THE INDEPENDENT TRIBUNAL APPOINTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL TENNIS
FEDERATION
Charles Flint QC
Dr. Barry O’Driscoll
Dr. José A. Pascual
THE INTERNATIONAL TENNIS FEDERATION
v.

MARIA SHARAPOVA

DECISION
John J. Haggerty of Fox Rothschild LLP and Howard L Jacobs for Maria Sharapova
Johnathan Taylor and Lauren Pagé of Bird & Bird LLP for the International Tennis
Federation

Introduction
1.

On 26 January 2016 at the Australian Open Maria Sharapova played against Serena
Williams in the quarter-final. Following that match a sample was taken from Ms
Sharapova under the rules of the Tennis Anti-Doping Programme 2016 (“TADP”). On 2
March 2016 Ms Sharapova received a letter from the International Tennis Federation
(“ITF”) giving notice of a disciplinary charge that she had committed a contravention of
the TADP as her sample contained Meldonium, a substance which had been added to the
Prohibited List with effect from 1 January 2016.

2.

By letter to the ITF sent on 4 March 2016 Ms Sharapova promptly admitted the anti-doping
rule violation set out in the notice of charge.

1

 3.

This tribunal is constituted under article 8.1.1 of the TADP. Our function is to determine the
consequences which the player must bear for the anti-doping rule violation which is
admitted.

Issues
4.

The player has admitted an anti-doping rule violation under article 2.1 of the TADP in that
Meldonium, a Prohibited Substance, was present in the urine sample collected from her at
the Australian Open on 26 January 2016. It is also admitted that an out of competition test
taken on 2 February 2016 in Moscow found Meldonium to be present in her sample. Under
the rules these test results must be treated as one single anti-doping rule violation.

5.

The issues in this case relate to the consequences that follow under the rules of the TADP.
The issues are:

(1) Whether the player can establish that the violation of article 2.1 was not intentional
within the meaning of article 10.2.3. If so, then the period of ineligibility to be
imposed is 2 years; if not, the period of ineligibility to be imposed is 4 years.

(2) Whether under article 10.5.2 the player can establish that she had no significant fault
or negligence, in which case the period of ineligibility may be reduced to a minimum
of 1 year.
(3) Whether the ITF is estopped from asserting any fault on the part of the player.
(4) Whether the player can invoke the principle of proportionality so as to avoid or
mitigate the sanctions that follow from the rules.
6.

The player’s case is that she did not know that the active ingredient of Mildronate, a
medication which she had regularly been using for over 10 years, had been added to the
Prohibited List from 1 January 2016 and she did not intentionally contravene the anti-doping
rules in using Mildronate at the Australian Open. The ITF accepts that she did not know that
Mildronate contained a Prohibited Substance but argues that in taking the medication she
knowingly and manifestly disregarded the risk of contravening the anti-doping rules, and
thus committed an intentional violation.

2

 7.

The player admits that she does bear some fault so that she cannot seek an elimination of the
period of ineligibility under article 10.4, but contends that there was no significant fault on
her part. She contends that she had taken due care in her use of Mildronate over a 10 year
period but that the ITF failed to take reasonable steps to publicise the change in the
Prohibited List which occurred on 1 January 2016.

8.

The player submits that the ITF is estopped from asserting that the player bears any fault,
because it failed to warn her of the inclusion of Meldonium in the Prohibited List, although
the ITF knew, so it is alleged, or ought to have known that she had repeatedly tested
positive for Meldonium in 2015.

9.

It is also argued for the player that under the principle of proportionality the tribunal has an
inherent authority to reduce the sanction and it should do so by imposing no further period
of ineligibility beyond that already imposed to date under the provisional suspension which
took effect on 2 March 2016.
Evidence and procedure

10.

A hearing took place in London on 18 & 19 May. At that hearing the tribunal heard evidence
from Ms Sharapova, her manager Max Eisenbud, her former physician Dr. Anatoly Skalny,
and her coach Sven Groeneveld. The player also called expert evidence from Dr. Ford Vox,
commenting on Dr. Skalny’s diagnosis and treatment, and Richard Ings, a former chairman
of the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority, giving evidence on the best practice for
notification of changes to the Prohibited List. The ITF called evidence from Dr. Olivier
Rabin, senior director for science at the World Anti-Doping Agency (“WADA”), Dr. Stuart
Miller, a senior director at the ITF responsible for management of the TADP, Professor
Christiane Ayotte, director of the WADA accredited laboratory in Montreal, and Courtney
McBride, a lawyer employed by the Women’s Tennis Association (“WTA”) and also
produced a written statement from Neil Robinson, a senior manager at the WTA. The
tribunal also read and has taken into account a number of written statements submitted on
behalf of the player testifying as to her character and her attitude to the use of performance

3

 enhancing substances in sport. Where appropriate, references to the evidence are included
in footnotes to this decision1.

11.

A telephone directions hearing was held on 18 March. During that hearing the chairman
raised with the parties the power of the tribunal to make an order for production of relevant
documents under rule 8.4.2 of the TADP. Previously orders for disclosure have not generally
been considered in anti-doping cases but the changes brought into effect by the WADA
Code 2015 now require tribunals to make findings, inter alia, as to whether an athlete has
acted intentionally in taking a substance on the Prohibited List. In the case of this player it
was likely that she would rely on evidence about advice and assistance she had received
from a number of persons. In those circumstances the determination of contested issues of
fact and intention might require the production of all documents relevant to those issues.

12.

In the event neither party applied for any order for disclosure of documents. The player has
made her best efforts to disclose “all documents related to the use of Meldonium” and by a
letter dated 28 April 2016 her lawyers responded to a request from the ITF for further
disclosure. At the hearing it was confirmed on the player’s behalf that such disclosure
included all documents of which the player is aware that relate to her use of Meldonium,
including the period from 2013 until 26 January 2016 2. So in this case the Tribunal is entitled
not only to reach conclusions on the documents which have been disclosed, but also to draw
inferences from the absence of relevant documents.
Meldonium

13.

Meldonium is prescribed and registered as a drug for human therapeutic use in Latvia,
Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and some other eastern European and CIS countries 3. It is not
approved for human use in the USA or the European Union. It is reported to have
cardioprotective and anti-ischaemic effects.

On the evidence of Dr. Rabin, it acts as a

metabolic modulator, inhibiting carnitine synthesis so that cells switch to generating energy
from glucose rather than fat, thus requiring less oxygen to produce equivalent energy 4. It
may be used for the management of ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic cerebrovascular
disorders.
1

Footnote references to the transcript of evidence are given by reference to the day (D1 or D2) and page.
Documents and submissions are referred to by the producing party (ITF or S).
2
D1 p. 74
3
ITF / Rabin / 3 p. 23
4
ITF / Rabin para 11

4

 14.

Meldonium is manufactured by JSC Grindeks in Latvia and marketed under a number of
brand names, including “Mildronate”. The indications stated in the instructions for use

5

issued by the distributors of Mildronate are principally ischaemic heart disease and
cerebrovascular disorders, but also include “decreased working efficiency, intellectual and
physical overstress (including in sportsmen).” It is generally supplied in a blister pack of 250
or 500 mg capsules.
15.

Mildronate is promoted as having a positive effect on energy metabolism and stamina 6, to
be taken by athletes shortly before training. The evidence of Dr. Rabin 7 exhibits a number of
papers which appear to demonstrate that Mildronate has a positive effect on the
performance of athletes. It is not necessary for the tribunal to express a view as to whether
the scientific evidence is conclusive but it is clear that there has emerged a widespread
perception amongst athletes, particularly in Russia and Eastern Europe, that Meldonium
does have a performance enhancing effect. At the European Games held at Baku in 2015
over 8% of samples tested positive for Meldonium. Prior to 1 January 2016 Meldonium was
not a Prohibited Substance under the World Anti-Doping Code (“WADA Code”).

