Stage I: Enviromnental Conditions and Problem De?nition HARBOUR PUBLIC Ianwsonr'oomumn . CONSULTATIF PUBLIC September 23, 1991 To Whom It'May Concern: - i- The Peninsula HarbourRemedial Action Plan (RAP) Public Advisory- Committee. (PAC) has had the opportunity to review the Stage One-document on a number of occasions. our review of the ?doCument revealed some concerns, Which we felt must be addressed before the document is- submitted?, to the Inter-national Joint. Commission We "presented jour comments to the RAP Team and are satisfied that our concerns have been addressed. - - d. - ,The Peninsula Harbour, PAC supports the Remedial'Action Plan program and - endorses the Stage Onedocument. 'We feel that it will ful?ll its role as agsupport .- . document for the Peninsula Harbour - . Yours sincerely, - _-Keith Robertson Chair . . Peninsula Harbour PAC . 'Canadl? @IinlariD . . . . . . . . PeninSula Harbour Area ofCon'Cern l- 7 Environmental Canditions - sand 'P?Ob'em De?m?on Plan . - Stage-1 j' -. . Peninsula Harbour September-1991,- I 'Oniarie Minimryof the Envirenmeni, EnVironment Canada. Ontario Ministry . I of Natural Resources; Department. 01 Fisheries and Oceans North Shore 61 Lake Su'pe?or'nemedial Action Plans, 435'Jamee Street . Box 5000, ThunderBay, Ontario. FTC 566 - Canad'? Ohtari0f? lean-Lemme - FOREWORD- This ccndi?cns in the Peninsuia Area Concern..' It'represents t11e_'Stage 1 submission of the Peninsula Harbour Reinedial'm?cn Plan, in accordance with the Canada?ontaric'Agl?eement on Great Lakes water Quality. This damment also contains atechnical summary for use in the public consultation which was initiateciin 1983. Water use as de?ned eyele- 19$ new a the Great Quality - sununarizcdfanidiscussed relation-tolccudi?nns inthe Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern, To increase our Understanding of. entironmenta] conditions in the and to - - remedial options for achieving the. Water Use Goals de?ned by the Public-Acclaim Committee, the following additional studies have been initiated student in various stages . - . - -- .I literamre men; the Ipptential impactpf log-hauntingcri the-Ich?ronment; .. - study sediment and contaminant and I sediment samples from the Harbour. - - The of these helinclu'ded in future updates to 1 document . ACKNOWLEDGEMEHTS I'I?he Remedial Action Plan Stage 1 Report for Penimula HarbOur mas prepared by the Peninsula Harbour RAPfWriting Team: I. . I - - Patricia-Inch -I I 'OnItarioIh'linistry of the EnsironmengIRAP Coordinator John Kelso Department of Fisheries and Oceans . . Ken OuilisI I Ontario h?nistry of Natural Resources This repon was prepared under the guidance. of the FederallProuincial Redial Action Plan Steering I- Committee. - - - . Past members of in: smegma new Writing Team and immanent. contributed to scienti?c investigation reporting and completion of this domment are acknowledged as follows: - Cindy Jardine - I I - Ontario in?nisz of the Environment, Great Lakes Section . Nellie de Geua . 'En?rohment Canada .Balbir Kohli I . I Ontario Ministry of the Environment-- Laurie Sarazin - Environment canarla Sue Humphrey - - Environment. Canada Helmut Pfeiffer I RAP Biologist - I Ljrbica Pelletier - I RAP Facilitator . MarySeanBurgham - -- -. - RAP'ASSistant Ruth Berzel . II . RAP-Technical Writer Ray Boivin I . RAP Facilitator - Roberta A. Stanton-Gray I Geomatics International 1nc._ . . Team also admomiedges comments suggestions from'the Public'Ailtrisory Committee II I during the development of this report. The PAC members and their af?liations are: I I I - Glen Dixon - I I 'Public- I I. . Dick Fry . I- I .I Buchanan Forest Products - I I Brian HonanI- Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters Ted'JustI - . I MarathonIRodandGunClub- . David MacKenzie . .- I PublicI I - - I Adam Moreland" I Public. - . Fiona Morela'nd - Friends ofPukasl-twa - I . . Keith Robertson .PAC Team; of Marathon . Geoff Spencer I Marathon District Chamber of Commerce Felix Slack I James River-Maratrnn' Ltd. The Writing Team wishes to acl-mowiedge the large group of ensironnJental of?oers and con- .I corned whose contributions and assistance hate been invaluable. .. - - iv TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv". EXECUTIVESUMMARI .. 1w 1monucnoN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ENVIRONMENTAL CDNDITIONS . . . . . . . . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 63_Biata0uality . . . . . . . . . . '7 SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . 8.1.111? 8.3 Degrada?onof?'Rrobl'ems m_ 8.7 Restic?ons'Eu'trophica?onor Undmir'able A1338.9 'Restrictians ?un Drinking-Water Consumption m- Tastcfand Odour Emblems. . . 8.9.1 . -- 8.9Beam?Closings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mmi' 8.12 AddedCosttoAg?wlmreorlndusny Degradation ofPh "1mm and 3..13 PENINSULA HARBOURRAP, .T HARBOUR . - 11 LDCATIONANDEXTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 CLIMATE2.2.1 ClimaticRegianj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.2 Temperature andPredpita2.2.3 Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 Ice?limatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6 GEOLOGY.GEQM0RPHOLOGYANDSOILS . . . . 15 2.6.136de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.- . 2.6.2 Geomorphology_and50?152.3.1 Urban Settlements andEconomicBase2.8.2 Mux?cipal Wafer Pollu?un'Con'trol Plant (WPCP2.8.3 Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . - I 2.8.3.1 James andeuc-rip?2.8.4 WasteDisW:al2:0 2.323.6-2.9.2 Ef??e?tReceivEr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21_ 2.9.2.1 111de . . . . 21 2.9.2.2 Municipal2.9.3 StormSewerOutfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222.9.5. Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22' 2.9.6 CommercialFiShing - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?.726 CONDITIONS . . . . . . 22 3.1 INTRODUCTION3.2.1 Ef?uentmurneCharacteris?3.23.2.2.1Tm?bidity . . . . 33 3.2.2.2.Colour .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2.2.3 Sped?cConductanee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2.2.4 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22.5 36 3.2.3 Ions . . . . . .. 36 . 3.2.3.1, Total suspendedsg?ds 6667:6121 Dissolved 56116:]. 5) 3.2.3.2 Five DajrBioehen?cal Oxygen'Demand {Bong 36' -3.2.3.3. ChemicaqugenDemandmOD3.23.4 . . . . 33 _3.2.3.51~EtregenParameters . . . . . . . . . . . '.3.2.3.6_Tot_alphosphoms_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 vi . - 32.3.7 Sodium3.233131111211336 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39_ 3.2.4313sz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4.1 Meruiry . . . . . . 3.2.4.2 Othermetals . . . . . . . . . . . . j. Sis-Phenols . . . . . '44' 3-2.6 ReshLFatLy-andmuma?cAddsOrganoha?d? and Organocf?o?ne Pesticid32.3 13161633363me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43- 33.393th . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . 51 32.10 Aesthc?3.2.11 52 I SEDIMENTQUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Mercury . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2.011131'Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - 3.3.2.1 . . . . . 60. 333321633.2.3 CobaltandN'leel'..- . . . . . . . . - 3.33.4 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . .62- - 3.3.2.5;Chron1ium . . . . . 62 .- "3.3.2.6 Cop'pgrandlron . . . . . 62. 3.3.2.8 Grain SizeCon'elatilans36.3. .. 333 Inorganic Parmneters'andNutrients' . . . . .. 631' 33.33.3.33.3.3.3 lmsonlgni?on (L0165..-. - 3.3.7. Polyd?o?nated'biphen67- 3.33.3.9 SedimentSmImary . . . . . . . . . . . . '67 3.4 PHYIOPLANKTON 69Comm?tyCompmi?ona?dDistribu?3.7.1.2 LakeSupe?3.7.1.3 1.939 survey . . . . 75.? .33 FISHERIES . . . . . . . . . . . '163.3.2 ContaminantsluFish81, 3.3.23.32.3 Dig?nsandFurmansh . . . . .. 34- 5.33 Tumomsinf-ish . . . . . . . . . . 3.8.4 HabitatDegrada?on3.8.5 'E?luentTo?eity . . . . . . . . . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 . -3.9W1LDLIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..864.1: MRODUCHON . . . . . . . . .. 91 4.2 POWTSOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.2.1 Marathoo Water Pollution Control Plant . . . . . . . .- . . . . .4.2.2 James River-MarathOH Ltd. BleachedKIaftMill 4.2.2.1'Backg'round' . . . . . ..97 I _4222 Mainh?llEf?uentCharacte?s?1111' I .4223-Dio?nsandFurans ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104 . 44.3.1 UrbanI-Stormwater Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 43.2 Runoff at the James RiserMamLhonMi?Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101..107 43.4 Cont?mhatedsediment . . . . .. . . . . . .. 109 4.3.5 Groundwatere?Waste Disposal Sites ..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 110- 43.6'LogBooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.3.7 Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 4.3111 .511 ENVELONMENIAL MAIRMENT . . . . . . . . 113 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.2 USEIMPAIRMENTS115 _pl:ion . . . . .. . . . . . .. 115- Restrictions on Fish Consumption115 5.2.1.2. Restrictionson Wildlife Consumption .. 118' 522 Tainting of Fish and.W11dlife.Hamur113'. 5.2.3.1 Dy?amios'oanhpopula?ons118' 5232-BodyBu'rdensoanh . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.3.3 DynamiosofW?dlifePopula?oos 118 - '119 52.5 Bird or Animal Defonni?es or Reproduo?on Pro Iems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 119 5.2.6 DegradationofBenthos-5.2.6.1 Dynao?os ofBenthiePopula?oos . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 52.52'Body3mdensacoenusc0gm- 119' Restrictions 119 5.2.8 Cll' Undrable-Algae5.2.9 Restrictions on D?r?dng-WaterConsump?on or Taste and Odouf Problems . . . 121) 52.9.1 Comump?mTaste 120 5.2.9.2 ImpairmentdAmbientWaterQuality . . . . . . . . . .. 1213 52.11 Degradation of-Aesthe?12:0 5.2.12 Added Costto?grioulture or Industry . . . . . . . ...1213 I. 5.2.13 Degradation of Phytoplankton andZoOplaokton Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 . - 52.121- .53 ADDITIONAL CONCERNS . . . . . . . . . 121 53.1 Dimmeme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 121 5.3.2 Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 - 5.33 ContaminatedSediments 121 - 6,1 . . . . 7.0, REFERENCES . . . . . . 127' 133K Table A - Table B- Table Table - - Table Table 2.1 - Table'3.1 Table-33 Table 3.4 Table as Table 3.7' - .Table 3.8 Table 3.9: .- Table 3.10. Table-3.11 - - I Shupson - LIST TABLES Contaminant inventiz'irytr summary in ambient water from the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern (1984!1935) with comparisons to the Provincial Water Quality Objectives W00) and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement . - objectives (Iardine and Sirnpson1990Contaminant inventory summary for sur?dal sediment in the Peninsula? Harbour . Area or concern .in 1934. QMOE guidelines for open waterdisposal of dredge. spoils (OWDG) exceedences and number of esceeclenccs'are presented (Jardine and 1990Contaminant invitntory summary in lake tout 1988 and. 1989 and Iongnose and- onitesoeirer 1995 Sporuisu Consumption Program). . . . Loadings monitored parameters in 1939 from the James'River m. - I .'.Joor Marathon Ltd. pulp mill and toaster Marathon wrap"Summary of impairments to Great Lakes water Quality Agreement bene?cial within the ?PeninsulaHaibcur Area of ConcernCommercial catch for LakeSupe-rior Management Zone 19 from. - as reported on CF-ls'. Units are in round-weight kilograms . . .- .- Summary of water quality characteristics for physical parameters for mech?nsula Harbour Area of Concern from_1970 to 1985 (Homing and Chatterjce 1974 and .JardineandSinipsonImL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Sun'ir'narj.r of water quality characteristics for conventional parameters, nutrients and major ions for the Peninsula Harbour Area oi Concern from mote 1935 (Her-reg . - and Clutterjee 1974 and Jardine and 199.0Stimulant-of water quality charactbristicsfor metals in the Peninsula Harbour of Concent frmn1970 to 1935 (Jardine and Simpson-1990). ..-.. . Summary of water quality characteristics for phenols, and Dehydroabietic . Acid in the Peninsula Harbour'Area of Concern from 1970 to 1985 (Jardine-and 'SimpsonIQ?QOinternal-5,r (Hg) concentrations in water and Sediment Prism four. stations within . I Peninsula Harbour, August 1976. Station locations are determinedas- distance from 1 -- - . the former color-alkali . . . . . -. .. Table 3.6 - Merciry concentrations in sur?cial sediimms (top 7.5 on) from Peninsula Harbour. - Hearty Cove and Lake Superior south of The Peninsula b.1976. Values - from corresponding stationsfrom the 197.0 OMOE survey are shownfor - comparison (OMOE 1973).. . . . . . . . . - Metal and PCB concentrations found in sur?cial seditnent in the-Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern in 1984. OMOE guidelines for openlwater of dredge spoils (0WDG) and (shaded) are presented (Jardine and nutrients-for the protection of anuatic'biological rcscurces(Persaud et al.1991damn-ionic. Heavy metals and PCBs in sur?cial' sediment from the Peninsula Area oi Speciated phenolics found-in sur?cial sediment samples in 1984 (Jardine and The proann?ai?Sedintentouality Guidelines. (PSQG) for metals, total PCBs and . . no concern. Samples taken by 1973 (Herrog aud'cnanerjee'1974). I. . . . 61 Results from the 1984 OMOE sur?cial sedim??t. survey for total phosphorus, loss of ignition; oil and grease, total and reducible sulphur-and total organic carbon, - (JardineandSimpsonl990).' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3.12 Table 3.19: me 3.14. gTable 3.15 Table 4.1-- nae-412;. Table 4.3 Table 4-.4. 'Pable I I Table 4.6 - me Table 4.8 Table 4-3 . _Table 430 we 4.11- Table 5-1 Fish speciesfound the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern (BAR. - I - . Environmental 1986. Lake Superior Fisheries Unit. oornmercial catch OWRandQMOEnettingsurv-eysNumbers, mean mercury concentrations__ andpereentages of three species of ?sh in - Peninsula Harbour, Lake Superior, exceeding selected criteria during 1975 and-1916 -- . (0M0E1973.32? Mercury and PCB concentrations in lake trout (1988} and longnose and white sucker (1936} (OMOEIOMNR Sport?shConsumption Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of dioxins and furans detested in lake trout from the Peninsula . Area of Concern-in 1939 (Johnson 1991, unpublished dataAverage annualooncentrations and range. for RODS and TP at the Marathon. . - -- WPCP from 1934 through 1939 1935, 1936, 1939, 1933a;'1939a one 1991a).? 9'3 (kglday) of' regularly monitored parameters, BODS and TP, at'the Marathon I . 1991). . . . _Mean' conoentration and'Standard deviation takEn from the Marathon WPCP and James RiverMarath'on Ltd; ef?uent streams and orator intake for processing. 5amples wore? co?etted during May 1934 and May. 1935 (J'ardin'e and Simpson 1990). Sumr'nary of the installation _of_ pollution abatement equipment at the River? Marathon Ltd-pulp and. paper mill from 1997 through'199-1. Proposed . irnprovernentsarealsolistedSummaryr of priority pollutants fromth'e pulp and paper mills located on thenorth shore of Lake Superior. Results are shown as mean'values taken from January 1- to. June 30, 1990 as part of the Municipal-Indusn'ial Strategy for Abatement (MISA) .foriprocess ef?uent monitoring of the pulp and paper sector-101 Loadings ?glfday) for the regularly monitored cmventionai pollutants; RODS and .- TSS'from the. James RiverMaratlron Ltd. pulpandpapermillfrom 1966 through' - "1991loadings .[kgfdayj for selected parameters in process ef?uentfrom the James 1935 (preparedfronrDioxin and Furan ooneentration ranges detected in ?nal process ef?uent from nine Ontario pulp and-paper. mills in data ?les.105 'Mean and-range. of concentrations fordioxihs furans and levels and . - loadings in ?nal process ef?uents from ten pulp and'paper in northwestern -. _.Ontario.. Data oras'oollec'ted. frurnJanuaryl to June 30, 1990 as part of therMISA - I - 'monitoring program (OMOE 1991; and Smith, OMOE unpublished dataPCB and lead inputs (kgl'yr) tothe Great Lakes aud'the fractions attributed to- - atmospheric pathways-(Strachan and Eisenreich1988Summary of spills and bypassesfrorn the-J Ri _Marathon pulp mill and the- Marathon from 1989 through July 23, 199111: the Peninsula Harbour Area . - .- ofConcern (OMOEData-Filesimpairments to Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement-bone?eial uses witl?nthe Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Figure 1 - Figure 1.1 Figure 2.1' new . F1gure23. Figure 2.4 - Figure Figure 3.1 . Figure 3-2 "?gure 33 Figure-3.4 Figure Figure 3.6 . Figure 3.8 l' Figure 3.9' Figure. 3.10 I n" ?gureosiv . Figure 3.12 - OF FIGURES - Location map ofthe PeninnilaHarbour Areaof Concerns . . . . . ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .Iocation'of the-Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern with itsapproidrnate extent . based on the 1934-1935 OMOE water and sediment sampling program-and the immediate watershed (modi?ed from Sibley et al; 1991, NTS sheets 42 ode and 42 noBottom sediment characteristics witltin the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location of waste disposal sites and cutfalls discharging to Peninsula'Harbour and Lake Superior'in the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern (from ardine and SirnpsoleWzitheaconlM?:11 James 'Rtver-Marathcm Ltd. plant site at Marathon. Ontario and proposed - expansion plans (prepared from .OMOE 1978 and Beak Consultants 1991Lake Superior ?sheries management zones. The Peninsula ADC belongsThe influence of wind direction on the spatial con?guration ofe?luent from the . . James River Marathon. Ltd. main mill outfall in the Lake Superior portion of the Peninsula Harbour Area er Concern during and Cbatterjee 1974Ef?uent plume distribution from James Riser-Marathon I diffuser outfall in the Lake Superior portion of the Peninsula of I Concern (Beak'Consultants 1986pling locations for the 1934 water quality sunrey of the Peninsula Harbour Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Sampling locations for the_1935 water quality survey of the'Peninsula Harbour Area - - of Concern (from .Tardine and Sirnpson1990Spatial distribution of sodium concentrations in water on each sampling of May .1934 for the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern (from Jardine and Simpson 1990); . . 40 i I Spatial distribution of sodium concentrations in water on each sampling day of_May 1985 for the PeninSula Harbour Area of Concern (from Jardine and . . 41. Spatial distribution of reactive phenolic: concentrations in enter on each sampling I . day-of May 1984 for the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern (from Jardine and- Simpson 1990Spatial distribution of reactive phenoli concentrations in water on pling day of May 1985 for the'Peninsula HarbOur Area of Concern (from .Tardine and Spatial distribution of total coliform and'fecal coliform densities'in the Lake . - - Superior portion of the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern. September 5 and Spatial distribution of mercury concentrations in sediments collected at th Peninsula Harbour Area ofConcern .1934 (Jardineand Simpson 1990). (Note: the mercury distribution is similar to that found in 1973 as determined Herzog and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Sur?rialsediment sampling locations for the OMOE 1934 survey for the Peninsula Harbour Area ofConcern (from Ja?rdine and Simpson 1990The spatial distribution of'total PCB concentrations in sur?cial sedimentscollected - in 1984 in the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern (from Jardine and Simpson 19W?(68 3.1-3 The inea?nn-oi' ieke trout (Saivelimu' wreak) grounds. pi'e 1955; in - the Peninsula Harbour-Area Gnodier 1931).? .- . . . . . . . . ?if? I. i . - II FINE 3-14 location ?flake M3 5mm. grounds, PT: 1955vicinity aflthe Peninsula Area Of (lantern. (from Goodier 1982).. . . . . . . . 78 Emile 3.1.5. The [Creation of chub species spawning and??shing grnund the . . - 'vidnity'oi' the Peninsula Gondier 1982); f. . . . Figure 4.1 Canton: maps of mercury content-men: in snils at depth; of 0-5 em; 5-10 en: "and - - 19-15 cm; near the James meet-Marathi: Ltd. pulp and May - . - 1976 for the Peninsula Hal-bun: Afea of Contemj?ijm OMOE. 1973108'. LIST-OF APPENDICES APPESDD: 1,-1 LISTING I APPENDIX 6.1 I 0E I 313133me 6.3 PACTERMS (if? REFERENCE II I I I APPENDIX 631' PENINSULA HARBOUR xiv - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - EXECUTIVE .- - . 1 Peninsula new identi?ed in was-w the animations as'one e142" an at Concern?ADC) in the Great Lakes Basin. Areasof Concern were-identi?ed base'd on'intown impairments of bene?cial uses; Peninsula Harbour 'was'identi?ed'an ADC as a result of problems with bacterial, contamination, aestheticlimpairment, degraded ?sh and benthic commonities,'_ and high liceer of toxic contaminants 'and-PCBs) mm and hottomsedinlent. - lifeninsula' is one'of four of Concern on the Canadian shore'of-Lak'e Superior. These . are Peninsula Harbour?IJam Bay, Nipigon Bay, and Thunder-Bay and have beenjgrouped. together as the - T'Norlh Shore of Lake Supetior Remedial Action Plansf'even- though each is being deteloped'separately. I The ?rst step in the Remedial Action Plan- (RAP) process was the formation of a RAP team,- comprised of -i'epre5entatives the Ontario of the EnsirorunenL-Entironment of Natural Resources and the-Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The RAP, team has been charged with the development of- a Remedial Action Plan for Peninsula is 'a staged process." .This document is . the ?rst ofthree stages. Stage I is being prepared in order to de?ne the problem, addressing the following - - .. - . detail-e?sting; en?romnental conditions in Order?that . -. eniironmental-problems in Peninsula'Harbour may be defined and - - .-ide'ntify bene?cial uses that are itnpaired, the degree of iinpairntent - and the geographical extent of httpairmentwithin the Area of. . -. - de?ne the causes of impairment, providing an assessment of fall known. sources and a description of other potential I - addition to the technical document to address the. abet-tee an extensit-e'publicparticipation has -. been dew-W' ?0mm the Plan bar-gaining? i?formation..ahd atlas: from the . Pub?R?S-?n ?Mr! 535' implem??t??on; and provide ,a mechanismforiamountability to ?le-Pub?t- I -- . - A'number of hiitiati'ves-were- t'mdertaken'tomaise the pro?le of the RAP'procm among the general public. through outreach actitities. Apublic consultation program rEsulted-in the formation- of -a Public Committee 3 The PAC is comp?sed of ten members which include representative-s from the Toninof - I I Marathon. Buchanan Forest'Products. Jones RiterMaramc-nLta, Odtario Federation of Anglers'jand . Hunters; Marathonde and Gun Club, Friendsof'Pukaskwa, and the Marathon District focal'point for and allow effective dissemination-of 1 huonnation onthe and environmental concerns'provide'an additionallevel of review provide an ef?cient; and e?ee'tive means of. stakeholder input'as'the' being-developed; and . - . - engine a basis for broad community support for RAP-implementation; I ultimate goal of the publie inviovement program'is to ensure that the plan respondsm eommunity needs and enjoys a high lesel- community support for implementation. - - 2 RAP PROCESS 'Inenieehnninms in: the development. of the Remedial Action Plan 'for Peninsula Harbour. havebeen established through the devislopment Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA). agremtent, ?rst; signed by Canadian and US. govenunen'ts in 1972. was revised in 1973 and subsequently I .. amended in 1937. The amending protocol in 1937 included an annex which required Canadian'andUS. governments to develop and 'hnplement-remtidial action plans for each of the Great Lakes Areas of Concern; As outlined in the .198? GLWQA. an Area of Concern is de?ned as geographic area that fails meet the - . General or Speci?c Objectives of the'Agreement where suchfailure-has caused or .is liker to cause intpairment of bene?cial use'or the area?s ability to support attuatile'life?r Fourteen use hnpairrnents are speci?edintheGLWQA: - Restrictions on ?sh and'uildlil?e'eonsumption; _Tainting_ of ?sh-'andwildiife flavoIJr: . - Degradation of fish and Wildlife populations; Fish tumours or- other'deformities; - Bird or animal deformities or; reprodue?wj problems;- Degradation of benthos; . 'ReosuiCtions on dredging activities; or undesirable algae; . Restrictions on water comm-option, or taste and odour problems'Beaeh closings; - xi.? Degradation-of aesthetics; Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplanktoh inn Loss of ?sh'and wildlife-habitat. 'I'he?impairment of any one of these bene?tial uses could be suf?cient to listan'a'rea as an Ar?a of Concern. . Using this list as a. basis,_the 11c has solicited input in the development and re?nement of Listing/Debating . Critetia for Great In some eases, even'nith speci?c 'eriteria outlined, it is dif?cult. to de?nitively establish 'whether a bene?cialuse is impaired. a eonsewenee, the has'been to . eaerdse prudenee and extensive oonsultation viith both'teehnical-esperts vvithin and outside the RAP Team. as well as with the PAC. The Peninsula Harbour'R'emedial Action Plan has used available environmental quality data to compare viith the DC Listing Criteria, in order to determine the impairmentls'tauis of bene?cial uses in Peninsula Harbour both within the harbour proper and the open Lake Superiorpo?ion. . . In'addition, violations of existing water qualityeriteria or effluent renuirements have been bighlighted'e?n though _a direct relationship vvith an impairment of .bene?tialuses may not be demoostrat?d. The public (both and organizations) and various levels and types of government agencies Were included throughout the Stage I RAP-development process in an attempt to reach tormenSus'on the problems 2' of: the 1987 protocol meoLwon'eped?ee that the-RAP should be subrnittedto: the uc .- for review and comment 'at 3 stages. This document represents a oompleted Stage I outlining the de?nition I and description of entirotunen'tal- problems. causes of these use impairments; a description ofall known-n mums-s of pollutants insulted, and'an evaluation of other possible sourcesf I - - - . Stage II de?ne the sped?egoals for the Area'of Concern and deseribe the remedial regulatoryr measures selee'te'd to restore bene?cial water tees; TheIStage Il_ RAPw-ill include: I .1. ., an'evaluation of in plaee; - "an evaluation of alternative additional measures 'to restore selection of additional remedial-measures required to restore . bene?cial uses and a'sohedule for their implementation; and 4. an identi?ea?on'of the persons. agencies,- or organizations - - responsible for iinplementation of unselected remedial measures; ., 5. la processior evaluating the r'einedial irnplementation I 6, I a deactiption_of._surveillance and monitoring -_des'igned - - track of measures, and the eventual . . con?rmation of the restoration of theuses. - Stage met the Peninsula Harbour include that all impaired'bene?eial - havel'beeorestoredt -- . - - .- . - -. a . DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDYABEA . The of Concern is locatedjapproio'rnately lookout-Thunder Bay on the north' .Ishore of Superior. The ADC is comprised of ten regions: Peninsula-Harbour proper and a portion of Lake Superior isnmetiliatelyr south aim: Peninsula (Figure 1). - -- . Peninsula Harbour prnper measures 3 ion from east to ?stand 4 km from north tosouth end is bounded - . bprres. Point to the north, The-Peninsula on the south, Island on the nest and the shoreline . I 'on' the east. The eitent of the ADC into open Lake Superior is oneof debate; boundary is - shown on Figure 1 and has been placed at the limit of the oMoE water and sediment survey. .l-Ioweser. sediment-oontaminants continue to extend-into open LakeSuperior to the wettest andsouthwest and their extent has yet to- be determinedntovttments Lake Superior northeasterljr 50 of the tithe and Offshore" to the . southwest 25 percent of thetime. currents 1illithin the harbour-proper have not been determined.' - The-entire ADC is underlain byP'reoambrian melts belonging to the 'Pot't Caldwell Alkali: Compleitf? .I - and .the- small watershedis charaeterized-by massive, rugged hilly terrain with steep slopes and _extetiding'i_nto the enter.? Two?small creeks. Shack Creek and-one unnamed drain into Peninsula - The vegetative" ootmnunitieslbelong to the boreal forest'region- andare comprised of two assemblages; a - .-valley'mixed assemblage saith smite spruce, balsam white-birch and trembling aspen. and an elevated roekyupiend aSsernblag'e including jack pine, unite-birch and poor quality black'spruee. - - - Jn'Jt - .Figuna .- Peninsula'Harnaar Remedial Actbn Plan - . . . Loeation or the Penfneula 'HarbourAre-a a! Concern with its approximate extent based on the 1934 - .1985 OMOE Hater and sediment sampling program and the immediate watershed . - . Milan-m1 Sbbyaral 195me I ?lm I - - -- Lake Superior 4 USE The? majority of the land the Peninsula Harbour watershed is forested undeselopedland; The team of - - Marathon-is the only settlement in the .Marathon?s 1991 population is approximately 6000; With the I development of the Hemlo-gold mines in' 1981,48 km to the east, the'population of Marathon has rapidly increasedrmmits19311ewleram; -. -- - Industry consists of one pulp, and. paper operated James'liis'er?hiarathon Ltd.- It is located on .the shore of Peninsula Harbour on the north side of The Peninsula; Themill has bow in operation since 11944. Other land uses include waste disposal. There are threemunieipal sites; a land?ll and ten sludge disposal 1 sites, one of which is closed; Three indusn'ial'sites include the James RiEr-Marathon mercury di$posa1= - . (south :of.Marat.hnn} and to!) industrial sites, one of is closed. I The two industrial disposal I sites and the active municipal sludge disposal.site"are located near'tbe Marathon airport and are not part of- the'imru'ediate watershed belongingto thePeninsula' Harbour AOC. . - .- 'l I There is dd astivity the emblem Harbour see. '7 WATER RESOURCE usEI' - water uses in the Peninsula Harbour AOC'inelude: process water for the pulp and paper mill, effluent for the mill and'the municipal water; pollution condo} plant, stonn'sewer outlet, former log-booming . and storage, navigation into the mill dock site,',and oonunercial and sport The cold, high energy - twate?rs of Lake Superior at Pebble Beach are not oonduciye to suimming - -- .Water from Peninsula HarbOur is forpulp and James RiserMarathon Ltd; 'l I comes wells located wroughout- die-town in a sandy aquiler. - Dischargesfrom lames.'RitefMarau1m1_ Ltd. melude'four'historie outfall: nominees}; pend, barker drum, .- "wet drum over?ow'and d?onalkalipiant directly into PeninsulaHarbour prior tol'1983; Currently 1widen pulp mill ef?uent overflows oer-on they are into Peninsula Harbour iaiath'e _'su.tnp overflow; E?luent from the pulp'mill oyer'tlie ridge 'of The Peninsula where it ?ows via an . 'openeharmel into a-foameonn'ol basin after which it is' discharged offshore into openf Lake Superioryiaa - .- . -. - . The municipal water-pollution new plant: Lake Superior 1.3 km. south. of the main mill outfall. In 1982, the. primary treatment facility was upgraded to inelude seoondary treatment-the - histallation of a subtrlerged diffuser, and connection to :the pulp. mill's sanitary sewer.- pedestal Harbour,- in pai?litmlar Jellieo'e, Hearty andCarden has been used for-log?booming' and storage. booming ceased in 1983; hoe-even in 1987 and 1988, Buchanan Forest Products built rafts of savdogs in the harbour for-transport to Thunder Bay. . 31s (20 toil-O name at the James River-Marathon Ltd. docks from mid?ApriI-through midi . importing caustic soda'and ooal and-exporting pUlp.- . - - - Peninsula Harbour has actively used a port 188?; west of I Peninsula Harbor, is Currently the main port. The four dominant species taken are lake trout, lake. -vd1ite?sh, lake herring and chub-s. Contols-on eonuu?ertial ?shing 1were not introduced until the mid-1960s I folloh-ing. the decline of lake trout populations due not only to commercial ?shing but more irnportantly,_to In. the invasion of sea lamprey. scar lamprey populations have remained in check since the mid 19605, however lake trout populations have not returned to .1950 levels. Lake troutlis being smoked near Angler Creek jJst'_ north of PeninsulaI-larbour- . . - - Sport ?shing also declined in. the 19505 with the deelirte-in lake seer? populations, our a renewed interest-in .- . sport ?shing has developed in the northern and eastern harbour. The catch is approrimately I . 1' lake trout per 2.6 anglerho'urs, Varieties of pacific salmon. such as'ccho, pink and chinock, are also I - 6 ENVIRONMENTAL commons Water'Quality I i I The Peninsula Harbour Area of has historically had a water and sediment quality.r problem. This problem vras most evident'in the hmnediate vicinity.' of the pulp discharges in Jellies-e Cove and near the mill and vaCP' discharges on the Lake Superior side of The Peninsula. Hismrical water quality problems . associated with these areas'hicluded' bacteriological onttamination land 'Ihe areal extent of contamination from the'mill, the greater of the too polluters, was highly dependant on Wind'sme 'anddirectionThere have been signi?cant improvements in water qualityover- the years dueto dian'ges made by both the . mill and the Changes include htstallation of .a'subrne'rg'ed diffuser outfall by both the mill and - in 1984 and 1982 respectively, the connection of the-mill?s sanitary sewer to the municipal WPCP in 1932, the - installation of secondary treatment by the WPCP in 1982-, and various, Ongoing in-plant isnprovements by the I mill. Bacterial contamination is. no longer a problem in the Peninsula-Harbour ADC. Bacterial counts have decreased) signi?cantly since surveys conducted prior to I932. Bacterial levels have not enceededthe PWQO since 1982. Installation of the diffuser and ofva foam control basin by. the mill has also eliminated the aesthetic impairment that resulted from foam mat formation and the malodcrous dark brown eflluentlee (R. Wilson, Beak Consultants, comm). Closure of the chloralkali plant August 31, 1977 eliminated the active soureeof mercuryr to the harbour. there are'no known I point sources of PCBs into Lake Superitir from-the Iii-plant immovement's at the-pulp paper mill' have greatly reduced the levels of organic matter entering the ADC, thus decreasing a source of organic - enrichment.- Log booming operations are no longer conducted in Peninsula Harbom', further . bark and log deposition'inthe-harbommmprehensive water. and sediment surveyr was-oinductedin the spring of 1984 and .1935 to examine . ambient water. quality conditions before and after the installation of the submerged diffuser (lardine and . 1990). Parameters that exceeded the Pwoo for the protection of aquatic life in 193411935 - . . -. included. total phosphorus, aluminum, iron, lead, mErcury,lzinn, copper, chromium, total phenols, ldehjdroabietic acid, total resin and able All the exceedences were slight and occurred in areas in the .vicinit).r cf the main mill and WPCP outfall; Somc ofjthese parameters, lead and I zinc in particular, werein exceedence in'the catch?: of ellicoe Cove and do n'ot'shour a relationship to a - point source. it has been suggested that the high levels are; a-resultcf the resuspension of contaminated bOttom sediment (Jardine and-Simpson 1990). 'Parameters for which the mean concentrations decreased between the two years include - - conductivity (25 C), total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and reactive All of these parameters are associated both the WPCP effluents. .Tabie?A. in ambient watEr_from the P?ninsulaIHarbnur,Area 0f Concern- (lg?hf1985) with comparisons tnIthe Ptovincial-Hapet Quality Objettives?(PHQo) and the-Great Lakes Hatef'qualitf Agreement (Jardine and 1990). - - Paraget?r? . Objectivel- I DL i - -"Ea?ge of thatioh-DE BL I Samples' Exceedences- . ZTExneedenCE 'H?trients and Hetal *Tntal 0.020 --.- g. 0.005.; 501217 3 _0.005 0.055 II -'Ls -Aluminum'-_ - '-0.003 .3 00:00' . 0.003.~ 7 . 00 L01- 'Cadmium. - 1 _o.0002- - 0.0002 0.0003 .. 6:331. -I0.0003 -.PH LS Chromium 0 . 30.050_ -0.001 - 'ccpp?r - '0.005. 0.005-' 0.001 0.001 ?,0.004 . LS 1000 - . ?0.300 .- 0.300; 19:33 . "0.00; --1.3 L0 II I _Leaa 7' I. .?0.020 . 00020 Ff 0.003 - _1?008 'ch Skin - - - - .8 --. - - . Herd?fy (0340) - '0.2 '0.2 -v 0.05_ 0:101; 0.05{mi11.qutfa11 ii?c --. 0.030' 0.030 - 1.0.001 aziaa7_'x "0.001 4.0 JG 9-5H. uf-Skin Is. - .- PH LS Organics (ugiL):Totai?bhenqls 1.0 r<0.2- '0 *?!114 335_(73) L5 and open Ls -'Ph?nul. -, e- I [12(30 - - 3vani11ine?_i. 7 - if . 00 #11151 Hbmauanillic__' I . 'szBP F7I30 00 39' ,Guaical.. j; -TBP .T- {arsel Acetovanillin? . 26f36 . ?un e-939~ 'Totall - 1.0 0:30 11 t:iha10Methanes Table i Parameter - Objedtive! Detettibn I - RAP Data.(1984f1985) I - 0 'Lntatinn.nf - - samples 0E Exc?edehcea - Exceedenc? In?esin'nnd Fatty Acids (?gfLT ?11 . . - - -Arathidnni?fncid- - .10. 10 ~540-; Laurie Adid'- - '010 j' - 1f36,', - 10 45. "Linoleic'ncid1f36 - 10 - 40 .- 'HyristiCIACidf 3 10_e 00 '0 Uleic Acid _0 a 1 . .- 10' 1f36 . . 10 50 Palmitic-?cid - 0' 10 9 '10 70 Sh?aric Acid . - 10_ 1I30 10 +70 - . - . ?-12.0 . 10" 1;:0 '10 - 30 (1). Ls mill outfall, Acid . . '3 gnear HPCP Isopimatic_?cid' .10 1/36 10 30 Palustric A?id . -- 10: -1!36 I. . 10 Pimaric-Acid - -. a . 10 1f36 . . 10 -35 Sandara?opimaric - - _1f36 I 10 a 35 0:10Total Resi?'; 1 25' ye -10 1f36 10 -'30 (1) .i . . Ls Acids - 'Pgsticides (ugfL): - 'AIdrin' . . 0.0010 0.001 -1!03- 0.001'4 0;005 (1): Ls~near 0900 ?utf?ll aeBHc-l a? 0.008.' 'j 0.003 0.021 'Jc-Ls?near - . - - .outfall ?j of samples.exceeding the detectinn.1imiti - . -Exceeded the CCREH gu1deline of 0,002 for-chromium and Copper To'bg prbvided - . - - - LS 'Lake Superior-in phe-vicinity'of the main mill and HPCP outf0115?unless otherwise noted ?Jellicue 0000 in the vicinity"af the mill sump overflow unless otherwise natedf PH Peninsula Harbour, north and Heat of The Peninsula 1 - - xxiv '5-2 Bottom Sedim?nt-Quality .- . .Mermry and PCBs Have been identi?ed as themes: oomrnon bottom sediment meme.- Both mermry- and PCB contamination occurs in sediments within Jelliooe (also Beatty Core for mercury) and extends from-the mouth of the hf ur, .beta-een Hawkins Island and The Peninsula, southwest into'the deeper areas of Lake Superiort The full extent of' the-men:er andiP'CB'contaruinated sediment: has yet to be determined. Sat-aples taken. farthest offshore inI-1984 contained leads of mercury and the QWDG. - - I Eternity-concentrations from all the OMOEsurveys we highest_.in Jellicoe Covenear the mill .- . . . .m'erflow outfall, Prior to-August- 31; 19"?7hthe dllor?alkali'plant discharged intoJellicoe Cave. - .. 1 .- concentrations are still highest inlellicoe Cove (3.8 however their'leaels-have. decreased over time. 'IhesLe reductions are likelyldue to theclosure of the chloralkali of cleaner sediment- -lover'oontantinated sediment! and the transport of- conta?naM'sMent into deeper areasof- __--Lak_eSuperior. . - In 1976, OMOE (-1973) detle'nninedthat methyl mercury was being produced in the sedimentsin Jelliooe Cove . . -. Elevated Lot and rootexels in- 1934 indicated a high organic content Jelliooe'and Beatty Cot-res. Organic materials were comprised er 'wod ?bre, bark and logs and resulted from historiclog'booming ope-rationsand "surface run-off; Oil and PCB 'concenna'?ons in Jellicoe cove exceeded I The source of the.?e contan?nants have not been dowrnented; Possible may be a combina'?rnt of I road spraying with oil, pulp millef?uent and Spills. ".Annospheric deposition is a major source of PCBs. addition to and PCBs, concentrationsjof imn. manganese; nickel; I lead and total phosphona we exceeded in the deeper part of open Lake Superior (Table B). also exceeded the OWDG audior'the PSQG'loa-est effect level-(Table B). Let-els of mercury, PCBs, I - lead, oil-and grease, TOC and 1.01 in Jellicoe cove and..Peninsula Harbour also exceeded the OWDG and - PSQG lowest effect level (Table B). Elevated levels of cobalt and zinc Occurred in open Lake Superior.? Elevated levels. of almanac. zinc and hemehlombenze WE'me in Peninsula '_Harbour frame B). 6.3 Biota? Quality Regional _and_zooplankton smdiesl'that structures-and densitiesar'e' . .cteristic of the oligotrophic nature of Lake Superior.- Detailed'studie's fWithin Peninsula Harbour need -"tobed.nne.f' -- - - The abundance of'sludgewortns me ashlar-er the dtlonalltali plant-outfall in rename Harbour was . - . evident in put-1.977 studies. _B.enthic community disruption is present in JandBeatty Caves as-are'sult .- - of accumulated organic matter in the =form.of bark, wood chips and ?brefrotn log - - . diversityand'densi?es have increased since 1977, and direct relationships of_ impairment to outfalls is -. - poorly de?ned. However, the lack of tatta in theth groups-other than ChirOnomidae, in nearshore areas . of lessthan 20 metresof water, indicatethat most of the water in the Peninsula Harbour both the -. - i . IA mafpr' population 'decrea'sezin lake trout, the dmninantpisciaorous. in'Peninsula Harbour; - I. . - during the 19505 due to the intasion of sea- lamprey and Lamprey have beam in check. . since the mid-19605and lake trout increased populations. However. .pre-1950'numbers have yet. :Table Contaminant s?rfi?ial-sgdimEnt in the Penihsula H?rbdur AEEa'df'Congern 10' 1930; guidelines for open gater disposal of dredgg.sp0ils (DHDG) exceede?ces 0nd number of ?exceedences at? presented'fJardine Parameter- .0pen Hater Dispusal Guidelines _Pr00i?ci01 ill-lgent: a 1ty. G??aelines . Lowest Effect Qg?gctian lelt (BL) dry}; RAE Data (1904/1905) DL 1 -Bamples Mean and_R0nEe 0f Values-(mg! a) exceedences) L?cdtinn 1' hf- . Exceedende? ?Hetais; Hercury AlumiHUm Cadmium'f lCobalt Copper; lion fHanganese-- Hick?l' _Lead' . Zinc 1}0 50"? 