Preliminary Identification of Suspected Heroin Samples by NarcoPouch Field Test Panel Michael Noble P#14485, Forensic Scientist Chemistry Detail/Controlled Substances Unit Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department 4/30/2015 1 Abstract Currently, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD) police officers are using test kits called NarcoPouches manufactured by ODV, Inc. to preliminarily field test evidence believed to be cocaine, marijuana or methamphetamine. Due to the increasing abundance of evidence submissions believed to be diacetylmorphine, also known as heroin, a study to presumptively field test suspected heroin seizure samples was performed using Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde reagents. Samples with similar appearance to heroin were tested utilizing these reagents in commercially prepared field test kits known as the NarcoPouch manufactured by ODV, Inc. and equivalent reagents prepared by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory. Based on the data obtained, the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory has determined that all three reagents contained in the ODV preliminary field test kits should be used for the testing of suspected black/brown heroin to ensure accuracy and specificity. It is not recommended that suspected white heroin is tested using this method since some white and off-white non-heroin substances tested gave similar color test results as heroin. Purpose The instances in which heroin was identified by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory have been trending upward since 2005 (Figure 1). In 2005 there were 75 cases in which heroin was reported by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory and in 2013 there were a total of 431 cases in which heroin was reported by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory. Incidents of Heroin Reported by LVMPD Forensic Laboratory 500 450 450 400 431 384 382 350 418 333 300 250 240 258 200 150 100 50 75 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 Figure 1: Upward trend in the number of cases reported as heroin by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory According to the DEA Office of Diversion Control’s 2013 annual report (published in August 2014) heroin is listed as the fourth most common drug encountered in the United States, only behind cannabis/THC, cocaine and methamphetamine. In the same report, heroin is listed as the third most 2 common drug encountered in the western region of the United States, with methamphetamine and cannabis/THC being the only drugs more prominent. The National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS), a program which monitors and tracks drugs of abuse and trafficking nationwide, has shown a general increase of heroin from 2005 through 2013. The total analyzed drug items reported as heroin increased nationally from 2005 to 2013 from 5.00% to 9.85% (Figure 2). During the same time period, the total analyzed drug items reported as heroin in the western region of the United States increased from 3.52% to 9.31% (Figure 2) [1-9]. Percentage of Total Analyzed Drug Items Reported as Heroin 12.00 Percentage 10.00 8.00 6.00 National (%) 4.00 Western Region (%) 2.00 0.00 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year Figure 2: Percentage of total analyzed drug items reported as heroin to NFLIS, by year On April 6, 2014 the Washington Post stated some potential reasons heroin is on the rise in the United States is due to stricter controls on prescription pain killers and the decreased profit margin from the sale of marijuana. As a result, Mexican cartels are reportedly increasing their opium production by converting marijuana fields to poppy fields to better meet the increasing demand for heroin and make up for the marijuana profit loss [10]. Due to the increasing incidents of reported heroin here in southern Nevada, combined with an increase in backlogged cases, a method was developed for the preliminary field testing of suspected heroin samples. The implementation of a heroin field test procedure: • • • • Will allow for real time preliminary results of suspected black/brown heroin samples in the field by officers Will allow the District Attorney’s office to file charges in a timely manner Will reduce the number of samples submitted to the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory for analysis May reduce the number of heroin cases proceeding to trial due to negotiations based on the result of the field test 3 Materials and Methods Data for this study was gathered by testing a variety of substances which resemble the visual appearance of white and black/brown heroin. Samples were obtained from various sources including commercial stores and chemical supply companies such as Alfa Aesar, Fluka, Grace, Lipomed, Mallinckrodt, Merck, MP Biomedicals, Parke Davis, Sigma-Aldrich, Steraloids, and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) as well as suspected heroin casework samples submitted by LVMPD officers and confirmed as heroin by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory. Data was collected by testing samples using laboratory prepared color test reagents in clean spot plates, which contain multiple indentations called wells. Samples were also tested using NarcoPouch, a self-contained field testing kit manufactured by ODV, Inc. (Figure 3). The NarcoPouches examined for this study were kit #902 (Marquis reagent, contains 1 ampoule), kit #924 (Mecke reagent, contains 2 ampoules), and kit #926 (Froehde reagent, labeled Talwin/Pentazocine Test, contains 1 ampoule). Figure 3: #902 Marquis NarcoPouch, #924 Mecke NarcoPouch, and #926 Froehde NarcoPouch These three color test reagents have been used for the preliminary identification of heroin for decades. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime published a paper in 1953 titled, “The Analysis of Heroin”, in which several color tests, including Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde reagents were collectively used to test suspected heroin samples [11]. These three color tests are still used by forensic laboratories across the United States for the preliminary identification of heroin, as indicated by a publication by the National Institute of Justice [12]. As a result, these three reagents (Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde reagent) were examined for the preliminary analysis of heroin. Two forms of heroin were analyzed in this study, white heroin and black tar heroin. White heroin is a more pure form; it is off-white in color and has a crystalline or powder appearance. Black tar heroin is a crude extract that is often black to brown in color and has the consistency of sticky tar or hard rocks. Although white heroin has been seen in casework samples, black tar heroin is overwhelmingly the most common form of heroin seized in southern Nevada. 