Facts
16.

In 2004, at the age of 17, Ms Sharapova won the women’s singles championship at
Wimbledon. In 2005 she was suffering from frequent cold-related illnesses, tonsil issues and
upper abdomen pain. Her father took her to be examined by Dr. Anatoly Skalny of the
Centre for Biotic Medicine in Moscow, which describes itself as specialising in system
diagnostics and treatment of medical imbalances.

17.

The evidence from Dr. Skalny is that having conducted a detailed examination, considered
the family medical history, which included type II diabetes and heart disorder, he caused a
number of specialist consultations and analyses to be carried out which indicated, inter alia,
elevated glucose and cholesterol levels and mineral imbalances. Dr. Skalny concluded that
his patient had a mineral metabolism disorder, insufficient supply of nutrients from food
intake and other abnormalities which made it necessary to boost the immune system. He
5

ITF 3 p. 42
ITF 3 p. 53
7
ITF / Rabin para 12
6

5

 proposed a detailed medicinal and nutritional regime which at the outset comprised about
18 medications and supplements.

18.

The purpose of that regime, as described in Dr. Skalny’s plan, was to develop “the optimal
individual plan of medical and physiological monitoring and targeted correction of
functional reserves, and its implementation in the practice of the athlete’s preparation and
maintain the proper functional regime.” Included in the regime were courses of Mildronate,
for periods of 7 – 14 days, in doses of 500 mg to 1 g per day.

19.

In the period from January to April 2006 Dr. Skalny sent very detailed messages to Ms
Sharapova advising on her nutritional intake, including advice as to medications. The
messages which have been disclosed include the following advice given in 2006 on taking
Mildronate:
“Mildronate 1-2 X 10, repeat in 2 wks (before training or competition)”
“1 hr before competition, 2 pills of Mildronate”
“During games of special importance, you can increase your Mildronate dose to 3-4
pills (1 hr before the match). However, it is necessary to consult me on all these
matters (please call)”
“30 minutes prior to a training session: Mildronat – 1 Capsule. 30-45 minutes prior to
a tournament Mildronat 2 capsules”.

20.

The regime was considered a success in achieving a general improvement in the patient’s
health including a reduction in the frequency of cold-related and inflammatory diseases.
From then on Dr. Skalny’s evidence is that he recommended the periodical taking of
Mildronate
“whenever complaints arose regarding fatigue related to overexertion,[or] lowering
of the immune functions, appearance of inflammatory processes, lab results
abnormalities in the fat and carbohydrate metabolism (glucose, cholesterol, insulin),
affecting the myocardial functions (magnesium, phosphorus deficiency, elevated
AST etc.)”.8

21.

The evidence before the Tribunal includes a report of Dr. Ford Vox who has analysed Dr.
Skalny’s diagnosis and treatment. Dr. Vox says that the diagnosis was immune deficiency,
mineral metabolism disorder and asthenia, ie. loss of energy. He states that the Russian
scientific literature supporting Mildronate’s clinical use to compensate for an immune
8

This is a translation and the word “or” has been added to make it more intelligible

6

 deficiency is strong. He does not state that Dr. Skalny actually diagnosed cardiovascular
disease, the primary indication for the use of the drug, or diabetes, which is not listed as an
indication by the manufacturers of Mildronate. But he does express the opinion that Dr.
Skalny was, in the light of Ms Sharapova’s family history, justified in prescribing Mildronate
both as a cardioprotective agent and as a preventative agent for diabetes. However it is
important to note that Dr. Skalny was not a cardiologist nor did he advise that Ms
Sharapova had a cardiac condition which required specialist medical attention. Having
reviewed the ECG results Dr. Skalny did not require a treadmill test, or any other standard
diagnostic approach, which would have been the next logical step if a significant cardiac
condition was suspected.

22.

The width of the indications which Mildronate was apparently intended to address may
appear surprising, but there is no basis for criticising the decision of the player, then aged
18, and her father to accept and act upon the clinical judgment of a reputable expert in the
field of mineral imbalances. The treatment recommended must be viewed as a whole and on
that basis Mildronate did not stand out as an exceptional substance in the overall regime.

23.

The player, or her father, made clear to Dr. Skalny that any substances which he
recommended must comply with the WADA Code. So Dr. Skalny caused the substances
which he recommended to be reviewed by the Director of the WADA accredited laboratory
at the Moscow anti-doping centre. On 11 January 2006 the centre reported that the 18
pharmaceutical preparations listed, including Mildronate, did not contain substances
included on the 2006 Prohibited List.

24.

On the evidence the Tribunal concludes that Ms Sharapova did not seek treatment from Dr.
Skalny for the purpose of obtaining any performance enhancing substances, but for the
treatment of her recurrent viral illnesses. All the substances recommended by Dr. Skalny did
at that time comply with the anti-doping rules.

25.

Ms Sharapova continued under the care of Dr. Skalny from 2006 until 2012. There would be
an annual check and occasional blood and other tests as required by Dr. Skalny. He
continued to obtain reports from the anti-doping centre in Moscow certifying that all the
substances which he was recommending did comply with the WADA Code. The last such

7

 certificate in evidence is dated 11 March 2010 9. By that time the list of substances
recommended by Dr. Skalny had grown from 18 to 30, including Magnerot, Riboxin and
Mildronate. The certificate makes clear that all such substances should be purchased from
authorised distributors.
26.

By the end of 2012 Ms Sharapova had decided to follow a different approach to her
nutritional intake. She found the taking of lots of pills overwhelming and she thought there
was a better way to handle her health than by taking a large number of pills

10.

So she

retained a nutritionist, Nick Harris, as part of her team and ceased to follow the regime
prescribed by Dr. Skalny. She informed Dr. Skalny that she was not going to continue
working with him 11.
27.

However Ms Sharapova took her own decision to continue to use 3 of the substances
previously recommended by Dr. Skalny, namely Magnerot, Riboxin and Mildronate.
Magnerot is a mineral supplement which contains magnesium. Riboxin contains inosine, a
natural compound which may have some anti-ischaemic benefit. That decision to continue
to use those 3 substances from Dr. Skalny’s list of 30 was taken without the benefit of any
medical advice, either from Dr Skalny or from any other medical practitioner. So Ms
Sharapova did not seek any advice about the therapeutic need to continue using Mildronate,
nor the possible side effects of doing so. She did not know the ingredients of Mildronate and
had not read the manufacturers’ instructions for use 12.

28.

When asked in evidence to explain why she particularly selected these 3 substances she
stated that she believed that Dr. Skalny had put special emphasis on those substances to
protect her heart and for her magnesium deficiency 13. However her evidence is that she had
not discussed specific substances with Dr. Skalny during his treatment

14

and she does not

recall having had any discussion with Dr. Skalny about her decision to continue using
Mildronate 15. When asked why she did not consult any other doctor for advice about her
continuing use of the three substances

16

she stated that she did not need another doctor to

9

S / 159
D1 / 83 D1/146
11
D1/162
12
D1 / 124, 127
13
D1 / 132 D1 / 146
14
D1 / 118
15
D1/162
16
D1 / 162
10

8

 oversee her medical or health plan, but instead hired a nutritionist 17. However she did not
inform her nutritionist that she was continuing to take Mildronate 18, or, it seems, Magnerot
or Riboxin.

29.

