Response of the Model A4D-1
Aircraft to a Nuclear Explosion, Project 5.4,
Department of the Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics.
Field Command, DASA.
WT-1433.
Albuquerque,
NM.:
March 1960.
186 Pages.
(A09) AD 355 562.*

**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
****Requests sub<ject

to Privacv Act restrictions.
87

 48.

DELETED.

49.

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director.
"ANNEX J, to Test Director's Operation Plan No.
CTDN-140:
Special Instructions, HOOD."
Mercury,
NV.:
AEC.
29 June 1957.
16 Pages.**

50.

Haas, P. H.; Shaull, J. M.; Behrens, W. V.
"Effect of
Nuclear Radiation on Semiconductor Devices (U),
Project 6.2a."
Albuquerque, NM.:
Field Command,
AFSWP.
WT-1489.
[October 19601.
22 Pages.

51.

Haas, P. H.
[Interview with Mr. Peter Haas, Project
Officer for Project 6.2, Concerning Activities at Shot
HOOD.]
December 1, 1981.***

52.

Gulley, W.; Metcalf, R.; Wilson, M.; et al.
"Evaluation of
Eye Protection Afforded by an Electromechanical
Shutter, Project 4.2."
Field
Albuquerque, NM:
Command, AFSWP.
WT-1429.
April 1960.
54 Pages.
AD 615 738.*

53.

Bryant, Edward J.
[Project Officer, 1.11.
Letter to
L.C. Novotney, Sub.ject:
HOOD, Project 1.1.
Be1
Maryland.
9 March 1982.
1 Page.**

Air,

54.

Frank, G.; Goetz, J.; Klemm, J.; et al.
Analysis of
Radiation Exposure, 4th Marine Corps Provisional
Atomic Exercise Brigade, Exercise Desert Rock VII,
Operation PLUMBBOB. Science Applications, Inc.
Washington, DC.:
DNA-5774F.
June 1981.
80 Pages.
(A05) AD/A122 204.*

55.

Headquarters 4th Marine Corps.
Provisional Atomic Exercise
Brigade, Report of Exercise Desert Rock VII, Marine
Corps (U).
Camp Pendleton, CA.:
USMC, 4th Corps.
July 1957.
93 Pages.***

56.

Keenan, John M., LTCOL., USMC.
[Notes from Interview,
Subject:
Shot HOOD.] Washington, DC. December 5,
1 Page.***
1978.
*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the
asterisk.

**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
****Requests sub-ject

to Privacy Act restrictions.

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(Continued)

Auburn Univ at Montgomery Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Buffalo & Erie Co Pub Lib
Librarian
ATTN:

B. Davis Schwartz Mem Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Burlington
Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Bangor

Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

California at Fresno State Univ Lib
ATTN:
Library

Bates

College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

California at San Diego University
ATTN:
Documents
Department

Baylor

University
ATTN: Dots

California at Stanislavs St Clg Lib
ATTN:
Library

Beloit

College Libraries
ATTN: Serials Dots

Library
Dept

California St Polytechnic
ATTN:
Librarian

Dept

Bemidji State College
ATTN:
Library

California St Univ at
Gov Dot
ATTN:

Benjamin F. Feinberg Library
State University College
ATTN:
Government
Documents

California State Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Bierce

Library, Akron University
ATTN:
Government
Documents

Boston

Public Library
ATTN:
Documents

California State University
ATTN:
Librarian
California Univ Library
ATTN:
Govt Publications

Bowling Green State Univ
ATTN: Govt Dots Services
Librarian

California University Library
ATTN:
Govt Documents Dept
California University Library
ATTN: Documents Set

Brigham Young University
ATTN:
Librarian

California
University
ATTN: Government

Brigham Young University
ATTN:
Documents
Collection

Calvin

Brookhaven National Laboratory
ATTN:
Technical
Library

Brown

Documents

College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Calvin T. Ryan Library
Kearney State College
ATTN: Govt Documents

Division

Dept

Carleton College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Sys

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
ATTN:
Librarian

University
ATTN:
Librarian

Bucknell
University
ATTN: Reference

Dept

California Univ Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Brandeis University Lib
ATTN:
Documents
Section

Broward County Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Northridge

California State University
ATTN:
Librarian

Bowdoin College
ATTN:
Librarian

Brooklyn College
ATTN:
Documents

Lib

California State Univ at Long Beach Lib
Librarian
ATTN:

Department

Bradley
University
ATTN:
Govt Publication

Univ

Carnegie Mellon University
ATTN: Director of Libraries

Dept

94

Dept

 OTHER

(Continued)

Carson

Case

OTHER

Regional Library
ATTN:
Gov Publications

Colgate Univ Library
ATTN:
Reference

Unit

Western Reserve University
ATTN:
Librarian

Library

Colorado State Univ Libs
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Central Florida
ATTN:
Library Dots Dept
Central Michigan University
ATTN:
Library Documents

(Continued)

Colorado University Libraries
ATTN:
Director of Libraries
Columbia University Library
ATTN: Documents Service

Section

Center

Central Missouri State Univ
ATTN:
Government
Documents

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Lib
ATTN:
Gen Ret Div

Central State University
ATTN:
Library Documents

Compton Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Dept

Central Washington University
ATTN:
Library Dots Section

Connecticut State Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Central Wyoming College
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Connecticut
ATTN: Govt of Connecticut

Library

Charleston County Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Connecticut
ATTN:

Charlotte &
ATTN:

Cornell University Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Mechlenburg County Pub Lib
E. Correll

University
Director of

Libraries

Chattanooga Hamilton Co
ATTN:
Librarian

Corpus

Christi State University Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Chesapeake Pub Lib System
ATTN:
Librarian

CSIA

Library
ATTN:

Culver

City
ATTN:

Curry

College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Chicago Public Library
Governments
ATTN:
State

Publications

Dept

University of Chicago
ATTN:
Librarian

Chicag;;T;;iversity
Library
: Director of Libraries
ATTN:
Documents
Processing

DallasA;;;nty
:
Dallas

Cincinnati University Library
ATTN:
Librarian

of

Libraries

Documents

Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Davenport Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian
Davidson College
ATTN:
Librarian

Cleveland State Univ Lib
Librarian
ATTN:
Library
ATTN:

Public Library
Librarian

Dartmouth College
ATTN:
Librarian

Cleveland Public Library
Documents
Collection
ATTN:

Coe

Library
Librarian

Dalton Jr College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Claremont Colleges Libs
ATTN:
Dot Collection
Clemson
University
ATTN: Director

Librarian

Dayton & Montgomery City Pub Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Division

University of Dayton
ATTN:
Librarian

95

 (Continued

OTHER

Decatur Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

East

Dekalb Comn Co11 So Cpus
ATTN:
Librarian

Eastern Branch
ATTN:
Librarian

Delaware Pauw University
ATTN:
Librarian

Eastern Illinois University
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Delaware
ATTN:
Librarian

Eastern Kentucky University
Librarian
ATTN:

Delta

College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Eastern Michigan University Lib
ATTN:
Documents Libn

Delta

State
ATTN:

Eastern Montana College Library
ATTN: Documents Oept

OTHER

University
Librarian

Public Library
ATTN:
Documents

Dept of Lib
ATTN:

Texas State University
ATTN:
Library

Eastern New Mexico Univ
ATTN:
Librarian

Denison Univ Library
ATTN:
Librarian
Denver

(Continued)

Eastern Oregon College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Div

Eastern Washington Univ
ATTN:
Librarian

& Archives
librarian

Detroit Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

El Paso Public Library
ATTN:
Documents &

Dickinson State College
ATTN:
Librarian

Elko

Drake

Memorial Learning
ATTN:
Librarian

Drake

University
ATTN: Cowles

Drew

University
ATTN:
Librarian

Duke

University
ATTN: Public

Duluth

Public Library
ATTN:
Documents

Resource

Ctr

Dept

College
ATTN:
Librarian

Elon

College
ATTN:

Enoch

Pratt Free Library
ATTN:
Documents Office

Emory

University
ATTN:
Librarian

Evansville &
ATTN:

Section

Carolina University
ATTN: Library Dots

East

Central
ATTN:

East

Islip Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Library
Librarian

Vanderburgh
Librarian

County

Pub

Everett Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Earlham College
ATTN:
Librarian
East

Dept

County Library
ATTN: Librar.ian

Elmira

Library

Dots

Geneology

Fairleigh Dickinson Univ
Depository Dept
ATTN:

Dept

Florida A & M Univ
ATTN:
Librarian

University
Librarian

Florida Atlantic Univ Lib
ATTN: Div of Public

Documents

East Orange Public Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Florida Institute of Tech Lib
ATTN: Federal Documents