25 10,000_. 25' .50 100 0.20 {006 726 16 460' 10 '31 '120_ 0,01 0.1 1.0 i;0 1;0 TBP 2.0 THE _?2!42 'azlaz 12102 azfaz' 42142 caifaz- 42:42 :02142 razf?z'. 32;425 ?42f42 5 - 1.27' 0 <0;01 - 0.00 (22) - 'i253?i . - . '0129 3 .1,900;_ 21,000 '0;10 <0;1 - 0?66 40.05 13.81 '1;3 l?ez 14,710 380 _'110.4 606 - 3?g? (3) 3 (2.0 _13 ".91 -Jc BC PH Opeh LS elevated in_PH _0pen-LS'. ?ievated' in open LS. 'open'LS open-LS 0pen LS 'open.LS -chBc.open_ Ls -elevat?d' in xxvi . zopen LS _1Table-B - - Parameter Hater Disposal Guidelines-_ 1 Provincini 'Sed1qgnt QpaI1ty- Gu1de1ines'- (PSQG) LdHest-Effedt-__l Detection "Limit (BL) (?gfkg- . dry). (195411905) i?eah and Rah pf ?Value5'(mgf g) (#:exgeedenges} Location of' Exceedencg. _Totai-Phb?photUS 'Solvent Extractahlga.- .(Oil and Grease) TUC . .Hexgch10r0~' benzene 'thal Phenol Acid 'Gdaibol'; Ateto?vahillihe_ and Organics: -7 ?1,000 15-500I 0+05 .Level_?mg??g) - 2600"" 10,000 "02' _50;07 -TBE TBP TBP '0,020.5. TEPQ .TEP TEP.: '02142 35(35;- -40140' 41(41' :19135 leaa- 20}20= 12j21 5501-. 5- 200': 1,300 (1) '1,035._ (5) 10;300 45242 0.2 ?'66521 -3 . 0_f 0.125 0.006'7' '0je 0.075 '0 - 0.009 bpen'LS near chPH- 'elevated in. PH .- .- Ls. - xxvii 2L1I21 - Table _(Contfd) Pgrameter- Open Hater.i Guidelines (0000) Pravin?i?l Sedi?ent -. a 1ty =.G&E0elines (PSQG) _L0west Effect D'etiection' I Egy)g 6? RAP nata (1934(1905) . DL I Samples Mean-and RehEe'0f7 Values 3) Location of Oxy-"_ _Pes;ieides} DieldrinZ .Hethufo chlor: Endrin I Epdnsulfin~ sulphate_ Endo?elfa? - I g0.002 .0.005- .0.004. 0.000 0L002 '0;002'; 30,001 9135 1136 .2f36 1!36_' 1!36-- 5?:5 I0.002 0.005 00000. 0;00a ?0.002 "0;002_ 0.0267 ?'0.150- *?0.045 - 04012] 0.012 "'00005. 0.005 '0 'Hote LS BC Hhere ?alues.were recorded-as being "IESS'than" value was.used_for Calculation 0?.the.mean. Number 0f semples exceed To be provided Lake Superior'i Jellicne Cafe PeninsulaHHarbaur Beatty'tuve iia?. 0.001 ing the PSQG-Louest'afrect Level the minimum amount half the "less than"- - to be attained; Lake trout-spam in-JelJiooe and neatly-Coleslaw: been desh?yed through mo . aootmulation of organic materials, such as wood ?bres and'hark. Similarly,- degra'ded water - - ?sh-populations in' the-ADC. The quality and use of these- historie spawning areas requires assessment. comm 'Ponms? ula'I-Iarbo' ur aresmnmanzed' in_Tahle c. - . I I 1991 for larger sizes of'laltetrout ($775 em) redh'orse, toughest: and?;slhite sticker ?(34-21) do) because or mercury eoneentrations in earns of 0.5 White suckerbetoe'are restricted due'to PCB concentrations in_ mess-bf 2.0 mg'Ik'g. Levels of in .. I - inner'nerald have-increased from 1979 to 1933 ua'm'momoao . 1983. consentration or 159 ngig. level the-11C Aquatic Life Guideline'of it!) ngl'g. Levels in larger of lake trout have from 1932 tel-1939'. mama-Tenn eoneentrations from twelve lake trout in 1932 ranged from .2 ng?lkg; Five lake trout analyzed in 1939. - contained levels-ranging from 3.3 to 12 styles. haver otoelor dioldns one forenslhave also i I. sawed-- . . . There have too- no "reported luscious of ?sh a the-Peninsula Harlxiur lace (om . 't SOURCES - mo are m'poihtsourees into the mood; Homo Ade: the James-River?h?larathon Ltd. - pulp paper the tom of Marathon Both-facilities discharge into open Lake .the event of a pols-er failure,'- ulp mill ef?uentmay discharge through the mahl'sump over?owin'to a 1 sources include surface runoff, contaminated sediment andthe annosphere. - '3 I Point sources donate-med the greatest loadings 'of most contaminants as compared to'nonrpoirlt sources. The . former chloralkali plant; which operated adjacent to the pulp from 1952' to 197?, 1villas 'the source or. mercuryeontamination- t'o Peninsula Mercuryloadings from improperly treated wastewater, spills, - "Rah-39? Vapour loss resulted'io elevated mercury levels in harbour sedihtentand -- -- . - 19.891oadingsiof regularly monitored parameters reported in thd'OlviOE and industrial . . reports show that the pulpmillis the primary source of'oontanjinams (nulama-El?n-Marathonpulp. 'a source for-aluminum phenols and resin and fattyF acids. calculated from the 198411935 OMOE sln'vey shoalr that ef?uent (vitalityr I. changed little betwen these two years. Loadingresults from the-1990 MISA sun-leg.r were - 'E?'luent from thelmill 'oontairls elevated levels of furans with other northern - .. Ontario pulp mills; Although levels of. diosius and have decreased from 1987'to 1990; 1990- MISA . monitoring data indicateslthat levels of these compelled: in James River-Marathon effluent are the highest of all Ontario pulp mills. The mean ooneentration'of 2.3.7.3-TCDD was 9.7. ngL. Of the 13 tests 3- - carried out in the-1990 sampling (iooluoio'g quality assuranoel?quality oohtrol oats), 12 resulted in non- detectable were grteamr than the detectable limit and. of those 6, 4 were less than 10 ngL. (toxic-equivalenq factor) loadings frees the ?rst six months 'of monitoring in 1990, were 4.275 kgiyr (OMOE I . Soils in the vitinity'of the pulp mill are taminated with mercury-to a depth of 15' ooneentrations increasiug'distahoe' from the detected Table 0- ?0Cdntamina?t in??ntury summary in lake trout 1988 and 1989 and 10030052 and white-Euck?r 1986 Sportfigh Consumptiun'Program). .- "G?idelih?s' 0 'Dgiectinn Limit . f5) DL.V Contentratinn Range faram?t?r- (BL) If sample?I (?glkg) NHHEL wet) Hetals: Hercury?- I 0.5 5. 0.01 - 20220 uf.' 4'0.54' ?Organics: 50.510 0.004 Total PCBs _2.0 I - 0.02. I. . - 20I20: 2 I 0.090 ;Heka0h10robenzene1 I10 - I I I . ID.ODI - I.- ZUIZO .. . I -IID.ODI :pp-nna- - I 0 - 0.001"- I I I -'0.010 0.090_ 7 . --. I I iw 0.001- .20I20 I 5_ 0.002 10.003 I -. .H I I. I .0.001 1f20 .I - 00 - 0.001 'A1ph?~chiopdane- 0 4 4- . 20:20. . 10.002 0.017 Gamma~phiordgneI - . 1-. 1 . 0.002II. I-g 'v 0.005I 1. I DP-DDT 1' a? ?1.0f" '5;0 I I I0.002 . -. I up I Ppennb. . 3' g. 0.002 1" 1; 11I20 . ?up 'Taxappene .I -II0.20 20r20- 0.22 a 2.210 I .h I I .0.001 .10f20 HD ?b.001 'Diuxing.000020'.- 0.000002- - 0.0000020 0.0000120' 0.000045 2.3.0.352000; 0.000002 - - '0.000022 table 0 (Cunt;dj"l' .Guidelihes -3 -u 'Det?ction Limit -0 _Gdncentratioh Range . - - (0L) - I 0 samples' _(msfk0'Parameter' Napthalene j.0 - . '1 .E- 1 0g00, I 's .5I5. 0.030' 0.050 0; 0? I -;?04005 -f_0 '1f5 0.005 - 02007' 'Flo?fene - 0:016_ ..Zi'7 -: 1 0.01s - 01007.. j0 "3 0.020 . 1 H.0r?lj f:0.042= - - '115 _if -0.010'# 0.011 nyene - T: I -3ICH Iii. I i? I I 0&608' I I 1i5f- I ?gaba 0.013 l' - - ngcury 0.01- . 919 ;0{114 i 5. I I :wnp WI I 1 I 01020 I f" a gig. - I 0.080 Ii Unite Sucker.(1936) 5 . . I .ngcury i . . .. 2, 70;01 19:19 - 1;0 0 . . 0.020 '13119 - _0.020-4 2,730 Gr?at Lake Hana: National Health and Helfape'??gulat?py Limit. protectidn of birds_and animals which consume-fish (whole figh). protectioh of human con??mers of fiSh-(skinleas .00 abjectini? I - .HD - not detett?d? Table . loadings ?ll-day)" -re?ularly monitored parameters in 1989 from the James River Marathon Ltd. pulp mill and-tom of Marathon . Faeilityi - - Flow 'Tss - Boo. (maids!) 2 (Roldan . tkafdav) James River-Marathon Ltd. 60,333 2,573 - 12407- - - NA Marathon-weep 1.930 '7-114- 539' very low levels of mercury and it was boneludedthat only of mercury wereentering the environment through mn'off (OMOE 1978). Remedial measureswi-iieh improved water in the Area'of include: I - of the Marathon in 1982 to include seoond'ary treaunent and a Sumnerged - - . - - emutection of the mill sewer to in 1932; l. I - installation .of a submerged outfall James River-Marathon in 1984. Incorporation of seoon'datytreannent by and oonneetion of the mill?s sewer to the municipal WPCP signi?cantly reduoed Ibabterial oounts'inlthe shiny-area. 'I_'he submerged diffuser outfall - - installed by the mill has eliminated the aesthetic problems at the'point of effluent discharge and provides suf?cient initial dilution of the effluent to ensure that the resulting plume is non'toxie to ?sh. In addition, .I 'in-plant proeess closure of the ehior-allrali plant have improved ambient water quality. I a ?;rau.e u5e impairments for the I-Peninsula Haitian-soc. - I'Flesmetiion Wildlife Consumption I. 0.1.1. Restrictions On FishICons'u'niption': impaired- Large size dasSes of certain ?sh' species'from'the Peninsula Harbour ADC have congenn'ations of mercury in their ?esh both the OMOE and Health and Welfare Canada guideline of 0.5 tng?cg for - I unlimited consumption by humans. Consumption advisories have been issued for larger sizes of lake trout, white sucker, longrtose sucker, and redhorse sucker due to the guideline. .Me'ruu'y concentrations in adult lake trout fromfPeninsula Harbour watersin 1988- ranged between 0.13-- 054 1986 mercury Ieyels?in and white suckerfrom PeninSula Harbour ranged from 0.1 -. 1--.0 mgt'kg and . 037 and 1.0 respectively. - - . Consurnption advisories are in effect for-Peninsula Harbour white mass to 45 an in size, because of .PCB levels exceeding the Health and Welfare'Guideline of 2.0 PCB ouncentrationsfountl in white I more: in 1936 ranged from 0.02 2.73 - I Fish consumption. restrictions have dedined years, as a'result of reduced levels of mercury ?Table'E summary impairments to I Great Lakes'HaIte't'Quali'ty Agreement-I beneficial uses within 'thg.I I Peni'nsdla Harbour Area'of Concern. Impairment status isIde'fiped as _impai_r?d not impaired or' requires -Ifu:I-thIer assessment- (A) .aodI'is basedI'oIn- data collected over the'petiod 1969' to I199l1." I I I. GLHQA I'I'mp'airment of" Beneficial Use I I .. Status ss.? Im'pa irIInentI I 'ItIl-IPeniIrnsula nghou'r? I -I llestrictiu'u' Fish ud'llildlife I I Restrictions on Fish Consumption-II '.conemption_uf Hildlife - I'IFish advisories a're'current-liriin 'effect:. -?inercurr: larger sizes of [promise slicker, shite- sucker, r'ediorse slickerPeas: Hhi'te sucker 'frqs 35 to 45 cm 'Illo restrictions exist; . oi. Fish man-m rlilm' -n1_ 'Ihere'havebeen'no' reports of taintingI been public or fisheriesfeildlife? personnel; near-thtion Jot Fish so Hildl'ile Mlations' I. Dynamics of! Fish Populatqu Body liurdens of. Fish .- I Dynamics of: Hi ldl'i fe_Pomlatioi?1s 'Boclv Mom of Hildlite - at take em: pow-lotions have'aecureoaim 'the mid-1950s agate tIhe'occidiental . introductionof sea laiprey. Lulu-er population-is have regained in check since the "196-09. "Lou 1mm; of'Plt?s. am rm in swinger-thew? in?eld shin-era in main BeninsulIa Harbwr.I adult fish contaminants anchags. Larger site lake trout have exhibitedincreasing levels of from 1952 to . wasBecause of the natural 'ahsence of. wetlands;- wildlife pawl-lotions- sueh.? as uaterfoul and-shore birds are not abusinnt or con?dered inpaired. iloividence of impairment. fish {more as! Other Detour-itiea I There is the-potential for ilipai'rmeot ?to. the discharge of. chtorinated' organics. -.Further_aseessement le? required. . - - - or agreement. I PIrdalu - 111' dominant-"on transient Incidents of bir?dor animal deformities have not been reported. in the soc nor have reproductive problem been reported. - Lakeeide pollutant swrces are: There .are Minimal 'local populations exposed due to'the lack of-.uetlands ui'th uhieh uildlife would be associated; use, due to"; the location of the outfalls, there is a high .rate of dilution. _I'Tab1e7E GLHQA Impairment of BeneE1ci ditiona In Peninsula Harbour ll hegrat?tion of Dynamics of ilod'y burdens of' B'enth ic Organisers I acts of bott nsula Harbour itive isted os populations 989; A pos tfalla ex sula'llarbour to: ties and ver in mam-er and'cliiuremit)r from was-throat ationship uith 'po'llutim-tolerant aludgeuorna and mill in 1969 but is no longer present. Insects are absent: in the uggeating Hater qsality impairment. Pomlation tyincrease uith increasing distance from the'main mill ediment 'and Hater emttmiilnanta on' the benthoa of known. .Asseasment is remired. . jeatrictim'a booming Activiti aunts onIr 'c debris lien outlines: of Harbour, horticultuer 'in Jallicoe i:ove,' and' in open Lake the Peninsula, contain levels of mercury, PEBs._chrmiun, oi'l and-grease, total ?aosphorus and organics such as exceed the MG if they were to be dredged. Eutrthicatim or laughable algae centric-time on'ilrij-king Taate and Dduur Probl riot ter tor th rest evels ve ions been. reported in recent years; can of aarathon comes from 5' paella. ihere have been or reported taste and . . leach_Floainua eteria.le HPCP no auinm ng vet's not exceeded guidelines'since 1932. Pebble Beach bemuse' of cold u?ater ten'heratureo. merior have mtlexceeded the Film-since 1952 then the nd sanitary sene'ra- from the mill to the HPCP. - lie-gradation of leathet ere have unent plu'ne no 198-5 eports of foam, or the mlodorwsr'dark'brom the'installation of the admergedlmill diffuser in' ?oat to Mrimltia'e ear] 1th re. is mill proc E53 no agricultural activity in the Peninsula Harbour soc. .is not required. Pretreatment Degradatim of I'll quolutkt Fog-statics . re is no community at widespread ructure nformat on act on popu-l'at-ims in the alteratim of. kely'occura in the immediate area of the dishearges. "Lona-Inf fish .a Hildlife? lidsitat ough ctivities trout spam ng the ace-um has .not been docmiented. . - grounds in Jellicoe and. Beatty. coves-have been destroyed- ?on of organic matter'from mill and log booming xkxiv Restrictions'on Wildlife Consumption?:- Not impaired There noforrnal adtisories Immently.in place for the consumption-of wildlifeby humans. {The-ontario I of'Natural Resources has riniommerirl'ed1 for the'PIrosince of Ontario, against the eonsumption of I - hidneyeandliver from moose. black bear and deer of bighlevels of . . -. in the-Peninsula Hmhour?aoc. no restrictions east . I I I 8.2- Tainting 'of-Fish and Mldlife? Flavour Not Impaired-I have been no recent reportsof ?sh or'wildlife by 8.3 Degradation of Fishf Pop-Ulations impaired I . I Lake ,trout baspersisted as the-mam species but molasses. have declined the 19mm to the. - introduntion of the'sea lamprey into Lake Superior and' extensive commercial Lamprey poijl?a?pns I I I . have remained cheek-since the 19605. Lake incidents in Zone 19 front'1980 ?1-1987Fish'Tuntours'or OtherfDetormitIies: Requires Assessment There is the poteutial fbriropairtneht due to the diseharge of chlorinated organics. I IBird' or Animal Deter'rnities. or Reproduction Problems Not impaired Incidents of bird or animal deformities havenot-beenIr-eI-ported in theAOC nor-have reproductive problems I . been'reported; Laltewide pollutant sources on trapsientbirds; There local. - . populations exposed due to the lack of neutral wetlands with which wildlife would be mandated; Also, due I I . to the location'ofthe outfall; there'is a high rate?of dilutiom 3.6 Degradation of Benthos Impaired, I Densities .of-pollution tolerant sludgeworms increased with pro?mity no the sump oyer?ow . into Peninsula-Harbour in 1969; lay-1976, sludgeworms were the. dominant species both in the harbour'and" - 'in Iske Superior to the west and southwest of the main outfall. IThe relationship of pollution tolerant species to the mill outfallsIno longer-I exists and 1989 studim by Sibley et all. ,(1991). indicate that benthos -- diversity and populationshaye However, Sibley et-al.' (1991) observed .that'insects such as . 'Ephem'er?optera. Pleooptera'and Triehoptera were absent inl'thePeoinsula Harbour AOCI but were 'oomrnon. - irtIpr'istine baysin Lake Superior. This-suggests that water quality is impaired throughout'the ADC. Fopulation densities and diversity rapidly increase with distanbe- the main outfall 3 I . I 8.7 RestrictiOnssion' Dredging Activities Impaired Dredging opeIations'bave as: undertaken in the Peninsula Harbour soc: Howe-inr,jthe sediments of Peninsula Harbour, particularly in?ielli'ooe Cove. .extending'into open Lake Supet?ior-southwest of the .. . Peninsula contain levels of mercury, PCIBs, chromium, wp?rgiromnieltel and total phosphorus. Organics (LDI) such as debris and logs and'oil grease were elevated in Jellicce Cove. All these parameters exceed the OMOE open water disposal guidelines it they were to be dredged. -Futr_lre dredging, possiny for a marina, may be subject re restrictions. - - B.B Eutrophica'tion or_:Undesirable Algae Not impaired .- Profuse grow?t-of the agae carom on submerged meta along Pebble Beach was observed for a distance of 3.2 km southeast of- The Peninsula during the OMOE 1969 and 1976-sunteys. Algal growths have not i been reported in recent years3.9 Restrictions on Drinking {Water Consumption or Taste-and Odour Problems 8.9.1 Consumption or Taste impaired The town of Marathon acquires its water from 5 wells within-a aquifer. _-There have been no consumption restrictions, or taste and odour problems reported with the water supply; I 8.9.2 Impairment of Amnient Water Quality impaired . . Ambient water'quality criteria have been exceededin the vicinity of the main mill out-fall'Iand'WPCP in open Lake, Superior. Slightexceedences of total phosphor-tn, aluminum, iron, lead, mercury, zinc, 'mpper, chromium, total phenols, dehydroabietic acid, total resin acids and were in detected. High I levels lead, zinc and T55 were demoted in ellicne Cove and suggested that a resuspension of -- . I i 8.11) Beach Closings :Not impaired - Betausezthe cold, high energy waters ofLake Superior along Pebble Beach are not mnducive to or water sports, there have been 'no'beach closures or ad 'ries issued'even though bacteria levels exceeded - - . I . . . . . DegradatiOn of Aesthetics i Not impaired The .consn'uction and installation-of a foam control .basin and. submerged diffuser in 1934 have resulted in the. elimination of ?oating foam and discolouration and odour in the Lake Superior portion of the - Peninsula Harbour ADC (R. Wilson, 'Beak Consultants, pers. comm). There have been no reported I'eompla?ints- concerning the aesthetics of Peninsula Harbour (R. Campeau, pers. comm), ?l 3.12 Added-Cost to Agriculture or industry Not'lmpaired If practices are not carried out the Peninsula ADCQ 'Treannent'of from Peninsula Harbour is not required for use at the Ltd. pulp. paper- mill. -8._13 Degradation of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Populations Not Impaired _Thereiisine widespread effecton populations in the P'eninSula ADC Alteration of structure liker occurs in the irnrnediate area of the Detailed information'has not been docrtmented. I - - 3.14 _.Loss of Fishand Wildlife Habitat Impaired Lake trout spam Ema; hear the Shoreline; or Hearty Cone-have been deaths-ed threw? - the accumulation of 'u'rjganie matter from-mill a?ti??es such as-l'og and ef?uent disd'targe; metal-1e . I discharge; also lied t9 degraded-water quality. The wrreet ?shery is predominantly an offshore one. I - I 1.0] INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION . 1.1. BACKGROUND The Great Lakes are a'miique natural containing 20% of the world?s fresh surface water. These lakes also form a portion of the intemational boundary between Ganada and the 'United-States,and both - countries have juis?c?m-oEr their use._ In order to-prbtect this vast resource and cooperatively address Sprout-tents along their human border, Canada and the US. interact-through an agency known as the - International Joint - -. -- - -. . The IJC was established by Canada'and the US. under- the authority of the Boundary Waters Treaty of .1909 - which set forth the rights and obligations of both' enquiries regarding all boundary waters. The responsibilities of the identi?ed ht'tite'aouhdary Waters Treaty include and data, and tendering reconmtendationsto the Canadian and the U3. governments regarding I water quality problems in the boundary waters. As far back as 1912, the Canadian and the U.S.-governments asked the. to' hivestigate thelestent-and ceases of pollutionl'in the Great Lakes. I?I'he IJC identi?ed I sped?c locations that were polluted with raw sewage, identi?ed pollution sources, and speci?c actions to control the'pollution. -Water borne disease epidemics were'evenmally eliminated from "the Great Lakesasaresultofsuehefforts; - . . Concern about other water quality problems, speci?cally '(culmral) eutropbicatlomover the'years resulted in me'signin'g. of the 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement by. the Canadian and U5. - governments. This agreement af?rmed both countries? determination to restore and enhance Great Lakes - 'If water quality, and sped?c water quality objectives for the Great Lakes system. having serious water quality problems. 111ese'prob1em areas'have been evaluated ih- annual' and-bierniial Water Quality Board reports. in 1973, these areas were called 'TProbIem Areasf?, and they varied . inseope, complexity. and severity. Over the years. many of the problems in these areas have been resalved, - the irnplementation of 'water quality Standards, effluent regulations. industrial. pretreatment - - progiams, and construction and upgrading-of wastewater _t_1'eatn1en_t plants. As a_ result of these efforts, and . the identi?cation of new concerns,"there have been many deletions and additions to'fthe original list of - - - - I 1.973, the NC 1l't'titer Quality Board. has identi?ed sped?c throughout'the Great basin The Water Quality Board soon realizedthat the Problem approach lacked consistency in problem I: identi?cation and assessmentand usuallyrelied on water quality-indications alone. .In 1931; the. Problem Areas here renamed ?meat of The nartte change re?ected the desire to shift the problem perspeetive'from limited water quality 'issuesto a broader approaehlbased on environmental quality '_'data for water, sediment and biota andlto evaluate the areas pith uniform criteria. This-new approachwas- - consistent with the GLWQA of 1973 which served to shift the emphasis fresh conventional pollutants in the . 1972-.GLWOA to toxic pollutants; and incorporated an approach in rectig'nition of theneed .to' . consider all componentsof the system-as'they a?ect water quality. An ADC was de?ned by'the Water Quality Board as an area where-there 'is known irnpairment of a- bene?cial-use. In 1981, there were 39 - . I - .AOCs. The Report aclmovd'edged that dueto the severity'of the: problems in these areas, .eleahup efforts .I - .. 'th the 1935 Water Q?ality Board?s Report on Great Lakes Water Quality-a new approach forsat?so?zi?a I . the AOCs was presented. approach was based on the status oi the data base. 'underway to ?ll - datagaps, and remedial actions taken .to address the identi?ed problem_s._ No-e?ort was made to classify the ADCs on the seventy or the problems. In'the 1935 report 42 identi?ed (Figure 1.1). A4374. I II 7 Presque lsleBay, designated by the US. Department of State in January 1991. I Figqu 1.1 . 'PeninSw?a ng?our Ramada! Actin Plan . Arms of Concern In the Great Lakes? Eqsfn__ Grind cum: Him mm mm cmin The Peninsula Harbour AOC identi?ed as an ADC due to the following types of problems: bacterial - - contamination, aesthetic impairment, degraded ?sh and benthi'c communities, and high let-e15 of toxic contaminants (ie. PCBs and mercury) in ?sh and'bcttom sediments. Sources of the-problems were cited as- . industrial and municipal point sources, the James River~Marathon bleached kraft pulp mill and the town of Marathon?s water pollution controllplant, runeoff and sedirnents. - [TI?he mesm- and the no adm'oeiedged that additional, speci?c silence was needed to resolve the - .persistent pollution problems that remained in most of these AOCs. Therefore, the Province of Ontarioand - . the eight Great Lakes states agreed to develop Remedial Action Plans (RAPs), or clean up plans, ,for the. . AOCs their jrrisdictional boundaries. The Peninsula Harbour AOC occurs in Ontario. Therefore its RAP will ,be'developed in Ontario. - . . . REMEDIAL ACTION PLANS AND THE AREAS or CONCERN - b.1987, Canadian and U.S. governments signed aProtooal' Ascending the Great Lakes Water Agreement Tire Protocol adds speci?c programs, activities timetablesthat'more fully address issues . . identi?ed in Annex 2 of the 1937 Protocol retiuires the development and implementation of Remedial; Action Plans for the Great Lakes Areas of Concern. These RAPs are to serve as an imwrta'nt- - step toward virtual elimination of persistent toxic substances, and toward restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical-and biological integrity of the Great Lakes Ecosystem. The 2(4) . requires the parties to the agreement (US. and Canadian-governments) to cooperate with State and - Provincial governments. to ensure that'Remedial Action Plans are implemented. The DC is responsible for renewing RAPs as they are developed and for. ending their ihtplementation. The provincial- and state governments, with cooperation from both federal governments,- must also ensure that the public is consulted on development and implementation of the RAPsde?ned in Annex: as "a geographic area that-fails to meet the General. or_Speci?c i ,the Agreement where such failure has caused or is likely to cause impairment of bene?cial use or of the area's ability to support aquatic Fourteen use'impainnents are speci?ed in the GLWQA. and the. existence of anyone could-be suf?cient to list an area as an ABC. 'The fourteen impaired uses are: Restriction on ?sh and wildlife conSumption; Tainting of ?sh and?vu?dlife-?avour; . I - . Degradation of ?sh and 1wildlife populations: Fish tumors or other deformities; - . - . Bird-or animal deformities or reproductive problems; (vi) Degradation of benthos; - - - (vii) Restrictions on dredging activities; ,Eutrophicatiori or undesirable algae;" - - (hr) Restrictionson water consumption, or taste and'odour problems; 'Beachclosingst- . -. -. . (rd) - Degradation of aesthetics; . . . (xii) . Added costs-to agriculture or industry; - - Degradation of phjtoplartktonandaooplankton populations; (rev) nimble-habitat.1983, the Water Quality Board developed additional guidance for: the parties to the GLWQA and the ji?sdictions to identify AOCS and the impaired uses. This guidance (Appendix Ll) identi?ed sped?c types of, geographipareas, that'are eligible to be and establishes listing and'delisting criteria for'each of the . lduse impairments. As some of the criteria tend-to be Sub?ctive, the Parties and UC-must . exercise good,'sound whenlisling Attics, and when de?ninguse impairments.? - ma 2 a: the Protocol Amending the GLWQA identi?es what must be includedin-each RAP, and speci?es that the RAP should he submitted. to .the IJC for review and comment at three stages. The three stages and - the contents of the RAP are as_'tollows: . Stage 1. This portion of the RAP will'de?nc the p'roblem(s) in the ADC and will include a - -- de?nition and detailed description of the'cnvironmental problem in the AOC, ineluding a. - definition of the-bene?cial uses that are impaired, the degree of impairment and the - geographical extent of the-impairment; and (ii) a de?nition of the causes of the-use impairment, including a description of all lmoen sources of pollutants insolved and an evaluation of other possible. sources. - - . ,Stage 2. 7 - This portion of the RAP will de?ne the spatl?t: goals for the ADC, and describe the - remedial and regulatory measures selected to meet those goals. The Stage 2 RAP will . include an evaluationcf remedial measures in place; (ii) anevaluation 'of alternative - additional measures to restore bene?cial uses; a selection of additional remedial measures to'restore bene?cial uses and 'a schedule for their iniplementation; and (iv) an - identi?cation of the persons. agenciesor organizations reaponsible for irdplementation of the selected remedial measures, - Stage 3. This portion of the RAP will be submitted then identi?ed bene?cial'uses are restored. The - . - Stage 3 will include a process for evaluating the implementation and effectiveness of remedial measures; and (ii) a description of surveillance and monitoring processes to track the effectiveness of retr'tedialmeasures and the Evenmal con?rmation of, the -- - restoration-of uses. . -. -. -. 1.3 PENINSULA HARBOUR This document is intended to meet the requirements of a-Stage 1 RAP, for the Peninsula AOC. The problems, their causes, and the sources of pollutants of concern-as intone-to date, have been de?ned by. the public, Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OMOE), and other participating agencies. contains the technical dommentation that will be used by the agencies and public when determining the water use and quality goals for development of the Stage. 2 RAP for the Peninsula Harbour. In turn, the goals-will establish the general direction for future remedial actions. - - . Indeveloping this StageI RAP, available environmental quality data were compared with the criteria? to detennine which uses are irnpaired'in the Peninsula Harbour. 'Other problems may have also been identi?ed due to violations'of water quality Standards or. effluent requirements. Once the use impairments and (any) other problems were identi?ed; the causes of those problems, the sources and loadings of speci?c contaminants of concern were det ed. The public (both and organizations) and various levels and types of?g'overtnn'ents agencies were included throughout the Stage 1 RAP development process in an atterdpt to reach consensus on the problems in the Peninsula Harbour. Involvement of those people-and agencies not directly responsible to developing this RAP will condone through the Stage 3 RAP. This is tiewed as an important and necessarypart of the RAP-process if fumre improvements in the aquatic are to re?ect the scienti?c and economic realities. and public desires. The entire {allstages} _is a technical planning doorment for aquatic ecosystem problems in' the Peninsula HarbOur. This RAP is-not the ?rst of sucn efforts -- water pollution reduction programs have . - been ongoing for over 40 years -- nor is it. the only effort. Regulatory agencies intend to continue their I efforts to. control pollutant sources and improve environmental quality as the RAP is developed. Remedial actions and regulatory measures that are identi?ed and immediately implementable will proceed regardless'of' the status of RAP development The precessis viewed-as iteretiue Periodic Updates raids-ions Ina)" T?qllil?ed . as more data become available,? remedial measures are implemente?, and en?ronmental conditions improve. The RAP process'itself will 'euenmallyend 1mrl'len dam m?rmfhat established goals have been met, and that - iden??ed hae?cial use: been restored. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . ?- 2.0 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . PENINSULA-HARBOUR. .- - 2.1 LoosrloN AND were The Peninsula Harbour Area'of :Concem (ADC) located on the northeastern shore of Lake Superior,'_ - - approximately 290 km east of the City of Thunder Bay. The ADC consists .of-t'woregions: PeninSula . Harbour itself and 'a portion of Lake Superior inune'diately south of The Peninsula {Figure 2.1). PeninsulaHarbour proper is separated from Lake Superior h'y?I'he steamers onthe south, Haitians use on-the west, a hilly, unearned peninsula mending out-to Yprt'a Point on the north. Numerous small particularly Jellicoe Cove. Beatty Cove and Garden Cece, occur within Peninsula Harbour. Peninsula Harbour measures approro?irtately'? km from east to west, and 4 Ion north south. Aterage 1Witter depth is approximately 3-0 meh?es With maximum depthsof up 65 metres offshore from The Peninsula. -- . .The Lake Superior portion ofthe Peninsula Harbour ADC is thearea to the immediate south'and southwest I. of_'Ihe Peninsula. The extent-of the-ADC into Lake Superior is air?eld; te'detemahe. ?gure 11 illustrates an apprmihrate boundary in open Lake Superior based on the extent of the OMOE. 198411934: water and . sediment sampling However, sediment contaminants were found at thejsouthuest extent-ofthe- ?survey, their full-Extent-is yet to be . 2,2 CLIMATE 22.1? Climatic pie-gee 21m Peninsula Harbour ACIC lies in the Region which is onejof tee dintatic regions fotmd in the Terrace Bay District (iv?nistry of Neutral 1980). This climatic region covers a-narrow belt of land located along the of LakeSuperior from Nipig'on'to east of Marathon. It is . characterized by a more moderate "climate with cooler summers. milder wintersfand'generally hi er. I incidence of wind and precipitation than the Height of Land climatic region which occurs to the north the . AOC in the Terrace Bay District. The growing season normally extends from May October. 16,. with. an raverageleng?iofl??tol?sdays, I - 1* -- Temperature and Precipitation From-11948 to 1934, meani'daily temperatures for Marathon 44.0 in'ianuary and 13.8 .in July. . . Mean daily temperatures ranged from -a.4 to '-19.0 1nme and 13.4 to 9.1 in July. Theme'an . annual {root-free period was to) consecutive days. Recorded'mean annual rainfallwas'5903 mm and mean I I annualsnowfall was2353 cm (Environment Canada - . . . Winds Changes in wind and current direction strongly gouem the spatial con?guration and extent-of effluent plumes - - discharged from the James River-Marathon and charterjee 1197.4 and - Wind records May through Ndyember, 19.73 by Chatterjte (1974) short:T that the . was from the northwest the months of May, September and NovembEr. The: u?nddir'ection for the months of June-July, August and October, 1973 was from'the southeast. Fig ere 2.1 I Peninsuia Hamper He'meciiai Pian . Location of the Penins Hie Harbe ur Area of Caneem with its apprexinuie extent based on the 1934 - 1985 OMOE water and sediment sampling program and the immediate mierShed - . - . mam ennui. 195:, HTS dams mum humolmmu?i?m ?hr-hi stadium-eminth - Lake S?peiiar' 12 ._Breakuplbe?ns lama March oithopenwater Sibley total. 1991 respectively); direction frequEncies measuredfrom May Novemher, .1973"a:a as follows. 4 northwesteriy - 18 percent 4' 'southeasteriy - 21 .percen't- . - southwesterly; 9.5 percent . easterly "7.6percent-" I Wm velocities varied from 6:7 lonlhr'up 1a 19 kmihr.? Light winds at 6-1? kn'llhr were sufficient to . in?uence the horizontal dispersion'pattem of the wastewaters (Henog and Chatterjee 1974). "Meteorological are monitored at White River-,- 85km ?to-the east-of Marathon. The . wind direction on an annual basis'at White from the west? an average velot?ty of 8.5 3 (Climate Centre, . 2.2.11 I .lce Climatology The extent-and thickneisof ice oover influence cmrent patterns and and will action. i' . Iheseifactors have an irnpact on the'effectiveness of the ef?uent dilution. conducted an ice . study in the Peninsula. Harbour ADC in order to determine the location and depth 'of the marine diffuser. . Median ice cover maps (Great Lakes Climatological Atlas 1986) show maria: soar in the Marathon gearies from to 60 percent through January and February. By March ice is'i? to 90 percent. . 2.3 CURRENTS Current direction and speed was measured on the-Laker'SupeI-ior aide of The'Peninsuia. in 1933 by Consultants (l93_3) as part of their mill ef?uent outfall design report. Comet 1alirere'as follows: . 4' movement offshore to the southwest - 25 percent . The median recorded current speed was 0.06'n1lsec. moment-speeds, less than 0.00154 .misec. were I observed_25percent of the timeRelationships and current direction andveiotities have not been. Chufrem movement for Peninsula Harbour 'haye notlbeendone. I 2.4- HARBOUR SEDIMENT ., Harbour-bottom sediment determinicd in '1984and 1939 {Jardine'and Shopson 1990 and Fmer sediments, such silt and clay, 'were mostly found in the deeper depositional eaters offshore in the Lake Superior portion of the Peninsula HarbourIAOC 2.2). Sandy ooarse sediment composed of small -'_srnoothed pebbles characterizes the nearshore zone of'Lalte Superior. Strong, wind induced nave action . results in the continuous offshore transport of ?nefgrained material. Sediments-within the harbour are Pm" a?l'y mmposed of coarse sand with abundani 133?? Wild clips (Sibley st 191) (KW i133 . Figure 2.2- Paninsuia Harbour Aciicn Finn . "1 Bottom sediment characteristics within the Peninsuia ?gment-Area cf Concern I mmrmu at m: m, mm mm media-nun: contain cumin: (wand) mammal M-z-i: . m0 152%} hm?wd??g?imi $5 mun-Mona. m?t??t Lake Superior a ?an-runs -. . silt sand I. Esinandday 14 2.5 HYDROLOGY - There are no major tributaries entering the Peninsula Harbour-ADC. Two creeks drain into Peninsula Harbour.. Shack-Creek passes through a wood waste storage site before to the harbour (Figure A small creeklyirorthof Shack Creek, is turnaroed. I 2.5- AND. SOILS 2.6.1 Bedrock In - The Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern is entirely underiain by a unique suite of Precambrian rocks termed 'the 'Port Caldwell This complex is located betwrten the Pie mar-nee PicIRivers on the north shore of Lake Superior. Approximately 325. k:an area (Gamer 1919), it is-the largest occurrence of of complex in nor-themOntaiio. The-.roelrs-are Proterozoic (middle Precambrian) in' age and are. comprised of carboh'atite'. nepheline syenite, alkalic 'syenite, ijolite and fenitetliat have intruded older I Precambrian felsic and ma?c-metavolcanic roclcs of Northern Development and Mines, Mapl?tll). I I of the older metavolcaoic-rock throughout the intrusive complex.- 'Ihe alkch complex for the occurrence of the rareIearth elements, with I ?marked radioactivity" lacing noted inIparts of the body (Garmer 1919). - . - 2.6.2 Geomorphologyand Soils . I The Peninsula Harbour IAOC'watershed is'clraracte?red massive andlrugged, hilly. terrain .'of the Canadian Shield. Relief in excess of 150m is common. slopes are complex and steep. The Peninsula; which divides the-harbour proper from the Lake superior portion of the-ADC, is a prominent . - with steep cliffs on the harbour side and steeply sloping with'srnall', waterwomboUlders, pebbles and'c'oarse. I sand on the Lake superior side. . The northemhalf of thewatershed. Ypres Point peninsula. the and The Peninsula is - I - I predominantly terrain.' The remainderof the ADC is dominated-by a massive granular landform that has'been identi?ed as nice contact delta (Garmer 1979) but also be, in Pa?. of .morainal origin. The deposithas brien modi?ed by'glacioiacustrine processes, resulting in. the development-2.7 .TERRESITRIAL VEGETATIION The vogetation within the Peninsula Harbour ADC has been characterized as belonging totIhe boreal' forest I region (Ministry-tn Natural Resources 1980); The majortIree speciesfoirnd in thisregion arc-blackaod '._whitespruce.. I - . .- The boreal forest in the Terrace Bay District has been sub-divided'iototwo sections. The Peninsula Harbciur? ADC is located in'the Superior Section where forests re?ect the severe climatic conditions aodthe', I. . rugged terrain, and are thus highly variable.- Forest types range from those mixed species of trees -. and abundant shrub to'those asingle conifer speciesValleysrwith deep, sandy soils contain mixed wood forest of white (Heed ?ance); balsam ?r {Abiesu - 'bairarnea), white birch (Benita punt-EM), and trembling aspen {Pode boundaries) forests. Jack pine I {Hurts barrio-ions) and white birch mixed with poor quality black spruce (Hear: matrices) are characteristic of? I II - the higher.e1evated rocky areas and valleys containing coarse sand and gravel Lowland areassupport z" .'highqu_alitystarrds ofblack'spruce 2.3 :me USES. Land use in .the ADC is by thedense forest and rugged. racky landscape. The Canadian Paci?c Railway, which was built in the. lm' passes through the town of Marathon along the harbour shore and continue; along the lakeshore to aclc?sh Bay. Land along the harbour is privately owned or leased and is used primarily by the mill. James River-Marathon, Ltd. permits public access to the harbour, otherthan in I the immediate vicinity of industrial sites. Proposed expansion plansmay deny public-access to-the harbour. 2.8.1 Urban- Se?ttlentents and Economic Base The tower a Marathon is- the any urban settlement located within the PeninsulalHarbO'ur aoc'. is-located -. on the southeastern shore of Peninsula Harbour and extends from the south shore of Jellicoe Cove south. -- - - . The town was originally lmown as "Peninsula" and was established in the early 1880s as a main supply centre for thelcOnstruc'tion of 'the Canadian Paci?c Railway (CPR) from Heron Bay to PrincelArthur {Thunder Bay) (Boultbee 1967). An estimated 1200 men worked out of PeninSula between 1883 and 1885. Upon completion of this section of the railroad'in 1835, the population of Marathml declined 'until a? kraft pulp I mill wasconstructed in 1944 by Marathon Paper Mills of Canada Ltd. (currently James River-Marauton . Ltd.) and is now one of the majar employers in the of Marathon of NaurralResources 1980). In 1981, several majrr gold deposits were. discovered at Hemlo, located on Highway 17 approximately 43 Ian east of Marathon. 'Ihree goldmines began operatimr at Hemlo in 1935 and two of the companies house . most ofthei'r employees in Marathon. Due to the opening of these nunes,- the population of Marathon . increased from approximately 2277 in 1981 to am in'19'91Prior to 1985, most of the toast of Marathon was located on the west sideol" the tracks. The - .pOpulation increase has resulted in the town nearly doubling in size with most of the development on the east side the CPR. trash (Figure 2.3). 'l I. . Construction of new storm sewers,separate from the Water Pollution Control Plant 'conunenced in 1984 as result of the population increase. This storm sewer outfall discharges directly into Lake Superior .