After Ms Sharapova ceased in early 2013 to be under the care of Dr. Skalny there is no
evidence that any medical practitioner was consulted about or prescribed the taking of
Mildronate, or that the use of Mildronate was disclosed to any of the medical practitioners,
with one exception, who were consulted by Ms Sharapova between 2012 and 2015. During
this period Ms Sharapova was under the general care of her family doctor in California to
whom she would go for treatment when she became sick. She also relied on the medical
practitioners provided by the WTA from whom she would seek medical advice when she
suffered injury or became sick in competition. She also underwent MRI scans and ECG tests
and examination by a number of specialists during this period, particularly in 2015. To none
of the medical practitioners or specialists who treated her over 3 years did she disclose the
fact that she was taking Mildronate. Her explanation in evidence is that none of them had
asked what medication she was taking 19.

30.

The one exception is that in 2015 she did consult Dr. Sergei Yasnitsky, the team doctor to the
Russian Olympic team, whom she retained for advice on her general health problems which
had returned, including a stomach virus and sinusitis. She says she disclosed her use of
Mildronate to him because he asked her what medication she was taking 20. Her evidence is
that he did not ask why she was taking this medication, nor give any advice or comment but
just responded that it was OK.

31.

So by the end of 2015 Ms Sharapova was continuing to use Mildronate in the manner which
had been recommended in 2006 by Dr. Skalny. She would take 500 mg of Mildronate on
match days in tournaments. However she was not following Dr. Skalny’s advice that
Mildronate be taken only 30 or 40 minutes before matches, but instead took two capsules in
the morning of match days, because taking pills just before a match did not give her a good
feeling 21. Nor did she follow Dr. Skalny’s advice to take Mildronate in the course of a long

17

D1/163
D1 / 70
19
D1 / 170
20
D1 / 165
21
D1 / 136,150
18

9

 match because, she stated, she did not feel comfortable with putting pills in her mouth
during a match 22.
32.

On the evidence of her manager this use of Mildronate by Ms Sharapova was not known to
any of Ms Sharapova’s team, except for her father and, from 2013, Mr. Eisenbud himself. It
was not known to her coach, her trainer, her physio who was responsible for recommending
recovery drinks during and post match, her nutritionist who was responsible for her food
and supplement intake, nor any of the doctors she consulted through the WTA. It is
remarkable that in the documents disclosed by the player the only documents which refer to
Mildronate are documents from Dr. Skalny between 2006 and 2010. There is no document
after 2010 in the player’s records which relates to her use of Mildronate. Nor was the use of
Mildronate disclosed to the anti-doping authorities on any of the doping control forms
which Ms Sharapova signed in 2014 and 2015.

The addition of Meldonium to the Prohibited List

33.

By 2015 there was evidence of substantial use of Meldonium by elite athletes. At the 2012
London Olympic Games five national teams had declared that they were using Meldonium.
Scientists at the WADA-accredited laboratory in Moscow reported that significant numbers
of athletes were declaring the use of Meldonium on their doping control forms.

34.

On 29 September 2014 WADA published on its website the 2015 Prohibited List and related
documents. Those documents included a notice on the 2015 Monitoring Programme stating
that a number of substances had been placed on the monitoring programme including
Meldonium, both in and out of competition. WADA also published a summary of major
modifications and explanatory notes on the 2015 Prohibited List, including a statement that
Meldonium, a drug with potential cardiac effects, had been added to the monitoring
programme to assess the abuse of this substance. The ITF also published these documents on
its website.

35.

Meldonium was detected in approximately 6% of the urine samples included in the 2015
monitoring programme. The preliminary results obtained from the monitoring programme
22

D1 / 133, 134

10

 were considered by the WADA Health Medical and Research Committee in September 2015,
following which it was decided that Meldonium would be added to the 2016 Prohibited List.
On 29 September 2015 WADA published the 2016 Prohibited List. The website included a 2
page summary of major modifications document which included the statement:

“Meldonium (Mildronate) was added because of evidence of its use by athletes with
the intention of enhancing performance.”
On the second page it was stated that Meldonium had been removed from the Monitoring
Program and added to the Prohibited List. It was unusual for WADA to give not only the
chemical

name (or international non-proprietary name) for a substance, but also a brand

name of the medication under which it was marketed.

36.

That summary of modifications was included in the information on the Prohibited List
published by the ITF on its website on about 7 December 2015

23.

The website entry was

headed “Prohibited List” and stated that a summary of changes to the 2015 version was
included. The documents accessible on that site included the WADA summary of
modifications. So any player who wished to check through the ITF website the changes
made to the Prohibited List was directed to the WADA summary of modifications
document, which document clearly stated that Meldonium (Mildronate) had been added to
the list.

37.

The ITF issues annually a wallet card which lists on one page substances and methods
prohibited in and out of competition. The 2016 wallet card did include Meldonium in the list
of prohibited substances under the heading of metabolic modulators. The wallet card is
available digitally but is also intended to be available in hard copy to players. The hard copy
is issued in a plastic wallet including a USB pen drive which would enable a recipient to
read on a device the WADA documents, including the summary of modifications. The ITF’s
practice is to send hard copies to the ATP and the WTA for distribution to their members.

38.

There is a dispute on the evidence as to when and where Neil Robinson of the WTA handed
to Sven Groeneveld, Ms Sharapova’s coach, two of the plastic wallets at some time in
January 2016. It is unlikely that either could, in the circumstances of an international event,
reliably recollect whether or not one or two wallet cards had been handed over and when,
23

ITF / Miller para 32

11

 still less what use had been made of them. In any event the coach says he did not hand
either of the wallet cards to Ms Sharapova. His evidence is that he keeps a wallet card in
case any of his players wishes to check with him whether a substance is on the Prohibited
List, but none ever has 24. Ms Sharapova’s evidence is that she never read or consulted the
information on the wallet card in 2016, or in prior years 25 .

39.

On 18 December 2015 the WTA sent an email headed Player News. There was a reference to
the 2016 Tennis Anti-Doping Programme but no notice that there had been any change to
the Prohibited List. The email included a link to the WTA Playerzone on Anti-Doping. In
December 2015 that link did not include the summary of modifications published by
WADA, so it did not give any player notice that Meldonium had been added to the
Prohibited List.

40.

On 22 December 2015 the ITF sent emails to a number of players, including Ms Sharapova,
and players’ agents, including Alex Schilling of IMG who as Mr. Eisenbud’s assistant is
responsible for information about the player’s whereabouts which is required to be supplied
under the TADP. That email purported to give notice of changes to the Tennis Anti-Doping
Programme for 2016. The three changes listed concerned matters of procedure and the
availability of the wallet cards from the ITF website. The email gave players and agents a
reminder that the details of the Anti-Doping Programme could be downloaded from the
website. There was a link to the anti-doping pages of the ITF website, which, as set out
above, included the WADA summary of modifications document. However the email did
not give notice to players or agents that there had been changes to the Prohibited List, still
less a warning that Meldonium had been added.

41.

The player argues that a warning should have been given because the ITF actually knew, or
ought to have known, that Ms Sharapova and a number of other tennis players had tested
positive for Meldonium in 2015 and thus should have taken special steps to advise her, or all
tennis players, of the addition of Meldonium to the Prohibited List.

42.

The first step in that argument was that the ITF knew that 24 samples taken from tennis
players had tested positive for Meldonium in 2015. The ITF could not have had that

24
25

D1 / 256
D1 / 97

12

 knowledge in December 2015 as the results of the testing were only sent to the ITF in March
2016, a point which was conceded by counsel for the player in final argument. The figures
showed that Meldonium was detected in just over 1% of samples in tennis, and a number of
those samples might have been given by the same player. Of the 24 samples which tested
positive 5 were from Ms Sharapova. So even if the ITF had been notified of the results of the
testing under the monitoring programme it would not necessarily have concluded that there
was in tennis, in contrast to some other sports, widespread use of Meldonium.

