blem De?nition it It; NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR REMEDIAL ACTION T1J~ER BAY i,1;~;~;";",;.,. ~J ;yl.((; PUBLIC ADVISORY COMM~E September18,.199) To Whom It MayConcem: Our review wasbaseduponinformationfrom our initial Committeemeetings'whereweex~min~d impaired use data and public in Thunder Bay. We toured . (AOC) andlistened to also avariety of concernsWithin the bay. of .ecosystem Understandingthe needfor public input, and awarenessof the RAP, the Thunder Bay PAC invited the public and media This ensuredthat full public participation was possible Use Goals. Most meetings were reported by both the print and electronic mecumentare acknowl~gedasfollows: Cindy J Ian Orchard Nellie de Geus Jim Drummond Duncan Boyd .. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Great Section a es ... the Environment, Ontario Great Lakes La un e Sarazin The RAP T~aIj) also acknowledgescommentsand suggestionsreceivedfrom the Public Adv:is9ry ~ommittee (PAC) during the'developmentof this report. PACmernbers,and,their affiliation, mcluded: , Bob Hartley, Chairman BruceHyer Ray:Dee Don Donovan Rick McMUllen Bob Simpson Clifflories(alretnate) ~EllenMacCal1um Ga,rethBarry Harun Rasid AzimMallik (alternate) Pub\jc' EnVirOnmentN NOrthSh~S Canadian,Pacifi CanadianPacifi Thunder.BayS Thunder-BayS Public Valley CampIn LakeheadUniv LakeheadUniv n ~ Abitibi-Price/OntarioForest Industries Association. . Public ThunderBay HarbourCommission ThunderBay HarbQurCommission Ca,nadive ShuniahTownship City of ThunderBay LakeheadRegionConservation Michael Lynch Joan Skelton Jim Hill - ,. Eccl awnes D Ken Boshcoff (alt-ernate) OOrd Earle LD. Polhill Rick Potter . MerviHenttonen(alternate) SteveSuke(alternate) ~ RowingClub '. ThunderBay Chamberof Commerce Public' .. The Writing TeamaIsoWishesto acknowledgethe largegroupof scientists,environI1)~ntal officers andconcernedindividualswhosecontribl;ltionsandassistance havebeeninvaluable. '..' m ~ TABLE OF CQNTENTS Page FOREWORD'; I A CKN 0 WLEDGEMENTS 1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 . IV vii IX Xl ..'.. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE A:' Summaryof Imp~eIit of BeneficialUsesasOutlinedin Annex2of the GreatLakesWaterQuaIity Agreementandthe Significanceto ThunderBay TABLE B: Summaryof Environm~ntalPrOblemsandTheir Sources -ThunderBay Areaof Concern TABLEC: CoIitaminantInventorySummaryin Fish, WaterandSediinent Analyses,ThunderBay Areaof ConcemandComparisons , With .PfovincialandFederalObjectivesandGuideli~es n ,Xlll XVI XXI !N1RODUCI10N HistoricalPers~ctive 1 1 DESCRtPtfON OFTHlJND ettfugydrolo Topo FlshStocki e on 'c Profile 3 "3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 8 10 n 11 12 12 DESCRIPTIONOF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDmONS WaterQua1i~ WaterCircUlation ConventionalParameters Metals OiganicCOntaminantS Dioxins/Eurans Microbiology 12 13 13 13 15 15 18 .19 2.5 2.5.1 2.5..2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.4..1 2.5.4.2 2.5.4.3 2.5.4..4 2.5.4.5 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.6 pal WaterSupply :alWater Supp1.y ds es CommunityStrUcture Fish Habitat Commercia1Fish~ry SportFish~ ' iv T~bfe of 3..2 3.2.1. 3.2.2 . 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.1.1 3.3,,1.2 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3;3.1 3.3.3~2 3.3.3:3 3.3,3.4 3.3.3.5 3.3.4 Contents (...continued) Page SedjmentQuility NorthernWoOdPfeserversInc. InnerHarbOurandKaministiquiaRiver Biota Plankton Phytoplankton ZOQplankton BenthicMacroinvertebrates Fish PrOductivity .29 29 32 4,0 4;1 4.2 5.0 5-.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5..6 5'.7 5:8 5..9 5.10 5.11 : 5~12 5.13 5.14 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 64.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.3 6.4 20 2T 21 23 23 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 andWildlife Consumption WaterCons~ption Degradanon . 0f A esthencs . " Added Cost to AgricultUre 31idIndustTy D.e~tionof Plankton L()ss of Fish arid Wildlife Habitat . SYNTHESIS/. CONCLUSIONS LowDissolved Oxygen in the Kaministiquia River ~gtadedWater Qualir:y . PersistentChloritlatedOigariics Metals' Toxic Contaminants Conventional Parameters Bacterial Contamination Contamination of Fish Fle.sh 33 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 Table of Contents (...continued) Page .. 6.0 6.5 6.6 6.7 6;8 6.9 SYI'.,TTHESISAND CONCLUSIONS(...continued) 7..0 7..1 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT Activitiesto Date Contaminated S~ents HabitatLOss DegradedBenthos DegradedPlankton DegradedAesthetics 40 40 40 4f 41 41 41 REFERENCES TABLES FIGURES APPENDIXJ: ~PENDIX ll: APPENDIX ill: APPENDIX IV: APPENDIX V: 45 53 80 Samplesof NewspaperAdvertisements, Articles, andBrochure PACTern1s of Reference . Developmentof PAC Involvementill theThundeiBayRAP PAC WaterUse Goals CommonlyUsedTerminologyandGlossary " VI LIST OFT ABLES Page 1 Fish Communityof ThunderBay 53 2 Fish Communityof ThunderBay HarbourMarshes 55 3. Thunder Bay Commercial Cau;:has Reported for Lake Superior ManagementZones 1-'4 56 4. Inner ThunderBay Lake Trout Harvestfor the Period 1979to 1986 57 5. Metals Detected iti Thunder Bay Water Quality Samples, 1983 58 6. Frequencyof Detectionof OrganicandInorganic Contaminants(~g/l) in Excessof PWQOandGLWQAO 59 7. Thunder Bay Water Quality Summary of PCBs/Organic Compounds, Resin, Aromatic and Fatty Acids Detected in 1983 60 8. Rangesof Dioxins andFuransFoundin 1987in the Final Effluent of Nine OntarioPulp andPaperMills 61 9. Summ~ of 1979 Thunder Bay Sediment Survey Results for Heavy Metals (j.Lg/g),N~trients (lpg/g), and Particle Size 62 Summaryof 1979ThunderBay SedimentSurveyRe;sults for Tannins,Lignins, ResinAcids, Fatry Acids, Aromatic Acids andEtherSolubles(mg/kg) 63 10. 11. Summaryof 1979ThunderBay S~ent Survey Results PCBs (ng/g), Trace OrganIcs (ng/g), and Total. Phenols for (Jlg/g) 12. Summary of Median Sediment Chemistry Results, Thunder Bay, 1985/86 13. ThunderBay 1985/86Results- Suspended Sediment 15. 66 67 (Centrifl1ged) 14. 65 Comparisonsof BenthicCommuriitiesOver Time at LocationsSampledin the KaministiqwaRiver, 1965-1985 69 Contaminant ResiduesinYoung-of-the- Y ear Spottail Shiners for the Thunder Bay Area 71 vn ~ List of Tables (...continued) Page 16. 17. ApproximateEffluentU>adfugsto ThunderBay from Major PomtSources 72 Co~centtadon. ofHe,avy ~etals in Sediments at o.utlets of LakeSq,penor Tnbut~es 74 .I 75 I:''cc , 18. .pcB andLeadInputsto theGreatLakesandthe FractionsAttriblitedto AtmosphericPathways 19: 20. 21. MIS~ R.~sultso:n!h~ fIrst Six Months QfProcessEffluent Momt()nfigfor Prionty Pollutants MeansLevelsandtheRangeofLev~lsfor Dioxms aildFuransm Pulp aI)dPaperEffiuent.sdischar~ng to Lake superior,andfor Comparison,in adjacent. Locals . TestResultsfor AnalysIsOfThawpondWater ftomN oithem WOodPreserversandGrea(WestTimber,J989 Viii ~ 76 77 78 ~ LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. ThunderBay Area of Concern 80 2. City of ThunderBay andArea 81 . 3. 82 Watershedsof the Thunder Bay Area 83 4. 84 I. ... 85 ~ 7. 86 8. 87 9. 88 10. 89 11. 9.0 12. 13. 92 93 14. 94 95 16. 17. 96 97 19. Samplinglocati6nsfor the 1983WaterQualitySurvey 98 ix -- ~ List of -Figures (...continued) Water Sampling Stations(.1983)with ObservedLevels of MetaIs Exceeding ptovirici~ . . Water Quality Objectives . Page ' 99 ' 21. Water Sampling Stations (.1983)with Detectabl:eLevels of PCBs an4 . 22. Water Sampling Stations (1983rWith Detectable Levels of Chlorophenols . 101 Water Sampling Stations{1983) with DetettableLevelsof Fa~, Aromatic and Resin Acids 102 OrganochlOrines . .100 . 24. Water SamplingS~tions (1983) with Elevated Levels of FecaIandTotal Colifonns 103 . 25.: SedimentSilIIiplingLoCations, .} 104 26. Thunder Bay NearshoreW~tet 1985/86 Sampling LoCations 105 27. Visibleqoe<;>sote Contaffiinatlon Northern WoOd Preservers 106 28. Lower KaministiquiaRiver StudyArea, Showing 1985Benthic SurveyTransects lW 29.. Approximate Locations of Open Lake NQn~contamirtated lliedgedSpoilsDisposal . 30, ApproximateEffluent Loadingsof BOD and Suspended Solid~to ThunderBay andTributariesfrom Major Point Sources x 108 109 EYE ENTHEE Sm IE Tlte Great Lakes Water lQuality Agreement of 19TH between Canada and the United States calls for the development of Remedial r?tcdon Plans {Earl?s} for Areas of Concern in the I{Great Lakes, as identi?ed by the International oint Commission. The following report comprises Stage 1 of the RAP for the Thunder Bay Area of Concern {Figure The report draws together background information suclt as bio geography and land and water uses, de?nes environmental problems, identi?es the sources, and documents information gaps. Finally, it documents the involvement process. The major environmental problems identi?ed for the Thunder Bay ADC are outlined below- Water quality impairment in Thunder Bay is primarily a result of discharges from the forest products (ie. pulp and paper and wood preservation]. Four operatio pulp and paper mills produce approximately one million tonnes of pamr, one?half million tonnes of Josh pulp and 113 billion litres of ef?uent annually. 1ilIt'arious additional industries and a municipal sewage treatment plant also contribute to local impairment. . In the past two decades, much progress has been made in improvin water quality. Conditions of gross pollution by wood wastes and untreated sewage have disappeared. Neverthe? less, many signi?cant problems remain. Table summarizes environmental problems, current conditions. impaired uses (as a result of each problem). sources of the problems, artd information - collection Strategies. Table contains a summary of contaminant levels in the Thunder Bay Area of Concern according to media type tie. biota, water or sediments} and compares these to Provincial Water Quality lGreat Lakes Water lQuality Agreement IElltjectives and the draft Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines. The areas of most serious degradation are the Kaminisliquia River, the inner Tltunder Bay Harbour, and Chippewa Beach. Biochemical oxygen demand entering the river from an adjacent pulp and paper mill is higher than the river can tolerate, especially during low summer ?ows. Excessive BCID loadings have contributed 'to ?sh kills and may create a barrier to ?sh travelling between the lake and the cleart upper reaches of the river. Spawning ?sh are capecially vulnerable. Sediments in the lower are contaminated with metals, persistent organic contaminants and nutrients. This contamination has resulted in restrictions on dredging activities, restrictions on ?sh consumption, and degradation of bendtic communities. The discharge of persistent chlorinated organics to the Kaministiquia River and other areas in Thunder Bay, has serious implications for the water quality of both the immediate receiver and the Lake Superior ecosystem in general. The inner harbour of Thunder Bay is the world?s largest grain handling port and the second largest port in Canada. Historical water quality concerns have dealt mainly with sewage discharge. Primary neatment of sewage has alleviated these concerns somewhat. In addition, two pulp and paper mills and a wood preserving operation alTect inner harbour water tptality. The latter is or" particular signi?cance, as severe contamination of sediments and water with pentachloropheools. creosote, dioxins, fura'ns, and other tot-tic pollutants has been documented. ~ , ChippewaBeachisa popularswimmingandJ'ecreationarea at the southend of the City of Thunder Bay. ~acterialcontamination during summermonths hasresulted in periodic beach closures and has received a great.deal of public attention. A recentTeport concluded that watenowlare the sourceof the bacteria. . A significantissue.to.thelocal communityis theprotectionoffishandwil~ifehabitat and P9pulanons. Fourspecificc9ncemshave beenidentified: . 1950s. While stocks chlor- c The lake trout fishery was severelydamagedby ~ea that contaminantleve.lsin fish flesh are decreasing. The need for 0" ~ In order must be adequaterorfish ~ that these marshes . wasconnnumgto Xli . . The ,and '";:1 ~ EII"\~ ~ .:s~t: .- o ... ~ ... ~.0>£ t: ,. 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C? = 0 -,; = y :E CO .. = ~ ~ > .- . TABLE A: Continued. GLWQA Impairment ul' Bene?cial Use Status er . Conditions ln'Thunder Bay A Impairment . Restrictions m: Drinking Water Cunsurnptinu nr Taste and Udntir Prublems a .1 -- He restrictian nu drinking sealer cunsump?un or evidence of Cnnsu mptien, Taste and anur PrehIemt: "aesthetic impaimtenL 3- Beach 7_ Perinrlic bacterial teach clusures at Chippewa Beach and Boulevard Lake. Elevated bacleria levels in 50 mil-"H arbriur eta Linn s. . Degradatian uf Aesthetics Degraded water quality and industrial elevate have. impaired river and harhuurfrnut aesthetics. Added East In Agriculture and Industry . I I Pcsir water quality increases cast of Lm??ng prricess water used by I _4 rs:- . Dntarie Deer adatinn ul' Phytuplati ltlen and i Nu esiSLs. hnwever, pupulatinns are assumed Iu be degraded in Pupulntiens IJte Karninistiquia River and in the Htirb?tlr, wiLhiIt IJie breakwull. Accidentallyr in [reduced csnLies have pelenlial an affect corn munlty- Less {11' Fish and Wildlife Habitat 1 Less ul? areas in luwer Kurninisthuia River and access tu upper Erasian along shnrelirlcs antl trihuuiries. Wetlands iusL nr threatened by pullqu nu and development. ~ 0 .,tj ~ 0 u ~ 0 ~ c: 0 ~4) "J:j . c: . 0 0 1::: 0 c: ..1:= c:dU-o-o~cd~ .:;.0 ~ a om m] c: tIj c: 0 .= o~ § bl) a.> a.> h cd 8 ...'" ~ - -..1:= C:."""" 0,.0 U ., ~ >. ,~cd ...s ~ ~ c: -:5 '~ ~ ] ,5 ~ u 8 ~ t3 cIj u ~ t:: 0 ~ r£o= >m ~ "G).E~':§.sbg~~-o~~ ~ -0 a.> c: ~ ,u -0 00\ m c: c: '" 0 ~ c: ~ t: 0.. ~ cn ~ .S a.> 0 0 tIj cn CI) ~ :>.;.?;- a.> 0 ~ 8 0 -0 -0 cd "" g.~ 8~ c... d) ~U'" ~~ .~d) 1?:. rn -O"Q) '!j "'.c= 0 - I ~ o~ ""U ~~~~ ~ c >< cIj 5 . ~~ ~ ~ .9='FJ > I ~ u S ~ ~ u ~ .~ p.. a :a ~ ~ e 100 0 -'"G) G) ~ ~ ~e~c:~.§u~a.5~~ I a.> I a.>..I:=cd I ~cn e -OJ 0 .c 0 ~ § ~(rj o~ .c ~ '0 :"""' G) :so loop. ~0 ~~> .g G)°.:j ~'.o: u a~. 'g's G) ~ . 8 .£ ~ ~ c= ~ .~ 4) ~ 0 5 .o>u. C=OC=UIoo ~ bO~ u ~~bI)OUG)G)t:o E u e..~.5 ~ ,.., ""'.5 g ~,.e.:> C:='o> 0 § ~ ' >- ac ~ § '+:; ..,.J -~iS ~§:E o~~- ~::s~ OP-~ "rJ o~ ~.~ ~ p 0 I 61>-5 ~ 8a33 I .D ~ ~~ lr'I .£5~. ~ 5 ~ ~ 0 s 0 5 .S ~~ ~ ~ ~~ bl) = 4) ~~.=:.~ ... ~'c 4) 0 .S . §~ ~j:j _cn ~ "tj I,.-:: S4) 0 -"'" £ tU N V Cl,.U'O~p.~ U ~~:s.c=--i "":Q-o""vp. ~ ~.~ ...clju E G) u t;: 0 ~ OJ U M ~ 0 ~ rI) Q) rI) :;J 'tj .~ ~ 8 "tj cn ~ 8 >< ~ 4) 0 ~ ~ o ~ B.c ~ 0 ~~.o ~~ 4) ~ 'Cd =' 90o"tjt+:=~.~5 '+-0 bl) ~=>..0- e.u '0 ~ > ~ ~ S '"". --a ~ 0' M ~ -o~" bl)~~ ~ ~>'a> -. N .s~~~ ~... -O C",cC- I Otdo==~O4)4) 0 ~ ~ ~ ..9.£ ~.£':tj.D~~1,.-::8d ~ ~ .9 ~ § -.a c 0 U c ~ U e Q) ..0 0 ~ ] s:: E § .~ ~ ~ u I~"; !: ~ u 0 ~ e \ ~ ~ ~ d) ~ ~ =' E:J ! CI) G) ~ 0 t;I) ~ .G) ~ ~ § CI) e G) .!:) 0 ~ ~ t;: d) e t;: 0 .~ > t;: ~ -0 [ e e =' t;I) ~ ~ ~ ~ < TABLE B: Linuch Environmental Problem Current Condiu'orus Impaired Uses Sources of Problem Information Collection Strategyr 1h. Metals 2c. Acute tonic contaminants (Le. resin acids, PAT-Is) 2d. Degraded water quality fie. conventional parameters: sus pended solids, ntia?ients} ?Water exceeds Provincial Water Qu alitj.r Objectives. -Fish and sediments contaminated with mercury. Effluent tonic at 3 of 4 pulp mills. ?Water and sediments contaminated by toxic compounds. ?Water quality does not meet Provincial Water Qualityr Objectives and guidelines. ?Poor quality intal-te water requires more ?Rest11'cdons on recreational uses. -Resa?ictions on fish consumption. -Restrictions on dredging activities. -Fish tumours (potential). -Degradcd ?Fotcntiall?,r degraded fish populations. ~Degradcd aquatic corn nodded cost to indusIJv. -Degtaded aesthetics. Resale Lions on dredging activity. Historic discharge from chlor raikaii plant {mercury}. ?Geologv. -r'ttrnospheric deposi? t1on. -Canadjan Paci?c Forest Products. ?Ahitihi?Price (Thunder Bay and Fort William Divisions}. Northern Wood Preservers. ?Can adian Pacific Forest Products. ?Ahitibi-Price {Thunder Ea}.f and Fort William Divisions]. ?Ogilvie Mills. -Urhan runoff. Encourage research on atmospheric deposition. ?Contin ue water quality.r monitoring Encourage develop? ment of criteria for pulp and paper ararneiers. -lvlonitor evels in effluent and water. ?Continue ef?uent toxicity studies. ?Continue water quality monitoring. avii - ='. ~ bbo '" § S ~ 8 I,.,.,. ~U~ ~ u "l:j c cd~>-I ~..