- 0.5 km snuth of the water pollution control plant (Figure 2.3). Otherieristing storm sewer outfalls are located on either side treasurer outfall (Figure 2.3.) l' - . New developinents,,such as the ?industrial park" located on highway 626, halfway between the town of . .. Marathon and highway 17 (Figure 23), use septic tanks and leaching ?elds for sewage treatment. The septic . tanks are located on thesame lot as the building-it services. The industrial park was not connected to the mtutidpal water pollution control plant because of its distance from the town and the high cost for sanitary sewer construction. . . - - 2.8.2 MunicipalWatBr Pollution Control Plant (WP-CF) extended aeration WPCP is'locatedlon the shore of Lake Superior, 1.3 mentions: of the main mill. I outfall from James River-Marathon Ltd. (Figure 2.3). This WPCP treats sanitary wastes from both the municipality and the James River-.MarathonLtd. mill. The discharges directly into Lake Superior .- through a submerged diffuser. The'plant has a rated capacity of .4400 malday and is currently'runningat half its capacity (1930 mafday,'1989_ annual average There are no plans for expansion. 16 31'7- _Hg?re 2'13 P?ni?nsufg Harbour-Remediam?ion Plan Location or waste disposal sites and animus dischargmg to Peninsula Harbour and Lake Superiqrfn the Peninsula Harbour Area bf-Cdncern- - lud?n'plm mu and mm mp? 1 'Sturdoa Cm than .Blardh Maui'- Pal-Email Hm . . .Lm'mad wand and. dung"! m. man! In .fmudpininm I Luke superior - hound'nrr-ufnanhthuu-ur - . n' diacharg?a {das?d by mam wrranl dwargaa I - 6. Haste diapdsallocalbn? --2.B.3I Industry . 2.8.3.1 James River-Marathon Ltd. History and Description James River-Maratth ILtd. owns and operatesa bleached kraft pulp mill on the shore of Peninsula Harbour. The mill was originally built in 1944 by'Marathon Paper Mills of Canada Ltd. which changed its name to Marathon Corporation of Canada in 1954 (Boultbee 1967).. The parent company, Marathon Paper Mills of Wisconsirtjhad been'allotted cutting rights on the Pie River by the in the 19305, under the condition that a pulp be erected. 1111958, there was a merger with American Can, after which time the mill wasoperated as a subsidiary to American Cart. In 1983, American Can sold the millIto the arnes River Corporation and Buchanan Forest Products Ltd. The mill is presently operating as James River-Marathon Ltd. . . The 1991 production James River-Marathon Ltd. is approximately 513 air dried metric tonnesper day (ADMTID) with a sustained peak of 570 ammo (R. Wilson, BEAKI Consultants. pen. conun.).' The I product mix is - 10% bleached hardwood lo'aft pulp and 50% fully kraft pulp.? I - - Mill ef?uents are pumped. uphill across The'Peninsula and flow downhill into a foam control before being discharged toLalre superior through a submerged diffuser. . . .I . . The shoreline of- Peninsula HarbOur is used. for storing incoming softwood chips, and for storing and I occasionally debarlcing hardwood logs, which have bieen stored on-siteIfor' several-years (Figure 2.4). Historically, 105s received by-log boom were stored in block piles in the harbour for use in the winter months when shipping was not possible. in. wood waste site'is located on the shoreline north of the mill site [?gures 2.1Iand 2.3). Theshoreline I - between the wood waste site and-the mill was formerlyused for. collecting, handling and s'toring'logs.. Log storage was discontinued in 1983. The harbour was again-used for log 1918? and 1933, when Buchanan Forest Products transported logs to Northern Wood Preservers in Thunder Bay. 2.8.3.2 Proposed Expansion Proposed mill expansions would result in a daily production rate of 908 with a sustained pealr at 993 ADMTJ (R, Wilson, Consultants, per-Is. comm). However, all expansions have been postponed inde?nitely (l to S'years} because of lack of capital or until additional federal and provincial regulations come into effect. Planned expansion includes a newipumping station, pipeline and an aerated stabilisation . basin (ASE) for secondary effluent treatment located south of Marathon (?gure 2.4). Effluent-wordd be discharged through-a diffuser into Lake Superior near the secondary-neannent-basin.I The'new pumping station would also provide more assurance and prevention of effluent overflow into Peninsula - During-a power failure, which is known to be rare, ef?uent could drain through the-mill Sump ov'er?ow and . into the harbour. The new pumping station will hate 3. diesel back-up pump-to prevent such. events. - 2.3.3.3 error-alkali Plant A chloralkali plant was operated adjacent-tome lrraft manufactured chlorine, caustic soda, hypochlorite and chlorate for use in the mill's pulping process. Chlorine-and caustic soda were . prodqu by the electrolysis of brine in electrolytic cells featuring graphite anodes and mobile mercury I cathodes. During the operation of the cider-alkali plant. meroiry'was lost due to'spills, leaks, vapour loss, - and improper treatment of ef?uent (.Tardine and Simpson'1990). Elevated levels of mercury in harbour sediments and fish resulted in the closure of-the plant August 31, 197?. - 18 .- Figure-2.4 Peninsula Harbour ?emedfai'Ac?on Pian' I I River-Marathon Ltd. plant sire-at Marathon, ontario rand-proposed expansion plans . - - . mm was ram-mm mumyg mm I . proposed-expahsmh - - Mm {?335"Lake supenor' a3?; I funnarldg area ho?nd19'. A treatment-process was implemented in order'to remotr'e'traces of mercury from the effluent stream. This . process operated until 1984 when it was concluded that residual mercury was no longer a concern in the . ef?uent. All mercury contaminated-equipment was dispersed of in a sealed compartment at an site- south of the town of Marathon (Figure 2.3) (Jardine and Simpson 1990). - - i 2.3.4 Waste Disposal Seven'was'te sites are located in the Feninsula Harbour soc {Figure 2.3), - The town of Marathon owns and ope-rates the-Marathon municipal two sludge disposalsites, one ofuthichisnowclosedLsdd'rdi the sites are owned and-operated by Iames Riser-Marathon Ltd. use are: James River-Marathon mercury disposal site Anterican Can of Canada industial disposal site (closed) James RiverMarathon- industrial waste disposal'site James River-Marathon wood waste storage site - mercury disposal site contains sealed idem mtan?nated equipment. OMOE studieslin 1976 did dot. detectmercmy in the soils surrounding the disposalsite 1978).: - . -. - I The former American Can of Canada Ltd. and the current-James River-Marathon industrial waste . ?sites contain ?y ash'from the boiler, clari?er sludge, ?bre and lime mod and Sinipson-1990). - - These sites are located outside the primary watershed of the ADC, The mic disposal site isl'oeated near the shore of Peninsula Harbour at Shack. Creek (Figure '13) Two dumping areas have been identi?ed. The largest, most southerly dump site is composed of'wood from debarlcing and wood chisz Shack Creek runs dump site. Wood wastes have been accumulating atthis site since the 193th (Deacon-1987). .The second dump site is north of the larger one and'is comprised of gravel and wood wastes yardcleanup {Deacon 1987.). This dump -. . - - - Poolsthat format the edge of the dump sites were found to contain phenols." 0f 6 samples taken pools that formed at the edge of the dump sites, 5 samples-were found torontain less than trace levels".of phenols, while one sample 4.4 pg?. phenols. {Deacon 1987).. The effects of vmdwaste leacha'tes. on thehatbourareconsidered minor.' . - . - Recreation . Pebble Beach. south of the town of Marathon on Lake Superior 1.1), unirtue in that it exhibits a I sorted gravel and stone beach with a number of wavemroded' granite outcrops. The beach is used by the - local fpopthation'and tourists for picnics, bon?res, phot?gl?aphyp'nature apprecia?m ?Jud-ml. I I collecting (Pugh 1979). The cold Lake Superior water tentperatures andyiolent wave action discourage contact water sportssuch as swimming and - - - - - .. James River-Marathcat 'Ltd. has constructed alboat' launch on land adjacent to themill bordering Peninsula . Harbour; This launchsite is available for public use, however, it may no longer be availableif proposed espansionplans are carried out. . . . I 2.3.5 Mining Three gold mines are in operation near I-lenilIo, 48' ton east-of the town of Marathon. Mine and - disputalsites do not occur the Peninsula Harbour ADC watershed. Possible Ioontaininants from these gold mines tit-Fill not in?uence the ADC2.8.7 'Ag'ricurture - There is little potential for any'signi?caht devolopment in the Marathon area dueto environmental limitations such as bedrock 'outcropping, thin, Sandy soils andan average annual grooving - - season of only 163 to 165 days. ~-Bec_ause of the scarcityol? land suitable for un?t-min; forage crepe, beef and. dairy cattle farmingisnot carried out?in the area of NamralIResources 1930). i - 2.3.3 Winnie I - Wildlife found in the Terrace'Bay District, in which Peninsula Harbour ADC is located.- are species well adapted to theIharsh climatic. conditions. They include moose. deer. timber wolf,_fox. lynx, black bear. fisher. mink, marten. 'musluat. benver, shinlt, porcupine, snowshoe hare and'the red souirrel. Shrew, mice and vole - - populations-are also found in the area, as well as various species of upland game birds and songbirds. Ruffed grouse is the roost comment species of upland game bird. 'Spruce'grouse are also present but less I. conunon. Snipe and noodoock. although not abundant. are also present (Ministry oIf'Naniral Resources Several animal species living in the-Terrace Bay district-are considered rare, threst'eneder. endangered. Such species'include the eastern cougar {many uncon?rmedsightings). great blue heron, ba'ld eagle-peregrine I falcon-golden eagle. osprey, soveral of Naniral Resources 1930). - 2.9 . . 2.9.1 Water intake - Water ironi Peninsula Harbttur is used-for pulp niill 1-989 mill intake rate . I I was 75,000 m3idey of fresh viater from Peninsula Harbour fol? the production of an average of 437. - tormesi'day or bleached lira? pulp. The amount er waterused has decreased since asheser as . J. The town of Marathon draws its eater ?ve ground- 1wells located throughout'the town. The use of viellsI'is'unconirnon forIshoreIine-coniniunities, however, at readily aocessible'n'ater suppIIyIis available iI_ the form of a sandyaquer. - - - 2.9.2 Ef?uent Receiver - - 2.9.2.1 industry HarbOur and Lake Superior 1winters in the. Harbouria'OC are used for discharge of ef?uent from the James Riserhiarathon Ltd. pulp and paper mill and the' Marathon - -- - . Both-historic and active outfalls are-Shovm on Figure 2.3. The bark pond overflow, barker-drum shore I I and net drum barker overflow are no longer'in use. The formerchlor-alkali plant also discharged to . 'PeninsulaIHarbour Effluent from the mill is separated into too streams. one primary treatment in a clarifier, while the bleaehing ef?uent sh?eam does not. Both are pumped across the neck of The Peninsula and into a foam control basin. Effluent then ?ows into Lake Superior through a diffuser located sot-era] hundred metres I offshore (Figure 2.3). The mill does not have secondaer treatment facilities. I - i - 2.9.2.2 Municipal. [The town of Marathon WPCP discharges into Lake'Superior at Pebble._Beach. 1.3 km south of the James Ri'verMarathon outfall [Figure Prior to 1982. the tom?s nostewater was treated at a. small primary treatment plant. Treatment was inadequate and the plant was replaced in 1932 with a 2.0.1] extended aeration facility. This new facility operates at a removal ef?cienoylof 95%. In addition, the pulp .mill?s sanitaryr settler collection system wasoompleted and connected 1936, the plant was expanded to a capacityr of 4,400 m3: day in anticipation of the population increase resulting from the Hemlo gold mines development. The 1939 annual average discharge rate was 1,930 m3fd. 2.9.3 Storm Sewer-Outlalts Additional storm sewer construction-beganin and oontlnues as new developments are 'I'heolder - - stormsewer outfalls are located on both sides of the WPCP outfall. The new 1934 storm sewer outfall is located nearly 0.5 km south of the outfall (Figure All storm sews discharge directly.r into Lake 2.9.4 Log Booming and Storage -- Historically, Peninsula Harbour was used'for building log rafts to be tranSported by motor to Ashland. . Wisconsin (Boulthee 1967). In later years, pulpwood'logs were receised in the Harbour along faith 'ooal, oil and salt for the Pulp was exported to the UnitedIStates by freighter. In 1959, the began supplementing their wtde requirements with chips from sawmills located throughout. Northern Ontario. The ?nodal-lips we reoeiwd hy'rail. . - - -. Jellieoe, Garden and Beatty Cos-es have also beorl used for log-storage for over fortyir years. in 1937 and 1933, Buchanan Forest Products Ltd. built rafts er sawlogs e. Peninsula Harbol'Jr, which were then transported to Northern Wood Pro-servers Inc. in Thunder Bay (Jardine. and Simpson Log. rafting ceased lit-Peninsula . 2.9.5 Navigation I The- harbour is used annuallyr mid-April and mid-December. by approldmateiy 15 to 29'vessels, for - by the Canadian'Coast Guard to service unmanned lighthouses on Hawkins and Skin Islands. - 2.9.3 COmmerCial Fishing Peninsula Harbour was first established as a oornmertial port in 1837. The principal eomrnerdal ?shing port along Lake Superior's north shore was Port Caldwell, located appro?mately 11 Inn to the west of Peninsula Harbour. Similar to othernlo shore 'communities, Port Golda-ell was established during the I oonsmletion of the-Canadian. Paci?c; Railway. In 1330, Port Caldwell developed into a commercial fishing. pert. The natural port and the proximity to transportation attracted several ?shing operations (Goodier' 22. commercial pan .Laltevdde estim'atesof total harvest are available for the major-commends] species dating bad: to the late 13000 Imam?e 193 and Prior ?to'19ds, eaten locations urere notIsite-sped?c' -'tll'e commercial industry 1tI-as largelyunregt?ated. A mandatory commercial ?sheries'reportingform was implemented b.1943, vastly imprm'ing-commerdal harvest statistics. Zone quotas for lake trout more I?rstestabiished in 1962. By the mid 1% zone quotas for all other mafpr commercial species were I established.I Individual quota management for. all species 1llras ?nalized in 1984. Quotas are currently set at . I levels designed to or restore stocks while harvest. -. . ?q?m?m 01' the PM Gold?s?11 ?shing-indium resulted in the oerolopmoor of Peninsula Harbour as The Canadian waters of Lake Superior are divided into 34 management zones. The 'Peninsula Harbour Area - 5 Of Concern is located in zone 19 [Figure25]. is no longer out; within the Peninsula Harbour. -. - area, however, there. arctic commercial licences in operation zone 19 forth'lich'ioformation is 'available.- Historically, part or their catch came from the the proportion is not _Total commercial harvest in 1937 amounted 10112303 kg?(Table 2.1) 'valued LakeItrout. lake I . I white?sh, chub and lake herring have remained the four principal commercial species, although their relative I abundance has decreased since commercial ?shing ?rst began in the areal! - . - - "Table 21 - Carri-Inertial: eaten for Lake Superior Managethone 1900 1987?as reported on-CF-ls. Units arein round?weight Hogan-(0m data ?les). .- - Species . lean. '_1901-_ 1002-1003- 1sa4.I 1005 51905 last H1900 - . . . L.'troutI- - "3.026 - 337 210 - '0 0 41,09? . 1,001 2,000. L. childish . 0,015' 4,007 7564 '635 0' 6'13 5,061 I 10200 Herring -. 1,533 192 0 _347 T. .350 .Chuhs 11,665 523,507 '541 1,290 0 4,233; - 13,000 Yellowperch" -- I '0 I-. .09Menominee 41' 590 ..-.0 -..0.. - --0 '25; Smelt .. 0 7 0 05'" I0. -.0 1.0 ?trollatlteo' Mullet743}. 354 unsuited? Other "24 .4530 0 '0 0-4 -- 232 "1-.3001 "Toto: 22,540. 32,445 2365?12398 -- 0 0 13,725" 12,300 {31,875 . . . .I . . . Following the invasion of sea lamprey. into Lake Superior, lake trout were replaced by chub and lake . . udlite?sh as the ma?r commercial species in the Peninsula Harbour area. the pro-sea lamprey - period from 1951 to 1953, the'average- commercial oatclt from Zone :19 totalled 49,400 kg, of'i'hich 45,200 kg _I'were lake-trout. 7 I . - .I Figure 2.5 . Peninsuia Hambuf Remedial Ac?pn Plari Lake Superior ?sheries. management zones The Pmimuia Hm Mia-{Wu Hangs-lam 19 - Enqtloitation by commercial fisheriesand the introduction of exotics. such as the'seal lamprey, had the greatest effect on Lake Superior-fa commercial- ?sheries prior to 1960; Cultural eutrophication was not a ?major factor in' the ?sheries communities (Lofms and Regier. 1972).- Lake trout harvest in the PeninsulaI-Iarbour area (Zone 19) remained relatively stable at roughly 45,1303 kg" per year prior to the sea lamprey invasion in the early 19505, Peninsula Harbour remained a commercial until the early I 19ti?st at which time commercial ?shing 19 was greatly reduced by lamprey. Lake trout populations - I have continued to steadily increase following the control of sea lamprey in the mid-1960s. however, . populations have ?t to attain the numbers that existed in the 19505 '(OthR data ?les). Fish habitat in the Peninsula Harbour Area of chess was'also inipacted by industrial ac??ty. Spawning grounds were desu'oyed through the accumulationof organic matter from mill activities (Le. log and effluent discharge) [Goodier 1981).- I-listoric mill ef?uent also led to degraded water quality. I . Lake?trout stoddng'in zene 19 was intem?ttent prior and did not seem from 1971-to 1930. the stocking .rate averaged approximately 136,0m-lake trout per from 1983 Zone 19 has been . assigned "?rst priority for stocking". under .the auspices of the Lake Trout Rehabilitation Plan for Lake I Superior (Great Lakes Fishery Commission 1936}. Accordingly, stocking will continueat the. present rate for a number of, years. 1111,: mouthof-Angler Creek; located Iinst north of Peninsula Harbour (Figure 1.1), has I begin a'majar lake trout stodting site in Zone 19. Lake trout is the only species that has been stocked 'in Zone 19.- Stocking has not taken place in. Peninsula'Harhqur, although lake trout have been stocked at several areas-such as Ypres Point near Angler Creek. .. Sport Fishing Prior to the 19505, lake u'out angling was a popular sport in the Peninsula HarbOur'area. Sport ?shing {declined drastically during the 19505 due to lamprey,- egaloitation'by oonuttercial and industrial - activity, and has remained. depressed under current conditions. Rehabilitation measures'in-the form of . I hatchery introductions and sea lamprey control elsewhere in LakeSuper-ior, have resulted in an improved . ?shery and a'substantial increase in sport activities during the late 197th and the 19305 in the-1 .PeninsulaHarbourAOCsport ?shery,'targeted on lake trout. has developedin the last few years in the nerthern and eastern I - portions of the harbour. Sporadic lake trout angling also oomrs around Skin Island during the summer I season, Resolts from a 1937 oer-operative angler creel survey indicate that anglers caught 243 lake trout - during 83 ?shing tripsin Zone 19 [DdacCallunt'1988). Anglers reported ?shing an average of approximately serious: to catch one'lake trouL Several varieties er pacific. saimeh are also occasionally caught; - -- Shack Creek. a tributary discharging into Peninsula is noted is: its spring rainbow trout me. - Paci?c salrnou have, also been observed in'.Shack CreekFish consumPtiort eddseiies areIin has: the Peninsula ADC. The to Eating I I Ontario Sport ?sh" (Odette Ministry of the? EnvironmentIOntario Ministry at Neutral Resources),I listed the following Wp?on advisories for. ?sh caught in the Harbour AOIC: - 1 lake trout over the-size of .75 white sucker between 2.5 to 35 cm, and redhorse sucker - I white sucker from 35 to 45cm because one or more-industrial organic contaminants (i.e.I . I PCBs or sires} ere present at levels abet-e federalguidelines [2.0 Peas); . . I iI I .redhorse sucker frtan 30 to 35cm because of.1.0 to Ilj-mgikg'and I I 2.5 - 4? I white Sucker gteater than 45 Iongnose sucker larger than 35 and redhot'se greater than 35pm b?cause of littereurylr levels greater than-1.5 'mga'kgf There are no reet?e?ans en'u?tel?sh and round 2.9.8 Recreation - - There are he 'rem'ea?enal marinas in Peninsula Harbour ADC. Humr, ihterest has been ennui-seed the - for It has been proposed that rubble from the expansim of the James RimMaJ-athon . - - 3..0 DESCRIPTION. OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.- an" 3.1 I 'nrrIee major studies we carried momma Ministry of the Environment-in two, 1976 and 19341735. . The initial 1970 study was conducted in order' to determine the environmentalieffects of v-rastewater I I discharges from the James-RiverMarathonIltraft pulp- mill and the Marathon water. pollution'oontrol plantj -I At this: time the-Janeer Marathon mill di'sehargedover?onr wastevraters from their chlor- I . alkaliplant and barking operations into .lellicoe Cove. effluent from the pulping-operations and chlor-allcali plant discharged via: achannel on the surface into openILake Superior eaters on the south side . . of The Peninsula (Figure The outfall from the WPCP, Ivvith primary treatment only, discharged into - . . Lake Superior 1.3 km south of moment mill ef?uent outfall. . . - . I The 1970 study indicated that the aquatic environment Peninsula Harbour part of LakeISuperior . had been adversely aeecr?ert by'discharges from themilland WPCPIOMQE 1972).. outfalls' - I were the main source of contamination. The .1970 study determined that the'main' adverse effects were bacteriological contamination. aesthetic irnpair'rnen't. accumulation of in ?sh and bottom sediments andIt'rrganic enrichment of. bottom sedirnentIs. Water quality degradation was most pronounced in the Ivicinity . "ofthe mill over?ow and drain'outfalls in .Tellicoe Cove_(Frgure 2.3) and at the main mill outfall on Lake I I superior (OMUE The 1970IsurveyIalso revealed mat the enentof water .qualityfirnpairment fr'om'the I I . variable because the shape and'extent of the effluent plume'irt-receiving waters easstrongly governed by wind direction (DMOE 1972}. Dark brovvn effluent accompanied bv?oa'tins foam ?Pmd-be Puma I I around The Peninsula 'deMm Peninsula Harbour-or be pushed out into open Lake Superior. A followup study, investigating effluent plume characteristics was done by DMOE in 1973 (Huang and Chatterjee 1974}. - This 1973 survey also included- a. water quality and bottom sediment survey. I. I Growing concern for mercury contamination from the chloralltali plant resulted in study in 1976 i I to determine the levels of mercury discharged by the cI?hloIr'alhali planta?pulp complex (OMOE 1973). The study also'carried out an evaluation of discttar'ged in the liquid effluent-and messed - - .theIirnpact of mercury emissions on the atmosphere; soils, vvater. lake bottomsediments and ?sh-in the 'surrotmdingareaI . .. . .I Because of the total amount of mercmbeelng discharged from the mill complex into Lake Superior, the . . Ontario Ministry of the Environment issued-a control order-to James River-Marathon Ltd. (then American -- I Can of Canada Limited) Ito'Ieither close the mercury cell chlorallcali plant or convert the operation to a. . process that did not use merctiry (OMOE On August 31, the chloralkali'plant was closed. -I Concerns for nIrill effluentItorticity aesutetic from foam resulted in the installation-of a foam? I . - -I - basin and submgged outfall =v.ith a diffuser appro?htately 3511 m-into .LakeSupeIrior (EEC Beak Consultant's 1933). In September of 1984', a submierged ten-port-diffuser discharge became operational. . .. Following-the decision to install the effluent conducted we: duality has in the springs I .- - - of 1984 and 1985. The purpose of the surveys were to determine the effects of the'IIsubmerI-ged diffuser on - I- concentrations of selected water quality, parameters in waters and Ito determine the current areal extent of irnpairment in the Peninsula Harbour ADC (Jardine and- Simpson 1990). - These OMOE surveys. in particular the 1984-1985 survey, provide the for? of the" . . environmental conditions in the Peninsula Harbour ADC, The 1984-1935 data represent the most recent information available on-vrater quality. - - -. . . .EII 0.2 WATER QUALITY "3.2.1 Ef?uent, Plume Characteristics 'An investigation of effluent plumes from the James River-Marathon Ltd. main mill sewer was carried out by OMOE in 197-3 (Herring and Chatterjee'1974). At this. time, sources to this'sewer'inrluded the caustic room. digesters, evaporator; No. 1 and No. 2 bleachery ?ltrate, inside bleachery, lime kiln, bark press-green liquor dregs, machine room, domestic wastes originating at the plant and part ofthe chioralkali plant (Herzog and Chatterjee 1974). The 1973 mean discharge was 95,500 'mar'day. Wastes were pipedlto the crest of the hill -- - on the'neck of The Behin'sulginto a shallow open runs 'down the opposite-side o_f the'hill for: 350 m'beforeflovdng into Lake Superior: This study showed that the mam-effec? of this included changes in water chemistry, bacterial I contamination and aesthetic impairment (Herzog and .1974). The degradation of aesthetic quality of Lake Superior waters resulted from'the dark'brown colour?of the effluent and from large areas of floating .foamwhich aeeompaniedthewasteplumes. - . Because the. mill ef?uent is warmer and therefore less dense than the lake water, it formed a'thin plume on top of water of Lake-Superior (OMOE 1972). The shape and diSpersion of therpiurne was - . strongly governed by wind direction (Herzeg and Chatterjee 1974).. light of 61o 7 mm: were suf?cient to in?uence the horizontal dispersion pattern of wastewa'ters. figure. 3.1 shows the spatial distribution of the plume in 1973 from four wind directions. . .- - . - Following .the installation of the. submerged diffuser in 1984, Beak'Consultants conducted a survey in 1936-to . test the performance of the submerged diffuser eutfallResults from the??rst stage'of pIttrne tracking. conducted on June 18,1986. indicatedthat a surface plume - originated at the outfall diffuser and extended to the northwest around The Peninsula'into the mouth of Peninsula Harbour EiguIeSJ). _The upper 3 meters of the-water columnar-all test stations were will mixed and the observed depth of. plume penetration was 10 metres (Beak Consultants 1936). '7 In the mixing zone immediately surrounding the diffuser (surface zone area; of approximately 0.006 laugh near?eid dilutions of apprortimately 5011 we're recorded. A dilution was found to be 4 ion of the diffuser on the side (west) and less 'thanlm metres on the upstream (east) side; The ayerage'speeds of the drogue tracks was 0.055 3 0.11144 mfsec which is below the normal range of current- typically associated with Great Lakes nearshore z'ones calm conditions: During the second setin period on Jens-2'0, 1986, ef?uent dilutions ctr-1.00m we found within 1 km ofthe diffuser (Figure 3.2). A small area near the diffuser had- adilution' of 50:1. The surface plume was bounded . by the shore tothe north and'was located generally to the east of the diffuser. - - - . vertical pro?les measured nerd the diffuser indicated that'most of the effluent-plume was under the I srn'face of the water; This bottom plume? was'shown to be con?ned by the shore to the north and- generally flowed west, south of northwest (Frg'ure 3.2). Dilutions of 50:1 were observed iinnrediately around the . diffuser, with dilutions of 1000.1 within 1 ion of the outfall. The mean current'speedfor-thisperiod was 0.0132 1' 0.0091 m?fsec during oonditions. - I Figure 3.1 I . - P?hihsw? Harbour Hem?diaf Action Pfan - The ig??ence of direction on the Sp?fiaf can?gur'atfan of ef?uent from me Jams; HiverMarathan, Ltd. main mm outfall in the Lake Superior portion of the P?ninsula Hal-mar Area 01" 001109111 during 1-973 - - . - $993 - Su?s?ar .1. wind diracuo 'shiftihg during xi. ?re mm} - . A July '15; 1973 .1, '1 km Lake S?pe?af' . I ?irac?[rem-hr) I Lake Supa?dr .I . 1 Wink! direction - I .j baf.Flu?ng sum: SWHQ .o - 1 - wring survey'L'?ka Sup?ffar Mud succumb . belurasurvey; 1" NE pl?ma?feq ahamarea I. Figure 3. 2 - Peninqu H?rbour HemedfaMcn?hPIan E?iu?nr-plum di . bu?an from the Jam's- mammal}; Ltd. submerged -. . di?user'autfa?in the Lake Supe?or portion or the Peninsula Harbour Area of (30an dun'ng 1986 '--June 13. 193-6 I June isgms - a a?itmnt plume 1: depth 2 meter: - af?uentplume 1: daplh 4 mater: . Hawkins Hawkins" Island Island .559? Lake Shpe?ar . I 'Lake_5uperiar_kin-rum . mu - I. - Jumm?s?? . .- e?luant plume 2: daplh 2 meters . af?uent plume 2: 2 mailers from banal-11' Hawkins - 3* -. Hawkins Hand . island . Lake' Snpe?dr Lake'Supg?ar 32' bemen stations indicating point souree for -- "3.2.2 Physical Parametets Comprehensive water quality survey for the Peninsula HarhOur AOC- 'vvas doneby OMOE in_'1934 and 1935 (Jardine. and Shopson 1990); Water quality sampling stationsfor 1934 and 1935 are shown in - Figures 3.3 and 3.4 respectively. Available results from earlier voter quality surveys in the 1970s are 'oomparedtothe.ll934l1935 results.-' - . . - - I I - 3.2.2.1 I-Tutbid'rty A signi?eant increase (p <0.05 level) harem levels'oeourred between 1904 at 1905 which was probably . due to..a oonmrrent inerease in turbidity in-mill?effluent (Table 3.1} (Jardine and 1990). i'l'v-Io additional observations support this statement the highest oirbidity level in 1984 (7.6 1,985 I (6.4 ?emitters-11w near-the. effluent ontfall; and there seen signi?cant differences in nirtridity levels . .1- Table 3.1 . I Surnmatyof hater quality diaracteris?es for physical parameters forthePeninsula'Harhour . .Area of Coneern from 1990 to 1935(Hemg-mcnaaerjee1974 and Jardine and Simpson . 1990). Values are compared to the Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO). . the .Water Quality Went and the .Canadian Com-toil Rgmum and Environment Ministers oh?c?ves . - -. - Parameter-_' Objectivtesteoidelines. . taro" - -. - 11984. - . .1985 ijoo 0me mung. n- Moan Moan Range - Range Co?duc??'ti 4 - 5 99.5' '230 99.0 111- 011111me .- . - . 93-100 . . -94.o-216.0_ . . 900-1100 Colour- -. I . -- I 3.7. 120 - .- '45 . (Apparent)?- - . - . - 3 5?5. . - [1.0'22' - 03'13 pH" -- 75' 7173 9.1 1-493 . -- I - - I 03-39: .- 0.717.? Tmhidhy . .. -- NA. .. 0.44 .1116 .05- 101-_ . -. -. - - 025-16 0.13-6.4' . NA. __Data not available I - _11 . :Nunaber'ofsamples analyzed - -- . - .. . Number of samples exuding-the guideline. . I -- (1970 survey sampled and - 3.2.2.2 Golour Apparent oolour is a useful parameter for industrial wastes-raters. such as those pulp and papet' I mills, whereeolour is usually due to colloidal ?or s?spended'material (Jardirle and Simpson'lQQO). Results- f1ion1 the OMOE surveys show colour values were highest in 1970 (Table 3.1). Although the meanoolour I values hemeen 1934 and 1935 show little change. colour values for stations near the main mill outfall 33- Figure 3.3 PeninSuia Harho?r Rem?diaf Action Plan - I I I Sam?ing "locations for the 1934 water qualitysurvey or the'PeninsuIa HarbourAma of Concern - - . I win le?m' IE5 Peninsula Bay- 0 . 1- I . ?Wm? Peninsula Harbour . . I . sample'stalipn 71: eonuoista?on- Figure 3.4 Penins?ia Hai?pqr Remediafnc?dn Plan; I I . -- - Sampling locations for the-1985 water quamylsurvey of the Peninsuia Harbour-Area ofConoem - Peninsula Bay PenfnSula' mam island in! ?Poinr'_ - .312 Island. .- o; . 3.?5 inlil Intake? 411- II 415. . . - Lake-superior a. sa?-ine station' -. I re?lipa?tgszion - I - I I 35'. ante high in 1934 versus only two sense stations in 1933. In 1934 colour values in ambient waters ranged .. I .from 1.0.to 22. apparent colour- units. Values in 1935, after the installation'of the diffuser, ranged from 0.3 to - - 12 apparent colour units 'I(Table 3.1). - . . 3.2.2.3 Spook-Conductance Conduclisity values in'JelliooeCove were similar to those measured in Lake Superior during both theI1970 - and 1934:1935 surveys (Table 3.1). 1934 ennductivity values were highest at stations? nearest the mill ._outfall. These high values were not. observed in 1985. lilonlclutz?civitg.r dern'e'ased signi?cantly (p 0.0.5'level) between . .- . I . . 3.2.2.4 TemperatUre .I In 1984, maximum surface water temperamres were observed huntediatelyadh'mt to the main outfall. I with decreashlg temperatures as distance from the outfall increased. Houever,_in1935 high temperatures wereldetected over a much larger area. This observation indicates that the effluent is diffused over a greater area man-was previously observed, due to the submerged outfall (Jardirre and . - . Simpson 1990). signi?cant (p 0.05 level) increase in temperature from 1984 to 1985 supports this supposition-I . . - I I 3.2.2.5 1934 pH values ranged from 3.3 to 3.4 with a mean of 1.5, while 1935 values ranged'from?J in 7.7 with a mean of 7.1. There'was no discernible pattern 'toIpII-l variation in the harbour or Lake Superior. The PWQD for prasnot-Ieirceeded3.2.3 CIOnvemional Parameters, Nutrients and Maior' Ions. 3.2.3.1 Total SuspehdedSolids (133) and Total Fora-salted Solids .(Iros) . -I - - Elevated concentrations have been-historically aesnnenrea as an impactto the Peninsula Harbour-soc I (Jardine and 1990). The lowest concentration in 19?0 (5 rngl'L) isgreater than the'upper' range detected in 1985 (4.56 nrg!_L) (Table 3.2.). In 1970', surface waters of Lake Superior within- a 350m range-of the main mill discharge contained eoncenhaResults from the 193411935 survey-indicated that ms and TBS-levels wore-100mm and less than 5 respectively in both 1984 and 1935. "There was a decrease (p ?0.05 heat!) in both parameters betel-em the two A gradient of T55 and TDS. levels stemming from the mill or WPCP diseharg'es ,would have indicated that there plants are point sources for solids. However, although there-were elevated . levels of T55 and! or TDS at four stations in 1984, there were no signi?cant differences in levels between the stations. Therefore, there does not appear to be a discernable point source for solirb (Jardine?and3.2.3.2 - Flue Day Biochemioal Oxygen Demand (Boos) BOD5 and chenrieal'onigen demand (COD). values are important measures of. theoxygen being consumed in I the receiving waters as a result of ef?uent discharges; the greater the BODsIand COD values. the greatm I the amount'of oxygen being used up through breakdown of organic matterin the effluent. Dissolved oxygen I - reflectsIthe-arnount of oxygenIav-aiiable for aquatic life. I I I . Tab1e_3.2 Isummary pf?water'quality characteristics for conventional majer ions} _for the_Penin5u1a-Harbeur Area of concern from IQIO to 1985.(Herzng and Chatterjee 1974 and Jardine and Simpson 1990);: Values areIcumpared to the Ontario Provincial Hater Quality I . ,Objectivea the Great Lakes Hater quality_Agreement dbjettives (GLHQa)g'and the Canadian and Environment ?inisters abjeCtires (CCREH). Parameter - UbjehtiveiGuidelineI . =,1970 - . 1934-_ - - 19a5 - -. PHQD I GLHQA -ICCREH - -Hean 3 -'.Hean- - n'I "HeaRange . . Range Range .. TotalISuEPEnded - - - i .4.. I.1I- - 1J3 .I o;70 - v2 SoLids_(mgIL) -. -- . - 5~50 - I - . -. o.oa~4.56- - 1. . r" ,rH125- - .n.1+2a.o. -. o.1~7.1- - Total Nitrogen: . - . I ,0551 0e44?0;56 . I Ammonia'cmgit) a15.a - e. a' 3 - 0.014- 129 0.009= 39: I .I -0.01?n.2a_ .-o.ooavu.023 (0) _Nitrate.+. . - - -I - -o.06 I I ogsza, 130 . - a? Nitrite (mgfL) I II (nitrite). - (OJI 0,145r0.475 (0) Total Kjeldahl - - I 'o.134' '12? . 05113 .I - 66 Hitrogeh1(mgKLDissolved Oxygen (mgfL) . . -. COD {mgfLi- a; -: 312.4P13.Chluride . f" - a_ ?w Tota1.'Ir re .1 ?Hua .1122"4a33. d5 n' . Number Of samples analyzedI . I - 1' - . Rumba: of samrleS'exceeding the min1mum gu1de11ne. Shaded cells show parameters 1n exceedence; Data not avai able: . -, - - - HeasuredIdata notIava11ab1e Based'on'un-iunized ammonia Concentrat10n_at pH of 7.2, temperature Based'en 54! saturation required for edld'water b1eta at a temperature of 0-0 the 1970 OMOE survey showed BODS levels within the harbour were generally below: mgIL . . (OMOE 1972). BODS concentations on the surface ofLalte Superior in 1970 ranged from 12.5 mg! near i - the main mill outfall to less than 1 mgIL-615 from the outfall. Samples taken below the dark brown I . coloured surface 1mater contained less- mgiL RODS: . - - EODS mean levels in 1934 and'1985 were generally.' low, 0.6 mgIL andIOA mg! respectively, howeII'er, the decrease in concentrations from 1984 to 1985 Was signi?cant <0.l15)_ (Table. 3.2) (Jardineand Simpson I 1990)., Elevated values from both years were located in the vicinity cf the outfall. The-mill and - WPCP were determined to be the primary point sources of the erogen demand. - 3.2.3.3. Chemical_0xygen Demand (Coo) Results from the meantime survey shoved that con levels in the harbour were less than 15 mglL. COD concentrations on the surface of Lake Superior in 19W ranged from 190 mgiL near the main mill 'outfallto . - less than ro'ingiL 615 m- from the outfall. Samples taken below the dark" bros-tr coloured surface water contained less-than 10-mgrL'coD. - . . - I The mean'concentration of C01) in 1985 decreased to one third the mean level in 1934, (Table 3.2). It should be noted that the 1985 control stationldetected COD levels greater than many other stations in the ADC. This control station was not sampled-in 1984, thus there is no data for comparison (J ardine and - 1 -- Oxygen. I Results from the 19h)- OMOE surveyr showed that dissolved oxygen concentrations on the surface of Lake gSuperior. ranged from 69% saturated {6.2 near themain mill outfall samrated (7.6 mgfL) 615 from the'outrall. Samples collected farther out in the lake neared total saturation 1972). "The erg-gen demand of the ef?uent does not appear to be depleting the dissolved org-gen in receiving waters (Jardine and Simpson 1990). One sample in 1935 was belowthe PWQO objective-of?? mgIL (Table 32); All 1970 isinister-samples exceeded thePWQO'for cixygen. The objective (6.0 mglL) 1tva's not exceeded (Tablej-J32:3.5 __Nitrogen Parameters Results hum-the 1970, OMOE survey indicated that levels of total nitrogen increased approximately 15% oven Background concentrations 1Within a 308 mand' 615 or range of. both the outfalls in .Tellicoe Cove and Lake Superior(OMOE 19.72). Arnmonia, tetal kjeldahl nitrogen and nitrate nitrite levels were similar to background levelsin - both_1984 and 1-985 (Table 3.2) [Backgruurxi levels range from_0.004_~ 0.022 mg'fL ammonia; 0.32 - 0.365 nitrate nitrite; and.0_.03 - 0.15 Ammonia levels were?found to have signi?cantly between years but nitrate levels increased signi?cantly?ardine and Simpson 1990). The increase in nitrate concentration may be due to ammonia nitri?cation. Neither un-ionized ammonia nor nitrate levels exceeded CCREM guidelines in either year. -- - 3.2.3.6 Total phosphorus - Result from the 1970 OMOE survey shoe-ed that 1.:th of total phosphorus increased approximately-1.00 to 211% over background concentrations. within a- 308 mend 615 "range ofhoth the .outfalls in 'Jellicoe cove - and Lake phosphorus contrations in Jellicoe ranged from 0.025 mgfL'at a distance of .154 'from' the main sinnp otter?ottr to 0.015 at,6_15 from the outfall. I- . levels decreased to' shill-'me (OMOE 1972). levels in Lake Superior. - -_fc_llovaed the same pattern with respect to thelmain mill outfall, however; spatial distribution changed with -- - - In 1934, only one station-had total phosphoms levels that exceeded-the pwoo (coco 'mglL) for-avoidance of nuisance algal growth in 1akes,-whileIin 1985, ninestations 1were in exceedance (Table 3.2). All nine of I these stations were located in the vicinityof, :the WPCP outfalls'. Due to the rapid exchange . I nutrients with-open-Lake'Superior and the inherent cold no: temperamre, Iota:T nutrient levels and the low - - productivity of Lake Superior, the "small phosphor-Ln macaw-(con 4 0.055 raga.) is not mean . Sinipson 195D). I - -- I I Sodium levels. are usuallyelevated in'pulprnill ef?uent and can-be used to traceef?uent. A'signi?cant decrease in sodium levels occurred-bemoan 1984 and.1935, and was due to; 1) increased dilution'of the - e??luent by the diffuser outfall, and 2) decreased leirels of in the mill ef?uent (J ardine' and Simpson 1 There were also considerable-Station differences in sodimn' levels indicates that the mill outfall- isa point source for tins-parameter{Contour mapping of concentrations on each date-illustrates hoththe of the . plume and-reduction in localized sodium levels'resulting from increased initial dilution of-the effluent -. - ., Figures 3.5 and 3.6 show the changes in sodium levels on the three-sampling days in 1934 and'ttm sampling days in 1935. These ?gures also illustrate the citremc and rapid changes in surface water concentrations that - can in the, plume. 3.5 the of increased effluent. - diffusion in 1985. as plume concentrations are more diluterthanlthose recorded in.-I1934. 3.2.3.5 Chloride, .f Mean chloride concentrations remained a. 1934 10-1935 mm. 3.2). Similar chloride concentrations exhibited a. signi?cant Elevated t?yalues of 3.010 4.0 mg] were I - - found near the pulp mill and WPCP outfalls. . 3.2.3.9 sulphate - Sulphate values: were similar-in Cave and Lake .-Supet_ioriand ranged from 0.29 to 6.45 the. .-I- enception'of one value. at 65.25 mg! collected in 1934. This elevated sample Was in close proximity to the .. main mill outfall and also contained abnormally high values of chloride and sodium representedan - isolated slug-of concentrated wastewater (Jardine 193]). - . I - '40 4 2p mga?L Figure 3.5- I. Peninsula Harbaur Remedial! Ac?ah Plah' Spatial distribution 'of sodium concen?a?ohs in walef On each samp?hg day of Ma 1984 me Peninsula HarbourArea of Concern . from Jardina ma?a-man #990 1 - May 26,1954 =1 I -.Hay1_9. 