43.

The second step was to argue that the ITF ought to have obtained from WADA laboratories
the identities of tennis players who had tested positive for Meldonium, so that they could be
individually warned to cease taking the medication. That argument was based on the
evidence of Richard Ings who was responsible for anti-doping at the ATP in 2003. He gave
evidence of the steps he took to warn certain ATP tennis players that they had tested
positive for cannabis prior to the drug being added to the Prohibited List, for which warning
they were apparently very grateful. His evidence lost some of its force from appreciating
that this took place prior to the application of the WADA Code to the ATP and that his
evidence did not take into account the rules applying to confidentiality of results under the
2015 monitoring programme, nor data protection laws. He seemed to be of the view that any
sports governing body which conceives it to be in the interest of a player or players to obtain
access to their sensitive personal data should be entitled to do so. He makes the assumption
that “WADA and by extension the ITF were aware that Ms Sharapova had Meldonium in
her sample(s)” in 2015, an assumption which is incorrect in fact. He made frequent reference
to the fact that the results for the player had been put in evidence in this case, to support the
argument that they could have been obtained by the ITF in 2015. The basis on which the
2015 results were obtained by the ITF in March 2016 is explained by Professor Ayotte as
resting on the request made by the player’s lawyers for the purpose of her defence in this
case and the information thus became part of the results management process 26.

44.

Article 4.5 of the 2015 WADA Code is very clear, as it has consistently been in all previous
versions, in providing that results from the programme are to be reported only on an
aggregate basis and that “WADA shall implement measures to ensure the strict anonymity
of individual Athletes is maintained with respect to such reports.” The WTA forms signed

26

ITF / Ayotte para 10

13

 annually by players contain an anti-doping consent

27.

That form gives consent to testing

under the TADP and management by the ITF of the programme. That consent would not
allow the ITF to obtain disclosure from laboratories of individual data other than for the
results management process. It would have been a serious infringement of a player’s rights
for a WADA accredited laboratory to have provided individual results derived from the
monitoring of Meldonium, without the consent of the player from whom the sample had
been taken. So the argument in the evidence of Richard Ings that best practice required the
ITF to obtain access to the identity of players who had tested positive for Meldonium under
the monitoring programme, so that they could be warned, is inconsistent with the WADA
Code and the legal requirement to respect the rights of players to confidentiality in their
sensitive personal data.
45.

So the tribunal rejects the argument that the ITF knew or ought to have known in 2015 that
Ms Sharapova was using Meldonium.

The evidence of Ms Sharapova and Max Eisenbud
46.

The facts set out above are substantially accepted by both parties. The main contentious
issues on which the tribunal is required to make findings of fact are:

(1) Whether Ms Sharapova deliberately failed to disclose her use of Mildronate on
doping control forms;
(2) What steps Ms Sharapova took, or caused to be taken, to ensure that the substances
which she was taking were not on the Prohibited List;
(3) Whether Ms Sharapova took Mildronate for medical reasons, or to enhance her
performance in competition.

47.

The underlying factual puzzle in this case is how an elite player in the position of Ms
Sharapova, with the assistance of a professional team including the very best sporting and
medical advice obtainable, could ever have placed herself in the position of taking a
Prohibited Substance, as is admitted, before each of the five matches she played at the
Australian Open. The case advanced for the player in her written submissions did not
explain why, even if Ms Sharapova was not personally aware of the inclusion of Meldonium
27

ITF exhibit CM-1 page 2

14

 on the 2016 Prohibited List, her team did not warn her. Mr. Eisenbud’s first witness
statement, at paragraph 20, gave the clear impression that if any member of her team had
discovered that Meldonium had been added to the 2016 Prohibited List then the player
would have ceased to use Mildronate. He characterises this as an administrative error, for
which he takes the blame, but without explaining how it happened. It only emerged in
evidence at the hearing that no member of Ms Sharapova’s team, apart from Mr. Eisenbud,
actually knew that she was taking Mildronate.

48.

Doping control forms require the player in her own hand to make a declaration as to
medication or supplements taken. The requirement is headed “DECLARATION OF
MEDICATION/SUPPLEMENTS“ and requires a

“List of any prescription/non-prescription medications or supplements, including vitamins
and minerals, taken over the past 7 days (include substance, dosage and when last taken).”
It is very important that players give proper disclosure of such medications or supplements
in case those substances affect the results of the testing. Cases have occurred where athletes
have taken substances not on the Prohibited List in order to mask the presence of a
Prohibited Substance in the sample taken.
49.

The player admits that she did not disclose her use of Mildronate on any doping control
form which she completed between 2014 and 2016. The 7 doping control forms in evidence
were completed and signed by Ms Sharapova between 22 October 2014 and 26 January 2016.
They did disclose some medications and vitamins, but did not disclose that she had, within
the last 7 days, ingested capsules of Mildronate. That she had in fact taken Mildronate in the
7 days prior to signing at least 4 of these forms is evidenced by:

(1) her evidence that she continued to follow Dr. Skalny’s advice to use Mildronate prior
to matches;
(2) the laboratory test results in 2015 which show the presence of Meldonium in
significant quantities in the samples taken in competition on 9 July (Wimbledon), 27
October (WTA Finals, Singapore) and 14 November (Fed Cup Final, Prague);
(3) the admission in the letter dated 28 April 2016 that she took 500 mg of Mildronate on
18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 January 2016, that is before each of the 5 matches she played at
the Australian Open.

15

 In each of these forms she has ticked the box refusing to allow her sample to be used for the
purpose of research. On its own that is a small point but in context it does indicate a careful
consideration of the form and an unwillingness to allow her sample to be scrutinised to any
extent beyond that legally required under the programme.
50.

Ms Sharapova was cross-examined on the failure to disclose Mildronate on the list of
medications she provided on doping control forms. Her explanation was that she
understood the form only to require her to disclose a medication or supplement if she had
taken it every day for the last seven days, because otherwise the list would be very long. She
said:
“I did not feel it was a huge responsibility of mine to write all those medications down.
As I said before, in hindsight, this is a mistake of mine. …. I did not feel it was a
responsibility to have to write down every single match drink I was taking, gel, vitamin
that I was taking, even if I took it once during the last seven days. I did not think it was
of high importance.”
In fact at Wimbledon 2015 she had used Mildronate 6 times in the past 7 days, and, at the
Australian Open 2016, 5 times in the past 7 days. On the forms in evidence she had disclosed
taking a number of substances including vitamin C, Omega 3, Biofenac and Voltaren (antiinflammatories which may be taken orally or in gel form), Veramyst (a nasal spray
containing a corticosteroid) and Melatonin (a hormone). In most cases she declared only 2 of
those substances on each form so that the list would not have been very long if she had
added Mildronate.

51.

In the tribunal’s judgement this justification advanced for the failure by Ms Sharapova to
disclose her regular use of Mildronate before championship matches is untenable. The
wording of the doping control form was clear and could not reasonably be misunderstood.
She must have known that taking a medication before a match, particularly one not
currently prescribed by a doctor, was of considerable significance. This was a deliberate
decision, not a mistake. Taken together with the evidence that over a period of 3 years she
did not disclose her use of Mildronate to her coach, trainer, physio, nutritionist or any
medical adviser she consulted through the WTA, the facts are only consistent with a
deliberate decision to keep secret from the anti-doping authorities the fact that she was
using Mildronate in competition.

52.

