J Forensic Sci, Jul. 1974, Vol. 19, No. 3

R. A.
Ph.D. and
and S.
S. A.
A. Wicks,'
A. Velapoldi,1
Velapoldi, ~ Ph.D.
Wicks, ~ M.S.
M.S.

Use of Chemical
Chemical Spot
Spot Tests
Tests Kits for
The Use
for the
Presumptive Identification
Narcotics and
Presumptive
Identification of
of Narcotics
Drugs of Abuse

known that
that chemical
chemical spot
spot tests
tests contribute
contribute to
to and
and are
are used
used for
for the
the identification
identification
well known
ItIt is well
spot test
test kits
kits have
have been
of various
various substances
substances[1—5].
[1-5]. From
From this information,
information, chemical
chemical spot
been
of

commercially
developedwhich
whichare
areused
used by
by many
many law
agencies for
for the
the
commercially developed
law enforcement
enforcement agencies
identification
narcotics and
and drugs of abuse.
two types
identification of narcotics
abuse. There are basically
basically two
types of problems
problems
associated
with the
the use
use of
of these
these kits,
kits, one
one which
whichisisinherent
inherentininthe
the color
colorreaction
reactionand
andthe
the
associated with
other which
with color
color interpretation.
interpretation.
which lies
lies with
First, colors produced,
produced, although usually
usually quite
quite specific,
specific, are
First,
are assigned
assignedaabroad
broad "spectral"
"spectral"
range. For example,
example, colors
range.
colors within
within the
the spectral
spectral range
rangefrom
from purplish
purplishblue
bluetoto purplish
purplishred
red

may
to untrained
with no
no color
may be
be considered
considered positive
positive to
untrained observers
observers with
color cards
cards available
available for
comparison,
comparison, when the actual positive
positive color should be violet.
violet.
Second,
the color-producing
color-producing chemical
chemicalreactions
reactionsare
are usually
usually not
not specific.
While itit is
Second, the
specific. While
that aa particular
particular reagent
reagent gives
gives the
the designated
designated color
color reaction
reaction with
with the specific,
specific, regutrue that
regulated drug,
drugs or
or substances
substancescan
can give
givethe
thesame
sameoror
drug, other
other regulated
regulated and
and nonregulated
nonregulated drugs
similar
colors with
with that
that particular
These substances
substancesare
arethen
then considered
consideredtotobe
be
similar colors
particular reagent.
reagent. These
interferences which
interferences
which produce
produce false
false positives.
positives.For
For example,
example, Clarke
Clarke [6],
[6], Thienes
Thienes and
and Haley
Haley
which produce
produce colors
colorswith
withthe
theMarquis
Marquis
and others
others[1,5,8—13]
[1,5,8-13] list numerous substances
substances which
[7], and
reagent. Included
reagent.
Included in
in these
these groups
groups are
are aromatic
aromatic compounds
compounds with
with free
freepara
para positions
positionsor
or
para-hydroxy
groups
that
yield
colored
quinoidal
compounds
[1].
Salicylates
interfere
para-hydroxy groups that yield colored quinoidal compounds [1]. Salicylates interfere
with
test for
for barbiturates
Nakamura and
and Thornton
with the Dille-Koppanyi
Dille-Koppanyi test
barbiturates [12].
[12]. Nakamura
Thornton [14,15]
[14,15]
Goddard [16]
[16] report that
that olivetol,
olivetol, mace,
mace, nutmeg,
nutmeg, currants,
and Goddard
currants, terpenes,
terpenes, and
and phenolics
phenolics
give
colors with
with the
the Duquenois-Levine
test for
for marijuana
marijuana or
or hashish.
give colors
Duquenois-Levine test
hashish.
As aa consequence,
consequence, several
several brief
have recently
recently appeared
As
brief reports
reports have
appeared concerning
concerningthe
the obob-

servance of false positives in the
Thus, positive
the use
use of
ofthe
thechemical
chemicalspot
spottest
testkits
kits[17—19].
[17-19]. Thus,
and false positive
positive tests
tests can
can be
be obtained,
obtained, the
the latter
latter serving
serving only
onlytoto confuse
confuseresults
resultsand
and makmakdefinitive test
essentially impossible.
ing definitive
test interpretations
interpretations essentially
impossible.
course, aa great
great many
many chemical
chemical reagents
reagents which
which may
There are, of course,
may be
be used
used as
as aa spot
spot test
particular drug.
drug. For
For instance,
instance, more
more than
than fifty
fifty reagents
reagents have
have been
for aa particular
been suggested
suggestedfor
forthe
the
qualitative and
quantitative color
opium alkaloids,
alkaloids, most
which
qualitative
and quantitative
color reactions
reactions with
with the
the opium
most of
of which
are summarized
summarized in Refs 20 and 21.
21. Other
Other reagents
reagents have been listed for morphine derivaderiva[22]. Nevertheless,
reagent
tives [22].
Nevertheless, the
the majority
majority of
of chemical
chemical field
fieldtest
test kits
kits use
use the
the Marquis
Marquis reagent
as the primary test for the opium
concentrated nitric
nitric acid
acid as
as
opium alkaloids.
alkaloids. Some
Some kits include
include concentrated
Received for publication
publication 14
14Oct.
Oct.1973;
1973;revised
revisedmanuscript
manuscriptreceived
received27
27Dec.
Dec.1973;
1973;accepted
acceptedfor
forpubpubReceived
lication
lication 77 Jan.
Jan. 1974.
1974.
1Researchchemist
chemistand
andchemist,
chemist,respectively,
respectively,Analytical
Analytical Chemistry
Chemistry Division, National
National Bureau
Bureau of
of
'Research
Washington, D.C.
D.C.20234.
20234.
Standards, Washington,
636
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
www.astm.org
Copyright
© 1974
by ASTM
International
Ryan Gabrielson
(ProPublica)
pursuant
to License
Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 VELAPOLDI AND
AND WICKS
WICKSON
ONCHEMICAL
CHEMICALSPOT
SPOTTEST
TESTKITS
KITS

637
637

general, however,
however, most
chemical reagent
most ooff the
the kits use chemical
reagent formulations
formulations
a secondary test. In general,
which
the same
same for
for various
classes of
of drugs.
drugs.
which are essentially the
various classes
presents investigations
investigations on
This paper presents
on the
the reactions
reactions of
of selected
selectedpure
pure drugs
drugs and
and possible
possible
interferences with
interferences
with typical
typical chemical
chemical reagents
reagents usually
usuallyfound
foundinin narcotic
narcotic chemical
chemicalspot
spot test
test
kits. The
The colors
colors produced by
by these reactions have
kits.
have been
been assigned
assignednumbers
numbersand
and descriptions
descriptions
corresponding
Color Council-National
Council-National Bureau
Bureau of
of Standards
Standards
corresponding to colors
colors in the Inter-Society Color
(ISCC-NBS)
Centroid Color
Color Charts.
Charts. These
These charts
charts are
are referred
referred to
to as Standard
(ISCC-NBS) Centroid
Standard Reference
Reference
(SRM) 2106
2106 [23]
[23] and are described
described in NBS
NBS Publication
Publication 533
533 [24].
[24]. This color
Material (SRM)
assignment
the ambiguities
associated with
with color
color interpretations.
assignment decreases
decreases the
ambiguities associated
interpretations.
Two additional reagents,
reagents, Mandelin
Mandelin and
concentrated nitric
acid, have
have been
been included
Two
and concentrated
nitric acid,
included
this study.
study. The
The suggested
suggested total of
of seven
seven reagents
reagents provides
provides aa reasonable,
reasonable, multireagent
in this
multireagent
testing
which would
would decrease
decrease the
the number
number of
of false
and thus
testing scheme
scheme which
false positives
positives and
thus increase
increase
specificity. In
reagent stabilities,
stabilities, pure
detection limits,
specificity.
In addition,
addition, information
information on
on reagent
pure drug
drug detection
limits,
effects, and
temperature effects,
and typical
typical street
street drug-reagent
drug-reagent color
color production
production are
are presented.
presented.

ExperimentaF
Experimental2
Reagents
Reagents
Typical kit
reagents were
were prepared
prepared with
with reagent
reagent grade
grade chemicals
chemicals and
Typical
kit test reagents
and solvents
solvents
the following
following formulations [1,25,26].
[1,25,26].
according to the

A.1 Cobalt(JI)
Cobalt(H) Thiocyanate—Dissolve
Thiocyanate--Dissolve 2.02.0g gofofcobalt(II)
A.1
cobalt(II)thiocyanate
thiocyanateinin 100
100ml
ml of
of
distilled water.
water.
A.2 Dille-Koppanyi
Dille-Koppanyi Reagent,
Reagent, Modified
Modified
Solution /1—Dissolve
- - D i s s o l v e 0.1
methanol.
Solution
0.1ggofof cobalt(II)
cobalt(II) acetate
acetate dihydrate
dihydrateinin 100
100 rnl
ml of methanol.
Add
acid and
and mix.
A d d 0.2
0.2 ml glacial
glacial acetic acid
mix.
Solution
ml of
of isopropylamine
isopropylaminetoto 95
95 ml
ml of
of methanol.
methanol.
Solution 22—Add
- - A d d 55 ml
Use of
of Reagent
Reagent AA.2—Add
volumesofofSolution
Solution11totothe
the drug
drug followed
followed by
by 11 volume
volume
Use
. 2 - - A d d 22volumes
Solution 2.
of Solution

Duquenois-Levine Reagent
A.3 Duquenois-Levine
Solution
2.5ml
ml of
of acetaldehyde
acetaldehydeand
and 2.0
2.0 gg vanillin
vanillintoto 100
100 ml
ml ooff 95
95 percent
percent
Solution /1—Add
- - A d d 2.5
ethanol.
Solution 2--Hydrochloric
Solution
2—Hydrochloric acid.
acid.
Solution
3—Chloroform.
Solution 3--Chloroform.
Use of
of Reagent
ReagentAA.3—Add
volumeofofSolutions
Solutions11and
and2 2totothe
thedrug
drugininorder.
order.Determine
Determine
. 3 - - A d d 11volume
the
Add
of chloroform
chloroformand
and note
note ifif the
the color
color produced
produced isis
the color
color produced.
produced. A
d d 3 volumes
volumes of
extracted
from the
the mixture
mixture of
of 1I and 2.
extracted from

A.4
2.0gganhydrous
anhydrousferric
ferricchloride
chlorideinin 100
100rrd
ml of
of distilled
distilled
A.4 Ferric Chloride—Dissolve
Chloride--Dissolve 2.0
water.
100 ml
A.5 Froehde Reagent--Dissolve
Reagent—Dissolve0.5
0.5 gg of
of molybdic
molybdicacid
acid or
or sodium
sodium molybdate
molybdate in
in 100
ml
hot concentrated
concentrated sulfuric acid.
acid.

A.6
Reagent—Dissolve1.0
1.0ggofofammonium
ammoniumvanadate
vanadateinin 100
100 ml
ml of
of concenconcenA.6 Mandelin
Mandelin Reagent--Dissolve
sulfuric acid.
trated sulfuric
22In order to
materials
and experimental
procedures,
it was occasionally
necessarynecessary
to adequately
adequatelydescribe
describe
materials
and experimental
procedures,
it was occasionally
to identify
identify commercial
commercial products by manufacturer's name
name or
or label.
label In
Inno
noinstances
instancesdoes
doessuch
suchidentificaidentification imply
imply endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards, nor does it imply that the particular
particular prodprodtion
or equipment
equipment isis necessarily
necessarily the best available for that purpose.
uct or

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 638
638

JOURNAL
JOURNALOF
OF FORENSIC
FORENSICSCIENCES
SCIENCES

A. 7 Marquis Reagent--Carefully
Reagent—Carefully add 10
percent formaldehyde
formaldehyde [volume:
10 ml of 40 percent
[volume:volume
volume
(v: v)
v) formaldehyde:water]
formaldehyde: water]toto 100
100 ml
ml of
of concentrated
concentrated sulfuric
sulfuric acid.
acid.

A.8 Mecke
1.0ggof
of selenious
seleniousacid
acidin
in 100
100 ml
ml concentrated
concentrated sulfuric
sulfuric
Mecke Reagent—Dissolve
Reagent--Dissolve 1.0
acid.
A.9 Nitric Acid—Concentrated.
Acid--Concentrated.

A.1O
para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde(p-DMAB)--Add
(p-DMAB)—Add
p-DMABtoto 50
50 ml
in'
A.IO para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
2.02.0g gofofp-DMAB
of 95
acid.
95 percent
percent ethanol
ethanol and 50
50 ml
ml of
of concentrated
concentrated hydrochloric
hydrochloric acid.

