Global Cities 2016 Which global cities are performing best today, which have the best long-term potential, and what makes a “smart city”? Global Cities 2016 1 Today, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, and the world continues to urbanize rapidly. By 2050, two-thirds of the world’s population will live in urban areas, according to the United Nations. As these urban centers swell in size, their influence will only continue to grow. Recognizing the importance of measuring city-level indicators to track progress, A.T. Kearney’s Global Cities has been collecting data on the world’s most important cities since 2008 for just this purpose. This, the sixth edition of the Global Cities report, analyzes 125 cities to determine which are the most global. A truly global city, by our definition, is measured by its ability to attract and retain global capital, people, and ideas, as well as sustain that performance in the long term. Global Cities 2016 comprises two parts: Global Cities Index: an examination of a city’s current performance based on 27 metrics across five dimensions: business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement. The Index is designed to provide insights into the global reach, performance, and level of development of the world’s largest cities. It allows for the comparison of diverse cities—such as New York and Shanghai—to help draw unique conclusions about their shared strengths and core differences. By 2050, two-thirds of the world’s population will live in urban areas. Global Cities Outlook: a projection of a city’s potential based on rate of change in 13 indicators across four dimensions: personal well-being, economics, innovation, and governance. Now in its second edition, the Outlook focuses on bringing a forward-looking perspective to city-level policies and practices that shape future competitiveness. The indicators it covers are designed to measure characteristics of long-term success, such as environmental performance, safety, and innovation capacity. Together, the Index and Outlook provide a unique look at 125 of the world’s largest and most influential cities today and those primed to make an impact in the future. They help to identify the current key players and those cities that might be tomorrow’s change makers. Figure 1 on page 2 identifies this year’s top 25 cities in both the Index and Outlook. The appendix on page 9 breaks down the Global Cities methodology. The 15 “Global Elite” A.T. Kearney’s Global Cities identifies a set of cities that rank in the top 25 on both the Index and Outlook—called the “Global Elite.” Fifteen cities qualify this year, and they are all well-known hubs of culture and politics, as well as true global economic hubs (see figure 2 on page 3). Combined, they average 8.8 million in population and account for $7.3 trillion in GDP—or about half of the GDP of all 55 high-income cities measured by Global Cities. Given their combination of strong performance today and high potential, these cities are likely to exert their global influence well into the future. Global Cities 2016 1 Figure 1 The top 25 cities on the Index and the Outlook Global Cities Index, rank and score 2016 rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2015 rank 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 16 15 19 17 13 14 18 21 20 25 22 23 29 City Scoring breakdown London New York Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Los Angeles Chicago Singapore Beijing Washington, D.C. Seoul Brussels Madrid Sydney Melbourne Berlin Toronto Moscow Vienna Shanghai Buenos Aires Amsterdam San Francisco Boston Istanbul 62.7 Business activity (30%) 62.5 Human capital (30%) 54.5 Information exchange (15%) 46.7 Cultural experience (15%) 44.2 Political engagement (10%) 38.2 38.0 37.9 36.0 34.7 33.6 33.1 33.0 32.7 32.4 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.0 30.4 29.1 29.0 28.9 28.8 28.3 Global Cities Outlook, rank and score 2016 rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2015 rank 1 4 3 2 6 16 8 9 7 5 17 11 19 13 15 12 14 20 18 29 21 24 28 23 27 City Scoring breakdown San Francisco New York Boston London Houston Atlanta Stockholm Amsterdam Munich Zurich Chicago Sydney Paris Berlin Melbourne Geneva Singapore Toronto Tokyo Dallas Los Angeles Brussels Taipei Copenhagen Vancouver 61.0 70.6 Personal well-being (25%) 70.4 Economics (25%) 67.8 Innovation (25%) 67.1 Governance (25%) 61.0 60.6 60.4 60.1 59.4 57.2 57.2 57.1 56.4 55.7 55.5 55.0 54.8 54.8 54.7 54.4 53.3 53.3 53.2 52.9 Note: Bold city names indicate top 25 in both Index and Outlook. Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 Global Cities 2016 2 Figure 2 The “Global Elite” are 15 cities that rank in the top 25 on both the Index and the Outlook Americas EMEA Asia Pacific New York, Index 2/Outlook 2 London, Index 1/Outlook 4 Tokyo, Index 4/Outlook 19 Los Angeles, Index 6/Outlook 21 Paris, Index 3/Outlook 13 Singapore, Index 8/Outlook 17 Chicago, Index 7/Outlook 11 Brussels, Index 12/Outlook 22 Sydney, Index 14/Outlook 12 Toronto, Index 17/Outlook 18 Berlin, Index 16/Outlook 14 Melbourne, Index 15/Outlook 15 San Francisco, Index 23/Outlook 1 Amsterdam, Index 22/Outlook 8 Boston, Index 24/Outlook 3 Top 10 in both the Index and Outlook Top 25 in both the Index and Outlook Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 Leading the Global Elite once again are London and New York City, which remain the only two cities in the top 10 of both the Index and Outlook. Despite the strength of the Global Elite as leaders in the Index and Outlook, they have no lock on global leadership. Eighteen different cities lead among the 27 metrics on the Index, and 20 cities lead or share the lead in the 13 indicators of the Outlook—meaning that even the most “elite” face significant competition from cities in all major regions. Other cities can use the Index and Outlook to help benchmark city performance. By addressing their strengths and weaknesses, cities can become more competitive on the world stage while helping to redefine what “global” may mean in the future. A Change at the Top of the Global Cities Index For the first time since A.T. Kearney’s first Global Cities Index in 2008, London has overtaken New York to claim this year’s top spot. While this finding might surprise some, London’s score has steadily improved since 2008 and reduced New York’s lead (see figure 3 on page 4). This year, London performed better in two of the five dimensions: cultural exchange and business activity. Even though New York maintained its top position in human capital, London closed the gap. London has also seen noticeable improvement in information exchange, while New York’s political engagement has dropped 10 percent as London’s has increased 33 percent. The Original 60 Become More Global Since 2008, A.T. Kearney has continuously sought to improve the usefulness of the Index by including more cities, more than doubling the number of cities measured over the past eight years to include 125 today. But a look at the Index’s original 60 cities from 2008 offers an interesting perspective on how the most global cities in the world are becoming even more Global Cities 2016 3 Figure 3 London has steadily closed the gap on New York since the first Index in 2008 Index score 64.5 64.0 New York 63.5 London 63.0 62.5 62.0 61.5 61.0 60.5 60.0 59.5 59.0 58.5 58.0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 global—expanding their reach through increased economic, cultural, and political ties. Since 2008, these 60 cities have registered higher scores, and in four of the five dimensions within the Index (political engagement being the exception), average scores for the original 60 cities have increased. The largest score gains have come in human capital, as these cities improve their attractiveness as global talent hubs through universities, international student populations, and people with tertiary degrees. San Francisco Leads the Global Cities Outlook For the second year in a row, San Francisco leads the Outlook, driven largely by its unparalleled strength in innovation.1 The city’s private investments, a proxy for venture capital, more than double that of the next highest grossing city, New York. While San Francisco remains atop the rankings, a few cities have closed the score gap, particularly New York, Boston, and London. New York’s score improvements were driven by economics, Boston’s by innovation, and London’s by governance—highlighting the diversity of strengths that could lead to overall future success. In this year’s Outlook, the personal well-being dimension saw the most improvement. This is perhaps a reflection of the efforts under way by cities around the world to improve quality of life for their citizens, through strategies such as investments into resilient infrastructure to combat climate change or improvements in healthcare access and safety. Innovation continues to differentiate cities in developed and emerging economies in the Outlook, with North America’s and Europe’s cities scoring highest in this dimension. As a city’s capacity to innovate will continue to define tomorrow’s leaders in the new knowledge economy, change in this dimension will be worth watching into the future. For more on global innovation, see the Global Innovation Index at www.atkearney.com/innovation/global-innovation-index/2015. 