Ms Sharapova and Mr. Eisenbud were very familiar with the facility to ask the WTA for
advice as to whether a substance which she proposed to take was prohibited in or out of
16

 competition. Documents in evidence showed that the player and Mr. Eisenbud requested
and received information as to whether a substance was prohibited on a number of
occasions between 2011 and 2015 28. In some cases the WTA was sent a photograph of the
label of the product in question. One typical example is an email sent by Ms Sharapova,
copied to Max Eisenbud, on 10 June 2015 to Kathleen Stroia of the WTA29:
“Hi Kathleen,
The doctor here prescribed this nasal spray for me for my sinus issues and I just
wanted to make sure the ingredients are ok to take ?
Thanks.”
The replies to such requests sometimes reminded Ms Sharapova and Mr. Eisenbud of the
various ways of checking whether a substance was prohibited by requesting advice from a
WTA medical adviser, submitting a product information form to the results management
company, checking against the wallet card or using the 24 hour ITF hotline. Ms Sharapova
accepts that she knew that the composition of the Prohibited List could change and that it
was necessary that it be checked annually. If at any time she had wanted to check whether
Mildronate was prohibited nothing would have been easier than sending a short email to
the WTA.

53.

Ms Sharapova denies that she was aware of the ingredients of Mildronate but has not
produced a sample of the packaging under which she acquired the medication, or the
instructions for use which would have accompanied it. In the letter from her lawyers dated
28 April 2016 it is stated that she did not obtain Mildronate online and she has not retained
the box containing the capsules she took in January 2016, as the packaging was destroyed
before 2 March 2016 and she has no photographs of the Mildronate box. The player has not
identified the precise source of the medication which her father collected for her in Russia.
The ITF has been able to purchase a box of Mildronate which displays the word Meldonium
in Russian in large script on the outside.

54.

Max Eisenbud is a Vice President at IMG, the world’s leading sports agency. He states that
he has represented Ms Sharapova exclusively and full time since 1999 under an agreement
between IMG and the player. As manager he has a very close relationship with Ms
Sharapova and he is one of the few people in whom she confides about topics relevant to her
28
29

S / pages 626, 629, 630-633, 646, 650, 670, 675
S / 680
17

 success on court. At paragraph 15 of his first witness statement he states that she kept him
informed regarding medication she was prescribed, taking or planning to take.

At

paragraph 16 he states that she has “a team of people, myself included, committed to
guaranteeing that all of her medications, vitamins and supplements are permitted under the
WADA Anti-Doping Code”. He then states:
“Maria’s medical team is incredibly diligent about confirming that any new
substance she ingests is thoroughly checked against the WADA Prohibited List.”
He states that if he or another member of her team had discovered and informed Ms
Sharapova that Mildronate contained Meldonium then she never would have taken the
substance at the 2016 Australian Open . He describes the ingestion of Meldonium at the
Australian Open as an “administrative misstep” for which he bears the fault as her manager.

55.

Mr. Eisenbud’s first statement raised as many questions as it answered. It did not state when
he first became aware that Ms Sharapova was taking Mildronate, nor whether her medical
team in 2016 was aware of that fact. His statement at paragraph 16 implies that the medical
team would check new substances but not all substances that the player was currently
taking. The statement did not give any evidence as to what steps were taken routinely, or at
the end of 2015, to monitor changes to the Prohibited List.

56.

In his second witness statement signed on 11 May he stated that he had assumed the
responsibility to check Ms Sharapova’s medications and supplements against the WADA
Prohibited List, after the player had left Dr. Skalny’s care in 2013. His explanation as to why
he failed to discharge his responsibility is as follows. In November 2013 and 2014 he printed
out a copy of the Prohibited List for the forthcoming year to take it with him on his vacation
in the Caribbean so that it could be checked. In 2015 he separated from his wife, did not take
his annual vacation in the Caribbean and due to the issues in his personal life failed to
review the 2016 Prohibited List.

57.

In his oral evidence Mr. Eisenbud stated that he first heard the word Mildronate in 2013 30.
He had a conversation with Ms Sharapova who gave him a list in Russian of three or four
items that she was taking, which list he had translated. She did not give him any

30

D1 /39.

18

 information about these substances or why she was taking them, and he asked no questions
and did no research 31. His system for checking was as follows:
“My system … in November of every year I would go on vacation in the Caribbean,
after the championships. I would have my assistant print out the most updated
doping prohibited list, along with the new proposed WTA and ATP rules, the
calendar for next year. I would make a file. I would go on vacation and sit at the
pool, with all the substances that my players were taking, and then sit there and just
cross-check, to make sure that everybody, what they were doing, was not prohibited.
In 2015 I didn’t go on vacation for obvious reasons.”32
He also performed the same function for three other players whom he represented, but only
one of them was actually taking a substance which required to be checked 33. He appeared to
be unaware of the distinction between the brand names of the medications under which
pharmaceutical drugs are marketed and the chemical names used in the Prohibited List 34.
He did not know the ingredients of Mildronate 35, or their chemical properties, so that if he
had checked against the Prohibited List he would not have known, for example, whether
any of the substances he was purportedly checking could be classified as falling within the
class of hormones and metabolic modulators. He made no records of the checks he carried
out and he did not report back to Ms Sharapova. He was asked to produce the list he had
used for checking. On the second day of the hearing there was produced a copy of a list in
Russian of 21 substances, the products Mildronate, Magnerot and Riboxin being circled in an
unknown hand. The document appears to be a photocopy of the second page of a certified
list of substances provided by the anti-doping centre in Moscow dated 13 October 2006 36.
That document provides no corroboration of Mr. Eisenbud’s evidence.

58.

Ms Sharapova’s evidence on this issue was very vague. She recalls asking Mr. Eisenbud to
check a list of substances

37

and knowing that he was going on vacation at a time when the

new Prohibited List was available 38. She did remind him to print and take out the list once

31

D1 / 43,44
D1 / 29
33
D1 /49
34
D1 / 52
35
D 1 /55
36
S / 524
37
D1 / 84, 166
38
D1 / 168
32

19

 or twice, but did not do this in 2015 39. She does not state that he ever reported to her that he
had carried out checks or confirmed that Mildronate was not on the Prohibited List.
59.

Before commenting on the more remarkable features of this evidence it is necessary to note
that Mr. Eisenbud was well aware of the facility to ask the WTA whether a medication was
permitted in or out of competition (as noted at paragraph 52 above) and it is evident from
such communications that, contrary to his evidence, he must have known that it is the
chemical ingredient of the product, not the brand name which requires to be checked 40.

60.

At the end of his evidence Mr. Eisenbud stated that he had no training to understand the
composition of the Prohibited List. On his evidence he professed not to have the basic
understanding, which is required of every athlete subject to the WADA Code, of how the
Prohibited List works. With only the brand names of 3 products and no knowledge of their
ingredients he could not sensibly have begun to check those substances against the list. His
evidence did not explain why with that lack of understanding and expertise he was
prepared to accept the important responsibility of checking whether Mildronate was
prohibited, why he did not delegate this task to his assistant who could easily have made the
necessary enquiries, or why it was necessary to take a file to the Caribbean to read by the
pool when one email could have provided the answer. The absence of any documents or
records evidencing Mr. Eisenbud’s system speaks for itself. Critically he does not explain
why the 3 substances inherited from Dr. Skalny’s regime were treated so differently from all
the other medications and supplements which were vetted by the player’s medical team, not
by him, and recorded in emails and medical records.

61.