4 White heroin (reference material obtained from Sigma lot# 091M4628VA and one analyzed casework sample1) and black tar heroin (obtained from 50 analyzed casework samples2) were used during the course of this study. Prior to use, each sample of heroin used for this study was conclusively identified using an Agilent Technologies gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GCMS), model numbers 7890A and 5975C. Color tests were performed on the white heroin using laboratory prepared color test reagents. A small amount of white heroin was placed in three separate wells of a new, clean spot plate. Two to three drops of Marquis reagent were added to the sample in the first well, two to three drops of Mecke reagent were added to the sample in the second well and two to three drops of Froehde reagent were added to the sample in the third well. As seen in Figure 4, the colors observed after the addition of the Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde reagent to white heroin were purple, bluish/green, and purple, respectively. The resulting colors were recorded for each reagent (Appendix 1). Figure 4: Color results of white heroin: Marquis – purple, Mecke – bluish/green, and Froehde – purple using laboratory prepared chemicals Testing was then performed on white heroin using NarcoPouches. A small amount of known white heroin (about the size of a match head) was added to the NarcoPouch and then the pouch was properly closed. The glass ampoule(s) inside the NarcoPouch were broken in sequential order according to the manufacturer’s instructions, releasing pre-measured reagent(s)[13]. The NarcoPouch was agitated to promote mixing of the reagent and sample. The colors observed after testing the white heroin with the Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde NarcoPouch were purple, bluish/green, and purple, 1 from event number ending in 1776 from event numbers ending in 1984, 2127, 1692, 2338, 2086, 2681, 2902, 1443, 2811, 2426, 2518, 2521, 2745, 2916, 3192, 2498, 1144, 3338, 2487, 3110, 2612, 3185, 3049, 0315, 1956, 2025, 2427, 3229, 3410, 2847, 2684, 1728, 2320, 2846, 5102, 0227, 4316, 2987, 3007, 4026, 3740, 1665, 1261, 0868, 2387, 1086, 2956, 1125, 1515 and one composite sample from event numbers ending in 2598, 3474 and 2365 2 5 respectively (Figure 5). These results, recorded in Appendix 1, are identical to those seen with the laboratory prepared reagents, as described above. Figure 5: Color results of white heroin: Marquis – purple, Mecke – bluish/green, and Froehde – purple using NarcoPouches The same process was repeated for the analysis of conclusively identified black tar heroin using both the laboratory prepared color test reagents and NarcoPouches. The colors observed after the addition of laboratory prepared Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde reagent to black tar heroin were purple, bluish/green, and purple, respectively (Figure 6). The colors observed after testing the black tar heroin with the Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde NarcoPouch were purple, green, and purple, respectively (Figure 7). The results observed after testing the conclusively identified black tar heroin using laboratory prepared reagents and NarcoPouches were recorded in Appendix 2. Figure 6: Color results of black tar heroin: Marquis – purple, Mecke – bluish/green and Froehde – purple using laboratory prepared chemicals 6 Figure 7: Color results of black tar heroin: Marquis – purple, Mecke – green and Froehde – purple using NarcoPouch To test the specificity of the field test reagents used for heroin, other substances similar in physical appearance to heroin were tested with the laboratory prepared color test reagents and NarcoPouches (Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde). The known white heroin and black tar heroin were used as positive controls to compare color results. Substances that yielded similar results to heroin when tested with laboratory prepared Marquis reagent were subjected to further testing. No further testing was performed on substances that did not produce similar results to heroin when tested with laboratory prepared Marquis reagent. The recipes used by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory for Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde reagents are similar recipes outlined by Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons [14] and/or the recipes defined by the National Institute of Justice [12]. The recipes used by ODV, Inc. for the NarcoPouches are proprietary in nature and thus the exact components are not available. However, by using the Material Safety Data Sheet for the specific NarcoPouch, the major constituents can be deduced [15, 16, 17]. The Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde recipes are similar among the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory, Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, National Institute of Justice, and the ODV, Inc. NarcoPouches (Table 1). Because the recipes of Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde are similar, they are widely accepted within the forensic community for the presumptive analysis of suspected heroin and a correlation of results can be made between the LVMPD prepared reagents and the ODV, Inc. NarcoPouches. Results and Conclusions A total of 388 different substances (288 off-white and 100 not off-white) from a combination of reference materials and commonly encountered items were tested for this study using laboratory prepared color test reagents (Appendix 1-2). Based on the results from the materials tested using 7 laboratory prepared color tests reagents, 64 of the 388 substances were also tested with the NarcoPouch kits. Marquis Reagent Components 1 mL formaldehyde (37%) 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid 1 mL formaldehyde (40%) Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid 5 mL formaldehyde (40%) National Institute of Justice 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid 1-5% formaldehyde (37%) ODV, Inc. NarcoPouch > 95% concentrated sulfuric acid LVMPD Forensic Laboratory Mecke Reagent Components 1.0 g selenous acid 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid 1.0 g selenious acid Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid 1.0 g selenious acid National Institute of Justice 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid Left Ampoule: > 95% sulfuric acid ODV, Inc. NarcoPouch Right Ampoule: < 1% selenious acid Right Ampoule: > 95% sulfuric acid LVMPD Forensic Laboratory Froehde Reagent Components 0.5 g molybdic acid 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid 1.0 g molybdic acid or sodium molybdate Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid 0.5 g molybdic acid or sodium molybdate National Institute of Justice 100 mL concentrated sulfuric acid < 5% ammonium molybdate ODV, Inc. NarcoPouch > 95% sulfuric acid LVMPD Forensic Laboratory Table 1: Recipes of Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde reagents as defined by LVMPD Forensic Laboratory, ODV, Inc. NarcoPouch, Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, and National Institute of Justice. (Note: Selenous acid is a synonym for selenious acid) Four non-heroin substances, which visually resembled black tar heroin, gave a Marquis NarcoPouch color result similar to heroin. A concentrated amount (two to four times greater than directed by the manufacturer) of these four non-heroin substances were further tested using Mecke and Froehde NarcoPouch. The four substances (apomorphine, ergonovine, Fast Blue B salt, and lysergic acid) did not produce similar color results as heroin with the additional two NarcoPouches (Appendix 2). 