A.11 Zwikker Reagent
A.11
Solution
1—Dissolve 0.5
0.5 ggof
ofcopper(II)
copper(II) sulfate
sulfate pentahydrate
pentahydrate in 100 mlof
ml of d/stilled
distilledwater.
water.
Solution/--Dissolve
Solution
2—Add 55 ml
ml of
of pyridine
pyridine to
to 95 ml of chloroform.
Solution 2--Add
Use of
of Reagent
ReagentA.11--Add
A.11—Add1Ivolume
volumeof
ofSolution
Solution11tothe
to the drug
drug followed
followed by
by addition
addition of
of
I1 volume
volume of
of Solution
Solution 2.
2.
Drugs and Diluents

The drugs and other materials
used as
as obtained
obtained from
from the
the manufacturers.
manufacturers.
materials were
were used
Benzphetamine—Upjohn
5.
Benzphetamine--Upjohn Co., No.
No. X581
X5815.
Brornpheniramine--Robins Research,
CN41255.
Brompheniramine—Robins
Research, No. CN41255.
Chlorpromazine
HCI—Smith, Kline
Kline and
and French,
French, No. 2601A.
Chlorpromazine. HCl--Smith,
2601A.
Cocaine
Cocaine.HCI—Mallinckrodt,
HCl--Mallinckrodt, No. E232019.
E232019.
Codeine Sulfate--Mallinckrodt,
Su/fate—Mallinckrodt, No. E277088.
E277088.
d-amphetamine--Applied Science,
d-amphetamine—Applied
Science, No.
No. 389.
389.
d-methamphetamine. HC/—Applied
HCl--Applied Science,
Science, No. 413.
413.
d-methamphetamine
dl-methamphetamine.
20c-0040.
dl-methamphetamine HCl--Sigma
HCI—Sigma Chemical
Chemical Co.,
Co., No.
No. 20c-0040.
Darvon 
Lilly, No.
No. 0QS77
0QS77 and Byron Chemical
Chemical Co.,
Darvon®_E.
I.I. Lilly,
Co., No.
No. 101/I.
Dernerol~. HCl--Sterling
320-BF.
Demerol®.
HCI—SterlingWinthrop
Winthrop Research,
Research, Inc.,
Inc., No. 320-BF.
Doxepin.HCI—Pfizer,
HCl--Pfizer, No.
No. 13506-02021.
13506-02021.
Doxepin
Heroin
(DEA), No. A99A.
Heroin.HCI—Drug
HCl--Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA),
Tartrate--Sandoz Pharmaceuticals,
Pharmaceuticals, No. 160015.
160015.
Lysergic AcM
Acid Diethylamide
Diethylamide (LSD).
(LSD) Tartrate—Sandoz
l-isomethadon
HCI—Mallinckrodt, No. E176328.
l-isomethadon. HCl--Mallinckrodt,
E176328.
Marezine (Cyclizine
Wellcomeand
and Co.,
Co., No. 50595.
(Cyclizine. HCI)—-Burroughs
HC/)--Burroughs Wellcome
50595.
Marijuana—DEA,
Marijuana--DEA, No. A143A.
A143A.
MDA
. S04—Smith, Kline and French,
MDA.SO4--Smith,
French, No.
No. X-19-LDS.
X-19-LDS.
Mescaline
Sulfate—DEA, No.
No. A162c
A162c and
and Sigma
Chemical Co.,
Co., No. 78B-1620.
Mescaline Sulfate--DEA,
Sigma Chemical
78B-1620.
Methadon
Methadon. HC1—Mallinckrodt,
HCI--Mallinckrodt, No. E223128.
E223128.
Methapyriline
Methapyriline. HCI—E.
HCI--E. I. Lilly,
Lilly, No. X03064.
X03064.
Methaqualone--W. H.
No. 69C11A.
69CllA.
Methaqualone—W.
H. Rorer,
Rorer, Inc., No.
Methprylon--Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., No. 041054.
041054.
Methprylon—Hoffman-LaRoche,
Morphine Alkaloid--Mallinckrodt,
E294032.
Alkaloid—Mallinckrodt, No. E294032.
Opium--Penick (DEA),
310NKN-1.
Opium—Penick
(DEA), No. 31ONKN-1.
Oxycodone. HCl--Endo
70-027.
Oxycodone
HCI—Endo Labs.,
Labs., Inc., No. 70-027.
Pentobarbital—Ganes,
No. 3-RR-101.
3-RR-l01.
Pentobarbital--Ganes, No.
Phencyclidene—DEA,
No. A226A.
Phencyclidene--DEA, No.
Phenobarbital—Ganes,
No. 3-RR-127
3-RR-127 and
and Merck
Merck and Co., Inc.,
Phenobarbital--Ganes, No.
Inc., No.
No. 227365.
227365.
Procaine.
Pro
caine HCI--Sterling
HG/—SterlingWinthrop
WinthropResearch,
Research,Inc.,
Inc.,No.
No. 135
135 HN.
HN.
Rita/in®_CIBA,
No.
Ritalin 
No. 77386.
77386.
Secobarbital—Ganes,
11.
Secobarbital--Ganes, No. 127-RR-l
127-RR-111.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 VELAPOLDI
AND WICKS
VELAPOLDI AND
WICKS ON
ONCHEMICAL
CHEMICALSPOT
SPOTTEST
TESTKITS
KITS

639
639

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (STP)
(STP).HCI--DEA,
A261c.
HC1—DEA, No.
No. A261c.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine
Tri-methoxyamphetamine (TMA).
A282A.
Tri-methoxyainphetamine
(TMA) HCI--DEA,
HCI—DEA, No.
No. A282A.

Other diluents
or comdiluents and
and possible
possible interferences
interferences were
were either reagent
reagent grade chemicals
chemicals or
spices, teas,
mercial spices,
teas, tobacco, coffee, etc.
etc.
street drugs were
were obtained
Typical street
obtained from the Drug Enforcement Administration
Administration (DEA)
prepared by
by mixing
mixing the pure drug with appropriate diluents
diluents in a shaker.
shaker.
or prepared

Methodology
Methodology
Color Development
Development
Twenty-five to
of the
the pure
pure drug
drugpowder,
powder, diluent,
diluent, or
or street
street sample,
sample, were
were placed
Twenty-five
to 100
100 ~,g
g of
in aa spot
spot test
test plate.
plate. One
One drop
drop (—0.1
(~0.1 ml)
in
ml) of
of the
the appropriate
appropriate reagent
reagent was
wasadded
addedtoto the
the side
side
of the depression
before making
making contact
contact with
with the
the test
test material.
material. Comparison
Comparison of
of the
the transitransidepression before
tory and
Centroid Color
Color Charts.
Charts.
and final
final colors
colors were
were made using the ISCC-NBS
ISCC-NBS Centroid
Experimental
Limits
Experimental Detection Limits
Preliminary experimental
determined for selected
drugs.
experimental detection limits
limits (ExDL), were
were determined
selected drugs.
was prepared
prepared in an approA solution of
of the
the drug
drug to
to be
betested
tested(approximately
(approximately1 1ug/10
g/10 ~1)
l) was
approsolvent. Five
Five samples
samples of
of different
different volumes
volumes (1-10
priate solvent.
(1—10ul)l) were
weretransferred
transferred by
by micropipet
micropipet
(±1
(• percent
percent accuracy)
accuracy) to aa porcelain
porcelain test
test plate
plate and
and the
the solvent
solvent was
was evaporated.
evaporated. The
The
smallest volume
thus, drug
drug quantity
quantity which
which produced
produced five
five positive
positive tests
was consmallest
volume and,
and, thus,
tests was
sidered
sidered to be the preliminary
preliminary ExDL.
ExDL.
The experimental
detectionlimits
limitsfor
forLSD
LSDtartrate
tartrate and
and heroin
heroin were
were determined
determinedininaa
experimental detection
more stringent,
stringent, statistical
statistical manner.
manner. Initially,
Initially, the
the preliminary
preliminary ExDLs
ExDLs were
were determined.
determined.
Seven
Seven drug solutions
solutions were
were then
then prepared
prepared containing
containing concentrations
concentrations which
which bracketed
bracketed
that
that used
used for
for the
the determination
determination of
ofthe
the preliminary
preliminary ExDL.
ExDL. Six
Six of
of the solutions
solutions were
were of such
concentrations that the drug
drug quantity
quantity obtained
obtained upon
upon evaporation
evaporation of
of 5-,d
5-~l samples
samples would
concentrations
would
be below
one was
5-,l
below the
the preliminary
preliminary ExDL
ExDL value,
value, while
while one
was above
above this
this value.
value. Twenty
Twenty 5-~1
samples of each
each of these
these solutions
preliminary ExDL
samples
solutions and
and that
that used for the preliminary
ExDL (eight
(eight solusolu160 total samples)
samples) were
tions, 160
were transferred
transferred to
to the
the spot test plate according to 160 computercomputergenerated
random numbers.
numbers. The
The particular
particular test
test reagent
reagent was
was then
then added
added and
and positive
positive or
or
generated random
negative
tests were
were recorded
recorded for
for that
that particular
negative tests
particular random
random number,
number, and then
then correlated
corielated
master sheet.
sheet. Sample
Sample transfer
with actual drug quantity from aa master
transfer and
and testing
testing were
were done
done by
by
different
people to eliminate
different people
eliminate bias.
bias.
sample according
according to
to Eq
Eq 1.
percent positives,
positives, 7oTp, were
were determined
determined for eacheach-sample
The percent
NTp~
7OTP
~oT, = - (100)
~T

(1)

where Y.T/~is the number
number of
of positive
positivetests
testsfor
forthe
thel~h
ithdrug
drugquantity
quantityand
andZT
T isis the
the number
number
where
equalled 20.
were then
of tests
tests for
for that
that drug
drug quantity.
quantity. In
In this
this case,
case,~T
iT equalled
20.The
The ~oT~'s
%T's were
then plotted
plotted
versus drug
quantity. The smallest
smallest drug amount
amount producing
producing twenty
twenty positive
positive tests
tests was
was
versus
drug quantity.
determined
graphically and
and designated
designated as
as the
the ExDL.
ExDL.
determined graphically

Reagent Stability
The reagents were placed in two sets of glass vials,
vials, nitrogen was passed
passed briefly
briefly over
over the
the
reagent,
sealed. The
The vials
vialswere
wereplaced
placedininaawater
waterbath
bathatat 40~
40°C.At
Atthe
the
reagent, and the vials were
were sealed.

end of two
and the reagents
were tested
tested on
on drug
drug
two weeks,
weeks, one set
set of
of vials
vials was
was removed
removed and
reagents were
quantities which
which were
quantities
were one
one order
order of magnitude
magnitude greater
greater than
than the ExDL (see color
color developdevelopment).
was repeated
repeated at
at the end of ten
ment). This procedure
procedure was
ten weeks
weeks on the second
second set of vials.
vials.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 640
640

JOURNAL
JOURNALOF
OFFORENSIC
FORENSICSCIENCES
SCIENCES

Effect Studies
Temperature Effect
Typical spot
spot test
test reagents
reagents including
including Marquis,
Marquis, Mecke,
Mecke, Froehde,
Froehde, Mandelin,
Mandelin, DilleDilleTypical
Duquenois-Levine, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde,
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, concentrated
acid,
Koppanyi, Duquenois-Levine,
concentrated nitric
nitric acid,
cobalt
and drugs
drugs and
and accessories
wereplaced
placedininaacold
coldroom
room atat 3~
3°C overovercobalt thiocyanate,
thiocyanate, and
accessories were
night.
Chemical spot
spot tests
tests were
werethen
thenmade
madeatatthis
thistemperature
temperatureand
andthe
thecolors
colorsand
andqualitaqualitanight. Chemical
tive
rates of reaction were noted.
tive rates

Results and
and Discussion
Discussion

Color Production

The interpretation
interpretation of
of color
color isis subjective.
subjective. Few kits have color cards which
which can be comcompared
pared to the
the color
color produced
produced by
by the
the reactions
reactions of
of the
the spot
spot test
test reagents
reagents with
with individual
individual
drugs.
lists transitory
transitory and final colors produced by the addition of
drugs. Table 1 lists
of typical chemical
chemical
reagents (those
(those marked
asterisk) and others
others to
to selected
selected drugs.
spot test reagents
marked by an asterisk)
drugs. All
All colors
colors
produced are
are in
in the
the general
general color
colorspectral
spectral ranges
ranges reported
reportedby
byother
otherinvestigators
investigators[2,3,5—18,
[2,3,5-18,
produced
20-22].
20—22].
The colors, which depend
depend on
on lightness,
lightness,saturation,
saturation, and
and hue,
hue, are
areidentified
identifiedininthe
theCentroid
Centroid
Color Charts
Charts by number,
number, description,
description, and
color chip.
chip. Color
Color lightness,
lightness, illustrated
illustrated by
Color
and a color
the vertical
columns in
in the
the Centroid
Color Charts,
Charts, increases
increases vertically,
vertically,bottom
bottomtototop.
top.
vertical columns
Centroid Color
this case,
case, it is
is aa relative
relative measure
measure of decreasing
decreasing drug
In this
drug concentration.
concentration. Color
Color saturation,
saturation,
illustrated by the rows of color chips,
chips, increases
increases horizontally,
illustrated
horizontally,left
left to
to right.
right. The
The color
color hue
hue
is approximately
the same
same for
for each
each individual
individualchart,
chart,but
but changes
changesfrom
fromone
onechart
charttoto the
the
approximately the
next. Table
Table 2 summarizes
summarizes chemical
typical diluents
diluents and
possible
next.
chemicalspot
spot test
test results
results on
on typical
and possible

interferences.
interferences.
Correct color assignment
assignment by
chip comparison
comparison allows
allows some
some differentiation
differentiation beCorrect
by color chip
between
and a false
For example,
using
tween aa positive
positive and
false positive
positive for
for potential
potential interferences.
interferences. For
example, using
Tables 1 and 3 and color comparison
comparison alone, it is
is possible
possible to differentiate
differentiate between
Tables
between aspirin
aspirin
or Excedrin®
and heroin
heroin or
or morphine.
morphine. The
The first
first two
two give
give red
red colors
colors with
with the
the Marquis
Marquis
Excedrin   and
reagent while
while the
two give
give reddish
reddish purples.
purples. Similarly,
Similarly, codeine
reagent
the last two
codeine gives
gives aa violet
violet color
color
with the Marquis
Marquis reagent.
reagent. Darvon®
Darvon  (blackish
(blackish purple),
purple), a previously reported interference
interference
with
[17] for the Marquis
Marquis test,
test, may
may be
bedistinguished
distinguished with
with difficulty
difficulty from
(very deep
deep
from heroin (very
[17]
reddish purple)
reddish
purple) and
and morphine
morphine (very
(verydark
dark reddish
reddishpurple)
purple)by
bycolor
coloralone.
alone.InInthis
this same
same
manner, Demerol®
Demerot   gives
amphetmanner,
givesaa different
differentcolor
colorwith
withthe
the Marquis
Marquis reagent
reagent than
than the
the amphetamines. Again,
differentiation is
small, brown versus
versus reddish
amines.
Again, the
the color differentiation
is small,
reddish brown.
brown.
also possible
possible to
to distinguish
distinguish mace,
mace, nutmeg,
nutmeg, and
from marijuana
marijuana using
using the
It isis also
and tea from
Duquenois-Levine test
Duquenois-Levine
testby
by (1)
(1) color
color extraction
extractioninto
into chloroform
chloroform(teas
(teas do
do not),
not), (2)
(2) color
color
remaining in the aqueous
aqueous HC1-vanillin
HCl-vanillin layer
while mariremaining
layer (mace
(mace and
and nutmeg
nutmeg are purple, while
is blue),
blue), and
and (3)
(3) rate
rate of
of color
color extraction
extraction (mace
(mace and nutmeg
nutmeg show
show very
juana is
very slow
slow color
color
usually exhibits
extraction, while marijuana usually
exhibits rapid
rapid CHC1
CHC1~color extraction).
extraction). It is recognized
recognized
that with
layer from
from the
the aqueous
aqueous
with repeated
repeated extractions,
extractions, total
total color
color transfer
transfer into
into the
theCHC13
CHCI3 layer
will eventually
eventually occur
[14,15]. However,
conditions, this does
does
phase will
occur [14,15].
However, under
under normal
normal test
test conditions,
take place
place and
and aa blue
blue color
color remains
remains in
in the
the aqueous
aqueous phase
phase with
with marijuana.
marijuana.
not take
evident, however,
however, from the similarities
similarities in
It isis evident,
in colors
colors produced
produced by
by various
various substances
substances
with the same reagent,
reagent, that many false
false positives
positives are
are possible
possiblefor
foran
anobserver
observerwith
withno
nocolor
color
guide. In
In fact,
fact, numerous
numerous noncontrolled
noncontrolled substances
substances give
chip as aa guide.
give the
the same
same color
color as
as the
the
controlled drug with the same reagent.
reagent.
controlled
Reagent A.1
[Co(SCN)2] listed
reagent for cocaine,
cocaine, gives
gives
Reagent
A.1 [Co(SCN)2]
listedininTable
Table 3,3, the
the usual
usual kit
kit reagent
false positives.
positives. Substances
Substances such as quinine,
quinine, Ritalin®,
Ritalin   methapyriline,
methapyriline, Darvon®,
Darvon  etc,
many false
etc,
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