1 Global Cities 2016 4 Global Cities: “Perfect” and “Fastest” The top performers on each of the Index’s 27 metrics were used to come up with the “perfect city,” and leaders of each of the 13 indicators of the Outlook were used to construct the “fastest city.” The result is a mix of cities from across all major world regions and development levels. The “perfect” city requires 18 different cities; the “fastest” requires 20. While the leaders of the five dimensions on the Index (New York, Paris, London, and Washington, D.C.) remain consistent with last year’s results, some new names enter the wider discussion of a perfect city: namely, Geneva and Brussels for access to TV news and Saint Petersburg for sister cities (see figure 4). The “fastest” city on the Outlook saw the addition of a few new entrants as well. A city with the fastest potential within an indicator means that it has experienced the fastest rate of change over the past five years, which is used to project where the city could stand in 2026 if the current trajectory of growth is continued. For the first time, Melbourne leads a dimension— personal well-being—and new indicator leaders include Karachi, Pakistan for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; Sydney and Melbourne for environmental performance; and Brussels Figure 4 2016 Global Cities Index leaders Global Cities Index—leaders by dimension Business activity Human capital Information exchange Cultural experience Political engagement New York New York Paris London Washington, D.C. Museums Moscow Embassies and consulates London Global Cities Index—leaders by metric Fortune 500 Beijing Top global services firms London Capital markets New York Air freight Hong Kong Sea freight Shanghai ICCA conferences Paris* Foreign-born population New York Top universities Boston Population with tertiary degrees Tokyo International student population London Number of international schools Hong Kong Access to TV news Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Zurich, Geneva*, Brussels* News agency bureaus London Broadband subscribers Geneva, Zurich Freedom of expression Stockholm Online presence Singapore Visual and performing arts New York Sporting events London International travelers London Culinary offerings New York Sister cities St. Petersburg* Think tanks Washington, D.C. International organizations Geneva Political conferences Brussels Local institutions with global reach New York Note: ICCA is the International Congress and Convention Association. *Indicates new leaders in 2016 Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 Global Cities 2016 5 for government transparency (see figure 5).2 Karachi is perhaps the biggest surprise of the new entrants; this could be a testament to recent efforts by leadership to promote foreign investment into Pakistan. China and the United Arab Emirates have led recent investment activity into Karachi, which may be beneficial to both as regional business influencers.3 Figure 5 Global Cities Outlook leaders Global Cities Outlook—leaders by dimension Personal well-being Economics Innovation Governance Melbourne* London San Francisco Geneva, Zurich Patents per capita Munich, Shenzhen, Houston Quality of bureaucracy Dublin Global Cities Outlook—leaders by indicator Infrastructure Bogotá Stability and security Warsaw GDP per capita Houston Healthcare evolution Multiple leaders FDI inflow Karachi* Gini coefficient index Prague Environmental performance Sydney*, Melbourne* Private investments San Francisco, Beijing, New York Ease of doing business Warsaw Transparency Brussels* University-sponsored incubators Mexico City, Nairobi, Guadalajara, San Francisco *Indicates new leaders in 2016 Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 What It Takes to Be “Smart” Because of its eight-year history, the Global Cities Index is a rich database and can be a powerful tool for analyzing the world’s top-performing cities. As such, each year, A.T. Kearney seeks to identify emerging trends in the data and illuminate current topics of interest. In 2015, the focus was on innovation as the crucial differentiator between developed and emerging economy cities’ performance. This year, the innovation theme was extended to more broadly encompass the idea of smart cities. While there is much discussion around smart cities, with a number of major governments—such as India, the United States, China, and the European Union—shaping initiatives to support the development of smarter cities, there is not yet a standard for what constitutes