8 Common materials used to dilute heroin street samples were tested and all gave negative (-) results using laboratory prepared Marquis reagent. According to the Drug Identification Bible 2012 edition, coffee, chocolate milk powder, cocoa mix, brown sugar, and molasses are common diluents added to black tar heroin at the street level [18]. Heroin is produced by converting morphine to heroin. The incomplete conversion of morphine to heroin produces a byproduct called 3-monoacetylmorphine (3-MAM) and is rarely detected in high amounts. Over a period of time, heroin may chemically breakdown to 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) from factors like temperature or storage conditions. The DEA Special Testing and Research Laboratory located in Dulles, Virginia was contacted for this study. They indicated that they do not recall identifying 3-MAM or 6-MAM without the presence of heroin in an illicit sample. Every sample of heroin will have some level of 3-MAM and 6-MAM, according to the DEA Special Testing and Research Laboratory. A reference material of solid 3-MAM (Cayman Chemical lot# 0458998-5), off-white in color, was obtained for this study, but it was found to contain heroin thus was not utilized. A reference material of solid 6MAM (Lipomed lot# 43.1B7.1), off-white in color, was tested using laboratory prepared reagents and NarcoPouch reagents (Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde) with positive (+) results recorded (Appendix 1). Since both 3-MAM reference material and 6-MAM reference material are off-white in color and the DEA Special Testing and Research Laboratory doesn’t recall identifying either compound alone in illicit suspected heroin sample submissions, it is unlikely to see either compound without also seeing heroin in an illicit sample that is black to brown in color. In the case of this heroin field test study, a false positive is a test result that incorrectly indicates a sample presumptively contains heroin, when it does not contain heroin. Seven off-white substances evaluated in this study yielded similar color results as heroin using Marquis, Mecke and Froehde NarcoPouches: buprenorphine HCl, dihydromorphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine sulfate, nalbuphine, nalorphine HCl, and normorphine HCl. The preceding compounds all have chemical base structures very similar to heroin, which is the likely reason for the similarities in color test results compared to the heroin controls. Based on this study it is not recommended to use the NarcoPouch series to test for suspected heroin samples that are white to off-white in appearance due to incidents of false positive results in those substances tested above that are most commonly encountered in a white to off-white form. If a white to off-white substance is encountered in the field and heroin is suspected, the sample(s) should be sent to the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory for analysis. In addition, no liquid samples should be tested using the NarcoPouches per the manufacturer’s recommendations as the NarcoPouches are not designed to test liquid samples. One black/brown substance that was evaluated for this study, ergonovine, produced a similar color result as heroin using Marquis and Mecke NarcoPouch, but the Froehde NarcoPouch produced a different color result than heroin. Due to the test results of this compound, it is determined that Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde NarcoPouch will be used to presumptively test samples believed to contain heroin that are black to brown in color. All other non-heroin substances tested for this study that were similar in appearance to black/brown heroin did not give positive (+) results for heroin when tested with all three NarcoPouches. 9 It has been determined by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory that using all three Marquis, Mecke, and Froehde NarcoPouches increases the specificity of the testing process and can differentiate dark colored heroin samples from other substances that are similar in appearance. It is mandatory that officers in the field use all three NarcoPouch kits (ODV, Inc. 902, 924 and 926) to test for suspected heroin samples that are black to brown in appearance. Officers will be trained to use a field checklist that will prompt them to start with Marquis NarcoPouch (ODV, Inc. 902) and progress from there depending upon their results. Based on the results from testing conclusively identified black tar heroin for this study, a sample is considered positive (+) for heroin if: Marquis NarcoPouch turns a purple color within 90 seconds after breaking the ampoule with agitation, Mecke NarcoPouch turns a green color in within 30 seconds after breaking the second ampoule with agitation, and Froehde NarcoPouch turns a purple color in within 10 seconds upon breaking the ampoule with agitation. In the case of this heroin field test study, a false negative is a test result that incorrectly indicates a sample presumptively is absent of heroin, when it does contain heroin. There were five black tar heroin casework samples tested for this study that would be presumptively negative for heroin by the parameters listed above (all five passed Marquis and Froehde NarcoPouch tests criteria, but failed the Mecke NarcoPouch test). These five are false negatives and, with the protocol that will be set up, would have been sent to the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory for conclusive analysis. Additional precautions will be used in the field to prevent misinterpretation of results including a field test checklist and training for officers with hands on competency test prior to use in the field. Each completed test will cost approximately $5.00 and include all three test kits, field test checklist and a sampling device. LVMPD officers will be trained to send all brown/black samples that produce a negative, unclear or inconclusive test result to any part of the three part test to the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory for further analysis. Additionally, all submissions will be conclusively analyzed by the LVMPD Forensic Laboratory if the case will be tried at the District Court level or higher. 