A.1
A.1

D o x e p i n .HC1
.HCI
Doxepin

A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6
A.7
A.7
A.8
A.8
A.9
A.9

A.!
A.1
A.7
A.7

A.8
A.8

A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6
A.7
A.7

A.7b
A.7~
A.1
A.1

A.6
A.6

A.7b

A.8
A.8
A.9
A.9
A.6
A.6

A.71,
A.7b

A.lb
A.lb
A.6
A.6
A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6

Demerol®
D e m e r o l   .HCI
9H C I

Darvon®
Darvon 

d - m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e .RC!
9H C 1
d-methamphetamine

d-Amphetamine
d.Amphetamine

Codeine
C o d e i n e Sulfate
Sulfate

Cocaine
C o c a i n e .HCI
.HCI

A.7
A.7
A.8
A.8
A.9
A.9

168.
168. brill.
brill, gg BB

A.1
A.1
A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6

C h l o r p r o m a z i n e HC1
-HC1
Chiorpromazine

50. s. O ~ 4 8 . v. O ~ 51. d e e p O
50.s,0—48.v.0-.51.deep0

230.
230. blackish
b l a c k i s h PP

14.
14. v.
v . deep
d e e p Red
R e d —.
~ 17.
17. v.
v. d.
d. Red
R e d —.
~ 21.
21. blackish
blackish R
R
21.
21. blackish
b l a c k i s h RR
38.
d.r rO0 --~
- 40.
38. d.
4 0 . s.s. rr Br
Br—
--~ 84.
84. s.
s. Y
Y

40.
4 0 . s.
s. rr Br
B r -.
~ 14.
14. v.
v . deep
d e e p Red
R e d ~-. 41.
41. deep
d e e p rr Br'
Br,
17.
17. v,
v , d.
d. Red
R e d -.
~ 21.
21. blackish
blackish R
R

242.
242. d.
d. r rPP—.
--~243.
2 4 3 . v.
v. d.
d. r rPP—i
~ 230.
230. blackish
b l a c k i s h P'
Po
74.
74. s.
s. yy Br
Br —
--* 54.
54. hr
b r 0O —
--~ 55.
55. s.s. Br
Br —
~ 43.
43. m.
m . rr Br
Br—
--*41.
41. deep
d e e p rr Br
Br
169.
B
169. S.
s. gg B
50.
s. O0 -.
50. s.
--* 51.
51. deep
d e e pOd
O a—*
~ 55.
55. s.s.Br
B r—*
~ 56.
56. deep
d e e p Brd
Bra
169.
169. s.
s, gg B
B

47. d. g y . r B r ~ 4 4 . d. r B r
47.d.gy.rBr-.44.d.rBr

171.
171. v.
v. 1.
1. gg BB ~- 168.
168. brill.
b r i l l , g gBB—*
~ 169.
169. s.
s. gg BB
39.
39. gy.
g y . rr 0O —
--~43.
43. m.
m . r rBrB —+
r ~ 110.
110. gy.
g y . 01
O1 —
~ 111.
111. d.
d. gy.
g y .01O1—p
~

4 8 . v. O --~ 34. v . r O —*40.s.rBr-.4LcleeprBr-.44,d.rBr
~ 40. s. r B r ~ 41. d e e p r B r ~ 44. d. r B r
48.v.0—.34.v.rO

48.
48. v.
v. 0O —
--~ 34.
34. v.
v. rr 0O —
--~ 40.
40. s.
s. rr Br
B r -.
---~44.
44. d.
d. rr Br
Br
120.
120. m.
m . YYGG—*
---~136.
136. m.
m. y
y 0
G

100.
100. deep
d e e p gg Y
Y—
--~ 106.
1 0 6 . 11.. 01
Ol —
~ 125.
125. m.
m . 01
O l UG—.
--~ 164.
164. m.
m . bb G
G

34. V. r O ~ 51. d e e p O ~ 1 0 1 . 1 . g Y ,
34.v.r0-.5l.deep0--101.1.gY'

94.
94. 1.
1. 01
O1 Br
B r -.
--* 137.
137. d.d.y yGG—÷
--* 125.
125. m.
m . 01
O1GG —
--~ 147.
147. v.
v . d.
d. G
G
94.
01 BBr
94. 1.
1. O1
r ~-. 95.
95. m.
m . 01
O1 Br
B r -.
--~ 107.
107. m.
m . 01
Ol
17.
17. v.
V. d.
d. R
R -+
---~212.
212. d.
d. \T
V
174.
G -.
174~ d.
d. ggBB—.
--* 161.
161. deep
deep b
b G
--~ 175.
175. v.
v. d.
d. gg BB

169.
169. s.
s. gg B
B and/or
a n d / o r 178.
178. s.s.BB

13. d e e p R --~ 101 1. g Y ,
13.deepR—1011.gY'

13.
Red
13. deep
deep R
e d ~-. 14.
14. v.
v. deep
d e e p Red'
R e d ~ -.
--* 2!.
21. blackish
b l a c k i s h R'
R , —'
--, 111.
111. d.
d. gy.
g y . 01
O l +-I-108.
108. d.
d. 01
Ol

3.3. deep
-. 14.
d e e pPink
P i n k—p
---, 12.
12. s.
s. Red
Red —
--~ 13.
13. deep
d e e p Red
R e d ---,
14. v.
v. deep
d e e p Red
Red —
~ 21.
21. blackish
blackish R
R
3.3. deep
d e e p Pink
Pink —
- ~ 13.
13. deep
d e e p Red
R e d —.
--~ 107.
107. m.
m . 01
O l +d-13.
13.deep
d e e p Red
Red
2.2. s.s. Pink
P i n k —--~ 3.
3. deep
d e e p Pink
P i n k—*
--~255.
255. s.s. pp RR —
--~ 256.
256. deep
d e e p pp R
R—
~ 260.
260. v.
v. d.
d. pp R
R

50.
50. bril.
brill. 0
O

168.
168. brill.
brill, g B
B +-t-177.
177. brill.
brill. BB

98. b r i U . g Y—*119.1.YG
--~ 1 1 9 . 1 . Y O
98.bril.gY
50.
50. s.s.O0 ~- 48.
48. v.
v. 0O —
~ 51.
51. deep
d e e p 0O —
--~40.
40. s.s. rr Br
Br—
~ 41.
41. deep
d e e p rr Br
Br
101, 1. g Y
101.1.gY

168.
168. brill.
brill, g gBB—*
~ 169.
169. s.s. gg BB

Co1or
Centroid
C o l o r ~ Developed—ISCC-NBS
Developed--ISCC-NBS
C e n t r o i d Color
C o l o r Charts
Charts

A.1
A.I
A.6
A.6

A.7b
A.7b
A.8
A.8

A.1
A.1
A.6
A.6

Reagent
Reagent

Brompbeniramine
Brompheniramine

Benzphetamine
Benzphetamine

Compound
Compound

T A B L E l—ISCC-NBS
I - - I S C C - N B Sassignments
assignmentsofocolors
f colorsproduced
producedbybythe
thereactions
reactionsofof
chemicalreagents
reagentswith
withvarious
variousdrugs.
drugs.
TABLE
chemical

(Continued)
(Coninud)

—

0'.
O~

Cfl

r

0

0ZOZ

~7

Z

2

 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

A.1
A.1

Marezine
M a r e z i n e (cyclizine'HCI)
(cyclizine . H C I )

107.
m.
01~- 41.
107. m
. O1
41. deep
deep r rBr
B r—.
--*114.
114. 01
O1Black
B l a c k—
~

A.5
A.5

17. v.
v. d.
d. RR —*41.
~ 41. deep
deep rr Br
Br
17.

A.1*
A.lb

A.6
A.6
A.1
A.1
A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6

M e t h a p y r i l e n e .HC1
Methapyrilene'HCl

40.
Br --,
- 41.
Br -~- 17.
40. s.
s. rr Br
41. deep
deepr rBrBr—*
--~44.
44, d,
d. rr Br
17. v.
v. d.
d. Red
R e d -.
-* 243.
243. v.
v. d.
d. rr PP +-k260
260v.v.d.
d. pp RR

31.
1. yy Pk
31. p.
p. yy Pk
Pk -*
--*28.
28.1.
Pk
169.
169. s.
s. gg BB
51.
d.O0 --~
- 40.
51. d.
40. s.
s. rr Br
Br --~65.
65. hr
b r Black
Black,

211.
m.
- 208.
G --*
- 166.
v. d.
211. m
. VV--*
208. deep
deepVV—*
-* 165.
165. d.
d. b
b G
166. v.
v. d.
d. bb G
G 175.
-* 175.
v. g
d. Bg —*
B -~ 179.
179. deep
deep B
B -.
-i* 183.
183. d.
d. BB

69.
- 74.
69. ddeep
e e p O0YY--*
74. s.s.yyBrB —*
r -* 107.
107. m.
m .01Ol—*
-* 114.
114. 01
O1Black
Black

A.9b
A.9b

A.8
A.8

34.v.rO
—9
34. v. r O
---,36.
36. deeprO
deep r O

83.
83. brill.
brill. Y
Y—
~ 84.
84. s.s. Y
Y
120.
120. m.
m . YY GG—~ 95.
95. m.
m . 01
O1Br
Br—i
--~65.
65. br.
br. Black
Black

101.1. g Y
101.1.gY

157.
157. gg B1ack
Black~
14.
14. v.
v. deep
deep Red
R e d—.
~ 235.
235. pp Blacko
Black,
267.
267. Black
Black
107.
m.
01~- 108.
- 161.
107. m
. Ol
108. d.
d. 01
Ol --*
161. deep
deep bbGG—.
--~ 166.
166. v.
v.d.d.b bGG—+
--~ 175.
175. v.
v. d.
d. ggBB—
-~ 183.
183. d.
d.Blueo
Blue,

A.7
A.7b

A.6
A.6

A.9
A.9
A.5
A.5

A.8
A.8

A.7o
A.7b

A.6
A.6

206.
206. brill.
brill.V V—*
~ 207.
207. s.s.VV—i
---,197.
197. deep
deep ppB4
Bg
186. gy
g yBh
Bh
186,
v.
I.
P
—
I.
P
—.
220.
221.
221. v. 1. P --~222.
222. I. P --~ 220. v.
v. deep
deep Pd,ii
Pd,l.J

A.3
A.3b

I 0 1 . 11.. g Y
Y—
~ 98.
98. brill.
brill, gg Y
Y
101.
101.
1. gg Y
101.1.
Y—
~ 98.
98. brill.
brill, gg Y
Y

101.1. g Y
101.1.gY

171.
171.V.
v. 1.1.gg BB

89. p. Y ~ 7. p. P k l
89.p.Y—*7.p.Pkf

16.
16. d.
d. RR—.
---,260.
260. v.
v. d.
d. pp RR —
~ 243.
243. v.
v. d.
d. rr PP

A.5
A.5
A.7
A.7
A.8
A.8

Methadon'HCI
Methadon.HCl

Mescaline
Mescaline Sulfate
Sulfate

M D A -SO4
.SO4 (3,4-methylene(3,4-methyleneMDA
dioxy-amphetamine)
dioxy-amphetamine)

Marijuana
Marijuana

A.6
A.6
A.8
A.8

54. b r Oo
218.
218. s.s.PP—,
--~219.
219. deep
deep PP

54.brO

/-isomethadon.HCl
l-isomethadon'HCI

A.10
A.10b

119.
1.YYGG --~
- 120.
119. 1.
120. m.
m. Y
YG
G—
--~ 126.
126. d.
d.01
OlGG—*
~ 138.
138. v.
v. d.
d. y
y G
Go
55.
55.s.s.Br
Br—f
~ 61.
61. gy.
gy.Br
Br—.
~ 62.
62. d.
d. gy.
gy. Br
Br -.
~ 65.
65. br.
br.Black
Black—.
--~234.
234. d.
d. ppGy
G y—.
~ 235.
235. pp Black
Black.
166.
166. v.
v. d.
d. bb G
G—
--~152.
152. blackish
blackish G
G