~ -- ~ 0 :J~U Q) ~ ~ bI)~"~ aCl)"tj S;d ;'-'u 6 ~CI)d.)~ CI) .~ e Q). 0 ~'" Cd Q) o.~ ~ Q) Q) 5 ..~ ~ c~ 0 ~ '-" ~ o.,..~u~ 10_,4) ." ~ ~ ~& :a~ Q) !:j e ~. ~u ~ .:c-", .~ C C 0 ~ .g'p I U '= p. ,u e E~ ~~ Q)C ~o 0 . ~C CO 0 ,"" ..c: ~ ~ C O~~CI) ~~j ~" ~ "'- =' "l:j - '"' "8 " 0' bl} ~ VC=Q,) c= B e.~ 0 ~ ~ Q,) ~..~ -0 ~~ ~ ~ e ~~~ Q,).~ 1 Q,)"" ~-o~Q,)~~ ~ ~ z e Q,) "f;j ~.E.~ ~.o ~ 0 u jc=o>§ Q.5~~0 ".c , ~ c= > ~ tI1~I~-o >.~ 5~~:g~~8. ~ .~ :> ~ TABLE B: Environ mental Problem Current Conditions Impaired Uses Sources of Problem Information Collection 3 Irate gy s. Habitat loss 7' . Degraded ?sh populations 3. Degladeti benthos ?Wctlands subject to physical destruction and cootarninauon. ?Poor water quality in lower Kaminisllquia River petiodicallv impedes ?sh. -Shoreline erosion along rivers and creeks. ?Destruction ofinsbioam habitat due to dredging. -Fish populations in the lower Kaministiquia River are reduced. ?Benthos populations in lower Kaminis quuia River and Northern Wood Preservers area are reduced. Loss of ?sh and wildlife habitat. ~chratlalion of aesthetics. ?Fetv natural areas left along harbour. ?agraded ?sh populations. -Degratled banthos populations. vUrban and industrial development. ?Canadian Paci?c Forest Products. -STP. vWater level ?uctuations. ?Agrlculture. -Dredging operations. -Canaclian Paci?c Forest Producrs (main source}. ?gilvie Mills. -Historical loss of habitat. Can adian Paci?c Forest Products (main source in River}. JCIIgI'lvie Mills. -STP. rNorthern Wood Pneservers [main source in Harbour]. ?l3ocuruent ?sh movement along river. -Habitat restoration demonstration projects. ?Studj.r contaminants in wetland food web. ?Monitor populations as water quality and habitat Improve. ?l'donitor populations as water qual it}; improves. slit $33} a TABLE 13.: 'Curmnt Cc: nditi'?ns Impaired USES mfurmarjnn Enumes {1f Pmblern Strategy 9. Degraded plankmn ?P0pu1:1Linns an": assumed be. degraded in [ha Eaministiquia Riv?r and in the. harbour, within [ha hreakwail. Exotic pmdacinus Implankton may,r planktun cumrn unity and ?sh. 13. D?gad?d aesthetics -Amas nt? Kaminis?quia ?agada?an of River and innm' harbour aesthe?cs. degraded by indusuial and municipal dischargm. plan ktnn. a?anadian Paci?c ~Monitur pupulations as For: at Pr?ducts {main water Quality impruvas. source). ?Mcmitnr pmdatm ?g?vic Mills. species. -Accid?ntal inn?oduc?c-n {ballast warm}. industrial and municipal dischargc s. -Aband?ned industrial sites. TABLE 0: C0010min2nl Inventor}.I Summer},r in Fish, Water and Sediment Thunder Bay Area of Consern. end Comparisons wilh Provinoisl and Federal Dbjeo?ves and Guidelines. FISH {for skinless all 1.reluss In we! welght} SPECIES GLWGA NATIONAL DETECTION LIMIT DF RANGE CIF Compound - HEALTH 5: WELFARE REGULATORY LIMIT SAMPLES Carp {1003}: 05? P005 0.01 Mire): Hexsohlorobenzens - 0.010 SIS 0-16 - 0.55 0.020 5.05 0.00 - 1.54 0005 are ND 0.001 235 0.001 Hepieohlor 0.3 0001 WE Aldrin 0.3 0-001 03'5 ND - 0.001 - are 0.005 0.20 anhe-EHC - 0.001 SIS 0.001 0.003 beta?3H0 - 0.001 ors MD gamma-EH13 - 0.001 4rs 0.001 - 0.002 0.002 ENE 0.002 0.000 gamma-chlordane - 0.002 HE 0.002 - - 0.002 DE MD - - 0.002 ?05 0-002 - 0.02? - - 0.002 15 0.002 Toxsphene - 0.1 0.200 ere 0.1 Dmaehlorostyrene 0.001 1r5 0.001 : 00 '0) 0 .0 (\10; Ll)(\J ~ a: .ft V' z w~Q. ::) -J >Qcn oCt U-(J-J 0 w.ct. *~b. cA 'Q c ~ 0 U)a. wE (30 w CJ a.. U) ~ [I] i~ > .~ ~ .. r:I: 00 '- Q) 0 Q) -:g 'Cij > c 0 .-c - ~ E Q) ." -@"O.o '- !!1. Q) Q) .- oC Ct! - u. - . Q)(/) . :0 ..~ ~Q) "cUu.- .- 0 --- O Ct! Q)Ct!rJ >"C"C U)CQ) ~oo -Q) 2OJc~ O<~ 'u ~'-'- >-cu) .- Q)O Q) -- Ec ct! Q) E --Oj~ .~ - as U) .~ as Q) U) $: - U) Q) 0< Eo Q)U u.-0 ci),po Q) > c Q) > U) - .0 Ct! U) Q) "0 g = - - U) oC Ct! .-~ >, 0 OJ 0 0 "0 oC Q) Z ~ ~ w 0 ~ U) U) as OOQ)C" --- .- .- U > ~E-.- U) ~ ~ >-..c.c "0 ~.- - Q) .0 c.. C - .-0 a. ~ E U) c 0 () oC .U) 'E 0 =oC ~ as Q)Q)"'Q) OJ 0 ~ ~ 0 E ~ Q .c "E .~c,po ~ Q> (/) -CCQ"O~ "" oC.o ct!. C - ..--='u o -oc ~E .- ~ ~ >,mCt!oCQ) U)"-oo-g:"Q)Q) OmC"~ ~ 0 ~ " as U)Q)Q)"C- U)O asc-Q) 0 - ~(/)a.~c-cO~:)() 0 z -l --QI < ,... - C\I-Z V . \..I. > >< >< 0 ~ 00. . 0000 0 '0'000'000000 ZMZ Z"T'-ZZZZ" 0 g}T-T-0~T0 0 000 ..N N 00' r-..N T-T-CO T-.0; . 0..0.. 0 CCNNmQ) ~ No~"..mMM~Q)mmO~~ _N-Q)~~NM~~_NIt) t~""~""'NN~~~""'M~ ~m~~ tV) 00000000000000 . . . .0.. L/)tV)..,...,.o""""""OC\l..,...,...,...,. 0000000000000 ..,. .0. 0_00°(\1 (\I 00..0. 00000 .. . .. OTMr-.. 00 00 00 ~ <0 ... -- 0 0 (¥) o. "0' C\I LC)O 0 LA') 0 0 0 '0(')°0 o ,..0 00000000000000 - o o o 0 LC) t-.. LC) cic:>ooooo LC)O C\I C\I C\I ci° 'O~.OC;);O(¥).OO'O' '5: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :. : ~ ~ OJ .2 OJ c ca ~ <5 g OJ OJ 5 ca - C OJ (/) : c: n E ~ : ~. : - ~ 0 -= OJ..:'- ~ ... : 1 : . ~ 'Q): "0 OJ ~. .- .-C '-C E .-E .:2 ... ~ E .a OJ.2 "0 1~ ~ ca ca J= ~ = (/)««ID()U().s~Z-.J(/)N~ -g EE~E!=~ ~ ~ Co) ~ "'iU Lno(\lLn °oCiQ)OM~tOoOOONIt) " LLU) Ow w~ ~.;.I Z~ ~> a: t:::U) ~w U)-..J W..Jo. ~ ~ ..JZ< < 0 ">-U) ILL()..J OW~ ~WO C... 1\ t: ~ - Z 0 ~ (.) 0. :::: a E - ca .!! G) ~ ".~ ~ a: w I~ ~ "",.~ 1;) Q) :J C E 0 () 0 w .;oJ aJ « I'- > >< >< TABLE E: Ecntinued WATEH1 CDMPUUHD GLWGA PWGD LIMIT DF RANGE OF VALUES TOTAL SAMPLES {pgii}: Dicar'nba - 2130 0.15 W122 ND F?iclcram - - [1.1 W22 ND Silver: - - 11.05 [1:164 acid - [1.10 W164 ND 2,4 acid - 0.20 0:154 ND 2.44313 [#164 ND 231.5 acid - [1.05 W154 ND Resin and Fatty Acids {ugh}: Arachidcnic Acid - - 10 on - ND Capric Acid - - 11] 3H 5? 1c - 1?1 Lauric Acid - - 1D - 5?5 Lincicic Acid - 1i] 3? 5? 1G - Edi} Myriclic Acid - - 10 DH 6? ND 'Dicic Acid - 10 10-1111 Palmilic Acid - 1 El 1i] - 95 Stcaric Acid - 1 ND Abiclic Acid - - 1D 5115? 1i]I - 895 Acid 121} {pi-1:15} 1i} 5H 5? 112+ - 1'40 Iccpimaric Acid - 1d 5116?" 1G - 22D Acid - - 11vii ~ "0 Q) :J c: 'E 0 () () LU ...J CC « f,- ,.. a: w ~ ~ ~ U-(/) Ow w:) ~.,.J z~ ~> a: 0 0 ~ Do c z ~ 0 D.; ~ 0 (J .., .. -I , ill zzz --000 I ~ I ~ . a> a> a> r-..r-..r-.. z ~ g.~ ~o C)0 o "00 00 , Q) c- Q) ">, o ~ . 'C "u g "2 Q)ca c=.- > :I: Q) "2 X..ccao 0'c.; ~ :~ "> TABLE 5: Conlinued WATEH1 COMPOUND GLWEIA FWDG DETECTIDH LIMIT OF VALUES TOTAL SAMPLES RANGE DF Drganlcs [contlnued] Guaiml Syringaldehyde Acetwanilline H0200hlur0benzene Hexachmmethane 2.3.5 lri0h 0r0t0luana 2.4.5 ?1ri0h 0r0l0 uen0 2.6. A - 1.2.3 Irichlurobenzana 1.2.3.4 tetrachl0mbenzena 1.2.3.5 . letrachombenzem 1.2.4 - trichiornhenzena 1.2.4.5 1.3.5 tri?hlombenzene - 2 2.4 di0h 0r0phenui 2.4.5 - tri0hl0r0pher10! D-I 0001 0-001 0001 0.001 0.001 0005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.001 0001 0-05 W15 W15 W15 W15 W159 W155 W155 W155 4I155 W155 1I155 W155 W155 W155 W155 W155 W155I W155 W154 W154 W154 W154 5.551 - 5.511 ND 5.555 - 5.553 2211-: 11 11\ IIi' ~ "0 Q) :J c: :;:: c: ,0 <.) <.) W -.J CD ~ f.- ,.. II: W I a: 0 u oooooooooooo~ooooooo zzzzzzzzzzzz~zzzzzzz ° o -.t-.t-.t-.t-.t~-.t-.tco"": )0 .. . , ~~ i N. , OOOOO'~OO a 00 ...:c::c 0 UU w~ ~ I] ,~ ;I ~ ~ f, ;,' ; TABLE 0: Continued COMPOUND GLWGA PWQD DETECTION LIMIT OF VALUES TUTAL SAMPLES- HAHGE OF VALUES ?rganlcs {cantlnued} Telrachlorathylene Brombfurm Tetrachlum elh ane ?l?1-E?2 Ethylene Dibmmide Total Trlhalomelhanes Dichloruhenzene 1-4 Ulchlornhenzene 1-3 1-2 Aldrin Dialdn?n Hexachlumcwlohaxane: alpha 5ch beta 0H0 gamma EHE alpha-chlordane gamma-chlordane Endrin Endn3ulphan-5ulphale endosulphan - Enduaulphan II Helptachlur Epoxide 0.05 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.1 0.1 0-1 0.05 0.001 0.003 0.001 0-002 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.005 0.001 01'55 W50 ?050 WEB 0356 0.?55 03'50 WEE GHEQ 03'16?3 01"?109 03'160 01"159 0:?100 W150 0I100 0HE50 UHEE W169 01'100 Jami ~ oocomU'!O-Il)~ co m -.t NN co NmC')-.t~N~~I'tJ I , I " T": 0 ~r-o:.~ C') -.to I 'L{) U'! C'! ~ ~ ~ O~ll)m-.t~OC')o ~ - t J ("'.("'. I ">< ~ ~ 0 . , , <:). , f".qo ,.. - c , " I ~ ..J <-' I -00 0: ~ ' '" 00 V V 0 N I~ . O' V , . I I '==: OJ E 0 <6 " ,' III U m ,~, I .~ -- u. Heles:' 1 data derived ircm a number of studies carried cuthetween19?9 end 1999. Scurces include: 3} [Andersen 1999: which includes sediment dais a 19?9 survey and water quality data 1993, and b} {Ecyd 1999} which includes data 1995 end 1999 surveys Addilicnst gets d?dved Ircm {Jerdine, 1999. unpublished data] sediment and water. were Intemreted by I. Smith. DMDE. Water Hesdurces renc . GLWGA Greet Lsices Water ililuelitgir Agree menl Objectives PWDD Prcvinciel Water Duality Dhjemives: underlined values are Guidelines TABLE Conlinued SEDIME HTS1 owns: P5005 HEL LEL SEL LIMIT DF VALUES TOTAL SAMPLES RANGE OF VA LUES metals [mfg dry Aluminum. un?l. total 5 Cadmium. 1 .CI Chromium. 25 Coppen 25 Iron. 0,000 Mercury. 0.00 Nickel. 25 L5 ad. 50 Zlnc. 1 00 Manganasa. - Arsenic, 8 .0 Organic: [pail dry walghul: Aldrin - alpha BHC beta EHO - gamma. BHC - Alphavchlurdane?" - Gammawchlumne?? Dialdrin - - 00.002 - 0.000 - 0.005 {0.003}' 0-002 0.000 0.002 10' 110 110 4% 1?5 250 020 1100 33 10 21 Q1 EEFEE 55:25 26:25 EEFEE 55:55 EEFEE 09'24 0:?24 01'24 05'24 01?24 101'24 14? 27? 0-?48 0-0? 0.030 0.0? 14.0 0.001 - 0.003 ND ND ND ND ND 0-002 - 0-042 TABLE e: Continued COMPOUND MEL FEEDS LEL SEL DETECTION LIMIT DF VALUES SAMPLES RANGE OF VALUES Urgenlcs {centlnued} Methexyehler Endrin Endeeulfin-eulphate Endeeulfan-r Endeeulfa Hepteehlerepexide Hepteehler Mirex DT PP-DEPE PCB-teial Mlecellaneeue Phesphereue, telal unfiltered Semen! Extramahles TOG Heeaehterebenzene Telel Ejeldahl Nitrogen [1.15% Residue -Tetei en Ignitien 6% Getee hlereewrene EDD 48GB In Wee. def ?ueedw 111.2 dry 1 nee are [1.5 dry rrve'e 1 egg 2324 19'24 H24 23'24 W24 W24 2:24 H24 W23 3J2E 143'23 2EE2E 233'23 H26 2EI2E W11 -185 0.41 1?72 210 - 65GB 04432 MD ~ ., -: 0 z.- co -~ - 0> ~ . 0(0> - CO 0> - 0 (/) (/) E .o 0> .1:)'50 0>"0'(/)<:J (/) 0> :J "0(/)0> :J >-a: -0> o~'~ t;. ..c(/» .- w ~~ .cmw !~O (O"O~ . (/) -w:s ~coO ~Ion ~ m'o~E (/) Q) E --- 1:)0~-=>'- CO .., m"O~ 0> (/) ~"Oe- 0 > 0> :J,:;}.O> -0'E: 0 ~ ..5 ,0> (/).c'- 0>.- o.c> 5~--- 0-0> 0(/)mco 0- .m ~ o~"O m -~ m"Oco ~>- "Oa)~ ~_O> CO E m'E'6 ~1:)0> ~ - m~(/) ~co~ '0 0> .c: (/) - 0>c.;;,S ~ O>W ~ m 0> .oEm se"ca t: co 0-"0 co "0-"0 .0> co -"0 ~ CO:J 0::.0 >-= (/) ;0, co0 m m (/) ~ 0 "0,-:) :JO>- 0>:Ja. .0" --co E'~ ~ 0> > . co 0 '-"O""'"Q) O>~ E >-.~ 'E .0 :J 0> ~?;co co :J.. ,~v, EmE e O --'.m "O~1:) > Q,) co Q,) 'C o>oo>.c: "0'-"0 cococo~ ---cococo'- ,~ v,.~ O>:J .5" :J "O.~ .- >- - :J - "-(/)co O'v~ 0> 0> ~ =0> "0 '5 In "-' 0> "ca :J .Q co 0 ~ -0 co co"0 .0 0 . - -J W II -J 0 E 0> '0 ;;: -:J 0 ~ co 0 0) -.. co '- .. " ~ ~ - '-- W -J-J-J ,.:: 0 wwW. Z-JU> > W O>O> »a.~~0-J 0 0 0> 0> '- oo.c 0 0 0> 0 Ion-Q -t: (/) ~ -(/) Oco .- 0> E 0II 0 .;.J.~-- a. ()"O '- (/) () 0>0> ~0 > > -0>0>0> W Z -_'.::_(/)0>0) .~ 0 W W (/) -J =, 0> - co (/)(/)"O~ -~-J"O 0> > ~o>°o: - oO>-o>"~-JcoO) '-~'.::(/)~ (/) 0 () ~ ~ 0> a. (/)'- () (/) a. "O"O"Oa)~O"a.Z-J(/).,Q~mo(/) ~ 0 °> >< >< >< ~ 1.0 INTRODU.cTIO~ The International Joint Commission (IJC) in conjunction with Canadian and U.S..federal, state and provincial government agencies,has identified 43Area,s of Concern (AOCs) on the Great Lakes System. SeventeenAOCs arelocatedin Ontario. The RevisedGreatLakesWaterQUality , Agreement (GLWQA) of 1978, as amended by Protocol in 1987 between Canada and the ,United States, calls for the development of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for these Areas of Concern. Annex 2 of the revised Agreement defines RAPs as the common approach riecessaryfor defining water uses that have bec;nimpaired, and for developing an action plan to restore these uses. In addition, Annex 2 stt"esses the imponance of the ecosystemapproachto remediation. In 1986, the governmentsof Canadaand Ontario signed the Canada-OntarioA~ment on Great Lakes Water Quality,thereby..committing themselvesto developing RAPs for the 17 AOCs in Ontario. Thunder Bay was identified as an Area ofConcem becauseenvironmental conditions failed to meet..the General or Spe.cifico.bjectives of the GLWQA, where "such failure has caused or is Jikelytocause impainnent of beneficial use or impainnent of the area'sability to support aquatic life" (GLWQA, 1987). Factorsre~u1tingin Thunder Bay being design4tedan AOCinclude conventionalpollutan~s :(e.g. biochemical oxygen demand ~r BOD), heavy metals, toxic organics, contaminated sediments, fish consumption advisories, impacted biota, and beach closings. Sources of these.problems include industrial and municipal point sources,long range atmospheric place pollutants. .. . tr:ansport,agriculture and inThis report comprises Stage1 of the RemedlaJAction Plan for Thunder Bay, and describes ..environmentalconditions and problems in the Area of Concern. The Area of Concern is defined as the harbour area, the KaministiquiaRiverupstream to the Highway 61 bridge and a portion of the Bay proper, as intlicated inFi~e 1. These areasare included becal:lsea combination of ~ensitive indicator contaminants has been detected in this area at concentrations above background levels. Other tributaries to the Thunder Bay harbour (i.e. Neebing River, McInty!e River, Current River and McVicar Creek) are included up to the Highway Jl/17 cros~ing~to include stormwater runoff inputs; there are no significant development or sewage/WCJ.terinfrastrtIctures above this point. The wat~rshed of the Area of Concern is considered in the RAP when identifying and addr~ssing possible sources of contaminants rothe AGC. The.~Pprocess has been ~etedenthusiastic.ally by people from a c~osssec.tiono.fthe local communIty. They see the process as an opportUnIty to resolve long standirig envIronmental problems and/or to ensure that cleanup measureswill be carefully thought out and have the sup~rt of the community as a whole. The most tangible expression of this has been the work of the Public AdVisory Committee which was fonned in Japuary )989 and h~s involved 32 citizens in a range of actiVities, culminating in the development of Water Use Goals for the AOC. 1.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The City of Thunder Bay (population 113,000)is the largest Canadiancity on Lake Superior (Figure 2). Approximately 1,000lake- and ocean-goingships travel to Thunder Bay Harbour annually to tranship millions of.tonnes ofcoal cargo. Paper and, wood products, as well as wheatandothergrains,iton ore, bulk cargo, oil and arethe major commodities handled. . 1 Historically; water quality concernsin the inner harbour were related primarily ~othe dischargeof sewageby Port Arthur and Fort William, which amalgamated'tofono the CIty of Thunder Bay in 1970. Prim~ sewagetreatment,instituted in 1961,resultedin significantly rcducedBOD andbacterialloadingto the innerharbour. . Dischargeshom the forest prOductsindustrYarethe main causeof water quality impairment tooay. Four operatittgpulp and papermills produceapproximatelyone million tonnesof paper and orie-halfmi11ion1dnnesof ktaftpulp annually. rqe impact of the municipal sewage treatmentplant (STP) is effectively maskedby pulp mill.eff1ue~L However, the STP does not have second'4TYtreatmerttandthuSremains a significant concern. Also"like most STPs, the ThunderBaySTP is designedto treat sewage,not th~ Widevariety of wastes(eg. oil and grease, washwaters,householdcleaners,etc.) which find their wayirito the sewerfrom homesand small urbanindustri~s. Gross pollution leffluenwn been reduced by 50 1)ercent since . The water to support a wide ~he II,.. t~' ~ Aesthetic conditions have also improved. FloatIng sludge mats . 