19345 May 16,1934. I - pm?. . Far I I Uhlsupg?ar - I Luke Superldr Lake supprlar ., LI - Ia_ . Indium-iohuntratlan' I Ir sam'?la station I - . 5_.0 1- .5 2000.0 F'i?u?fe 3.6" I PianSpatial dls't?bu?an of sodium congentra?on's. In winner on'each sampling day of May. 1.985 for . - .mePeninsulaHarbourAm-ofConm2may 14, 1985 .May..17.-196.5' - I I thnsui'? :Bay Panfdsula Bar in 1' in! -ers_ mnl- - 41 I in. _l Lake sup?irmr - _'_Lake5uperrar ao?Eum co?caniralihn I El ?2.13 nigIL - sampleslatiun :ZDIn'igf-L - I I p-repliqata station .1: Etation - .. 3.2.4 Metals Concentrations-of metals-in ambientwater-?in the Peninsula Harbour ADC have only b13en measured in the OMOE 193411985 survey. _In general, metals concentrations were low,?va a few moderate exce'edences I . able . Elmept for iron. there were no signi?cant differences in concentrations between 1934 and 1935 (JardineandSilnpson1990)._ - . - - 3.2.4.1 - Mercury - 1934; sample etaceeded the Pwoo of an ngL. this sample (#417) was. located'near the shore approximately 2 km south of the main mill outfall and had a value of 0.2 [Figure 3.3 and Table 3.3). There were no mercury exceedences in 193.5 able 3.3). The mercury :_values 111 water from the 193411935 survey reflect only the total elemental mercury present in the sample. Methylated-fonns of mercury such as and of great concern . in the aquatic environment because they have a_ high af?nity for biotic'tissues, are readily accumulated by aquaticorganisms and tend to bioconcentrate' becauseof rapiduptake'and slow 'depuration (Jardine' and Simpson1990).' . . . Sediments Jellicoe Cove were found to be' producing methyl mercuryin- 1976 (OMOE 1978). water . I 'samples taken near bottom showed elevated mercury'concentrations. See section 3.3.1 for results and - . 3.2.4.2 Other Metals - Most locations with elevated concentrations of metals weredetected near shore, in close to the and WPCP outfalls. elevated concentrations are probably due to active source loadings, and it is unlikely that resuspension of the adsorbed Metal contaminantsare primarily associated with sediment, and the nearshore areas are a high energy environment, dominated -I by sand andgraveanrdine and Simpson 1990). 3' Alm'nintnn concentrations did not exceed the PWQO {0.005 mm for pH greater than 6.5 to 9.0) in 1984, . but exceeded theOhjective at ?ve stations in 1985 Twoof these stations were near the sump overflowin Jellicoe cove and three ?were in openLake Superior. Values exceeding the objective ranged I from'0.110 mgl'L to 1.6 mgl'L. The highest value 'was detected at station #396; ?st-south of the main mill outfallsame was not detected in watersamples in 19311 as 1935. Cadmitun values were. low in each year, with levels ranging from 0.0003 to 0.015 mm (Table 3.3). The . minimum reportable amount (MRA) for cadmium of 0.0003 mgl'L, is'higher than the water quality objective of 011102 mg! L. Results are dif?cult to compare with the objective however, the MRA was exceeded twice .in 1934 at station #330 in Peninsula Harbour and at station #38? located-betvmen. Island the . -. Peninsula (Figure and four times in 1935 at four stations near the main mill-and WPCP entrails. Copper concentrations ranged from 0.001 to 0014 mgl?L-in 1984 and were nota'nalyzed-in 1935 (Table 3.3). . of- 0015 mg} was not exceeded. However, the more stringent CCREM guideline of 0.002 mg'lL was exceeded at station #391 adj'alcent'to the main mill outfall and station #403 near the WPCP .IoutfallfFigure-Sj.TabIeI 3.3 - - of water qualityr characteristics for metals in the Peninsula Harbour Area of . - - Concern from 197010 Simpson 1990). Values are'eernpared 00 the - Ontario Brow-1110.120] Water Quality the. Great Lakes Water Qualiqu - Agreement objectives (GLWQA), Canadian Council Resouree and' Environment. WIv?nistersohjec?mmCREM). . .. I -. -. Objectivweuideiine .- 1004 .. .1905. I PWQO- Icc'nEM- .Mean - I- - 2 .- -jI I Aluminum I 0.075?; - 0075?.- 0.015 . 30 - (mgfL) I - .. - 0.0030057 - (0). 'Arsenic I I 0.10 0.05 -.0.05 - . "22 I I 45" Cadnn'I 'um -I - . I ?0.0002 -0.0mz_- 0.0002 (111011)? . .. 010mm .- - [0.10 . 0.050 0.002 - - - - . 0.005 0.005 0.002 .: .- Irnn' .. 0.300" 0.300 I - -. Lead: 00200.0.020- 0.001 - - ?Merem'y (0'30) 0.0 .. 0.1 0.016 0.0010001 NicIkeI' I . 0.03 "0.025 0.09.5 - (mgIL). . .- - Seler?em_ . . 0.01 0.010 0001 30113114). . Silver I II 0.0001? 0.0001. (mail-1' . - - . . Zine - "0.03.0- .- 0.0309. 0.030 "n .Nu?berefsemplesanalyzed II .. - I -- - -.- Number of samples exceeding meiminimurnguideljne. Shaded cells SIth perametem which have _'Iexceededgu.idelines . - . .I NA NatIanaly-ud' I -- NDINutdeteetedVAll concenu'atians Iees men the Reportable Arnount (MRA) of 0.001 01ng (1 1311.). I 0.5113 ng?L is'g'reater thantheobjaetive: - exceedenees are those ?iieh 'are greater than - Based enjan alkalimwefmmgiLas'CeCm [Kinkeadand - -- . .I - . 191m of 0.003 (sometimes repurted in 1935 as 0.001 mgiL) is greaie'r me objectiveIMRA of 0.095 mgiLIisIgreaterthanthe ob?c?ve. All concenn?a?ans 105.5 than-them . -. 43 Chromium concentrations ranged from 0.001 to-.0.013 toga. in51934. -m not analyzedin 1935 - . (Table 33). The PWQO of 0.1 mgt'L was not exceeded, but, the more stringent CCREM guideline of . 0012 mgt'L was exceeded at ?ve stations near the mill and outfalls (Figure 3.4). . Iron exceeded the PWQO of mgt'L in 1985 at two stations (Table 33). Levels detected we.re 13 mgiL I . at station #396and 0.31 mgt'L at station #407. Station #396 is near outfall (Figure 3.4). lead concentrations ranged from 0.003 ?to-3.0 over 1984 and 1985. Lead values exceeded the 0.02 nigtl PWQO once in 1984 at'station mgt'L) and twice in 1935 at station #376 (3.0 Jellicoe Coveand'station #407 {0.02 mgt'L) in open- Lalte Simerior. Samples with elevated lead values Occurred at most stations in the vicinty of the main mill and WPCP entrails. The one high value or'3.0 was not incorporated intothe data set (Table 3.3) because the-mean {0.054 mgiL) would exceed the PW andnot 'gi-ve anaccurate representation of the data set. The sarnple containing the high 'Iead value also contamed a - very highainovalue. This anomaly is explained ?nch -. - - I I - -. . . Nickel, selenium and silver were analyzed'in i934. recital values ranged from 0.001-ito 0.02.mgiL and did'_ not exceed the (T ablei33}. Selenium and silver were not detected. . In 1934, zinc exceeded the PWQO at station #337 {023 tags.) in Lake snpetiot. Zinc guidelines were - . exceeded seven times in 1935 in two samples in Jelliooe Cove and ?ve samples in Lake Superior. High levels 'of zinc {4.0 mgt'L) and lead (3.0 mgiL) 'were detected at station #376. This station was not in the . vicinity of an outfall. and the high levels were therefore assumed to be a result of resuspension of metals adsorbed onto' ?ne-grained sediments (Jardioe and Simpson 1990). ,This astumption is supported'by the - observation that the sample containing the maximum levels of lead and zinc also contained a high Similarl'to lead, the high zinc value was not incorpomted into the data set [Table 33) because the mean (0.092 mglL} would exceed the PWQO and would not accurately represent the data set as -- a whole. The remaining ?ve samples which exceeded the PWQO at stations inthe vicinity of the. . 23.2.5- Phenots - The survey detected levels of'phenolie.substances in the ranging from a high-29 Lg! _3 in the immediate vicinity of the main 'sump overflow to <10 tig't'Lat distances'beyond 308m from the - . outfall. In- Lake Superior,'phenolic substances ranged 250 ttgt'L near the main rrtill outfall to ?5 tgt'L' ?lS'm from the outfall (OMOE 1W2The PWQO for total reactive ph'enolics of 1.0 tgl'L was set torprotect edible ?sh flesh against tainting .. .. - .(Jardine and Simpson 1990). Results from the survey showed that mean concentrations; from both years exceeded the Pivoo (Table 3.4). water samples exceeded this 'objeetite 50% of the time in 1984 and.81% of thetime in 1935. Maximum concentrations in 1984.635 ttg'll'. and 112 tglL) were deteCted at two sites in the vidniry of the mill discharge- In 1985, the maximum concentration detected was- - 14.0 ugt'L and was in open Lake Superior, not near the outfalls. -_The concentration of total reactive phenolics decreased signi?cantly between the two years. There wasalsoa signi?cant difference-in values between statiors, indicating that there is a point source discharge of phenolics. - I . The contour maps in Figures "3.7 and 3.3 illustrate changes in the areal extent of. contamination and, the reduction in localized concentrations resulting from the increased dilution of the diffused effluent. Reactive - phenolic: were-distributed over a greater area in_1935 as a result of- increased dilution by the diffuser; however. concentrations ?dire lower in 1935 than in 1984. - - - I . 45fSpatial distribution at reac?vq pheho?cs cp?cen?a?dns in water pn each sampling day of May 1934 for -- - -. . - - - . IIrmr?rdgru'na?rum mgrMaurineLair Superior I I .II'Lako swam-r I LIaquo Superior I [j nougL I - I II anonugrL . -I p'grL-I . spmpie Statipn I I control station .46 'Figure 3.3 _Pehfnsu.!a Harbour HemedIaIAcrion'PianSpatial dist?butibn of reactive phenolicscOncentm?ons in water arr-each sampling day of May 1935 for thle'Perrinsuta HarbourAma of Concern - - - - -. {hm Janina and, aiming rm Ma'y'jd, 1985. E- May'17,1985 Peninsula . Bay . Lake'Super-iot '__Lhke$uperior phennlco?mnlrailnn . I u?iL I sample siatiory ugfL - - I__._replicata_station - - g?a??'pgal I - 2-5.0 - - - - 1 small-y of water qualitycharacteristies for phenols. and Add in - the Peninsnl'a Harbour Area of Concern from 1970 to 1935 (Janiine and Simpson 1990)., Values are to the Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives. (PWQO), the Great Lakes Wat?r Agreement-ome the Canadian Council of I .- Resouroe and Entimntnen't l'v?x?sters - - -- . . - rummage-I I 7190.4. 1905 Moonme scam mm .InHanna. Ranch Flange" - Phenoliee' - (total) (1?:le . - . (gm 0.01 - 0.01. NA . 12.0moment: 25,; - -- Acidstlem) - . - .452? . n_ 'Numherofnamplesanaiyzed'. 2. -I.. I I I - (all). Number of samples exceeding the guideline?hadedcells'show paratnettm in eneedence ..NA Notanalyzed - . -- I . - Not detected All ooncentra?ott are'less than the MRA except. for one Although a greet'ntunber? of-the stations exteed?d'the for read-Eve 'phenolien, there have been I. I -I I. Chlo?natedand spedated phenolic eomponnds are major nontributorn to pulp mill _e??luent'td?dty (Melee? I et 31. 1936). Ten samples an'tilyzed for theses'ubetanees in 1934i1935 did not contain-detectable levels of homr; '5 out of 9Ispetiated phenolic compounds were detected in at least one . . Sample {Jerome Simpeon 1990). In 1985, phenol wan-detome at 12 out of 36 stations andjva'lues ranged .. {mm 0.004 to 0.157 1.311.. Valium was deteetedIin only I-uut of 36 samples in 19041935. _Va.l?ll.in ooncemrations ranged hem-0.001 101,157 tgiL ln 1905 with the highest concentration . I in the vi 'tyof the main mill discharge. Homotrahillic acid detected in out of 36 samples. - (0.005 to 0.039 in 1985, 'wns detected'ntl'out-of I36 sites in' 1984 {2.0 and at l9-out of . I36 sites'in 1935'with values ranging 0.006 to 5.13 thL.? As With the highest'eoncentrations of deteeted near the main outfall. I - .- . - 3.2.6 Resin, .thty and Aromatic Acids _"Resins aide are derived from the name] resins'found the tuned of eot?ferous ?ees, and released I ?extremities? during the pulp processing. Fatty acids are formed from the fats stored in. I. the mood to pm?de winter food resents for the teer'These-fats are hydrolzgsed'Idu?ng'pulping to: form fatty 47- - acids. Resin and fattyacids are normally reuse in association-in pulp mill liquors and effluents, see ere and primary sources of. toxicity in pulp and paper mill effluean '(Jardine and Simpson 1990). In the 1934:1935 omoEs'eneyii-ees raised that resist acids were non-detectable in'1934 es detected at. only one station (#409111 1935 (Iardineand Simpson 1990). Dehydroahietic acid wasdetected at 30 igl'L .- at station #404 (nearshore'south of main mill and WPCP outfalls)_and exceeded the 12 iglL palustric, pimaric. and sandaracopimanc acids were detected at this-station I at concentrations of 30 to 35 igl'L. "I?he PWQOs for total resin acids of 25 mil. (pH =10) 45.11311 cerealscesceededp . . - .- . . . - Fatty acids were generally not detected. All fatty acids except cap?c aciiwere detected at station #404 111.1935. Concentrations ranged-from 40 to '70 ngL. There are no PWQOsfor fatty acids. . I 'I'lic aromatic acids, bouzoic. and till-ltli'alic1 not detected. I 3.2.7 Organohalide's and Organochlorine Pesticides . I. Twenty-three volatile organohalide parameters were analyzed in the 193411935 OMOE Survey (Jardine and .. - Simpson 1990). Only four of these compounds were detected at least once. One of these compounds Was chloroform. Chlorofonn was detected at 311317 sample locations in 1934. Five-of the most elevated'lewls . from 28 to 56-11311 were located within the potential plume area ofthe'main discharge (Jardine - and Simpson 1990,). in 1985, chloroform was detected at ?ve of twenty locations, with the highest concentration (16911311) occmring in thesample collected adjacent to the main mill outfall. Chloroform, although not highly toxic, has a low petemial for hioaccumulation and is therefore not considered an . ilnportant hazard for aquatic ecosystems (J ardine and Silnpson 1990). - Chloroform is a common constituent of kraft pulp mill effluents employing a hypodtlorite bleaching stage; At James River-Marathon the- I hypoddor-ite stage eliminatedin May 1991, thus source of chloroform in the mill 5 . ef?uent. - . . Calhon- tetrachloride, analyzed only in 1984; was detected "at ?ve out of six stations with concentrations . . ranging from 1 to '15 '13! L. Total nihalome'thanes. analyzed only in 193.5; were detected-at 11w out of twenty stations. One high value of 170 iglL-was detected at station #393. near the main mill diffuser. Trihalomethanes are. common byproducts of .the chlorine disinfection process used at wastewatertreamtent plants. -2,3,6?d11orotolaene (16 pgl'L) was detected at two stations in'Lake' Superior in 1985. Only three of 28 pesticides analyzed were detected in at least one scolple. was the most o'on'lmon and detected in time: the samples, Cmicent'rations rangedfrom?lml to. 0.021 igfL. .Fo_ur- .2 samples in 1985 exceeded the PWQO .of 0.01 tgiL (Table 3.4) of which one occurred in Jellicoe (#333) .nearestthe? mill-sump the others were found in'Lake' Superior in the vicinity of the chHCis commonly detected-at low concentrations throughout the Great Lakes and could not be linked to any immediate point source in the AOC. - (Endemic) was demoted at low concentrations ?(0.001 to'0.003' 1311.) in 11% of'the samples. The GLWQA objective {0.01 igl'L) was notexceeded. Aldon (0.005. igl'L)'was_ detected at one station near to the discharge in 1935 and exceeded the GLWQA I objective of 0.001 ugIL. . . . . 3.73.2.0 Dioxins'and Furans Dioxins I'andfurans ares family of chemicals consisting of 75 isomers of and 135 isomers furans. The most toxic forms are those substituted at the 13,13 positions, in - particular 2.3.7.3-teesclilere-p-dienn (Tenn) unpublished data). - . -- Dioxins and hirans'are produced in combustion reactions. such as-fot-est ?res and indeerators; and as I of the manufacture of'industrial chemicals. kraft mills which do not- use have been identi?ed as sources of mart}.r forms or dio?ns. but p?ncipally?irans (Smith, QMDE . I unpublished data). In both- cases many of the isomers detected are. the alrnost,utiquitous,I chlorinaIEd Tomas found'throughout the entironment. Hon-ever, bleaching often discharge the 13,13 - substimted fonns'fsmith; OMDE impubtished dataIndustrial'discharges of and hirans into both result in a net localized loading of these I I monies-15 which adsorb to organic sediments and in mm are absorbed'by aquatic or . -. - terrestrial animals from the dieL- Lewis of these chemicals can build up from'undetectable in some I II . compartments of the [ambient 1water) to. toxic. levels in organisms higher upon the food chain . . {st-aim, OMOE unpublished data). . .- -. Smith (DMD-Elnotes that dioxin-and furart levels in supplies are always non-detectable; Ambient in the Peninsula ur ADC have not been analyzed-for'diosins and ?rrans. but it is lilu?y. I I that these compounds not Ibe_detected. 3.2.9 Bacteria Lake-Superior I '.'Ihere are two outfalls,I the..lames RiverMam?lon main mill outfall and Marathon WPCP. discharging'to the - Lake Superior portion of the Peninsula Harbour ADC?Gimme 2.3). I - - The main outfallincludes all ef?uent and-prior to 1982 included the mill?s The Marathon WPCP outfall is located 1.3 km. south of the outfall; "In 1982 the WPCP mason-graded .. from a primary to a secondary treatment facility. ln'addition, the pulp 'mill?s sanitary waste-sewer was oonnectedtothe-WPCPile?l . . ..- . - 'I'he'?rst OMOE bacteriological survey was done in 1-970; Fecalli-coliftirm densities ranged from 9,811) to' 14,6Worganismsi1m mL nithin a- Tl radius'of; the discharges (DMDE 15oz), Fecal streptococd densities ranged from 54010 920 mi. in the same area. These values _faIr- exceeded the. PWQO of 100 . fecal ooliform organisms! lmritL bytes) orders of magnitude, Boththe mill and WPCP ef?uent contributed ., the high'baeterial-lesels -. -. .. . Another?bacterial survey was conducted by. order to the of non-chlorinated - castes on 1unrater quality. 'l'hisIsunrey took place one year after the closure of the James River Marathon . 'Cl?oralkaliplant . - .. -. . - . . - . .-. .- .Tcital ooliform densities in the effluent exceeded 1,000,000 organisms 100 on samples taken . . September 5 and October 23, Total coliform' densities in lake water near the wrap- outfall-indicated severe water quality impairment (Figure Densities of fecal coliform also exhibited I severe contamination near the WPCP outfall (Pugh 1979).- Figure 3.9 shows densities of 1511? and ?lm I-feca1coliformsper-l_mmL. -. - . - The total and fecal coliform Pwoo guidelines were exceeded by two and three orders of magnitude respectively near the WPCP outfall 'in 1978. Pugh (1979) concludedihat Lake Superior waters at Pebble Beach .were unsuitable for. water contact-recreation and use. althoughthe mill ef?uent did contribute to bacterial contamination in Lake Sopelior, irnpairment was largely;r due to'wastev-ratBrs from the5 - - -, .49 Fi?ure?? - I 7 October 23.- 1913 I Penins'nfa Haitian? Remediamcnan Pfan . . Spatial distribution of toral'co?form and fecal coliform densities in . the Lake portion of the Peninsula mmur Area of Concern, September _5 and October 23, 1973 mean. nee Septeilnber 5, ?ne tale! ?zz-Meme cof?annl I muianlifums'per 1mm 1004.000 . '23-'53? 100-1900 - Logo-100.000 . - moo 410,009. - momma . - .- I Home - sample beatinn In 1982 the Marathon WPCP was upgraded to include secondary treatment and sanitary wastes from the mill were diverted for treatment at the A foam control basin and submerged ef?uent diffuser=for effluent was installed in September 1984. The 1984171985 OMOE'water quality study showed lever of, total and fecal eoliforms'in Lake Superior'were greatly'redlleed from previous years '{Jardine and Simpson-1990). Total densities ranged from not detected to 3 organisimsll?o ml. in both The higher'values were found near the outfall. 1984 fecal oolil'orm densities ranged from not detected 'to 10 ml. with thehighest value feund at station #391; nearest'the main mill outfall;_- Fecal ooliforms were not detected in the 1985 samples. . - - A follon OMOE bacteriological solely was ooatlttetetl in 1986by Braun and'Moogkin order" to determine 'the effects of the changes at the and main mill-outfall. Sainple locations and methods were chosen to . mateh'thoseo'f. the" 191'8 survey. Remus from the 1986mm? demonstrated that -_water qualify ha?d greatly - improved .(Braunand Moog}: 1986). Fecal colifbrm and fecal streptococci were not-detected. Total . - . coliforrns nulnbelingl?ll?o mL were found at only one station south of the WPCP diffuser and were not detected at other stations. In addition, total. background colonies were never greater than 50 colonies per .100 n1L. Bacteria contamination is nolonger a problem the waters at Pebble Beach. . -. i. 3.2.9.2 Jellieoe Cove. Peninsula Harbour 1 . The ism-omen suney also measured bacterial contamination cove. High total . __dens_ities were detected within 610 of the sump overflow from the pulp mill (OMOE .1972);- From ten samples twohad total oolil'orm densities $50111 organisms per 100nm and sewien' had densities is 1W organisms per 100 mL'. All nine samples exceeded the 1000 TCIIDO .t 'Fecal streptococci (PS) densities were also high. Three out'of 10 samples .within or of the mainsump overflow had densities of 572., 250 and 13,4 organisms- per 100 n1L. One sample on the north side 'of"Skin Island measured 100 FSIIOO mL. Eight samples in Jellicoe?olre had 3'28 These concentrations were the result of the main suinp overflow 1972). There are no . guidelines for fetal seeptoeoeti densities. -. 'The 198411985 OMOE water quality survey showed that densities of total-coliforms and fecal sn'eptoeocei were greatly'redueed in] Cove (J ardine and Simpson); Total coliforrn densities ranged from not -. . detected to sit org'arlisn'isir 100 mL 1984 and from-not dettented'to' organisms! 100 The highest . - 'value was found at station 8370; east of Blondin Island. Feo'al sn'eptococci was not detected in samples - I both the 1984 and 1985 surveys (Jardine and Simpson 1990)." 1 3.2.10 Aesthetics - I I I Prior to'Sememher 1.984, the James River?lttlamthon its mill. e?'lueni to an open. channel at the top of the hill on-the neck of The Peninsula. where it then flowed downhill and directly into Lake Superior surface waters. The ef?uent, width is warmer than the reoeiving waters of LakeSUpelior, 7 - resulted in the creation of a-ltuoyaat thermal plume 1933). Alum: mat'atas alsoeteatetl asa reset; of the agitation of- effluent This effluent'plurne coveralls-large area and was malodorous -- as a result of dark brown discoloration and foam 1988). This plume extended 1.5 km from the outfall on 'calm'claysand 2.5 km nortl'lwest and back into Peninsula- Harbour when winds were from - fthesouthor?southeas't. - . and installation of_ steam control basin and sabotaged di?u5er in 1934 have resultedin the elimination of ?oating foam-and most of the discolouration (R. Wilson, Beak Consultants; pers. comm). _'I'he'suhmerged diffuser resultsin effluent dilution-ranging from 50:1 to at the diffuseriand plume .- . studies hail-e shown'that the upper'3 m'of the water column are-well mixed {Beak Consultants 1986). During calm Weather conditions, slight disoolouration can he observed-tattle adults of the diffuser, but- 51' . OMQE pers. comm). objectionable discolouration has not been reported by community residents since the diffuser installation (Rt Wilson, Bleak Consultant's, pers. commhave beenno reported complaints, concerning the aesthetics of Peninsula Harbour Campeau, 73.2.11 Water Quality Summary The Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern has historically had a water and. sediment quality problem. This. problem was most de?ned in the imniediate vicinity ofthe pulp mill? discharges in Jellicoe COVE: and near the . . and WPCP discharges on the Lake Superior side of'ThePeninsula 2.3). Historical water quality problems associated with these areas included bacteriologicalcontaminaticn and aesthetic impairment. 'Ihe- areal extent of contamination from the mill, the greater of'the two polluters, was highly dependant on wind .There have boon signi?cant irnprovernents.in water overthe' years due to changes'made by both the mill and the WPCP. Cltanges include installation of submerged diffuser outfalls by'both the mill and WPCP 'in'1984 and1932 respectively, the connection of the mill?s sanitary sew to themuniripal WPCP in 1982, the I - - installation of secondary treatment by the and various, ongoing in-plant improvements by the mill. Bacterial contamination. is no longer-a- problem in the Peninsula. Harbour a0c.- Bacterial counts have decreased signi?cantly since surveys conducted prior to 1982. Bacterial levels have not exceeded the PWQO - I since 1982. Installation of the diffuser and a room control basin by themill has also eliminated the aesthetic impairment resulting from foam: mat formation and the malodorous dark brown ef?uent plume (R. Beak Consultants; pers-; comm). Closure 'of the chlor-alltall plant August 31, 1977 has apparently .: eliminated the active sourcecf mercury to the harbour. Similarly, there are no. known point sources of PCBs -- into Lake Superior from the'AClC. in-plant improvements at :the pulp and paper mill have-greatly reduced - the levels of organic matter entering the ADC, thus decreasing a-source of organic enrichment Log - operations are no longer conducted in Peninsula Harbour, furtherbark and log depositionintheharbour. I. -- A comprehensive water'and sediment survey inthe spring or? 1934 and 1985 to examine- . ambientlwarer quality conditions beforeand-after the installation of the submerged diffuser (J ardine and 199D). Parameters for which the mean concentrations decreased signi?cantly between the two years - include conductivity (25 C), total dissolved'solids, total suspended solids, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total reactive phenolics. All of these parameters are -- - . .- - Parameters that exceeded the PWQO for the protection of couatic life were total phosphorus, aluminum. iron, lead, mercury, zinc, copper, total phenols, acid, total resin acids, aldrin and All the enceedences were slight and occurred in areas in the vicinity of the main mill and outfalls. Some of tltese-pararneters, lead and zinc in particular, were in in the of' 'Jellicoe Cove and do not: show relationship to a point source. It hasbeen- suggested that the high levels are a result of- the resuspension of contaminated bottom sediment (Jardine and Simpson 1990). - Ambient water concentrations of the nutrients amnionia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen nitrite and nitrate were generally formd to be similar to background levels; Total phosphorous levels were found to exceedthe . PWQO for avoidance. of nuisance algal growth at several sites near the mill and WPCP outfalls. However, . exceedance is not-drought to be a problemldue to the oligotrophic nature of. Lake Superior. Ambi out water metal concentrations in the area were also found to be relativelylow. of. lead, I'copper, met-tarry and ?ne) _enceeded Pwms, and then- only Elemental met-tarry only exceeded the PWQQ at one station in 1984, and was not tested for in "52. 1985. Biologically available methyl mermry was not analyzed in the 198411985 survey, however, sampling done in 1976 showed that methyd mercury was being produced in bottom sediments in .TelJico-e..C.oye and 2 ambient waters near the bottom contained elevatedmer'cury concentrations (OMOE 1978). Levels of the . biologically available'methyl merwry'in surface enters must the soditnn reactive phenol has shown that the e?luent plume-size reduced .mjeoncent??onslowered. .- - L. - .I water temperami'e, turbidity, and iron and'ninnte'etneennettens signi?cantly from to 1935. Dehydroabietlc acid and total resin-acidswere detected: at concentrations above- the . at one'site, 'south'of- the mill and WPCP outfalls, in 1985. sitewas alsothe only one in which fatty acids were . -deteet_ed.. . .- . The 'Imajirity of yolalile organohalide compomtds .malyzed were not detected. Chlo?roform, . tetrachloride, o-ihalomethanes and 2,3,69tricblorotoluene were detected in 1985 at only new stations. Cliloropholic were detected'in the I Spedamd phenolics. such as phenol. homom?llic. I add and acetovanillon were detected in' 1985,'while and were detected in'1984 and Lower detectitm limits in -1935'ntny- 'a re?eclion en the: larger number of"_samples'te phenolies I?me nt several sites in_1934'end 1935.- om hat-e net reporls'regardingtainted?sh. -- . -. - The 'orgenochlorine pesticides eerie,- PBHC (linden?) and'aidtin, were detected at low leyels. These 5 - compounds are regularly demoted at-lowleuels in the Great Lakes. - I I - . 3.3 S-EDEMENT oumw; Four'sediment quality suidies have been carried out eyomoe in thePeninsula Harbour hoe item 1990 to 1935. . The most serious. problem identi?ed was tee-retry -oontamin1?on in the sediments witJ?n Peninsula Harbour proper. hiphenyl oontaminatlon'was also identi?ed within'th'e harbom. .. Results from all the OMOE studies ate presented in this sec?on with art-emphasis en the most recent study carried out in' 1934-1935. (Jardine and Simpson 1990). 3.3.1 Memory- - Mei-wry levels Peninsula has-e elevated due to spills. and I loss from a tailor-alkali plant operated by the owners of the pulp mill between 1952 and.19'l'7._ Results from. 'a 1970 1972) indicated-that mermry levels were generally high in sediments from Peninsula - Harbour, especially near the sump overflow located in .T Cove. High concentrations were -- usually restricted to the top_15 cm of the samples. Average mermry concenh?ations'ih the top 75. tin-of the . samples were '14, 44, and 13mng at '77. 154' and 308 respectively from the main ef?uent sump over?ow (onion-1992snidies etntdueted in 1973 and'1976 (Herring and Clutter?e widen: OMDE 1993) else determined that . mercury contamination occurred in the sedimts of Peninsula Harbour and were 'a result of mercury losses; I - - . I?frorrt the chloralltali plant of James River-Marathon (formerly Can of Canada Ltd.) - - Heterogend Chatter-?e (1974) found the greatest contamination was in Cove near the mill . su'mp oyer?ow. Mermry concentrations. were 38.3 rogiltg and 31.9 night; at of. 2m in and'S?D ?53 respec?mly, from the main mill sump om?ow (Herzog and Chatterjce' {1974). They determined that there was a distribution pattern of high, mercury concentrations extending westwards from the outfall to Hawkins Island. At Hawkins Island. the mercury concentration was 103 mgikg, a distante of mm from the outfall. This patter-nthen divides into a northem and southern component (Figure 3.10). The northern - component reached into Beatty Cove wherea consents-anon of 9.0 mgi'kg was detected. The southern - compenent extended irtto'the area between Hawkins Island and The Peninsula with mercury concentrations . ranging from 052 to 5.8 mgikg'with a mean of 2.9'mgi'kg. The sampling grid did not extend far enough but to reach background levels. area appears to a-majarpathway for which mercury contaminated . . . - sediments are transported from Peninsula Harbour to Lake Superior {Hemog and Chatterjee 1974). Herring Chatterjee (1974) also found that mercury contamination of sur?tial south of I The Peninsula. Values 0.2 rogik'g to 1.8 mgikg. . - A general relationship between the mercury concentrations and depth of water was observed (Herzog and Chatterjte 1974). Except. for the area in the immediate 1tittinity of the mill over?ow, the highest mercury values wcre con?ned to the deeper parts of Peninsula HarbOur m) whereas the inner region, - with a-mean depth of 9 or, had low mines. . Areas with 'the highest concentration also coincided with areas in" which silt was the dominant sediment These relationshipsmay have developed due to the? fact that ?ne-settleable materials-tend to work towards deeperwater and that merctuy is generaliy'associated with ?ne materials (l-Ienog'and Chatterjpe'1974). .. . - - . These same relationships were alsoltbund in the 1916 OMOE study (OMOE 1918).. In addition, it was determined that methyl mercury, 1nus-'liich is more toxic than inorganic mercury (McNeer eta]. 1979).; was acli'oely being produced in the sediments from Jellicoe Cove and was being released to the overlyingwaters (OMOE 1978). Table 35 shows that the higher levels "of mercury in the waterlarecoinddent with the'hi'gher levels of methyl mercury detected in the sediment which is' related to the distance from themain mill sump - overflow. The lesel of memyt-mercury-near thesurface tend to be lower bacause of. the photosensitiyity of . . - methyl mercury and its displacement from the sediments (OMOE 1.978). Currents'andlor outfall turbulence would account for the near equal values detected at both depths for station one." - Mercury concentrations in Lake.,Superior' south of The Peninsula are shown inTabic 3.6. Coincident 1970 and 1976 sample stations show that mercury concenn'ations'in sur?cial sedimmt were lower in 1976. Mercury concentrations from the Lake Superior sediment in .1970 ranged from 0.1210 1.8 mg.Ir kg south of The Pettinsula. Hawever, levels of mercury in Lake Superior still exceeded the Ontario dredging guidelines for open dispoSal of 03 . . -. The most recent surficia] sediment quality survey was carried out by OMOE during 1934 (Jardine and I Simpson 1990). Sediment sample locations are shown in Figure 3.11; Results from the survey are shown in - Samples hare been divided to show means. ranges and .eaceedehces for the PeninsulaHarbour proper and the ?open Lake Superior portion of the Peninsula Harbour ADC. Results for the tetal sarnple set 'arealsoshowninTablelT. . . levels in the Lake Superior portion or the A00 are less-than half those found memes Harbour (Table 3.7). The highest mercury salues (3.40 and 2.60 mgikg) occur in deeper areasatthe outerwest and southwest edge of the survey grid. - I . . Figum?im - . I 'Peninsuia-Harbour H?mediat ?ction Plan - . Spatial distribution of mercury Concentmtiahs in cottectedat the Peninwta Harbour?teq of Consent 1984 . . . - anti-5.50mi; - triglkg 5'5 - Memory (Hg) noncontrations in viater and sediment'from four stations 1withinPeninsula. Table 3.5 - Harbour, August 1976. Station locations are determined as distance from the former dtlor- alkali plant outfall (OMOE 1973Sediment I - Water Station Sediment :Totang- - Depth of. I Hg I Location and Description (murky) I Sample - {and} Depth .. (mi - I I Station ?ne sand and 0.045 . -- 0.0029 7.3 I6.1 3.3 I 170m from nood?hre - -- I - - . outfall; - 12.2 I .I 4.0 Station '?ne sand and - 0.0027 0.0044 32% 3.6 "1,3 250 from" . ?bre - - outfallStationItl'S; I uooddaps, .- 0.0018 . 0.0077 . 70%. .. 2.7 <05 400 from . ?bres andoutfall;" ,meditnn . 13.4 II 5.4 133m grainedde . - - .-Station ?neday 0.00004 . 00.0001 45% - 715- - :05 .S?mfromSW-' .3 - - shore-ofSlan I152- . Hand16.3111 I A. comparison of mercury levels from the 1910.1976' and 1984 surveys (Tables 3.6 and show that'IleveIs' II within the harhoor proper have decreased over time. Ihese changes are' due to-four factors: I I .1) closure of the'dtlor-alltali plant in 1977, 2) deposition of cleaner sediments over contaminated material; I meihylation (formation of methyl mercury and subse0uent release into-the water column); and I (4) resuspension andtrIansport of contaminated sediment into. Lake Suprerior. Sineel9?l3 (Herzog and - I. I Chatterjee 1974) the areal'extent-of contammation has increased farther into Lake Superior I particularly inthe 1water portion of the AOC.Iwest of the and southwest of The Peninsula I (Figure 3.10) (Jardine 1990) The OMOE 1916 sutvey indidates that methyda?on is In percent of the samples in the Hart-cur ADC easeeded- the Water Guideline (OWDG) of 0.3 ('I'ahleIBJ). The mean mercury concentration was encoded in both the harbour proper and the Lake Superior portion of the AOC (Table 3.7). The Open Water Guidelinm, developed in the early 1970s, were not designed to address the signi?cance of contaminantsin their effect on benthic organisms and their consumers nor their . capability of the quality-of the surrounding water (Persaud et al. 1991); . Quality Guidelines (PSQG) have based developed for the protection of aquatic biological resources. The - I PSQG, shown in-Table the Open Water Guidelines currently usedifor sediment evaluationcomparison of mercury values from-the 193-1 sediment survey with. the P506 revealed samples) exceeded the lowest effect level and 12% (5 samples) thesevere effect level.- Table 3.6 . Moron? i? sur?oial malts (pr 15 - . . momma Superior mum. of The Peninsula oollootod in 1975.- values- from I - loo sta?onsfrom the are shom't'or ooppa?oon (OMOE 51973). (NOTE: All1feIsults from the 1.970 OM05 amoral-e not. available). Station II - I I MarcoryConomtration . I. .- - . '(mofko) 'Station Numbor'from 1970- - IMaroury.I "Maroury - survey - - Station Humour Concentration I Conoantrati'on - - .I from 191135un from 1970 suwoy Survey - (mike) - . (manta) - II .I 0.18 - -- ES'eastofI-Iaaidnallsland - 30 -- 8.207 -- - 0.2? - GZJe?icoo Cow .- .12 .- .I - - 6.10 . - 7.40 -'GSJel?cooCOve' .I I 4.30;- . - -I .. .- 2.60 IZnorthwostofTho - .. I 0.03 - Lumtsidc . . I I. . . I 1.70. I, I NZmiddlo 23 4.50 I ..3.50 IOZmiddlo - I. - - 144]? 'P2oastsido - I . II I .main .- -. "0.083220.12 .. -: . . I. 0.0.04' - .. - fit-gum 1 Peninsufa Harbour Remedng Action Efan . . . - - . I Samara! sediment sampling locations for the 1984 survey for . . the. Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern I - . MJm?i?mmlm P?nihsula. j] ,xaay Peninswa . . Harbour . 591 resSkin . {sfa'nd "Pm-1: I . I'd-22 I Lake 'Supe?ar. I sample nation I -53 I- Table Metal and PCB concentrations found sur?eial sediment the Peninsula Harbour Area of. - -- Conoe'm' in 1-984; OMOE gold ?nes for mum of dredge spoils (OWDG) and exceedencss (shaded) are presented (Jot-dine ans Shopson Parameter: Open Water . Concentration - ConcmustionMsa'n Concentration - yDisposal Moan and Flange and Flange for. - . and Flange Guidelines. tor-Samples in' . Sampiss in Open - . 10110121 - Panin'suta Harbour - . Lake Superior-(23 (42} taken in the - (19 taksn samples taken Peninsula Harbour I {manta} north-of 43 43W- south OMB - A00 - - Latitude} I . Latitude} - - 'l - - (moms) - . (marks)- Mercury.? '8579f "1757.33 - 312957 I - - 4300-1139003?. 1.0- . II - 1' 0.21". 0.13} -- - - - sill-0.61 's0.170.E-6 . . ?ms-0.50 c0001.. .50 6.512.." '65 . {65. 32-110"- - - 40-140 32-1-40 Nickel: Lead '50 5 10.01 10.53 . . 10.0 r' . ?20-410 . {11.0?31.0 . - . 3m 45.0; - 3m -. m, "tr-cos . - I 0.05 I '2 Note. Where values we._reoorded as hie-i113 ?less than" the amountmessursble', half the - I ?oss th's'n" statue used for calculation of the mean. Table 3.3 The prawn Sediment Qua?ty'Guide?nes metals, total PCB: and'nunients - fer the pretee?en Of aquatiehiological remurees (Pereaud et 3 Parameter . - - Ne?a?aetLayall- 'Lewaat E?eet Laval? SeeHaE?act Laval 1 (meme) -- {mama} -- (manta) Halalaand. Total I II I cadmium . IV - 0.6' -- 1e Chremium I - II. _?26 3110' eras-5 :31 I 250~ Manganeaefhi II I. Nickel. I- - I I '15. . 7 .zmc . '12'0 . I 3.820- .T-otalpeas" I- om - 0.07-I7. If-sao? NunI193. - 10% ?mmxaamrq'*550- - I 600- I This nuniber is to Ibe converted ?0135qu sediment Value by multiplying- _b3r the actual - I - concentration of the sedhnents {tea 3.3.2 Other Metals. - Heavy metals heathent; other than mercury; measured by OHOE in 1973 and - Chatterjee 1974 and Jardine and Simpson 1990). Results frern'huth? surveys arelshom in Tables 3.9 and 3.7 3.3.2.1 Lead -. .Lea'd eenemtra?ens ranged.- frum <73] to 25.60 in 1973 with: the highest values near the .- main aump overflow, Beatty Cm and 1.7 km south of the main mill outfall in open Lake Superior. In 1934, Iead'enneeniratiena ranged from <2.0 to 41 mgihg 1with the highest'value of occurring nearest the everflow in Jellicoe Cove. . - 3 - Table 3.9 .I - Hem methls-and PCBs in sue-Eda] sedimer fre?'n the Peninsula HarbOur Area at Cohhem, - Samples taken by OMOE ii: (Hemgrand Chatterjee 1974): - - - :Stntien Number and' cadmium. Chromium . Lead .IZinc. . Pose -I . Location - - {marks} - (make) . . {mike} - -i (make) . - (meme).- Open whiter-Dispose] I - 1,0" I l- 50 . . .100 3 6.05 Guidelines (OWDG29.4 I. gzzhe I I - 6.50.. I mpuvpr?'<1m . .193 ism .. 23.5-I p.095 . Blondinmanesyp442' . ""1630 I 475.0 -- 1.594,-Beatty00ve I <1.ee 33.4 2330' - 1.22 '11053' 23.4" - 7.2-1.0 omj enderesPaint311' 3' I <73) 44.5, [0.053 pom" - - .. - 'seg-ihnmtorthemash ?Lon 302 ease .I m?loutfallII I -- 0fthe 63h . gm 24.9' 0.010 mainmilloutfall - . .. - -- - . . . .- - 1.05' 1 -25.e_e . 49.1- I I main'n?ll'ouifall, .. Lead ,eencenh'a?ehs. he'sur?dalsediment a'pp-earI-Ita' meta-increased 1973 and 1984;.however, their A. . levels do not exceed of 50 mgr?kg (Tables 3.9). Tm samples emeded the PSQG - [3.3.2.2 ZIinc zinc meme-amus- ranged from 24.9 1093.6 m'g-Ikg ih 1.973 with the highest values near the main supp-over?ow and 'througheut'PeninsiIla Hal-bow proper (Table .1934 ?ne eeneenh?a?ons ranged 13 to 91 the higheSt value nearest'the sump over?pw into Jellieoe Cove; Other high Miles occurred in deeperLakeSupe?er were near the 'pe?meter of the Peninsula Harem-hoe. . . '_Zit1c_eoneeqtria?ens ih to remaiped'rele?vely appetanthetween 1973 and 1934,. I Zine levels did not emeed the 0WDG- during-both the 1913 and'1984 OMOE Surveys (Tables-3.7 and 3.8). - The PSQGI, lowest, effect level was not - 3.3.2.3 Cobalt and Nickel CObalt-and nickel concentrations were determined only in the 1-934 survey (I able Values ranged from '32 to 14.0 Ing-i'kg Co and 6.6 to 30.0 mgl'kg Ni. "The higher values for both were-found in. . the deeper areas of open Lake SuperiorThe 0WDG. of 50 for cobalt was not exceeded. 