A.5
A.5
A.7
A.7
A.8
A.8
A.9
A.9

L S D tartrate
tartrate
LSD

42.
42. 1.I. rr Br
Br—.
~ 43.
43. m.
m . rr Br
Br
11.
11. v.
v. RR—.
-* 13.
13. deep
deep R
R—
~ 256.
256. deep
deep p
p R
R -.
-~ 239.
239. v.
v. deep
deep rr PP
107.
107. m.
m . 01
Ol—.
--~126.
126. d.d.01
OlGG—*
-~ 142.
142. deep
deep GG—i
--* 161.
161. deep
deep bb G
G

169.
169. s.
s. gg BB
256.
256. deep
deep pp RR—.
-~ 257.
257. v.
v. deep
deep pp RR —
--~256.
256. deep
deep pp R~
R

Color
Color~Developed—ISCC-NBS
D e v e l o p e d - - I S C C - N B S Centroid
C e n t r o i d Color
C o l o r Charts
Charts

89. p. Y
89.p.Y

A.8
A.8

A.7b
A.7b

A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6

A.1
A.1

Reagent
Reagent

A.9b
A.9b

Heroin
H e r o i n•HCI
.HCI

Compound
Compound

TABLE
T A B L E 1—Continued
l--Continued,

cd

m

r~
Z
tn
n

m

0O

h~

o,

 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

243.
243. v.
v. d.
d. rr

A.7~
A.7b

94.
94. 1.
1. 01
O1 Br
Br
43.
43. m.
m .r rBrBr—*
~ 41.
41. deep
deepr rBrBr—*
--*44.
44. d.
d. rr Br
Br
128.
128. d.
d. gy.
gy.01
OlBrBr—*
--~ 111.
111. d.
d. gy.
gy.01
O1—.
--* 114.01
114. Ol Blackd
Black d
34.
101.1. gg Y*
34. v.
v. tO
r O—*
4-*51.
d e e p0O—*
---~101.1.
Y,
51. deep
84.
84. s.s .Y
Y

Ritalin®
Ritalin 

68.s.OY
68. s. O Y

168.
168. brill.
brill, gg BB

A,7
A.7

73. p. O Y 4 71. m . O Y z

73.p.OY—*71.m.OY'
__________________________

A.Ib
A.Ib
A.6
A.6
A.1
A.1
A.6
A.6

26. s. y Pink—*50.s.O
4 50. s. O—*51.deepO
--~ 51. deep O
26.s.yPink

(Con~nued)
(Continued)

______-

C..

0,.

-4

r

221.
221. v.1.
v. 1.PP —.222.1.
4 222. 1.PPs
169.
B ++ 178.
169. s.
s. gg B
178. s.s.BB

A.11
A.11

Procaine.HCI
Procaine.HC1

o

222.
222.1.1.PP—*
~ 223.
223. m.
m .PP—*
--~218.
218. s.
s. P"
pa
73.
73. p.
p.0OYY—*
--*87.
87. m.
m .YY—*
--~76.
76. 1.!. yyBr
B r —*
4 78.
78. d.
d. yyBra
Bra

A.7
A.7

A.2
A.2b

:22

00Z

ZZ

Phenobarbital
Phenobarbital

221.
1. Pi
221. v.
v. 1.1. PP —
---*222.
222.1.
PJ
168.
168. brill.
brill, gg BB
7.7. p.p. Pink
Pink
7.7. p.p. Pink
Pink
7.7. p.p. Pink
Pink

73. p. O Y --~ 87. m . Y --~ 76. I. y Br -_*78,d.yBrd
---, 78. d. y Bra
73.p.OY—*87.m.Y--*76.1.yBr

222.
222.1.1.PP—*
~ 223.
223. m.
m .PP—*
~ 218.
218. s.
s. P
pa

83.
83. brill.
brill.YY—*
---*85.
85. deep
deepYY—*
~ 95.
95. m.
m .01
O1BrBr—*
--*96.
96. d.
d. 01
O1BrBr—*
~ 225.
225. v.
v. d.
d. PP -~ 201.
201. d.
d. pp BB
83.
83. brill.
brill.Y—*
Y , - ~84.
84.s.s.YY—*
---,94.1.
94. 1.01
OlBrBr—*
~ 95.
95. m.
m .01
OlBrBr—*
--* 107.
107. m.
m . 01
Ol
86.
86. 1.1. Y
Y

68.s.OY
68. s . O Y

A.1
A.1
A.5
A.5
A.7
A.7
A.8
A.8

All
A.I1

A.7
A.7

A.2
A.2b

A.9
A.9~

A.8
A.8

A.6
A.6
A.7*
A.7b

A.5
A.5

A.8
A.8
A.96
A.9b

16. d. R —*44,d.rBr--*96.d.Ol.Br
4 4 4 . d. r B r 4 96. d. O1. Br
16.d.R

A.6
A.6
A.7'
A.7~,

A.1
A.1
A.5
A.5

36.
36. rr 0O—*48.
--* 48. v.
v. 0O—*67.
~ 67. brill.
brill. 0O Y"
Y~
146.
146. d.
d. G
G

174.
174. d.d.g gB B—*
--* 161.
161. deep
deep bbCG—*
--* 166.
166. v.
v. d.
d. bb G
G

A.9 b
A.9b

A.8
A.8

P

38.
—*---~35.
38. d.
d. RR0 O
35. s.
s. R
R O
Oc
184.
184. v.
v. p.
p. BB
36.
36. deep
deep rr 0O —
4 48.
48. v.
v. 0O—*
~ 67.
67. brill.
brill. 0
OY
Y
256. deep
deepp pR R—*
--~257.
257. v.
v. deep
deep pp RR —
--*260.
260. v.
v. d.
d. p
p R'
R ,t
256.
38.
38. d.d.r r0 O—*
--~43.
43. m.
m .r rBrBr—*
---~47.
47. d.
d. gy.
gy, rr Br
Br

A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.4
A.4
A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6

Phencyclidine
Phencyclidine

Pentobarbital
Pentobarbital

O x y c o d o n e .HCI
.HC1
Oxycodone

Opium
Opium

Methaqualone
Methaqualone
Methprylon
Methprylon
Morphine
Morphine

43,
43. m.
m .r rBrBr—*
4 16.
16. d.
d. Red
Red—
~ 259.
259. d.d.ppRR—*
4 260.
260. v.
v. d.
d. pp Rk
R~
256. deep
deepppRR—*
---*260.
260. v.
v. d.d.ppRR—*
4 225.
225. v.
v. d.
d. PP —
--*230.
230. blackish
b l a c k i s h PP
256.
2,2. s.s.Pink
P i n k—*
~ 3.
3. deep
deep Pink
P i n k -.
4 26.
26. s.s.yyPink
Pink—.
~ 44.
44. d.
d. rrBra
Bra

A.8
A.8
A.9
A.9

A.7
A.7

 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

orange
orange

PP == purple
purple
pp == purplish
purplish
Pk
Pk =
= pink
pink

olive
olive
p.
p. == pale
pale

01
O1 ==

0O ==

m.
m. =
= moderate
moderate

gy.
gy. == grayish
grayish
1.1. == light
light

A.9
A.9

A.7b
A.76
A.8
A.8

A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6
A.7
A.7
A.8
A.8
A.9
A.9
A.5
A.5
A.6
A.6

A.!!
A.11

A.7
A.7

A.2b
A.2b

Reagent
Reagent

Precipitate.
Precipitate.
zSlow.
Slow.

S

Usual
U s u a l kit
kitreagents
reagents for
for tests
tests of
o fparticular
p a r t i c u l a rdrug.
drug.
cFast.
Fast.
dIntensity
Intensity proportional
p r o p o r t i o n a l to
toconcentration.
concentration.
9Color
C o l o r fades.
fades.
I Poor
P o o r color
c o l o r test.
test.
aAqueous
A q u e o u s phase
p h a s e before
before extraction.
extraction.
hAqueous
A q u e o u s phase
p h a s e after
a f t e r extraction.
extraction.
Chloroform
C h l o r o f o r m phase
p h a s e after
after extraction.
extraction.
I Color
C o l o r extraction
e x t r a c t i o n isisrapid.
rapid.

Gy =

g=

0=

b=
br =
d. =

B=

-Color
C o l o r abbreviations
a b b r e v i a t i o n s used:
used:
B = blue
blue
b = bluish
bluish
Br
Br == brown
brown
b r = brownish
brownish
brill.
briU. =
= brilliant
brilliant
d. = dark
dark
G = green
green
g = greenish
greenish
G y = gray
gray

TMA
T M A •HCI
. H C I (trimethoxy(trimethoxyamphetamine)
amphetamine)

STP . H C I(2,5-dimethoxy(2, 5-dimethoxySTP.HCI
4-methylamphetamine)
4-methylamphetamine)

Secobarbital
Secobarbital

Compound
Compound

35. s. R O ~ 36. deep r O
35.s.R0—36.deepr0

strong
strong
v e r yor
or
very
vivid
vivid

Y yellow
= yellow
Y
yy == yellowish
yellowish

V
V == violet
violet

V.
v. =
=

5.
s. =
=

rr == reddish
reddish

pinkish

RR == pinkish
red
red

pk
pk =
=

125.
-. 96.
125. m.
m .01
O1GG—p
--, 95.
95. m.
m . 01
O1 Br
Br ---,
96. d.
d. 01
OlBrBr—*
--*75.
75. deep
deep yy Br,d
Br,,d
17.
17. v.
v. d.
d.Red
R e d—.
---,14.
14. v.
v. deep
deep Reth
Red,

o~

ru

0
z0

t~

117.
117. s.
s. Y
YG
G—
~ 94.
94. 1.1. 01
Ol Br
Br

t~
(n
Q
rn

z

I"

0-'Io
-'I
0

I-

t-

zr.

0
C

o.
O~

174.
174.d.d.g gB B—*
~ 183.
183. d.
d. Blue
Blue

117. s. Y G ~ 118. deep Y G
1l7.s.YG—118.deepYG
125. m . Ol G --~ 89. p. Y~
125.m.01G—*89.p.Y

10!.
101. 1.
I. gg Y
Y

116.
brill.YYG0 --~
-. 117.
116. brill.
117. s.
s. Y
YG
G

221.
221. v.
v.1.1. PP —
~ 222.
222. 1.
1. Pi
PY
116.
116. brill.
brill. YY0G—*
-~ 117.
117. s.
s, Y
YG
G

73. p. O Y --~ 87. m . Y --~ 76. 1. y Br --~ 78. d. y Bra
73.p.OY—*87.m.Y_.76.l.yBr-.78.d.yBrd

222.
222.1.I. PP —
~ 223.
223. m.
m . PP.-÷
~ 218.
218. s.
s. P
pd

Color
C o l o r -Developed—ISCC-NBS
D e v e l o p e d - - I S C C - N B S Centroid
C e n t r o i d Color
C o l o r Charts
Charts

TABLE
TABLE1—Continued.
l--Continued.

 VELAPOLDI
AND WICKS
VELAPOLDI AND
WICKS ON
ONCHEMICAL
CHEMICAL SPOT
SPOTTEST
TEST KITS
KITS

645

TABLE 2—Summary
2--Summary of
of chemical
chemical spot test results
results on
on possible interferences.
interferences*.

Reagent

Material
Aspirin
Baking Soda
BakingSoda
Catnip
Catnip
Contac®
Contac 
Dristan®
Dristan 
Excedrin®
Excedrin 
d-Galactose
d-Galactose
Glucose
Mace
Mannitol
Nutmeg
Oregano, Leaf
Oregano,Leaf
Quinine
Quinine Sulfate
Rosemary
Rosemary
Iodized
Salt, Iodized
Sugar

Tea, Cut Green
Tea,CutGreen

Tea, Orange Pekoe,
Pekoe, Black
Black
Thyme
Thyme
Tobacco, Amphora

A.l
A.1 A.2
A.2 A.3
A.3 A.4
A.4 A.5
A.5 A.6
A.6 A.7
A.7 A.8
A.8 A.9
A.9 A.lO
A.10 A.ll
A,11
—
—
—
—-?
.
. —
.
.— — +
+
+
+
-

+. +—
—
—
—
—
++ —
-.
. —
.
.—. — — +
+
—
—
—
—
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. —
. —
. —
. —
—
—
—
—
++ --—- - +—
++ . . . -. .
-—
.
. —
.
.
+
+
+
++ ++ - - -

- -— — — +— —+ —+—+ +— —-- —————
——— ———
-—
++
+
+
+
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
———+
——+
——
—

—

—

-

—
.

.
.
-.
+
+
+
+
.
.
—
.
-—
.

-

.
.

-

.
.

.
.

--

.

—

+

.

—

+
+

+
.
.
+
.

.
.

-

.

-+
——
.
.— .

.

+

.
.

.

—
.

.

.

.

—
.

.

+

.
.

+

.
.
.

.

—

+

.
.

+

.

.

.
.

+

.

.

—. —+ .

+
.
.
+
.
-.
.
.
.
.
—
--

--

+
+

-

-

--

--

—

—
—
———
. —
. —
. —
.
.
.— .
—
—
———
. —
. —
. —
.
.
.— .
——
—
—
—
———
.
.
. —
.
.
.
.— . —.
—
—. —
. —
.
.— — +
+
.
. —.
. — —
—
?
. —
. —
.
.—. — — +
+
-- —
-*. . —. —. —
—
—
+
— ++— —
. —
.
. —
.
+
—
—
.
.
. —
.
.
.
. —. —
. —
. — —
—
—
.
. —. —. —
. —
.
.
.
.
.
—
———
—
——
—.——
—
—+
—
.

.

.
.

—
.

—

.

.

.

.

.

.

+

Typical strong
strong acid-organic
acid-organic produced colors not included
included here.
here.
Typical
n o n c o n t r o l l e d or over-the-counter
o v e r - t h e - c o u n t e r materials, give
give tthe
h e same
all noncontrolled
same or
or similar
similar color
color as
as cocaine.
cocaine.
All
as tthe
All compounds
c o m p o u n d s tested
tested existing
existing as
h e HCI
H C I salt
salt and
a n d even
even HC1
HC1 itself give
give a
a positive
positive test
test
with
with the
t h e cobalt
c o b a l t reagent.
reagent.