1970s but are non-existent A severe contamination problem exists in sediments and water near Northern Wooo Preservers Inc. Toxic contaminants such as pentachlorophenol, creosote, dioxins, furans, and ?thers have been identified in the are~. Pa$t land-basedpractices have contaminated groundwater 1nthe immediate ~a,whileleachingfromthesite has impaired water and sediment quality in the narbour. ~~ngs oforg3?ic wastesto the KamimstiquiaRiver~mainfar higherthan WeIi vet can tolerate,parncularlydunng low summer.flows; pry summersm1987and 1988saw the return of severelydepressedoxygenlevelsanddymgfish. !:I;J:!:i The sewagetreatmentplant currentlyprovidesonlypririlary treatIrieQtf}{\"'lK ChippewaBea~h,~neof the few local bathingareas,is closedperiodi~allyeach:'sumlI)er dueto bactenalcontammanon. . The discharge . of persistentchlorinatedorganicsfrom pUlpandpapermill operationsto the Kaministiquia River ~d,Thunder Bay have seriousimplications for the entire Lake Superior ecosystemas well as the Area of Concern. ~ 2 ~ OFTHllr!UERBAY 2.0 DESCRIPTION 2.1 LOCATION AND SETTING The Thunder Bay AOC fans out ftom the City of ThunderBay, extendingfor about 28 kilometres along the shoreline and up to nine kilometres offshore. The AOC Qccupiesthe southwestcorner of ThunderBay proper. ThunderBay, and the AreaofCon~ern, is exposedto watersof Lake Superioralongits southernboun~, while the Bay extendsbeyondthe AOC to the north andeast. The AOC is borderedon the westby themainland From theAQC.one seesthe City of ThunderBay on the west,with the coastlineextending 34 kilometresaway; the .landfonnknown as the SleepingGiant, 23 andPie IslandandLake Superiorimmediatelyto the south; Bay is the most southerlyof the threelarge baysthat run along the northwesternborder of CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY The climate_in the in July. ,typically TheThunderBay watershedis drainedby the KammistiquiaRiver systemand anumrer of The KaministiquiaRiver begmsinDog Lake, situatedabout northwestof ThunderBay, and draiIisanarea of approximately6,800 kJl12.The . and KashabowieLake systemsalso feed the Kaministiquia Riyer via t,heSheRiver. , with 'the ~. waterfiOffi me moves Approxi~atelv 3.2kilometres upstreamftom Public Works toa depthof7.6 metresfor commercial River wasalso.dredgm Avery low gradient,aswell asme dredging,resultsin a backwatereffect from Lake Superior,causingthis sectionof the river to behavelike an estu¥y.. 3 ~ 2.3 , VEGETATION AND TOPOGRAPHY The ThunderBay areastraddlestwo forest regiQns:To the southis the GfeatLakes - St. Lawrence Region "?(hereprincipal tree species include white and red pine (fihu£strobys and ~ resinosa),whitebftch(1lQ.t1llap;apyrifera)and~plar (Pop;ulustremuloides).Thenofthem areaIS within the BOrealForestRegionwhereblack andwhite spruce~ mmanaand~ &!a.1J&.a),jack pine (Ei~banksiana) andba1samfir~ balsamea)do~inate (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,1982). ThunderBay lies within the physiographicregion of the PrecambrianShield. Glaciation areaswith thin mantlesof drift over bedrockand thin. rill andlacustrine 4). One is the - to moderatelyroillng .2.4 .. IS of: ~ to Timberharvesti:ngls a major land use in the Thunder Bay region (Figure 6). Virtually all (2.Q Natural other 4 ~ 2.5 WATER USES ;1 Municipal Water Supply Municipal water for the City of Thijnder Bay issuppl.ioo by two water treafinent plants. plant (fonnerlyPort Arthur) has a design capacity of 91.0 million litres/day and draws from Thunder Bay through an intake located at Bare Point (Figure 9). The soijth plant is rated at 77.0 million litres/day and draws water from LOCh Lomond 5.0 kilometres southwest of the mouth of the Mission River. This inland 1900sbecauseit was considered a purer sourcethan As well~ Loch Lomond could provide flow system, as the lake lies at a sigf:tificantly higher altitude .In 1979, to a full system. chlorinated .2 Industrial ~dtreated with lime before At enteripg the the Loch filtration Lomond distribution plant. plant, system The the water water is (Anderson, Water Supply Severalindustries, incl?ding Ontario Hydro and the pulp and paperindus~, draw their water from Lake Supenor. The Ontario Hydro thermal generatingstation is a two-unit 300 megawatt coal-fired southeastcomerof Mission Island (Figure9). It is the.largestindividual userftom Thund~rBay. The stationdrawswaterfrom the mouthof the Mission River. The secondlargestwateruse(froInThunderBay is thepulp andpaperindustIywhich uses . Abitibi-Price Inc. Fort William Division, Abitibi 9). Canadian from the Smaller water users include Northern W<>odPreserversLtd. and Ogilvie from the municipal system, and CanadaMalting Co..Ltd., whjch treats its water (Anderson,1986). .3 Wetlands The Thunder.Bay harbour presently supportsapproximately 118 hectaresof marshes, of wetlandsin CanadianLake Su~rior. Harbourfront wetlandsare marshes,known as Mission Island (52.4 ha), Neebing {25.5 ha), (23.4 ha), McKellar Island (11.5 ha) and NQrthemWood Preserver~(NWP){5.0ha) 10). The biological makeupandecologyof thesemarsheshavebeenthe subjectofthree (Tabak,1981;Beak Consultants,1986;Entwi~tle, 1986). harbour. marshes areand made 'up ofMarshes), three main the central harbour marshes .Thethe Neebing, McKellar Mission theareas: NWPmarsh in the north harbour and the southharbour(Entwistle,1986). ' 5 The central harbour wetland~provide the most imP9rtant.habitat to resident fish and wildlife communitiesand to speciesthat migr~te throughthis area: They supporta varied bird population,including both migratory and residentbirds andwaterfowl. Thirty-sevenspeciesof birds ,,:,ereobserved nesting in the marshes,,including a number of spec~esof watyrfowl (Entwhlstle, 1986). These II ~ water as a " , it was 1976), ~.. ~ 6 ~ .4 Fisheries .4.1 Community structure ThunderBay supportsa highly diversefish communityincluding at least50 documented (Table 1). Offshoreareasarecharacterized by a fish communitytyPicalof an oligotrophic The introductionof exotic s~ies hasincreaseds~ies diversity in the fish community. salmon populations appearto be increasing along the north shore of Lake Superior. (Q. kisutch) has northern.rivers during the 1980~and catchesin the Thunder Bay sport and Lake trout .(Salvelinusnama~~ush)persistsas the dominantpiscivorous InThunderBay. , The nearshore . areas are dominated by cool water fish such as walleye. nonhern pIKe 199}, the exotic.perchid, Acerina cernY3-,commonlycaIled the firSt In tim~inthe Kaministiquia River. . and the Fish Habitat Fish habitatjn the lower Kaminisriq~iaRiver system,which includesthe McKellar and Rivers, is $everely degraded. Prior to 1920~the river supporteda fall run of lake (CQr~2Qnus clu12eaformis)numb~ringin the tens of thousands. The collapseof this population was attributed to dredging operationsand the daily dumping of 500,000 . into theriver nearthe siteof the currentCPFPmill (Gout between 1967 and 1972. nuringthis ti~e p~riod, the annual catch was comprisedpredominandyofhat~hery fish (70.0%t? 91.5%). SInce 1980, theJake fishery, concentrated m the north end of Thunder Bay, has Increased dramatically. By 1983, the angler lake trout harvest was estimated at 16,220 kg, approximately tWice the reported coI:nmercialhatvest in Zone 1 (Table 4). Anglers primarily harvest native lake trout during the ice cover season. However,the open water fisheryappearstobeincreasing~ach year. Reliable estimates of sport fish harvest are not available for theThun~erBayareapri.orto 1983. Creel surveys have provided estimates fo~ the sport fish harvest during the 1983 to 1987 winter season (Cullis, 1987; CulJis and McIver, 1987) and open water fisheries in 1982 (Bellhouse,1983) and 1983(Wep~, 1984). The Lake Superior Trout Bunt, an annual derby held in June, was established in 1980andcontinues.to gain in ~pularity. The more than 1,750 fish entered in 1987 were primarily lake trOut of Thunder Bay ori~n but included rainbow trout, brook 1987). trout (Sa!velinysfontinalis), chinook salmon, pink salmon and coho salmon. {Johnson, common are migrations fall and spring both and tributaries Bay Thunder most in RainbOw trout angling in Thunder Bay tributaries has been an integral part of the sport fisheries since the species. waS introduced to McVicar Creek in 1912~ Natural reproduction has Angler activity and success rates have been investigated (Drysdale, 1972; Marsh~,1974;Stewart, dominated I Sport Fishery .1973; Johnson, 1983), but esriinates of pressure and harvest have not been reportoo for the stream and river fisheries. Fishing for rainbow trout ispqpular, 'but lasts only a few weeks in the spring and fall. Even so, it may be impOrtimt to theJocaleconomy dUring that time. ' Inshore ~eas, such as the Curre~tRivermouth and Kaministiquia River System, support coolwaterfishenestargetedonwalleye, smallmouthbass (Mi~l2terus dblomieui), nonhe~pike and yellow perch. Walleye is the most important cool water sport fish in the Thunder Bay District; it is the mainstay for the toUrist fishing industry. ~onhem pik~ is the second most imponant.cool water fish species in the Thunder Bay District. This fish is a desirablespon fish among nonresident anglers. JIowever, the 'CUn'ehtand potential values of these fisheries have not been fully evaluated. Smeltare not native but becameesmblishedin large numbersaftetgaining accesstoL~e Superiorfrom the lower GreatLakes in the late 1930s..Duringthe spring spawningruns in early May, thereis a largedip net fishery in the tributariesof Lake Superior. The s~rtand commercial 10 . . fiShery combined over 500,000 kg annually. Smeltsare effective competitors with . speciesharvest and mayisbe harmful to ~xisting fish populations (Ontario Ministry of Natural 1982). However,smelt arethe primary forages~ies for lake ttoutand,presumably, in ThunderBay. Additional sport fisheries in .ThunderBay include the limited faIl dip netting of lake in select rivers, fall angling for pink salmon in Thunder Bay tributaries, and the ca~hofchinook andcoho$alInonin the bay andtributaries. A spon ~hartefbOat.industrywas active in ThunderBay prior to the declineof lake trout in the late 1950s. The ma~itude of the industry is not known. Recently,two fullchaner boats commencedo~ration in addition to an undet~rminednumberof part-time .5 Fish Stocking Since 195~, lake trout, rainbowtro~t and chinook s.al~on have bee~ the only specir:s ThunderBay. The North ShoreSteelheadAssoclatlonreleasedrambow trout fry m between1983and 1987..During the summerof 1.987,a hatcherywascot:}structed at:}the K~ministiquiaRiver by the Thut:}derBaySalmonAssociation. Hatchery stockwerereleasedin the KaministiquiaRiver and/orThunderBay in the spring Wildlife Common animal speciesin the Thunder Bay areainclude black bear, timber wolf, fox, , mink, skunk;muskrat,beaver,porcupine,snowshoehare and as well as shrews,mice, voles and a varietYof birds. Many of thesecan be found citY limits (OntarioMinisf;ryof NaturalResQurc~s, 1982). Severalanimal speciesliving inthere~on are consideredrare, threatenedor endangered. speciesinclude the easterncougar(many unconfmnedsightings),great blue heron, bald goldeneagle,osprey,aswell as a variety of songbirds(OntarioMinisf;ry , 1982}. Thunder .BayHarbour wetl~ds and the~inisriquia River delta contain a wide vane1:yof habitat (Beak Consultants, 1986; Entwistle, 1986; Sears, 19-82;Wylie-Bellhouse, 1982, Tabak, 1981). The avian co.mq1unity is especially diverse, with 188 species reponed the harbour marshes between 1975 and 1985. Birds primarily prilize Thunder.Bay rangeor mi~tory stopoverhabitat,with abOut40 speciesthat nestin the area. Twent;y'"fourspeciesof mammalshavebeenidentified as inhabiting the area'swetlands. notable as these areasare all within City limits (Entwistle, 1986). The Thecombiliationof the wetlandand shel~r. Northern Wood Preserversmarshis lessproductive than the othersdue to a decreasein divers.i~c.ausedbythesurrQundingindusr;ry. Only muskrat have beenobservedin this (EntwIstle, 1986). 11 ~ 2:5.6 Recreation CllY. One public marinais presentlyoperating.in ThunderBay. The city-ownedPrince Arthur Marina, offering 55 wet docks andapproximatel.y1.15..~oorihgs,. has trouble~~ting CUrI:.ent demands..The Thunder Bay H,arbourhas very lIttle VIsItor docking spa?e. LImIted moonng facilitiesarealsoavailableatthe ThunderBay Yacpt Club andMcKellar Manna. . However, Cold water conditionsarenaturalforL~e Sqperiorandtendto restrict usebysWlmmers. some swimming is done the Park beach. a .. trequently resulted in beachclosures. Wetlands have a significant They are u,niqiIe are.aswhich provide insects~udie~ ,and simple DeenuUlizoo~saneducational enVironment by locatschoolgrc;>ups~ Cartoeing,kayaking, swimming, windsurfing, hik;ing,natUreappreciationand camping activities occur along Lake Superiorin the summermontbs. Swimming and smaUwate.rcraft boatingdutsidethebre~allisusually limited to shelteredbays. . The Th~nderBayHarbouris used by the Welcome Ship for toUrs, the LakeheadBoard Sailing Association, the Lakehead Power and SailSquadr()tt, the ThundeiBayY acht Club aqd several diving ~oups.. The Kaministiquia River is also used by boaters and the Thunder Bay Rowing Club. Along :the Thunder Bay and Kaministiquia River shorelines, the scenic beauty of theareais appreciated by manyc()ttagersandhomeowners. . 