'The nickel OWDG 1ultras exceeded-three times at samples located in deeper Lake superior waters near the perimeter of the AOC. Filtyseven- percent of the nickel samples samples) esteeded the PsoG lowest effect Iemi of 16 mgi'kg. . The owoo for cadmium has exceeded in the 1973 surveyrrabie 3.9) withthe highest value of 3.00 'mgikg oomrring in near proidmity to the main suinp overflow outfall in JelliooeCos-e. Two other samples, located in deeper eaters near the northwest and'southneet perimeter of the Peninsula Harbocr ADC (Table 3.91934 cadmium 'miuee ranged from <0.10 to 0.05 mgi'kg with-the highest in deeper waters in Open Lake Superior. Table shows that cadmium levels insur?cial Sediment-did not exceed the OWDG in 1934. omy 3 samples exceeded the PSQG lowest effect let-e1 for. cadmium (0.6 mgikg)- 3.3.2.5 Chromium .. j' High chromium mgikg) Were detected in 1970; {Table 3.9). All but one sample mheedeei . _the owns (25- mgi'kg). . The 1934 OMOE enemy results showed chromium values ranging from 24 to '53 mgikg' (Table 3.7). The" I . highest values were found within the harbour proper. All but one sample exceededboth the OWDG and the P500 tweeterieet level. -- copper and Iron Copper and iron concentrations were only' measured in the 1984 and iron levels'ranged from . 1.3 mm mgi'kg and 8,301 to mgi'kg respectively. The highest copper and iron -1ialues were found in I 'the deeper parts-of open Lake Superior. . . . - Copper levels exceeded the OWDG at 13 sites of the samples exceeded the I I .OWDGforiron. - . . I - 3.3.2.7 Nominum and Manganese Aluminimt'dnd manganese mheehtmtiehs ranged hem-1,900 to 21,000 mgiitg and 110m 1,500mgikg respectively. The highest almninum values occiirred ndthin the The highest manganese rialues occurred in the deeper parts of open Lake SuperiorThere are no 0WDG for aluminum and manganese." The PSQG lonest effect leirel for manganese is 460 .rngi'kg. . Thisvaluewas exceeded in 11 of the samples 1984, - . 62 3.3.2.3 Grain size. Correlations. Jardine-and Simpson (1990} noted-that'spatial distribution. of metals other than mercuryand . generally seemed not-respond to the sorting of. ?ne-grained sediments'towards the'd'eeper waters. That is, . atleast some of the variation between stations was-due to effects in addition compensatefor any .omeentrations which were due to grain size effects. a "grain size . -- ool?tjoctio'n factor? was applied to bulk chemistry data. Once this tanner-nee'eppuee, iron and eepper lejeets 'Were. still-found to be elevated at the sites previously noted, hot'mere also higher in the of the and oudalls'. This new obserea?on'indicatedthat these two oudalls are acmallysigni?oant' . .. sources of iron-and copper, .hut'that these-metals are not being deposited in area due to the presence of; mmuneaishoresediments; - -- -- Although no oor'rclation'was observed between and mercury' and chromium levels, it would appear I that mercury-levels in the Peninsula Harbour ADC are mastly influenced by pro?mity to the source (Jardine ?j ,3.3.3 linorgahicl'Parameters'aod Nutrients - 3.3.3.1 pH I - pH nee for sediments oollected in'1994 rahged?from 1.6 alkaline es tee-endings is. - Precambrian alkalicbedroch. 3. - . -. -. Red'ucible Sulphur. The ?ducihlesulphur oompom hjdrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan': and various'tnethyi sulphides' are I oomtnon oomponents" inuntreated mole-mill effluentsand are often present zit-levels su?ident enough to cause of ?sh (Bonser et 3.1933). These oompounds were tested for, and'were detected in all - Table 3.10'shows one reducible empnee'eeines ranged from '10 to 9.700 nig'Ikg. The highest - .were?detectod betereen Hawkins Island'anerhe Peninsula (9.700 mgikg; 3.300 and 3.700 angling). A . group of high valites- ranging?frorn'ij?) to trendmt' to 'southwest'of the main mill outfallon - - 3.3.3.3 .I'Lo'ss' on Ignition-(L01) values a rough approitimation'oi the annount of_ organic matter in the I . sediments?ar'dineand 1990}. 'I_'heperoen_tage_L01 exceeded-the-OWDG' at three sample sites in the harbour. A parti'mlary high value (66.296113: found at station #383,111 close pro?ntity to'the shore and'the main sump in Jelliooe Cove (Figure high value re?ects the deposition of - organic material, such as ?ood ?bres and had; introduced surface runoff, l'og Operations and effluent-discharges. The value sample collected in Beatty Cove, former mood siteTable 3.10 . Results the 19310er sur?cial sediment soney for total phoophonre,'1oes of and grease, total and reducible sulphur and total organic carbon (Jardine and Simpson 1990); are as shaded cells), Parameter 'Oponwator Disposal. r-Oonoontration Moan - Guideline (OWDG) and Flange . . . (meme) (mpg)- 'pH - _Tote1P1-.oephoms_ - ,mm Loeeonlgnitioe' 7 (600.0%) SolveniEmctables - . ism - Sulphur(reducible) .- . I 2392'- -. - . .10?9,7oo' Tomstuphur. 'l 33?47". . - 1 513,300 i - -. Forualues 3.3.3.4 Total Organic Carbon (T 00) _--..Total "organic carbon. (TOO) is another parameter to approximate'the amount of organic matter in sediments (Jardine and Simpson 1990). One enrichier elevated value (35mm, mgl'kg) was-found at station #333 in Jelliooe' Cos-er Without-sample #383'in the data-set, the average sediment 'injhePeninsula . .-- .- 3.3.3.51 Solvent: Extractahles (Oil and Grease) Solvent emaciables are a measure of'a group 'of primarily bidlbgical lipids and mineral I I hydrocarbons, that have a oornrnon solubility in anorganic'solvent. This is thus an imprecise measure of ?oil . and grease" oompounds in the sediment (Jardine-and - - - - . Solreht-e'roraeteble levels exceeded the owner-?re one in the harbour and once in- the ?eihity of the wrap outfall. The highest mneentra?om. 11,320 found at station #331 located due norlh of'the main sump over?ow in Jelliooe Cove. Sources have'not been hourever,?poesible sources may;r include a oombina?on of._ road spraying ?ith'o?i pulp. mill ef?uent and spills. - . 333.6" Total Phosphorus The OWDG for phosphorous exceeded tor-11yr onoe at station #422 in open Lake IS'upetior (1,300 mg! . i Phosphorous ooneentra?o'ns'were others-isle. generally low (200 to 900 a re?ection of the .oli'gou'ophio - more ofLake Superior (Jardine Simpson 1990). I - . . . :The psoo lowest am level 'for is an When-.oompared to guideline, 55% '(23 samplesorganohatid?s'j 1115:1934 sediment samples-were analyzed for the following uinechlorophenol which none were?de'teeted. -. - . .. l-chlorophenol 4rd11orophenol, 2,4-dichlor0phenol - 2,4,5ftriehlorophenol - 2,45,64te'trachlorophenol :Pent-acluoi?ophent? .?Chlomm-aesol Hemehlorobenaene was detected in 19 out of 20 samples'analyzed. Values ranged from ?0.00} to . 0.034 The highest values between Hawkins Island and The Peninsula and Hawkins and Blondinlslan'S'peeiated Phenolic-s - "Ihel934'sediment samples. were analyzed'for nhtelspe?ated phenolic oompounds of five. vg'ere . - - - detected at least once. Phenol, homovanillie acing and acetovanillon we detected at high ooneentrations onto-between Havdtins Island and The Peninsula onee 'east of'Blondin and oneein thenorth ernhaymentof Peninsula Harbour, Beatty Cove (?594) (Tahle . 'i presence of these speciated- phenolic. at a great distance the outfall was I not-suspected because-these oompOunds. tend to degrade ranging from afew days to several peeks (Bons'eret' al.- 1938?, and _it is unlikely'thev were deposited from the main mill sump overflow. 'The mill phune is Enos-In to travel northwest from the outfall'around Th?ePeninsula and'intothe mouth of Peninsula Has'bourundet?lhe appropriate _wind conditions (Figures 3.1 and .32) (Beak Consultants 1986). phenomenon, tdgether 1with. the depositional environments of these areas, mayr he responSible for the .- presence of phenolic compounds atound Island (lat-dine and Sinipson - I 13,3.6 Organoc'hlor'i'ne Pesticides I Sediment samples in _1934-v-Iere for twen?mneor?an?tchlorine pesticides of I. .- .. were detected in at least one sample. "Concentrations were generally lovv? eieept for _was detected at a'leoneentra?on of 150 alt-station #382 between the mill in Jellieoe Cove. The infrequentdeteetl'on and low eoneentra?ons of most of these pesticides suggests that there is-no I de?nable somce in the area (lamina-and Simpson-I99065- 93 Tam; 3.11 . swam-:1 'phenp?c; fmind in sur?ci? sediment samples in sunpson 1990). Sultan Phaan Vmillin _'I-Iqrnb-' By?n?g- m? Anetta; 'p-crml 2.5-: Mmbu mu} . Wu} mink: 0:99:91. tidal-min Vaniliin Irina-one -Wu} xylene! . Apia . . '131'2 ??999 .9 9 919 .411 413' 435 -- 59o ,1 591 100 wmuwmmn, .H- .592 19 593 2 s94 125-- 403 _99m99599995995 p-n 95%9599559595539959 99%9999999999999999 H1159 6: .745. '41 55555555555??z?5555? ;999%993999995559559 959599995999959 not analyzed I - .- {33.3.2 - . PCBs in sur?cial sediment were measured by OMOE in 1973 and 1934. Samples ranged from 0.010 . tiliniglr kgfl? able 3.9) with the highest value folmdnearest 'the main mill sump over?ow in Cove. Values were particularly elevated at the stations berween Has-?ns and Blondin Islands and Benny Cove. Saven out of nine samples exceeded-the owDG at 0.05 mgdg.? . . - .- 'In'the 1934 sediment survey PC1345 wore detected at 15 of the ssj-seniple sites; Table 3.7 shows that values ranged from <0.020 to 0.495 mgr-kg. of was-exceeded at 13 stations. Figure3.12- Shows that the highest values were found'in: Cove, bets-eon Hawkins and Blondie and in the deeper parts of. Lake Superior. tend to correspond to de?nitional areassof ?ne. I _.pa:rlicle size-(Jardine' and'Simpson19901A: station 1.11m south of the main null outfall in Lake Superior, the'PCB levels'were in - - 1913 and in 1934, illustrating the persistence oil-"this group of compounds. - In general; PCB I denominations in bottom'sedhent have-decreased sligbtl between 1973 and 1934 (Tables 3.1). The source of is not won and has not been documented. Possible sources may be - - 'mbinatiOn of atmospheric deposition, road Spraying with-PCB oil, pulp millef?uent and - 3.3.3 Dioxins and Furans I-Dilschargesof dioxins and furarts from. both bleached n?lls' whichdo not use bleaching, result in a net localized loading-of these chemicals which adsorb to organic sediments andsoils. and in turn -- are adsorbed by aquatic or terrestrial animals from their diet (Bonser 'e_t 31,1989}, Invels'of dioxins and .furans can build up from undetectable to toxic levels in. organisms higher up oil-the food - I 111' samples were educated at ?ve stations in the Peninsula Harbom ADC and analyzed for attenuated dioxins and means '(Jardine. OMOE unpublisheddata). The most toidc of such compounds, tetr'adllomdioxins and furans,?were not dctecte'd.- Hemmer, beptaf octadtlorodioxins and furans' were . -. found.- These congeners are relativer ubiquitous much less tonic than The-sample containing the highest octachlorodio?n concentration (290'ng'lltg) was found at station #411, a depositional - area locatedopen Lake Superior, 2.2 southwest of the main mill outfall. .Little information exists for .I I levels of'dioxins and: furans in sesame-and a guideline for these'cheruicalsin sediment has not~been - - established (Persaud et 111.1991393.9 I -- - The nearshore areas'ot' Peninsula Harbour ADC, partiqda?y m'Lake Superior; ar'e'charaeteriaed 'bycoarser - sediments such-as sandand gravel. '._The deeper depositionalareas offshore are characterized by ?ner silt and and PCB: have been identi?ed as the most common-bouts]: sediment contaminants. 'Bothlm'ertatry PCB__contamination occurs in sediments withinJellicoe and Hearty Caves. and extends from the mouth of the harbour, between and The Peninsula, southwest into the-deeperareas of Lake Superior. The full extent of the mercury and PCB sediment has yet 't'obe determined. 1984 - samples taken farthest offshore contained values and PCBs-that exceeded-the 0WDG. - Figure 3.12 Penfnauia Harbour Hem?diai A0000 Pian. The Spaniel disf?bmmn 01? total PCB can can nations in Surficiafs?dinaen is collected in .1934 in the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern - mmwm?mrm I. I - . - lounde Hull-lull ?Mr In: cunnrn Lake Superidfl . .. POE - 0-020 muf?n 0.021 - 0.050 0191;; I 0.0510200 n1ng - 0201:0500 mm 63 - Mercury concentrations from all the OMOE sm.we highest in Jelliooe'vae near the, mill sump. . - overflow. outfall; Prio'r toAugust the d?oralka? plant discharged-into lellicoe Cove. Mercury I oohohntrations are still highest in Cove (8.8 mgt'kg), however- their levels have decreased over time. reductions are likely due to the chloralitali plant, methydation, the deposition of cleaner . "sedim't?over contaminated'sedirot, and the transport of contaminated-sedimenth deeper areas of Lake - Superior. . In 1976, 03.105 (1978) .detterrnincd' mamas mm was being'produced in the-sedimts in team Cove and was being'released-to overlying waters. I I . - Percent loss tat ignition and total organic content 0C) are a measure of organic content in sedinfrt. LOI and TOC levels we elevatcd in the 1984. sediment survey (Jardine and. Siropson' 1990). This high organic contentis a result of the accumulationof wood ?bres and bark due to historic log -- honoring operations and surface Highestjvalues were detected in Beattv .where' historic log operations had been conducted and effluentrhadlbeen discharged. I . - 1984 onnoentrations of metals in sediment show that, in addition. to-mer'cury, iron, copper, and to alless'er extent, the Except forrnerctujllr and chromitun,jthe higher valueslfor these - metals were located in the deeperwaters of Lake Superior where thesediment grain-size is ?nest. When._ effects are taken main mill outfall andthe WPCP outfall were identi?ed as sources for copper and iron. Elevated'levels of cobalt, cadmium, zinc, total phosphorus in's'edimentin the deeper waters-of Lake'Superior. . . salvent extractable?(oil and grease) levels were ?ve times-higher than the O'ilu'DG. The'highest oonoentt?a?ons?were found in Jellicoe Cove in close prr'utimityr to themain'rnill sump over?ow, however, sources have not been doetunented; . Possiblesources mayr includepulp mill effluent, spills and road spraying. withoil. -. - . I, g. Phosphorous levels in sediment weregenerallv low one station in Lake-Superiorexcecdi?ng the - However, when phosphorus levels are compared to the Sediment Quality_Guidelines, the lav-est effect level (500 mgiltg) is esoecded by 55%of the 1934 sediment s'amplesChlorophenolic'oornpounds were not detected. Hexachlorobenzenewas detected in 19 out of 20 samples" with thehighest occurring in the mouth ofthe harbour between Hawkins . The Peninsula. The speciated phenolics, phenol,-hornovanillic acid, and 'acetovanillon were. detented at high concentrations in the area between Hawkins Island and The Peninsula, "eastof Blondin Island, and in Beat?ql,r Cove. The presence of these rapidly de ble substances so far'from the main outfall suggests that the effluent phone, under appropriate wind and current conditions," travel on Peninsula Harpoon. 'Nine the one 'organochlorine pesticides analysed-for were, in at'least one sample.- -Five, .1989 samples showed low levels of dioxins in sedimt. One sample, located 2.2 km southwest of the "outfall, contained thehighest concentratioan pctachloroclio?n, 290 ngt'ltg." 73.4 I I I and algal 'tamnomy'are useful parameters for assessing water quality (Hopkins. 1983). For example, Lake Superior is dominated. by certaindiatom species and a low biomass, which are feamres characteristic of-oligotrophic waters. By comparison, Lake Erie has high algal populations dominated inthe' summer by blue-greenalgal pulses which is re?ec?v'elof entrophic waters; U69 Munawar and Munawar (1978) report that the mean phytoplankton biomass of Lake Superior in 1933 indicated that there was homo enous distribution of phytoplankton with a vary low biomass concentration . across the lake (0.1 to 0.2 . Offshom! inshore differences inbiomass were not observed, but relatively high values were detected in the nesternf end of the lake, particularly near Duluth, Minnesota; . - - I The seasonal composition of Lake Superior on a lakeside-basis was by phytoflagellatm and diatoms a small contribution by bluegreen and green algae.- .The dorninant_phytoflagellates_- detected were and'Dinophyoeae I Lake Superior possesses a'large number of_species'vmich- are characteristic or oligotropbic water bodies. I - the basis of biomass and species composition, Lake Superior is classi?ed-as an ultra'oligotropbic - environment, environmentally to deep, large, oligotrophic, .boreal lakes. I . - on International Joint Commission {1977) and Munawar and Munawar (1913) divided Lake Superior'into - 15 zones and 6 regions respectively, based__on biomass and speciesfcomposition. 'I'he?Peninsula Harbour ADC is located within Zone 3 (LTC Region 2 (Munawar and Murrawar'lgi's). The mean . phytoplankton biomass in 1973 was 127.7 mgi'ma in Zone 3 and 104.24 maimi in Region 2. .By' comparison the mean phytoplankton biomass near Duluth,- Minnesota was 303.33 mgt'ma in'1973 {no 197-7). - - The weighted biomass mean these zones or regions also show seasonal variation. In 1973 Zone 3, the mean phytopan biomass changed from 59.21 mgimi' in October to 211.43 mginf' in November (1.101971). The larg'estvariation recorded in 1973 by Munawar andme {1978) in Region '2 was - 76.63 mgi'ma .from June teas and 150.53 mgi'n'i3 from July 26-August. - Munawar and Munawar (1978) determined that Lake Superior has the lowest total-phytoplankton biomass 2 range and mean'for all the Great'Lakes. Lake Superior also showed a generally smooth and uniform dominance of and diatoms with little seasonal heterogeneity when corirpared to - the._other Great-Lakes, such as Lake Erie. Lake Superior was also found to demonstrate high species . diversity; - . - - There is no on phytoplankton populations in the ADC. Alteration of community structure likely occurs in the immediate area of the dishearges. A speci?c, comprehensive phytoplankton survey not been conducted in-the ADC. 'Little is iniown about the effects of contaminants on phytoplankton numbers or productivity. . - 3.5 AQUATIC-MACROPHYTES The term "aquatic macrophytes" refers to macroscopic forms of aquatic vegetation and includes .macroalgae Chm, (Hedonism), aquatic mosses and ferns; and aquatic angiosperrns (flowering plants bearing seeds. I I I in' a closed capsule). Profuse growth of aquatic'vegetation can result in the formation of submersed and emergentwetlands; 9 - .. 7 - Biological studies conducted by OMOE in 1969 and 1976 (OMOE 1972, 1978) in the Peninsnla Harbour ADC. observed profuse growth of the algae Gad-timers onsubmerged rocks along the Pebble Beach shoreline fur a distance of 3.2 km southeast or 'IhelPer'rinsula. The presence of this algae is a positive indication of nutrient enrichment and (Beak Consultants 1986) ?lamentous algae was found with sediment samples onlleeted closest to the diffuser pipe. Their presence is likely due to increased nutrient loadings-(Beak Consultants .1936). -. . . Profuse algal growths have not been reported in'recent - - There are no signi?cant the lieninsula Harbour ADC. . MayannSepternber.. .. 3.6 The mammal: population or. Lake Superior has been deseribed as being characteristie or extremely I oli'gotrophie waters (Patalas 1972 audWatson _1974).- . . . study oonduet'ed May to November,- 1973' Watson and Wilson 1978) determined that thereis _a . I permanent. year-round population of zooplanltton found in Lake Superior which is largely made up of: Liagdop' sham andlarger calanoid spedes. Ilt was'also noted that noopIanlrton_' . total biomass increase-41 ?ve-fold botwoen I oonoenu'ations vaijed little the season altho' Two major groups of .z?ooplanlrton were observed in Lake Superior during the course of this survey. An . 'v inshore pepulation. larger made up of cladoeeran smaller disptomids, was observed with the . I highest numbers in-the major embayments. and along'thesouthern and 'eastern'shorelines. During . . the-late summer and early fall, these species gradually extended their ranges into the offshore motors of the - lake. offshore population, largely made up of'the-lar'ge. calanoid spades, was also detected. These spede's were present on. a jearroundbasis and hada single reproductive pulse during-the fall or early wiriter. - - .Watson and Wilson (1973} canines-am seasonal mean values of crustaceanzooplankton ooncentration and 'biOmass for each arm: UC lake-zones (110 1977) Mayto. November, 197? in order to identify I distribution patternsfor Lake superior; The eentral and northern inshore zones, Zone'S in which - the Penins'ula'Harbour nocnlocated, inure-characteride - -. .. . . intermediate concentrations. {2200 - . homogeneity-of Zone mean values; and -- more restricted ranges of concentrations within each zone. _i meme 3.11:: mean concentration or 'zooplanktoh was 2.4 museums ea a range 1.1. - 3.3 -. The mean zooplankton biomass for Zme '3 was 105 mgfmaIwitli a-range ofvariety of restricted inshore regions were observed in 1973 by Watson anti Wilson aI - - region found nearIPeninsula Harbour. This area repeatedly contained zooplanlrton' pepulations._1hroughout I the summer and early fall, which on the basis of cluster analysis.- were quite in their relative species . abundanoe those found'in the surrounding. waters. It was suggestedthat these populations were lilter a - result of inshoreIor onshorein?uenoes' of asingle Regional means of relative abundance for -- - each spedes inIdicated'that the larger Icalanoids inereased'in relative abundanoe'v?th distance from shore, - - - - Thereis no'widespread effect on'zooplanlrton populations in the ADC. Alteration of likely oodtrs m.'me.IMwate area of thetrlishear?ges. Comprehensive have not been conducted for the Peninsula Harbour ADC. . - - I -. Benthie organisms are-useful indieatorsof water quality impairroent. The differentially responsive-and relatively immobile nature of benthie well as their importaneeas a source of food for ?sh; make - this group of animals the most useful segment of biota for determining an aowr'ate assessment of water (OMOE 1972). The degree of upset of the omnmur?tylbalahoe, i.e. changes in population 'Ioomposition and densities, associated with quality alteration, provides a good the nature 71 and degree-of impairment, as well as direct evidence of an effect on the aquatic life of the receiving water (German and Pugh . . . . The amphipod Pot-trams u?nis (renamed Pompeia boy} is generally intolerant of pollution and-is the dominant benthic macroinvertebrate in uninmaired Lake Superior waters. . As the water quality beoom? I - impaired, the proportion of benthic organisms shifts to more pollution tolerantiorms such as Segmented or If the water quality is author impaired; henthic organisms may not' be present at all, either due to the direct effects of toxicity-or insuf?cient dissolved oxygen Redmond {1979) also indicated 'thatisome differences in composition 1ttltould occur naturally due to I .suCh variables as water depth andsubs'trat'e composition. . I- . CommLinityeComposition and DistribUtion Peninsula Harbour I I -- A 1959 sun'ey'oanducted by the. Ontario Minist of the Environment included the collection of benthos' from Peninsula Harbour and Open Lake Superior south of The Peninsula 1972). Eleven taxa were identi?ed in this survey. The freshwater shrimp, Amphipoda Pontoporer'a hoJi "was most commcm and closely followed in abundance and distribution by tubi?cid 1horrns _and ,true midge larvae; Isopoda Aseilus I nu'iitaris', ainphipoda and Pelecypoda .were abundant in Peninsula Harbour; but not'in open Lake Superior. The distribution of the remaining taxazwas too sporadic to be of signi?cance in the interpretation of water qualityThe. amphipod, IPontoporeitt was present at all.'Peninsula Harbour stations except Ifor two located . hmeen Skin Island and the mainland shore east of the There wasno relationship observed botween densities of P. hoy' and-their frOrn the source of pollution (OMOE 1972); However, P. the): densities increased with increasing water depth (OM05 1972)". - I Unlike P. hoy', densities of sludgeworms in Peninsula Harbour showed no correlation with water depth. -. I . However, therewas a positive correl'atit'm between the numbers of sludge proximity to the main . mill sump overflow (OM05 1972}. The greatest numbers-were foltnd in Jellicoe Got-e, between Island. and the Peninsula. Sludge are how comedy associated with accumulations of organic matter -- andt'oralg'ae. - - - Moderate numbers of true midge larvae were detected at all staticms'. in PeninSUla Harbour. No parlidular - - "responseto pollution was evident from either their density or distribution (OMOE 1972). "True midge larvae - are a' useful indicator for the presence of organic wastes, in sediments, - Earl: and wood detritus are a .- component-indie sediments ofBe'atty, Jellicoe and Garden Cow-res I -, The Amphipods Grimm. ?ngernail dams Minn; and Isnpods exhibited distribution throughout the harbour (OMOE 1972). A. were most abundant'in samples containing bark wastes inIareas thatwere once usedjas'log sites; . - . I The 1976 DMOE study-(OMOE 1973), identi?ed ?neenitaxa of bottom dwelling faunas in Peninsula . - Harbour. The predominant taJam' identi?ed was the sludge won class, ongeehseta- fbllowed by the true I midge larvae and-the-Amphipnd Pontoth hogi. The Isopnd._AseHur and the ?ngernail dams, Peleqrpoda were also found in signi?cant though smaller numbers. .The remaining taxa showed 'a sporadic distribution and cotdd not be used forms-interpretation of water quality. 'The-numbers-(abundance) of organisms colleeted in 1976 were reducedfrom those collected 1969 . (Olson 1973'72 Sludge were-collected at 32' of thel35sarnp1e locations within the harbour. Either the percent . . frequency of ocmrrence or population density showed some-relationship with distance from the source of I . . I wastes. thus showing that zones of impact were not as clearly de?ned as they were-in 1969. T-nte amphipod. P.lhoji was not found at all sample _sites. A Howiever. similarto the 1969 survey, this study" . showed their increased with increasing '_watcr depth (DMOE 1978). COnversely, Freitag et a1 (washed noted that the .dcnsityof P. hoyi demeased with increasing water depth'in Lake Superior.'_ This discrepancy can be explained by the depths at the samples were taken in both surveys. Samples taken in Peninsula Harbour were obtained depths less than 40 n1. "Sammes collected by - Freitag et al'. (1976) were mlleoted at depths m; Eddy (1943), who observed-north and northwest Lake Superior shores. noted 'that fauna] assemblages, vii-rich included P. were very abundant -between and 60 'm and hacarne progressively less dense to about Thus, the positive correlation between P. hop' anddepth within the harbour is-not art-unusual phenomenon. - - -. .The the true mid'ge which substrates and sediments comprised of bark and wood ?hre'(0MOE 1978); These included Beatty . I the 1969 and 1916 QMDE benthic can be summarized as ., . the. presence at sludge worms, true trudge-larvae, and 'Aselltis milit'tnisindicate the ache-he . - - of_ the organic material in Beatty and Jelliooe Cos-es. Organic build-up is due to bash stood [chips and ?brefrbm lo'g ahd' stood processes. . -. - .- . The-numbe' rs (abundance) er orgamsms'" collected-in Penms_ ula Harbour were-lower in'tgas . thaninl969. . .- - . 5 Numbers of (Oligdchaetes), which are-pollution tolerant. were the most - common- benthic organism found in 1976 in Peninsula Harbour. In 1969 Portiopnreic ho?; a- pollution intolerant freshwater shrimp. was the most common organism found. . . I .I 'l The zoneotimpactfrom themill'sump overflowwasless de?ned byorg'anismfreoueney Disruptions found in benthic communities in' Jellicoe and Beatty_Coves are due'_primarily'to? 5 the dissolved organic materials and suspended solids dischargedor deposited at these sites It'is- ?ot known what role mercury plays in the disruption of these bi:nth_ic. - - . Lake Superior I Similar- to the survey of Peninsula Harbour, the 1969 hiological survey Showed that the hurtibers of_-the I I . amphipod. P. herein the Lake superior part of ADC with increasing-eater depth in the area wt of. The However, Unlike in Peninsula Harbour, sludgeworms O?gochaeta increased in numbers - - . . with increasing distance west. sonth from' the main mill outfall (OMOE 1972). Samples taken within the . zone of discolouration outward from main mill outfall showed an absence or near-absence of- . sludgewomis 1tvliieh may suggest- an extremely to?c envirorunent eto'Sted in'this region (DMOE 1972). The high numbers of sludge found close to butlnot in the direct vicinitny the discharge; are a' positive indication of organic enridhntent associated 'with'the main discharge 1972). The of honom fauna'eommunities to the mum-mumeest-shoeedconsi?en?y low numbers of -- P. hpyi'and'bore'no relationship to depth. Other fauna were alsopoorly represented. Toadc pollution rocky substrate, eaveand ourrent actirm all may contribute toI'the itnpoverished nature of the benthic communities in'this portion of the lake (OMOE 1972). However, wave action cannot eJquair't the low standing crop of - amphipods at depths greater than 63 m. I - - Four I'macroinvertebrates were identified from Lake Superior samples-in the 1976'su'rvey. The three dominant species were P. hoyf. sludgewor-ms and true midge larvae. Smaller numbers of the lsopod. Aretha P. hoyf' constituted-the majority of individual organisms at stations on transects radiating. out from the outfall and along the shoreline to Randle Point. Their numbers increased, with increasing Iwater cler but low standing crops of amphipods occurred at the deeper waterstations. There-were also elevated numbers of ioligochaet'es found in the vicinity of the main mill outfalL ?edgewomt numbers decreased with increasihg distanee'from theoutfall and with increasing water depth. . - I The numbers of bottom'fIanna found and the taxa diversity suggest that thin conditions may have in nearshore waters in the of the outfall (OMQE 1928). - I. -. I A comparison of the 1969 and 1976 surveys show that numbers, diversity and distribution-of bentlric fauna. remained relatively the same in Lake Superior over the 7 year period. . - . In 1984 and 1986. Beak (Beak Consultants 1936) conducted surveys to determine changes-in the benthic after the installation of the submerged difquer outfall in 1984. Samples were collected on the Lake Superior side of The Peninsula in the area affected by the diffuser. In the 1936 survey, seven I stations )v-Iere located on concentric rings around the diffuser ports at distances of approximately 38, 108 and I - '210 fromthe centre of the diffuser section. An eighth station four km south of the outfall was used as a' Results of this study indicated that total organism density and diversity hadIine-reased between 1984 and 1936' - at all stations (Beak Consultants 1986). were four stations which had a increase in density .. i' and diversity.- Two of these sites'had-been impoverished in 1934. apparently partly due',to the effects of the I pre-diffuser' ef?uent'plume, The-other two sites may have been localized areas of nutrient accumulation. The corresponding increases in diversity further suggests an improvement in conditions since the populations note not dominated by pollution tolerant Species. . signi?cant positive relationship was. noted between density and water depth: stations with the lowest densities tended to be. those closest to shore and therefore subjected to greatest wave-induced instability. There was-no signi?cant relationship between density and the'distance from the diffuser. Also, densities - I were found not to be signi?cantly different between stations, therefore indicating that toxic effects may not - have been present. . . -- . In 1934, low densities correlated signi?cantly with shallow water depth and the diversity was particularly evident in the vicinity of the pro-diffuser effluent plume zone. Higher densities observed in 1986 compared to 1984 may be partly due to annual variation in productivity.- For instance, the control site increased from '94 to 293 organisms per orbic metre. although the species composition was similar to that in 1934 (primarily chirotnomld Iminge fly] and Orthociadfris spp. [clean ?to: form]). Increased densities, numbers of taxa and diversity were observed 'thrOughout the-survey area. I - the control. and cannot be attributed directly to the new diffuser audits resulting increased -I .In both 193-1 and 1986, chironomid larvae. followed by P. hoyr' were the dominant species at most-stations. hour was printerin associated vvith stations directly by the effluentplume. In 1986, ?lamtous - algae was found in- the sedimentsof several of these stations, likely as a re.th increased densities were greatest in 1934, ate-hiehltirne they 'tvere closest to 1969'levelse. - - oligochaete norms were detected in either 1934' or .1936. Oligochaetes'included Cluster pram calculated from 1935 data indicated that there ?rem-emu: zones present-in the area: a shallows-sternum and a deep water zone. 1984 patterns that therewas also a ef?uent. . in?uenced zone that has not present in 1936, after the diffuser ontfall was installed; I 33.1.3 1sa'ss'urvey - -- 'r .- a sauna; major benihie survey wasoondueted by once (Sibleyet The purpose at this- study included detecting possible trends in organism diversity and'density omr period I I 1989, and to determine howlthose trends relate to changes inrnill and WPCP 'impro?ments, Hoe-ever, as- painted out by Sibley et al. {1991)it is dif?wlt to compare-results from their1989-survey with" the previous - because of lack of replication-of samples from stations, the different sample locations in 1939. and the lack of stations. Apparent changes over time may reflect other factors such annual availability due to 1altogether oondition's- or changes inipredation from; Mutations-(Sibley et aL 1991) I .. .. - 'Ihe pollution tolerant such as SPF.- and T. min? cove and other portions ofrP'e'rrinsula' Harbour, the earlier sample years, is indicative -- of. localized deterioration of eater quality (Sibley Et al. 1991): - - - . - mam outfalls an Pertinsoia not, the outfall outfall, are located .f along the open shore of Lake Superior, a high-energy envirmnnent-prontoting dilution and of the I effluents. Sibley et 'al. (1991)'found that henthos diversity and at sample stations greater than 20 'metresin?depth were typical of'nearshore Lake'Superior withiP, hogi- counting at densities t0 - I II I those _-that have been-reported elites-here in' the _Great.1.akesi in the conclusion'that over-the past/m years, nearshore benthos in-?Lalte Superior in the PeninSIJla ADC have been only. I inrpaeted by the front the pulp mill Sibley et note that one of the most important observations fricnn-the .1939 the .ahsence'of-inseets other than Chiror'nonidae, particularly at stations less than 20 m. deep, Group's of insects, - such as Epherneroptera, Heooptera and Trish era the most sensitive. to environmental degradation, . and are usually common'in pristine bays of LakeSuperior, I None of these orders were representedhy more - . - . 'a few. during all the surveys of Peninsula Harbour; This water quality was'-. l' impaired throughout the entire'AOCISibley et a1. . . . Nearshore areas of Lake Superior, especially near thernill difquer' outfall indicated a. shortfall in the - - and variety of_rnaeroinvertebrates. Conditions changed to typical Lake Superior background numbers and - disersitjrir'apidlj' with distance from the effluent outfall31.2 .. Studies measuring contaminants in benthie maeroinvertebratcs in'the Peninsula Harbour ADC have not been - . .1 "75' as 3.8.1 Habitat-and Community Structure - .The topography surrounding Peninsula Harbour is hilly and dominateo by Precambrianintrusive. caloalisalie roeils. With the eneption of .lelliooe Clove, elaterdepth generally increases from rugged shorelines - - to depths of 10 to 40 metres. As a result,- littoral-areas form'exlrernely narrow hands along the shoreline and - are not present in the Peninsula Harbour ADC: Nearshore?sh spanning and nursery'habitat is restrictedtoisolatedpockets. - - - I. Jelliooe Cove the greatest proportion of water less than metre-s. deep in Harbour. However, sediments contain excessive levels of mercury and are contaminated with PCBs inlocalized ,Historio'log rafting Operations have resultedin bark 'soolnnuladon in the sediments or'lelliooe, Beatty and Carded coves. Organic accumulation in" Jelliooe Cove is'alsollhe result orenluenl discharge to the Cove - . I .I - ti {1981 and 1982) documented-historic (prior to 1955) for the major commercial species in the Peninsula Harbour area. elliooe Cove was thesite or "average" lake trout span grounds (Figure 3.13). 'Majlr? spanning grounds 1lit-lire identi?ed along the south'shore o'f Ypros' Point and along the. I 'j western shore of Beam-Cove (Figure "Major" lake herring spawning grounds were located in the . not: along the 'shore or Lake Superior adjacent ro'Peninsula Harbour (Figure 3.14). Extensive offshore lake - - chub spanning and ?shing grounds 1litere identi?ed to thesouthea'st of Peninsula Harbour (Figure 3.15). - Chub sperm in deep water and the spanning-grounds have been ?shed. The quality and-usezof these historic shoalshasnotbeenass . - Peninsula Harbour supports a ?sh- communitywhich includes at least 31 species able 3.12), and is - . dominated by cold uiater species. The bay is in?uenced by Lake Superior and 'is charaoteriaed by an oligotrophiosystem. low in ?sh prOduclivity and abundance. hl-raot, results from- a 1986 demolishing. - study (BAR. Environmental 1987') indicated that the ?sh community in Peninsula Harbour was the least .?diverse of the four AOCs in northern Lake Superior. Integrated Biotic-Index' scores derived-from this study were low compared to Thunder Bay and Nipigon BayLake trout has persisted as-the dominant pinch-orbits species in Peninsula Harbour; Paci?c salmon populations appear to be along the narth shore of LakeSupel-ior. Haulral reproduction of paci?c (pink, coho and Chinook) salmon oocilrred in numerous northern rivers the i980s and catches from sport and commercial?sheries also The introduction'of exoti has-increased species I diversity, although native oontinucto dominate the oomnrunity'strucnlrer- -. - A major shift in the forage base occurred with the immigration of rainbow}- smelt into Lake Superior in the - 19305. Smelt replaced Ialte herring as the primary foodsonrce for lake trout with little apparent effect on lake trout. Born smelt and herring appeared to be suitable forage. The ahlmdance of forage ?sh in Peninsula Harbour has not been investigated. Studies inMinnesota suggest that smelt or herring could-not singularly-sustain lake trout populations for a 16-year period prior to 1967. The combined biomass 'of these mo species could; line-ever, providea suf?cient food supply for lake trout (Anderson and Smith 1971). Sea lamprey-have depressed Lake Superior ?sh stock since'the control measures have . effectively reduced iampreypopulations by the odd-1960s. Populations have remained in check since I . period and mending rates calculated for commercially caught lake trout are presently considered moderate. - . rates in Management Zone ._19 spanning at eight year period (1980 to 1987)lran'ged from 0' to ?I'he'Prairi'e and Little'Pic Rivers are the only tuoLake Superior tributaries in Zone 19 are currently- treated'vrith'TFM lampricide on a three to ?ve year cycle- These taro rivers are not withillthe ADC. l6" . -'Figure 313- - PeninsUJa-H?rbo ur Remediai ?c?o h_ Pian - . The {acetic}: of lake trout (331mm us spawning ?ra'un d5, . ?97195, In. the Peninsula-Harbour Ange of cancem . . . I - - - major Spaw?i?g'gmund - - . - average spaw?ing afunmwnimpom) . fishing grounds - '77 Figure 3.14 I Peninsula Hamour'n?mediamcmn Plan . I . . - me location of lake herring (cog onus anedii) spawning grounds, ore-1955. in the vicinity of the Peninsula Harbour Area of Canoe-m - fm What. 1532 sou-,.3oo rt.~ . I . I 4' ,ILake Superior - - . - - - - . . . - . .3130 spawning locations 73' FiguIrIe I I I 'Pgnins'ai?a Plan - 'l I I .- - .. The f'o?catia'n a'f chub species (commas gm.) spawning-and ?shing grounds in hePenfnsula Harbour AmIafIConoem . I 'I'he' ?icin?y aft - mm, 1552 . . .. . - . . Table 3.12 Fish found in the Per?nsula Harbour Area-of'Conoern (BAR. En?mnmental 1936, Lake Superior Fisheries Unit, oommereial care-h records; 1? om and OMOE netting surveys. - - Lake Superior Fisheries U'niL'oommereial catch records! and and OMOE netting I surveys). - . I I Species Common name Electro-- Commercial Netting - - ehoeking' Catch* - emulatorst Peanut-won sea lamprey I I I I Aci'pemer ?drercens lake Sungeon Aime ??udohtn'engm alewife . . -o gorburcha pink salmon I o- - match coho salmon - I chinook'salmon "a . 50. mykirr rainbow trout *0 0 Salt-dines brown trout - S. p?m' .brook trout minus}! I . lake trout Congom' merit? lake herring o' Coregonus d?lub app. C. clupea?mnis . lake wl?te?sh o. Horojium c?ndmcenm . round - I I I Osman: mania: rainbow smelt I7 .- oI- 'Esox luciur I northern pike I I Gunmer ear northern renilzleiljlr date I . cypimn carp?o I - Nam}er emerald shiner .- I thudsonius . I spottail Shiner I RMnicfuh?catamctae longnose (lace Cmortomur earns-tom longnose sucker C. commoner/1i white sucker 0' Lou: I burbot I .II - I Pungn?us- paged; . ninespine-s?cklehatk_ u. I Para ?avercens yellow perch I Slims-radian walleye. i Edieostome 1 jahnny darter Pa?'rta capodes? . I Ilogperch I Com?bairdi mottled sculpin C. comm" I slutty -. . I. . BAR. En?mnmenta?l 1936. Survey of Critical Fish Habitat, Peninsola Harbour. 1936. I 3.8.2 3, Contaminants In' 7 3.3.23 Mercury in-Ftsh . Fish'are for their attilitl.r to heat? and organic contaminmtsusueh as mercury? and PCBs. The accumulated heavy metals, while possibly not affecting the?sh. can be hazardousto bird - populations and health if consumed in suf?cient quantities (OMOE 1972). sues trout'andtwo nhite?sh, caught in the ironiediate. ?ninityof Marathon in 1970, contained I I mercury concentrations which exceeded the HeIalth'and Welfare criterion for. safe consumption, of 0.5 nI-ig'Ikg. (OMOE 1972}. Species analyzed from Iadjaeem: bays generally showed low'levelsof mercury.r 1972). 