Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 1 of 34

Richard M. Garbarini (RG 5496)
GARBARINI FITZGERALD P.C.
250 Park Avenue, 7th Floor
New York, New York 10177
Telephone: (212) 300-5358
Facsimile: (347) 218-9478
Attorneys for Plaintiff
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
-----------------------------------------------------x
MATTHEW B. BURGOS, Individually
and on Behalf of all Similarly Situated
employees,
Plaintiff,

Index No: 16-cv-8512

CLASS AND COLLECTIVE
ACTION COMPLAINT
AND JURY DEMAND

vs.
UBER TECHNOLOGIES, INC., and
PORTIER, LLC,
Defendants.
-----------------------------------------------------x
Plaintiff Matthew B. Burgos, on behalf of himself and all other similarly situated foot
and bike couriers in New York City who have worked or are currently working for defendants
Uber Technologies, Inc. and Portier, LLC (collectively referred to herein as “UBER”), alleges
the following:
INTRODUCTION
1.

This is a suit brought on behalf of plaintiff and a putative class of all current and

former bike and foot messengers employed by UBER in New York City (the “Putative Class or
“Couriers”), asking the Court to properly reimburse plaintiff and the Putative Class: (i) all
gratuities that were earned but stolen by UBER, (ii) all legal tools-of-the-trade expenses, and

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(iii) minimum wages under 35 U.S.C. §§ 201 et seq., the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”);
New York Labor Law Article 6 §§ 190 et seq. and Article 19, §§ 650 et seq., and the
supporting New York State Department of Labor Regulations, 12 N.Y.C.R.R. Part 142
(“NYLL”); and the Fair Play Act.
2.

With an estimated market capitalization in-excess of 50 billion dollars, UBER

has rapidly grown into one of the wealthiest and largest companies in America. In or about
April 2014, UBER launched UBERrush (“RUSH”) in New York City, and on March 16, 2016
UBER launched UBEReats (EATS). Unlike the other UBER services, RUSH and EATS
utilize bike and foot messengers (the “Couriers”) to deliver packages.
3.

The vast majority of the “packages” delivered through RUSH were food orders

originating from GrubHub, Inc., and nearly all GrubHub deliveries received an on-line gratuity
– none of which were passed onto the Couriers.
4.

On March 16, 2016, UBER passed on a small part of the gratuities received

from only three restaurants. UBER retained the majority of the gratuities from the three
restaurants, and all of the gratuities from the hundreds of other restaurants which employed
UBER.
5.

UBER created EATS in an attempt to replace GrubHub, and deal directly with

restaurants. While RUSH allows gratuities via GrubHub, EATS charges a purported “Service
Fee” of $3.99. The purported “Service Fee” is a gratuity, and belongs to the Couriers.
6.

UBER exploits its Couriers to bolster its bottom line and continue its rapid

expansion to what now amounts to a presence in 482 global cities.
7.

UBER also evades New York City safety laws. In New York City, bicycle

delivery men and women are at a great risk of injury. New York City Bureau of Statistics

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reports that between 1996 and 2005 there were 225 bicyclist deaths. Over seventy percent of
those deaths were delivery workers, and 97% of the delivery who were killed were not wearing
helmets.
8.

While New York City law requires businesses to supply their delivery personnel

with helmets and other safety devices, UBER circumvents its duty of supplying safety gear by
misclassifying its Couriers as independent contractors. UBER, however, ignores the plain
facts and the law which deems bicycle and foot delivery personnel employees.
PARTIES
9.

Plaintiff Mathew B. Burgos ("BURGOS") is an individual and resident of the

10.

Upon information and belief, defendant Uber Technologies, Inc. is a Delaware

Bronx.

corporation headquartered in San Francisco, California. Uber Technologies, Inc. is authorized
to conduct business and does conduct business throughout New York, including in New York
City.
11.

Upon information and belief, Portier, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of

UBER and has no independent function.
JURISDICTION AND VENUE
12.

This Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to the FLSA, 29 U.S.C.

§216(b), 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 1337 (federal question) and 28 U.S.C. § 2201 (declaratory
judgment).
13.

This Court has supplemental jurisdiction over the New York State law claims

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, as they are so related to the claims over which this Court has
original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the

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United States Constitution.
14.