2.6 Socto-economic Profile 12 Ir ~ I 3.1 WATER QUALITY The significance of the concentrations of many of the water quality parameters can be assessed,in part, by comparing them to water quality objectives. The Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PW(lOs; OMOE, 1984 b) are a set of narrative and nu!:11ericalcriteriafor the life and recreation in and on the water. PWQOs exist for conventional such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD}, most of the metals, bacteria, and included in this re~rt, and still are under development for a few of the organic {i.e. total ~sin acids). Interim Provincial Water Quality Guidelines exist where have not been established. A set of objectives has also been established for drinking ~e s~if icGreat LakesWaterQuality AgreementObjectives(GLWQAOs) are similar to ley are "based.on available information Oncause/effectrelationshipsbetween are designed to protect the most sensitive use in all waters" theThunderBay AOCwithPW~sand gIven in Table C. Water quality in the AOC rangesfrom goc>d,similarto the relatively clean,.oligotrophic found in open Lake Superior, to p~lluted. -The most degradedarea IS th~ lower were reported,the contaminant. Other organochlorides (total uhosphorus, n, 1990). The following sectionsproVidea studies. ..1 Water Circulation . An understanding throughout the.beencarried AOCis essential to predicting the . of . how . watercirculates Sevet;alstudies hav~ ?utover the years to and clfCulanonpatterns(OWRC,1972;Kohli, 1976;Kohll,1983; ~ose, 1988; 1990). The following pictureof watermovementemerg~sftomthosestudies: Within the bay, water circulatesslowly from,north to south,with ~riods of stagnation. In the larespringand summer,tem~ratUredifferencesbetweenthewell-oxygenated bay'andthe incoming .. . water ~ Over it lies the warm,wrbid sUrfacewarerthat i~ moving downstreamto form a 1972; Klose, 19,88).Thesethennaldensity~dients mixing of river andlake waters@oyd, 1990). .2 Conventional Parameters The significance ofconventionalparametersde~nds on --such reducing (DO) levels have the amount similar available implications. for oxygen-sensitive Chlorides are 13 as w<>od the variable. organisms. a general High BODs fibre--thatwillconsume indicator Low of indicate oxygen, dissolved industrial oxygen pollution ~ ~;! ; including roaq saiL High phosphorouslevels reflect nutrient inputs that . ExcessiveamOuntsof phosphorusresult in nuisancealgaeand cause .. oxygen levels are a major concern in the KarninistiquiaRiver.. Spring 10mg/lin ThunderBay. Dissolvedoxygen to reducedturbulenceand vertical mixing. of the Inner harbour ofThunderBayaunng did nor change significantly betWeen 1970 and 1983 (Anderson,1986). algae have been the 14 ~ 3.1..3 Metals High background levels are reported for aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron and zinc in tributaries to the AOC (MacCallum and Steedman,1991,unpublished manuscript). These background levels are not thought and For probably reflect re~onalisgeOlogy. In . to be toxic sources. instance, aluminum used in the alum, in the pulp copper has been used as a.n al~cide and fun~cide by many ahdmercury prt>duced asa by-prt>duct at.the chlor,.alkali plant adjacent . was the late 1970s.. Other metals are more difficult to account for; sourcesranges fu>m the wood fibreitseWto abandpnedscrap metal yards and M~tal downsn-earn). A more detailed summ~ of key studies . Occurrences of detectable levels~f metals In a 1983 study (Anderson 1986} are summarized in Table 5 (see Figure 19 for saml ProvincialandGLWQA Objectivesforu 'On, of ~e Objective t:1 ~~): These stations However, background copper levels in consistently~gher than the Objectives. preventtasteproblems,was :notexceededin 1983. Concentrationsof metalswere highestin theKamiirlstiquiaRiver. Barium, iron, cadmium, al.uminumand cop~r were detectedwith the most consistency. Other heavy metals, when de~ted, were at concentrationsbelowthePWQOs(Anderson,1986). A subs~uent water quality survey, carried out..in 1985 and 1986, focused on the K~inistiquia River delta and adjacentareas(Boyd, 1990). Cop~r, iron, and zinc were the only metals detectedat concentrationsgreaterthan the PWQOs. Iron levels routinely exceededthe Proyincial and GLWQAObjectiye of 300 ~~ in a localizedzoneat Kaministiquja,Mission and McKellar River mouth stations. Copper and zinc were detected at river moutfl stations at concentrationsslightly exceedingtheir PWQ{}$ (5 ~~ and30 ~g/lrespectively). " 3.1..4 Organic Contaminants . Organochloridesinclude a range of com~unds tha~are .associatedwith a variety of sources. , .' ThefirstgeneratgroupincludesPCBsanda numberof ~sticides. PCBswereusedin a wide range of industrial application, but are {l0 longer produced; their' presenceis generally thought .to be due to spills and leaks from sources such as electrical transformers, release from contaminated sediments, and/or long range atmospheric transpptt. The presenceof many ,organochlorine pesticides such asDDT and its derivatives andlindane also is based onpastptactices and earlier uses. The pesticide lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane, also called gamma BHC), is not actively used in Ontario butwascommorily used in households until themid-1970s). Isomersoflindane are produced bybiologic~ processes~nvironmen.tal Protection Agency, 1979); one example is 15 ~ alpha BHC. There is no objective for alpha BHC in water at present and little infonnation is 'available on what levels are cause for concern in the aquatic environment. DDT has not been used in the United Statesor Cariadain almost 20 years, therefore, long range atmospheric transport is its suspectedsource. found in woody fibre and are releasedinto processesand in effluent from pulp acutetoxic effect is column is about establishw~terquality objectivesand effluent limits basedon 1986). .~ ~ r#~J \'i\'i{{{i!1 i~ ~~ 16 I - observed, with levels at all stations 11% to 50"%above the Objective (1 hg/i). The DDT metabolite,pp-DDE was detectedat the mouth ofihe Kaministiquia River (16 ng/i) and four kilometres offshore of the McKellar River (19 mg/i) in Lake Superior. Both were above the ProvincialObjectiveof3 ng/l. Chlorophenol levels in the Thunder Bay area outside the harbour were all found 10 be less than PWQOs (Anderson, 1986). Some chlorophenols in trace amounts (up to 230 ng/! of 2,4,5-trichloropheilol) were detected at the same stations as the PCBs and pesticides, extending in a band northeast from Grand Point (Figt;1re22). The four pulp and paper mills in Thunder Bay are the most likely contributors. Tri, tetra andpeniachlorophenols -havebeen observed iQeffluents from the Thunder Bay mills (CherWinsky & Murray, 1986). Pentachlorophenol.is also used in wood preserving o~rations and has been foucndin the inner harbour near.NortbemWood Preservers,where it is primarily associatedwith Sediments(see Section 3.2.1). Levels in the water column near NWP are low becauseof the low solubility of chlorophenol (Beak, 1988). However,oily slicks that are high inchlorophenols can be observed in the area near NWP . All three outlets of the, Kaministiquia River delta had measurablelevels of phenolic compoundsin 1983; 2,4,6-~chlorophenol was~emost coromon(Table 7). Levels up to 560 ng/! were observedin the lower Kaministiquia River at station 802 (Figures 19 and 22). Total phenolconcenttations were also highest at this location (28.8 J.1~). The compound 2,4,6ttichlorophenolis usedin the manufacturingof wood preserv~tives,fungicides,bactericides,and as an anti-mildew agent for1extiles. A water quality objective basedon toxicity. to aquatic organismshasbeenestablishedfor ttichl.orophenolsat 18 J.1g/1. (18,000ng/!).(OntarioMinis~ of the Environment,1984b). . In smdiesconductedin 1983, resip, aromatic and fatty acidS were found around the ~ot;tthof the Kaminis.ttquiaRiver and alsoIn the inne~harbour an~exte~dingto just s?uth?f Whisky JackCreek(F1.gurt23) (Anderson,1986). M~lInum levels mamblent water d~g thIS studywere0.029mgJiin the KaministiquiaRiver (station802) for abieticanddehydroabieticacid. . . Detectablelevels of resin acidSwerefound offshore:dehydroa~ieticacid andpalustricacid at station 791, and palmitic, pimaric and abietic acids at station 798 betweenFlatland and Pie Islands. Samplingfor total resin acidsanddehydroabieticacid in 1985revealedlarge exceedances of tile PWQOs/PWQGsin tile KaministiquiaRiverdelta. Thesecompoundswere detectedat the Mission River moutll: total resin acid levelswere 15 times greatertllan tile guidelineof 25 ~g/l anddehydroabieticacidlevelsexceededtile guidelineof 8 ~g/lby 20 times(Boyd, 1990)..These levels may havebeenthe result of a one time abnormaldischargefrom the adjacentAbitibi-Pricy mill. Total resin acid concentrationsalso slightly exceededtile PWQO on two occasions:once at tile Mission River moutll and onceat the KaministiquiaRiver mourn. Dehydroabieticconcentrations were found to slightly exceedthe guidelineat river mouth locations20 to 40 percentof the time. No other trace organic compoundsof 1he 48 analyzedwere detectedin excessof their PWQOs/PWQGs or GL WQAOs. , These instances of resin and fatty acid concentrations in excess of provincial objectives, while.infrequent, demonstratedirect water quality impaiimentiil the lower Kamiilistiquia River and delta, primarily attributable to pulp mill effluent discharged upstream (Boyd, 1990). 17 ~ 3.1.5 Dioxins/Furans DioXins an~.f~s. arenOtp~~ such asforest fIres and 1Dcmerators.and as I the~n viI'onment, me Us. It is etection 18 UC 1991) found mortality in chinook salmon embryos to occur above a threshold of 75~80 ppt lEQ (in eggs)~levels due to PCBs in addition to dioxins. A research group headedbyR. Peterson of the University of Wisconsin, has found thatabove a threshold of 30 to 50 pptTCDD (in eggs) blue-sac.disease and death occurred in juvenile lake trout. The levels of lEQs in lake trout and . sucker muscle from Jackfish Bay and PenInsula Harbour are high enough to produce similar egg levels ofdioxin..like compounds, which might exceed these threshold levels for mortality, though studie:swithwhite suckers (McMaster ~" 1991} did not show any mortality in embryos from Jackfish Bay. Many Scandinavian studies had documented reproductive problems in fish populations exposed iobleachedkraftmill effluent (see Munkittrick.~,1991 a) though the responsible chemicals were never identified. Lesions were .foundon Thunder Bay whitefish, which could also be due todioxin-like chemicals (MUlikittrick ~,1991 b). Hepatic MFOs (see Section 3.3.3.5) havealso beenfound to be inducedin Thun~erBay to bleachedkraft mill effluent (Smith.tUL 1991). dioxin- - like chemicalsdowns~am of pwpmills arewarrantea. . While there is limited evidencefor a direct impact of dioxins and furans on organisms within the Lake Superior Areas of Concern,clearly the potential exists fot health defects and :reducedreproductionipfish and birds, and limits on humanconsumptionoIsportfishmay' affect the ecoQomyoftheregton. In the su~nier of Thunder B~y. groups (tetra through octa). 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not detected (detectionlimit = 5ng/l) in any of the s~ples. However, tetrajurans were.measuredinfinal effluent samplesfrom the CanadianPacific Forest Products and Abitibi.,Price Fort William Division mills. It shouldbe noted that theseresultsare severalyearsold and may not represent currentfinal effluent levels. As part of the Municipal Industri~ Strategyfor Abatement(MISA) program, pulp and paper mill effluents were tested for dioxins andiurans in 1990. Results.from this testing is presentedin Table 20. All pulp and papermills, particularly thoseusing ~hlorinebleaching,are c?n"entlymaking or inve~tigating processand treatmentchangesto reduce dioxin and furan discharges.. 3.1..6 Microbiology Water is considered unfit for swimming, due to the risk of exposure to disease causing bacteria, if the geometric mean of total coliform bacteria in a seriesof samplesis greater than 1000 counts per .100 mi, or~the geometric mean qf fecal coliform counts is greater thari lOOper 100 mI. It is con~idered unfit to drink if more ..thanfive total. coliform (geometric mean~r 100 ml) or anyJecal colifonn are detected (OMOE 1984 b). Bactenal assessmentsmay be complIcated by the 19 More reliable information, including 9911",: will be available as I program. -- . .r inc. 3.173;; 337.4? .. 7 a problem for nrany years in waters at Chippewa Beach at the harbour's south end (Figure 9). High seasonal geometric means of fecal coliforms {35.5 per ml} are indicative of fecal contamination In the swimming area. In 1931 and 1935 beaclt studies, the majority of fecal colifonn bacteria sanrpled from dte beach and off-beach stations were E. nah (Irwin, 1936}. This organism accounted for ?ll-100% of the fecal coliform population. a more recent study indicates the beach area contains substantial levels of fecal bacteria deposited by transient waterfowl such as geese, duel-ts and gulls (Irwin, 1939}. Drainage from tlte duel: pond in a neigh bourirtg wildlife exhibit was a minor contributor-to the problem. a ?a The swimming area at Boulevard Lake also is closed regularly as a result of bacterial contamination. Preliminary ?eld work in the l?l?s found high bacterial levels in tributaries further upstream, perhaps from sources such as boavcr pends 1 r?ander commJ. Further investigations by GMGE were not thought to be warranted. Rounnc monitoring of bacterial levels in the lake is carried out by public health i as base. Bacterial levels (total fecal eolif River its delta are very high. Levels have improved somewhat at uth of the River, below the STP. since the early 1980s. Lavels below the mill were high throughout the with a marl-ted decline itt high water years [MacCallum and Steedrnan, 1991, unpublished manuscript}. Relatively low E. ??lcvels from just below the CPFP mill suggest that the high fecal colifotm counts ft 5 lebsiella. are not from sewage. These results are consistent with the 1983 study (Anderson. 1936}. Total an coliform levels were elevated in and around the mouth of the Kaministjmia River at all three outlets. Figure 24 shows the stations with individual results in excess of provincial objectives for swimming- Geometric mean densities over the 3 dgy those levels at fewer snot MEET QUALITY '2 {a - Early concern over the quality of sediments wailiire mod to extensive dredgtn operations that are required occasionally to maintain navigational channels throughout the harbour and up the Kaministiquia River. Sediments subjected to navigational dredging were found to contain levels of PCB-s, heavy-metals and nutrients in excess of Dana-in Ministry of the Environment guidelines. As a result, contaminated dredged spoils have been placed in a con?ned dispo' acility located south of the Kantinistiqnia River delta since lSF'i'll (Figure 9) {And I A rec at studies have been part of the Municipalfl? Strategy for Abatement - Concern has focused on and the area adjacent to the dtree areas, the Northamw??s 20 ~ Sediments near the NWP site are grossly polluted (Beak 1988); this area is one of the most degraded sites in the AOC. The studiesin the inner harbour(excludingthe NWP site) and KarninistiquiaRiver delta haveidentified contaminantlevelsof nutrients,metals,andorganochlorinepesticidesthat exceed OpenWaterDisposalGuidelines(OWDGs)and thedraft ProvincialSedimentQuality Guidelines. In many areas theseexceedances aretypical of the Lake SuperiorBasin andarenot t4oughtto be related to point sourcedischarges(Boyd, 1990). Levels of mercury have declined in thesediments. However,no resultsare availablefor the organochlorinestypically associatedwith pulp and paper milleffluents~ A numberof recommendations for further work wcre madeby Boyd (Ibid). A moredetailedsummaryof all of the sedimentstudiesis given below. 3.2.1 Northern Wood Preservers Site NorthernW<>odPt'eservers (NWP) mc. (Figure9) usescreosote,pentachlorophenol(PCP) and chromated cop~r arsenate(CCA) salts to Dreservew<>odagainst decay.. In 1984, the One samp.1e concentrationsof a number of po.1ycyclicaromatichydrOCarbOns (PARs) aswell ashexa,heptaandoctadioxins andfurans. In .1986,an extensiveevaluation conducted. heavily contaminatedwith oil and creosote. the sediment. A 1988). .NWPdocks (Figure 27). hazardouscompounds,including PARs, certain dioxins and furans. Concenttationsof Penzo(a)pyrene, as 450 ppb, well abovethe 1 ppb provincial guideline..Dioxins and fmans were also round in NWP sediments,althoughthetnost hazardoustetta dioxin groupwasnot detected Contamination by chlorinated phenols, chromium, copper and arsenic w-assevere. The most contaminated sedimentslie in an area100.to 150metresout from the north andeastfacesof the NWP dock, and are between0.3 and 1 metredeep..A volume of20,000 m3of sedimentsis estimatedto lie withi& . the most severely contaminatedzone (i.e. sedi~ent with greater than 5,000 ~g/g of hexane extractables){Beak, 1988),Sedimel:ttsof gJ,"eaterthan 2,000~g/g are estimatedto occupy about 67,.OOOm3 . 3.2.2 Inner Harbour and Kaministiquia River Area Contaminantlevelsill sediments~e affectedby grainsm anddepositionalpattemsaswell as by sources.. . Depositionalareasin ThunderBay areexpectedjn areasprotectedby wavesand cui'tents. Thesegepositionalareasinclude the Westfon Turning Basin in the Kaministiquia River,slipsin the inner harbour and the deep wa~er area west of the Welcome Islands (:Boyd, 1990). Depositional areasare of prime interestbecausethey allow the accumulationof fine grained(silt, ... 