1975and 1975; 149 ?sh eere'eepm'r'ee from three teem some ewes Neuvef - -I - . Chapelle-PcinL -Yser Point and MeausIShoal at Skin Island. FewerI?sh were capnufed near Skin Island because of the impaired water quality from its close prOsimity toIItnain mill's'ump overflow from the James River-Marathon Ltd; pulp mill (0MOE1978). Lake n'out I ?ll-nuts) and Iongnose sucker (Wm cameras) were the species most frequently caught. Other . captured species included rainbow trout (Salmo- ?our?oot (Lola), gina'rd shad (museum I - .I I I (Esteem); . - . I Virtually'no difference was'found in concentrations lactween- the three sites in. Peninsula Harbour and thus results were treated as a single data set,_ Table 3.13 shoots the mean mercury concentrations for. the years 1975 and 1976. Mealtmermry concentrations are higher in 1976 for the three main species. I All-mean Values are well in excess of the. recommended Health and welfare criterion cf.0_.5 0f the .. three mafpr. species caught during the the lake trout were the most. hea?lycontaminated.? 'AIll lake -. trout exceeded the recommended taiteridn of 0.5 Hg (fable 3.13). The total catch exceedence from sing-four percent in 1975 to eighty-four percent'in 1976 was probany due to the greater - number ofItrout caught than other species in 1976. (OMOE 1978). - . . . .- The OMOE. (1978} survey also compared merciryconcenn'ations in ?sh with slmilar data collected I from-other areas along the north'shore ot'Lake Superior from 1973 through 1976. The Peninsula Harbour -- - contained higher mercury concentrationsin-mostelass sizes than the-other areas'in Lake Superior. (OMOE1978). The only other area which approaches the levels encountered in Peninsula Harbour is Thunder Bast-a bodyof water known to (OMOE 1978); It was concluded that IIel'es'ated levels mercuer in Peninsula Harbour?sli are partially due to historic dischargesfrot'n the James River-Marathon claim-alkali plant (formerly Can). - . I. . the OMOE and OMNR Sporl?sh Consumption Program (Table 3.14). show that leads of I- - memory intake h'o'ut see Peninsula Harbour'range from 0.13 to 0.54 of merme have. I I. greatly decreased since-1976 (Table 3.13) when 100%0! all contained let-els-of mermry 3-0.5 levels in Icngtiose sucker from 1976 to 1986 have also decreased (Tables 3.13 . i decline-in teem levels in lake team and other-sport?sh is likely-due to the following factors: - . - closure of the chlor-alkali plat-1:1t it: 1977'. I . - -. natural dispersion of. contaminated sediments; and I, . madam of sediments with less contaminatedgmaterial. - 31. I .Table 3.13 Numbers, IrInean niermry concenu-atieus and perceniages of three spedeanf ?sh in . Peninsula Halbaur, Lake Superior, emeedmg selected criteria 1375 and 1976 (OMOE 1973). - - IYear and Fish Speciee- Number . 'Heen mercury. Percaht Percent . . uf-Fieh' 'Cenemtratiun and ?05 I II - (Standard Deviation'1975 Date I -I (From3'samplingpoium) I I Lake-greet.- I I. I a Inn (0.55) . I 100%(6) . White?sh - 15I .I I634 (0.33) 73% (11) 135% 7 hangnoae Sucker - 25 I 031 (0.65 54%(141' I 41 -. 528%(13) 1975mm (From 3 LakeITruut - 1:12 (0.73) I - - 539% (13) . wees: - 13 [03.5 (0.62) i. - 3mm) wmsmu - .- . e4 035(059} - IOTA: .- Hrs- I 7' 349553) 329604) 1991 m?sumption restrictions (cadmium 1991) for Peninm?a Hamel]: areas gum . lake'trout >75 em beeau'seof mam-am from 05 "m 1,0 mglk'g.' - -- - . uahite Isucker bum-2.5 to 35m: of mereuqr 1.21.4513 from 0.5 to - . 35.31111 45 cal-because of PCB levels 3' 2.0 and >45 cm because of mercury" levelslongnase sucker 53,5 m: because ammry levels :15 mag. I I tedho?e sucker from 2D to 30 em because of Ilest from 0because of merIwry levels frum1.0 and >35 em became of-mercury- I- I -. There are no 1991 mnsump?tm reau-icliaus on ??'te?sh and round White?sh team-Peninsula Harbour (OMOEIOMINR 1991Table 3.14 - 'Meruu?y and IPCB eoncehtra?ens in lake. (1933) and longeeseand white sucker (1986} 3- I (OMOEIOMNR rcomump?en Program - . -. I . . I. -- - Numbeteraluae I - Spaciaa'and Petal-nets? Detection Lijrn'rt I Greater ThanItheI Concentration Range . - Detection LIimitlr Total - 'Leke?ei?msayx Mercury. . . [0.01mgikgee; . 20:20 - - -. 0.13-0.54 . meg:ng 20120 I -- 00-510 pgr'kg'i' f. - - I - IMereury-..- . . 929 - PCBs . - 9.2.0 - 00-1760 - - Mercury - 19'fI19 I 037-10 .Ipcae -- . - - 20 - .- 13:19 -- 20-2730 .Lgl'kg' 7 1 3.0.2.2 pee; in- Fish .. Prier to 1917, 50 em lake trout from Peninsula Harbour eentajned Ian average level er 2.04 mg?l?k'g - - . This averagevmlue was just abdue the Health and Welfare maaumptien guideline 2.0 'fer PCBs: Consequently, a lbpitedeonsump?en advisory was placed an all Peninsula Harbour lake treutdtie 1.0 PCB levels and more importantly, as de?se?bed in semen-3.3.2.1, Imereury'levels; A total. melamine restriction - - I. was en laketreut larger'fnan 50 001' We of mereury levelsand PCBlevels :010 - .- 331935, the. average PCB let-ell: a standard 50 lake ti'eut oceasienal larIge lake trouteemeinee a PCB level greater than the 2.0 objective and om- SpamTable 3.15 that PCB'levelsiinI-lake treatin 1033 ranged from 0.09 1.00.61 angling. '1'936 PCB IeveE in - ., Iongnose?mckenanged from 0.3-1.0 1.76 and levels in white sucker. ranged from 0.02 to 2.13 White whim waded the-Health- and'Welfare Guideline (2.0 in 1900; - - - - I. _'Sp0'ttail miners (Nm?shadsor?us) have-been used all the Great Lakes 3' eennee?ng'ehannels- as part of the Great Lakes .- International Summanee Plan (GLISP). Because of .010: Ioeallz'ednearshai'e habitaL-spottail are useful'tndieaters of contaminant-bioavailab?ity fer? - sped?elecalitiea. (Sum etI.-al. 1991).. - . .- - Spettail' shifters eere cellectedin 1929.010 1030 in- Hemezeae (10 km af'Peninsela Keener).- The" - 01?? PCB Palm talles- dmmi 11 as}: in 197.6? 12015 in 1986 (Suns. et a. 1990. I'Yetmg-ef-the-year emerald from the Per?naula Harbour area calleetetldu?ngl'm'andw?i shamed an increase rdues_(_Suns e: 01.. 1935'}. '-'1'he-'1933' meanPCB residue?value was 159 113! u'vhiehwas - in emeedenee the IJC Aquatic Life Guideline of uglg'. - i - I . -3.3.I2.a' Dioxins and FuranSIinFiSh. - 'In 1932, .twelve lake trout samples-horn Peninsula Harbour 1avere analyzed for dioxins. Traces (1 - cf is considered to be the most toxic'dicnin1939 hwy and furans in lake trout- hem Peninsula Harbour weaned out by OMOE. i IResults- frcni the analysis of ?ve lake trout are shown in Table 3.15. . . - Concentrations of mas-'1'an ranged from 3.9 Ire 12.0 When compared the 1932 data, levels er - are increasing inIlake trout front Peninsula Harbour. Four of ?ve samples detected levels 'of: ranging from 3Tex-dime m?mn' mrnpounds weredeteaed'in-lake {Table 9.15). - 13.7.8-TCDF ms detected in all samples and concentrations ranged from 22.0 to 45.0 Four of ?ve. samples detected 1,2,33,8- I (1.8 tc_5.1 and (1.2 to 4.3 . - . 3.8.3" Tumours in Fish The discharge of chlorinated organics pmedes 'the potentiai for impairment in ?sh. [3.3.4 Habitat Degradation - Lake trout s?awning grounds in ieliicoe and lBeatt'y Caves have bleen dean-eyed through the accummation of. organic matter from mill'Iactitities such as log and ef?uent discharge (Goodier 1981). 'Historic effluent toxicity has also led to degmded'wateriquality. - . . . ?3.3.5 I Ef?uent Toxicity ef?uent from the-.James-RiveEMarathon kraft 'puip mill he. been routinely'tested ghee-1999 and. . has consistently been toxic as 'demonstratedby the 96 hour rainbow trout toxicity test (L050 test). An in- plant ruill toxicity audit conducted in the late 19705 determined that resin add soaps were the major lethal component-in the ?nal effluent._ - The mean LCSU results for 29 toxicity tests conducted on the effluent-between 1978 and 1936 was. 32.7%. Toxicity has increased since these tests were conducted; the meanLCs'D value for seven tests - I conducted in 1935 was 19.5%, while values for three tests conducted-in_1936. The and minim-1111196 hour results for?ve bioassays conducted on the?nal mill effluent in - I were 22.6% and 16.0% respectively. These results are poor in comparison with other mills. A melt or I effluentIn. 1936,3eak Consul tants- Ltd. (Beak conducted an in test bysetting cages I I containing 20' rainbow trout, parallel with the submerged diffuser. Cages 'vo'ene'rnsiticned high enough in the I [water that they were continuously exposed to the were not affected bywave a rmrtality rate 'of-only 1.3% {Ba-cut ar'zso ?sh) was seemed after the 96 hourlperiod: mese ?sh were I thought to have died from stress-earned by handling. not from the effluent. The millef?uent was thus to be non'lethal to rainbow trout'upcn with thereceiving waters. . - - I . PCDDIPCDF. data_in Tame 3.15. . of am; aha rum dezm' in. lake trput from mammal-1mm mega-1" Concern in 1939 1991, mlpublishgd data). Pmmatar- .. 101051 101.03 #0107?- . -_#o1_oa .- #0109 We?) -. 410- 59.0?. 5110' .6211.? . 55,0 19m 1 2450 -%~1ipid- '15PCB (mI-ks} .310; 13005 mm2378'er - . 332. ?1240.- -- 6.9?'Izmachnn- I 123678H6CDD . a?a?a? quic Equijr, (mom) - "1.0.2 - -.: ho a. ho Egan a 2.3781?an harks). .. 12373135an 23473?pr 123473H6CDF . - 1'23739H5cp13 . 113.4789H7CDF- ;o I 3555. ??ig??mg a! "a a "5:5 3 '3 - a. 5 ?45 Toxic Equiv. (I?bcnzofurans) . PW. . .o [62; 3 2 'm in .TdtalTaxic Equivalents 102 131.3 33 ii". - 15.4' I [Other contaminants inppb.? I up: detected .- At the time of smdy, Beak Consultantsalso conducted a ?shery smdy to determine if the ef?uent seas atn'actingfrepelling ?sh toffrom the diffuser area. gill net set in the immediate ef?uent zone and at a control site several kilometres away, out of the ef?uent?s zone'of in?uence. Fish spedes oomposi?omreiatiye abundance of each speciesltotal numbers of ?sh caught. and total ?sh biomass collected 1tinnere similar betweeniboth sites. Three major species-{longtime sucker, lalte trout. and lake white?sh) were caught at the tno sites and the cornparabl'e in size and general physical condition; Cisoo,? northernpike and alen'rifelwere also collected. - . Since lake trout and lake ni'tite?sh are relatively sensitive to impaired water conditions; it important to note that both species were found directly in'the effluent in numbers close to those found at the control site. Mill modi?cations have-led to moderate-improvements in ef?uent toxicity from-1937 to'1990. The 96 hour results are as follows: 1987 values ranged'from 22.6% to 10.0% from ?ve hioassays; ten, 1939 trout bioassays were 114% and 14.1% and 1990,hioassa}s (averaged over 3 months) were 20.9% (R. commWILDLIFE: - The lack offal-etlands in name. Harbour aoc results is minims1 local nildlifepopulations. "Lakewide pollutant sources are dominant outransient bird popultioos. The location of'outfalls and high degree of I effluent dilution result in contaminant to local, wildlife populations. I There-are no-formal- advisories currently in place for the consumption of wildlife by humans. 'TheiOntario of Natural Resources has renammended. for the-Province of Ontario, consumption of iddneys and liver from moose, black deer hocause of high levels of cadmium. . 3.10 eloTA I There-is no widespread effect on populations the ADC.- Alteration of struchtre in - I I the inunediate area of" the dishearges. "Detailedinformation has not been documented. . . - - - .The abundance of sludge nomts, true 'midge lanes and A. Home collected in individual surveys. conducted - . in-Penins'ula Harbour during 1969 and 1976, indicated that the benthos community had been disrupted. .. Disruption was the result of accumulated organic matter in' Jellicoe. and Beatty Covesin the'form of. bark,- -- - Results'from: die-'1969surveyindicated that there was a highnurnbe'r of sludgeworms close to,'but not - in the immediate tic-inity of, themill discharge tau-the harbour. This observatiOn is'an indication of the organic enrichment associated with the main discharge in addititin to the toxic cadre of the ef?uent. - Similarly, the. number .of fauna collected in the Bid survey and the limited tam diversity, suggested'that tonic conditions may have existed in' nearshore waters in the vicinity of the outfall in theharbour. survey . - conducted in'1984 and 1936, before and after installation of the subster'ged diffuser outfall on the other-side . of The Peninsula? detected an increaSe in total organism density and diversity between the too years. . - However, the authors ofthe report noted that this increase could be partly?attributable to annual variation in . I Sibley et al. (1991}, conducted a study in which information compiled from the benthic studies carried out in . - 1969, 1976, and'l989. The purpose of this report included detecting possible trends in organism diversity and . . density other this 20 year period, and determining how this trend relates to changes in mill and WPCP . Sibley et a1. {1991) noted that behthos diversity and at sarnple stations greater than-20 in depth I - - were typical of Lake Supe?or._ However, a lack of tan in the. Inseota groups other'than Chironon?tidae, in nearshore areas- _f less than 21) "metres of water. indicated that most of the Peninsula Harbour AOC, in- both. the harbbur proper and Lake Superior portion.- has deg-aided brater'quality. Similarly, the abundanceuof the -. pollution tolerant mbi?cids-in earlier sarnple years waslindieatiye of fairly severe water andlor-s'ediment . -- - 'qualitydegradation. Only subtle changes in'benthic attributable. to changes in mill effluent 7 . -- - i ?more area-*- ?f Lak? Sunder; esp??aliy Dearthe mill diffuser outfall indicated a shortfall in the number - and 1war-i tyfof Conditiooschange to typical and 'distrsity rapidly'with increasing distance from the diluent outfallThe bioaccummation'of the. 'Iorganisms of?Peni'nsula Harbour not lmoou. .IAsses'sment body is required. - . . . The ?sh oommuoity in. Peninsula Harbour containsat least 31 species, dominated by 'cold cheer species." An electo?shing study conducted in 1986 indicated that the Peninsula Harbour ?sh conununity is the least diverse of] the four AOCs innorthem Lake Superior (the additional AOCs being .Jack?sh Bay, Nipigon .- - Bay and _fIhtn1der Bay). The harbour is stronglyin?uenced by LakeSuperior and ischaracterized by an oligotrophi'c system-low in ?sh produc??ty slid-abundanceLake trout istthe dommant Pisciyorous speeches Per?nsula Harbour. Paci?c. salmon. suchas pink, when; andcoho;arealsopresent. . . .- -5ea lamprey and havejredu'oed'La-ke Superior ?sh'stock. madman hunt; since the 219315.. Lampmy populations havejbeen in check since the mid-1960s, ua'th munding rates ranging from ere-199%. - - -. . grounds in and Hearty destroyed organic materials, such as Wood ?bres and barks-him resulted from log boorning-aetisities ande?lueut . . 1991 consumption advisories eidst for larger sizes'of-lake uh) redhorse. longnose' and ehlte .: .- sucker (3-20 cm) bacause of mercury concentrations in'excess of 0.5 rug'l'kg. White sucker between 35' and . 45cm are restricted due to PCB in excess of 2.0 levels ofmercuty and-PCB: in .larger?shhave heeh . . 'l PCB residues'in' emerald shiners from have increased from saith the mean. 1333 concentration This level exceeded the 11C Aquatic Life Guideline of 100 ng?lg. - Levels ih larger sizes of lake meet have increased M1932 mitigates-e15 e: other .. dioiins landl'furans have also increased. . There- hatebeen no reported incidents of the AOC (:3st IData Files). Mill 'le?luent is told: to ?sh before dilution bath the receiving Mill modi?oations have led to moderate improvements in ef?ut-toxidty-?from. 1987 'to 1990. The 96 hour results are as. 198'?- I - yalu'es.ranged from 22.6% to ?ve bio'assays; tum-1939 trout .bioassays Were 17.4% and 14.1% I (019405 1991 bioassajs (averaged over a months). were 20.0% Campeau, OMOE, pets . I As of 1986. mill effluent discharged via the marine diffuser outfall no longer lethal. as detem?rted 15? fit-Sine 96-11mm r?inbo?f trout to?'cityitest. ,In addition, the ef?uent did not seem to he repelling" ?sh from the - discharge area. In feet, ?sh species diwrsity and biomass near the discharge were {we to be similar to diversity and Hotness utnerved in e'eentrel site out of the ef?uent zone of in?uence. I muetbe hetedthat (?uent- knot 'a [my Elam mm . .mt mntan?nahts in the ef?uent beforedilu?en must he I - . lam, . SOURCES I 4.0 SOURCES 4.1 - . Causatiue'factors with respect to impacts on we: quality, sediment and biota in thePeniosula Harbour - Area of Concern (ADC) relate via point sources and soarcesr. point are de?ned as those facilitiesthat discharge their e?lumts the ADC ea pipesIand'sewers. These include both municipalsewage treatment facilities?as well asiod'ustrial - process-or'waste streams. NonI-pointsources are inputs'nbich reach the harbour from multipiepoints . of origin via natural and man-made deliver-3.F These-include abnosphe?c deposition. intermittent. - - 'stormwater discharges, combined sewer over?ows; rural'iand nmo?gna?gation, groundnrater. migration (including contributions from waste disposal sites} and release from bottom sediments. - - . Contaminants of concern for the Peninsula Harbour veer: identi?ed ln'Cba'pter 3 on the basis of known impacts 'to biota, sediment or water quality'based Ion guideline Ior'_ biotic impairment. Theae . include both organic andin'organic parameters-for imbich are blown in the Peninsula ADC. -, -- . . . Conventionalflnorganic Contaminants: -- . I bacteria I - . - suspended solids (organic matter} "totalphosphoms- .. I II Organic Contaminants: reactive phenolit?s PCBs oil and grease total resin adds dio?ns andlfurans There aretwo point sources of contaminants to the Peninsula Harbour AUG-the'lames River-Marathon I Ltd.? bleached- lcrafIt pulp mill (formerly American Can of Canada and the of Marathon water I pollution oontrol Atmospheric deposition and runoff from the mill site and the-suron waste site at Shack, Creek were identi?ed as potential non-point of. individual -mntamin?ts; I - 4.2 . POINT Sconces I {4.2.1 Marathon Water Pollution Control Plant The of Marathon a small primaryr treatment facility prior to 1932; The discharged directly onto Pebble Beach and-open.I.ake Superior 1.3-innsouthof The Peninsula (Figure 2.3). The plant - prodded inadequate waste treatment which resulted in high'levels of bacteria, T55 and Fecal . ,oolifonn densities in ef?uent were more than 1- millionper mL and densities in the ambie'ntwaters along . I PebeeIB'each ranged from I410 2am in October arms: 1979) [see'Section 32.9]; I'I?he rocky nature of the beach, cold waters and high energy wave actionIare not condense for whole body contact swimming - I. '91 -or water sports. but Pebble Beach was avoided by the local population because of the presence of wastewaters free-n both and the pulp - . In 1932. a new WPCP was built with a 2,000 maiday extended aeration plant (secondary treatment); 1n 3 addition; the pulp mill?s sanitary sewer was completed and connected to the new WPCP. . This new facility now operates in the 95% removal ef?ciency-range. .Changes-Iwere'also made 'to the outfall. The mitfallwassubm'ergcd anda'diffuser . 1936. the plant was expanded to a ma?mmn capacity at 4.400 m3fdayin anticipation of the pepmanan increase resulting from the Hemlo gold minesdetelopment - The 1989 atmual. average discharg' rate was 1.930 'm3t'day (Table 4.1Municipal unstewater treatment facilities discharging to surface waters mustmeet general OMOE ef?uent . requirements for total-suspended solids and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODS) as outlined in OMOE Policy 08-01 "Levels of Treatment of Municipal and PrivateSev-age Treatment Works Dhcharging Surface Waters" .1987); For plants "with secondary treatment, these requirements are 25 mg! for both T55 and RODS, based on anmral average values. -In additieng discharging to Lake Superior - - must meet the total phosphorus (TP) requirement of 1.0 mglL,_ based on a average, for the upper Great Lakes; as speci?ed in the GreatLaltes Water Quality Agreement of 1978'. ThelMarathon WPCP was wen-belowthe OMOE e?iuentrequirements for in all years'from 1984 through. 1939. Table 4.1 'shows the average annual BOD5_levels ranging-from 2.2 4.1 mgIL and the . TSS average annual concentrations ranging from 3.6 to 5.8 mgt'L from 1984 though 1939; Although data prior to 1984 is not available, the WPCP has likely met the OMOE effluent requirements since 1982, when the new plant was completed. Totallphosphorus concentran'ons'bave'ierceeded the GLWQA objective - . (1.0 mil.) in every month since 1934 averages ranged 6.2 mgl'L in 1939. - - I Landings of 153, arm5 and r? all show a gradual increase from 1934 1939 This I . - increase is coincident with ?ow increase Loadings for 1934 and 1935 should be suspect . . . (Table 4.2). During-1935. the ?ow measurement device was commissioned and the 1985_?ows are considered to be inaccurate (1.. de Baltker, OMOE pers. comm). In addition. considerable outstruction activity, mainly residential development and new storm sewers, was ongoing in-Marathon throughout 1984. - There isithe possibility that storm water ?owed into the WPCP and resulted in 'questionable'1934 ?ow rates de Baklter, OMOE pet's. comrn.).. . I - A'large'number of other parameters more measured in the WPCP effluent the 1984.1r 1985 OMOE- .- watnir and sediment quality'study (Jardine and Simpson 1990). Ef?uent data was collected in May1934 and. May 1985. A summary of these resultsare presented in Table 43 as mean concentrations and standard - deviation. Due to the likely inacctracies of the 1984 and 1985 ?ow data, loadings for selected. parameters were not calculated. - . - Nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations decreased signi?cantly (pi-tolls level) between 1984 and 1935 I 3- thus improved reduction of nutrients in the treatment process. Slight increases of aluminum. barium, iron. lead and zinc occurred from 1934 to 1935 (Table .43). . Numbers of heterotrophic and total-coliform bacteria appear to namincrealted dramatically from 1984 to - 1935, however, this data should be treated with cautionbecause it is based on a single sample in 19B4'and - two; same day highly variable sarnpleslin 193.5 (Jardine and Simpson 1990). Total colit'on'n densities in both 1984 and 1935 are considerably reduced from those reported in 1978, when counts'of over 1 millionl'ltl? mL_ were found in the ef?uent (Pugh 1919). Ambient water sampling at Pebble Beach in 1936 (Braun and Mdogk 1986) rescaled that all total and fecal colifonn-densities were well below the PWQO (see -Section_ 32.9). Table 4.1. I Awful-age 911111.131 mndenu??o?s and range f?r TSS, BOD5 and-TP at the Max:1an WPCP - 1984 through 1989 1-935, 1935, 19313988; 1989391141 19913). .. .- - - I Annual Mm-Cuncmumim .I?faar . . - Rangawuf Islanme Avengan - - 1mm . - 1984f [-53 2.67. IRE . i f7 .5.-. ".11-43 -I -. 515-73 - 1 22-43 .. 1.8-5.1 1937 I - 4.1. 45.. - 1.1?5.4 -.I 35-54 .1988 - 42-- -- 1,645.0 3.7?9.9 1939-6 .- 3.0 . 3.7 .I 1.7-3.1. 1.6-6.0 .- - 19-6; -- 1.1011949 ranges 11:11 availablg I I . "Tab1e112 -. (kgiday) orI ?gulm?ly 11111111101194! parameters, TSS, 1301953114119, 314.; Marathon 2 . 919-1:an 1994 41141991). . . - - 5 Dan; I--Flowl~ .T-SS I .I 3005 may) 1984'. 1,733 4.60 1985 1,504 .. 3.26 1936:" . 1,513 - . . . 1,129 . 2.811 1933-. --. 1,310 - . . - 1939 . 1,930 . 5.79 1 Table 413 'H?an'cu?CEntratiOn add standapd'deviatinn tak?n from t?e James Ri?er-Haraihnn -Ltd. effluent streams and water intake for mill processihg. Samples'ugrelcolle0ted during Hay _1930 and Hay 1935 (Jardine'and Simpso? 1990). . - -1904 Hill Effluent H?an SD- '1935 Hill Effluent [Hgau '30 Hill Intake 0000 Effluent Hean SD 0300 80 Hill 1nt0ke Mean 0000 Effluent -Hean Paramet?r Physi?al Parameters:- Colour Conductivity(25 C)f' ,(umhafcm) 1.0.s.(mglL) Total Sdlids (mglL) Turbidity (0T0) Inorganics: (mglL1' Sodium_ Sulphate ?Metals: (mgfL) Alum1num Arsenic Barium Cadmium 6.3 1.5- 1090 540_ -21 1.1 1534 . 100.- 10.7 1.5 4.3 '1.0 3 019.0 -11.5 321 11 2.71 .0.0 323 12 1.2? ?0.00 .10?.7 4 0 1.3 00.0 .3 0 -0.00 0.26 NO I D, 2430 112? 33.0 1160 '5.6 ?230 166 .11.0? 114. 2.5 93.3' 3. 13.6 .. 13.6- 0.40 . 0.09 2150 1395 21.? 1409 19.2 253 134 10.2 141 11.5 413.0 36.5 .314 0- 3.9 4.1 313 1.31 1.35 :30 . 35 0 99.3 61.? 26.9' 0.3 321.3 '152.3 60.18 '12?.4 15' I 34.1 .5. .I 1 0.23 0.35 (0.001 0.029 0.040 0.00030 0.633 0.29 <0.001 0 0.031 -0.016' .0.03? 0.006. <0.001 0' .0.006.0.001 0.00030.0001 .0.53 .?0.252 {0.001 0.0005 '0.062- 0.023 0.0016 0.0013 0.011.-0.000 <0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0002_0.0001 300balt _<0.001 0.000 -0.005 0.000 <0.001 0 0.0003 0 . . I .- Chromium <0.001 10.000 0.006' 0.004 f0.002 0.006 - 1?1- Copper 0.001 0.006 0.006 0.000 0.012'0.00& I-u- Iron ,0.004. 0.035 0.693. 0.353 0.022 0.011 0.003 1.023. 0.511" 0.365 0.563 LEad' <0.003 0.000 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0 0.015- 0.003 0.012 0.003 ?Mercury (ngL1- <0.05' 0.000 '1.59 <0.05' <0.05 0.000 '0.03 '0.03 Nickel <0.0015 0.000 0.00?- - wu- 0- Selenium {0.001 0.000 <0.001 Silver <0.005 0.000 <0.005 <01005 - wo- Zinc 0.002 0 2 0 .<0.001 0 0 0 0.093: 0 0 0.001l0.006 .H 0 0 0.001. 0.033 90 0.002 0.001 0.051. 03024. 0.000 0.051. 1 . ??1904-. - - . - 1905-" .Hill Intakg, 0111 Effluent wrap Intake 0111 Effluent HPCP Effluent p- . . .. . . Hean 50 Mean 50 Hcan .30 Hcan so Hhan -sn= - "can '30' Nutrients: (EEIL) Ammonia' <0.003 0.000 <1.40' 3 0.03 2 -0.100. 0.020. 0 0 L5 .?uitrate. - 0.31) .0.00 1 '0.07 .10 .3 0 3 . .ri -q-nawa-? I 1: Civic: 0. 7+ 1; 1. U'I'in-? 3 4? Hum#93101": I OM95 9 1 '?PhusphorOUS (10111)? J0.0089 0.003 0.06 ."Hicrubiclngicalc mL) 1- <10<10?EschefEChia-coIi-.- - <43. '"Fecal'colifurms ?Fecal streptococci i 1 - I HHFIHII ?Heterotrophs 1100* I -.- .1950* a 6100* 110 _1.55 I .3.5 I PSeudeQnas - . aerugznasaichal . - <10f-- .-0 >1500* - ?Organics: - - - . . '212 1':205' 1.<3 0.21 0.40- 0.24_ 195 _7 2.00 #1 . N. .- "000g;(mgiL) -. 0.51 ?ChIOrofnrm - J- _4.5 a" 0 id? 2350 1283' 2.'3091 3?5 6.3 '"Phenolics (10:31) 1' 0.01- ND '3 II .2030.'..307 f<0.02.' <0.00 0.1? 2241 513 1.1 -0.7 '?Phenol . . '20469 22554 .h3- .Tannin?' 0133.g: 0' to . I 91.- 31. 0.00 0.00 . 125 -;29 - 0 Resin -Abietic Acid <10 '050 395. '<10 <10 005-. -310 1 '<10 Dehydroabietic Acid' <10 -1300 . 539 <10 <10 121 25a "isnpimaric'Acid' m<10 198. -91 . <10 <10 35 18.. <10' <14 . <10g." -<10 0 ,<10 I Levopimaric.ACid - <10 Ncuabietic Acid <10 .c13 11<10- 100 53>. . Pimaric Acid - - <10 <10 'Palustric Acid. 7 <10 9 <10 Sandaracopimaric <10 0; . - <10 cic: IQ "Acid.2 3110 <10 90 30'. <10 95 {Cont?d) - l' . . 193:4 - -. 1985. - Pafa?eter H111 Intake Hill Effluent HPCP Effluent Hi11 Intake Hi11_E?f1uent HPCP Effluent Hean Head . Hean 2- SD -5Hean' Mean SD Bean SD 'Fetty . - - - - . - . 1 Arachidic Atid <10 '<10 <10 _<13 -<10 Capric.Acidg <10 .<10 '<10 <10 <10 Laurie Abid' . <10 <10 <10 '<10 <10 . <10 Linoleie'?eid <10 1193' _3 1 <10 _353 220: -<10 'Hyristic-Aqid<12 "Oleic Acid 1 313 90 ~<10 _<163' -17? <85 1 02 Palmitic Acid - .- <10 2207 Steeric atidf <10 313 90 - <10' <10 <23 10 I <24_ 23 Arumetie Acids: (ugJL) - . '1 Beneoic Acid' - <10 0 <12 5 <10 Salicylic Acid. <10 . 0? <14 _<10 Phthalie Acid. 0 <10 0 .<10 - Organuehlorides (Pesticides): (ngIL) . alpha-3H0 . -. <1 0 <1 - <1 gamma?BHC_' <1 .Dieldrin <2 -86* . - Endnsulfan-I' 1705- _4 .EHirexan: acacia-n <3 Cucacaia'CIcice .26oi: EGG Ha'Date'i . ?One sample only analyzed 96 Total phenolics and chloroform concentrations increased but not signi?cantly between 1984 and 1985 and Simpson 1990). Total hihalomethanes, measuredonly in 1985, were present at-a low mean concentration of. 7,8 tgl'L. These'oompounds are frequently produced by'the chlorination of wastes I containingorganiccompounds._ - . . .. - Low concentrations of pmdci'des and (lindane) were detected (Table 4.3). Four fatty acids; - - (myristic, _oleic, palmitic and stearic acid) were detected'in one sample-in 1935 (Jardine and Simpson 1990). These fatty acids are more commonly assota'ated with pain mill effluents. All other organic parameters were not detected in WPCP effluent.- . . - . ..4.2.2 Bleached Kraft Mill . 34.2.2.1 Background I I James Rita-Marathon Ltd. owns and operates a bleached lo'aft pulp mill on the south shore of ellicoe Cove, Peninsula Harbour.- The wasoriginally built in 1944 by Marathon Paper. Mills of Canada Ltd. --which changedits narne to Marathon Corporation of Canadaiin 19511 (Boulthee 1.967). The parent: company, Marathon Paper Mills of Wisconsin, had beenallotted cutting rights'on the PicRiver by the . Otitario Government in the 1930s, under the condition-that a pulp millbe erected. In 1958, there was a merger with AmericanCan, after'which time the mill was'operated as a subsidiary to- American Can. In '1983, American Can sold the mill to the ames River Corpora?on and Buchanan Forest'Products Ltd.- .The mill is'preSently operating as James River-Marathon LtdBetween 1952 and 1977, a chlor-alkali plant- beside the bait and discharged its effluent . directly into Peninsula The plant manufactured chlorine, caustic soda, sodium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid, sodium chlorate and sulphur liquor for use in the: pulping process. and . caustic soda were produced by the'_electt'olysis of brine in electrolytic eclls featuring graphite anodes and mobile mercury cathodes. Watmwaters th'athad beanin direct contact with mercury were collected in a' trench insidethe chemical plant and treated for mercury'removal, then discharged thrOugh the chlor-alkali plant outfall?directly into Peninsula Harbour (Figure. 2.3). Wastewaters which-did not come in direct contact I with mercury were collected in a ditch outside the plant and subsequently distharged through the same outfall intcPeninsula Harbour (OMQE: 1973the operation of the plant, mercury was-lost due to improperly treated wastewater, spills, . 3 leaks and vapour loss (OMOE 1978 and Jardine and Simpson-1990). The amount'ot' mercury being - I discharged'intc Peninsula Harbour together with the detection'of elevated of levels of mercury in harbour . I 'sedintents and statesmen inthe issuing of a Control Order by OMOE- (onion 1973). This Control Order gave James RiverMarathon'Ltd. ,(then Arnerican Can ofCanada Limited) theiop?on of completely. . closing down the'merulry cell chlor-alkali plant or converting the operation to a process which does not use . - mercury. On August 31, 1977, American Can of Canada the'chlor-alkali plant. Followup measures resulted in'the implementation of a treatment process for the removal of _-traces of mercury from the ef?uent stream. This process operated until 1984 when it was concluded that'residual - mercury was no longer aconcern in the effluent, All mercury contaminated equipment was disposed of'in a 1 sealed pompartment at- an approved site south of the-town of Marathon (Figure 2.3) (Jardine and Sitnpson - . . Since the closure'of the cider-alkali plant. numerous upgrades andiinpr?ovements have been installed for- watcrand air pollution abatement. A Summary of abatement equipment installed and-upgrades made since; outlined in Table 4.Table 4.4- . Sentinelijr of the installation ofpollutiol-l abatement equipment at the James River-Marathon Ltd. pulp and paper mill from 1971 through 1991. Proposed improvements are also Year . WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT 15m" Closure of chlor-alkaliplant AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT . '1979- Spills Collection Systems . - - Brownstocl: -- Recaustidzing - Recovery glass. Emperator-Condensate Recycle - Replacement of Section of Effluent Line Impressed Salt Cake Handling System - 1931 1312' Stage Exhaust Gas-Scrubber NewChlol-ination Stage - Bleach Plant- New Mill Ef?uent'Pun'lp New Turpentine Storage Tank- Sanitary.r Sewer System Installation Cone on Main Stark to Increase Dispersion 196.3 new Chorine Dioxide Stage --Bleaeh' Plant New Mill Ef?uent Rump . Replacement of Effluent Line to Clari?er Installation'of Digester Process Control . . Computer whicblallowed 'for Steadiel'f Operation of'Power - . . Boilers -'Reducing Stack Losses . - . I 1934 . 340 metre Effluent Diffuser First Extraction Stage Replacement -- . Bleach Plant I . New Blowheat Heat Embangers New Green Liquor Clari?'er Improved Knot Handling System less Oxidative Exu'action'lnstalla?on Polymer Addition System - Ef?uent Clari?er New Bron-n.5ka Knott . Roundwood facilities eliminated - 1936 New Lime lGJm'Recausticizing Partial Replacement of Effluent Line Recaust. Spills Collection System 'SlakEr Scrubber - Lime Kiln Scrubber - "1987 Evaporators Spills Collection System Lime Kiln Dust Collection System 1933 Conductivity Network New Evaporator Hot Well .1939 "New chlorine dioxide generator - . Precipitator Rebuild 1990'? The ?rst of three proposed works was completed (Bron-sumac, Evaporator,.' Conductivity) . I . . Effluent neurtrallzation colnpleted {not to be operational until secondaryr treatment is in place) . Initiated chlorine dioxide substitution 'Brownstoclc washers installed - i 1991' Moved to high chlorine diol'dde substitu?m Replaced hypc?llorite stage with chlorine dioxide stage Proposed Works I - Secondary treatment facility Rebuilt existing bleach plant scrubber and I added another for new chlorine dioxide stage . - New oil-?red package boilers. to replace ,_old_ .- coal boilers - - The sewer system is composed ofthe general-mill effluenL'thIe alkaline sewer and the Iacid'sewer. The 7 alkaline-sewer carries effluents from the alkaline stages of the bleach plant and-from the new recovery-holler - I I It joins the clari?er overflow to form the main mill effluent. The acid sewer-collects the bleach- Plant chlorination stage effluentThe separate lines over the ridge of The Peninsula where they are . The combined effluent then ?ows down an open channel to a containment area,.or foam control - -basin'befbre entering the submerged diffuser to openlake Superior. The mill sanitary sewer was connected . .- I Prior to September, 198-4, combined pulp mill effluents were pumped over'the ridge of the Peninsula where they then ?owed dove; anopen channel which discharged directly to the surfaceof Lake Superior. From' - I978, Ilames River-marathon has worked with OMIQIE in order to iinprove operations needed-to meet' - the teoeroijregutauoo for toxicity before'December- 1934 (Beak Consultants 1936). semen 1919 and 1931, changes were madeto reduce liquor carryover in the evaporator condensates, and to-recycle a portion'of the . foul condensates to the Icansticizing area. The schedule for compliance with the toxicity standards - was'neg'otiated and formalized in a Control Order issued to James-River Marathon (then American Can-of II I. - 1 Canada Ltd).in 1930. Thedesign and following installatimi of a multiport marine diffuser into Lake Superior . - . .. I . conn?ol order issued ootooer' 25,1939, requires reduction, in non5 and Adsorbabel-Orgaoic Home: I - (on) by December 31. 1991 to be as. follows: TSS one Benson-not enemas and 113 tonnes I raspectivelywhen' averaged over 30 days and AUX not-exceed 2.5 of'production. . The current 1991 production of James River-maratlaml-Ltdlis approitimately 513 dried metric tonnes I I . with aIsustained' peak of 570 ADMTID (R. Wilson. BEAK consultants, pers. comm). The I product nItiins 10% bleached-hardwood kraft pulp and bleached softwood loa? pulp. - proposed'mill mansions would result in a daily production rate of 938 with a- sustained - - at'998 ADMTID (R. Wilson. BEAK?ConSultants. pet's. soothi.).- However,-all expansions have been . - posmoned inde?nitely (I to 5 years) because of lack of or until federal and provincial regulations name into effect. Planned expansion includes a new pumping-station, pipeline and aIsecondary treatment aeration basin located sotrth'of Marathonf?gure Effluent would be discharged through a I diffuser into Lake Superior near the secondary treatment The new'pumping station would also -. provide more as5urance'and prevention of effluent overflow into Peninsula Harbdur. a. power failure, which is known to be rare. effluent could drain through "the mill sump overflow and into the harbour. -fI'Ihe.- I new pumpingstation have a diesel back-up pump to prevent such events.'- - The shoreline ofIIPeninsula Harbour is used for storing softwood chips, and for storing and Idebarlting'incominghardwood logs which are later chipp'edand pulp-ed (Figure Historically, pulpit-pod logs received by log boomwere'stored in black piles in-the harbour for use in the winter 7 .I.Shippingwasnotpossiblethe bark pond overflow, 'wet drum barker overflow, and shore I I I directly into Peninsula Harbour before 'thewet defaulting-system was'shutdown in 1933. A descriptionof effluent from theseoutfalls is as follows: I - - - . The bark pond overflowdischargcd overflow from'the bark settling pond that received - screened wastewaters .via a Spigotted pipe from the drums; The wastewIaters from - the baddng drum were screened to remove large pieces ofbarkand this bark .was. subsequently pressed and burned. This overflow operated four to ?tne months per year. - The wet barker drum over?ow represented a drainage ditch-and overflow fi'oma wet drum barker that served as a washer drum for stock-piled de-barked logs-and logsdirectlyifrom the log drums. This overflow operated twelve months of the fear: - - a The barking drum shore received over?ow water from the barking drum water I. - area. These drainsoperated fourto?ve months The main mill sump overflow discharged cooling-water from the former-chloralltali plant. In the evimt of a . pcwer failure, effluent could discharge through the main mill effluent sump over?ow into Peninsula Harbour. - A new ptunping station will have a dieselbaelr-up pump to prevent overflows. - . Annodwaste site is located on.__the shoreline north. of the site (Figure 23). The shoreline botween the wood waste site and the mill was formerlyr used for collecting, stoling logs. Log storage was discontinued in'1933. The'harbotlr was again used forrafting'iogs for transport to Thunder Bay-in 1937 and - 4.2.2.2 Main Mill Ef?uent Characteristics The most recent data available for the determination of ef?uent characteristics from the James River- - Marathon Ltd. pulp mill are from the 1934:1935 .OMOEsmvey (Table 43} (Jardine and 1990) and the- results'from the ?rst six months (January 1 to June 30, 1990) bf the Municipal-Industrial Strategylfor Abatement (MISA) .for the pulp'andipaper sector (T able 45). Kraft pulp-mills in Ohtado have historicallyr been regulated on the basis of "conventional pollutants? such as BODS and loadings of- BOD5 and T55 from the James RiverfMarathon Ltd. mill from 1966 to '1991, are summarized in Table 4.6. loadings at both parameters wereat their highest in' the late 19605 but have steadin decreased to the present. Incidentally, effluent ?ow rates have also steadily decreased. - The ob?c?ves of the OMQE 19%!1985 water quality survey was-to provide baseline data on ef?uent characterization for .the James River'lvlarathon pulp and. paper mill and the Marathon and (ii) water and sediment qualityfor the environment in Peninsula Harbour and Lake Superior before and after the installation of the submerged mill outfall. . Results'from the 1934-11935 survey showed that although the submerged helped. to reduce water, . sedimad and biota ilnpairlnent at the point of discharge, it did not solve-the problem of contaminant loadings. Contaminant loadings, listed in_Table 4.7-, have changed little esteem 19.94 and 1935. loadings were- calculatedby multiplying the mean concentration bar-the mean-?ow rate'determined on the same day of sampling (Jardine and Simpson 1990). Loadings of sulphate, barium, iron. and phenols increased from 1934 to 1935 (Table 4.7). Leading: of all resin acids, fatty acids, aromatic . acids and pesticides decreased from 1984' to 1935 (Table 4.7). These results have beensubsequently,r Used as as baseline information for comparison with results obtained forthe MISA program. . . The MISA program is a strategy aimed at reducing pollutants to Ontario surface wattars. .It was announced - bythe Provincial govemmentl'm 1986 (OMOE 198-6), and affects eight industrial sectors {electric power generation, industrial .minerals,-inorganic chemicals,'iron and steel, metal mining andlre?ning, organic - chemicals, petroleum re?ning, and pulp and paper) as well as municipal sewage During - the recently_u;lmpleted- ?rst stage, the industry monitored their wastewater todetermine exactly what was in it and at whatconcentrations. Based on these results, the government is developing abatement regulations.- loo Table Suwmafy of pfi?rity pollutants from the=pu1p'and papeE-mills l?cat?d on th? north 0hor? 0E10ake- Sup?riar. Results are_a and paper segtqr.5 'Parameter Abitibi Division .(Thunder Fort. Hilliam- Abitibi - Thund?r Bay Division (Thunder; Abitibi - Provincial ?Papers (Thunder Baf).- Canadian Pacific Foreat?: Products '(Thunderi'_ Dnmtar hn?n as mean values taken January 1_to Juna_30, 1990 as part of the Eor-procegs.aff1uant monitoring of the pulp . Kimberly f:CIark' (TerraCE .Bay) -80nventiuna1 Parana Bay) Bay) AUX tars: '24.29_ 1.83 0005 .099;33 88.08 165.41 15.06 ?Ilnoc? 319,03~ 611.06 280.73 .1.73 1.44 I Total Ph05ph0r000 0.30'f .0.20' ?0.08' 0.6? I 0.22 0.51 TSS 31.82 92.50 '65.59 30.10 44.25 Aluminum 1.03561 -2.01150 0.01513' '0.46500 Cadmium 0.00022 '0.00151 0.00022 3.44545 ChrOmium '0.01067 0.0006? .0.10333 Gopher 0.05233 0.0031? '0.05933 '.0.00000 0.00050 Lhad" '0.02h83 Hercury 0.0006? '0.003&? -0.00408_ 30.00001 I 0.00500 0.00003 'Nickel 0.00133 0.00267 "-Silver 0.00003 0.0006? .0.00083 0.01333 0.03800- 0.00045. 0.10855 .0.0&22? 