a “smart” city. For more about global FDI, see A.T. Kearney’s Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index at www.atkearney.com/gbpc/foreign-direct-investment-confidence-index 2 The Express Tribune, September 2015 3 Global Cities 2016 6 In general terms, most agree that a smart city is one that places technology at the core of its development strategy. The United States recently launched an initiative into smart cities and defined the concept as: “Communities that are building an infrastructure to continuously improve the collection, aggregation, and use of data to improve the life of their residents—by harnessing the growing data revolution, low-cost sensors, and research collaborations, and doing so securely to protect safety and privacy.”4 A.T. Kearney looked at a sample of the world’s recognized leaders in the concept of smart cities—chosen through a literature review—and analyzed their performance in both the Index and Outlook. The goal of the study was to find what traits these cities share in common to answer the question: What makes a city smart? Of the 14 cities analyzed, all rank in the top quartile of cities measured on both the Index and Outlook. The list included leaders such as New York and London, as well as Amsterdam, Barcelona, Tokyo, Vancouver, Los Angeles, and Melbourne, among others.5 Five dimensions— three in the Index and two in the Outlook—seemed to stand out as leading characteristics: information exchange, human capital, business activity, governance, and personal well-being (see figure 6). Taken together, these traits provide clues as to what critical factors of a city’s performance today will aid in the transformation into a leading smart city of the future. Cities with an engaged network of information-sharing, specialized talent, a vibrant economy, and policies that enable technology adoption and experimentation help to define today’s smart cities and can help others as they seek to adopt smarter policies for the future. Figure 6 Certain traits stand out in today’s “smart cities” Global Cities Outlook Global Cities Index Critical dimension Leading metrics Critical dimension Leading indicators Information exchange • Score of universities • International student population • Foreign-born residents Governance • Quality of bureaucracy • Ease of doing business Human capital • Global service firms • Business conferences (ICCA) Personal well-being • Stability and security • Healthcare evolution • Environmental performance Business activity • Censorship • Google presence Note: ICCA is the International Congress and Convention Association. Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 The White House Fact Sheet on Smart Cities Launch, 2015 4 For a full list, please see the appendix. 5 Global Cities 2016 7 A Look Ahead A.T. Kearney’s Global Cities offers interesting insights into the state of the world, from the point of view of the major population centers that produce so much of the world’s commerce and culture. Cities and metro regions are playing an increasingly important role in geopolitics and macroeconomics, with some experts even suggesting that cities are supplanting the traditional nation-state as the world’s major economic and political drivers.6 As cities see their global influence grow, city performance will inform the strategies of both business leaders—in terms of investment decisions, where to place regional and global headquarters or research centers, and where to recruit—and city government improvement plans. Taken together, results from this year’s Index and Outlook can help cities identify areas of weakness and opportunities for improvement, and it can act as a framework for business leaders looking to inform future growth strategies. This year’s results point to a future that is anything but certain, as rank fluctuations show the level of competition and volatility in today’s operating environment. We look forward to seeing what next year’s results might tell us about the changes upon us in the global system. Authors Mike Hales, partner, Chicago mike.hales@atkearney.com Erik Peterson, partner and managing director of the Global Business Policy Council, Washington, D.C. erik.peterson@atkearney.com Andres Mendoza Pena, partner, Chicago andres.mendoza.pena@atkearney.com Nicole Dessibourg-Freer, consultant, Chicago nicole.freer@atkearney.com The authors wish to thank Victoria Pisini and Gaurav Bansal for their valuable contributions to this report. See for example, Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization by Parag Khanna (2016). 