The ITF has not directly challenged the veracity of Mr. Eisenbud’s evidence that he was
asked by Ms Sharapova to be responsible for checking whether Mildronate was prohibited,
but the evident implausibility of his account of how it was done was clear from the crossexamination. On the main issues which the tribunal has to decide the burden of proof lies on
the player, not the ITF. The tribunal is not required to accept evidence which it finds to be
wholly incredible. The idea that a professional manager, entrusted by IMG with the
management of one of its leading global sporting stars, would so casually and ineptly have
checked whether his player was complying with the anti-doping programme, a matter

39
40

D1 / 168 - 169
See for example S / 631, 662

20

 critical to the player’s professional career and her commercial success, is unbelievable. The
tribunal rejects Mr. Eisenbud’s evidence.
62.

It follows that on the tribunal’s assessment of the evidence Ms Sharapova had no system in
place to make any checks on Mildronate or the other substances inherited from Dr. Skalny’s
regime. As she accepted in cross-examination she carried out no checks of her own on
Mildronate or its ingredients. She never looked at a wallet card

41,

never checked any

substances through the ITF website and never asked the WTA for advice on Mildronate.
When asked about her assertion that her general procedure was to confirm with the WTA
whether a product was permissible to use she said:
“The WTA did not have the list of medication that I was taking with Dr. Skalny. But the
WTA was not in charge of my medical conditions.”
But from 2013 onwards Dr. Skalny was no longer her doctor. She has no excuse for failing to
disclose her use of Mildronate or to seek advice from a specialist doctor as to whether its
continued use in competition was permissible. The tribunal finds it hard to credit that no
medical practitioner whom she consulted over a period of 3 years, with the exception of Dr.
Yasnitsky, would, in accordance with standard medical practice, have asked her what
medications she was taking. In any event Ms Sharapova should have disclosed that she was
regularly using Mildronate in case there was a possibility of adversely affecting another
treatment prescribed.
63.

That leaves the issue as to why Ms Sharapova was systematically using Mildronate before
matches, and in particular at the Australian Open in 2016. In the tribunal’s view the answer
is clear. Whatever the position may have been in 2006, there was in 2016 no diagnosis and no
therapeutic advice supporting the continuing use of Mildronate. If she had believed that
there was a continuing medical need to use Mildronate then she would have consulted a
medical practitioner. The manner of its use, on match days and when undertaking intensive
training, is only consistent with an intention to boost her energy levels. It may be that she
genuinely believed that Mildronate had some general beneficial effect on her health but the
manner in which the medication was taken, its concealment from the anti-doping
authorities, her failure to disclose it even to her own team, and the lack of any medical

41

D1 / 97

21

 justification must inevitably lead to the conclusion that she took Mildronate for the purpose
of enhancing her performance.

Whether the contravention was intentional
64.

Meldonium is not a specified substance. Accordingly under article 10.2.1 the period of
ineligibility shall be four years “unless the Player … establishes that the Anti-Doping Rule
Violation was not intentional.” As the burden of proof on this issue is placed on the player
she must establish a lack of intention to contravene the rules.

65.

Guidance as to the meaning of “intentional”, as “meant to identify athletes who cheat”, is
given in the first sentence of article 10.2.3. The article then provides:
“The term, therefore, requires that the Player or other Person engaged in conduct that
he/she knew constituted an anti-doping rule violation or knew that there was a
significant risk that the conduct might constitute or result in an Anti-Doping Rule
Violation and manifestly disregarded that risk.”

66.

The ITF accepts that the player did not engage in conduct that she knew constituted an antidoping rule violation. The basis of that concession is that she would not have continued to
take Mildronate after 1 January 2016 if she had known that its active ingredient was on the
Prohibited List, because she would inevitably be tested at the Australian Open

42.

That

concession resolves any question under the first limb of the definition of “intentional”.

67.

The case put by the ITF under the second limb of the definition is that the player cannot
discharge the burden of disproving that she knew that there was a significant risk that
taking Mildronate might constitute an anti-doping rule violation, and manifestly
disregarded that risk. The basis of that submission is the suggestion that “she knew there
was a significant risk that (Meldonium) might have been banned, and manifestly
disregarded that risk”43.

42
43

ITF written submissions para 2.4
ITF written submissions para 3.14

22

 68.

It is clear from the wording of article 10.2.3 that whether conduct is intentional is to be
judged on the actual knowledge of the player, not on the basis of what she ought to have
known or understood. It is accepted by the ITF that her belief was that Mildronate was not a
Prohibited Substance. On that basis of belief she did not know she was running a risk in
taking Mildronate. She understood that the Prohibited List might from time to time be
amended but she did not know or believe that it had been changed to make Mildronate a
Prohibited Substance.

69.

The ITF argument conflates the two elements of the test prescribed by the second limb of
article 10.2.3. The first element is based on knowledge, the second on manifest disregard of
the known risk. The second element may involve considering what steps the player took or
ought to have taken, but the first element depends on the actual knowledge of the player.
The factors relied on in the argument for the ITF include the point that the player failed to
heed warnings and failed to check that the Prohibited List had not been changed to include
Meldonium. Those considerations are not relevant to the question whether the player had
sufficient knowledge to establish that her conduct was intentional, but may be relevant in
considering whether there had been manifest disregard of a known risk. The classic case for
application of the second limb of article 10.2.3 is where an athlete uses a contaminated
supplement. In some such cases an athlete may be found to have knowingly taken a risk of
committing an actual violation and acted regardless of that risk. In such cases the known
risk is that the substance ingested might contain an ingredient which is prohibited. In this
case the player, on the ITF’s concession, knew that she was taking Mildronate but did not
know that its main ingredient was actually prohibited.

70.

The effect of the ITF’s submissions would be to import into article 10.2.3 consideration of
whether a player did know or ought to have known that the rules might have changed so as
to render conduct impermissible which she believed to be in compliance with the rules. That
would be an important extension of the scope of article 10.2.3 which is only intended to
apply to the conduct of athletes who intend to cheat. The risk that the rules might have
changed from those which the player believed to be in force is not the type of risk to which
the second limb of article 10.2.3 is directed. The relevant risk is that the conduct might
constitute or result in a violation of the rules as they were known to the player. If the player
was genuinely mistaken as to the rules then she did not intend to cheat.

23

 71.

On the facts of this case the concession that the player did not know that she was taking a
Prohibited Substance resolves both elements of article 10.2.3. On neither basis was the
conduct of the player intentional.

No significant fault or negligence
72.

The player has admitted that she bears some fault for the violation so that article 10.4, which
allows for the elimination of the period of ineligibility where there is no fault or negligence,
does not apply.

73.

Article 10.5 provides for a reduction in the period of ineligibility where the player
establishes that she bears No Significant Fault or Negligence. If that threshold is passed then
the period of ineligibility may be reduced by reference to the degree of fault of the player,
but not to less than one half of the applicable period of ineligibility.

74.

No Significant Fault or Negligence is defined as :
“The Player establishing that his/her Fault or negligence, when viewed in the
totality of circumstances and taking into account the criteria for No Fault or
Negligence, was not significant in relationship to the Anti-Doping Rule Violation.
Except in the case of a Minor, for any violation of Article 2.1 the Player must also
establish how the Prohibited Substance entered his/her system.”
The criteria for No Fault or Negligence as set out in the definition of that term are:
“… he/she did not know or suspect, and could not reasonably have known or
suspected even with the exercise of utmost caution, that he/she had Used … the
Prohibited Substance.”
The word Fault is defined as “… any breach of duty or any lack of care appropriate to a
particular situation”.

75.

The duties of a player are set out at article 1.12 which reads:
“It is the sole responsibility of each Player
1.12.1 to acquaint him/herself, and to ensure that each Person [defined as a natural
person or organisation] from whom he/she takes advice (including medical
personnel) is acquainted, with all the requirements of the Programme;
1.12.2 to know what constitutes an Anti-Doping Rule Violation under this
Programme and what substances and methods are prohibited;
24

 1.12.3 to ensure that anything he/she ingests or Uses, as well as any medical
treatment he/she receives, does not give rise to an Anti-Doping Rules
Violation under this Programme …”
76.