It isis also
also well
well known
k n o w n that
t h a t any
a n y ergot
ergot alkaloid
a l k a l o i d such
such as
as ergotamine
e r g o t a m i n e or
or ergonovine
e r g o n o v i n e will
will
give a positive
positive test
test with
with the
t h e LSD
L S D test
testreagent,
reagent, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde.
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. O
n e kit
give
One
kit
reagent
is used
used for
for tthe
reagent for LSD
L S D was
was found
f o u n d to
t o be
b e a typical
typical Zak
Z a k reagent
r e a g e n t which
w h i c h is
h e qquantitative
uantitative
determination
to obtain
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of
o f cholesterol
cholesterol and
a n d other
o t h e r steroids
steroids [27].
[27]. Thus,
T h u s , it is quite
quite possible
possible to
obtain
false
with this
this rreagent
certain steroids
steroids are
are present.
present.
false positives
positives with
e a g e n t iiff certain
Street Sample
Sample Testing
Testing
Street
A d d i t i o n a l pproblems
r o b l e m s in
n t e r p r e t a t i o n arise
arise if
f street
nalyzed
Additional
in color
color iinterpretation
if samples
samples oof
street drugs
drugsare
areaanalyzed

using
Table
the colors
street
u s i n g typical
typical reagents.
reagents. T
able 4
4 summarizes
s u m m a r i z e s the
colors produced
p r o d u c e d when
w h e n simulated
s i m u l a t e d street
samples
tested. TThe
samples (5
(5 ppercent
e r c e n t drug)
drug) were
were tested.
h e heroin
h e r o i n and
a n d cocaine
cocaine were
were actual
actual street
street samples
samples
obtained
DEA.
o b t a i n e d from
from D
EA.
As
cocaine gives
givest hthe
colorasast hthe
drug.IIn
these
As can
c a n be
b e seen,
seen, only
only diluted
diluted cocaine
e ssame
a m e color
e ppure
u r e drug.
n these
cases,
test is defined
as bbeing
in tthe
color vicinity
vicinity oof
cases, a positive
positive test
defined as
e i n g in
h e color
f tthose
h o s e pproduced
r o d u c e d bby
y tthe
h e ppure
ure
drugs,
to or in
drugs, that
t h a t is, being
b e i n g adjacent
a d j a c e n t to
in the
the same
same column
c o l u m n ((proportional
p r o p o r t i o n a l tto
o cconcentration)
oncentration)
as
would
as the
t h e color
color in
in the
t h e Centroid
C e n t r o i d Color
C o l o r Charts.
Charts. Codeine,
C o d e i n e , heroin,
heroin, and
a n d secobarbital
secobarbital w
o u l d bbe
e
c o n s i d e r e d positive.
h e rremaining
e m a i n i n g street
h i c h are
considered
positive. TThe
street samples
samples give
givecolors
colorswwhich
arelisted
listedasas transitransitory colors
these conditions.
conditions. RRunning
colors in
i n Table
T a b l e 11 and
a n d can
c a n be
be considered
c o n s i d e r e d positive
positive uunder
n d e r these
u n n i n g aa
similar
with tthe
suspected street
street sample
sampleaand
colori interpretation
byaa
similar ssample
a m p l e with
h e suspected
n d hhaving
a v i n g color
n t e r p r e t a t i o n by
trained
certainlyaid
aid iin
decreasingfalse
falsepositives
positives,
t r a i n e d investigator
investigator wwould
o u l d certainly
n decreasing
, b ubut
t ititmmust
u s t bbe
e
recognized tthat
h a t false
false positives
a n n o t be
t h e many
m a n y families
families oof
f
recognized
positives ccannot
be totally
totally eliminated
eliminated due
due to
to the
drugs
similar colors
colors with
with chemical
chemical spot
spot test
test reagents.
reagents.
drugs and
a n d substances
substances which
which give
give similar
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 646
646

JOURNAL
JOURNAl. OF
OFFORENSIC
FORENSICSCIENCES
SCIENCES

TABLE 3—Partial
3--PartiaI list
list of
of common
common adulterants
adulterants and
anddrugs
drugswhich
whichgive
give positive
positive spot
spot tests
tests with
with aa single
single reagent.
reagent.
Compound
Compound

Brompheniramineb
Chlorpromazine.HC1 b
Ch1orpromazineHC1
Cocairte-HC1
CocaineHC1
Darvon®b
Darvon  b
Demerol®
HCl
Demerol  .HClb
Doxepin.HC1b
.HClb
Doxepin

Heroin
BC!
Heroin .HCI
Libriumb
Marezineb
Marezineb
Methadon .HC1
MethadonHCl
Methapyrilene .HClb
Methapyrilene
HC1
Phencyclidineb
Phencyclidineb
Procaine.HCl
ProcaineHCI
Quinineb,a
Quinineba
Ritalin 
Ritalin®&
Contac 
Contac®
Pentobarbital
Pentobarbital
Phenobarbital
Secobarbital
Secobarbital
Tea, Green
Green
Tea,
Maceb,e#
Maceb,f

Marijuana
Nutmegb.~,/
Nutmegbf
Tea,, Orange Pekoe,
Teas,
Pekoe, Black
Black
Tea,, Green
Teab,
Green
Aspirinb
Aspirinb
Brompheniramineb
Chlorpromazine.HCl~
ChlorpromazineHC1°
Cocaine
Codeine .SO4
SO4
Contac 
Contac®°
d-Amphetamine
d-methamphetamine-HCl
d-methamphetamine•HCI
Darvon 
Darvon®b
Doxepin-HCIb
Doxepin
.HClb
Dristan 
Dristan®°
Excedrin 
Excedrin®b
Heroin-HCI
Heroin
.HCI
l-isomethadon .HCI
l-isomethadon
Mace b
Maceb
MDA-SO4
MDA
•S04
Mescaline-SO4
Mescaline
•S0
Methadon .HC1 b
Methadon.HC!h
Methapyrilene .HClb
Methapyrilene
Methaqualoneb
Methprylon
Morphine
Morphine
Opium
Opium
Oxycodone
OxycodOne

Procaine
BC!
Procaine .HCI

Co1or
Colora

Reagent
A.1
A.!

A.l
A,1
A.1'
A.I~
A.1
A.1
A.1
A.l
A.1
A.1
A.1
A.1
A.1
A.lo
A.!
A.1
A..1
A.1
A.lo
A.lc
A.!
A.I
A.1
A.2
A.2
A.2c
A.2
A.2,
A.2
A.2,
A.2
A.3
A.3
A.3
A.3
A.3,
A.3o
A.3c
A.3o
A.3'
A.3
A,3
A.3
A.3
A.3
A.3
A.3
A.3
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6
A.6

Al'

168.
brill. gg BB ++ 177.
168. brili,
177. brill. B
168.
brill. g B
168. bril[,
B
169. s.
g B—j-]- 178.
s. B
169.
s.gB
178.s.B
169.
169. s. g B
169.
169. s. g B
B
169.
169. s. g B
B
169.
169. s. g B
B

181.1.B
181.1. B
171.
171. v. 1.
I. g B
B
183.
183. d. B
B
169.
169. s. g B
B
168.
168. brill.
brill, gg B
B

169.
s. gg BB +
169. s.
4. 178.
178. s.
s. B
B
178.
178. s. B
B
168.
brill. g B
168, brill,
B
31, p. y Pk
31.p.yPk

218.
s. P
218. s.
218.
218. s. P
218.
218. s. P
P
29.
m. Y.
29. m.
Y. Pk
237.
237. s. rr Ph
P~
237.
237. s. r Ph
ph
221.
v. 1.
I. P~
P' (extraction
221. v.
(extraction slow)
slow)
197. deep pp BQ
Ba
197.
B~
186. gy. Bh
220. v.
(extraction rapid)
220.
v. deep
deep pi
P (extraction
244.
p. rr P~
244. p.
244.
p. rr P~
244. p.
226. v.
(extractionslow)
slow)
226.
v. p.
p. Pg
i (extraction
243.
v. d. r Pb
243. v.
po
Not
N ot extracted
extracted into CHCh
CI-ICI3
243.
v. d.
d. r P
243. v.
Not extracted
extracted into
into CHCI3
CHCh
113.
113. 01
O1 Gy
50.
brill. O0
50. brill.
107.
m. O1
01 4+ 13.
107. m.
13. deep
deep Red
51.
deep O0
51. deep

107.
m. 01
107. m,
O[
84.
84. S.
s. Y
164.
m. b G
I64. m.
136.
m. y C
136. m.
G

44. d. r Br
21.
21. blackish R
R
127.
gy Ol
01 G
127. gy
108.
d. 01
108. d.
O1
43.
m. r Br
43. m.
Br
243.
v. d.
d. rr P
243. v.
46.
gy. rr Br
46, gy.
235.
235. pp Black
65.
65. br. Black
28.1.
28.1. y Pk

243.
v. d.
d. rr PP +4- 260.
243. v.
260, v.
v, d.
d. p
pR
R
35.
S. RR O0
35. s,
184.
v. p. B
184. v.
B
47.
47. d. gy. r Br
Br
94. 1,
01 Br
1. O1
68.
s. O
0Y
68. s.
Y
51.
deep O
0
51. deep
(Continued)

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 VELAPOLDI
AND WICKS
VELAPOLDI AND
WICKS ON
ONCHEMICAL
CHEMICALSPOT
SPOTTEST
TESTKITS
KITS

647
647

TABLE 3—Continued.
3--Continued.
Compound

Reagent
Reagent

Ritalin®b
Ritalin 
STP.HC1
STP .HC1
TMA HC1
.HC1
Aspirin
Benzphetamine
Chlorpromazine-HCl~
Chlorpromazine.HC1S
Codeine SO4
.SO4
Codeine
d-Amphetamine
.HC1
d-methamphetamine .HCI
Darvon®b
Darvon 
Demerol®
Dernerol  .HCIb
.HCIb

A.6
A.6
A.6
A.7

Doxepin .HClb
Doxepin
HCl
Dristan®
Dristan 
Excedrin 
Excedrin®b
Heroin
Heroin .HC1
.HC1

LSD
Tartrate
LSD .Tartrate
Mace
Mace
Marezine
M D A .SO,
MDA.S04
Mescaline.SO4
Mescaline
SO4
Methapyrilene .HC1b
.HCI~
Methapyrilene
Morphine
Opium
Opium
Oxycodone
Pentobarbital
Pentobarbital
Pheneyclidine
Phencyclidine
Phenobarbital
Ritalin®b
Ritalin 
Secobarbital
STP.HC1
STP-HC1
Sugar
Sugar

A.7'
A.7~
A.7

A.7 c
A.7
A.7o
A.7
A.7
A.7~

A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7

A.7
A.7,
A.7
A.7
A.7

A.7~
A.7

A.7
A.7,
A.7

A.7
A.7,
A.7~
A.7
A.7o
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7
A,7
A.7

A.7
A.7,
A.7

TMA
HCl
TMA-HC1
Chlorpromazineb
Ch1orpromazine

A.7~
A.7

Codeine-SO4
Codeine
S0

A.9
A.9,

Doxepin-HCI~
Doxepin
•HCl

A.9
A.9

Excedrin 
Excedrin®b

Heroin
HCl
Heroin-HCI
LSD
.Tartrate
LSD .Tartrate
M D A .SO4
MDA.S04
Mace b
Mace5
Mescaline .SO4
Mescaline
SO4

A.9

A.9
A.9,
A.9
A.9
A.9

A.9'
A.9,

Methapyrilene .HCI~
Methapyrilene
.HCl
Morphine
Morphine
Opium
Opium
Oxyeodone HC1
.HC1
Oxycodone

A.9

STP .HCI

A.9
A.9

TMA
TMA-HC1
HCl
LSD .Tartrate
'Tartrate

A.9
A.9,
A.9
A.9o
A.9'
A.9 c

A.10
A.10,

ColorColors
68. S.
s. 0
OY
Y
117. s. Y G
1l7.s.YG
94. 1. O1
01 Br
12.
s. R
R
12. s.
41.
41. deep
deep r Br
260.
v. d.
d. pp R
260. v.
212.
212. d. V
44. d. r Br
44. d. r Br
230.
230. blackish P
56.
deep Br
Br
56. deep
21.
R
21. blackish
blackish R
241.
m. rr P
241. m.
15.
m. R
15. m.
239.
239. v. deep
deep r P
235.
235. p Black
244.
p. rr PP
244. p.
98.
Y
98. brill,
brill, g Y
267.
267. Black
36.
deep rr O
0
36. deep
260.
v. d.
d. pp R
R
260. v.
243.
v, d.
d. rr PP
243. v.
44.
d. rr Br
44. d.
201.
d. pp B
201. d.
78. d. y Br
7. p. Pink
78. d. y Br
71.
m. O0 Y
71. m.
78. d. y Br
101.1. g Y
lOl.l.gY
46.
gy. r Br
46. gy.
36.
deep rr O
0
36. deep
13.
1. g Y
13. deep R —
--* 101.
101.1.
101.
Y
101.1.1. gg Y
84. s. Y
68. 5.
s. 0
OY
Y
89. p.
p. Y
54.
br O0
54. br
101.1.
I01.1. g Y
40.
40. s. r Br
41.
deep rr Br
41. deep
44.
d. r Br
44. d.
67.
brill. O0 Y
67. brill.
101.
101.1.1. g Y
86. 1. Y
Y
89. p. Y
14.
v. deep
deep Red
14. v.
219.
deep PP
219. deep

See
Table 1 for color abbreviations used.
See Table
bInterference or possible
possible interference
interference for single
single kit
kit reagent.
reagent.
Usual kit test.
da Interference using flow
1.
flow chart,
chart, Fig. 1.
9Color
Color and
and extraction
extraction rate
rate differentiates
differentiates between these
these and
and marijuana. Consider
Consider also
also initial
initial physical
physical
Need experienced
experienced observer.
observer.
appearance. Need
f Interference if Duquenois-Levine modification not used.
used.
o Aqueous phase.
hh Aqueous phase after CHCI3
CHCI3 extraction.
CHC13 phase;
extraction.
CHC13
phase; slow
slow extraction
extraction compared
compared to marijuana extraction.