21 !II fIB ~ clay) and low densityorganic sediments.,Thesesedimentstend tohaye greaterconcentrationsof contaminantsassociatedwith'them as the result of their greaterabsorptivecapacity,relative to .coarsematerialsuchassand(Boyd, 1990). The lake sediments cons,istof fine to silty sandSin exposed areas, Ino~n shoreline areas, sedimen~tend to grade from coarse to fine with increa~ing depth and distance from shore 1986), .. .. (Beak, An extensivesurvey in 1979characterizedsedim~ntsin the harbour (Anderson~1986). ~o~inantly sand...sizedIi1ateri~ wasfo~nd nearBarePoint and alsoin.ilie KaministiquiaRiver Immediately,upstreamof CanadIanPacIfic ForestPr~ucts. ApproxlInately~O% sand was detectedat the mouth of the inner harbour. About 50% stltand clay wasdeteCtedm the northern inner and outerharbours,and at the mouthsof~e Mission andMcKellar Rivers~At the northern end of the innerharbOur,1ocatedin the immediatevicinity of the Abitibi-Price ProvincialPapers Division outfall, is an areaconsistingmainly of white andgrey fibrous,papermaterial.. pulp and paper illscharges. near station water McKellar River (station 671), levels of tannins,lignins, and some in the study As well, neoabietic acid, dieldrin and . area. to other locations. All sediment stations 1.986). and pp'-DDEwith the exception of .s~tion 690 on the . Mercury concentrations have shown a dramatic decrease since 1971., The maximum in 1971 was 27 uglg and the average value was 2.97 ~g/g.Results in 1979 showed a drop to a m~mumof 1.5 uglg and an averageof O.3~uglg. The maximum levels observed in both surveys wereiri sediments obtained from the northern end of the inner harbOur(AQderspn, 1986). ' A surveyof sedimentquality in the KaministiquiaRiverdeltaareaiQ 1985and1986 , revealed that mercuryleyels irisediments had further decreasedto median levels of between 0:18 and O.52'ug/g (Table 12). Concentration Q.f metals (iron, chromium, copper~ nicke,l, zinc) exceeded9J>enWater Disposal Guidelines in almost all cases(Boyd, 1990). However trace metal concentrations were comparable With those Wi~aIly found in the northern LakeSu~rior Basin. 22 . PCBs exceededguidelines (50 ng/g) by 38 percent two kilometres offshore of the Mission River mouth. Dieldrin was the only other organochlorine compound which had a median concentration ~aterthan the minimum reportable amount (Boyd, 1990). Boyd noted that "The infrequent detection and low concentratipns of most organochlorine compounds suggest that histOricalloadings to the river are having relatively little ineasurableeffect on sedimentsin the delta and nearshore area". This observation may be due in part to the removal and conrmement of contaminatedsedimentsby navigational dredging activities. ' A compansonretween suspendedsediment obtained at the Highway 61 bridge and those collected from the top of the delta (Fi~26), demonstrated consistent downstream increases in total organic carbon, percentage loss on ignition, solyent extracmbles, cadmium, chromium, ~opper, merct;try, zinc, PCBs, dieldrin and endrin (Table)3) (Boyd, 1990). The re~concludes that discharges to the lower Kaministiquia River do affect the contaminant l~ad of sediments suspendedin 1hewater column, although their eventual fate hasnot been determined. 3...3 BIOTA 3.3~1 Plankton Infonnation on plankton in Thunde(Bay is limited to studies that focus on the less degradedareas. However it.islikely that plankton in the degradedareasis affected. ~though perhapsJessseverelythan the benthos. This is likely to be reversible;~ water quality improves the plankton community is expectedto recover. Recent accidentalintrq4uctions of European species such as zebra mussels and the spiny water flea may have an irieversibleeffect on communitystnicture. Studiessuchas thoseoutlined below will provide a baselineagainstwhich to.measureany change. 3.3.1.1 Phytoplankton Phytoplankton data consisting of algal.den~ity, community composition and nutrient parameters.havebeencollected a~the Bare Point raw water intake since 1979. Phytoplankton recQrdsdatIng back to .1972proVIde 10 years of analyzeddata (Hopkins, 1986). The 10 year mean v~lue wa~ reported at 0.405 mm3/l. There were no statistically significant ch~ges in phytoplanktonbtomassretween 1979and1984~ '. Algae populationsreachtheiimaximums in August of most years. Chlorophyceae(34%) and the Bacilliariophyceae(25%) are the dominant~:ups followed by the Chrysophyceae(21%) and the Cyanophyceaelll%). Data presentedby Hopkins (1986) indicate that the low nutrient levels found in Thunder Bay have limited algal biomassand that this has remained largely unchangedfor the past 10 years. Elsewhereinille harbOurnutrient levels areless 1in1itingbut excessivea1ga1popula~ons havenot beenreported. . 3~3.1.2 Zooplankton No studiesof~p1.RnktoQinThunde~Baywereavailablebefore 1991 ly known asthe spiny water flea, in 1988. In July 1991 initiated that involvesroutine samplingof a numberof sitesacrossLake Superior Johnson, 1991). 23 and ~ 3.3.2 Benthic Macroinvertebrates Surveys of the benthic communities in the Kaministiquia, Mission and McKellar Rivers were conducted in 1965/66, .1975, 1977 to 1985 and 1986 (see Figure 28 and Table 14),. Based on these studies, Beak (1989) concluded that the benthos was degraded along the lower Kaministiquia River to a distan~e of two kilometres offshore. They also noted that conditions have improved over the past 20 years.. A survey of the inner HarbOur (Geiman 1967) found tolerant and semi-tolerant species,with areasdevoid of benthos, due to dredging and oily contamination. The most severe pollution in the inner HarbOur was in the vicinir;y of Northern Wood Preservers (pugh, 1989). A more detailed summary of the data is given ,below. ,C," Heavv wood fibre deposition at the mouth fauna. .. a L~ 8: - the In . ~ Near the river mouth, where cleaner lake water provides dilution, more sensitive organisms such as polychaetes, lumbriculidworms and molJuscswere detected (Beak, 1989). , The heavy "continues local sources" report on the entire was in 1965 . - . . ,. denSItIeSwere less whereasthe densities were greater. Clams, snails, amphipodsand arthropoosalso occurredin greaterdensitiescomparedto the river sites. At a small numberof samplingsitesno organisms 24 were found. One of theseyoidsamp.leswasdue to the presenceof oil and ~ease, whereasthe others were due to fteshly dredgedclay sediments. Overall, the composition of the benthos indicatedthat moderatelevelsof organicenrichmentoccurin the sedimentsof this area. Although benthic sampling:inthe harbourhasbeenconductedsincethe 1965report,the data hasyet to be analyzed and published. ; In both 1972 and 1986, the benthic macroinvertebratecommunity in the vicinity of Nonhero Wood Preserverswas found to be degraded,relative to elsewherein the haIbour(Pugh, 1989). Impairment of the benthic community was observedas reducedspeciesrichness and increasedabundariceofpollution-'tolerantorganisms such,assludgewOrrns(oligochaeta). In the offshore areas of Thunder Bay, the amphipod PQntog.Qreia.affi~ (now called ~. ~) was th~ dominant benthics~ies in 1965, reflecting the overall unimpaired sediments and clean lake waters. f.. hQri and lake trout are ecosystem health indicators for Lake Sqperior (GLWQA~ 1987). The decapod ~ relicta, typical ofcol~ clear waters, was collected in several benthic samples. Oligochaetes and chirOnomids were also found and their densities were in propo~on to the quantity of organic sediments,particularly at the previously used dredged spOils dumping grounds. 3.3.3 Fish 3.3.3.1 Productivity Fisheriesproductiyity is documentedonly in terms of historic and current catchfor key commercialspeciesin ThunderBay. Tables3 and4 list recentcommercialharvestsot.Iaketrout Historic estimatesmay haveunder~ valuedthe productivepotentialof this fish community. Offshore stocks have been undergoing rehabilitation since the 1960s and the nearshorefish commqnityis affectedby degradedwaterquality andfish habitat. The fish communitymay not be providing the optimalcontributionof fishing op~rtuniti~s andassociatedbenefitsto society. . , The degradedaquatic environment in the lower Kaministiquia River greatly restricts potential fisheries productivity.. Fish abundanceand speciesdiversity are low comparedto the similar reach of the riverirom kilometre nine (i.e. CanadianPacific ForestProductsdischarge) upstreamto kilometreeighteen. Fish kills haveoccurredin ,thelower Kaministiquia River. The :mostrecentdieoffs occurredduringlow wateryearsin 1987and 1988, Water quality in the lower river may also determig!:atingsalmonidsfrom moving up the river, and may impedesmolt migrationsdownstreamto Lake Superior,hencerestrictingpotential -increasesin fish~ries production in the river and its tributaries. The 1987 KaministiquiaRiver survey identified a potential for salmonid production from kilometre 20 to KakabekaFalls at kilomette47, the first naturalbaIrier in theriver (CUllis~., 1989). I ~ Resident harbour and marsh fish populations are also prevented from utilizing tbe lower Kamfuistiquia River during critical reproductive and groWth life cycle stagesthat coincide with low dissolved oxygen periods. The cool-water sport fish communit,"j in the harbour and marsh area might also be enhanced significantly if the spawning and nurs~ry areas id~ntifiedin the upper reachesof the Kaministiquia River were accessibleat all times. 25 I ~ 3;3.3.2 Habitat were diversIon. -Artificial physicalbarriersblock migrationrouteSin severalcreeksandnvers. the 3.. Effluent . Toxicity . .. 96- 26 ~ Pulp mill effluent is routinely tested. Resultsfrom 1988testingrevealedthat average96hour LCsovaluefor CanadianPacific ForestProductswas47%. This figure comparesto 24~33% in laboratorybioassayscompletedin 1986and40-45%in 1985(Fl~ .<;i1J!1., 1989). Thesevalqes fail to m~et.thetoxicity test guidelines. The time for 50 ~rcent of the fish to die injull-strength samplesof effluent was calculatedto be only 3.25 to lQ5hours. Abitibi-Price Provincial Paper was the only mill to meetEnvironmentOntario's96-hourLCso ~idelineo( 100%while AbitibiPri~ F(>rtWilliam waslessthan)0%, andAbitibi-PrlceThunderBay wasapproximately22%. 1989 toxicity results for. six dischargersto Thunder Bay and the KamiIiistiquiaRiver are as follows! of the three Abitibi-Price mills, only the Provincial Papers Division was non-acutely lethal to test fish; 13.0 - 37.4%effluent was~uired to kill 50% o(thetestfish at ThunderBay Division, while 10.0- 19.3%'effluent wasr~uiredfor Fort William Division. 33.1 '0;73.7% effluent was r~uiI:edfor CanadianPacific ForestPrOOucts Clean and CombinedEffluent, while 6.3 - 10.0% was .required for effluent. from Ogilvie Mills. Effluent from Northern Wood Preserverswasnon-lethalto testfish (OntarioMinisttYof the.Environment,1991e). 3.3.3~4 Fish Contaminants There are a numberof consumption~idelines apd restrictionsfor areasin ThunderBay ~sttyof the EnvironmentandMiDistty of NaturalReso\;lrces, 1990). Consumptionrestrictions becauseof mercury exist for large fish of severalspeciesin the-ThunderBay area,including walleye, northernpike, white suckerand lake trout. Mercury levels havefallen.steadilysincethe chlor-~ plant on theKaministiquiaRiver wasclosediil the 1970s. The 1990 Guide to Eating Spo~Fi$:h (MOE and MNR; 1990) provides the following iilfonI1ation: ' . -Walleyeover45cm in lengthin the~inistiquia River; the KaministiquiaRiver mouth, the Mission River, andthe CUirentRiverhavemercurylevelsof betWeen0.5 and 1.0 ~gJg. -Northern pike above55 cm at the centtal innerharb<;>ur,and over 75 cm at the Current RiveraI:e also listed as containing between0.5 and 1.0 ~gJg mercury. Pike caught at the Kaministiquia.River had sitnilarleve.1sin fis~of 55 to 75 crn lengths,and betWeen.1.0and 1.5 ~gJgmercurymfishover75 cm. -Whitesuckerover45cmin lengthwerefound with 0.5 to 1.0~gJgmercurycontentat the KatrtinistiquiaRivermouthaswell asat thecenttalinnerharbour. -Lake ttout over 75 cm caught near the We.1comeIslands contained 0.5 to 1.0~g/g mercury~.Lake ttout caughtnearPie Island on the edgeof Thunder Bay had levels between0.5 and 1.0 ~gJgin specimensover 65cm. SiscowetnearPie Island over 35 cm inlen~ are intherestrlcted consumptioncategory du~to the presenc~of one or more organiccontaminantsspchasPCBsor pesticidecompoundSat l~velsabovefederal guidelines.. Spottail shine:rsweJ'esamploo in the KaministiquiaRiver on four occasiorisbetw~n 1979 and 1988 and in the Mission River in 1980,1983 and 1984. The Kaministiquia River shiners were the only Lake Superiorcollections with measurablePCB c9ncentrations. An collections, with the exceptionof the 1.983Mission River sample,werewithin the DC Aquatic Life Guideline of 100 ng/g (Suns~1991.). other(Table organochlorines werefound in low concentrationsor not" detecte4 in Kamimstiquia RiverAll shiners 15). 27 . -3.3.3.5 Health '. ... . An abnonnalincidenceoflivercanceralsohasbeen identifiedin whitesuckersin thisarea (Smi~. & Rokosh,1989). 3.3.4 Waterfowl and Wildl 28 ~ nearby Black Bay, but much lower than levels in colonies in Hamilton Harbour. Levels, of PCBs andDDT in herring gull eggs from Granite)slandin Black Bay decreasedduring the period from 1974 to 1986 (Weseloh~ 1987), while mirexand dieldrin showed no trend. A comparison of lakewide mean contaminant levels acrossthe Great Lakes indicates that levels in Lake Superior are generally below those of.Lakes Michigan and Ontario, but above those from Lakes Huron and Erie (Weseloh, unpublished data). , Recent findings suggestiliat mustelids(members of the weasel family) are goro indicators of the bioaccumulation of brganochlorine in the food. No information is yet available about contaminant levels in mustelidsWithin theAOC. . Fish and wildlife habitat loss in the harbour and inshoreareasaAd in the Kaministiquia River Delta is a majorcoricem. Considerable shoreline habitat has been lost to industriaIqeveloprnentin the past. Natural areas are scarce along the harbour and any new development may infringe on habitat that supponseXisting wildlife. 4.0 UESCRIPIlO~OFSOUBCES 4.1 POINT SOURCES There are four major effluent are Abitibi-Price Inc. (Fort William Division:, Northern directly to Thunder Bay and four major to ThunderBay Sewage the ma~r sources.to total Basedon volumec The the are characterizedby high . solids~ bacteria~etc.)~ phenols~resin and fatty" acids~ and trace contaminants .. As~ of the Municipal IndustrialStrategyfor Abatement(MISA) program,effluentsfrom andpapermills in Ontario were monitoredfrom January1 1990to December31, Results thenorth four above mills compiled in Table 19, along With . for the shore of Lake'ar~ Superior. -' results from other a . Thereare also number of much smaller dischargersto Thunder Bay, includingthe Tenninals.which hasdischargedsettlingpond e:ffluentapproximatelytwice which discharges.log1haw pond waters every two weeks, .a wide assortment.of smail urban industries whose wastewaters reach Lake Superior via Little data exists for thesedischargers,although their impacts are consideredrelatively 29 ~ River 1989,setsthedailv maXimumforbiochemicaJ Fort .i of 2.5 tonn~s per day. The daily maximum for BOD W;J;S set kg per toppe~I proouct produced or 14.51onnes~r day over 30 cgnsecutiveworking days. The mjll is presently meeting at requirements:; A control order was issuedto Abitibi, ThunderBay Division, iQ April 1985. This order sevadaily maximum for TSSat 59 mg/1ot 2.0 tonnes~rday averaged9ver 30 consecutive wo!kingdays. The dailyinaxinium forBaD. was set at 57 kg per tonneofpr()m 1989 analysi~of tha~ond water is presentedin Table21. Ontario Hydro's Th~nder Bay Therma.i Generating Station's main impact IS the fonnationof a theririaIplumeof WanDcoolingwater. The plumemooeratesthe cold watersof the )ake~ The water is dis'charged to a relativelyshaI.lowareaof thebay nearthe mouthof the Mission River. When operatingat full capacity,thecooljngwatert1o'/faverageslOm3/s; Ontario Hydro is required to limit the increaseinreceivingwatertemperatqre, to lOoC. They are cumntly meeting this requirement. . . 