East Tennessee State Univ Sherrod Lib
ATTN: Documents Dept

Florida Intl Univ Library
Dots Section
ATTN:

96

Dept

Lib

 OTHER

(Continued)

Florida State Library
ATTN:
Documents

OTHER

(Continued)

Government
Publications
Library-M
AlTN:
Director of Libraries

Section

Florida State University
ATTN:
Librarian

Graceland
College
ATTN:
Librarian

Fond Du Lac Public Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Grand

Forks
ATTN:

Fort Hays State University
ATTN:
Librarian

Grand

Rapids Public Library
ATTN:
Director of Libraries

Fort Worth Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Greenville County Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Free Pub Lib of Elizabeth
ATTN:
Librarian

Guam RFK Memorial University Lib
ATTN:
Fed Depository Collection

Free

University of Guam
ATTN:
Librarian

Public
ATTN:

Library
Librarian

Public City-County
Librarian

Freeport Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Gustavus Adolphus College
ATTN:
Library

Fresno County Free Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Hardin-Sinmnons University
ATTN:
Librarian

Gadsden Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Hartford Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Garden

Harvard College Library
ATTN: Director of

Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Gardner Webb College
ATTN:
Documents
Gary

Public
ATTN:

University of Hawaii
ATTN:
Government

Librn

Hawaii

Library
Librarian

Library

Library

Libraries

Dots

State Library
ATTN: Federal Documents

Collection
Unit

Georgetown Univ Library
ATTN: Govt Oocs Room

University of Hawaii at Monoa
ATTN:
Director of Libraries

Georgia Inst
ATTN:

University of Hawaii
ATTN:
Librarian

oi Tech
Librarian

Georgia Southern College
ATTN:
Librarian

Haydon

Georgia Southwestern College
ATTN: Director of Libraries

Henry Ford Cornn College Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Georgia State Univ Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Herbert H. Lehman College
ATTN:
Library Documents

University of Georgia
ATTN:
Dir of Libraries

Hofstra Univ Library
ATTN:
Documents

Glassboro State College
ATTN:
Librarian

Hollins College
ATTN:
Librarian

Gleeson Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Hoover

97

Burns Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Institution
ATTN: J. Bingham

Dept

Division

 OTHER

OTHER

(Continued)

Hopkinsville
ATTN:

Butler

University, Irwin
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Houston, Library
ATTN:
Documents Div

Isaac

Delchdo College
ATTN:
Librarian

Houston Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

James

Madison University
ATTN:
Librarian

Hoyt

Jefferson County Public
Librarian
ATTN:

Public
ATTN:

Comm College
Librarian

(Continued)

Library
Librarian

Library

Lib

College
Librarian

Humboldt State College Library
ATTN:
Documents Dept

Jersey City State

Huntington Park Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Johns

Hutchinson Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

John J. Wright Library, La
ATTN:
Librarian

Idaho Public Lib & Info Center
ATTN:
Librarian

Johnson Free Public Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Idaho

State
ATTN:

Library
Librarian

Kahului Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Idaho

State
ATTN:

University Library
Documents Dept

Kalamazoo Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

ATTN:

University of Idaho
ATTN: Documents Sect
ATTN: Dir of Libraries
University of Illinois, Library
ATTN:
Documents
Section
Illinois State Library
ATTN: Government

Documents

Illinois Univ at Urbana Champaign
ATTN: P. Watson, Documents

Branch

Hopkins University
ATTN:
Documents
Library

Kansas

City
ATTN:

Kansas

State
ATTN:

Kansas

State Univ Library
ATTN:
Documents Dept

Kent

Illinois Valley Comm Co11
ATTN:
Library

State University
ATTN: Documents

Indiana University Library
ATTN:
Documents
Department

Kenyon

Indianapolis Marion
ATTN: Social

Lake

Cty Pub Library
Science Div

Iowa

University Library
ATTN: Government Documents

of

Libraries

Library
Div

University of Kentucky
ATTN: Governments Publication
ATTN: Director of Libraries

Indiana State University
ATTN:
Documents
Libraries

State University Library
Govt Documents Dept
ATTN:

Library
Librarian

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives
ATTN:
Documents
Section

Indiana State Library
ATTN: Serial Section

Iowa

College

Public Library
Documents Div

University of Kansas
ATTN: Director

Library

Roche

College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Forest
ATTN:

College
Librarian

Lake Sumter Comm Co11 Lib
ATTN:
Librarian
Lakeland Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Dept

98

Dept

 OTHER

(Continued)

OTHER

(Continued)

Lancaster Regional Library
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Massachusetts
ATTN: Government Dots

Lawrence
University
ATTN:
Documents

McNeese State Univ
ATTN:
Librarian

Lee

Dept

Library, Brigham Young University
ATTN:
Documents & Map Section

Library & Statutory Distribution
2 cy ATTN: Librarian
Little

Long

Los

Rock
ATTN:

&

Memphis Shelby County Pub Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Svc

& Info Ctr

Memphis State University
ATTN:
Librarian

Public Library
Librarian

Mercer

Beach Pub1 Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Mesa

Angeles Public Library
ATTN: Serials Div U.S.

College

University
ATTN:
Librarian
County
ATTN:

Public Library
Librarian

University of Miami, Library
ATTN:
Government
Publications

Documents

Louisiana State University
ATTN:
Government Dot Dept
ATTN: Director of Libraries
Louisville Free Pub Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Miami

Public Library
ATTN:
Documents

Division

Miami

Univ Library
ATTN: Documents

Dept

Louisville Univ Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Michel Orradre Library
University of Santa Clara
ATTN: Documents Div

Lyndon B. Johnson Sch of Pub Affairs Lib
Librarian
ATTN:

Michigan State Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Maine

Michigan State University
ATTN:
Librarian

Maritime Academy
ATTN:
Librarian

Library

Maine University at Oreno
ATTN:
Librarian

Michigan Tech University
ATTN: Library Documents

Dept

University of Maine
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Michigan
ATTN: Acq SW Documents

Unit

Manchester City Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Middlebury College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Mankato State College
ATTN:
Govt Publications

Millersville
ATTN:

Mantor Library
Univ of Maine at Farmington
ATTN: Director of Libraries

Milne Library
State University of New York
ATTN: Dots Librn

Marathon County Public
ATTN:
Librarian

Milwaukee Pub Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Library

Marshall Brooks Library
ATTN:
Librarian
University of Maryland
ATTN: McKeldin Libr

State Co11
Librarian

Minneapolis Public Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Dots

Minnesota Div of Emergency
ATTN:
Librarian

Div

Minot

University of Maryland
ATTN:
Librarian

State
ATTN:

Svcs

College
Librarian

Mississippi State University
Librarian
ATTN:

99

 OTHER

(Continued)

OTHER

(Continued)

University of Mississippi
ATTN:
Director of Libraries

New

Mexico State Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Missouri Univ at Kansas City Gen
ATTN:
Librarian

New

Mexico State University
ATTN: Lib Documents Div

Missouri University Library
ATTN:
Government
Documents

University of New Mexico
ATTN:
Director of

M.I.T.

Libraries
ATTN:
Librarian

University of New Orleans Library
ATTN: Govt Documents Div

Mobile

Public Library
ATTN:
Governmental

Info

Libraries

New Orleans Public Lib
ATTN:
Library

Division

Moffett Library
ATTN:
Librarian

New York Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Montana State Library
ATTN:
Librarian

New York State Library
ATTN:
Dot Control, Cultural Ed Ctr

Montana State University,
ATTN:
Librarian
University of Montana
ATTN: Documents

Library

New York State Univ at Stony Brook
ATTN: Main Lib Dot Sect
New York State Univ Co1
ATTN:
Librarian

Div

at Cortland

Moorhead State College
ATTN:
Library

State Univ of New York
ATTN: Library Documents

Mt Prospect Public Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

State Univ of New York
ATTN:
Librarian

Murray State Univ Lib
ATTN:
Library

New

Nassau

State University of New York
ATTN:
Documents Dept

Library System
ATTN:
Librarian

York State University
ATTN:
Documents
Center

Natrona County Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

New

Nebraska Library Comm
ATTN:
Librarian

Newark

Free
ATTN:

Univ of Nebraska at Omaha
ATTN:
Librarian

Newark

Public Library
Librarian
ATTN:

Nebraska Western College
ATTN:
Librarian

Library

York University Library
ATTN: Documents Dept
Library
Librarian

Niagara Falls Pub Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Univ of Nebraska at Lincoln
ATTN: Director of Libraries