/

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 648
648

JOURNAL
JOURNAL OF
OF FORENSIC
FORENSICSCIENCES
SCIENCES

TABLE 4—Spot
4--Spot color
color tests
tests of
of typical
typicalStreet
streetdrugs.
drugs.
Drug

Cocaine
Cocaine b
Cocaineb
Cocaine
Codeine
Codeine •S04
.SO4
Codeine
Darvon®
Darvon 
Darvon®
Darvon 
Dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine
d-Amphetamine
d-Amphetamine
Heroin b
Heroinb

Percent
55

16.7
16.7

100c
l00

5
100'
100 c
5
100'
100o
5
100'
100o
4.7
4.7

Heroin
Heroin b
Heroinb

100'
100,
4.7
4.7

Heroin
Methapyrilene
Methapyrilene
Morphine
Morphine
Morphine
Morphine
Secobarbital
Secobarbital

100'
100~
5
100'
100,
5
100'
I00,
5
100'
100,
5
100'
100,

Diluent
lactose
lactose

...
...
lactose
...
lactose
...
lactose

qulmne,
quinine,
mannitol

..

quinine,
mánnitol
mannitol
...
...
lactose
. ....
lactose

...

lactose

...

lactose

...
...

Reagent

Color"
Color-

A.1
A.1
A.I
A.l
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7

169.
169. s. g B
169. s. g B
B
169.
s. gg BB -I+ 178.
169. s.
178. s.
s. B
208.
208. deep V
V
212. d. V
242.
d. r P
242. d.
230.
230. blackish P
51.
d. O
0
51. d.
44.
44. d. r Br
Br
240.
240. 1. rr P

A.7
A.9

239.
deep rr P
239. v. deep

A.9
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.7
A.9
A.9
A.2
A.2

89.
89. p. Y
Y
40. s. r Br
260. v.
v. d.
d. pp R
256. deep p R
256.
243.
v. d.
d. rr P
243. v.

92.
92. yy Whited
Whited

36.
0
36. rr O
67.
brill. O
0Y
67. brill.
223. m. P
218. s. P

"See
See Table 11 for color
color abbreviations
abbreviations used.
used.
bActual
Actual Street
street samples.
samples.
Pure drugs, colors
colors from
from Table
Table 1.!.
dColor difficult
difficult to interpret.

these reactions are for colorless
colorless (white)
(white) or
The colors produced in these
or light colored (tan,
etc)
drugs that
that are not mixed
that mask
mask the true color reaction.
etc) drugs
mixed with dyes or substances
substances that
reaction.
Obviously,
color interpretation
interpretation would
would be
be almost
almost impossible
impossibleififthe
thelatter
latterwere
weretrue,
true,that
thatis,
is,
Obviously, color
masking colors were
were produced.
produced. The investigator,
investigator, however,
however, would
if masking
would undoubtedly
undoubtedly find
find
suspicious in
deep masking color production suspicious
in itself.
itself.
The final conclusion
conclusion is
is that
that positive
positiveidentification
identificationofofaapure
puredrug
drugby
bythe
thecolor
colorproduced
produced
with a single reagent is
is difficult
difficult and
and probably
probably incorrect---even
incorrect—evenififthe
theinterpretation
interpretation is
is by
by aa
investigator.
trained investigator.

One
not overlook
the information
information inherent
inherentinin obtaining
obtainingaa negative
negativetest.
test.IfIfaa
One must
must not
overlook the
negative
test or
or no color is obtained with the Marquis reagent, it is reasonable to assume
negative test
that no
etc are
are present.
present. If
If these
these materials
materials
no opiates,
opiates, amphetamines,
amphetamines, certain hallucinogens,
hallucinogens, etc
present, they
they are
are in
inquantities
quantities below
belowthe
theexperimental
experimental detection
detection limits
limits which
which are well
are present,
usual, ingested
ingested drug quantities.
below the usual,
quantities.
Multiple Reagent Testing
Testing
Increased selectivity
c c o m p l i s h e d by
nd
Increased
selectivitycan
can be
be aaccomplished
bymultiple
multiplereagent
reagentuse.
use.The
The drugs
drugs aand
interferences listed
identified by
using the
scheme illustrated
interferences
listed here
here can
can be identified
by using
the testing scheme
illustrated in
in Figs.
1--4.
1-4.
Initial testing of
o f aa suspected
suspected drug
d r u g with
with Reagent
R e a g e n t A.7
A.7 (Marquis)
(Marquis) gives
gives six
f
Initial
six groupings
groupingsoof
colors: Group
G r o u p A,
A, purple-violet-black;
purple-violet-black; G
r o u p B,
B, orange-brown;
orange-brown; G
r o u p C,
C, pink-red;
pink-red;
colors:
Group
Group
G r o u p D,
D, yellow-green;
yellow-green; GGroup
r o u p E,
a n ; and
a n d Group
G r o u p F,
F, no
n o color.
color. Testing
Testing with
with three
three reareaGroup
E, ttan;
gents, A.9,
A.9, A.6,
A.6, aand
n d A.1,
A.1, identifies
identifies the
o m p o u n d s in
r o u p A.
nd
gents,
the ccompounds
in GGroup
A. Testing
Testing with
with A.9
A.9 aand

A.6 separates all the substances listed
listed except
except DDarvon®
mace. These
These latter
latter two
two can
can be
be
a r v o n   aand
n d mace.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 649

VELAPOLDI
VELAPOLDI AAND
N D WICKS
W I C K S ON
O N CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL SPOT
S P O T TEST
TESTKITS
KITS
UNKBO~

UNKNOWN

++ A.7
A.7tM,A0011ISI
[r~ROUIS]

1

'I,

pURPLE-VIOLET-BLACK
PURPLE-VIOLET-BLACK
AROUP
GROUPAA

CHLORPROMAZINE~,
DARVON~MAEEI~

CHLORPROMAZINE', DARV1N, MACE1,
MEA,
,2 OPIATES
MDA, METHAPYRILENE'HCL
METHAPYRILENE'HCL~'2s
OPIATES

++ A,9
AU [ H N 0 3 ] ~ + A , 6

LHN6

I[I[

J,

Jr

Ii

I

GREENISH-YELLOWYELLOW
YELLOW
NREENISH-YELLW

ORANG~ PINK—RED
PII~K-RED RED—BROWN
RED-BROWN
oR4NG METHAPYRILENE.
CHLORPROMAZINE~HEREIN,
HEROIN, CODEINE
CODEINE-~
METHAPYRILENE, MACE
MACE
CHLORFREMAZINE
HCL
HCL
MORPHINE
tI,[IA
HCL
MORPHINE
HCL
MOW

IMANDELINI
[MANDELINI

I II

PALE~LUE
PALE
LUE
MI)A*

MDAT

OLIVE
OLIVE

I

1

'I

PURPLE-RED
PURPLE-RED

RED-BROWN
COOEINE~METHAPYRILENE.
METHAPYRILENE, DARVON,
DARVON,HERSIN'HCL
HEROIN,HCL
CODEINE,
RACE,
OPIUM
HCL
MACEjMORPHINE
MORPHINE
HCL
OPIUM
RED-BROWN

I

++ Al
A,I [Co(SCN)2I
[Co(SCN)21

GREENISH
GREENISHBLUE,
BLUL BLUE
BLUE

DARVON,NEROIN.HCL
HEROIN,HCL
DARVON,

No
NO COLOR
COLOR
MRCE6, MORPHINE
.MACEBs
MORPHINE

HO~ERED

THE
FOOTNOTES
ARE
FOR
FIGURES
l4.
THENUMBEREDFOOTNOTES
ARE
FOR
F1GURES
l-q,
1POSSISLE
1possIBLE INTERFERENCE
INTERFERENCE

6DIFFERENTIATED
BY REAGENT
REAGENT A,9
AU
BDIPFERENTIATEDBY

2PERPLE
2pURPLEBLACK
BLACKPRECIPITATE
PRECIPITATE

79IFFERENTIATEDBY
BY COLOR
COLORFORMED
FORMED
7SIFFERENTIATED

3SEEP
3DEEPRED
RED § GREENISH
GREENISHYELLOW,
YELLOW,VERY
VERYFAST
FAST

8TREE
8TRUEINTERFERENCE,
INTERFERENCE,COLOR
COLORFORMES
FORMEDSLOWLY.
SLOWLY,

RREEN
VERY
4GREENORAEGE,
~ ORANGE~
VERYFAST
FAST

9p-DIMETHYLAMINOBENZALOEHYDE
9NDIMETHYLAMIN000NZALDEHYDE

5SEEP
~DEEPRED
RED +• PALE
PALEBLUE,
ELUE~VERY
VERYFAST
FAST

10VERYWEAK
WEAKCOLOR
COLOR
10VERY

1--Partialflow
flow chart
chartfor
forcolor
colordevelopment
development and
andpresumptive
presumptive identification
identification of
of narcotics
narcotics and
anddrugs
drugs
FIG. 0—Partial
abuse with
with designated
designated reagents. Additional
Additional color reagents
reagents necessary
necessary for increased
increased specificity
specificity are ininof abuse
cluded. Group
Group A:
A: PurplePurple- Violet-Black.
Violet-Black. (See footnotes in
in figure.)
cluded.

identified by
identified
by their
their reactions
reactions with
with Reagent
Reagent A.1,
A.1, Co(SCN)~.
Co(SCN)2.Heroin
Heroinand
and morphine
morphine would
would
seem to
however, they
seem
to interfere; however,
they are
are separated
separated by
by the
the reaction
reaction with
with Reagent
Reagent A.9.
A.9.
Similarly,
four reagents
reagents are
are used
usedfor
for differentiation
differentiationwithin
withinGroup
GroupB;
B;one
onefor
forGroups
GroupsC,
C,
Similarly, four
D, and E;
scheme.
E; and
and three
threereagents
reagents for
for Group
Group F.
F.Seven
Seven reagents
reagents are
are used
used in this
this flow
flow scheme.
More
ate flow
More elaboi
elabolate
flow schemes
schemes have been developed [28];
[28]; however, supplemental reagents
reagents
needed in
in addition
addition to
tomicrocrystalline
microcrystalline tests.
tests. Although
Although supplemental
supplemental reagents
are needed
reagents and
and
microcrystalline tests would reduce the likelihood of obtaining false positives,
positives, two factors
must be emphasized.
First, the
the kit should
of portability.
The use
use of
of
emphasized. First,
should have some
some degree
degree of
portability. The
many additional reagents
reagents and other
other procedures
procedures such
such as
as microcrystalline
microcrystalline tests decreases
decreases
kit portability
Second,the
thekits
kitscannot
cannotand
and are
are not
not intended
intendedtoto identify
identify
portability and simplicity.
simplicity. Second,
100 percent
drugs with 100
percent accuracy.
accuracy. Definitive
Definitivedrug
drugidentification
identificationshould
shouldbe
bemade
madeby
bytrained
trained
personnel using
using other techniques
techniques such
laboratory personnel
such as
as thin-layer,
thin-layer, liquid,
liquid, and
and gas
gas chromachromatography; microcrystalline
microcrystalline tests;
infrared, ultraviolet,
ultraviolet, visible,
visible, and
mass spectroscopy;
spectroscopy;
tography;
tests; infrared,
and mass
resonance (ESR);
assay techniques;
electron spin resonance
(ESR); free radical assay
techniques; etc.
etc.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 650
650

JOURNAL
JOURNAL OF
OFFORENSIC
FORENSICSCIENCES
SCIENCES

UNKIOWN
UNKNOWN

I

++ A,7
A,7 [MARQUIS]
[MARQUIS]

1

Jr

OP~NGE-BROWN

ORANGE-BROWi'

GROUP
GROUP B

AMPHETAMINES, DEFIEROL1,
DEMEROLI,
AMPHETAMINES,
LSD, MESCALINE,
SUGAR1
LSD,
MESCALINE) SUGAR1

I

+
+ A,1O
A,IO [p—DMABI9
[P-DMAB] 9

I

1

PURPLE
PURPLE
LSD
LSD

1

NO
NO COLOR
COLOR
AMPHETAMINES,
AMPHETAMINES~DEMEROL
DEMEROL1,

MESCALINE
MESCALINEI SUGAR'
SUGAR1

++ A.6
A,6 [rWJDELIN]
[MANDELIN]

1

1

1

GREEN

0LIVE-BROWN
OLIVE-BROWN

NO
NOCOLOR
COLOR

METHAMPHETAMINE,HCL,
METHAMPHETAMINEHCL

MESCALINE
MESCALINE

DEMEROL'..
SUGAR'
DEMEROL1, SUGAR
1

GREEN

AMPHETAMINE, BENZAMPHETAMINE
BENZAMPHETAMINE
AMPHETAMINE,

I

I

A,9[HN031
++ A.9[HNO3I

1

I

I

I

++ A,9 [HN03]
[HNO3]

+
+ A.!
A,I [Co(SCN)2]
[Co(SCN)2]

1

NO COLOR
COLOR
NO

RED
RED

AMPHETAMINES
AMPHETAMINES

MESCALINE
MESCALINE

I

1

GREENISH-BLUEBLUE
GREENISH-BLUE,BLUE
DEMEROL
DEMEROL

1

11;

NO
NO COLOR
COLOR
SUGAR
SUGAR

FIG.
FIG. 2—Partial
2--Partial flow chart
chart for
for color
colordevelopment
development and
and presumptive
presumptive identification
identification of narcotics and drugs
drugs
abuse with
with designated
designated reagents.
reagents. Additional
Additional color
colorreagents
reagentsnecessary
necessaryfor
forincreased
increasedspecificity
specificity are
areininof abuse
Orange-Brown. (See footnotes
1.)
cluded. Group B: Orange-Brown.
footnotes in Fig. 1.)