0.00050 Phenol" 0.48 'GhlurinatedZOrganics Igg?p) 2.25 30.00 3.26 0.052 '101' I Table 4.6 [kglda? for I111: regi?a?y monitored ca?mntional pollutants, BOD5 and T55 ?le 1311103 Riycharathgn Ltd. pulp and paper mill from 1966 through 1991. - Your . Flow Rate Total Suspended Eda-Biochemical (maid) Solids Oxygen Demand - . - - . . {Raid}. .. . - (told) 1955* - 95,3111 3,400? .- 32,500 1957? . 95,200 - . 3,500 .. - .- 13.200 - 1963? 99,000 . . 19,700 . . 33,5m 1959' '1 . 101,200 17,700 15,500 1970?. 90,8111 2,300 - 27,500 1971* 95,700 -. 3,300 -. - 15,500 1972* 95,900 5,000 . 15,500- 1973? . "93,700. 5,400 . - .I 19,300 1974' - 91,400 5,900 - . . 19,300 1975- - - . . - 1975. I . 1977?r - 35,900 - 5,350 .. - -. ?13,500.- "1973' . -. 1979 1980 . .- - - 1931 . - - 3 . 191.13i - . 59,772 - 5,300. - . 17,000. I- 1934 . . 55,000 .. . .- 5,450 . . I 14,700 1934* - . - 50,001" . - 5,450 5 -- 14,550 .1935 - 59,040; . 4,520 - 13,200 .1935? I - "59,035 . .- 4,520 - - 15,220 1955" 55,030 . . 2,331 - 14,502 1935 - 54,520 2,913 . 14,301 1937 51,597 2,473 . . 13,540 . 51,555 . 1,952. 13,711 1939 I 50,333. .- 2,573 12,407 1990 . 50,335 2,545 -- - 12,711 1991 43.99 . 1,515 - - 11,050 - . Hei'zng and Chatterjee 1973 (1974 data are based on the ?rst 3 quarter; of1974) 1513055141933 .. -- - OMOE 1935, 1937, 19331:, 19395, 19915 . - 15151115 and Simpson 1950 (1984 311d 1935 flaw data'are mean annual) - . - - . '102-' Table 4.7. . (kglday) for selected parameters in em ef?uent the I'emee River- .. - IM?mihdn _I'.Ltd. pulp and papa: mill 'in May a? 1934 and 1985(prepaxed ?qm' Jardine and _.1935Ij - 65658 .- - - InorganicsSodium - .. .. 24950 I- - I. 213773- .julphati' - 5551 Arsenic ?0065 . - . ??0068 Bariuni' .- 552-. 'Cadn?um . .- -- 0.11 I I 0.02 Cobalt - - .I . 3' 0.320 - I - -.- 'Cuppe' . -- 039 - .I Ii'un -. . - 45.5. .I . - . 159.? Lead .. 1 . I . .- 1.01- Mermry. 0.104 -- . I- - .005 Nickel I- - - I 0.46" .. - -. Scler?um - I- . I ?0366 - I - - Silver - .. ?0.33 . - .?Zinc - - .- - . 6.(97,2 . 1033 I Nitrate - I - I 26.3 11 . 21.1- - TIKN I. - 164.1 - 183.8? - W1 -- 0-16 - 034- Phenolics (total) . 136.96- 153.0 - 6.31 - - - 8.51 Jimm? - ReIsin AcidsAbie?cAdd~ .. - - - 5.5.8 - 2'10 Dehydma?ie?c Add - . - I 39.3 - -I I 13.0 -.- I -- -2.4 Lewpimaric Add. -I . . - ??0.92 -I - ?0.68 - Neoabie?c Add - . ?1.18' - - . ?0.60 . PimaricAcid I . I Palustxic Add I I .- I ?0.92: -. ?0.68 "Arachidic I- . - ?0.66 .. - I . ?0.89. . Cap?cAdd- . ?0.66- . - - ?0.60- Lauri: Add -- - I ?0.66 - ?0.60 Unclaich I- - 2A.0I Myris?c Acid . I . ?0.66 I I ?0.68] - OleicAcid . -I -- - 20.6 . - ?11.10 . Palmi?c-Acid' . -- - 14smg?p?? . - .- - - ?1.57 - Arnma?IcAcids: I . - -- . Bennie-Acid .. -- ?039 .- Salicylich . . ?0.?0.66 . I. - Organochlaridaes (Pesticides): I .. . - alpha-BHC - - - ?00011)? I ?03000? gamma-BBC - ?00011)? - - Dieldrin . I - - 0.0056 . I - . ?0.00014 .EndosulfanI- I . . 0.0112 .. -- . 0.0010 . Mire: ?0.00133' - ?01111334- . 5' if. 10m atom are. hascd on the dwrage ow rat?srecor unng samp 1103' - ultimate goal is the virtual elimination of toxic contaminants-in municipal and into waterways. The ful?lment of'this goalis necessary to reduce the risk of damage to the ecosystem to protect public health the presence of toxics in water. ?shand wildlife" (OMOE 1986). . Ef?uent monitoring for the pulp and paper sector took place from-January 1. 1.990 to. December 30. 1990-_ - Regulations based. on- these'results are expected for the fall of 1991. E?qu and paper mills in the four I of Lake Superior AOCs are: AbitibitPriee Inc. (Thunder Bay. Fort William and Provincial Papers - Divisions). Canadian Pacific Forest Products. Domtar Inc..Ki.n1berly?Clark Canada inc, and James River- Marathon Ltd. -MISA results from the first six months of monitoring for the Lake?Superior pulp paper mills are shown in Table 4.5 and can be compared with the 1984:1985 OMOE survey. Levels of. chlorinau?d organic compounds. as measured bythe Adsorbable organic Halide (AOXJ test. were . I highest at the James Rider-Marathon Ltd. mill in 1990 However. as of January 1. . 1991. James River-Marathon began substituting chlorine dioxide for chlorine. resulting in AUX reductions of - 60 to 70 percent. - . .- . . Mean. levels of sons, 155, "1101. lead and nickel in the mill effluent have increased from 1935 to 1991 (Tables 43 and 45). Mean chromium concentrations have doubled 0.006 in 1934 to. I 0.013 in 1990. Mean copper levels increased six fold from 0.006 mgt'L-in 1984 to 0.036 mgt?L in 1990. Mean aluminum levelshave decreased and mean concentrations have remained the same from 1984 to 1990 (Tables 43 and 4.5). Both and ainclevels show srnall-?ucuiations from 1984. 1984- and 1990. Mean concentrations for both were lowest in 1985 and highest in 1984. Phenol concentrations have dramatically decreased from.4-6_ ten. in 1934 to acids lglL'in 193.5. and to 1.93 ten. in 1990. - - . I 1 4.2.2.3 nieces and Pumps Dioxins and furans are a family of chemicals consisting of .75 isomers of dioxins and 135 isomers of the polyehlorinated furans. The most toxic forms are. those substituted at the 2.3.7.8 positions. in particular (Smith, OMOE unpublished data). The toxic effects of dioxins and hirans. include weight loss, thymic atrophy. inununotoxicity. hepatotoxicity and hyperplasia and cancer. 'teratogenicity and reproductive'totdrity (Safe 1990). . . . Diotdns'and furanslare'produced in mbustion reactions, such as forest ?res and incinerators. and as byproducts of the manufacture of indusnial chemicals. Both bleached lcraft mills and mills. which do-not use bleaching have been identified as sources of many forms of dioxins. but principally furansIDMOE . unpublished data, OM05 1991c and Homer et a1. 1988). In both cases many of the hornets-detected are the . - most ubiquitous highly chlorinated forms found throughout the environment. However mills using bleaching - often discharge the 2.3.7.3 substituted terms, (Smith. omen unpublished data). - - . Table"4.8 lists levels of dioxins and furans in process ef?uent for nine Ontario pulp and paper mills was measured in 1987. Of note is that levels at JamesRiver-Marathon have been reduced from 1987lto 1990 (Tables 4.8 Concentrations in 1987 ranged from 130-403 and by .1990 values ranged from ND - 80 pgiL. Table 4.9 shows that the James River-Marathon Ltd. has the highest mean concentration of 2.3.7.8-TCDD of all northern Onatario pulp The mean concentration of 2,3381?an was 9.7 pgiL. or the 18 tests the 1990 sampling (including quality- 'assurancelr quality control tests). 12 resulted in non-detectable levels, 6 were greater than the detection limit- . and. of those ti. 4 wereless than 10' pgl'L. . - i . Table 4.8 ranges-d?t?ct?d in fina1.process effl??nt from ni?e Ontario pulp' and paper mi115.in datg'filesFinal Hill- I .: I "'Lacahiun -PrbcesaiType(2,3,1,B,r Other_ Tetra 0ther TBDD _DiaxinSj Furans Futana Ca?adian Pacific Thu?der Bay5. Bleached Kraft_ ub?vao"' - -_un Farest Products Ltd. "sulfiteiGrounduand - B1eachea-Krafc'- 60-160;' 305110. '150~1,6on _I__Hneao.' Boise4Cascade? Fort Bleathed/Kraft ?9720 -HD - 190-580, ND . - - Frances_ Grounduuod - f31eached Kraft . unasn '3 _39041,onn Pre?oxygenbleaching E?panbla Abitibi?Price Th?nder Bay Grdundwoq? - I ND LHD) -ND l?ort . semi?dhemical - ND 1 1 Hn~100 - 50~12o? . an .Hilliam . Hechanical Pulping'. - - - - - Groundwood .Domtar' . Roth-l "S?m1*bl?ached - . . . . - no -. ND - Kraft . - . -. . Tetratel?ay_ Bleached Kraft - i1 un' . 390#4,200 "0?0.03 Outsid? of take Superior-b?sih but included for comparispn7p?rpbs?s. Indicapes not detected (generally 5 - '105 Table 4.9 Hean and-range of concentratiohs for dioxins and furans and loadings in final 1 tan pulp.and papar_mills in northwestern Ontario; Data HES collected no 30,.1990 as part of the HISA mooitoring program (OHOE 1991c and Smith,_. 0HOE.unpublished dataFIDH . Loading 3 H111 - Location Process Typeh) (ngL) (pgfL) (l?hyd) .. (mg TEnyrHean . - - Hean .. '(Range) . (Range). ?Canadian Pacific Thunder_ Bleached Kraft 18 ND 2?.0 l?3 1.110 Forest Products Bay SulEiteIGround?ood - - . l_ Ltd' Bleached Kraft_ so - I 30.5 31'. 1.010 . . . . - I I Boisercascade' Keoora -_So1fite/Hechaoica1. 9 HD I I . 1145 I 0.19? - Bleachedfkraft 23 1.0' 3715 I 2faao unduood .. .Abitibieprice_ Thunder -Grounduoodi I no I - 24.0 . an -o.335 ulfitel?echaoical 1n . so u;001_ . a7 . - _u,017-' I an - agnoa -:21 50.016 Domtar_ . - - Red Rock Semf~b1eached - 13 I ND n;029 9a ,"o.00099_ i - - Kraft Grounduood . - Kimber1y~c1ark Terrace. Bleached Kraft. 13 . 5.7 155.n~" 94" ,r 5.350 . - - . '~(Hon33) - - 7 -. (Toxic Equi?alency Factors} based upon OHOE 1935, summed for the various;isomers fflpents. Zaro (D) was substitued-for oonrdetectable concentrations ln'calculations, derestimate actual discharEEs. 105 Levelsoftetr'afurans were highest at the James River-Marathon Ian-icedme pulp mills in 1-98? (Table 4.8). Concentrations ranged from lm'to tooth!) pgl?L respeCtively._, - The toldcity'of the dioxin and relative to (Icon) using a torso equivalency factor (Safe 1990 1933-. During the ?rst six months . of 199] the James River-Marathon pulp mill had thehighest concentration (192 pgiL) of ten nonlinear Ontario pulp mills (Table 4.9). Annual TEQ loadings we'highest at the I (5.350 kgl'yr} and James River-Marathon (4275 kgiyr) I - . its NON-Point SOURCES - If 4.3.1 Urhlan_iStormwator Runoff- Urban runoff from the town of Marathon is by the-storm sewers; The storm sewers discharge onto - - Pebble Beach at three locations (Figure 2.3). The two older outfalls are on either sideof the ou??alL. .. -'I'he most recent stormisewer was constructed in-19li4 in response to therapid popdation growth due to the opening of the Hemlo gold mines. This'storm sewer also discharges-onto Pebble Beach approximately 0.75 .mkmsoudtolftheWPCPoutfall - - .-. - . - Soldiers have not been 'condueted to'identify and quantifycontaminants that may be present-in storhawate'r 4.3.2 -'Fiuno? at the James River-Marathon-Mill Site - . - - In .1974 and i975, soil surveys were onnrluct?en'by OMQE on The Peninsulain the vicinity of the James - River-Marathon Ltd. pulp and siter were sampled to a depth of '10 on. In 1976, the soil. survey was Media. a depth-of 15 cm. In additian surfacedrainage water samples were collected periodically betureen April and from the hill behind mill (OMOE 1916). . 'The distribution ofmerculy concentrations in soil ,at depthsof 0-5 cm, 57-10 cm and 10-15 cm is shown in Figure The generally showed progr 've?ly lower mercury concentrations with increasing depth. with'only3 samples in'exception to thistrend'. Except for one sample, there was a' pronotuiced gradient or 7 decreasing mercury levels with increasing distance in all'directions form the source, the James Riven- Marathon- Ltd. former chloralkali plant (Olson 1973). Soil-samples taken on Skin Island contained . 7. mmlewls?nlrs?ah?y aboverbackground (can trig!ng Mercury concentrations in surface drainage (rlmoff) wore very low ranged from oncol "to 0.0M mgl'L, Based on __these results, OMOE {1918) concluded'that only very quanti?es of mercury are being washed - . into Lake Superior from contaminated snow and soil near the mill. These low concentrations in local rtmoff - . water suggests that catch of the merolry may evaporate into the atmosphere (OMOE 1973). Atmosphere I . b.1976. oMoE monitored mercury levels in air downwind or the color-alkali plant. The highest in minute. average was 4.8 lglro3-with a peak value'of 7.0 The Ontario half-hour standard of '5 not exceeded (OMOE 1978). The highest mercury concentration coincided with the temperature recorded during- the 1976 survey. 'This observation is due to mercury?s' increasing volatility with I Both average and peak levels of mercury decreased signi?cantly with increasing 107 vet: poem 0 Son? ne'mh i045 cm, near James an soils at depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm I lack IIFIIQQCOQI collaiI??IiQ ll?ii Oi Son Depth 5-taken In May, 1976 from the Peninsuia Harb?our Area or nations In m? paper Peninsula Harbour Remedi Marion Plan pulp and I II I?ll Contour map ?r mercury cancen Marathon Ltd; Figuye 4.1 i I. A m. lliliill Ill Io.oo? it In 00-9090! st 0..- Ii 0. bl. i I. out. I?lic .- .- ill 0.. a cool-- .i I 0 I Int-too I I. .1. .9 Oil til! man-I015 ms Soil 'n?ptn 0-5 cm - - 5m tic-Io I. ?lo. 5r? mama untlon; May-191a 531 '1-5 malku Ill I moi-wry at:an - >15 mad-t9 . . 10-15111ka i it's-mono. ill - Iii-tam: from-the Mdf'alk?li plant (OMOE 1978). Background concentrationsnere <0.01 aginf?. Tm. I factors 1tip-ere identi?ed that contributed to-the low merwry lesels in amtaent air. These low air I I I temperamrea and'windoonclitions tmfamurable for dowel-ind monitoring: The 30 minute averages tended to" .. re?ect plume- rather than plume-centre-conditions (OMOE 1978). - Air monitoring for mercury has he: been can'ied out in the-Peninsula Harbour ADC since the closure of the 'chlor-alltaliplantinlmungrange transport and atn'tospherio deposition are believed to be signi?cant pathways of persistent toxic . substances into the Great Lakes (International Joint Commission 1985). Homr, amiospheric dentamina'tion 'of-the Great-Lakes is poorly understood and quanti?ed. The reason is that the ?estimation'of atmospheric loading of organicand inorganic tosiclcompounds to the Great Lakes required information on annospheric and precipitationlooncentrations, mass transferee-af?de and physical speciation in the . I atmosphere and,water'_ (Strachan and Eisenreieh 1933). Suf?dent information for reliable estimates of. . 'at'mospheric'inputsis only available for PCBs and lead (Table 4.10). - - Due to"_their large surface area and relative lack a; local sources, the-(upper Great (Superior, and Huron} receive a signi?cantly greater percentage of their total inputs from the aunosphere than from - point sources [Strachan 1983). - . engine PCB and lead inputs argue) re the Great and the fractions attributed-to atmospheric - - - pathways (Strata-ran and Eisenrcith 193.8Load -GraatLaito - . -. . -- . . __TotaI Input. ?mosphencq Total Input I Mosphare'-rtLalteSuperior i - I El]. 241-. - .- -La_lceMichigan 685 53 I- I 99.5 . :Lake - 636 '13 430 =7 '93 - 252131- 13' lssr'_ Lakeontario .-. 1540 5 . 1425 - "73- 4.3.4- Contaminated Sediment Studies have shown that polluted sediments have a direct-impact on associated biota and be signi?cant sources of contaminants 'to both the water ool'umn'ancl aquatic organisms. Furthermore; such sedimont's can . continue to .be a sourcelong after the external inputs (point and non-point) havebeen eliminated; However, the acutal'amounts of from the sediment to the water column-and organisms of the - I - Peninsula ADC have not been determined. - - . - .. Although sediment concentrations still exceed me OWDG, contamination has been considerably} reduced at the former site of the'chlor-allrali plant ldischarge'into ielliooe Cove (see Section 3.3.1). This may due to.the deposition of cleaner sediments over oontaminated areas, methyl?ation- and the migration and ice - dispersion of the memory hem the original source into despot depositional (Jardine and Simpson There are two pieces of evidence which suggest that the oontarninated sediments in Jellieoe Cove are acting. Laseontaminantsource: -- . - A1985 water sample Jelliooe' Cone contained high levelslof lead and zinc (3.0 and 4.0 respectively). Because the sample also eontainedelevated levels of TSS itis likely that a resuspension of bottom sediment had oomrred (Jardin'e and Simpsoni990). - I- In 1916, bottom sediment'in Jelliooe Cove actively producing methyl mercury which was - beingreleasedtoovedying waters (OMOE 1978). I i I . . -4.3.5 Groundwater 4'Waste Disposal Sites? 5 Seven waste sites. are located in the Peninsula ADC (Figure I The town of Marathon owns and operates the Marathon mindeipal'land?ll. and, sludge sites, one of which is_now dosed. Leadtate studies have not done. - - I Four of theisitesare ousted-and operated. by James RiserMarathon Ltd. Them are: James RiverMarathon me'run'y disposal site - American Can of Canada industrial disposal site (dosed)- ?Jamm River-Marathm industn'al waste disposal site - James Riser-Marathon wood waste storage site ..The mercury disposal site eontains sealed mercuryr contaminated equipment. OMOE studies in 1916 did not detect-morally in the soils surrounding the disposal site (OM05 1918). The site is monitored quarterly to ensure against mercury'oontamination of the surrotmding area. . - The- former American Can of Canada, Ltd. and the osrrentlames Riser-Marathon industrial waste disposal . sites contain fly ash front'the boiler, dari?er sludge, ?bre and lime mud waste (J ardine and Simpson 1990).' This site together with the James RiserMarathon Ltd. waste disposal site and the-new toast of Marathon sludge disposal site are'located east of Highway 17 near. theMarathon Airport (Figure 2.3). These sites do not oomr within the immediate watershed of the Peninsula HarbOur AOC. Preliminary monitoring for conventional contaminants has been dotteat the James RiverMarathon site. The other sites havenotbeenass'essed. - - . - - The wood waste disposal site is located near the shore of Peninsula HarbOur at Shack Creek (Figure 2.3). Two dumping areas have been identi?ed. The large-sh mostsoutherly dump site is composed of wastes from deb'arlting and tuned chips. Shack Creek runs through this dump site. -'Wood wastes have hoen - aeunnulating at this site since the 1930s '(Deaenn 1987). The second dump site is north of the larger one is-eomprised of gravel and wood wastes possibly from wood yard cleanup (Deaotm 193?]. 'Thisdump . siteisalsodrainedbyacreek.? - Pools that-form at the edgeof the dump sites were found to ecmtain phenols. Of 6 samples taken from pools-that formed at the edge of the dump sites, 5 samples were-found to less than trade levels of phenols, while one contained 4.4 phenols (De-anon 1937). The e?edts of on the harbour are considered minor and further leachate and runoff- studies haite not been done. - 110. 4.3.6 Log'?oorni'ng' -- Historically, Peninsula Harbour was used for building log rafts to be transportedby water to demand. I 1967). In later years, pulpv-Iood logs were received in the Harbour along with, coal, oil - and salt for. the Pulp was exported to. the United :States by freighter. mill began, . I -. supplementing their wood requirements with chips located throughout?NoI'thorn Ontario. The . - woodchips'were receivedbyrailJellicoe, Garden and Beatty Coves have also been used for log storage for over forty - As a-res'ult, a 3 build-up of organic material on bottom sediment resists in-these of bark and sunken logs continues to affect water quality-and aquatic biota. effects of theacctunula'tion include the?prese'nce of organic leathates, ox'ygenluptake by microorganisms which decompose organic material, and production of toxic compounds by microbial decomposition of wood. under anaerobic conditions (Tom and Brounlee 1931). Adverse physical effects include distressed light penetration; compaction and overlaying of bottom substrates and increased turbidity. Manuphyte', and ?sh community structure and diversity I have been altered in Jellicoe Cove as a. result of log practises.._ Log booming practices v-ere - - 7 'Im'iast'arid 1933, Buchanan Forest Products Ltd. built rafts of-saw-logs'in pecan which vrere then h?ansported to Northern Wood-Preserves Inc. in Thunder Bay (Jardine and Simpson 19.90), I Navigation I I --The is used annually unmanned-Agra and by approximately 15 race Ivesselsr for . - the export ofpulp and the hnport'of-caustic soda and coal. The docking facilities are also used twice a by the Coast Guardjto service inn-natured lighthouses on Hawkins and Islands, There havebeen no studies to determine contamination from vessels entering Peninsula - -. .3433 spillsand Bypasses Land?based spillsicah be'a'signi?cant of contamination constitute a mapr concern. The concom- is that. during ashort period of time, the harbour may be subjected to a shockcontaminant loading that may' be several orders of magnitude greater than the a'vera'gelbadiug. - . - . - the event or; power failure. the James River-Marathon'L'td. pulp and paper ef?uent could drain through the mill sump userflow and into Peniiuula Harbour. The new pumping station will have a diesel . - ., back-up pump. to prevent such events. Spillsand bypasses entering the aquatic environment in the Peninsula Harbour soc from'1989 to 1991 "are listed in' Table 4.11.. HSpills from the James River-Marathon pulp and paper mill appear to-be averaging approximately six per year; There have been two spills due to pour-er failures'in 1991. -.The_ largest spill in,1990_when - 4091!]! of green liquor'was released. A bypass of ?nal effluent to Jelliooe Cove has occurred once - eachyearfrom 1989 to'199'1; . - Bypasrtes the marathon WPCP have occurrcd in 1989 and 1991 (Table in the event of heavy rainfall, water .will enter thesanitary sewers through holes in the manhole covers. The volMe of 'water entering the WPCP during such asan may exceedthe plants capacity and abypass will occur. Bypasses due. to heavy rainfall .nrxurred- twice in 1989 and once in 1991 (FL OMOE,__per_s com); '01? note,. the storm and sanitary'sewers for the town oflhlarathon are not connected. - . - - . [111 - . Table 4.11: Summary'of spills frorni. the Janie-s River-Mammou pulp mill and the . Mammal: WPCP from through 1111323, 1991 in the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern (OMOE . - . Source? I Description" 3, I-AmounttL) .1989 I James River Mara?rou . . . - Cius?Ie.Ms1erial . - I I . L270 - Clarl?er Effluent 114 'Gai'i'?er Effluent Spill .?0vel?owing Containnlent Benn I I a I . I Chlorate I I I - 123m Marathon WPCP - - I . Bypass I Bypass .- . . - I - . . 7 1990 James River Marathon" - - Bypassing . I - I- - - Ga??er Ef?uent toIJellieoe Cove I Ef?ueut toIJelliooe cove (Power I?terrupt} - FibretoCooling-System I I - Green Liquor Released I - ammo I . 7 Chlorate to Lake Superior I - Sodium Chlorite i - 1.3.00 - 1991(January 14111123) James River Marathon 331535.! of Final Effluent Cove Mechanical Feem Breaker Malhme?oned - I- Chlorate 'tolskeSuperior I I. - Spill due to Power Failure Spill due 'to Poem Failure Marathon WPCPI- I Bypass I One bypass in. 19.39 een be attribuied to the presence of an oily melee ln unheated any 7 - material,_its enet composition was suspected to be harmful to baete?a used in the treatment allowed to bypass the .plantI(R. Campeate comm). - . -. 112 - f5.o 3 ENVIRONMENTAL cIoucEHNsiuse . The objective of tinsel-raptor is to summarize the use impairments and later, sediment and biota quality - .I I - problems described in Chapter Conditions); IAnnex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality - mementrof 1973, as amended in 1987, de?nes ?Impairm?t of as change the . -. . 'clieroical, physieal or biological integrity of the Great System suf?dentIto cause 'anjrof?se'foIlOoing: - Restrictions on and Wildlife eonsump?om- (ii) Taintng or ?sh and Wildlife?a?lr, - I I - Degradation of-?sh and wildlife populations; I . - (iv) Fish or other deformitiesBird or arumal deformities or rcpr'odue?on problems; (vi) I.Degradationofbenthes;* - I -. .- (vii) .I Restrictions on dredging . Eunophieation or undesirable algae(ix) - - . RestriC?ons on eonsumptio'm or and odour" (it) Beach closings; .I . Degradation of aesthetics(xii) IAdded I I. . .I "(?iiJ Degradation of and zooplanltton populations-and - '?Loss ofI?sl'i'and metre habitaL" - Several of these use impairment categories are divided iuto'subcategori'e's Lfor dismission purposes to more clearly de?ne the scope of. the problems in the Peninsula Harbour ADC. For example, "restrictions on'?sh. and wildlife divided into. "restrictions on ?shIeonsuImp?on" and on 1wildlife consumptiondeterminationxas Ito 1whether aspeci?e use unpairment exists inthe Peninsula Harbour ADC was-made -I using the Listing-inclining Guidelines for Great Areas of Concern (no 1991) in with . . - applicable standards, guidelines and oil-Petites 1Where.available. In the-MOB of standards, guidelines or I objectives, impairment stable is based on; best professional. jidgement the evidenoe available; The I .summanzedinrablesi75.2.1' ?Hos-tridi'ons on consumption: 52.1.1 I'_R'95triCtions on Fish Consumption impaired Large blesses of ?shspe?es fromtlie Harbour have eonoentra?ousoimereury in -- meir'?enhwhich exceed both and Health guideline 0:05 mg?r'g for I 5 consumption by Consumption advisories have been issued for larger sizes of lake trout, I white sucker, longnosesucker, and redhorse sucker due to memu?y'levels the guideline. Merciujr' "'?eoneentrations in trout from Peninsula Harbour enters in 1988 ranged'betoeen-aOJS -- 0.54 .115 tabie 5.1 nt- r.equires_ further assessment (A) and 15 1990.. _Summat&.of impairmente?to-Great Lakes Hater Queltt Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern. .Impaitment 3 Agreement beneficial unes within the no.1: defined_as on data collected ever the-period_i969 to Use - I Impeiment of Beneficial Statue_nf -Impairment Eutrictlia'a- ?1 Fish ml Hildlife Win Jestriotime on Fish coneu'rption' Consm'ption of ,Hi ldlife I Fish cons - Illo restriction ulption advisories are currently .in effect: PCBS larger sizes of [menace euncI-Lerl mite sucker, remorse sucker Wt . .. . uhite- Sucker from 35 "to'eS on St . Taintinu of Fit-h and Hildlife new; I NI . :ihere have been no repertslof 'tainting by the public qr' fisheriesfuildl'ife- atrial. and endure anuletionn Dynamics of, Fish Rowl?eti'one - . nody- Burdens of i eh 'D-ynamice of wildlife Pewlations.? personnel; I - lake trout pdpu the-19505; loll levels of - Harbour. Addlt fish contaminants include mercury end-Peas. Penineul . HI Because of.th - Heterfoul and .I Ilo etidenee of . introduction of site he trout lotions hm- declined time the mid-19505 due- to the accidental ?sea lamprey. Lenprey populations have retrained in check eince Pcaonere found in mtg-of-theiweer emerald ehinerfe in 1933 in Larger have enhibited inoreesimlevels of from 1932 to natural absence-of'uetlande, uildllifepopulatime such an shore birds are not abundant 'or omidered'inpeired. inpeirment. Body Imrdene of Hildlife - 'F'ieh 1m and other'neforuitiee there is th. organics. -Further potential for inpairlnent due to the discharge-of chlorinated assessement'ie required. - - - Ili'rd pm Defer-?ied or lie-pruninti? Ill - Incidents of bird oductive problem been, reported. dominant on tr to the leek the location of have repr of uetlends with which wildlife led' beeseocieted. or animal deformitieeheve not been reported in the not: nor Lekeuide pollutant sources are There are minimal local'popu'lations exposed due Also, due to ensient birds. the outfall's, there'is a high rate" of dilution.- - I'liabl'e -I5.-1 -. ,(Cnnt?dill I CLHQA impait'oient of Beneficial '_l_lse_ I . I. - 'Statuseof' Impairment sconditions In'Peninsula Harbour at nonthoe I ?ynamics Benthic Populations Bod-f. burdens of senthi'c Organisms - Peninsula Harbour is not knoun. senthos mlations have'increased -i_n runner and diversity from 196?:1thrmoh' 1959: positive relationship uith pollution tolerant and mill_-' outfalls existed in?l969 but is no longer present. Insects are absent in.the Peninsula Harbour not: swgestim-uater quality imirment_.. Population - densities and diversity. increase uith increasing distance from the main mill outfall. - - . . . The effects of- bonus-sediment and use commune on the pantheo- of. Assessment is remired. . Ileatrictiula on Drehiru' activities Sediments in-i?eni-nsula in and in open Late Superior swthuest of The. Peninsula. contain levels of mercury, pcsa, chromium, oil and grease,-total phosphorus and organics such as' I 'Eutrophication or .lhdeairdrle Algae .nl uood debris and logs that exceed'the ME if theruereto be dredged.- - - Ineetrictita-n 'on tirirting Hater or- 'laate lid Hour HI- al-gal orouths' have not been reported in' recent-years. Drinkim' eater for the tom of 'Harathon from Suell?s. There have heel-I'm- restrictions or- reported taste and odourprohlems. Bacterial levels have not exceeded guidelines since .1982. Clo-inna- ?there? is no-suilmning at Pebble Beach- lot-cause of cold Hater tamer-stuns. Bacteria. levels. in Lake Emerior'. have not exceeded the Pill!) since 1982 when the neu UPCP was completed and sanitary servers from the mill. to_ the constructed. - -. - - . nenrathtim of Aesthetics. There have been reports of foam, or-the insighth aaloddroihs, ds'r'l't brown effluent pluae' since the installation of the sdan?erged mill diffuser in Septenb'cnlm. .- - 1- - . Added cost_to agriculture and Industry: There. is mag-ricultural actiuity- in the Peninsula Harbour ant. Pretreatment mlatiun of anneal-cm Install-ital) of mill process sister is not required. There is no'uidespread effect on powlati'ons in.the ant. alteration of. continuity structure mew occurs .in' the immediate area of the dishearges. Loos-of Fish It] Hildlife'llmitat - Detailed infatuation has not beendocunented. Lake trout spanning arms in'Jelli'coe'and' have been destroyed through the scum lotion of organic'mstter from mill and ,log bowing -. - activities1986 mercm'y levels in longnoee and white sucker from Peninsula Harbour ranged front 0.1 1-.0 and . 0.37 and 1.0 respectively; . - ICOns'umption'advi?sories are in effect-for Peninsula sucker. 35 to 45 cm in size, beCause of PCB levelsexcceding the Health and Welfare Guideline of 2.0 PCB concentrations found in white Sucker in 1936 frtm'l 0.02 to . . 5.2.1.2 Restrictions on in?ldlite Consumption {Not Impaired There are no formal advisories currently'in place for the-consumption of wildlife-by The Ontario .- Ministry of Natural Resources has recomnended. for the_Province of ontario, against _the_cons.un1ptim1 of kidneys and liver from moose, black bear and deer because of high levels of, - in the Peninsula ADC, no restrictions enlist. . 5.2.2 Tainting ot'Fiah and Wildlife Flavour Not impaired have'b'een no recent reports of tainted ?sh or wildlife by the public or by ?sherieslnrildlife-personn?. 5.2.3 Degradation or Fish and Wildlife Populations 5.2.3.1 Dynamics of Fish. populations impaired -. 'IheIPeninsula Harbour ADC supports a or" at least 31- species don?nated by cold water species. Lake trout has persisted as the dominant species but popul-atlons'have since the 19505 with - the introduction of the sea lamprey into Lake'Superior and extensive oommerdal'?shiug. Lamprey - populations have remained in check since the 19605. Lake nout'v-ounding incidents in Zone19 from 1980 to 1937 ranged-from to - . -. The httroduction of erotics, such as paci?c salmon into Lahe I'Superipr have the'dilvereit)r of the ?sh populationsFish habitat has been reduced due mostly to the organic {wood debris} contamination and Beattyr . . I Caves,'which were lake troutspavming grounds- prior" to 1955 {Goodier 1931).- - . - - 5.2.3.2 Body Burdens of Fish impaired otwhole, shiners .1111ng {routinelyr sampled to assist in sources of contamination) contained levels of PCBs averaging 159 which erceeded the Aquatic Life Guid?linepfl??nglgLarge size. adult levelsof mercury camera of 0.5 and PCB: #20 rngl'ltg. . Levels of dioxins andpoesibly furans a. increasing-in lake trout. Trace amounts-of Zara-Icon were - detected in 1932. In 1939 levels of ranged from as to 12.0 Concenh'adonsof in 1989. ranged from 22.0 to 45.0 ngr'kg.' - - 5.2.3.3 Dynamics otWiIdlite Populations Not impaired 'The absence or natural wetlands in the panorama Harbour Aoc results in low numb-era'of populationssuch - - I 113 5.2.4 Fish Tumoursor Other Deformitiesz'Flequires Assessment, . There isthe clue to the of-ehlodnared Further assessment is - 5.2.5 Bird-or Animal Deformitiesor Reproduction Problems :?3.Not impaired Incidents._ of bird or animal deformities have not the ADC nor have problems been reported. lakeside pollutant sources are dbminant birds. There are mininial local I populations exposed the to thelack of natural wetlands tithe-hid: wildlife be assoriated. Also, due - to the toea?on of the outfalls, there is-a high rate of dilution. . - 5.2.5,.oegrauetionet Ben'thos .. - I 'Dynarhies' of B?nthic Populations Elm?paired Densities of pollution tolerant sl'udgenorms increased with .to the suntprover?ow' I into Peninsula Harbour in 1961331976, sludges-onus were the dominant species both-in the harbour in Lake Superior to the ,west and soth of the main outfall. The'relationship of pollution tolerant to the mill outfalls no ionger'errists and'1989' studies by Sibley- et al. (1991) indicate that b?nthos' - . diversity and populations have inoreased. Hmuer, Sibley er a1. {1990) observed that insects such as . . Ephemeroptera. Pleooptera and fI'rirl'loptera-were absent in the'Peninsula ADC but we common . in pristine bags in Lake Superior. stiggests that water qualityr is impaired throughout the ADC. . rapidly increase saith distance fromit'he mill outfall 5.2.6.2 - Body R?dhires Assessment The effects eeumem and water contan?nants'on oonta'minant we" and health of-?benthoSin the _'Peninsula Harbour .AOC is not lmown. Msessment is required. . -. . . I 5.2.7 "I-Restrietion's on Dredging_-__AotivitiesImpaired Dredging operations hate-not been undertaken in the Peninsula Harbour ADC. limiter, the'sediments of . Peninsula Harbour; partiwlarlyin Jelliooe vae, and'into open Lake Superior southwest of the" Peninsula oontain'ievels of-r'nereury, PCBs. ehromiunueopper; iron, nickel and total phosphorus. I - (LOI) such as wood debris and log's'and oil and grease were elevated in Cow. All these parameters . exceed- the chaos open water disposal guidelines {owooyir they'we to be dredged. Future dredging. i possiny for-amarina. maybe 5.2.8. Eutrop'hieation or'UndeSirahleAlgae': Not impaired Profuse We of the' algae on submerged rocks along Pebble-Beret: 'was- observed for of-32 southeast of ThePeninsula during the OMOE 1969 and .1976 surreys. Algal havenot- 1'19: Restrictions on Drinking Water Consumptionor Taste and Odour Problems 5.2.9.1 Consumption, Taste-andOdour Problems-I: Not Impaired. I The town of Marathon acquires its water from 5 alsa'ndy aquifer. 'I?here 11mm no I. consumption restrictions, or taste and odour problems reported with the water supply._ of AmbientWaterI Impaired I Arnhient water quality criteria have been esseeded in the vicinity of the main outfall- and WPCP in open Lake Superior. Slight of total phosphonss, aluminum, Tiron, lead, mercury, zinc, 1 - - . copper, chromium-total phenols, dehydroa?bietic acid-total'resinadds-and were in detected. High I . le?sofle??ncandm_wrcd inlelliooeCovem mggestedmataresuspeosion of - IIcontaminatedIsediment . 'I-5.2.1o Beach casings; Not Impajred Because the cold, high energyr waters ofLake Superior along'Pebble- Beach are not conducive to swimming - or water sports, there have been no. beach closures or advisories issued even thou'ghbacteriales-els' exceeded .I _-the PWQO prior to 1982. Before 1984, the local population avoided Pebble Beach because ithasIknown as .the area where all effluents were discharged. Following the construction of the new WPCP and the submerged marine_ diffuser Pebble is commonly used by the local and tourists for picnics, - I bon?res, hiking, photography, nature appreciation and rock 1979). . Degradation-of. Aesthetics Net Impaired I Prior to September 1934, the RineEMarathon Ltd. pulp pumped its mill effluent to an open channel at the top of the hill on the neck of The Peninsula, where it- then ?owed dq'wnhi? and directly into- Lake Superior surface waters. The ef?uent, which is wanner than the? receiving waters of Lake Superior, - resulted in the creation of a buoyant thermal plume (OMOE 1938). A foam mat was also as a result -. of the agitation of effluent flow-ring downhill. This effluent plume eovered a large area and was'malodonons and as a result of dark brown disooloration-and foam (OMOE 1938). This'plum'e extended 1.5 km I - from the outfall on calm days and 2.5 km northwest and back into Peninsula Harbour-Wen winds were from . the south orIsoutheIaIstThe oonstruotion and. installation of a foam control. basin and submerged diffuser in 1934 have resulted in the' - - elimination of floating foam and discolourationiand- odour in the Lake Superior portion of the Peninsula Harbour ADC .01. ?51501:, Best: Consultants. pers. . - . . There hate. been no reported complaints the aesthetics Peninsula Harbour (R. Camps-an, - . OMOEperscommJ5.2.12 Added Chat to Agriculture or Industry: Not Impaired - When additional costs are. required to treat water prior to use for or purposes, this-use I - - - I -- Agriwltural practices are not was out in the Peninsula HarbourAOC. Treatment of water from. - - I Peninsula Harbouris'not required for use at. the-James River-Marathon Ltd. pulp and paper mill. . 5.2.13 Degradation-of-Phytoplanktoh and Zooplankton Populations: Not impaired . There isno widespread on populations in'the PeninsulaHarbour ADC. Alteration of commimity structure likclvoccurs'in theimrnediate area of the Detailed information has not been 5.2.14 ._L_oss of Fish and Wildlife Habitat imp-aired Lake trout spanning'grotmds near. the shorelines of ellicoe and Beast)?r Coves have desnoyed through the aconnulation of organic matter from mill activities such as log booming and effluent discharge. Historic I mill effluent to?eity has also led todegraded v-vater quality. The current fishety is predominantly an offshore . one, and lake ?out have not recovered to substantiel levels. - I . 5.3 ADDITIONAL CONCERNS I. This section outlines the concems of the Public Committee 5.3.1 Dioxins and Furans a great-deal statement has recently. been reamed on'the issue of persistent chlorinated-orgasms such as" - - diosins'and in. pulp and paper mill effluent. The fact that such oompotmds emu: in__Peninsula . mill e?lueng'se'dirnent and biota is. of concern. Initial'studies have shown levels lof-dio?ns have I. A casual order presently lin'tits chlorinated organics loadings from the mill. ongoing monitoring of these" . substances in plant effluent and the environment will The MISA Pulp Paper Regulations. which - expected to be released in 1992. will require'further reductions in dioxin and furan loadings from the 5.3.2 Economics" The cost of remedial measures for Peninsula Humane ?the effects arm's east on the James Riven I . Marathon Ltd. pulp and paper. mill?s viability are major concerns for employees at the mill. This concern is _ga signi?cant one considering that the mill isone of the largest employers in the town of Marathon. - Th: manic value of Sport ?shenr has #35011 Ever the 3235' . Primal, tilu";3 t9 rehabilitated - lake trout populations .and a reneared angler intere?st'in stream and river ?shing: . . I. 5.3.3 Contaminated Sediments" . Sediments-in Peninsula oontain elevated amotmts of PCBs. chromium. iron, copper and -- -niekelthat'exceededtheOWDGThe public is concerned that areas of high contamination be properly addressed and dealt with, and that sediments not'bc disturbed so as to result ina dispersal of contaminants. - - - . p121 ?17-3. I - 6.0 The four Areas. of on the._Canadian shore of Lake Superior (Peninsuia'iiarbour, acir?sb Bay?, . .- Ni'pigon Bag.r and 'I?htmder Bay) Jhave grouped together as the 'North Shore of Lake Superior Remedial Although RAPs are developed separateiq.r 'for- each. a single logo was designed forthe '-_f9ur-AreasofConoern. . - 6.1 ACTIVITIES TO DATE - I . - {I?he initial step 'the pub?c'consuita?car program was potential participants in order to establish a list. The list included representatives from industry, government, labour, ?sheries, environment, rears-ration.I education and the general public"The next stepwas to develop general information. campaign material to promote the Materials" included brochures, buttons, refrigerator magnets and presentation folders. in addition, a toll-freetelephone I a set up for interested individuals 'to call for further information on the program. All people on the mailing-list were contacted by. letter to inform them about the RAP were'provided with'a copy: of 'the RAP brochure and were invited to houses organized as a'lcick-off' -for the An initial open house was held in'the Royal Canadian Legion Hall in Marathon in January, 1939. .iviateriais developed fortheopen house ind ed a mobile-display and status 'An advertisement in- the local and'fI'hunder Bay newspaper's (Appendix Approximatelyi? people attended the session. They "were provided with information on the RAP process. given the opportunity.r to become involved in the . Peninsula Harbour RAP and informed of the important-e that the federal provinriai governments place - on public participation. . Attendees were invited to sign a registerand?were added to the. mailing list. - After the openhouse, all people onltire list received'letters informing of theISuccess of the I open house. The next step in the public-eonsuitation' program was the'fonnation of 'a public advisory: committee Suggestions as to representation on the PAC were solicited. number of. volunteers and - - - - - The purpose- of the PAC is as follows: (1) act as a focal point forpublic consultation and thereby'aliow effective dissemination of information on the RAP'proce-ss and environmental conditions; (2) provide an additional level of review for RAP documents and remedial options; (3) provide an ef?cientand effective . means of ensuring stakeholder input as'the RAP is being developed; and provide a basis for broad cormnunity support ans implementation. The ultimategoaiof the public involvement: programis to that the plan responds to cornmenity needs and mine a high level of community support for. - - - implementation. - 5' I I The members include repreSentatives from the public, the Town of Marathon, Buchanan Forest- -:Produc'ts, James River-lidarathonI the Ontario Federation of Anglers andgiiunters. MarathOn Rod and Gun - Club; Friends of Pukaskwa, and the Marathon District Ch?'hber of Combieree. The introductory meeting ._the PAC was held in'Marathm on May-3, 1989. -'Subsequcnt PAC meetings were held regularlyiSee PAC members wore provided with a-variety of information includingPAC Terms of Reference - - - (appendix 6.3), .a.li_sting of libraryr references'for information on Lake Superior, relevant articles from the .1113 publication ?Focus?, and summaries ofl'avaiiable data and-reports on Perrinsuia environmental conditions. They were also given copies of The Great Water-Quads)! We, ?rst 193? Hotocoi'ro n; rm Great. Laker Water Quality A am' Gusts to the Great Lakes Water - -- Quaiitydyeentertt,-and various other documents. -. . - - 115_ As'part of'the RAP prooeas, the PAC developed a' set of Water-Use Goals (Appendix. 