6 Global Cities 2016 8 Appendix Global Cities methodology Global Cities Index—current performance Global Cities Outlook—future potential • Measures 27 metrics across five dimensions • Measures 13 indicators across four dimensions — Business activity (30%): capital flow, market dynamics, and major companies present — Personal well-being (25%): safety, healthcare, inequality, and environmental performance — Human capital (30%): education levels — Economics (25%): long-term investments and GDP — Information exchange (15%): access to information through Internet and other media sources — Innovation (25%): entrepreneurship through patents, private investments, and incubators — Cultural experience (15%): access to major sporting events, museums, and other expos — Governance (25%): proxy for long-term stability through transparency, quality of bureaucracy, and ease of doing business — Political engagement (10%): political events, think tanks, and embassies • Rank and score are determined by totaling the weighted averages of each dimension to yield a score on a scale of 0 to 100 (100=perfect) • Sources are derived from publicly available city-level data1 • Rank and score determined by averaging rate of change across each metric using the past five years’ data, then projecting out to 2026. Weighted averages applied to each dimension to yield a score on a scale of 0 to 100 (100=perfect) • Sources are derived from publicly available city-level data1 In the few cases when city-level data is not available, country-level data is used. 1 Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 The 2016 Global Cities analyzes 125 cities North America Europe Atlanta New York Amsterdam Frankfurt Paris Abu Dhabi Doha Riyadh Boston Philadelphia Barcelona Geneva Prague Ankara Dubai Tehran Chicago Phoenix Berlin Istanbul Rome Baghdad Kuwait City Tel Aviv Dallas San Francisco Brussels London Stockholm Cairo Manama Houston Toronto Budapest Madrid St. Petersburg Los Angeles Vancouver Copenhagen Milan Vienna Miami Washington, D.C. Dublin Moscow Warsaw Düsseldorf Munich Zurich Montreal Latin America Middle East Africa Asia Pacific Ahmedabad Hyderabad Seoul Bandung Jakarta Shanghai Bangalore Karachi Shenyang Bangkok Kolkata Shenzhen Beijing Kuala Lumpur Singapore Chengdu Lahore Surabaya Chennai Manila Surat Belo Horizonte Monterrey Abidjan Casablanca Luanda Chongqing Melbourne Suzhou Bogotá Porto Alegre Accra Johannesburg Nairobi Dalian Mumbai Sydney Buenos Aires Recife Addis Ababa Khartoum Tunis Dhaka Nagoya Taipei Caracas Rio de Janeiro Alexandria Kinshasa Dongguan Nanjing Tianjin Guadalajara Salvador Cape Town Lagos Guangzhou New Delhi Tokyo Lima Santiago Hangzhou Osaka Wuhan Mexico City São Paulo Harbin Pune Xi'an Ho Chi Minh Qingdao Yangon  Hong Kong Quanzhou Zhengzhou Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 Global Cities 2016 9 Smart cities methodology 14 cities were reviewed across all metrics of the Index and Outlook City Index rank Outlook rank Barcelona 26 34 Brussels 12 22 Copenhagen 42 24 London 1 4 Los Angeles 6 21 Melbourne 15 15 New York 2 2 Paris 3 13 Singapore 8 17 Sydney 14 12 Tokyo 4 19 Toronto 17 18 Vancouver 37 25 Vienna 19 41 Methodology • Looked for metrics where cities outranked the average • Any dimension where nine or more cities ranked in the top quartile of cities was considered a critical dimension for being “smart” • Within the critical dimensions, any metric where nine or more cities ranked in the top quartile was considered a leading metric for being “smart” Smart Cities we identified were ranked as “smart” based on multiple sources. All smart cities ranked in the top one-third of cities on both the Index and Outlook. 1 Sources: Fast Company, Forbes, Siemens, IESE Insight; A.T. Kearney analysis Global Cities 2016 10 Global Cities Index results, 2008-2016 City rank City rank 2016 2015 2014 2012 2010 2008 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 16 15 19 17 13 14 18 21 20 25 22 23 29 27 24 26 28 31 30 33 38 32 36 40 39 34 35 37 43 45 44 41 42 51 46 48 47 53 49 59 50 52 61 54 56 62 58 55 57 60 64 2 1 3 4 5 7 6 8 15 – 11 14 13 16 21 18 10 – 17 26 19 23 20 22 29 25 24 27 28 30 31 32 36 38 37 43 39 33 35 34 44 40 45 42 41 49 – 47 46 54 50 60 52 51 53 57 55 64 61 56 59 58 65 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 11 14 – 8 9 18 12 32 20 16 – 13 21 22 26 17 15 37 24 30 29 23 36 25 27 31 33 28 35 – 38 34 39 43 42 40 45 41 – – 44 49 53 – 47 50 – – 54 55 – 51 52 48 46 – 2 1 4 3 5 7 6 8 15 – 10 11 17 9 – 16 14 – 18 21 22 29 12 19 41 26 31 27 20 34 24 23 33 35 28 32 – 38 30 40 36 37 39 46 42 – – 44 48 49 – 47 43 – – 53 54 – 51 52 45 50 – 2 1 3 4 5 6 8 7 12 – 9 13 14 16 – 17 10 – 18 20 33 23 15 29 