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

,

RITALIN
RITALIN

MAREZINE
tIAREZINE

GREENISH—BLUE..
BLUE
GREENISH-BLUE,
BLUE

STP
SIP

NO
NOCOLOR
COLOR

+A,I[Co(SCN)2]
[Co(SCN)2]
+A,l

I

MAREZINE1, RITALIN
RITALIN
MAREZINE',
SIP
,STP

YELLOW-GREEN
YELLOW-GREEN
GROUP
GROUP BD

1

BARBITAL,SECOBARBITAL
SECOBARBITAL
BARBITAL

PENTOBARB
I TAL.. PHENO—
PENTOBARBITALh
PHENO-

PURPLE
PURPLE

"P

++ A,2
A,2 [DILLE-KOPPANYII
[DILLE-KOPPANYI]

BARBITURATES
BARBITURATES

I
TAN
TAN
GROUPEE
GROUP

FIG.
FIG.3—Partial
3--Partialflow
flow chart
chart for
forcolor
colordevelopment
development and
and presumptive
presumptive identification of
o f narcotics
narcotics and
and drugs
drugs of
o f abuse
abuse with
with designated
designatedreagents.
reagents.
Additional
Additional color
color reagents
reagents necessary
necessary for
for increased
increasedspecificity
specificityare
areincluded.
included.Group
GroupC:C:Pink-Red;
Pink-Red;Group
GroupD:D:Yellow-Green;
Yellow-Green; Group
Group E:
E: Tan.
Tan. (See
(See
footnotes in
in Fig.
Fig. 1.)
1 .)
footnotes

DRISTAN..
DRI STAN, EXCEDRIN
EXCEDRIN

PHENCYCLIDIN~
PHENCYCLjfljNE

NO
NOCOLOR
COLOR

ASPIRIN, CONTAC..
CONTAC,
ASPIRIN..

I

METHADONE,
METHADONE..

GREEilISH-BLUE,BLUE
BLUE
GREEJISH-BLUE..

1

~ , , ,

++ A,1
Al [Co(SCN)21
[Co(SCN)21

I

EXCEDRIN1,METHADONE..
METHADONE~PHENCYCLIDINE
PHENCYCLIDINE
EXCEDRIN'

ASPIRINIj CONTAC1
CONTACIj
DRISTAN1,
ASP1RJN'
DRISTAN',

I

PINK-RED
PINK-RED
GROUP
GROUPCC

++ P.7
A,7[IIARQUISI
[MARQUIS]

I

UNKNOWN

UNKNOWN

th

o.
O~

--4
-I
U)

-4

N

m

-4
,-4

0
-4

A

A

0z0Z

cn

(-I
N

z)Z

•0
0
1

<
rT

 652
652

JOURNAL
SCIENCES
JOURNALO
OFFORENSIC
FORENSIC
SCIENCES

UNKNOWN
U
NKNOWN

!

+ A7
A,7 [MARQUIS]
[IIAROUIS]

NO
NOCOLOR
COLOR

GROUP
GROUPFF

BROMPHENIRAMINE
1, COCAINE,
COCAINE,
BROMPHENIRAMINE',
LIBRIUMI~ MARIJUANA~METHAQUALONE
1'10, QUININE'
QUININE1
QUALONE"10.

LIRRIUM', MARIJUANA, METHA—

++ Al
A,1 [Co(SCN)21
[Co(SCN) 2]

Jr

GREENISH-~UE,BLUE
BLUE
GREENISH-BLUE,
BROMPHENI RAMNE.,
I COCAINEs

BROMPHENIRAMINE, COCAINE,

LIBRIUM7, QUININE8
QUININE8
LIBRIUM7,

ORANGE
ORA~
i GE
BROMPHENIRAMINE,
LIBRIUM
LIBRIUM

METHAQUALONE
10
METHAQUALONE'0

I

I

+ A,6 [IIAN]JELINI
UIANI)ELIN]

+ A,3
A3 [DUQUEMOIS-LEVINE]
[DUQUENOIS-LEVINE]

COLOR
COCAINE.,
QUININE

METHAQUALONE
METHAQUALONE

+ A,6

BROMPHEN tRAM INE,

NOC!LOR
MARIJUANA,
MAR
I JUANA,
NO COLOR

[10
N0 COLOR

COCAINE,
QUININE

rJOCOLOR

110 COLOR

PURPLECHCL3
CHCL
3 EXTRACT
EXTRACT
PURPLE
MARIJUANA
MARIJUANA

Fit}. 4—Partial
4.--Partial flow chart
chart for
forcolor
colordevelopment
developmentand
andpresumptive
presumptive identification
identi.ficationof
ofnarcotics
narcoticsand
anddrugs
drugs
FIG.
abuse with
with designated
designated reagents.
reagents. Additional
Additional color
colorreagents
reagents necessary
necessary for
forincreased
increasedspecificity
specificity are
areininof abuse
cluded. Group F: No Color.
Color. (See
(See footnotes
footnotes in
in Fig.
Fig. 1.)
1.)
cluded.

Experimental
Limits
Experimental Detection
Detection Limits

Experimental
detection limits
limits obtained
obtained for
for selected
drugs are
are listed
listed in
in Table
Table 5.
Those
Experimental detection
selected drugs
5. Those
listed for
(0.12jig)
~g)and
and heroin
heroin (0.75
(0.75 jig)
~g) are slightly
slightly higher
listed
for LSD.tartrate
LSDtartrate (0.12
higher than
than the
the experiexperimental
limits obtained
obtained in
in the
the more
statistical manner
manner (0.04
(0.04 ~,g
jigand
and
mental detection
detection limits
more rigorous,
rigorous, statistical
0.20
respectively) outlined
outlined in
in the
the Experimental
section. As
As an
an example,
the positive,
0.20 jig,
~g, respectively)
Experimental section.
example, the
positive,

negative,
and percent
percent positive
positivetests
testsfor
for LSD
LSD are
are listed
listed in
in Table
Table 66 and plotted
negative, and
plotted versus
versus
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 653

VELAPOLDI
AND WICKS
VELAPOLDI AND
WICKS ON
ONCHEMICAL
CHEMICAL SPOT
SPOTTEST
TESTKITS
KITS

t

t

I

!

I t I I

I ~

I

I

I

I I I

I

i

Io. =

i00

80
F-oo
W

,,, 60
F,.-

~40
L~

20

J

O

I

~.,...'1~1

II~l I

a

I

I

I

I

0,01
0
01

I

I I I

I

I

I

0,1
0,i

LYSERGICACID
ACID DIETHYLAMIDE.
DIETHYLAMIDE,MICROGRAMS
MICROGRAMS
LYSERGIC
F I G . 5—Plot
5--Plot ofofpercent
percentpositive
positive tests
testsversus
versusamount
amountlysergic
lysergicacid
aciddiethylamide
diethylamide using
usingpara-dimethylpara-dimethylFIG.
aminobenzaldehyde as the color-developing reagent.
reagent, Twenty
Twenty spot
spot tests
tests were
were performed at each drug quantity.
a,ninobenzaldehyde

micrograms
LSD in
in Fig.
Fig. 5. The one positive
test for the
micrograms LSD
positive test
the lowest
lowest LSD quantity suggests
suggests
possible
limits of errors involved in
in this
this method
method for
for any particular
particular test. Very low
low quantities
quantities
possible limits
of drugs and very
involved in
in these
these tests.
tests. Some
Somequestion
questionas
asto
to the
the
very weak color changes are involved

positiveness
these levels
levelsdid
didexist.
exist.AA few
fewtests
tests(eight
(eightofof160)
160)were
weremarked
marked( +(+?)
or
positiveness atat these
?) or
in Table
Table 66 these
these results
resultswere
wereincluded
includedasas++ and
and —,
( _ ?);
.9); however,
however, in
- , respectively.
respectively.
(—
Typical
drug doses
doses also
also listed
listed in
in Table
Table 55 are orders
greater than
than the
Typical drug
orders of magnitude
magnitude greater
experimental
detection limits.
limits. Thus,
Thus, the
the likelihood
likelihood of
of obtaining
false negatives
negatives isis relarelaexperimental detection
obtaining false
tively low unless
unless masking
masking agents,
previously mentioned,
tively
agents, etc,
etc, previously
mentioned, are
are present.
present.
Reagent Stability
All reagents gave positive
positive tests
tests with
with selected
selecteddrugs
drugsatatthe
theexperimental
experimentaldetection
detectionlimits,
limits,
drugamounts
amounts one
one order
order of
ofmagnitude
magnitude higher,
higher, after
after being
being immersed
immersed in
or atat drug
in water
water at
at
40°C
for two
two and ten
40~ in sealed
sealed capsules
capsules for
ten weeks.
weeks. Thus,
Thus, the reagents
reagents may be considered
considered
-stable
under these
these conditions.
conditions. Reagents
Reagents in
in glass
glass dropping
dropping bottles
bottles on
on laboratory benches
stable under
benches
typical fluorescent
fluorescent lighting
under typical
lighting gave
gavepositive
positivetests
testsmore
morethan
than nine
nine months
months after
after the
initial preparation.
preparation.
initial

Temperature Effect
Effect
Temperature
respective colors
All reagents gave the respective
colors with
with selected
selected drugs
drugswhen
whenreacted
reactedatat 3~
3°C. Color
Color
production,
for some
slower. In
In the slowest
production, however,
however, for
some ooff the reactions,
reactions, was
was somewhat
somewhat slower.
slowest
case,
test was
was ~ 5 times
(10 ss rather
rather
case, the color developed
developed with Duquenois-Levine
Duquenois-Levine test
times slower
slower (10
than 22 s).
occurred at
at the same rate.
rate. No tests were
s). Color
Color extraction
extraction into the
the CHCI3
CHCI 3 layer occurred
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 654
654

JOURNAL
JOURNAL OF
OFFORENSIC
FORENSICSCIENCES
SCIENCES

TABLE
TABLE 5—Experimental
5--Experimental detection limits of
of spot
spot test
test reagents
reagentswith
withselected
selecteddrugs.
drugs.
Drug
Drug

Estimated Amount in
Street Sample,
Sample, ,g°
ug~

Reagent

ExDL, /2g
ug

Cocaine .HCI
CocaineHCI

A.1
A.lb

Codeine .SO4
SO4

A.7b
A.6
A.7b
A.6
A.7b
A.Tb
A.6
A.lOb
A. 10 b
A.7
A.3
A.3b
A.7b
A.9
A.lb
A.I~
A.7
A.7b
A.7 b
A.6
A.Tb
A.7b
A.6
A.2b
A.2 b

5.3
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.75
0.75

2 000
000
40 000
000

0.75
0.75

50 000
000

0.12
0.12
0.16
0.16

200

d-Amphetamine .HC1
d-AmphetamineHCI

Heroin
HCI
Heroin .HCI
LSD
-Tartrate
LSD-Tartrate
Marijuana
Marijuana
Mescaline .SO4
Mescaline
SOa
Methadon .HC1
Methadon•HC1
d-metbamphetaraine. HC1
d-methamphetamine•HC1
Morphine
Morphine

Phenobarbital

0.50
0.50

2.0
2.0

0.16°
0.16o
0.05
0.05
0.05
1.5

0.1
0.32
0.32
15.0

0.20
0.20

0.25
0.25
I0.0
10.0

8 000
000

5 000
000
10
I0 000
5 000
000
8 000
000
7 000
000
50 000
000

Average values
values obtained from
from police
police and laboratory reports
reports and
and Ref
Ref29
29 and
and30.
30.
b Reagent usually found in kit.
cDetermined on
on benzene
benzene extract
extract of
of marijuana
marijuana containing
containing1.7
1.7percent
percenttetrahydrocannabinol.
tetrahydrocannabinol.

TABLE 6—Results
G--Results of 160
160 random tests
tests for lysergic
lysergic acid
acid diethylamide
diethylamide tartrate
tartratewith
with
para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde.
para-dimethylaminobenzatdehyde.
LSD Tartrate,
LSD
Tartrate,t,gg

~P~

0.4100
0.0410
0.0312
0.0205
0.0164
0.0123
0.0082
0.0041
0.0041

20
20
17
17
15
15
10
10
6
0
11

~Nb

( ~ T e I ~ T(100)
) (100)
(Tp/fl

.....