31 Ogitvie Mills Ltd. produces wheat gluten and starch from wheat ?our, and discharges an effluent high in conventional pollutants, particularly RODS, suspended solids and phosphorus, directly to the River. Anaerobiefaerobic treatnrent facilities are presently employed. The company is investigating discharging their treatment plant effluents to the municipal sewer. An August, 1935 Certi?cate of Approval limits EDD loadings to 9th] kgfday, averaged over St} working days. In 1939, the mill exceeded this linrit lflti times. The majority of exceedances were experienced between June and August. The City of Thunder Bay is presently serviced by a 199 193 (24.0 million gallons per day [mgt'dll primary wastewater treatment plant which discharges treated effluent to the Kaministiquia River. In addition to nutrients and EDD, the sewage treatment plant discharges small amounts of a wide range of contaminants that are released into Ihe city sewers from industries and households. {Studying areas of the city rely primarily on septic tile and ?eld systems- The wastewater treatment plant currently meets DMOE limits set for primary treatment plants for EDD and suspended solids, however, it occasionally exceeds phosphorous require? ments. Phosphorus removal facilities were added to-the plant in 1931. The plant is currently undergoing a phased upgrade to achieve secondary treatment within the next several years. Dredging Sections of the lower Kaministiquia River, the Mission River and the inner harbour are dredged each year to maintain navigation depth. Prior to 1995, locations were not speci?ed for the disposal of dredged sediments. The dredges were simply required to dispose of their leads in at least 120 feet (approximately 33 metres) of water. This method was known as open lal-te disposal. Presently, these dredged sediments which satisfy the Open Water Disposal Guidelines (Untario Ministry of the Environment, l9'i'ti} are deposited well e?'shore in Lake Superior in four speci?ed general locations (Figure 29}. Contaminated material is disposed of in a confined dredged?spoils disposal facility located in Mission Bay {Figure 9). The River is the only tributary which contributes signi?cant amounts of contaminants to Thunder Bay. The other tributaries, including the Current River, McIntyre River, bleebin River and McViear Creek, have no large point sources discharging to them. They discharge small amounts of a wide range'of contaminants: pesticides and fertilizers from the scattered farms and atmospheric deposition, metals from weathering and atmospheric deposition, and contaminants from urban runoff {see below}. - 4:2 NDN-PUINT SOURCES A number of general sources are referred to as non-point sources of water contamination. These items include urban runoff, combined sewer over?ows and atmospheric deposition. Urban runoff occurs in any city, as rain and snow meltwaters flow into local water bodies, either directly or via sewers. A wide variety of contaminants can be carried into the water, including oils and grease, metals, pesticides, fertilizers, etc. This contaminant loading is extremely difficult to measure and virtually no data exists at this lime for the Thunder Bay Area of Concern. The only study carried out in Thunder Bay was conducted in 19?? and 1973 {Fitehko and Hutchinson, 1975). Surfaceand core samplesof sedimentwere taken from the mouthsof the Kari1inistiq~ia,Mission, McKellar, Neebing,McIntyre and CurrentRivers, and analyzedfo!ten heavy metals. High coQcenttationsof heavy metals were found in the sedimentsof all river mouths except the Neebing (Table 17). The authors attributed the ,elevatedlevels to urban industrialdevelopmentin the area. Thereis slightly more information availableon combined sewer overflo~s (CSps). Combinedsewersare designedto conveyboth domesticsewageand stonn water (draInagefri>m smfacerunoff) to the sewagetreatmcntplant {STP). Theprobl.em ariseswhen surfacedi"ainage reachesan extremelevel.suchas during a major rainstorm. The STPcannothandlethesudden increasein incoming wastewater and the system"overflows".- This can result in the STP being bypassedand the incoming raw sewagereing diverted into the receiving water body without n-eatment . CSOsare not commonin ThunderBay; no STPbypasseswererecordedin 1990. Since the mid-sixties,the City of ThunderBay hasbeeninvolved in separatingsewersin areasori~aIly servicedby combinedsewers(P. Thiel AssociatesLtd., 1987). Approximately one-third of the ori~na1lycombined~ystemhasbeenseparated.The ThuriderBaySTPcanhandleail excessinprit. of storm water by diverting someof the flow to thenormaIly little-used 'old' sewagetreat~ent facilities. When flows areextremelyhigh, however,the incoming sewagespendsvery lit.t1etime in .the old STP and therefore receives minimal treatment and no phosphorus removal (D. Kachkowski, pers. comm.).. LOng range transport and at.mospheri~ deposition are believed to be' significant , Atmospheric Quantified. . . contamination of well .. Great Lakes requires informatiqn c on . The upper GreatLakes{Superior, their total inputSfrom the atmo~phere. relativelack of local sources. In Ontario, monitoring of long range persistenttoxic contaminantsis coming under the umbrellaof the Acid PreCipitationin OntarioStudy{APIOS) (D. Racette,pers.comm.). 5.0 IMPAIREDIlSES The Great Lakes Water QUality A~ment identified 14~neficial usesof the Great Lakes which may be impaired by water pollution. This section identifies the impaired uses that led to Thunder Bay being listed as an Area of Concern, and goes on to discuss the current status of each of those use impaini1ents. 5.1 RESTRICTIONS Impaired ON FISH AND , WILDLIFE CONSUMPTION: , Sp"ortand commercial fisheries have been affected by consumption restrictions and closures due to contamination by ~rsistent toxic substances.The commercial fishery for lake trout was closed frOm 1971 to 1973 becauseof high mercury levels. The siscowet fishery has been closed 33 ~I since 1978becauseof high1evelsofmerc~andPCBs. The merc~ levels navedecliliedsince thechlor-alkali plant was closedin the 1970s, but consumptionrestrictionsstill exist for lar~e walleye,white sucker,northempikeand lake trout. Thesiscowet fish~ry willprobablyremarn closedas1ongas~rsistentorganochlorides remailiirt theecosystem. . There ~ currentlynocpnsumptionrestrictionson wildlife. TAINTING OFFISH AND WILDLIFE FLAVOUR: Not impaired 5.2 T4erehavebeenno repqrtsoffish/wild1ife~ting, by eitherthepublic orfisheries/wildlife personnel.Foithis reason,t~nting is not conside~an impaireduse, 5.3 DEGRAQATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE POPULATIONS: Impaired Tbe disc barge..of large amountso(organic waste into the Kaminisciquia River during periodS of low flows (i.e. summer months) can cause severely depressed oxygen levels and occasional fish kills. The most recent fish kills occurred during the low-w~teryears, 1987 .and 1988. ~isb ~pulatiQnsin~e lower KaministiqUia River are reduced frommstoricalJevels. : The pot~ntialeffect c;>fcontaminants on fishproouction in'rheAOChas not been studied. How~vei evidence has show&.physiological effects from pulp and paper disc~arges on wbite sucker, Thus,thepossib.ility of other effects warrants consideration.. , . . .. There is~tential1o adverselyaffect the aquatic communities in the AOC by the intrOducing exotics such as ruffe,spiny waterfleas andzebramussel.s. .," ;. Wetlands in the area have beenlost or thfeatenedby pollution and development. . ~ Fish speciesirithe AOC contain a variety of conmrninants{refer,toTable C). The Canadian Wildlife Servic~ (CW~)carri~d ~uta wildsof low flow. The assim.ilativecapaci~ of the lower river has been well documented. Thus, itisfeasible to begin looking at remedial options. 62 DEGltADED WATER QUALITY . Some of the problems associated with poor w~ter quality stem from conventional p~meters such as suspended solids and turbidi~, or from a combination of parameters. Other problems involve toxic and/or bioaccumulatiyeparameters. Itlconsidering;all the parameters as a whole, poor water quality causesmost of the impaired uses in the AOC, ranging from restrictions 37 ~ 6.2.1 PERSISTENT CHLORINJ\TED , OR<:;ANICS , Persistentchlorinated organics hav~emerged as an environmental problem.of great concern to the public. Much of the cCally,it will be important to continuetomotritor the levels of contaminants in fish. Dna wider scale, more researchis neededon the effect of trace amountsof these and other contaminants on fish health and ptoductivi~, and a}so on human health. 39 15.5 CHNTAMINATED SEDIMENTS Contaminated sediments are both of contamination, and also me cause of one of the ntost severe environmental problems in the ABC. The grossly polluted sediments like those found at the Northern Wood Preservers site become a source of contaminants. Before this problem can be adequately addressed, a more thorough evaluation of how the contaminants are getting into the sediments is needed. A study of on?site soil and groundwater contamination will be carried out in the future. The appearance in the sediments of high levels of compounds like the resin acid, dehydroabietic acid, serves as an indicator that unacceptably high levels of these substances are being released into the environment, and that measures are needed to deal with the probletn at its source, the pulp and paper mills. -Most of the point sources of PCBs, mercury, and pesticides, all of which are above acceptable levels in some areas, have been eliminated. Continued monitoring will trace the gradual elimination of these as contaminants. Unexpected increases ntay indicate new or undetected sources. Cine potential source that warrants careful attention is the dredge disposal site. Although it appears to be containing the- contaminants as intended, a thorough review of the annual monitoring data is needed 6.6 HABITAT L055 The restoration of ecosystem health in the Area of Concern depends on several factors all working together. With water quality improving, levels of major contaminants falling, and sea lamprey held to a reduced level, the aquatic community is ionizing healthier. Maintaining existing habitat and restoring habitat that ltas been degraded or lost-takes on a new importance. Several separate problems and sources are associated with habitat loss in the ADC. Each has different information needs and strategies: The most severe problem is the need to remove die chemical barriers (Le. low oxygen) to movement by fish to and from the upper Kaministiqnia River. Information from a program to monitor the movement of fish through the system [an MNR study} will provide a baseline against which to. measure changes, and will help detemtinc the extent of the problem. A demonstration project on the MeKellar River will help identify the potential for habitat restoration in a formerly dredged area. The potential for chemical contamination of wetland food webs needs to be looked at. mustelid [weasel family) populations are currently considered among the most sensitive indicators of organochlorine bioaccumulation 45.? DEGRADEH Tito extent of banthos degradation within the ADC is one of the most reliable markers of the health of the ecosystem. Dur assumption is tltat as water quality improves, the benthic community will also improve. This assumption is being tested, and changes in the benthos are being documented on the McKellar River where a benthos monitoring program is being carried out in conjunction with the habitat restoration demonstration project; 49 6.3 DEGRADEIJ PLANHTUH Although it is not well documented, it is likely that plankton communities are also affected by degraded water quality. Plankton is assumed to be degraded in the Raministiquia and in the Harbour, within the breal-cwall. Any changes in the community will be documented as part of the habitat restoration demonsn'ation project. In addition, the response of the community to the predacious exotic aooplanltter, the spin},r water flea, can be documented as part of the zebra mussel monttorut program. 6.9 DEG RADED AE STHETICS The aesthetics of the waterfront have improved dramatically over the past twenty years. Further improvement can be expected as a result of MISA regulations. However, as the public spends more time along the waterfront, the problems that persist will become more apparent. Once the public recognises the potential for improving their waterfront, questions and strategies will become apparent. The task of the RAP will be to respond appropriately. Till EUBLIE IEEDLEEMEHI Two concepts are of fundamental importance in the development of Remedial Action Plans: public consultation and the ecosystem approach. The Great Laitcs Water Quality Agreement Annex 2 states that "the party, in cooperation with State and Provincial Governments, shall ensure that the public is consulted in all actions undertaken pursuant to the Annex". This statement is of fundamental importance to the program because it recognizes that public participation is required to reflect community goals and ensure recommendations for water quality remediation which are technically, socially and economically acceptable. Atuteit 2 of the GLWQA also states that Remedial Action Plans ?shall embody a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and protecting bene?cial uses in Areas of Concern or in open lalte waters". This statement recognises that no single portion of our environment can be considered separate from another. All parts, including human. non-human, living, non?living, atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic, interact with and affect one another in complex ways. In order to maintain and promote the ecosystem approach stressed in the CreatLai-res Water Quality Agreement, the four Areas of Concern on the Canadian shores of Lake Superior {Thunder Bay, Nipigon Bay, Jaclt?sh Bay and Peninsula Harbour}. have been grouped together as the "North Shore of Lake Superior Remedial Action Plans", A logo was developed for the four Areas of Concern, although an individual RAP is being dweloped for each ACIC. ll ACTIVITIES TU DATE Theinidal step in the public consultation plan was identifying potential participants in order to establish a mailing list. The list included representatives from industry, government, labour, ?sheries, environment, recreation, education and the general public. 41 The next step was to develop general information campaign material to promote the RAP. lvlatetials included brochures, buttons, refrigerator magnets and presentationfelders. In addition, a toll-free telephone number was set up for interested individuals to call for further information on the program. All people on the mailing list were contacted by letter to inform them the RAP process, were provided with a copy of the RAP brochure and were invited to open houses organized as a ?kickoff? fer the program. The Thunder Bay open houses were held in the Da?t?inci Centre on January ii", l?i'ti??l and in the Resource Library on January 19. 