10 Appendices Appendix 1: Substances tested that were white or off-white Compound Heroin (reference material)* Heroin (reference material) Heroin (casework sample)* Heroin (casework sample) 6-monoacetylmorphine* 6-monoacetylmorphine Dihydromorphine* Dihydromorphine 3,4-MDEA Alphaprodine HCl Buprenorphine HCl* Guaifenesin Buprenorphine HCl Morphine sulfate Morphine sulfate* Morphine-3-β-D-glucuronide Nalbuphine* Nalorphine HCl* Nalorphine HCl Normorphine HCl Normorphine HCl* Morphine HCl trihydrate Noscapine Alkaloid* Pentazocine, base* 6-acetylcodeine Codeine Codeine* Hydrocodone bitartrate salt Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate Oxycodone Guaifenesin* Propoxyphene, d-* Hydromorphone Levopropoxyphene napsylate Levopropoxyphene napsylate* Methocarbamol* Noscapine Alkaloid Noscapine HCl hydrate* Noscapine HCl hydrate Papaverine Papaverine* Pentazocine, base Propoxyphene, dMethocarbamol 6-acetylcodeine* Phenergan HCl (Promethazine HCl) Cyclobenzaprine* Cyclobenzaprine Chlorpromazine* Dextromethorphan HBr* D-α-N-Norpropoxyphene Maleate* D-α-N-Norpropoxyphene Maleate Dextromethorphan HBr Fluoxetine* *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Sigma #091M628VA Sigma #091M628VA Event # ending in 1776 Event # ending in 1776 Lipomed #43.1B7.1 Lipomed #43.1B7.1 Applied Science #3A Applied Science #3A Sigma #072K4087 USPC #1275-F Grace #498 Sigma #73H0827 Grace #498 USP #J USP #J Sigma #51F3831 Sigma #90K1612 Sigma #124F-0744 Sigma #124F-0744 Applied Science #1 Applied Science #1 Grace #512 Alltech #1016 Applied #392 Grace #1007B Sigma #38F-0398 Sigma #38F-0398 Sigma #047F0128V Alltech #410 Sigma #111K1450 Sigma #73H0827 Sigma #49F01421 Sigma #69H0625 USPC #GA USPC #GA Fluka #021M0123V Alltech #1016 Fluka #029K1465 Fluka #029K1465 Sigma #1130-1480A Sigma #113C-1480A Applied #392 Sigma #49F01421 Fluka #021M0123V Grace #1007B and 1007A Wyeth Labs #F-693117 Sigma #79F1009 Sigma #79F1009 Applied Scientific #3191 Alfa Aesar #F20X001 Alltech #3 Alltech #3 Alfa Aesar #F20X001 Sigma #93H04761 Purple Purple Red to Purple (55 seconds) Purple Purple (25 seconds) Purple Light purple Light Purple Brown/black with purple streaks Red to dark red Purple Red to purple Light Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Light purple Purple Light purple Light purple Purple Purple Purple Light Purple Purple Yellow/tan with purple streaks Purple Dark purple Yellow/orange to red/purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Yellow to purple Bluish/Green Bluish/Green Green (10 seconds) Green/blue Light Green (30 seconds) Blue/Green Light blue to grey Blue Dark green/blue Dark yellow to green Light green Green/blue to purple Green Blue/Green Light blue/green Green/blue Green Light green Green Yellow to Green Light green Dark green Light green Light green Blue/Green Blue/Green Bluish green Blue/Green Blue/Green Tan with green streaks Purple Light brown Brown Tan/Light Brown Light pink/peach Faint red Blue/green to grey upon standing Light green/yellow to brown/red Yellow to blue/green to brown Yellow/dark green/black Dark green to grey/black Tan Brown Flashes green to purple/red Bluish green Dark red to black with green streaks Red Dark red/purple Dark red to maroon to brown Light green/yellow Pink/light red Brown Dark yellow to brown Peach Purple Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Light purple/pink Purple + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ Faint yellow to purple upon standing Very slow faint pink Purple Dark purple (immediate) Red to purple Slow purple Dark pink/light purple Dark red/purple Dark red/purple Faint pink/purple Flash purple to brown/black Purple Purple to black Flash purple to black Light red Brown/black with purple streaks Faint purple/red Purple Green to slow purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Green Blue Light green Light green Light green Light yellow Yellow/light green Yellow Dark green to purple Purple/brown Purple Light Purple Purple Green to grey to purple Blue/green with yellow streaks Greenish brown to brown Yellow to green Green/blue Green Blue Tan to black with yellow streaks Green to slow purple Faint light green Dark red Red Red Dark red Yellow Pink Reddish brown Yellow/green Light orange/peach 11 Appendix 1: Substances tested that were white or off-white Compound Amitriptyline HCl (R)-(-)-phenylephrine HCl* (R)-(-)-phenylephrine HCl L-α-acetylmethadol HCl Methapyrilene HCl* Methapyrilene HCl Tamoxifen Citrate Nalbuphine Ethylmorphine HCl Noroxymorphone Oxymorphone Phenergan HCl (Promethazine HCl)* Methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone* Alphaprodine HCl* Thebaine 3,4-MDEA* Tamoxifen Citrate* Naproxen Warfarin Warfarin* Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate* Morphine HCl trihydrate* 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)piperazine* Morphine-3-β-D-glucuronide* Ethylmorphine HCl* Ethylbenzylamine Pentoxyifylline Hydrocodone bitartrate salt* 1-Phenylcyclohexamine Fluoxetine Chlorpromazine Amitriptyline HCl* 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)piperazine N,N-dimethyltryptamine L-α-acetylmethadol HCl* Turinabol LAMPA Prednisolone N,N-dimethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine HCl Brucine Sulfate Methenolone Acetate N-(N-propyl)-1-phencyclohexylamine HCl Chick pea flour Protein powder Chlordiazepoxide Hydroxytriazolam, alpha Mesterolone Scopolamine HBr Oxazepam Quinine HCl Ampicillin Cephalexin monohydrate Clonazepam *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Sigma #109F0330 Sigma #116K1492 Sigma #116K1492 Applied Science #1A Sigma #037F09291 Sigma #037F09291 USPC #G-1 Sigma #90K1612 Mallinckrodt #E106057 USP #0675-F Endo #71-418-1 Wyeth Labs #F-693117 Sigma #67F07701 Sigma #67F07701 USPC #1275-F Applied #499 Sigma #072K4087 USPC #G-1 Sigma #081M1091V Sigma #104K1261 Sigma #104K1261 Alltech #410 Grace #512 Aldrich #02817HJV Sigma #51F3831 Mallinckrodt #E106057 C030308-2 Sigma #059K1682 Sigma #047F0128V Applied #9/29 Sigma #93H04761 Applied Scientific #3191 Sigma #109F0330 Aldrich #02817HJV Sigma #14C-0540 Applied Science #1A Steraloids #B0271A Alltech #0722 Sigma #108K1514 Applied Science #001 Mallinckrodt #BDP Steraloids #H770A Applied Science #001 N/A N/A Applied Science #670B Upjohn Labs #0048-MCM-3A Sigma #11H0856 Sigma #115B-2200 Sigma #39F4035 Alltech #9700 USP #H MP Biomedicals #3370H Alltech #015061 Red to dark red/brown Red Light peach to red Red to dark red to brown Orange to dark red/brown Orange/red to dark red Light red/brown Yellow to brown to purple Light yellow with brown specks Dark purple/maroon Purple to black Yellow to dark brown Yellow to brown Yellow to Dark Green Yellow/brown Tan/brown Dark red to brown Red to brown Brown Dark yellow Dark red with yellow streaks Red/maroon Yellow/orange Deep red to black with yellow streaks Pink Pink No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change Red/Light Brown Orange/red to dark red Light blue to grey Blue Light brown/purple Brown Red to black ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ Orange to dark red/purple to black Orange/yellow/dark red Yellow to red Yellow to slow purple Yellow to orange to red/purple Yellow to orange to purple Light pink Red Red flash to brown Red to dark red Dark red Grey/blue Yellow to orange Yellowish Red Orange to deep red Dark Orange Purple Purple Faint red Light purple/pink Yellow to purple Light purple Slow light red Slow pink Faint pink to orange Light Red Dark pink/light purple Red to dark red/brown Slow faint red Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Faint pink Faint/weak pink Faint orange Very faint orange Faint tan/yellow Faint tan/yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Flashes red to dark red with green streaks Maroon Faint red Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Yellow/orange to green upon standing Purple Yellow to Green Purple Purple Red to dark red to brown Red Dark red Light pink to grey Dark red with yellow streaks Purple Yellow/orange Yellow/orange to black No Color Change No Color Change Faint green/light yellow Purple Slow light brown Faint dark red/faint purple Light yellow No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed 12 Appendix 1: Substances tested that were white or off-white Compound Dromostanolone Propionate Nordiazepam Norethandrolone Zolpidem Testosterone Methaqualone HCl Sweetened coconut Cephalexin hydrate Ethinamate DL-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl Diphenhydramine HCl Flurazepam Dromostanolone (-)-Ephedrine 17α-methyltestosterone Nandrolone Decanoate N-(isopropyl)-1-phenylcyclohexylamine HCl Salicylic Acid Cathine HCl Diethyltryptamine HCl Androstenedione 5,5-diphenylhydantoin Amoxicillin Dehydrocortisone Etonitazene HCl Lorazepam Baby formula 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)piperazine 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine HCl Meperidine Mescaline Methamphetamine HCl N-(N-butyl)-1-phenylcyclohexylamine HCl Resorcinol Testosterone 17-phenylpropionate Phentermine Diethylstilbesterol DL-amphetamine sulfate Epitestosterone Fentanyl Glutethimide Nandrolone Phenpropionate Flunitrazepam Diphenoxylate HCl Chloral Betaine Cholesterol Mexiletine HCl Benzphetamine HCl L-amphetamine sulfate Boldenone Phenylacetic Acid Allylcyclopentenyl Barbituric Acid Fluoxymesterone Thebaine* *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Steraloids #B0969 Alltech #001 Steraloids #G498 Sigma #84H0608 Sigma #108F0777 Sigma #125F-0510 Kroger #V12296A1-24 Sigma #105K0487 Applied Sciences #128 Applied Science #2 Parke Davis #563463 Applied Science #98115 Steraloids #B0293 Sigma #27F0340 Sigma #49F-0806 Steraloids #B0901 Applied Science #001 MP Biomedical #8819F Sigma #028K46202A Alltech #1 Steraloids #B1001 Sigma #053K3668 Sigma #112K0481 Applied Science #19559 Applied Sciences #1 Sigma #35F0115 Similac #26112SHO Alfa Aesar #C04X020 Applied #3 Applied Science #41612 Sigma #102C-1710 Sigma #SLBD5916V Applied Science #001A Alfa Aesar #I26X010 Steraloids #H290 Sigma #84H0171 Applied Science #239 K&K Labs #75702 Sigma #050M1392V Sigma #087K1409 Alltech #103 USP #H Sigma #056F0685 USPC #G Johnson and Co. #MMBC068 Applied Science #2038 Sigma #66H0668 Applied Science #238 K&K Labs #75309 Steraloids #H754 Aldrich #040237 Applied Science #L136 Sigma #50H59691 Applied #499 Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow Faint yellow to tan Faint yellow/orange Light Yellow Slow faint yellow Flash orange (Violent Reaction) Flash Yellow to Green Flash Yellow to Orange Light green to peach Light orange/light yellow Light orange Light orange Light orange/tan Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ Light peach to brown upon standing Slow pink Light pink Light tan Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow/orange Light yellow to peach Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Slight orange Slow orange Slow light orange Orange specks with yellow streaks Orange to dark red Orange to red Orange to red Orange to tan Orange to brown Orange to brown Orange to brown Orange/brown 13 Appendix 1: Substances tested that were white or off-white Compound Phenylpropanolamine Phenelzine Sulfate Salt Methylphenidate Hexobarbital Phenobarbital Promazine HCl DL-p-chloroamphetamine Isopropylbenzylamine Ketorolac Tromethamine N-methyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine HCl Niacinamide Acetylsalicylic Acid Methadone (+)-Pseudoephedrine HCl Verapamil HCl Testosterone Decanoate TCP HCl (1-(1,2-thienyl)cyclohexylpiperidine HCl) Levorphanol JWH 018 Naproxen* 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine DL-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine HCl Mestanolone Desalkylflurazepam Estradiol Sucrose ±-Ephedrine Citalopram HBr Cortisone DL-2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine HCl Ketotifen Fumarate salt Oxymetholone P-hydroxynorephedrine Prednisone α-naphthoflavone TCP Morpholine analog HCl Indole Methandriol Cannabidiol Methandriol dipropionate Modafinil Ibuprofen Bolasterone 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol (aka androstendiol) Boldenone Bromazepam Dehyroisoandrosterone (Prasterone) Stanolone Nandrolone Testosterone Enanthate (-)-Tetramisole HCl 4-methoxyamphetamine Acetylsalicylic Acid* Antipyrine* *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Sigma #90C-1710 Sigma #94H7706 USP #770 Applied Science #149 Sigma #76H0293 Wyeth Labs #F-694007 Sigma #14C-3950 C030308-1 USPC #F Applied Science #001 Sigma #37H0859 Sigma #44G-1600 Sigma #015K0989 Sigma #96F05311 Aldrich #07214AA Sigma #13H4003 Applied #1 USP #F-1 Sigma #BCBB7693 Sigma #081M1091V USP #1275-F Alltech #3 Steraloids #H593 Alltech #3367B Applied Science #19514 Sigma #020M0079 Sigma #127F0808 Sigma #095K1314 Applies Science #19557 Applied Science #2 Sigma #098K1356 Sigma #90H0569 Alltech #0419 Sigma #04114LE Sigma #87F3408 Applied #3 Sigma #13C-3080 Sigma #29F0013 Grace #083 Steraloids #H184 Sigma #096K46161 Sigma #026H1368 Sigma #70H0833 Sigma #48F0135 Sigma #29F0410 Sigma #056F0686V Sigma #95H0823 Sigma #19F0183 Sigma #78F0360 Sigma #25F0714 Sigma #088K0753 Grace #392 Sigma #44G-1600 Applied Science #759 Orange/peach Orange/peach Slow orange Peach Peach Peach Light peach Light peach Light peach Light peach Faint peach Slow peach Slow peach Slow tan Tan Tan Tan/brown Tan/brown Dark yellow/dark green Deep yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow/tan Yellow/brown Yellow to brown Yellow to brown Yellow to brown Yellow to orange to brown Yellow to orange Yellow to orange to light brown/red Yellow to orange Yellow to orange Yellow with faint orange Yellow/orange Yellow/orange Yellow/orange Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ Yellow/orange with orange specks No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change 14 Appendix 1: Substances tested that were white or off-white Compound Antipyrine Barbital Benzoylecgonine anhydrous Bis(2-chloroethyl)amine HCl* Bis(2-chloroethyl)amine HCl Boldenone Acetate