Nicholls State Univ Library
ATTN: Dots Div

Univ of Nevada at Reno
ATTN: Governments

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Pub

Set

Dept

Univ of Nevada at Las Vegas
ATTN: Director of Libraries

Norfolk Public Library
ATTN: R. Parker

New

Hampshire University
ATTN:
Librarian

North Carolina Agri & Tech State Univ
ATTN:
Librarian

Flew

Hanover County Public
ATTN: Librarian

Nebraska
University
ATTN: Director

of

Lib
Library

Univ of North Carolina at Charlotte
Atkins Library Documents
ATTN:

Dept

Univ of North Carolina at Greensboro, Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Libraries

100

 OTHER

OTHER

(Continued)
University

(Continued)

North

Carolina Central
ATTN:
Librarian

North

Carolina State University
ATTN:
Librarian

Oakland Corms College
ATTN:
Librarian

North

Carolina University
ATTN:
Librarian

Oakland Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

at

University of Notre Dame
ATTN:
Document Center

Wilmington

University of North Carolina
ATTN: BA SS Division Documents

Oberlin College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

North

Ocean

County
ATTN:

University of North Dakota
ATTN:
Librarian

Ohio

State University
Libraries
ATTN:

North

Georgia College
ATTN:
Librarian

Ohio

University Library
ATTN: Dots Dept

North

Texas
ATTN:

Dakota State University
ATTN: Dots Librarian

State University
Librarian

Northeast Missouri State
ATTN:
Librarian

Lib

Library

University

Northeastern
ATTN:

Illinois
Library

Northeastern
ATTN:

Oklahoma State
Librarian

Northeastern
ATTN:

University
Dodge Library

Documents

Oklahoma City University
ATTN:
Librarian

Library

Oklahoma City University
ATTN:
Librarian

Library

University Library, Oklahoma
ATTN:
Government
Documents

Univ

Old

Collection

Dominion University
ATTN:
Ooc Dept Univ Library

Olivet
Dept

College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Northern Illinois University
ATTN:
Librarian

Omaha Pub Lib Clark Branch
Librarian
ATTN:

Northern Iowa University
ATTN:
Library

Oregon

Northern Michigan Univ
ATTN:
Documents

University of Oregon
ATTN:
Documents

Northern Montana College
Librarian
ATTN:

Division

Oklahoma Dept of Libraries
ATTN:
U.S. Govt Documents

University

Northern Arizona University Lib
ATTN: Government Documents

College
Librarian

State Library
ATTN:
Librarian
Section

Ouachita Baptist University
ATTN:
Librarian

Library

Northwestern
ATTN:

Michigan College
Librarian

Pan

Northwestern
ATTN:

State Univ
Librarian

Passaic Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Northwestern
ATTN:

State Univ
Librarian

Northwestern
ATTN:

University Library
Govt Publications Dept

Paul

Library

American University
ATTN:
Librarian

Klapper Library
Documents
ATTN:

Pennsylvania
ATTN:

Norwalk Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

101

Library

Dept

State Library
Government Publications

Section

 OTHER

OTHER

(Continued)

Pennsylvania
ATTN:

Quinebaug Valley Community
ATTN:
Librarian

State University
Library Document Set

Ralph Brown Draughon Lib
Auburn
University
ATTN:
Microforms &

University of Pennsylvania
ATTN: Director of Libraries
Penrose Library
University of Denver
ATTN: Penrose Library
Peoria

Free

Public Library
ATTN: Business, Science

&

Tech

Reed

Reese Library
Augusta College
Librarian
ATTN:
University of Rhode Island Library
ATTN: Govt Publications Office

G

University of Rhode Island
Director of Libraries
ATTN:

8

Plainfield Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian
Popular Creek Public Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Rice
District

Lib

Portland State University
ATTN:
Librarian

University
ATTN:
Director

of

Libraries

Richard W. Norton Mem Lib
Louisiana
College
ATTN:
Librarian
Richland County Pub Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Portland Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Richmond
ATTN:
Library

Library

Riverside Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Prescott Memorial Lib
Louisiana Tech Univ
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Rochester Library
ATTN:
Documents
Section

Princeton University Library
ATTN: Gocuments
Division

Rutgers University, Camden
ATTN:
Librarian

Providence
College
ATTN:
Librarian

Hamilton County
Librarian

Library

Rutgers State University
ATTN:
Librarian

Providence Public Library
Librarian
ATTN:

Rutgers
University
ATTN: Director
Public

Library

of

Libraries

Rutgers University Law Library
ATTN: Federal Documents Dept

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County
ATTN:
Library

Salem

University of Puerto Rico
ATTN: Dot & Maps Room
Purdue

Dept

College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Dept

Library

University of Pittsburg
ATTN: Documents Office

Cincinnati &
ATTN:

Documents

Reading Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Dept

Phoenix Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Association of Portland
ATTN:
Librarian

Co1

Rapid City Public Library
Librarian
ATTN:

Library of Philadelphia
ATTN: Govt Publications

Philipsburg Free Public
ATTN:
Library

(Continued)

College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Samford
University
ATTN:
Librarian

University Library
ATTN:
Librarian

San

102

Antonio Public Library
ATTN: Bus Science & Tech

Deot

 OTHER

(Continued)

OTHER

(Continued)

San Diego County Library
C. Jones, Acquisitions
ATTN:

University of South Carolina
ATTN:
Government
Documents

San Diego Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

South Dakota Sch of Mines
ATTN:
Librarian

San

South Oaknta
ATTN:

Diego State University Library
ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept

SanFrancisco
ATTN:
San

State Library
Federal Documents

South

Francisco State College
Govt Pub Collection
ATTN:

Florida University
ATTN:
Librarian

San Jose State College Library
ATTN:
Documents Dept

Southdale-Hennepin Area
p\TTN:
Government

San

Southeast Missouri State
ATTN:
Librarian

Savannah Pub
ATTN:

Library

Southeastern
ATTN:

& Effingham Libty Reg Lib
Librarian

Library

Library
Documents
University

Massachusetts University
Documents Set

Scottsbluff Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Southern
ATTN:
Librarian

Scranton Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Southern California University
ATTN:
Documents Dept

Seattle Public Library
Ref Dot Asst
ATTN:

Southern Connecticut State
ATTN:
Library

Selby

Southern Illinois University
ATTN:
Librarian

Public Library
Librarian
ATTN:

Shreve

Southern Methodist University
ATTN:
Librarian

Silas Bronson Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Southern
ATTN:
Library

Simon Schwab Mem Lib
Columbus College
Librarian
ATTN:

Southern Oregon College
ATTN:
Library
Southern University in
ATTN:
Librarian

Sioux City Public Library
Librarian
ATTN:

Mississippi

New

Orleans,

Library

Southern Utah State College Library
ATTN:
Documents
Department

Skidmore College
ATTN:
Librarian

South

Library

College

Southern Illinois University
ATTN: Documents Ctr

Memorial Library
Librarian
ATTN:

Library

Alabama

Shawnee Library System
Librarian
ATTN:

Slippery Rock State College
ATTN:
Librarian

Department

University of South Dakota
ATTN:
Documents
Librarian

Public Library
Govt Documents Dept

Luis Obispo City-County
Librarian
ATTN:

& Tech

Southwest Missouri State
ATTN:
Library

Library

Carolina State Library
ATTN:
Librarian

University of South Carolina
ATTN:
Librarian

103

College

Southwestern
ATTN:

University
Librarian

of

Louisiana,

Southwestern
ATTN:

University
Librarian

School

of

Law

Libraries

Library

 OTHER

OTHER

(Continued)

(Continued)

Spokane Public Library
ATTN: Reference Dept

University of Tennessee
ATTN:
Dir of Libraries

Springfield City Library
ATTN:
Documents
Section

Terteling
Library
Colleqe of Idaho
-ATTN:
Librarian

St.

Bonaventure
University
ATTN:
Librarian

St.

Joseph Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

st.

Lawrence
ATTN:

st.

Louis Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Texas

Christian University
ATTN:
Librarian

St.