These duties are distinct from, and in addition to, the strict liability principle, set out at
article 2.1, to ensure that no Prohibited Substance enters the player’s body. It is clear that a
player can only discharge these duties under article 1.12 if she properly discloses to her
advisers, and any medical personnel whom she consults, the medication which she is using
and the reasons for which it is being used.

77.

Under article 1.15 any manager, coach, trainer, medical personnel or any other person
assisting a player in her sporting capacity is defined, inelegantly, as “Player Support
Person”. Those persons are required under article 1.16 to know what substances are
prohibited, and under article 3.1.2 to be familiar with the most current version of the
Prohibited List.

78.

Article 10.5 requires consideration of the player’s moral fault, judged against the necessarily
strict standards set by the requirement for utmost caution. The player has a personal
responsibility, from which she cannot be absolved by reliance on others. It is the sole
responsibility of each player to acquaint herself with all the provisions of the rules. Any
player has a clear duty to check whether any medication being taken, of which only she may
be aware, is permitted under the anti-doping rules. It is fundamental to the strict liability
anti-doping regime that a player is responsible for any prohibited substance found to be
present in her body and that ignorance of the rules or of the nature of any substance
administered or ingested can be no defence. The decision of CAS in WADA v. Lund (CAS OG
06/001) at paragraph 4.11 makes clear that a player who is taking medication has a
continuing duty to check properly whether that medication is permitted under the antidoping rules.

79.

If the player fails to meet the high duty of care she may be regarded as having borne some
fault, but it may not be significant. That word in its context connotes a lack of serious or
substantial moral fault or blameworthiness, so that the rigorous application of these very
strict anti-doping rules is tempered in the case of an excusable and understandable failure to
have foreseen or prevented the doping offence where the conduct of the player was not
culpable, but failed to meet the standard of utmost caution. The comment in Knauss v. FIS

25

 (CAS 2005/A/847) at paragraph 7.3.5 that the test must not be set excessively high is to be
borne in mind.
80.

Thus the task of the tribunal is to consider the totality of the relevant circumstances, assess
the conduct against the duty of utmost caution, and decide whether any breach of duty or
lack of care was significant in relation to the admitted breach of the rules. The burden of
proof on this issue is placed on the player and under article 8.6.2 the standard of proof is by
a balance of probability. The player has established how the Prohibited Substance entered
her system by her admission, which is accepted, that she took 500 mg of Mildronate before
each of the five matches she played at the Australian Open.

81.

The main argument for the player was that, although she did bear some fault, viewed
against the failure of the ITF properly to warn Ms Sharapova that Meldonium was to be
added to the Prohibited List her fault was not significant. The argument that the ITF knew or
ought to have known that the player was using Meldonium has been considered at
paragraphs 41 to 45 above. There remains the argument that the ITF was in breach of its
duty under article 3.1.3 to take reasonable steps to publicise any amendments made by
WADA to the Prohibited List. That is in addition to the requirement under WADA Code 4.1
to take appropriate steps to distribute the 2016 Prohibited List.

82.

The obligation under article 3.1.3 is to take reasonable steps to publicise amendments to the
Prohibited List, not to give advice or warnings to players. By publishing on its website from
7 December 2015 the WADA summary of modifications, which very clearly stated that
Meldonium (Mildronate) had been added to the 2016 Prohibited List, the ITF discharged
that duty. It is correct that the ITF did not in its emails sent on 22 December 2015 give any
notice of the changes which had been made to the Prohibited List, but it did provide a link to
the ITF’s anti-doping website. Any reasonably diligent medical practitioner, adviser, agent
or manager acquainted with the WADA Code, as Ms Sharapova’s advisers should have
been, could easily have discovered that Meldonium was, from 1 January 2016, a Prohibited
Substance. The same applies to Ms Sharapova.

83.

The ITF also discharged its duty under WADA Code 4.1 to take appropriate steps to
distribute the 2016 Prohibited List, by publishing the Prohibited List on its website and in its
wallet cards. Any player who had any doubts as to whether a substance was included

26

 within the Prohibited List had the ability to carry out a word search of the WADA
documents, or to seek advice through the ITF’s 24 hour hotline.
84.

Even if it had been established that the ITF had failed properly to publicise amendments to
the Prohibited List that could not mitigate the fault of the player. Article 3.1.3 is expressly
subject to the responsibility of each player and her advisers to be familiar with the most
current version of the Prohibited List. So in principle any failure by the ITF properly to
publicise changes to the list cannot excuse the failure of the player to take any reasonable
steps to check whether a substance had been included. As a matter of fact Ms Sharapova did
know that she had a duty to make annual checks of the Prohibited List but on the findings of
the tribunal, as set out at paragraph 62 above, she did not do so. So any failure on the part of
the ITF properly to publicise changes to the Prohibited List would have had no causative
effect on the contravention of rule 2.1.

85.

The player also argues that her fault is not significant because she had been using
Mildronate for 10 years, having taken reasonable steps to ascertain, at least up to 2010, that it
was not on the Prohibited List. Strong reliance is placed by the player on the cases of ITF v
Hood (2006) and WADA v. Lund (CAS OG 06/001), where athletes had continued to use
Finasteride, a product to treat hair loss, in ignorance of the fact that it had been added to the
Prohibited List. As was noted in Hood at paragraph 13:
“However these cases all tend to be very fact specific, and as illustrations of how
other tribunals have applied the Rules, or similar WADA Code based rules, in other
circumstances they are of limited value.”
There is certainly not a general principle to be derived from the Finasteride cases that where
a substance is only added to the Prohibited List after the athlete has started to use it then the
fault should be considered to be less culpable. The factual contrast between this case and
Lund, where the substance was not used to enhance performance and its use was openly
declared on doping control forms, is stark. This case must be decided on the totality of the
particular circumstances in which this player came to commit a violation.

86.

Reliance was also placed on the CAS decision in ITF v Cilic (CAS 2013/A/3327) in support
of an argument, based on paragraph 97 of that decision, that once the player had carried out
initial checks on a substance there is a lesser duty to make further checks. The case of Cilic
was not applying the test of no significant fault or negligence but was considering the
degree of fault applicable to Specified Substances cases under the WADA Code 2009.
27

 Paragraph 97 of that decision is dealing with a quite different factual situation from the facts
of this case. The other cases cited on this point, Kendrick v ITF (CAS 2011/A/2518) and UCI v
Bascio (CAS 2012/A/2924), were also not directed towards the application of the test of no
significant fault required under article 10.5. The tribunal accepts that all these cases apply
the same concepts of degree of fault as would apply if no significant fault or negligence were
established, but on the threshold issue under article 10.5 they do not establish any principle.

87.

The player can point to paragraph 91 of the decision in Lea v USADA (CAS 2016/A/4371) in
which the panel stated, in summary, that although a higher standard of care is required in
dealing with therapeutic medicines, that higher standard may not apply in circumstances
where a long-time trusted sports medicine physician prescribes a substance permissible out
of competition without any warning regarding the risk of a positive in competition test. A
similar point might be made if at the time of the violation the player had been under the care
of Dr. Skalny and using a medicine prescribed by him. But that was not the case at the time
of this violation.

88.

It is of course relevant to consider that the player had for 10 years used a substance which
was not prohibited. But she appreciated that she had a continuing duty to review the
Prohibited List each year and from at least 2013 onwards did not take any steps to do so.