1989. Materials developed for the open houses included a mobile display, status reports and brochures. Full page advertisements {Appendix were placed in local newspapers and a brochure was delivered to all residences in the area. Approximately 45G people attended the open houses. They were informed about the RAP process, the opportunities to become involved in the Thunder Bay PAP and the importance that the federal and provincial governments place on public participation. Media in attendance included representa? tives from Thunder Bay Television News, the Chronicle-Joumal Newspaper, and CKPR and CILE Radio. Attendees were invited to sign a register and were added to the mailing list. After the open house, all people on the mailing list received letters informing them of the successof the forum and that the next step in the public consultation program was the formation of a public advisory committce Suggestions as to representation on the PAC were solicited, a number of volunteers and nominations were received, and the PAC was formed. The purpose of the PAC is fourfold: i) to stimulate public interest in, and awareness of, local water quality issues, ii) to provide a mechanism for public input into defining water quality problems and water use goals, to involve the public in the RAP process, and iv} to provide a basis or community support for RAP implementation. PAC meetings began with membms receiving introductory information on the RAP process and discussing how the PAC would be involved- The Committee was given information on the environmental conditions in Thunder Bay that led to'its being listed as an ABC, was provided with information on the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and the Canada-Ontario Agreement. and. was given a description of the RAP process and the objectives of the PAC. Members discussed which additional stakeholders should be invited to the Committee and how the Chair should be elected. At these ?rst meetings, it was decided that the Chair position would be ?lled through annual elections. As the PAC evolves and continues through the RAP process, they continue to be updated on the program and their changing responsibilities. PAC membersarranged tours to familiarise themselves with the operations of local polluters. In the first stages of the process, a harbour ship was rented to bring members past each of the dischargers. Presentations by C'ntarie lvlinisoy of the Environment staff were given at each location; PAC members were informed of the environmental problems and were given the opportunity to ask questions. PAC members also arranged a tour of the Thunder Bay Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) to gain a better understanding of how the plant operates and problems its operators encounter. PAC members put a great deal of effort into ensuring that they remain informed about relevantmgulations, programs and activities. The PAC-has invited meetings to give-presentations en a variety of topics. Presentations were given on new government programs and regulations: the-Ministry of the Environment's Municipali'lndusttial Strategy for Abatement Canada's propoSed Pulp and Paper Regulations, and the Coast Cuard's ?v?oluntary Guidelines for Ballast Water Discharge in the Great Lakes. Presentations were 42 ~ also given on various industriesin ThunderBay that dischargewastewater into Lake Superior. Presentations weregiven on proposedplant improvementsto the CanadianPacificForestProducts mill, the history and current statusof Northem Wood PreserversInc. and proposedplans for a new pulp mill. The PACalso invited speakersfrom: the City of Thunder Bay to discuss~e current conditions-atthe City's sewagetreatmentplant (Sm, the OntarioMinistry of,NaturalResourcesto speakon zebra mussel developmentsin Lake Superior, and Environment Canadat~ speakon optionsfor requcingloadingsto the local STP.. . _I city. 43 ~ The PAChasOOenvery supportivein the developmentof theRemedialAction Plan. They developeda comprehensive set of Water Use Goals (WUGs)(AppendixIV), which wer~ ' presentedto the public at two openhousesandthrough a mailout. TheWUGs were modified to includecommentsandconCerns madeby the public. The goals~ brokendown into GeneraIand Specific Goals,with the GeneralGoalsdealingwithth~AOC asa whole, and the Specific Goals dealingwith s~ific~as of theAOC. . The PACparticipatedin developingthe StageOneReportthroughreview of andcomment on the document; The ,Committeehas ensuredthat all sourcesof pollution are identified and discussed~ually, that all relevanthistoricalandgeographicalinfonnationis includedandaccurate andthat the~rtis a clear,cohesiveandusefuldocument 44 ANDERSCIIN, E. and L. L. Smith, IL, 19711. Factors Affecting Abundance of Lake Herring (Common; aggdijLesueur) in western Lalte Superior. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 190691-993. ANDERSDN, 1., 1936. Water Quality at Thunder Bay. Lake Superior,l933. Dntario Ministry of the Environment. Environmental, 193?. Survey of Critical Fish Habitat Within International Joint Commission designated Areas of Concern, August - November, 1936. Prepared for Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. BEAR Consultants Limited, 1936. Aquatic Environmental Studies "Post?operational Studies 1932- 1936. Thunder Bay Generating Station. A report to C'ntario Hydro. BEAR Consultants Limited, 1939. Survey of the Benthos of the Lower Kaministiquia River, 1935. RAP Technical Report Series, Ministry of the Environment. BEAR Consultants Limited, 1990. The Potential of Ihe Current River to Produce Steelhead: A Preliminary Evaluation. A Report for: Lal-tehead Region Conservation Authority and North Shore Steclhead Association. EELLHCIUSE, T. 1., 1933. Creel Census Report: Bay?s End Portion of Thunder Bay, 1932. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Unpublished Manuscript. 23p. BERARD, M. and T. Tseng, 1936. Survey of Northern Woo-d Preservers lnc., Thunder Bay, Ontario. Environment Canada. BUNSDR, N., McCuhhin and Sprague, 1.13., 1933. Kraft l?vlill Ef?uents in Clntario. Report prepared for the MISA Of?ce, Water Resources Branch, Environment Dntario. 261) p. BOYD, D., 1991]. 1 Water and Sediment I{Entitlin in the Rarninisthuia River Delta and Nearshore Area of Lake Superior During 1935 and 1936. 1 i'v'ater Resources Branch, Ministry of the Environment. CLEMENT R. E., S.A. Suter, E. Reiner, D. McCurvin AND D. Hollinger. 193?. Concentrations of Chlorinated Dihcnao-pvdioitins and Dibenaofurans in Ef?uents and Centrifuged Particulate from Dntario Pulp and Paper Mills. Presented at the Tilt international Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and related Compounds. Las Vegas, Nevada. IIDetoher 4-9, 193?. C.'and D. Murray, 1936. Preliminary Investigation of Trace Contaminaan in Pulp and Paper Mill Ef?uent. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. CIIUEB, 3., and C. R. Liston, 1936- Density and Distribution of Larval ?sh in Penttvater marsh, a Coastal Wetland of Lake Michigan. J. Great Laltes Re. CDPELAND, E. 1., H. T. Udurn and D. C. ICooper, 19112. Quality for Preservation of Estuarine Ecology. Conflicts in water resource planning. Water Resource Symposium, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. No. SHIRT-126. 45 J:Lec and K. Thomason, 1983. Ptotocolto to Fish. Minisq-yof the Environment Determine the Acute Lethality G.E. Johnson, 1988, First Evidence of the Cladoceran Bvthotre12he~ in Lake Superior.JournaIof GreatLakesResearch14 (4): 524-525. I.., and S, McIver 1987. Winter Creei SurVey1987. Ontario Minis~ of the lef';. w ,; iif'!'! I r {I It ~ ii .;..;, ~." 1979. WaterRelat~EnVironmentalFateof)29 Priority Study of Heavy Metal the 46 FOR. G. A. . E1. Collins. E. Hayakaw. O. Weseloh. P. Ludwig. T. Kubiak and T. C. Erdman. 1991. Reproductive Outcomes in Colonial Fish-eating Birds: a Biomarker for Developmental Toaicants in Great Lakes food Chains. ll Spatial Variation in the Occurrence and Prevalence of Bill Defects in Young Double-crested Comiorants in the Great Lakes. 1979-1939. J. Great Lakes Res. 19158?1517. GERMAN. 19.1.. 1951'. Biological Survey of the Kaministiquia River and Thunder Bay.l9fi?. 1966. Ontario Resources Commission. GTESY. l. P.. l. Newsted and D. L. Garling. 1936. Relationships between Chlorinated I-Iydrocarhon Concentrations and Rearing Mortality of Chinook Salmon Eggs from Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 12:32?98. GOODIER. l. 1931. Native lake Trout Wm Stocks in Canadian Waters of Lake Superior Prior to 1955. Thesis. University of Toronto. GOODIER. .1. L.. 19112. The Fish and Fisheries of Canadian Lake Superior. University of Toronto. GOODIER. . L.. 1935. Exotics and Hatchery-raised Fish of Canadian Lake Superior: Through the Years. Species by Species. GOODYEAR. C. S.. T. A. Edsali. D. M. Dempsey. G. D. Moss. and PE Polanski. 1932. Atlas of the Spawning and Nursery Areas of Great Lakes Fishes. Li. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington. DC. GREAT Lakes Fishery Commission. 1936. A Lake Trout Rehabilitation Plan for Lake Superior. Prepared for the Lake Superior Committee of the G.L.F.C. by the Lake Superior Lake Trout Technical Committee. GREAT Lakes Fishery Commission. 1987?. Guidelines for fish habitat management and planning in the Great Lakes. Report of the Habitat Planning and Management Task Group and Habitat Advisory Board of the G.L.F.C. Special Publication Slhl. HERDENDORF. C. E.. C. N. Raphael. and E. Jaworski. 19345. The Ecology of Lake SLClair Wetlands: A Community Pro?le. U. S. Fish and 1 tit'ildlife Service Biological Report 139p. HOPKINS. G. 1., 1936. The Trophic Status of Nearshore Water in Lake Superior at Three Ontario Water Supply Intakes. 1979?1934. Ontario Minisuy of the Environment. G. E.. 1915. A Treatise on Limnology. Aquatic Macrophytes and Attached Algae. John Wiley. New York. Joint Commission. 1931. Pulp and Paper Sources Task Force Report to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board. Windsor. Ontario. WTERNATIONAL Joint Commission. 1935. 1985 Report on Great Lakes Water Quality. Kingston. Ontario. 4? INTERNATICINAL Joint Commission, 1991. Roundtahle on Contaminant-caused Reproductive Problems in Salmontds. Proceedings of a Workshop, sponsored by the Biological Effects Subcommittee, of the 1.1 Ecological Committee, Sept. 24 and 15, I999. IRWIN, C. S., 1986- Thunderan Beaches, 1985. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. IRWIN, G. S., 1989. Chippewa Beach Joint Study. Ctrtario-Ministry ofthc Environment- A. F. 1991. Chlorinated Dioxins and in Lake Superior Lake Trout 1989. Revised Draft Report lune, 1991. Unit, Watershed Management Section, Water Resources Branch, C'ntario Ministry of the Environment. G. E, 1983. A Study of the Spring and Fall Uptiver Migrations of Rainbow Trout {Salmo i n?ti in the McIntyre River. Undergraduate Thesis, Lakehead University. JOHNSON, (3., 1981'. Lake Superior Trout Hunt, 198?. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Unpublished Manuscript. tip. D. L., 1984. Preference of Fish Larvae for Habitat Types in a Controlled Lake Erie Wetland. Ohio State Univ, Water Res. Centre, Columbus. 22p. JOHNSON, L.L., E. Casillas, T. K. Collier, B. 13. McCain and U. 1 v?aranasi, 1988. Contaminant Effects on Civarian Development in English Sole from Puget Sound, Washington. Canadian Journalof Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 411921339145. S. R., 1988. Kanrinistiquia River Water Quality Study. Part 1: Waste Assimilation Capacity. MISA,'Dntario Ministry of the Environment. EDI-ILL B. I9't'tfi. Water Movements in Thunder Bay 1999?93. MOE, 28p. EDI-1L1, a. 1983. Coastal Dynamics of Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, 1983. MOE, sap. KUBIAK, T. J. H, 1. Harris, L. M. Smith, T. a. o. L. Stalliag, r. a. Trick, 1.. Sileo, D. E. Docherty and. T. C. Erdrnan, 1989. Micro?contaminants and Reproductive Impair- ment of the Forsters Tern on Green Bay, Lake Miehigan~~1983. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. . A. H., 1998. The Fish Community of Lake Superior. lGreat Lakes Res. 4(3?4ir?l?? 549. A. and J. F. Rahrer, 1913. Lake Superior: A Case History of the Lake and its Fisheries. l[St-eat Lakes Fish. Comm. Tech. Rep. No. 19:69p. K. H., and H. A. Regier {eds}, 1992. Proceedings of the 19'11 Symposium on Salmonid Communities in Crligotrophic Laltes J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29:611-986. MACCALLUM, M. 5., and J. Steednran, 1991. Provincial Water Quality Monitoring in Northwestern Dntario; A Summary of Water Quality, Trends and Pollution Abatement. 1968 to 1991}. Ctntauio Ministry of the Environment. Unpublished manuscript. ?13 . ~ . MACCALLUM, W. R. andG. Iohnson, 1991. Survey 1991. and I. H. Selgeby, 1987. Lake Superior revisited 1.984.Can.I.Fish. Trout Creel Census.Ontario Ministry of Natural 49 Minisz of tlte Environment, "1986. Municipal?Industrial Strategy for Abatement A Policy and Progarn Statement of the Government of Dntario on Controlling Municiptd and Industrial Discharges into Surface Waters, Ministry of the Environment, issis. Prelintinarv on minimise-t months of Process Effluent Monitor-ingot the MISA Pulp and Paper Sector {Januaiy 1, 19911 to .lune 30, 1991]}. Prepared by the Of?ce, Water Resources Branch. ITS p. DNTARJCI Ministry of the Environment, 1991 h. Preliminary Report on the Second Sis l'vlonIhs of Process Ef?uent Monitoring in the i'utilSA Pulp and Paper Sector ul 1, 19911 to December 31. 1991)). Prepared by the MISA Dfiice. Water Resources Branch. DNTARID Ministiy of the Environment, 1991 D. Spry, Water Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1 St. Clair Ave. 19., Toronto. pers.comtn. CWTARID Ministty of the Environment, 1991 d. Chlorinated Dioxins and Dihenzofturans in Lake Superior Lalce Trout, 1393. Draft report prepared by A. Johnson, 1 Water Resources Branch, 125 Resources Rd., Resdele, Ont. M919 5L1. DNTARID Ministry of the Environment, 1991 e. Report on the 1939 Discharges from Industrial Direct Dischargers. Prepared for Water Resources Branch. . ,g DNTARJD Ministry of the Environment, 1991 Drinking Water Surveillanco Program. Thunder Bay {Bare Point} Water Treatment Plant. Annual Report 1939. DNTARID Ministry of Natural Resources, 1932. Thunder Bay Land Use Plan Background Information. - DNTARID Water Resources Commission, 1911:}. Flavour Evaluation of White?sh foam Thunder Bay and Grand Portage Bay. DNTARID Water Resources Commission, 19112. Thunder Bay Regional Water Quality Survey. P. THE-11.. Associates Ltd., 193?. Master Drainage Study for City of Thunder Bay. Brampton. Prepared for Lakehead Region Conservation Authority. PUGH, D., 1939. A Benthos and Substrate Quality Survey of Thunder Bay Harbour-in the vicinity of Northern Wood Preservers, 1972 and 1936. Ministry of the Environment RAP Technical Report Series. REJMER, D. N. and S. J. Toth, 1953. A Survey of the Chemical Composition of Aquatic Plants in New Jersey. New Jersey Agr. Esp. Sta. Bull. 3211'. . RYDER, R. A. and C. J. Edwards. (eds), 1935. A Conceptual Approach for the Application of Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Quality in The Great Ltd-res Basin. International Joint Commis~ sion and the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. 1591'}. 5' 50 SAFE. 3.. 1993'. Polyeltlorinated Eiphenyls. Dibenroap-dioxins. Dibeneofurans and Related Compounds: Environmental and Mechanisn'c Considerations Which Support the Development of Toxic Equivalency Factors. Critical Rc views in Toxicology 21:51-33. SEARS. S. 1932. Thunder Bay GS Extension Pre?Gperational Summary Report. Mission Island Wildlife Surveys. 1915. 1979 and 19311. Crntan'o Hydro and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. SHERMAN. R. 1L. R. E. Clement and C. Tashiro. 1991]. The Distribution of Dibenzo-rdioxins and Dibenxofurans in Iaclr?sh Bay. Lake Superior. in Relation to a Kraft Mill Ef?uent. 23:1341-1643. - SMITH. I. R.. C. Portland. D. A. Rolrosh. 1991]. induced Leveis of Hepatic Mixed Function Gxidases in White Suckers W5 commemoni} as a Biomarlter for Contamination of the Sediments in Jackiish Bay. and the Karninistiquia and St. Mary's Rivers. Clntario Minialry of the Environment. SMITH. 1. R.. C. E. Portt and D. A. Rokosh. 1991. Hepatic Mixed Function Gxidises are induced in Populations of White Suckers from Areas of Lake Superior and the St. Mary?s River. .1. Great Lakes Res. 112332?393. SMITH. I. R. and D. A. Rokosh. 1939. An Epidemiological Study of a White Sucker rt Population inhabiting the Raministiquia River. Thunder Bay. Gntario. Abstract 252 Tenth Annual meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Toronto. Gntario. 1939 . SPIES. R. 13.. S. W. Rice. P. A. Montagna and R. R. Ireland. 1935. Reproductive Success. Renobiot?ic Contaminants and Hepatic Mixed-function Gxidase Activity in st?atusPopuiations from San Francisco Bay. Marine Environmental Research STEWART. R. R.. 1993. A Rainbow Trout Creel Consus on the McKenzie and Mcinuye Rivers in the Thunder Bay District. 19113. IlZlIntario Ministry of Natural Resources. Unpublished Manuscript. 11p. STRACHANEisenreich. 