Boldenone Cypionate Chlorpheniramine maleate Clonidine HCl D,L-4-methoxyamphetamine Dimethylsulfone Dromostanolone Enantahte Gamma hydroxybutyric acid sodium salt Levamisole HCl Lidocaine Mephedrone HCl Methenamine Methenolone Enanthate n-Tetracosane n-Triacontane Parmesan Cheese Phencyclidine Pilocarpine HCl Procaine HCl Sibutramine HCl monohydrate Testosterone Acetate Testosterone Isocaproate Testosterone Undecanoate Tetracaine Tetracaine HCl 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid Acetaminophen* Acetaminophen Alprazolam Benzocaine* Benzocaine Benzoylecgonine Cocaine HCl Ecgonine Methyl Ester HCl Mannitol Secobarbital Theophylline (1R,2S)-(-)-Ephedrine HCl 1-(2-chlorophenyl)piperazine monohydrochloride 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine hydrochloride 1-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine dihydrochloride 5-Nitrobarbituric Acid Allylisobutylbarbituric acid (butalbital) Alpenal Amobarbital Ampicillin* Aprobarbital Atropine Sulfate* *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Applied Science #759 Sigma #69F0786 Grace #5734 Aldrich #03507KEV Aldrich #03507KEV Steraloids #C307 Steraloids #B0520 Endo #71-265 Sigma #035K0846 Applied Science #3 Sigma #45H3614 Steraloids #B0970 Sigma #68F5042 MP Biomedical #R25023 Applied Science #L03095 Sigma #110M4703VA Sigma #04204LA Steraloids #H985 Sigma #21H0012 Applied Science #2184 Castle Importing Sigma #053K4063B Sigma #117B-0190 Sigma #125K0697 Sigma #109K4605 Sigma #19F0299 Steraloids #L1563 Steraloids #G974 Sigma #128F0464 Sigma #57F-0258 Aldrich #01410DT Sigma #032K0146 Sigma #032K0146 Grace #488B Sigma #083K0642 Sigma #083K0642 Sigma #51H4030 Sigma #60H1016 Alltech #2901 Sigma #030M0050 Sigma #29F0287 USPC #H Sigma #07220DU Aldrich #05112TH Aldrich #40796TJ Sigma #06519KD-428 Aldrich #ALD10312011 Sigma #35F3429 Applied Science #134 Applied Science #130 Alltech #238B USP #H Applied Science #114 Sigma #82C-2900 No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ 15 Appendix 1: Substances tested that were white or off-white Compound Atropine Sulfate Barbital Sodium salt Benzoylecgonine Tetrahydrate Brucine Sulfate* Buspirone HCl Butabarbital Butacaine Sulfate* Butacaine Sulfate Butethal Caffeine Carbomal Carisoprodol Chlorzoxazone Clenbuterol Clostebol Acetate Cocaine Corn Starch Demoxepam Diazepam Dibucaine Diclofenac sodium Diphenylhydantoin Dipyrone Disulfiram DL-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin Emetine di-HCl Ethylbenzylamine* Fenfluramine HCl Hydroxyalprazolam, alpha Hydroxyzine Dihydrochloride Hyoscyamine HCl Hyoscyamine sulfate Isosorbide dinitrate Ketamine HCl Lactic acid Lactose Lansoprazole Meclizine Mephobarbital Meprobamate Methylcellulose Metronidazole N,N-diethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine HCl Nicotinic Acid Norchlordiazpoxide PCP Morpholine analog HCl PCP-4-hydroxy metabolite HCl Pentobarbital Pentoxifylline* Phenacetin Phendimetrazine tartrate Phenmetrazine HCl Phenylboronic Acid Phenylbutazone *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Sigma #82C-2900 Sigma #118F0905 Alltech #8983 Mallinckrodt #BDP Sigma #065K1579 Applied Science #139 USP #1175-F USP #1175-F Applied Science #140 Sigma #102C-2160 Parke Davis #408913 Alltech #401 Sigma #093K1179 Sigma #21K11528 Sigma #108F02881 Sigma #114H0621 Argo #231A9C USPC #F-1 Sigma #105F-0451 K&K Labs #20746-A Sigma #069K1702 Alltech #30277 Fluka #078K1284 Ayerst Labs #L667 Alltech Applied #3702 Sigma #85H0748 C030308-2 Alltech #27082 Upjohn Labs #21247-MFL-13 Sigma #035K0841 Sigma #73C-0250 USPC #G Sigma #017H1006 Sigma #58H3534 Sigma #113H2522 Sigma #67H1545 Sigma #095K1862 Sigma #105F0208 Applied Science #132 Sigma #126F0690B USPC #F Sigma #033K1473 Applied Science #001 Sigma #091M0133V Alltech #1091 Applied #3 Applied #105 Sigma #87H1004 Sigma #059K1682 TCI #NU3QA-RI USP #F USP #F-1 Sigma #63H3679 Sigma #78H1117 No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ 16 Appendix 1: Substances tested that were white or off-white Compound Prazepam Pregabalin Primidone Progesterone Quinine Sulfate Scopolamine HBr Hydrate Sildenafil Citrate salt Spermine HCl Strychnine Sulfate Testosterone 17-β-cypionate Testosterone Propionate Theobromine Topiramate Trazodone HCl Triazolam Valproic Acid (-)-Nicotine *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Sigma #56F0684 Sigma #080M4709V Applied Science #E893 Sigma #088K0671 USPC #F-1 Alltech #2209 Sigma #030M4704V K&K Labs #86 Merck #63981 Sigma #128F0620 Sigma #117F-0618 Sigma #122C-2910 Sigma #034K47052 Sigma #018F0429 Sigma #59H0382 Sigma #67H1987 Sigma #91K1502 No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ 17 Appendix 2: Substances tested that were black/brown unless otherwise indicated Compound Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar, shavings)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Composite casework sample † † Composite casework sample Event # ending in 1984 Event # ending in 1984 Event # ending in 2127 Event # ending in 2127 Event # ending in 1692 Event # ending in 1692 Event # ending in 2338 Event # ending in 2338 Event # ending in 2086 Event # ending in 2086 Event # ending in 2681 Event # ending in 2681 Event # ending in 2902 Event # ending in 2902 Event # ending in 1443 Event # ending in 1443 Event # ending in 2811 Event # ending in 2811 Event # ending in 2426 Event # ending in 2426 Event # ending in 2518 Event # ending In 2518 Event # ending in 2521 Event # ending in 2521 Event # ending in 2745 Event # ending in 2745 Event # ending in 2916 Event # ending in 2916 Event # ending in 3192 Event # ending in 3192 Event # ending in 2498 Event # ending in 2498 Event # ending in 1144 Event # ending in 1144 Event # ending In 3338 Event # ending In 3338 Event # ending in 2487 Event # ending in 2487 Event # ending in 3110 Event # ending in 3110 Event # ending in 2612 Event # ending in 2612 Event # ending in 3185 Event # ending in 3185 Event # ending in 3049 Event # ending in 3049 Event # ending in 0315 Event # ending in 0315 Event # ending in 1956 Event # ending in 1956 Event # ending in 2025 Event # ending in 2025 Purple (20 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (45 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (50 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (45 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (55 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (55 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (50 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (45 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (70 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (65 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (70 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (55 seconds) Purple Dark red to slow purple (approx 90 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (70 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (75 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (80 