89.

It was argued that in some cases panels have not attached any adverse significance to the
failure of an athlete to have declared the substance on the doping control form. That may be
the correct approach if there is an inadvertent failure to declare, but that is not this case. The
commentary in the WADA Code to article 10.5.1.2 states that in a contaminated substance
case the fact that an athlete declared the product would be favourable to him in assessing
the degree of fault. It must follow that it is relevant in assessing fault to consider whether
and why an athlete failed to declare a substance on the doping control form.

90.

On the findings of fact set out above the player cannot prove that she exercised any degree
of diligence, let alone utmost caution, to ensure that her ingestion of Mildronate did not
constitute a contravention. To the contrary her concealment from the anti-doping authorities
and her team of the fact that she was regularly using Mildronate in competition for
performance enhancement was a very serious breach of her duty to comply with the rules.
Her conduct was serious in terms of her moral fault and significant in its causative effect on
the contravention. If she had been open with the anti-doping authorities, her team or the
28

 doctors she consulted, then the probability is that she would have been warned of the
change to the Prohibited List and avoided a contravention.

91.

Even if the Tribunal had accepted the evidence of Mr. Eisenbud it would follow that the
player had failed in her duty to ensure that each person from whom she took advice was
acquainted with all the requirements of the programme. The player had no reasonable basis
for considering that Mr. Eisenbud had the expertise or qualifications to give advice on
whether particular medicines were covered by the Prohibited List. The completely
inadequate manner in which he claimed to have carried out his checks could not come close
to discharging the player’s duty of utmost caution.

92.

For those reasons the player has not established that she bears No Significant Fault or
Negligence in relation to the violation of article 2.1. Accordingly a period of ineligibility of
two years must be imposed.

Estoppel
93.

The basis of the estoppel invoked by the player is that despite the fact that the ITF knew, or
should have known, that the player had tested positive for Meldonium under the
monitoring programme in 2015, the ITF (a) failed to notify her of the test results obtained in
2015 (b) failed to distribute the Prohibited List to her and (c) failed to publicise the
amendments to the Prohibited List.

94.

The factual premise of that argument was not supported by the evidence. That the ITF did
not know that the player had tested positive for Meldonium in 2015 was accepted in final
submissions for the player. As to the submission that the ITF ought to have known that the
player had regularly been using Meldonium in 2015 that is rejected, for the reasons given in
paragraphs 41 to 45 above.

95.

It is argued that the case of ATP v Ulihrach (ATP Tour Tribunal 2003) supports the principle
of estoppel as applying to this case. At paragraph 26 of that decision it is said:
“Equitable estoppel is to be applied as a matter of fairness and good conscience to
estoppe the person whose conduct has brought the situation about from asserting
their legal rights.”
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 It is not necessary to decide whether that very wide principle is consistent with English law,
which by article 1.8 applies to these rules, or whether such a principle could be applied to
WADA Code provisions, save in the most exceptional circumstances. On the latter point this
tribunal would agree with the comments in ATP v Perry (ATP Tour Tribunal 2015) at
paragraph 49.

96.

On the facts of this case it is only necessary to state that the ITF did not bring about the
situation in which the player decided to take Meldonium at the 2016 Australian Open. There
was no representation or assurance giving rise to any legitimate expectation on the part of
the player that she could safely continue taking Meldonium before matches, a fact of which
the ITF was unaware. The finding as to the player’s deliberate and sustained non-disclosure
of her use of Meldonium on doping control forms precludes any reliance on the principle of
good conscience.

97.

Even if, contrary to the findings made above, the ITF had not adequately publicised changes
made to the Prohibited List this would not excuse the serious fault of the player, nor give
rise to any estoppel, by representation or otherwise.

98.

For all those reasons no estoppel can be invoked which prevents the ITF from asserting in
this case that the player should face the consequences which are required under the rules.
Proportionality

99.

It is argued for the player that this tribunal has an inherent authority to reduce the
applicable sanction based on the principles of proportionality in the context of extreme and
unique circumstances. This case does not evidence any such unique circumstances in
relation to the contravention of article 2.1. Cases where an athlete has failed to exercise any
due care in checking the Prohibited List are regrettably common.

100. The tribunal does not accept that there is a general discretion to vary the sanction applicable
under the rules on the grounds of proportionality. Puerta v ITF (CAS 2006/A/1025) did not
establish a general principle and the decision on the facts of that case could only be justified
on the basis that there was a lacuna in the rules. That cannot be applied to this case where the

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 concept of fault is clearly defined and its application to the facts raises no difficulties in
principle.
101. The case of FINA v Mellouli (CAS 2007/A/1252), described by the panel as an isolated act of
negligence and decided prior to the 2015 WADA Code, cannot establish a general principle
that the sanction may be reduced in any case which a tribunal considers to be exceptional.
The tribunal must proceed on the assumption that the WADA Code, in particular in
allowing for reductions of sanction on grounds of lack of intent and lack of any or significant
fault, does properly reflect the principle of proportionality.
102. It is argued that any period of ineligibility would disproportionately affect Ms Sharapova in
causing her a very substantial loss of earnings and sponsorships, exclusion from the 2016
Olympics, and irreparable damage to her reputation. There is nothing unfair in the rules
being fairly and equitably applied to this player as to any other athlete subject to the WADA
Code, whether professional or amateur. The rules 44 are clear in stating:
“ … the fact that a Player would lose the opportunity to earn large sums of
money during a period of Ineligibility, or the fact that the Player only has a
short time left in his or her career, or the timing of the sporting calendar, would
not be relevant factors to be considered in reducing the period of Ineligibility
under Article 10.5.1 or 10.5.2.”
The rules cannot be circumvented by invoking the principle of proportionality. It would be
contrary to the principles underlying the code, in particular respect for the rules which must
apply equally to all, to allow an unprincipled exception to or waiver from the rules on the
grounds of proportionality of sanction as it affects the particular circumstances of this
player.
Commencement of the period of ineligibility
103. Under article 10.10.3 (b) a player who promptly admits the anti-doping rule violation may
seek to have the commencement of the period of ineligibility back-dated so that it is deemed
to commence, at the earliest, on the date of the violation. The player did promptly admit the
charge, by letter dated 4 March 2016, and should be entitled to the mitigation of sanction
allowed for by this rule.

44

Definition of Fault in the TADP

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 Conclusion

104. The contravention of the anti-doping rules was not intentional as Ms Sharapova did not
appreciate that Mildronate contained a substance prohibited from 1 January 2016. However
she does bear sole responsibility for the contravention, and very significant fault, in failing
to take any steps to check whether the continued use of this medicine was permissible. If she
had not concealed her use of Mildronate from the anti-doping authorities, members of her
own support team and the doctors whom she consulted, but had sought advice, then the
contravention would have been avoided. She is the sole author of her own misfortune.

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 Decision

For the reasons given above, the Tribunal unanimously makes the following decision:

(1) An anti-doping rule violation contrary to article 2.1 of the TADP was committed by
Maria Sharapova as a result of the presence of Meldonium in the samples collected
from her at the Australian Open on 26 January 2016 and out of competition in
Moscow on 2 February 2016;

(2) Under article 9.1 the player is automatically disqualified in respect of her results in
the 2016 Australian Open Championship, forfeits 430 WTA ranking points and prize
money of AUS$281,633 obtained in that competition;

(3) Under article 10.2 the period of ineligibility to be imposed is 2 years;

(4) Under article 10.10.3(b) the period of ineligibility shall commence on 26 January 2016.

Under article 12 this decision may be appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Charles Flint QC
Chairman of the Independent Tribunal

6 June 2016

Blackstone Chambers, London

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