Paul Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Texas

State Library
ATTN: U.S. Documents

Texas

Tech University Library
ATTN: Govt Dots Dept

Texas

University at Austin
ATTN: Documents Co11

Texas A & M University Library
Librarian
ATTN:
University of Texas at Arlington
ATTN:
Library
Documents

University
Librarian

University of Texas at San Antonio
ATTN:
Library

Stanford University Library
ATTN: Govt Documents Dept
State

Historical Sot Lib
ATTN: Dots Serials

State

Library of Massachusetts
ATTN:
Librarian

Section

Texas University at El Paso
ATTN: Documents and Maps

State University of New York
ATTN:
Librarian

Toledo

University of Steubenville
ATTN:. Librarian

Public Library
ATTN: Social Science

Dept

Torrance Civic Center Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Traverse City Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Library

Trenton Free Public Library
Librarian
ATTN:

Superior Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Trinity College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Swarthmore College Lib
ATTN:
Reference Dept

Trinity University Library
ATTN:
Documents
Collection

Syracuse University Library
ATTN: Documents Div
Tacoma

Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Tampa,

Hillsborough County
ATTN:
Librarian

Temple

University
ATTN:
Librarian

Tennessee
Technological
ATTN:
Librarian

Lib

University of Toledo Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Stetson Univ
ATTN:
Librarian

Stockton State College
ATTN:
Librarian

Sect

Public

Lib

Tufts

University Library
ATTN: Documents Oept

Tulane

University
ATTN: Documents

Dept

University of Tulsa
ATTN:
Librarian
UCLA

University

Research Library
ATTN: Public Affairs

State Library of Ohio
ATTN:
Librarian

104

Svc/US

Dots

 OTHER

(Continued)

OTHER

(Continued)

Uniformed Svcs Univ of the Hlth Sci
ATTN:
LRC Library

Wesleyan
University
ATTN:
Documents

University
Libraries
ATTN:
Dir of Libraries

West Chester State Co11
ATTN:
Documents Dept

Upper

Iowa College
ATTN:
Documents

West

Utah

State University
ATTN:
Librarian

Collection

Library
Librarian

University of West Florida
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Utah
ATTN:
Special

Collections

University of Utah
ATTN:
Dept of
ATTN:
Director

Pharmacology
of Libraries

West Hills Corrmunity
Co11
ATTN:
Library
West Texas State University
ATTN:
Library
West Virginia Co11 of Grad Studies Lib
ATTN:
Librarian

Valencia Library
ATTN:
Librarian

University of West Virginia
ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Vanderbilt University Library
ATTN:
Govt Dots Sect
University of Vermont
ATTN:
Director of

Westerly Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Libraries

Western Carolina University
ATTN:
Librarian

Virginia Commonwealth
University
ATTN:
Librarian

Western Illinois University
ATTN:
Librarian

Virginia Military Institute
ATTN:
Librarian
Virginia Polytechnic Inst
ATTN:
Dots Dept

Lib

Western Washington Univ
ATTN:
Librarian

Lib

Western Wyoming Community
ATTN:
Librarian

Virginia State Library
ATTN:
Serials Section

Westmoreland Cty Comn
ATTN: Learning

University of Virginia
ATTN: Public Documents

College Lib

Co11
Resource

Ctr

Whitman College
ATTN:
Librarian

Volusia County Public Libraries
ATTN:
Librarian

Wichita State Univ Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Washington State Library
ATTN:
Documents Section
Washington State
Lib
ATTN:

Covina
ATTN:

Librarian

William & Mary College
ATTN:
Dots Dept

University
Documents Section

Washington University Libraries
ATTN:
Dir of Libraries

William Allen White Library
Emporia Kansas State College
ATTN:
Govt Documents Div

University of Washington
ATTN:
Documents Div

William College Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Wayne

State
ATTN:

University
Librarian

Library

Willimantic Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Wayne

State
ATTN:

University
Documents

Law Library
Dept

Winthrop College
ATTN: Documents

Weber

State
ATTN:

College Library
Librarian

Wagner

College
ATTN:
Librarian

Dept

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater
Governments Documents Library
ATTN:

105

 OTHER

OTHER

(Continued)

(Continued)

Wisconsin Milwaukee University
ATTN:
Librarian

Yale

Wisconsin Oshkosh University
ATTN:
Librarian

Yeshiva
University
ATTN:
Librarian

Wisconsin
Platteville
University
ATTN:
Librarian

Yuma

Wisconsin University at Stevens
ATTN: Dots Section

University
ATTN:
Director

State Univ
ATTN: Govts

Library
Documents

University of Wisconsin
ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept

Wyoming State Library
ATTN:
Librarian

University of Wisconsin
ATTN:
Acquisitions

University of Wyoming
ATTN:
Documents

Dept

Worcester Public Library
ATTN:
Librarian

106

Libraries

City County Library
ATTN:
Librarian

Wright

Point

of

Div

Dept