100
100
100
100

"3
5
10
10
14
20
19

85
75
50
30
0
55

...-

Positive.
bNegative.

made
except tthat
Marquis
tests oon
m a d e at elevated
elevated temperatures
t e m p e r a t u r e s except
h a t several
several M
a r q u i s tests
n amphetamines
a m p h e t a m i n e s aand
nd
h e r o i n were
were m
a d e at 40°C
40~ and
a n d 60°C.
60~ These
T h e s e temperatures
t e m p e r a t u r e s gave
gave rreactions
e a c t i o n s resulting
heroin
made
resultinginin
very rapid
r a p i d color
color formation
f o r m a t i o n making
m a k i n g transitory
t r a n s i t o r y color
color identification
identification impossible.
impossible.
very
Summary
Summary

In
assignednnumbers
theCCentroid
colors
I n summary,
s u m m a r y , we
we hhave
a v e assigned
u m b e r s f rfrom
o m the
e n t r o i d CColor
o l o r CCharts
h a r t s t otot the
h e colors
p r o d u c e d by
reactions oof
f selected
selected ppure
u r e aand
n d street
street drug
d r u g samples
samples with
arcotic
produced
by reactions
with typical
typical nnarcotic
identification kit
reagents, resulting
resulting in
decreased ambiguity
a m b i g u i t y in
color interpretation.
interpretation.
identification
kit reagents,
in decreased
in color
We
W e have
h a v e also
also iincluded
n c l u d e d tthe
h e colors
colors pproduced
r o d u c e d with
with oother
t h e r chemical
chemical spot
spot test
test reagents.
reagents. A
Addiddit i o n a l selectivity
selectivity was
b t a i n e d by
multiple reagent
r e a g e n t testing
testing scheme.
scheme. Experimental
E x p e r i m e n t a l detional
was oobtained
by a multiple
detection
tection limits
limits were
were obtained
o b t a i n e d for selected
selected drugs
drugs by
b y aa rigorous,
rigorous, statistically
statistically meaningful
meaningful
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 VELAPOLDI
AND WICKS
VELAPOLDI AND
WICKSON
ONCHEMICAL
CHEMICALSPOT
SPOTTEST
TESTKITS
KITS

655

on the
reagent stabilities
stabilities and
and temperature
temperature effects
effects on
the colors
colors produced
produced and
method, and reagent
qualitative
reaction rates were
discussed. Most
Most importantly,
importantly, however,
however,ititmust
mustbe
beemphaemphaqualitative reaction
were discussed.
sized
only
sized that these
these kits
kits are
are useful
useful in
in obtaining
obtaining preliminary
preliminary and
and presumptive
presumptive evidence
evidence only
and should
for the
the identification
identificationofofaanarcotic
narcoticorordrug
drugo of
should not be
be used
used as
as sole
sole evidence
evidence for
f
abuse.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments

The
T h e financial
financial ssupport
u p p o r t ooff this
this program
p r o g r a m by
by the
the National
N a t i o n a l Institute
Institute of
of Law
L a w Enforcement
Enforcement
and
a n d Criminal
C r i m i n a l Justice,
Justice, Department
D e p a r t m e n t of
o f Justice
Justice through
t h r o u g h the
the Law
L a w Enforcement
E n f o r c e m e n t Standards
Standards
L a b o r a t o r y , National
N a t i o n a l Bureau
B u r e a u of
o f Standards,
S t a n d a r d s , is
is gratefully
gratefully acknowledged.
acknowledged. TThe
h e authors
authors
Laboratory,
would
w o u l d like
like to
to thank
t h a n k L.
L. Bednarczyk
B e d n a r c z y k and
a n d R.
R. Simon
S i m o n of
o f the
the Medical
Medical Examiner's
E x a m i n e r ' s Office,
Office,
State of
o f Delaware,
Delaware, Wilmington,
W i l m i n g t o n , Del.,
n d J.
Rosenstein, D
E A Laboratory,
L a b o r a t o r y , McLean,
McLean,
State
Del., aand
J. Rosenstein,
DEA
Va., for
for very
very interesting
interesting discussions
discussions aand
n d pure
r u g aand
n d street
street drug
drug samples.
samples. TThe
h e enVa.,
pure ddrug
encouragement
c o u r a g e m e n t aand
n d support
s u p p o r t of
of 0.
O. Menis
M e n i s and
a n d J.J. I.I. Shultz,
Shultz, NBS,
NBS, are
are also
also acknowledged.
acknowledged.
References
Reigl, F.,
F.,Spot
SpotTests
TestsininOrganic
OrganicAnalysis,
Analysis, 7th
7thed.,
ed.,Elsevier
ElsevierPublishing
PublishingCo.,
Co.,New
NewYork,
York,1966,
1966,p.p.137.
137.
[1] Reigi,
[2] Stevens,
Stevens, H.
H. M.
M. in
inIsolation
Isolation and
and Identification
Identification of Drugs,
Drags, B.
E. G. C. Clarke,
Clarke, Ed.,
Ed., Pharmaceutical
PharmaceuticalPress,
Press,
London,1971,
1971,pp.
pp.123—133.
123-133.
London,
[31
Clark, E.
B. 0.
[3] Clark,
G. C.
C.and
andWilliams,
Williams,M.,
M.,"Microidentification
"Microidentificationofofthe
theOpium
OpiumAlkaloids,"
Alkaloids,"Bulletin
Bulletin on
on
Vol. 7,
7, Nos.
Nos.33and
and4,4,1955,
1955,pp.
pp.33—42.
33-42.
Narcotics, Vol.
[4] Gotö,
Gott3, H.,
H., "Fluorescence
"FluorescenceAnalyses
AnalysesII.
II.Fluorescence
FluorescenceIndications,"
Indications,"Science
ScienceReports
Reportsofofthe
theTohoku
Tohoku
[4]
lmperial University,
University, First
FirstSeries,
Series,Vol.
Vol.29,
29,1940,
1940,pp.pp.
458-479.
Imperial
458—479.
[5] Sunshine, I., Ed.,
Ed.,Handbook
Handbook ofofAnalytical
Analytical Toxicology,
Toxicology, Chemical
Chemical Rubber
Rubber Co.,
Co.,Cleveland,
Cleveland,1969,
1969,
[5]
pp. 400—409.
400-409.
pp.
[6] Clarke,
E. 0.
G.C.,
C.,Ed.,
Ed.,Isolation
Isolation and
andIdentification
Identification of
ofDrags,
Drugs,Pharmaceutical
PharmaceuticalPress,
Press,London,
London,1971.
1971.
[61
Clarke, B.
[71
[7] Thienes, C. H. and Haley,
Haley, T.
T. J.,
J., "Analysis
"Analysisof
ofAlkaline
AlkalineChloroform
ChloroformExtracts"
Extracts"ininClinical
ClinicalToxicology,
Toxicology,
ed., Lea
Leaand
andFebigcr,
Febiger,Philadelphia,
Philadelphia,1964,
1964,pp.pp.
464469.
4th ed.,
464—469.
[8]
[8] Clarke,
Clarke, B.
E. G.
G. C.,
C., "Isolation
"Isolationand
andIdentification
IdentificationofofAlkaloids"
Alkaloids"ininMethods
MethodsofofForensic
ForensicScience,
Science,
1, Intersciencc
Interscience Publishers,
Publishers, New
New York,
York,N.Y.,
N.Y.,1962,
1962,pp.
pp.21—22.
21-22.
Vol. 1,
[9]
[9] Mule,
Mult, S.
S. I.,
J., "Methods
"Methodsfor
forthe
theAnalysis
AnalysisofofNarcotic
NarcoticAnalgesics
Analgesics and
and Amphetamines,"
Amphetamines," Journal
Journal of
of
Chromatographic Science,
Science, Vol.
Vol.10,
10,1972,
1972,pp.
pp.275—282.
275-282.
Chromatographic
[10] Farmilo,
G.and
andGenest,
Genest,K.,
K.,"Alkaloids
"Alkaloidsand
and
Related
Bases:
Identification"in in
Toxicology
[10]
Farmilo, C.
C. 0.
Related
Bases:
Identification"
Toxicology
Mechanisms and
Stewart and A.
A. Stolman,
Stolman, Eds.,
Eds.,Academic
Academic
Mechanisms
andAnalytical
AnalyticalMethods,
Methods,Vol.
Vol.II,II,C.
C. P.
P. S. Stewart
Press, New
New York,
York,1961,
1961,pp.
pp.209—595.
209-595.
Press,
[11]
Ehrlich-Rogozinsky,S.S.and
and Cheronis,
Cheronis, N.
N. D., "The
[11] Ehrlich-Rogozinsky,
"The Identification
Identification and
and Determination
Determination of
ofMorMorphine,"Journal
JournalofofMicrochemistry,
Microchemistry,Vol.
Vol.7,7,1963,
1963,pp.
pp.336—356.
336-356.
phine,"
[12] Umbergcr,
Umberger, C.
C. I.J.ininLegal
LegalMedicine,
Medicine,Pathology
Pathology and
and Toxicology,
Toxicology, T. A. Gonzales, M.
M. Vance,
Vance, M.
M. HelHelpern, and
and C.
C. J.J. Umberger,
Umberger, Eds.,
Eds., 2nd
2nded.,
ed.,Appleton
Appleton Century,
Century, Crofts
Crofts Publishing
Publishing Co.,
Co., New
New York,
York,
1148.
1954, p. 1148.
J., Brzezinska-Drygieniec,
Brzezinska-Drygieniec, D.
and Kowalik,
Kowalik, B.,
B., "Identification
"IdentificationofofSome
Some
[13] Kubalski, 1.,
D. Bartosik,
Bartosik, A., and
Stupefacients,"Farmaceuta
FarmaceutaPoiski,
Polski,Vol.
Vol.28,
28,1972,
1972,pp.
pp.297—304
297-304 (English
(English translation).
translation).
Stupefacients,"
[14]
[14] Nakamura,
Nakamura, G.
G.R.
R.and
andThornton,
Thornton,J.J.I.,I.,"The
"TheForensic
ForensicIdentification
IdentificationofofMarijuana:
Marijuana:Some
SomeQuestions
Questions
and Answers,"
Answers,"Journal
JournalofofPolice
PoliceScience
Scienceand
andAdministration,
Administration,Vol.
Vol.1,1,1973,
1973,pp.
pp.102—112.
102-112.
[15] Thornton, 1.
J. I. and
and Nakamura,
Nakamura, G.
G.R.,
R.,"The
"TheIdentification
IdentificationofofMarijuana,"
Marijuana,"Journal
Journalofofthe
theForensic
Forensic
Society, Vol.
Vol.12,
12,1972,
1972,pp.
pp.461—505.
461-505.
Science Society,
K., 37th
37thSemiannual
SemiannualSeminar,
Seminar,California
CaliforniaAssociation
AssociationofofCriminalists,
Criminalists,Newport
NewportBeach,
Beach,
[16] Goddard, K.,
1971.
Calif., 1971.
[17] Angiolelli,
Results Produced
Produced by Drug Field
Field Test
Test Kits,"
Kits," Law
Law and
and Order,
Order,Vol.
Vol. 20,
20,
[17]
Angiolelli,R.
R. J.,
J., "False Results
pp. 50—51,
50-51, 98.
1972, pp.
[18] Mausolf,
N. and Romig,
Mausolf, N.
Romig, C.
C. H.
H. A.,
A., "Pitfalls
"Pitfalls ininthe
theUse
UseofofDrug
DrugField-Testing
Field-Testing Kits,"
Kits," The
ThePolice
Police
Vol. 40,
40,1973,
1973,pp.
pp.46—47.
46-47.
Chief, Vol.
Bednarczyk, L.,
(Chief Toxicologist,
Toxicologist, State
Delaware), personal communication,
communication, 24
24 May
May and
and
[19] Bednarczyk,
L., (Chief
State of Delaware),
28 Aug. 1973.
1973.
[20] Bentley,
The Chemistry
Chemistry of
of the
the Morphine
Morphine Alkaloids,
Alkaloids, Oxford University
University Press,
Press, Clarendon,
Clarendon,
[201
Bentley, K.
K. W., The
1954.
London, 1954.
"MethodsofofChemical
ChemicalAnalysis"
Analysis"ininNarcotic
NarcoticDrugs:
Drugs:
BiochemicalPharmacology,
Pharmacology,
[21]. Taylor,
Taylor, J.J. F., "Methods
Biochemical
H. Clouct,
Clouet,Ed.,
Ed.,Plenum
PlenumPress,
Press,New
NewYork,
York,N.Y.,
N.Y.,1971,
1971,
38-44.
D. H.
pp.pp.38—44.
Splies, R. G.
G. and
and Shellow,
Shellow, J. M., "Color
"Color Reactions
Reactionsof
ofMorphine
MorphineDerivatives,"
Derivatives,"Journal
Journalof
ofChemical
Chemical
[22] Splies,
Data, Vol.
Vol.11,
11,1968,
1968,pp.
pp.123—124.
123-124.
and Engineering Data,
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

 656

JOURNAL
JOURNALOF
OFFORENSIC
FORENSICSCIENCES
SCIENCES

[23] "ISCC-NBS Centroid
Centroid Color
Color Charts,"
Charts,"SRM
SRM2106,
2106,Office
Office of Standard
Standard Reference
Reference Materials,
Materials, National
National
[23]

Feb. 1965.
1965.
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., Feb.
[24]
Colors and a Dictionary
[24] "The
"The ISCC-NBS
ISCC-NBS Method of Designating
Designating Colors
Dictionary of
of Color
Color Names,"
Names," NBS
NBS PubliPublication 533,
533, National Bureau
Bureau of
of Standards,
Standards, Washington,
Washington, D.C.,
D.C., Nov.
Nov. 1955.
1955.
[25] Butler,
Opiates, Marijuana,
Marijuana, Barbituates
Barbituatesand
andMiscelMiscel1251
Butler,W.
W. P.,
P., "Methods of Analyses for Alkaloids, Opiates,
laneous Drugs," Internal
Internal Revenue
Revenue Service
Service Publication
Publication No. 341,
341, Washington,
Washington, D.C.,
D.C., 1967,
1967, pp.
pp.
laneous
136—137.
136-137.
"Drug Identification,
Identification, Properties
Properties and Characteristics," National
National
[26] Sansonetti, C. J. and Reilly, H. T., "Drug
Service Bulletin
AD-741-338,U.S.
U.S.Dept.
Dept.ofofCommerce,
Commerce,Springfield,
Springfield,
Technical Information Service
Bulletin No.
N. AD-74l-338,
Va., 1972.
1972.
Va.,
[27] Bladon,
Bladon, P.
P. ininCholesterol,
Cholesterol,R.
R. P.P.Cook,
Cook,Ed.,
Ed.,Academic
AeademiePress,
Press,Inc.,
Inc.,New
NewYork,
York,
1958,
132-133.
(27]
1958,
pp.pp.
132—133.
[28] Hider,
Hider, C. L.,
L., "The
"TheRapid
RapidIdentification
IdentificationofofFrequently
FrequentlyAbused
AbusedDrugs,"
Drugs,"Journal
Journalofofthe
theForensic
Forensic
(28]
Vol. 11,
11,1971,
1971,pp.
pp.257—262.
257-262.
Science Society, Vol.
[29] The
Stecher, Ed.,
Inc., Rahway,
Rahway, N.J.,
N.J., 1968,
1968, pp.
pp. 75,
75,275,
275, 277,
277,
[291
The Merck
Merck Index,
Index, P.
P. G.
G. Steelier,
Ed., Merck
Merck and Co., Inc.,
337, 669,
809,
337,
669, and 809.
[30] The
The Drug
Drug Atlas,
Atlas, Midwest
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas
Kansas City,
City, Mo.,
Mo., 1971.
1971.
[30]

Analytical Chemistry Division
Division
Apalytical
National Bureau
Bureau of Standards
Standards
Washington, D.C.
D.C. 20234
20234

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Jul 5 12:13:47 EDT 2016
Downloaded/printed by
Ryan Gabrielson (ProPublica) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.