6.4) which - theyr presented to the public-in June of 1990. A display illustrating the WUGs was erected ata local . shopping. mall and manned members. copy of the'WUGs was- distributed at the diaplay, along with a questionnaire and return envelope, In addition. thispadtage was given to science classes at- the local- high school, and to the senior classes at the elementary schools. '50 out of the 250 questionnaires were -. returned; 25 respondents'indieated that theyvould like tube included on the list. - The PAC is now'in Stage Two of the process, which involves idtmtifying options for rehabilitating the - - .AOC. IOnl'Febrtiary 6, 1991,.the PAC was given a presentation 'on remedial options for contaminated - . sediments, and on March 23; a remedial options workshop was held for all four North Shore of Lake . stqaeriorRAP'r-acs. - - . - . 126 -. 7.0 REFERENCES 'l . . .7.0 REFERENCES ANDERSON, ED, L. L. JR. 1971. - Factors affecting Abundance of L'aite' Herring - . (coregonus western Lake superior. Trans. 100169141031. .- BAR. 1937. survey of Critical .th Habitat 1within"Inte'rnationaiJoint 'on designated Areas of Gonoern August - Number, 1986. Prepared for the onta?o of Natural Resources. - BEAK CONSULTANTS LIMITED. 1935. mg of in-rnill Tan'city and-the Impact of Anselm on - Lake Superior. Prepared for James River-Marathon Ltd.-a.nd submitted mum 0:112:10;me of- the . BEAK- CONSULTANT-s. .1991. A93 Treatment of 1.1111 Elm-1.17. Detailed Environmental Review.- a report prepared for James Ontario. I BONSER, N., N. AND '13. 1933.. Kraft Mill Ef?uent: in. Ontario. Raped prepared for the Terminal Advisory oonunittee, Pulp and Paper sector M1875, Ontario of the En?rmunenL'Toronto, Ontario; Canada by the Expert Committee on Kraft Mill Toxicity, 2ch March 1988. l. 1967. Pic. Pulp and Paper. A History of the Harman Distribt. Published by the Marathon Centennial Committee. I I BRAUN. 5. AND. MOOGK. 1986. water Quality surveyor Pebble Beach-on Lake Superior,? 1.1mm; . - 1986. Ontario Ministron the En?ronmentWATER .1937. Prepared by the Task Force on Water Quality Guidelineeof the Canadian Council of and Emironroent Miniat'ers. -. - - I BEACON, Kiri-987. An mesment of iron: the James' 1River Wootl' Waste Site's, Marathon, Ontario, 1987. LakeheadUniversity; Biology DeparttnentRepan-S . I . DEPARTMENT DF-FISHERJES AND OCEANS. 1986. D?parttnent of Fisheries and oceans: Policy for the management of ?sh habitat Prepared by the Fish Habitat Management Branch. Publication . CANADA. Atmospheric En?ronro'ent service. Canadian GintateNornjalsl - 1951-1980, Temperature andPreeipitationDnta?o. . .. FREIIAG, R.- em. Distribution of Bentliit': Maeroinyenebrates in Canadian-Warmer Nonhem take SuperiorJOHN F. 1979. Heron-Bay Area (m District Bay; Ontario Geologioai aw, Northern Ontario Geology Terrain Study 60. 15 pp. 1.1.1.99. AND BM. PUGH. 1959; Bioiogieal' Evaluation of the Pollution Stama of Am Bay, I .Lake Superior. onta?o Water Reeoureea- CommissionGREAT CLIZMATOLOGICAL "1986. "Canadian Publishing centre, Supply GOODIER. L. 1931. Native Lake Trout (WW-Stocks in'Caoatiiao Waters oi Lake Superior prior to 1.955. M. Sc. Thesis, University oi.Toronto. I. - - L. 1937." The Fish and ?sheries of Canadian Lake Supeoot. Gainer-no at Toronto. GREAT LAKES COWISSION. 1937. Guidelines rot-?sh habitat management'anti planning in. the Great Lakes. Report of the Habitat Planning and Management Task'GroUP and Habitat Ad?sory Board of the Publication 87-1. - . - - GREAT LAKES COMMISSION. 1936. A iake trout rehabilitation pian to: Lake Superior. Prepared for the Lake Superior. committee of the GL.F.C. by the Lake Slipeiior Lake Trout Technical. Committee. . - .. - GREAT WATER QUALITY AGREEMENT OF 1973 (re?sed). 1987. .As' amended by Protocol - signed November 18,1987. Consolidated by the International Joint commissiom-United States and Canada. - ND. AND 1974. Investigation or Plume catataotetiaties of the Main .- SewDis'charge of American Can of Canada Mill} and Merwiy'ConeentIations in the Sedimontoof-Peninauia Haibour. (Lake Supeniot) - 1973, 0171013. HOPKINS, GJ. 1983. Great Lakes Nearshom 'Water Quality-Monitoring'at'Water Supply Intake; 1976-1981. Ontario of the Emironmt. 19 pp - .. IECBEAK CONSULTANTS LIMITED. 1983. Mill Ef?uent Outfall Design ReporL. Propared for James 'River-MarathonLtdINTERNATIONAL JomrgookntIISSIoN. UPPER LAKES REFERENCE GROUP. 1977. The Waters of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Volume B. Lake-Superior, pp 332-350. . JARDINE c. G. AND 1L .1. 1990. Watet and Sediment-Quality Assessinent of. Peninsula- Harbour, Lake Superior - Spring 1984 and 1935. Ontario Ministry of'theEmiironnienL - - I AND RM. CHATTERJEE. 1974. A Limnological Stu-vey of Neatshote Water of Lake Superior- Ontario Ministry of the-EnvironmentAH. 1973; ?sh oomintntity of.Lake supeoot. I. Gotta: Lakes Rea. its-4); 513-549. AH. AND IF. 1973. Lake Superior: A-oase histotyei the lake and its ?sheries. Great Lakes Fish. Comm. Teen: Rep. No. 1.9.ti9ppLoFrus, ILH. AND HA REGIER [eon]. 1972. Proceedings'of the 1971 sympooinot on in Oligob?ophie Lakes (SCOL). J. Fish. Res. antti can. 9. 611-936. - R. 1988. Report to'the Lake supetiotCotntoittee Meeting oi'the'Gte-at Lakes Flsi'lct'}; Commission; Duluth, W, March 16. I988. . . I I . MCLEAY, Di, AB. MCKAGUE AND- .C.C. WALDEN. 1995. Toiio'ty of Pulp and Paper Lou Effluent A Review prepared for En?ronmeut Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canadian Pulp and Paper Aesoeiation. and Ontario Ministry of the Environmentby D. MeLeay and Mandates Ltd. 243 pp. MCNEELY, VP. NEMANIS AND L. DWYER. 1979. Water Quality Source Book, A Guide to -- . . Water Quality Parameters. Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Brandi, Ottawa, Canada..88 pp. . 130 I - 'uf meEnvironmen'L 70 pp. MINISTRY OF NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT AND MINES. 1991. Map 2542.- Bedrock Geology of West-Central SheetMAWAE Renoir. Mme..- 1913. Phytoplankton of L'ake Journal or Great - I 3 Lake:- 415-422. I I I MWISTRY or NATURAL 1930. "I?errnoe "my Use Plan: - Background InformationOMOE. 1.94:1 amend Quath of'Penins'u'la Superior. gem .. . - "anon. 11m, Environrnental Effects of Mercury Discharges From a Chloe-men Pulp. Complex atOMOE. 198.4. 'WaterManagernen'tFGoals, Objectives and Intplernentation Procedures of the. - OMOE. _-193'5. and. pol}c'h101inated dibenznfurans Toronto: Ontario of the Environment. Scienti?c criteria downient for Standard development - - - - 1937. Report on the 1986 Discharges hem Industrial Direct in De?ne. Over??fe . Printer Fur-Ontario, - I. - 'Report on the 1937 Discharges hem SewageT'reattnent Plants in Ontario; Qlieen's Printer-?- .. . - - -- Report en the 1937* industrial Direet Diemergee in enemiefoee'en'e Printer Fe; Ontario. . omen. 1939. Report onfthe 1933 Discharges-From Sewage-Treatment poms in Ontario. "water. . . Resources Branch, Environment Ontario, Queen?r. Printer for Untario, Toronto. - 1989.- Report 1.933 maus?ial Direct - Environment Ontario. Queen?s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, Ontario. - - . 01,1012. 19913. Report we 19_s9 nieehergee me Monidpal sewage Treatment Plants in Ontario. 7 Ontario, Queen?s Printer for Ontario. Toronto, Ontario. OMOE. 199115; Report en. the _-i939_1ndushte1 Direct in Ontn?o. Branch. . Environment Ontario, Queen?s Printer for - . - . .1991. Preliminary report on the Erie six-memes of process ef?uent ntonitoring in the-M155 pulp . - and paper sector. (January 1.1990 June 30, 1990). Fi?-pp. . ohms AND 1991. Guide re: Eating Dnurio Fish. perm, K. tern. onetemh Zooplankton and sh Lame. Great Lakes. J. . Fish. Res. Board Can. 263135-2164(Draft). OMOE, Water Resources Branch, Toronto. PUGH, 0.3.1.1971;- hne'rehietegieal survey-er Pebble on Lake Superior, Marathon, i973.? . 131 . ERSAUD, R. 1991. The Provincial-Saarinen Guidelines - 3 an, BJ. COPELAND AND-WI, MCKEAN. ms. Toxicity of Kraft Mill wastes to an . Estuarine Phytoplankton. Journal WPCF 47(3): 437?5031980. A BiologicnlIIWater Qua?ty'msenmmr of Jack?sh Bay, Lake Superior.,II979. SAFE, 19%. biphenyls. dibenzo-p-dioxins. Idibenzofurans and related compounds: En?ronmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development .of toxic equivalency factors. Critical Renew-IS in Toxicology 21:51-83. I . . - . DR. BARTON, AND ELG. DIXON.- '1991. Survey of the Beautici- . Comnumity at Peninsula Harbour, Lake Superior (1969-1989). Prepared for the Ontario 'of the WihtJ. AND SJ. EISENREICH. 193's. Balancing of-To?o Chemicalslin the Great- Lakes: The Role of Atmospheric Deposition. International Joint -I - - SUNS, 1c, GE. AND Temporal Trends and Spatial - Distribution of Organochlorine and Merwry in Great Spottail Shirters (1975-1933). Ontario - of. the En?mnment'd? pp.. I I . . SUNS, K, G. HIT-CHIN AND D. TONER. '1991. Spatial and temporal trends of organoehlorine contaminants in'Sp-ottail Shiner: (Nahum 'hudmnius) from the Great Lakes and their connecting channels (1975 - 1933). OMOE Report 'man, D. A. M. J..BROWNLEE. '1981; Almanac}: for I?sh habitatprotu?oh on foIreSt lands in Britioh Colmnbia. Dept. of Fish. 66p. - - WATSON, WILSON. 197.8. choral-nan Zaaplankton 6f LakeSuperior. i. Great lakes Res. 481-496132 GLOSSARY, ACRONYMS AND OF MEASURE I :c'owonw - I MeaturemEnts UpitS' - pars-per mm "mfg ?5 .h?WM-IW-Efmll pans peri?jillion (ppm: I his? mim?er'li?? (ppb) - I I I Hat?jW?tn'f?m I 31:51am; Er'l'wu?on - .wmm pan: per (nab)- j- ?an =g ?anbgramlpl?rlih-e - . yimsfamquf-litre "mall?s. heft; . Ilium. u' himcramI-?er ?losr?m I mi?rotmni'v?r?l?s'ram 93mm - Pm .- .cubic'me'tr'es may I "?33 nihigteetpei?semnd- 1'35 ACRONYMS Art-o ABREVIATIONS -- AOC AUX 11C Lesa. Lori. I M155 'stroiaNR MOEIOMOE of Concern: .An area by the International Joint Commission water uses are impaired or where ob?c?ves of the Great mes WaterQualityr I Agreement or local environmental standards are not'heing achievem" . Adsorbablle organic; halides, chlorinated organics. Biochemical Oxygen Demand: The amountof distorted exygert required for the bacterial deeornposition'ol' organic waste inwater. Obtained by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed by a sample-under connolledl'oonditions over a speci?ed time Canada-Ontario. Agreement Respecting Great Lakes WaterOdality: ?The-1986 I .a?l?eement withered}r the governments of Canada and Ontario recognize their shared" reqaonsibility to maintainthe aquatic eoosystern.lof the. Great Lakes Basin. Chemical Demand: The amount ofon to completteF oxidize any 'oitidizable compounds present by chemical reagents. . II wider very persistent pesticide (now banned from produclion and use inmany ootmtries) in the-chlorinated hydrocarbon I Fohnan'n Unitsz' A measure-of turbidity. mternational'loint A. binational' organization established in 'l909-by - the Boundary Waters Treaty; Through the no, Canada-and the United States co? operatively resolve problemsalong their mmon border, water and air. I pollution, lalte levels, power generation and other issues ofmutual - That eeneehtrae'ett of a terse-rm er effluent which is lethal to 505% er-the'teet organisms over a speci?ed time pericth - That .dose is lethal to 50% of the test organisms over a spem'?ed- time period. - Loss on Ignition. ?n approximation for the of organic matter present in sediment Mmricip'al-Iodusu'ial strategy Abatement: 'Theprincipal goal or this program is to clean up. Ontario?s waterways. It represents a new approach to source water pollution. MISA will control and reduce the. amount-of toxic in and municipal effluents discharged into Ontario's- surface waters. The ultimate goal 'of MISA is the virtml of toxic oontamimnts from all mimicipal and industrial discharges into the pro?nee?s waterwaysOntario of Natural Persistent Toxic Suhstance: Any toxic substance with a half-life in water he greater . than eight weeks. - . - . . - U-s. EPA Remedial Action Plan: is a plan. a: be developed yam to restore and protect 1annular quality of the Great Lakes, There 'are 42 Areas of mm Basin which win _de_w.ldp a - .. Toad: Equiqu Factor. The taxic?ity of 'a va?egr'of isbmefs fai- dio?ns and I ?rmed Fda?w . United States En?fonmentalProwc?dn Agenqy. smge T'reaungnt PlanuWater PO?u?on Cmtrol Plant . - Wank: Watcr 'Trea?pent Plan 1137 GLOSSARY. ALGA mom I BIOMASIS- BIoMomroRmG CARCINOGEN . Cmonnm'reo -. ORGANICS OXYGEN DRAINAGE BASIN-I I DROGUE ECOSYSTEM - - EROSION - I - chlorine. Thousands exist but only a small proportion of those foimed in . The interacting compleit of orgat?sms' and land iiurface or along (Algae) - Simple one-celled or manroeiled micro'organiSms capable of causing an . in aquatic ecosys?ms; _a form of aquatic plant. - - . The absence of oiqrgen ?hid! necessary fer sustaining 'niost life. _In aquatic I I wtetns this term refers to the absende of dissolved oxygen. Aquatic bottom living organisms. Total as weight o'i-all. living organisms in a given area I the, use of organisms to test the suns when of substances in effluent discharges. aswellas the'cbmnic I toxicity of'lourlepel pollutants in the ambient aquatic environment. - . . I - Cancericansing chemicals, substances or radiation.- An organicoompotmd nhieh mount-s chemically bound- the kraft . r'nill bleaching process (whenever chlorine is used) have been'identi?ed. The amount ofgoxygen- DEMAND. ved in water. See BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN a body of use: and the land area drained by it. A device used speed direction- their non-living environment? the biotic community and its abiotic' environment. - 'Anyliquid and associated material. some from industrial or murlitipal mags I .- treatment plantsdirectty or indirectly to any haters. The upper-layer of eater-in a lake that with summer-strati?cation. The ?casing away and transportation of rocks dissolycd'miner'als from the shorelines byrainfall, enter,- or use tan'rent 3.1311011. The process of fertilization that causes high and biomass in an aquatic ecosystem; Eunophication can be a natural process or it can be a cultural accelerated by an increaseof nutrient loading to stake activity. - EXOTIC mass - have inadvertently in?ltrated the system. Species thatare not native'to area and have been intentionally introduced or - 138 'l FOOD CHAN I The prooess by? argm in higher trophie'levels gain. eneirg'ylb'y 3 - -- . __'orglanisms at loner trophie le'irels. .- - . - 2 United States - - WATER which oominits the countries in develon and iniplemeni - - - - a plan to restore and maintain the many desisable uses of the Great'Lakes Basin. .- - _Water_entiained helouf'. the iahich supplies ?in?ict to - 'I?he'nanirai cycle of wateron canninde precipita?un'_ . . CYCLE -as rain-and snow,?de from Jeni-simqu in lakes, streams,- and . . enapora?on'md transpiration (nun HYPOLIHNION lowerlayeraf?tei'in alikelthatoeenrsvi?hsomineruLEACHATE '7 'Mate?ais'suspmded'nr dissolved in ?our-and other many {moi mt: sites - - . . - Prodoet?ti'e shauai?vmr zone of 1mg light penetrates the bottom, - . mo?ng?se??vegromhx . - . -- Noni-150m I Source of pollution in irhieh are sustained lover's meme area or- I I, - fromla'numhei' of'smail inputs rather-than fromdis?neg identi?ahle sources. . NUTRIENT . I. . 'Aehernic'ai one? esseniial rawmaterial'forlithegro?han'd moment-or I OLIGOTROP-HIC O?gouophie 1saw-alterir. supportlowlevels of plant lifeias their sre not high -- 'l in nunients.-.For reason they,' usually contain highlands of dissolved oxygen?nesse-causing agent smha's bacteria-sinus, - hioaomni?lateZA-n?ieasuse Inf acidic or basic nanire of ovate: or seine othermedioni. Values-of pH below 7 represent acidic conditions and basic. A change of -. . I one unit, _foi- example-?ow 7 to 6i. regiments a ten-fold inerease in I pm in the, cell's ongeen planis and'some niieroorgsnisms in whichPHYTOPLARICION I some, Iniieroseopie aquntic yeggi'a?ye life. - . 'Dueio'tempuamm'dinmm'umm ef?uent and the mm-mtmgan? .- . 'e?luentdischarge'wiil'foifma surface-plumeibottoni plume whenit'is warmerfcooler than the watei's. 1'39. POINT SOURCE - PRIMARY RESUSPENSION SECONDARY - . - 'the tram: epilimnion (surf ace layer). I the Great any substance (if-pollution that is distinct and identi?able, such as an outfall pipe-from aninduatrial'plantStage of effluent'u'eatment in which-suspended'solids are I I rerriowd from ef?uent. Normally includes de-vn'atering the settletisolids' - The of sediment oat-tides and oo?utants (of sedinJentjback into the water . - bystorma. mrrents, organisms and human activities Such an dredging. Stage of ?aste demmposes organic constiments in ef?uent i . 'andredunes toxicityThe?nes or soils on_the of a body of mtg-,1 The tendency for deep lakes to form (or-layeringJIayers' of matter as a r'eault of vertical change in temperature thereforein mater density. A??layer of waterlin taken-separating the cool hypolimnion {louver layer) from. mat'adversely affects the I health or well?being of any living organism. . l' A measure of the Biological productivity in: a body of Water. Aquatic whey-Stems . are characterized as oligotrophic- (low Productitiry), mesottophie_(medium . producti?ty) or eutroptu'c (high productivity). [140. 1.1 LISTING AND CRITERIA .- . usE minimum us?na nummi manna I1me kmmr-? . I haran?ncil .- niar'muo?sm FISH AND WILDLIFE - consumm- mu mum-nu Imu Inimm?d- HI: "and 1m Mill: [guidth mm: II m: In! humm can'- .an arm in Min. ?gr'ulninul_ an imam ?mum-m m- 'h uni-Mm hm'l'l mm "Emma or HR - mn. WEWFE mm - Edwin mu - rnpumrous' mm min mm mm: tundudl. emu. If lat Inim- mm: 1mm to cum Malina. hing ude alum; mum hm Hnn??ld mm ulI a ?lm: ?lm. Winn ?lh In! with. mmlg'lmnl pm. warm hm ldunl?ld mum Huh 'ul populn?unrdm In I nun. .an 1h: mum-:1. In nd??ununml?um In??plTlId-l?ll?l human?. ?sh In n1Id+ I . If; bhunp with mam-prim quill-f wun?apn - mnn'o? himi? I - nannunncm - .- . .. 0F ?sh-mimic? I mums - ITn-I?llunl mid? Ifrnm 'Whnn thi' with]: 'um- mammalian-1113' annual: comm ur m?mln't cunt-numb. I .Ib?u'ml dm, ml: ulna-m ?man 111: mm mm mm tuan or am; wan-1mm null! run It unimpamd wmrc? run :1 than mm: 'um? mi prelim q! napkin or pumplut?: I'm marl-him.- - I .hudl or mm". I. whirl um: nun-ey- dill mm m- . manna 01- mammahg. unan ur- other rum-Sum! in. [pg-shill ?uhnh?} In?u?nn?l mm: mm. mur?lf Ih?ldufl hon-r what um :11 curt-pn- In! cinme lu; in mm?. IN) on niltl command I whirl Ink:in [ll dl?nidI by Inh??d?l?lltd. alumni trim will}! mummil?nr mini} 5% mam-d cummlmu. I I'll! [?n-Ilium hum .m match I {mud hadrornurd bill- In Hun l5: un?t: minimum! at mun hum. minimum nmmun?a?ln ul .dulrnd m1! Ird nimfl II pndgur? Mud halal Ihundmu ?uid In urmd 1mm In .Imuunl Ind may a! Ihll durum! Md Elohim . mum Ilnd Mil obhu?m hp - .- mull?lni-I?h amt- mmum alumna: and Gun . I 11l- pmrun 53:11:" ??-Il?lnl' my gum. Fu?hlr'. {n ul ?mmunilr. - .1111? gumi?lrid than M: ind Human ?n?l'rrl nu thigh-11m nun - mm: her lit pawl-Ila? do. ml "and marl - - In! lid-id mm; I ?ll .Ilnndudi. with? l-I' nub-hug mph-E:an . Ind no mm mm: nth-Mm lumen. -. I?m hr ?lm-tummy? a! mu: In uh Ind IMII mutt hi In Ilwl hm In um. I I I Whirl away l'IlJI-l ml'm no time; - Emma In um 8a: mum PM rum-mm for . Hum Mullah main: in?ux-?ll. . M'l??lf - l??lf mun. mIihndI - - Whirl lawman-gnu! Indian: lumnn Err-plum? ?lh and Adaplud ham mm: In! Pld?c. ma: I Hamlin DHH fill: Hhun indent: mu ui ?th'mmun I or nthu Mam-shin ?u no! umd um I canard nun-mu 1mm - tum! 'dm mnl'L-rn ?u Ihll?? of m- ptull: ur pummln hm hm: In- I hill-null ll whirl. .I - I min by mutual main! mamas" ML patrhilundrm} ur_rapruduc-' . In ?uhhml In Ihlli mm) - mini! mum: moduli: ,nat mm mud pupal-?ori- . puma-runny mm: um nut ?at-mun!- 11 immunm mm:th cum! 11m -ol mapl?t?mluf Ind dl?i?l durlm?luu. Fm?lhlr. ln - cl urnl'nurd?l I us: i. bl ?m?lrid "mud than hIJdtr ul Immarumdmdi mt I ?Hum.m_unnlall. ?In. I mmirn Ind urn: mm Unity-d 511!? Ind' rum cams-start goth: 0mm. 1m: mm- Iorjuldly Burl Lam Fllh'lrf: Ihlm'nyt.- 5.1m - a. aspen Adapts! hm Ha: npir?un an lumen: mu. and Smith. . 'Hdnn. bmm? mun Hindu. 1m: . lawman 3m . . uhn?rrnl?un- I ?win mnr'lf um": mim- mun! pl?lqnl. I Want: 1? mummy . 11mm" Ind . Ina-gnu? thine . I'm: um Wm- Inn- Ir'ol Il'lu. u. - Manila. from mun: .'1it4_. Adm-d Harri tall: . Ham. nu; ma ml - LISTING-GUIDELWE oEL'mlrru GUIDEUHI - mm . l'r'l'lln l1 "purl I IlIr-dIrrlI, atom or nulrlollm Ilroh InTlvaB lhol mm on rIIlrlollor-I on mo: - or aspen! In?ow". Whirl mohair-mi En IIrllmInlI to not I "Ixourl or gold-4 Inn Iudl rllIl rhorI rI'Iolc?on'I on or WhIrl ?rm In pIrIlIlan'r lulu willy . ALGIE 'prohlImI In. ormrl minim ol bottom 'rlulurrol doll than or dommrl Iran: Ito.) Io Winn. l'rll'lIrl Irwin Impound lo rho Irrlonr lhIl: rlInIloII I In! uluuluurlng or narrow. lrItionI of huIrrloUI ll! lorlo or rId?foIoirrI Immoral: ?and - lmllir dolor-Hm or gal-loo- Ilon; l} lure In! odor prohhmo Ill orator-Ir; or 3} lrulmonl rlurhd. lo mlrI rI'lrr wlror lor ?anking lo horonrl lflI Ironclad lrIIlrrl-Inl uIId lo porllont o! tho arul Uh? Ilrloll or: hot 69mm (lo. Iorllqu. worm on rmomo noon . . pnooLEMo . - Whirl-Will", I'hloh ll?l oommorrlr'unrl ior - - lull-body oonlool or lrlitI-Mdf oorr-I tool no! armour?..- . 'objoorlm.? or admin" lor tool: on; OF .5911!an wholonol lo prod.qu I pollutant doporlL um annual color or Iurbld'lly. or manual odor (on. oil slide. armor: Iournl. whorl Ill Idoloonot room mural lo out rho n11: prior to on tor - l?ricul?lurll [rumour ill. - our Irrol Iim'lIrl lo. ?who; lulgnrinn Ind crop uproylnol or loom- purpoloo (LI. Intono?oo lo: oom- or Ipp?oollorrl . . loud promulril- - DEGRADATION-OF Whirl ph?oplanlrlun or oom- . mun?rI-y. Ilruoluru IlanHloInlly-r?urou MID IDGPLAHKIOH Irom oonlrol mo: of. mrrIpIrI- I - "lion: Io hit an all h?I h'llplirI-d IhIn rolmnl. llIlo- phytoplankton or I loo. Writ: ?out lruollonol'ron Hourly? I191 Wt .qullry ammo-loudly oorllrolr. loudly Irr mum lIIlr Ind maroon-Ion] um nor hurl rnIt II I mull on. rumour: ln Ibo phnlul. comical-or HologloIl rlr;r of rm Bow-4m - Worn-r: Ir'rdu my wallow: . . mgr; cosro if: . Loss. or FISH m3 moors HABITAT "Illrlon do .Irrmo Iron-rm objooim. mnom or ?Halon: Irlrl -. Worn ?rm II no 'ponlIlInI mom; tog. ammo omIn-?plallon -ol horror-n auroral-whit: Iron! Hour-mot - durum! worn clam-Ila; Itlrilulod or colon: Iulropl?ol'lorr. -- For lrIIlId rlrIlIr In?ll-I: who dInIHln of mom-nulln; orgmlImI o! hulrrloul. or hallo ?li?i?dl or no?lolo?lrl tub? Illhorl Ind odor million In Iholnl: no. 'I'lhll'! mow H: mm roll lot or!an do" not IlroI-od lrIIlrrlIrr't In ,p?r?om In! rll! um not mum [Ll Iorlino. 'rlIthIollo-n]. REFERENCE mogul": 'for prom.? . nomad-tum no no raouu Cur-forth: om -- mum: dream and dropout ICE-?lli- - - .. . . c'nnararm Id?l Molar a or - loam arm Iird ?u Minn-Ill]; Ilmunll ?de. pIrIlIlIrroI ol prohlIrrlI. roll! on Aura- Mmu' uni 1mm . Ihldl uoId lot. u-I'II-ol 'ulorlo - or 11:1 lltl??ll?. do not sound Illn- dordo. 'Iblullgn. or ammo Io-r? Illuh nu. - q- - u. hthu In a?ii? oi Ioarlrollu prooqu I pIrIlIlIrll ooloolonIHI dopoIll. color If or .. - I umIlurIl odor to; oil Ildr. Whom mm In no Irlr?oni ooIlI ro- - olirorl'lo [ml rho IrIlIr prlor lo for Ingram {Lo lrldurl- - loo. am not to. 11mm Ind porpom (LI. lnlorrdod lor comm-roll .or Immoral! miller lionI'Irro moor-mu loud rooming} Ind I munllr Ilnrolurl rim not Wl'?crld oorrlrol Ilru oi will plmloIl'Ir-d dumloll drun- nrmlu. FurllrIr. lhI? Immoral Illnroorrl loll". l?I rm DI oorrI roll rII'rorIrl Illa Indjomlulrlm Homm no mm Ill mu. 1mg. a. an.? a plague: - .J .rolInioIl. Ind-bloth hallo! roq?- Id lo rr'mt l'llh Ind murmur-II - hm burl It?lirld Ind Forum. mom: natural: lor Jud:- Elmo Ind dlollonll roollollr- Ill} - - lo locum out! I II I rr'rlIIurI of llama moo oo - atoll: no annual. 'IlIrloIrrl-I: I?droom Onlidol onrriIol roorullon: tomll- I. of lip" lIrI tho Munro-ll. Err?ronmon?l Mum-d horn on IrIlIr: for pIr- onler Illnlornr ol - - - ll?rI Err-murmur 15H ?rm-lib; ooll I I ham-urn. Iridium DHH urn IlnrdurII Ind - no lilf' "merino IrIlor I Will: our oorirol Illn. - mom link 'llI .mm'mnl prongrn Ind Pd?c, mo your. orrpluoluo . 'mroponorll Ill undo-p 'l?l'IlIrI. AND BROCHURE I .. "Vesucelng'et . involvt?dl- Public involvement is an important part of the RAP pmcaSs! Programs Ito introh'?e all those interested inIo'rIresponsible tor water quality in . the tour northern Lake Superior areas at concern are now underway. Tp?nd out more - about matis planned-tor your community. and how you can get involved. call our toll free number. 1-8004656854. and leave a message tor. Coordinator I I Peninsula Harbour - - Jim Murphv,F'tAPCoordinator I Jacldish?ay 3 . - Jake venue-Mat. MP Coordinator I Thunder Bay'r?Nipigon Barr Environment-Ontario P.0l 435 James StreetISouth I mundereatrLOntario I 1" .- sen-eater Action Plan I Plan .Camrtrift Ontano - NORTH SHORE - cameos-zeros - semester. ACTION PLAINS - cnnc?r-n?d In Super-tor? So are the Fedora! and Protrinrjal gouemments? I ITheIIntemetlonal Joint Commission I hes Identi?ed 42 polluted areas on the Great Lattesas areas ot concern tr: men cleanrup or rentedial action plans must be pro.- pIared.'Serren'teEn of these areas are located'in Ontario. tour on northern-Lake Superior. I Under the Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting Great LLal-res Water Quality. Envir- onment Ontario and Entrironment Canada are - I . coordinating the development oi the 17 Canadian =1he' Min is?? of, Natural Fle-. sources is playing an important role in the North Shore of Lake Superior Remedial Action Plans. Each HAP will: define the boundaries at the attested area: the sources and causes ot the pollutim: identity the uses which are impaired, recommend romedial moasures to restore desired uses: include an -implement-' - atim'timetabte: identity the?eQEncies respom sibte tot implementing the and contain a process to?r measuring the degree to which restoratim is achieved. - .. The contents ot this-brochuremll familiarize youwith the reasons why! there are four north- =ertt_ Latte Superior areas of concern: Thunder- - Etay. ,Jacldish Hay. PeninsulaHarbour and Nipigen - recite 1 Northern - emitsalto 811 61101" Areas 0 Concern - Thunder-Bay Item?- I I. Pennant-pm "Hanna-av Pollution problems in Thunder Bay - . historical problems associated with the Prhr101954.waierquality surveys - Nipigon Bait receives municipal waste identi?ed around 19m included gross potl- - presenting indusu'y. Fish are contaminated indicated that the main imp acts on this area oi water from Fled Rod: and Nipigon. as well as ution by raw sewage. bottom deposits of - with mom; PCBs and other contaminants. . concern were: bactenat'contamination: aas- industrial waste'waterirom a-putp and paper sludge and rotting WMSIES. floating As well. bacterial contamination has resulted titetlc impairment (odmr and foam]; high I hill. I Sludge-mats. teaming. and mercury and I in periodic cl?urea oi Chippewa Beach. . . - 'Ieveie oi rnarcuryin ?sh and bottom - Before 197M. pollution resulted in odotrrs, - . contamination of sediments and ?shsediments: and organic enrichment oi the - ?ash. am changes to me- Since that time. anatomeni I I Bay like bottom. I . - - 'aqm?c included the fa. measures have been taken by the municipalAlthough measures have been under- - placement at clean water organisms by it}; and industry to improve water quality, but 1Water quality in Jacl-t?sh Bay. which has takento irngroue the water quality, pollution is I . pollution ioterent tonne. - . - I Stifl exist. . been milme since 1969. is degraded asa . stills - . waglewafer irealerneni Fishconiinue to die because oi high result at industrial discharge In Bladtbird - . . Toxic one-Treats. including persistent - slim tart have contributed to improved - loadings oi organic wastes to the Kamin'ist- - Creel-r. - - . . chlorinated organic: from anindustriat dis-. water quality in the bay. However. water iq?uiaFtitrer during low summer iiow periods; . Although pollution control measures have - charge-?nd their way to Latte Sundries. I . quality con?rms to be impaired. The discharge oi toxics. including persistent resulted in less pollution entering the creek - . - Sediments remain contaminated .with mercury - there is an occasional taste chlorinated organics to Thunder Bay irom . and. therefore. Jacl-ttish Bay. serious pollution as a result oi historical discharges. I - - problem inma drinking water, Fur-mentions; - I pulp and paper mills. have serious consequ' problems remain. - . I . While ?sh in Peninsula Ham-our are -. the industrial ei?uent which contains toxic uences to the Lake Sultana! ecosystem . Toxic cl-ten-ticals. including persistent . I healthiernow than in the past as a result oi - ., chemicals including persistent chlorinated because many or these compounds d0 rial - - chlorinated organics. are present. The water - I decreasing PCB and mercury concentrations. organics. remains concentrated in the sudaoe- break EBSW- mail calls? 331mm and is discoloUred. There are high levels oi - these contaminants still present a probierni.- water layer oi Nipigon-Bay. . - - geneticmulationsjand'rnay in . - Edwina Creek and pans the toad chain. A portio'nIot the inner harbour - Jactdish?ay'are unable to support normal has sediment contaminated With - aquatic Owing [gaff-lug? toxicifyard I dioxins. iurans. peniachloroobenots. creosote contamination oi sediments. F15h are also and other-toxic pollutants as a result oi - cdmaminated with mercury. - - x- a: I l-alw- - 3 tatitem ?Es-5.4? 1 cal?aggang?kh?are! . - OF LAKE-SUPERIOR . REMEDIAL ACTION - Acleanup or ire-medial actibn pian is .re'qLIifgd . deaiing with water'pqll?ution inPenjnsuta Harbour. I .. ':You canget invowed! Attend an open house to iearn abbut' - thePeninsuiaHamour HAP'and to meet and-talk with the . I - - federalvprovinciat team coordinating the development of the - . - - 2:00 . Royal .- . _'Howe Stfget', Marathon, Ontario PUTZEO - .Forfurther details please contact . - - PatriCiaInch - - . - Coordinator Environment Ontario 5 3rd Floor, 43-5 James Sireet South? 'Thunder.Ba}i, Ontario-P7C-SGB. .. I L?m?Itt?II-d?n-u?lu? peninsueaamurm completes Stage One review The Peninsula Harbour Remedial Action Plan (RAP) Public Advisory Conututtee (PAC) has recently com- pleted an intensive review of the Peninsula. Harbour Stage One document. . - The Stage one document was written tofull'tll the requirements of I the'Grcat Lakes Water Quality- Agreement of 191'3. This agreement .I between the United States and Canada states that: ?Remedial Ac; tion Plans shall be submitted to the Commission, (International .Joint Commission)_for review and com- ment at three stages: when a de?ni? . . tion' of the problemhas been coIm- remedial - and - regulatory measures are selected; - pleted; when and when monitoring'indicates that identi?ed beneficial-uses have been . restor - . The review of the Peninsula Har- bour Stage One document took place over a' four month period.- During that time the PAC 'met with representatives from the Ministry of merit details in depth the?history of Peninsula Harbour?s water uses and - provides a Istrong background of scientific infonnation on which the local RAP PAC will be able to base their ow:1 recommendations to en? I I . residents ot?_ Marathon can begin to sure that existing problems do get fixed.? . - Patricia IInch. Coordinator for the Peninsula Harbour expressed that: ?The review of- the Stage One document by the PACwill ensure that it'represents- the full range of community interests and concerns. This will .provide a basis for generating community support for the Environment RAP Team'on two . occasions to discuss improvements 'and changes to the'docutnent. Suggestions included the clari?ca-. tion of sections which may have been confusing to the'Igen'cral public and the reorganization of some segments to put more emphasis . on positive developments. - According to Keith Robertson.- . Chair: "The Stage One docu-I I implementation of the final plan.? The Stage One document is the cornerstone of the Remedial Action Fleur-Now that 'an extensive . vestigation into the environmental I problems has been completed, the consider'options 't'or resItoringI'I a healthy-aquatic ecosystem in Benin- 'Isula Harbour. - _If you want to become more in- volved in the-Peninsula Harbour RAP, Please'c'all Keith Robertsonm. - 238-11330. or Patricia Inch at sat?475-1123, - 7 CHRONOL-OGIC DEVELOPMENT OF. PUBLIC.) - .. -- -. - INVOLVEMENT I. -- .. . - . - .. . - . - . . - . . - . . . . - . .DATE 5, 1989 May 3. 1939 May 17, 1939 June 21, 1989 July-12, 1989- September 7, 1989 SCPICnlber 27,; 1939 . October 24,1989 November 14, 1989 - Homber,15,_1989 December 5,1939 . I January 25, 1990 -. March 22-24, 1990 March 27, 1990 M31329. 1990 June 1244,1991; [Spptember 19, 1990 October 29, 195!) December 5, 1990 19, 1991 March 6. 1991 - - March 23, 1991. April 10, 1991' June 5, I991 . Peninsula Harbour Open Hansen I. lmmducteqr PAC Meeting- PAC Meeting #2 -PAC-Meet?tng' #3 PAC Meeting #4 - PAC Meeting PAC Meeting #5 . PAC Meeting #7 I PAC Meeting #8 3_ .- - MISA Presentation for all four North Shore of Lake Superier'P-ACs - - - -. PAC Meeting #9 PAC Meeting #Great Lake Superior conference PAC Meeting #11 - - PAC Meeting #12 - PAC. Meeting #13 Peninsula Harbour Open House tn present wetter Use Goals tab the Public - PAC Meeting 14 PAC Meeting #15 7 PAC Meeting_#16 PAC Meeting #17 PAC Meeting 1?13 Remedial Options Wodehop for all four Net-tn Shore of Lake Superior . . .- PAC Meettng #19 'PAC.Meeting#.Z? . - - APPENDIX 6.3 PAC TERMS OF REFERENCE-1 'Peninsma Harbour-Remdial Action _Pian_ I Public Advisory committee - ..Terms 01' Reference The. Flap Precess- produce a plan that, when implemented, an? restore and pining bene?cial uses of .. - -- The build enpast ongoing efforts and with the requirements of. the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of .1937 and the cannula-Ontario Agreement Respecting Great Lakes Water cnmnian federal-provincial RAP Tealn nan been treated to tan-ordinate the development ?fe-Remedial _Aciinnpian'The' Purine Advisory-cemmiitee (PAC) _The PAC operate as an advisory representinga naiie'ty views?en key' of the RAP, preparation and iiriplementati?en. The PAC-will all views presented by the general - publie in fermulating its consensusObjectives represent the range'uf'cnnununity'interests and to preside at focal point for the. 1triews er the public the develepment of the Peninsula I - Harbour-Remedial - . - theRAP team in implementing an inforinatiimpregr'am-fnr the general public. in part by acting asa lieisonbetween the PAC and-itsmernber organizations; andprovide a basis for generating community-Supan fer tatien elf-the ?nal plan. -. _"_Fioles and Responsibilities PAC: ,Gmnp Responsibilities The role. of the PAC is to adriise the"RAP Team throughout the RAP 'deveinpment and innplenientatien I . enn?rm and prioritize bene?cial water uses be restored; - review results of researeh; I . preside input to and review descriptions-of m?mMental'conditions, and remedial eptiuns,'and_ the draft RAP document; . - - - . and review the statements goals and en?renmental ennditiens; .I . identify parties-responsible for imPlentation' of remedial meaaures; . - review and oomment on the scheduling of measures; - -- assist the RAP in designing a process to evaluate the e?ectiveness of action measuresHelicalr each. stage of the Harbour RAP for with goals and Ohm?? 01' the .PAC. Individual Member Responsibilities I I It is the responsibilityof each individual to the PAC I - I- attend all PACmeetings I I . I represent thevieus, biterests and'valuesof their respective (it-they represent-a group). . means all and viewpoints back to mam.) toseelt-sunport'and - - ??ona issues meetings to convey gmup?s promote memes,- unders'tanding and support'for implematiun the RAP. In attendance at open houses meetings 'for the general public (2 3 meetings per year) by PAC representatives mold be desirable. . I I Membership and Representation - General It is the intent of the'RAP Team to have a vvide range of oommunity representation - Membership on the PAC attempt to include individual: representing'eommunity organizations, local government agencies and the general public having a direct effect on, or affected by, the water . quality of Peninsula Harbour. The PAC mayr also include groups or individualsha?ng an interest the uses .andman'agement'of?local mtersPAC Organization .. initially, the-PAC shall meet and determine Operating rules of procedure, including frequencyof meetings, time, location, the need for additional members, etc, and shall review these rules of the RAP - - The Coordinator or alternate shall attend all PAC meetings. . supporting be in advance of any meeting in order ensure that . members of the PAC are kept fully informed membership The PAC may appoint address speci?c new, Members of the subcommittees need not I - bememhersofthePACPAC meetings- are for anwn'e to attend as annhseruen Adequate, notice of all PAC meetings shall be. I provided tn PAC members, intelrested. parties and the publicThe PAC ean meetas In?en as the-day, or on weekends,? as determined by the .- Faclitator . -. semees or a facilitate-r to mist-me be weaned to the Penny the RAP teams Speci?c duties-of the facilitator may'inelude meeting dams-and Ionan'nns, prepa?ng'agenda - minute's, cirwla?m: bf repel-u, and attemlanee at PAC meetings; . i - -. -. Chairperson: 3' 25 Chairperson-shall preside over PAC meetings.. The Chairpersnn?s ohie?ve shall he all issnes fairly'and manage the meeting seas tn achieve a consensus nn' each issue-for pre'stalinn tn the The criteria for'selee?nn bf centre individual?s ability to awe and direct the of a diverse groupng of mteresm in meeting the PAC's objectives. ?sf-the.- shall be as a whole; I The PAC may determine whether an alternate to the should be designated and whether-the _.'Chairshou1dberotated. . . . . . PENINSULA HARBOUR WATEMJSEGOALS- I-'Ihe more seem Committee divided- their WaterlUse Goals'into three ma?a. The ?rst category .. oontains those Goals 1tltlItich are of primary-immune; as they may require remedial action. "The second - I 7 category contains Goals which are not presently irripaired do not requiret'emediai action but are important-and'shouid 'h'maintained. The third 'category' measures "to ensure the implementation of _and-oontinued public involvement in- the - - . - Goats (may require remedial aetiOnThe water quality should be to-meet the requirements contained in'the most stringent, current version of the of the Entironment's Water-me, Goals, Policies, Objectives, Guidelines and Implementation as the guidelinesde?ned under the Great . I Quality Ageemeru, - 1n the long term, ambient water should show virtual -I of toxic substances andother oontaminants from human origin. .In- order to meet this Goal, industrial and municipal sources'shoul'd have an established timetable to achieve zero discharge of persistent tone-substances and hazardous oontaminants. elimination of persistent toxins-and zero discharge of persistent tonne-Is _are goals which the Government of'Canada committed itselfto in the 2) Fish health should be improved to a state eliminating the'n'eedfor eonsumption guidelines-,3 well as meeting the criteria of the GLWQA. .In the long-tem' aquatic organisms should shou-r the vii-mal elimination of persistent'to?c substances andoontaminants resulting from'hinnan origin. Also; the and physical habitat should be able. to promote a- population of. I - indigenous-species and not at the detrimt all otherpopulations'. II 3) .The invasion afforeig'n'organians to?the GreatLekeseheulobeIpreteeted through the oontrol delisting criteria must be met order-to delist as an of Concern. . 7 secondary Goals (important, should Ibei'zmaintained) the oonditionIIof the harbour should be maeseiat intake and other industrial uses, recreational andcharter boatingIand water sports. I I . I - industrial and mete-ea enema be ailowed'to merge to the - harbom provided the Primaryr are . - I I _ihe annospheric-deposition of potentially resulting from human ac?sitjr_Ishand . . - hate'no adverse impacts on the ecosystemsuch thatthe population 'of-s'uilIdJife and ?shd'o 2) 4) _Paramo1mt to this end islhe ?melyanalysis and reporting'of data. Public infornsation semen andlconsultation enema occur throughout the RAP implementa?on phasethe implentation, there should be a for the regular review of the RAP Goals, based on random sampling of dischargers and updates. to the environmental oonditions'da?ta. - is a basic mderlyiug pleasure behind these Use Goals. As such. access to seems locating and areas should continue I - The natural. area should used: asan educational tool. Local teachers and students should be educated about locala'nd global problems, the RAP emcee and the importance of? public involvement and man and his interrelationship with the'environment- Government - researchers should he encouraged to make presentations about their study to local schools. Hana-dial Action Plan Plan d?Assahissement lead?' Gntari??l . 33:: 5:3,