28 – – 27 21 32 26 24 35 31 30 – – – 25 37 22 36 34 49 39 – – 44 40 47 – 45 38 – – 48 43 – 46 50 41 42 – City London New York Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Los Angeles Chicago Singapore Beijing Washington Seoul Brussels Madrid Sydney Melbourne Berlin Toronto Moscow Vienna Shanghai Buenos Aires Amsterdam San Francisco Boston Istanbul Barcelona Montreal Dubai Frankfurt Miami Zurich Stockholm Munich São Paulo Rome Geneva Vancouver Houston Mexico City Atlanta Bangkok Copenhagen Taipei Mumbai Milan Prague Philadelphia Dublin Kuala Lumpur Rio de Janeiro Dallas Osaka Cairo Budapest Warsaw Jakarta Bogotá Santiago Manila Johannesburg New Delhi Tel Aviv Lima 2016 2015 2014 2012 2010 2008 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 63 66 65 68 70 73 69 71 67 75 72 76 77 80 78 74 86 87 83 84 81 79 92 82 89 88 91 90 95 97 102 99 96 93 98 94 85 100 101 106 109 108 103 104 110 105 112 107 111 114 115 113 116 117 118 62 66 63 – – – 68 75 – 72 – 71 – 84 – 73 82 87 – 96 78 89 – 83 – – 86 88 – – – – – – – – 80 – – – – – 104 – – – – – 97 115 – – – – – – – – – – – – 60 – 56 – 58 61 – – 57 59 63 – 65 64 62 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 66 – – – – – – – – – – – – 57 – 56 – 58 61 – – 55 59 64 – 62 63 60 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 65 – – – – – – – – – – – – 52 – – – 58 55 – – 51 53 56 – 54 60 57 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 59 – – – – – 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 120 119 122 123 121 124 125 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – City Abu Dhabi Doha Riyadh Düsseldorf St. Petersburg Nagoya Cape Town Guangzhou Phoenix Nairobi Ankara Bangalore Ho Chi Minh Chennai Hyderabad Caracas Lagos Dhaka Kuwait City Shenzhen Kolkata Karachi Nanjing Manama Accra Porto Alegre Casablanca Tunis Pune Tehran Tianjin Salvador Chengdu Belo Horizonte Monterrey Guadalajara Addis Ababa Ahmedabad Recife Abidjan Surabaya Bandung Lahore Wuhan Dalian Suzhou Qingdao Alexandria Kinshasa Chongqing Xi’an Hangzhou Baghdad Harbin Yangon (Rangoon) Surat Luanda Zhengzhou Shenyang Khartoum Dongguan Quanzhou Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 Global Cities 2016 11 Global Cities Outlook results, 2015-2016 City rank 2016 2015 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 1 4 3 2 6 16 8 9 7 5 17 11 19 13 15 12 14 20 18 29 21 24 28 23 27 25 34 22 33 30 31 10 36 32 49 26 40 37 38 35 39 45 City rank City San Francisco New York Boston London Houston Atlanta Stockholm Amsterdam Munich Zurich Chicago Sydney Paris Berlin Melbourne Geneva Singapore Toronto Tokyo Dallas Los Angeles Brussels Taipei Copenhagen Vancouver Dubai Washington Dublin Milan Düsseldorf Montreal Seoul Osaka Barcelona Moscow Santiago Phoenix Prague Warsaw Frankfurt Vienna Beijing 2016 2015 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 43 46 71 42 41 48 47 50 51 52 54 44 58 57 53 59 56 64 55 60 65 62 70 69 61 63 74 82 67 75 90 68 72 87 78 76 79 66 77 83 80 85 City rank City Philadelphia Miami Saint Petersburg Madrid Nagoya Tel Aviv Rome Shenzhen Abu Dhabi Bogotá Budapest Kuala Lumpur Buenos Aires Mexico City Hong Kong Kuwait City Suzhou Nanjing Tianjin Doha Shanghai Guadalajara Lima Rio de Janeiro Monterrey Wuhan Hangzhou São Paulo Shenyang Riyadh Bangalore Manila Chengdu New Delhi Quanzhou Guangzhou Dalian Istanbul Harbin Dongguan Manama Zhengzhou 2016 2015 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 81 73 93 92 89 91 97 84 88 86 94 96 98 109 120 112 113 99 100 95 102 116 106 107 103 105 111 104 110 115 108 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 101 117 118 119 121 114 124 123 122 125 City Xi’an Ankara Mumbai Belo Horizonte Bangkok Chongqing Hyderabad Qingdao Recife Ahmedabad Salvador Porto Alegre Ho Chi Minh Chennai Karachi Kolkata Nairobi Johannesburg Pune Casablanca Surat Abidjan Accra Cape Town Surabaya Jakarta Bandung Cairo Tunis Lahore Yangon (Rangoon) Alexandria Caracas Tehran Baghdad Kinshasa Addis Ababa Lagos Luanda Dhaka Khartoum Source: A.T. Kearney Global Cities 2016 Global Cities 2016 12 A.T. Kearney is a leading global management consulting firm with offices in more than 40 countries. Since 1926, we have been trusted advisors to the world's foremost organizations. A.T. Kearney is a partner-owned firm, committed to helping clients achieve immediate impact and growing advantage on their most mission-critical issues. For more information, visit www.atkearney.com. Americas Atlanta Bogotá Calgary Chicago Dallas Detroit Houston Mexico City New York Palo Alto San Francisco São Paulo Toronto Washington, D.C. 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