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Dark green (immediate) Bluish/green Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (10 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (5 seconds) Green/blue Green (10 seconds) Green/blue Green (10 seconds) Green/blue Green (10 seconds) Green/blue Green (15 seconds) Green/blue Green (15 seconds) Green/blue Green (15 seconds) Green/blue Green (25 seconds) Green/blue Green (30 seconds) Green/blue Green (30 seconds) Bluish/green Brown/grey/green (30 seconds) Grey/green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (20 seconds) Green Green (15 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Purple (immediate) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (approx 10 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *sample tested by NarcoPouch † composite casework sample from event # ending in 2598, 3474, 2365 18 Appendix 2: Substances tested that were black/brown unless otherwise indicated Compound Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar) Heroin (black tar) 6-MAM (evaporated) Morphine, 6-MAM, Heroin (solid) Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar)* Heroin (black tar)* Morphine, 6-MAM, Heroin (solid)* Crayon(dark purple was-like substance) Apomorphine* Apomorphine Apomorphine (overloaded)* Lysergic Acid *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Event # ending in 2427 Event # ending in 2427 Event # ending in 3229 Event # ending in 3229 Event # ending in 3410 Event # ending in 3410 Event # ending in 2847 Event # ending in 2847 Event # ending in 2684 Event # ending in 2684 Event # ending in 1728 Event # ending in 1728 Event # ending in 2320 Event # ending in 2320 Event # ending in 2846 Event # ending in 2846 Event # ending in 5102 Event # ending in 5102 Event # ending in 0227 Event # ending in 0227 Event # ending in 4316 Event # ending in 4316 Event # ending in 2987 Event # ending in 2987 Event # ending in 3007 Event # ending in 3007 Event # ending in 4026 Event # ending in 4026 Event # ending in 3740 Event # ending in 3740 Event # ending in 1665 Event # ending in 1665 Event # ending in 1261 Event # ending in 1261 Event # ending in 0868 Event # ending in 0868 Event # ending in 2387 Event # ending in 1086 Event # ending in 2956 Event # ending in 1125 Event # ending in 1515 Cerilliant #FE060412-13 Event # ending in 1801 Event # ending in 2387 Event # ending in 1086 Event # ending in 2956 Event # ending in 1125 Event # ending in 1515 Event # ending in 1801 N/A Applied Science #343 Applied Science #343 Applied Science #343 Sigma #79B-0211-9 Red to Purple (40 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (90 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (45 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (50 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (50 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (70 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (75 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (70 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (90 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (70 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (60 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (55 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (70 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (35 seconds) Purple Red to Purple (90 seconds) Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Slow purple Red to Purple (90 seconds) Red to Purple (65 seconds) Red to Purple (90 seconds) Red to Purple (90 seconds) Red to Purple (90 seconds) Dark red to purple (approx 70 seconds) Pink to purple Purple Purple Purple Purple/brown Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Blue/green Green (15 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Blue/green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green (30 seconds) Green Green/blue Green/black Green Green Green Bluish/green Slow bluish/green Grey/green (45 seconds) Grey (30 seconds) Grey (30 seconds) Grey (30 seconds) Grey (30 seconds) Slow grey to green (70 seconds) Pink/light purple Dark purple Dark purple/black Dark Purple Dark green Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple (10 seconds) Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Purple Slow purple Purple (5 seconds) Purple (5 seconds) Purple (5 seconds) Purple (10 seconds) Purple (10 seconds) Purple (immediate) Pink/light purple Dark green Dark green Dark green Yellow/green + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ─ − − − − ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ 19 Appendix 2: Substances tested that were black/brown unless otherwise indicated Compound Fast Blue B Salt Black salt Ergonovine (overloaded)* Lysergic Acid Diethylamide tartrate Ergonovine Tetracycline HCl Peppercorn, smashed seed Tellicherry black pepper (crushed seed) Fast Blue Salt BN (yellowish green powder) Lysergic Acid* Harmine* (yellow powder) Ergonovine* Allspice, whole Fast Blue B Salt* Piperine* (light yellow powder) Piperine (light yellow powder) Cloves, ground Cloves, whole Decorative black sand Opium Harmine (yellow powder) Lysergic Acid (overloaded)* Fast Blue B Salt (overloaded)* Opium* 6-MAM* (clear liquid) Trenbolone Enanthate (light yellow powder) Molasses Peppercorn, whole seed Cardamom (whole seed and smashed seed) Decaf French Roast for Keurig Asphalt (painted blue rock-like substance) Candy dish brand candy, blue/silver wrapper (off white/yellow rock-like candy substance) Candy dish brand candy, green wrapper (green rock-like candy substance) Poppy seed (whole) Hydroxyzine Pamoate Salt (yellow powder) Asphalt, brown/black English breakfast tea for Keurig Green mountain coffee for Keurig Lemon blueberry passion tea for Keurig Vanilla (outer shaving) Vanilla Bean Marijuana Artisan Salish fine smoked alder salt Coffee grounds Bufotenine monooxalate hydrate Soil JoJos Turkey Teriyaki Jerky Brown sugar Chocolate brownie/fudge with nuts Chocolate peanut butter brownie Pancake syrup Tryptamine HCl *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Sigma #065K1285 N/A Sigma #12C-1960 USP #1A Sigma #12C-1960 USP #0974-H-4 N/A Kirkland #0T 061104 Sigma #55H2642 Sigma #79B-0211-9 Sigma #53C-1810 Sigma #12C-1960 Tampico Sigma #065K1285 SAFC #08922CH SAFC #08922CH McCormick McCormick N/A Sigma #31H0445A Sigma #53C-1810 Sigma #79B-0211-9 Sigma #065K1285 Sigma #31H0445A Cerilliant #FE060412-13 Steraloids #B0498 Grandma's Molasses #1758R1K N/A N/A Tully's N/A Purple/brown with effervescence Black with effervescence Brown Brown Brown to Black Brown with yellow streaks Dark brown/red Dark brown/red Faint yellow Grey/brown/purple Light brown/orange Light brown/purple/black Light brown/red Light Red Orange to red to brown Red Reddish/brown Reddish/brown Slow light pink Tan/brown Yellow to Red Dark grey Light red/brown Brown (90 seconds) No Color Change Yellow with dark green specks and streaks Tan/light brown Tan/light brown Tan/light yellow/orange Tan/red Yellow Tan