1933. Mass Balancing of Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes: The Role of Atmospheric Deposition. International Joint Commission. SUNS. R. . G. Hitchin and D. Toner. 1991. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Grganoclilorine Contaminants in Spottail Shiners mm mm} from the Great Lakes and their Connecting Channels {19115?1933}. SUTTGH. J. A.. 19'15. Bottom Fauna of Dredge Spoil Deposits in Thunder Bay. Unpublished Manuscript. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 34p. - TAEAR. J. A.. 1931. The Vegetation of Mission Island Marsh. Department of Biology. Lakehead University. WEPRUE. 1934. Angler Creel Survey Bay's End. Thunder Bay. Lalte Superior. 1933. Clntario Minislry of Natural Resources. Unpublished Manuscript. 39p. 51 Minaa?, S, Teeplc; D. R. Nat-mm; 2A. Gum-an and . Reynolds. 1987. 1 1' Year-Monitoring Study of Organochlorine- Cantaminant Lewis Gull the: G'mat Lakes 1974. 7- .1984. Canadian Wildlife "Service, Unpublished'Manu- WESE "Wildlife same; Canada Camera;- ma?a water's; 5303:56501-976. Salvage. Spray Riv?r Freshwater Tidal Marsh. .11): reshwatchWetl'ands and sewage ef?uent disposal; of 9 Mission Island Wildlife survey .1981. and. Onta?pMjhiStxerfN?W 7 7 1 mssi?n=1sl15nd Wildlif? survey-.1932; O?iaxiq and. IOntariquni?suy?of Natural Resources; .. 1 . . 52 TABLE 1. Fish Community of Thunder Bay. {Fish species compiled from LRCA {1985}, Beak {1935}, B.A.R. Environmental (1936], and Lake Superior Fisheries Assessment Unit.) Species_ Common Name LRCA Beak Kam Study Electroe shocking catch Lampetra lamottei marinus Acipenser fulvescens Alosa pseudoharengus ?orbusoha D. kisutch g; mgkiss Balms trutta Balvelinus fontinalis 5; namagcush Coregonus artedii Egregonus spp. e; clupeaformis Prosopium cglindraceum Demegp?'mordak limi Esok luciug Chrosomus eos C. neogaeus Cgprinus carpio Notropis atherinoides N. cornutus heterolepis hudsonius American brook lamprey sea lamprey lake sturgeon alewife pink salmon coho salmon ohinook salmon rainbow trout brown trout brook trout lake trout lake herring chub spp. lake Whitefish round whitefish rainbow smelt central mudminnow northern pike northern redbelly dace finescale dace carp emerald shiner cemmon shiner blacknose Shiner spottail Shiner HE ERR HEHH HKHHEE HRH #1 >1 53 TRBLE l. Centinued Species Gammon Name LRCA Beak _Ke:rn Study Electreh shocking catch PimeuhalES premelee Rhiniehthye cataraetae atratulus SEthilUS atremaeulatus S. margarita Cat?st?mug eateetbmus cemmerseni Moxnetema anisurum H4 mgcrele idetum agguilla restrate Leta late Eucalia inconstans Pungitiue Eungitiug Ageltes ggadracus Percepeie emiseomayeus Amblenlites runeetris Micregterue delemieui Pemexis nieremaeulatus Peree flayeseene Stizeetedion vitreum Etheesteme nigrum Pereina eagredes Cettus beirdi g; cognatue g; bairdi eegnetue fetheed minnew daee bleeknnee daee erEek chub pearl dame sucker commen white sucker silver redherse shorthead redherse American eel burbet break stieklebaek nineepine etiekleheek fourspine sticklebeek troutpereh reek bass smallmuuth bass black erappie yEllDw perch walleye johnny darter legpereh mettled sculpin slimy sculpin hybrid Hit-3": HE RH EEKHHEH Rik: HRH . 54 ~ I TABLE2. 'Fish community of Thunder Bay ~arbour Marshes. (Fish species compiled from Thunder Bay Harbour'Marshes study Summary Report 1982'-1985 LakeheaQ Region Conservation Authority (1986) and BEAK Aquatic Environmental Studies -Post-operational Studies (1982-86 and85j86)~) Presence Species (Common name) Sea lamprey Rainbow trout Lake trout Walleye Northern pike Yellow perch Lake whitefish Lake herring Rock bass Menomlnee Larval YO\, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . Smallmouth Large~outh -bass bassl Pink salmofi white sucker Longnose sucker silver redhorse '* sucker * Burbot Lake sturgeon Ninespine stickleback Brook stlckleback ~ohnny darte~ Logperch Troutperch Fathead minfiow Central mudminnow Blacknose dace Longnose dace * * * * * * * * * * . Rainbow spottail smelt. shiner Sculpin C~rp Alewife Gizzard shad! American eel Brown bullheadl Adult * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 55 ~ ~ TABLE" 3~ - Lake Species L. trout L.whitefish , t. herring Chubs Yellow perch -Menomihee Smelt Mullet " other Total 1980 1981 1982 19B3 1984 1985 $Uper 1985 Q\;lota . 7,634 7,.624 ll,244 28,513 40,498 30,.252 530,881 432,616 293,258 6 , 669 1.2 164 3 334 31 4,400 4,168 1,433 16,~75 41;990 8,557 5,205 9,248 10,904 2,267 2,114 2,588 601.,947 538.,604 358.,431 15,768 22,052 35,771 5 53 129 87 7,84l 2,2~5 , 84,001 18,092 27(44323,06~ 48,137 46,767 52,22?; I11,501 89,006 465.,760 273 810 Q 8$' l78. 0 l.,707 2,049 unlimited 7,105 16,619 unlimite4 8,.474 21,645 unlimited 1,899 1,340 4'Ol~ 1.97,276 205,857 . 545(O9~', .. " 56 1 ~ TABLE 4. Inner Thunder Bay Lake !1:'rout Haryest for the 198q. (Harvest expressed in kilogram round Superior Management Zone 1.) , . COMMERCIAL FISHERY 1979 Cat 3634 3300 3506 3~06 Trout 1980 62 Hunt 198.1 . ZONE TOTAL a .. 3634 1979 to Lake ' 1982 1983 1.984 1985 1986 11461 13059 8596 9995 13766 14107 3506 3506 11344 11344 219. summer Creel Total period weight. 62 219 3362 11680 ;...' fi~iil . 57 889 .1582 556 NA NA ~ (percentage samples, quality of of 1983. Occurrence) (Ahdersonl No. Detected 96 96 96 ium It mium er ~l 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 ZiJ1c Mercury 83 98 58 99 100 15 10 10 5~ 54 .100 39 41 50. 52 9 96 9 14 96 96 "nium 100 9 96 Barium in Thunder 198£) 1.1 59 61 52 53 TABLE 6. Frequency of detectinn of Organic and Inbrganic Cnntaminante in excess ef Previncial Water Quality Objectives and GLWQA Objectivee. (Anderson, 1985] Parameter PWQO Maximum Statiuna irun {pgfL} EDD EDD 14 EDD EOE aluminum [#gfL} -b 122 24 522 224 cadmium [pgfL} 0.2 0.2 4 5 682 cupper [ugij 5 5 22 24 '42? FEES [ngfL} 1 1 24 145 124 mirex 1 ED 5 undrin {ngfL} 2 2 2D 4 heptadhlur heptanhlur . epuxide {ngfL} . 22 9 176 tetal DDT {ngfL} 2 '2 2o 14 I (ngfL} 4D 4D 2 6D SUE endoeulphan (ngfL) 3 22 in aldrin dieldrin {ngij 1 1 ED . 3 *Meximum values observed at detectinn limit. aSee Figure 21 fur station l?catinns available 59 WAf1!ER QUALITY SUMMARY 1986} No. Samples 41 1G 41 ~:j ~ 2 15 15 15 15 9 13 5 3 2 60 87 33 20 13 41 41 4i 41 41 41 .~ L acid 7 41 41 11 !BJ 1 II 41 41 41 alph~ 20 ng/L 24 20 22 20 71 20 20 20 2G 22 22 20 20 20 22 20 2 2 2 2 34 20 22 20 20 22 87 15 I 4.1 41 41 41 sulphate 24 Detected 15 41 41 41 41 41 Hi,: Detected 10 8 9 8 29 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 8 8 9 8 1 1 1 1 .14 ,8 9 8 8 9 13 41 41 pp DOE mirex alpha BHC Qxychl,ordane op-,DDT :I 9" 0 41' 41 41 bet. Limit l 1 1 5 4. ~ 5 5 5 5" 1 2 2 4 4 ,4 1 1 0' 2; ~ 50 50 100 50 50 50 0 2!},gfL 1. 1 2; 2 4 ~ Q) ~ (Ij Poi ':0 ~ (Ij ~ r-i !;J Poi 0 .r'-! ~ (Ij .4,J ~ 0 Q) ~ .r'-! 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Q)1O:I:q> ~ +J +J () ~""'Q) ~~+J ~UJQ) -.-I Q) Q " zz -.-I+J ~.o " ~ I Q ~ I Z IU .Q 0 00 \0 I ~ Q) .d .JJ ~ '0 ..oj Q) r-I .e ~ In ~ 0 ..oj .JJ ~ U 0 H 4J ro Q) .e ..oj ~ .JJ H Q) ::> 9 In Q) ..oj l.ojl!) . ~CO :::10'\ .e~ .e I OLO U\O 0'\ o~ ..oj .0 ' .JJH ~ Q) Q) :> ~ ,.oj ~.~ 1404 0 In :::1 ~tJ1 O { 1n.JJ ..oj In H..oj cd ~. o...oj .e .e 0 ro U::i:i . .-i qo OJ M .0 ro E-t \i-! '0 m . ~ Om II-I-IC 4J u Q) U} ~ ro ~ ~ .-I .11111' LnI.O I I r-!o::I' I .. .. ~~ ~~ VI VI .. 00 00 00 ML{) 1.00 MM I 00 00 00 .. O\qo qoU') \DU") N .00 0\0\000 ~ .-1.-1.-1.-1 ~ ..0 U')qoU')r-.U')r-.r-.r-.OMqo~Nr-.qo\O 0000000 r--OOOOOOO~ ~~~~~~~~~r--~~~~~OO .lllllll] .~ 00 ~OOr--MN\OOON\OM~O\MOO~r-0\ 0\"" 1t"'-\OMr--0\r--OO~1\OO~0~1 OO\~O\~U')\O~OOOOOI;O\OO\\OO a 000 00 0000 a a a 0..0 ..OOO\~ 000\1)~ 0 0 a a \1)0000 ..Or--N a 0 O\!)O ..~NM\!)" ..00,.." 000..\1) "MM~\1)ONO\O\O~ ..r\1)M~\1) r I \1)~OO .. ..\!)~ ..0 ",.. "NO\ ..0 ..\!)N I Mob 1 I 1001 \!)I 0\0\ II \1)O~OOOObO ..ONNOOO ~MICX)\!)O~NCX)\!)OIIN~O\ 1 0 0\ r-- ... .. \1) I 0\ 0 0\1) ~ 0\ \!)NMN~~~~\!)Nr--:.:r\!)~~O ON\!) ~O\Nl!')I.O~ooO\CNM.;rl!')OOO\O .-:IMM..4MMNNNNNNNM . . . ~ 'd aJ ~ ..~ +J ~ 0 CJ ojC ojC ojC 0'1 I.p Table 14. Cnntinuad Transact Staticn Densi 1975 (PUSH. [Hofm 1975} Ulig. N0. of Taxa** Station 1955-66 Densi [Hufm I Ulig. 196?} ND. of Taxa N?'??l?DG?tm 115,592 33,729 1,455 2,?61 3,013 9,415 199 99.5 99.4 BB.D 94.3 99.5 99.1 55?5-5,gna 1,790-20,500 124,000-215,0nu 3,3?un4au,nou uw230,000 '95.4-99.2 100 106 98.1-99.7 100 {'l'sli-ILnH TD I~~,' Table """" 150 contaminant Thunder .. Residues Bay area in (Suns 'Young-:'"of-the-Y~ar et9;lo, 1985; (Values shown are means with ~ I PCBs }:;DDT' -Mirex ~BHC }:::Chlordane Chlorinated Benzenes Hexachloroethan~ H~xachlorobutadiene Octachlorostyrene Trichlorotoluene Trlchlorophenols T~trachlorophenols Pentachloropheno ND = Not ~~ = 11 NA= Trace l,s SDin Suns River -1979 2983 1984 1986 21:t14 lO:t6 ND ND 4:t2 82.t13 lO.t3 ND 3.tl 64:tl0 4:tl ND ND ND NA NA ND ND NA NA NA NA ND ND ND ND ND NA NA ND ND NA NA NA NA. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ' . detected detecteq Not analyzed :i 71 etal, Shin~rs£or unpubl1.shed ng!g.) Kaministiquia NO ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NO Spottai.l Mission the data) . River 1988 1980 1983 1984 67::!:27 2£2 ND ND ND NA NA TR Nb NA ~A NA NA 77:t15 25:t7 ND l:tD 34:t9 NA NA 139+21 50:!:11 NA .NA NA NA NA NA ' ~ 5:!:3 ND TR Nt) ND ND ND ND NO ND NO ND 5:!:3 ND TR TR NA NA ND ND NA : NA NA NA 0 0 M N 0 CO ,.,of to to \0 M N ~ \D cO 00 ~ rl ~ 0 u; N N r; ~ M .-I M ~ ":!' 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Currant River LAKE mlhl' KA f?tivcr 11.1? fyiLHallar Ft'ruer :tnhlET asiurr Hi'mr DEL IEMLIEIH 5531a ?Mr Highway 61 Figure 2: City of Thunder Bay and Area /: 'f~:~:'" !¥ "~ ~ :' 4( ~ 2 ~y"},,,:,:,:,:,:.: I.i «~~~""';;;;~;:;:;:~;:~~~;:~;:r;~;::::: 5 ! 'J!!I;7' '-t " "'*':~~~:;::K~~::':':":':;"':~:;i ~ . ~~ 2 i::;::: e: ) 5 . ~ J/ :""r,::::':~~:~~:;"':':" :7,:::;i~1 1~~;" 2 ~ ~ v I ~ ~ \ ,:~:~:;-,j:~~:;:' n,.. ;:,:., ~ ; I II 5 . I ../ I '" . { Division N 0 20 t' 00. Kilometrea . FiglJre3: Watersheds of the Thunder Bay Area (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1982) 82 . amama.?. Egg-'5 3-: 3m; A WEE-5 1 emu-upMum-:- men-ca- m: 1. u. ?In. .- {in-a. i ww- '3 can; we 3-5? 3 v?v? a <51 $73.93? . a ?v nae-w Mm. w. {9+h+m 2 a? a an Strunng Brnhan Upian?s Moderamly nken uplands ?lm El Waamy Broken Plalna -. - Figure Topography of the Thunder Bay Area Ministry of Natural Resources, 1982 83 ~ I II F "\:,) i';" Figure 5: Agricultural Capability of the Thunder Bay Area (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1982) 84 '" ,,' ... ... ulnvg Alloca?ans man-1 I395 Figure 6: Timber Cutevers and Allocations in the Thunder Bay Area (Ministry of Naturai Resources, 1932} 35 I ~ ~§~~~ N . 0 20 -- +. 40 Rank Classes High 1,2 Moderate 3,4 10 5,~ Kilomelree I. 0 Unknown _",1 Figure 7: Mineral Potential of the Thunder Bay Area (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1982) 86 7. Figure 8: Mines and Agregate Operations in the Thunder Bay Area (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1982) 87 ~. I ;s City of Thu nder Bay I ~ or; N Thunder Bay J \ ~ Neebing R.J t. ~:l - 2500 0 METRES Welcome If Q Islands .I 11. ~J"\~ LOd1 ~Lomo~R. Pie Island ~ ,. 1 i2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 @ Figure9: Thunder Bay Industrial and Municipal Discharges 88 2500 ?am. City nf Thunder Bay 3' ?5 MARSH mam-n. lieama MARSH Thunder 55? W9. 3* MARSH Figure 1D: Thunder Bay Harbour Marshes [Entwhistla 1986} .89 l/ll 0- m -'C "i~ ~..!: u ., ~- '\ ~ 0'0 ~ >. -',1'\ C:J c: O)'C .'+= 0 c.I)..c o~ "ii) '- -U) 0) 00 .w~ .. ~ ~ ~()C ~.- O)~o '- 0 > C 0:.- :J'ii;O C> .- U-.- -Q"-c - C> C\10) -50: .- O) ~ ..c CJ)C\1 -0) c: E - 3C\1 ~-l 0 0'\ Major Spawning Ground Average Gmund {or of impudance} Meshinww?myre Ftoodwav? d?ri?B-ay: fThun} ~ -...-:)c 0 (/) - >ca m 'Q) "'C c: z .-- :) .c ~ Q -h":. "h. .::-~.:: -!1 . G) E ..s . ' G) 1M N 0\ ~ [I I ~ ~ '.~ ~ II! ~ II! ~ c~ ;;;, ~ oj ~ ~ :J III (J) CI c= "in "2 ~ ~ - a: z ~ 0 --(f) Q) c: 0 N -c: Q) .. E Q) oy-co '-::to> Q)C: "- CO :3~ .-0> (/) LLQ) .~ Q) .c: .~ LL ".9 "Q) Co :3 (/) Q) .::t:. co -J M C'\ ~ ""* T( ~ 'C G) a: a:0 g ~ Co) .-C) .-CZ ~ t() (j Q ~ 0 ~ r. 0 ... C 0 .~ 0 - c ~ oX ... ~ ~ ~ z..-- ~ \' ,x ffim <.»!O !O I 0 ~o = ~ 0 (/) c .Q m Co) C) c "c ~ m a. U) >(\I m ~ "t:) '5 . ~ ~ .8 ~ .c.~ I-'-~ I\ \ \ \ \ \ , \, ~oj .m ~ \ \ \ / \, ~ \ ,I \\ I \ \ ,) \ ~ I,' \ ...:t' Q\ City of Thunder Bay ( \ Thunder Bay N t NeebingR. - -2500 .. ", IJ'-' 0 METRES We/corre Islands ., ~ ~ ~ lOnX>M ,~ G) Mission Island Marin~ @ Prince Arthur Marina v @)Current River Marina L~fId R, , @ Figure 16: Thunder Bay Area Boat Launch Locations 95 2500 Tempersrure HLIIHUH - Tcondi'uctivity- - I. .O I II-Dlsla?nce (in) (Thousands. Dunne: Im rThuuMhdl pH Dissolved Oxygen HI Ill-rill -r H, hull? I a- .r i AweEll-slant: IThausan?a I. Dlslanre I m: ITheusands Figure Censentienel Water Quality Results in the Kaministiqula Riser measured ef Gesedien Pseil?ie Ferest Products (K1ese.1988} 915 Iain-unv- H?um?rn EDI?Tramutl Ell'luam Luann-an DF THUHEI EH HAY my n19 [ilng Dawn PM Flotsam H111 Ell-Ha Hum: mm'l'i's'luu 1hul'rJul Ha]: I Emma: 1 Fun". u' 11*? #91} ?all. 13 ?tiniar l-sln?d Mu HIE-I a?elur Rh?n? Ila-1 Hen-an Island Dnunn- Hydra Thu-111i 135'!me 51mm Fun! to. W. wail-'11 [Illa Figure 18: Kaministiquia River Sampling Locations for the Water Guam}! Studyr 1933) 97 Sampling Locations for the 1983 Water Quality Survey (Anderson. 1985] 98' a. .15; Thunder Bay m5 Iii-I mi Thunder-Bay 'm In! Huhqu I i "an magma IE6 ?'55 one: 1:532 it ?1 I553 .m Lamar-d WH- tu: as; Pin-w m: :3 rm I Figure 19: ~ ? City of Thunder Bay [!] . 0 Thunder Bay . ;..~~~..~.j; I ~ t. . . /l Q 0 .I ,. ('-.(f\ 0 Locii 2500 0 2500 METRES Welcome Islands . . (. . v ., N £; 0 ~ L~R. Pie Is ~ , of I 'M: ,,t ", f 99 I I Figure 21 : Water Sampling Stations (1983) V'I,ithDetectable Levels. of PCBs and Organoc;hlorines (Anderson, 1986) 100 ~ ~ ,I " (J City of. Thunder Bay .I ~ t.N Thunder Bay . ,2500 . ! ~ I 0 ~ ~ ~ I I. J METRES F61 ~ W"'corM 11 ~ Isl~s I rA1 Sample Station 2,4, 6 - ~ 2, 3,4 A Pentachlorophenol - Trichlorophenol r2, 4; 5 -Trichlorbphen~ Pie I rt"'? ..J' ~ @Iat~ \..- f I~,/ .) 7 ; 2,3, 5, 6} Tetra- " "'~"""""'- ~ ...f 5"'. 101 - . e. City of Thunder Bay Hclr?m?. Nadir-'3 Pi. . a HETFLEE I Wicca-naE-r- I i i I a. Loch Len-lend Lahmu? ?5 Sampling Station Fatiyr Aside El Aromatic Aside A. Fiesin Acids Figure 23: Water Sampling Stetiens [1983} with Deteetable Levels of Fatty. Aromatic and Resin Acids (Andersen, 1986} ?1-02 ~ \..) Ir " Loch ... , LorTXIoo PieI.~d . tJ ,. 103 . Sampling Stations . Fecal Coliforms > 100 org/1 00 mL A Total Coliforms > 1000 org/100 mL !.:.1 1,'1 1 '542 553 Thunder Bay :21 Manly-nu Fl Hm H. 571 a? Eli}:r m? Thunder Bay Ahwcm CF .. i? I a? '592 pt . m'u? [mm-UH. '591 Figure 25: Sediment Sampling Locations, 1979'Survey. (Anderson, 1986) 104 thy of Thunder Bay Thunder Bay .. Viv-Q1 7 . Figure 26: Thunder Bay Nearshore Water and Sediment Survey 193586 Sampiing Locati?ns (Boyd, 1989) 1 {puyaiswuwa??i if . ~ n '= Lake Superior A B c D c ~ E Northern Wood Preservers ules N Q 100 200 300 400 500 .0 8-12 Inch Creosote Depth B TransectLines A-F Wood Chips - C. SmallerPools band c Metres Figure 27: Visible Creosote Contamination Near Northern Wood1988) Preservers . (Beak, ~O6 ", ~ z .-~ ... Q ~ >c( 110m Oa: ~~ -z u:) ~ ~ D -8' "C '" (\I '" ~ i m .- CiG if ... 1m (/) roo >. Q) Q). '-(/) «c >.~ ""C~ :J (/)Q) '-~0>::)0') (/) 0') CO ""> co .- ~ ~ -- -- (!) Q)~:E ~ C\JOCo,..:J:Jc~ .";::' (!) 0>0'"0)0) LL(/) :s: 'c -co l() -EO') ~,..~O') ~c .Q) s:o 0..(:: .;..J (/) r> 0 .-; of c3 Clty oi {-29.5 Thunder Bay Uriah-re Fl. Haw-n; H. I Pi: Island Figure 29: Approximate Locations of Open Lake Non-oontemioeteo Dredged Spoile Diepoeel 108 SUSPENDED SOLIDS (tonnes/day) . Figure 30: ApproximateEffluent Loadingsof BOD(tonnes/day)'and Suspended Solids (tonnes/day)to ThunderBay and Tributariesfrom Major Point Sources(OMOE., 1990) 109