Black with effervescence Dark green to black Dark green Green to black Black with yellow/green streaks Tan Tan Yellowish brown Grey/light black Light green/yellow Light green/yellow to grey Light tan/brown Straw/light green Brown Red to dark brown/black Brown streaks Brown No Color Change Faint grey/green Yellow/green Dark grey/black Tan/brown Not Performed No Color Change Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Grey Black with effervescence Yellow to light green Yellow to dark green Yellow to light brown Black with yellow streaks Light brown/light red Reddish brown Faint yellow Light green Yellow to brown Yellow Brown Straw/grey Brown Dark Red Reddish brown Red streaks Slow grey Faint purple Yellow to Red to Orange Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ N/A Yellow Not Performed Not Performed ─ N/A Yellow Not Performed Not Performed ─ 365 Everyday Value Sigma #033F0618 N/A Timothy's N/A Timothy's N/A N/A 2SC176B N/A N/A Sigma #114B-1750 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Sigma #52C-0420 Yellow Yellow to green Tan Tan Tan Tan Tan Tan Tan/yellow Tan with effervescence Light tan Light tan with brown/black streaks Light tan/light brown Light tan/light brown/light orange Light Yellow Light Yellow Light Yellow Light Yellow Light Yellow Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ 20 Appendix 2: Substances tested that were black/brown unless otherwise indicated Compound Pumpkin chocolate chip bread Chocolate Cupcake Hershey's Whoppers Cookie Crisp Cereal Soft & Chewy Granola Bar Chocolate Oxycodone HCl tablet 5 mg (burnt) Oxycodone HCl tablet 5 mg (burnt)* Allspice, ground Black licorice Chicory Root Cumin, ground Decaffeinated rainforest espresso for Keurig Hershey's Cocoa Hot chocolate mix Hot cocoa mix Tobacco Oreos Raspberry chocolate truffle coffee Tellicherry black pepper (whole seed) Instant Coffee (Hazelnut Dream Coffee) Trenbolone Acetate Ginger Trenbolone Brown M&M® candy 19-nortestosterone (faint yellow crystal) Dark corn syrup Poppy seed (crushed) Triprolidine HCl Ceiling Tile (off white to beige spondy material) Crayon, brown Crayon (dark green wax-like substance) Paprika Stir fry sauce African Sumac Tree Bark Black cumin Black fingerprint powder Black Jelly Beans Carnation Breakfast essentials chocolate milk Cinnamon Stick Coffee beans Crushed red pepper Kokum (Garcinia indica ) Large cardamom Medazepam (light yellow crystal) Mustard seeds, ground seed Mustard seeds, whole seed Onion seeds (whole seed and smashed seed) Star anise (shell and seed) Stopper, black Stopper, cork Super black powder Tea (175 mg antioxidants) Tea (all natural) *sample tested by NarcoPouch Compound Manuf/Lot # Marquis Result Mecke Result Froehde Result Results Winder Farms N/A N/A General Mills #CE011902 Kirkland Signature #05L127 2SC172 2SC172 N/A Australia's Darrell Lea N/A N/A Timothy's Hershey's #82RBKA1 N/A Swiss Miss 2SC131 Nabisco Van Houette Kirkland #0T 061104 Tastefully Simple #22190 Steraloids #L1462 N/A Steraloids #H417 Mars #335ASCLV02 Sigma #63H4003 Karo 365 Everyday Value Sigma #101H0003 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Lightning Powder Co. Jelly Belly #131017CD2T Nestle #207650954T AA McCormick #411145 0609 N/A Castle Importing N/A N/A Alltech #0206010 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Lynn Peavey Co. #5456 Lipton Lipton Light yellow/brown Light yellow/light tan Light yellow/light brown Light yellow/light green Light yellow/light green/light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown streaks Brown with yellow streaks Brown/red Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Light brown Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Light brown Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed Not Performed ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ Dark brown specks with yellow/brown streaks Dark yellow Faint orange with dark red specks Faint tan Faint yellow Faint yellow Fragment turned dark brown Peach to dark red Peach to red Light green Brown with effervescence No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change No Color Change 21 References (1) Weimer, B.J., Wong, L., Sannerud, C., Eicheldinger, C., Ancheta, J., Strom, K., and Rachal, V. (2006). The National Forensic Laboratory Information System: 2005 Annual Report. Washington DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2) Weimer, B.J., Peters, D., Sannerud, C., Eicheldinger, C., Ancheta, J., Strom, K., and Rachal, V. (2007). The National Forensic Laboratory Information System: 2006 Annual Report. Washington DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (3) Office of Diversion Control. (2008). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2007 Annual Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (4) Office of Diversion Control. (2009). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2008 Annual Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (5) U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. (2010). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2009 Annual Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (6) U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. (2011). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2010 Annual Report. Springfield, VA: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (7) U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. (2012). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2011 Annual Report. Springfield, VA: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (8) U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. (2013). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2012 Annual Report. Springfield, VA: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (9) U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. (2014). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2013 Annual Report. Springfield, VA: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (10) Miroff, Nick. “Tracing the U.S. heroin surge back south of the border as Mexican cannabis output falls” Washington Post 6 April 2014. Web. 21 May 2014. (11) United Nations. Office on Drugs and Crime. Narcotics Bulletin. The Analysis of Heroin. 1953. (12) United States Department of Justice. National Institute of Standards and Technology and National Institute of Justice. Color Test Reagents/Kits for Preliminary Identification of Drugs of Abuse (NIJ Standard 0604.01). July 2000. (13)ODV, Inc. NarcoPouch Instructions®. (14) Moffat, A. C., Osselton M. D., Widdop, B., & Watts, J. (Eds.). (2011). Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, Fourth edition. Gurnee, IL: Pharmaceutical Press. (15) ODV, Inc. (May 1, 2012). Marquis reagent [Material Safety Data Sheet]. (16) ODV, Inc. (May 1, 2012). Mecke’s reagent [Material Safety Data Sheet]. (17) ODV, Inc. (April 17, 2013). Frohdes reagent [Material Safety Data Sheet]. (18) Drug Identification Bible, 2012 Ed. “Heroin”. Grand Junction, CO: Amer-Chem, 2012. 424. 22