At all times relevant to this Complaint, Plaintiff and Defendants were engaged

in commerce and/or the production of goods for commerce within the meaning of 29 U.S.C.
§§ 206(a) and 207(a).
15.

Defendants earned in excess of $500,000 per year in each year covered by this

Complaint.
16.

The statute of limitation under the FLSA for willful violations is three years

pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 255(a).
17.

Plaintiff has consented in writing to be a party to this action, pursuant to

29 U.S.C. § 216(b).
18.

Venue is proper in the Southern District of New York pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1391(a) as the residence of both Plaintiffs and Defendants and the forum which all of the
operable facts took place.
CLASS AND COLLECTIVE ALLEGATIONS
19.

Plaintiff brings FLSA claims on behalf of himself and all “bicycle and foot

messengers employed by UBER in New York City from October 31, 2013 through January 1,
2017 who are not contracted with UBER through a separate business entity, and who elect to
opt-in to this collective action” (the “FLSA Collective”).
20.

Defendant is liable under the FLSA for, inter alia, failing to properly compensate

minimum wages to Plaintiff and the FLSA Collective, and as such, notice should be sent to the
FLSA Collective. Upon information and belief, there are many similarly situated current and
former employees of Defendants employed by UBER from November 1, 2013 through January
1, 2017 who have been underpaid in violation of the FLSA who would benefit from the issuance

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of a court- supervised notice of the present lawsuit and the opportunity to join in the present
lawsuit. Those similarly situated employees are known to Defendants, are readily identifiable,
and can be located through Defendants’ records.
21.

Plaintiff also brings New York Labor Law claims on behalf of himself and a class

of persons under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure consisting of “all bicycle and
foot messengers employed by UBER in New York City from November 1, 2013 through January
1, 2017 who are not contracted with UBER through a separate business entity, and who elect to
opt-into the class.” (the “Rule 23 Class”).
22.

The persons in the Rule 23 Class identified above are so numerous that joinder of

all members is impracticable. Although the precise number of such persons is unknown, the
facts on which the calculation of that number can be based are presently within the sole control
of the Defendants.
23.

The claims of Plaintiff are typical of the claims of the Rule 23 Class.

24.

Plaintiff will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the Rule 23 Class.

25.

Defendants have acted or have refused to act on grounds generally applicable to

the Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief or
corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the Rule 23 Class as a whole.
26.

There are questions of law and fact common to the Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class

that predominate over any questions solely affecting individual members of the Rule 23 Class,
including but not limited to:
a) whether Defendants are employers under the NYLL;
b) whether Defendants are a unified employer:
c) whether Defendants have failed to keep true and accurate time records for
all hours worked by Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class;
d) what proof of hours worked is sufficient where employer fails in its duty
to maintain true and accurate time records;

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e) whether Defendants have failed and/or refused to pay Plaintiff and the
Rule 23 Class minimum wage as defined by the New York Labor Law
Article 6 §§ 190 et seq. and Article 19, §§ 650 et seq., and the supporting
New York State Department of Labor Regulations, 12 N.Y.C.R.R. Part
142;
f) whether Defendants illegally retained gratuities which rightfully belong to
Plaintiff and the Putative Class;
g) whether Defendants illegally retained gratuities improperly classified as
“Service Fees” which rightfully belong to Plaintiff and the Putative Class
h) whether Defendants must reimburse Plaintiff and the Rule 23 all “Toolsof-the-Trade” expenses; and,
i) the nature and extent of Plaintiffs and the Rule 23 Class-wide injury and
the appropriate measure of damages for the class.
27.

The claims of the Plaintiff are typical of the claims of the Rule 23 Class he seeks

to represent. Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class work or have worked for Defendants and have not
been paid: (i) at the minimum wage for all hours worked, (ii) their gratuities from RUSH
deliveries; (iii) their gratuities from EATS deliveries surreptitiously called “Service Fees”, and
(iv) reimbursement of their Tools-of-the Trade expenses.
28.

Defendants have acted and refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the

Rule 23 Class, thereby making declaratory relief with respect to the Rule 23 Class appropriate.
29.

Plaintiff will fairly and adequately represent and protect the interests of the Rule

23 Class.
30.

Plaintiff has retained counsel competent and experienced in complex class actions

and in employment litigation.
31.

A class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient

adjudication of this litigation - particularly in the context of a wage and hour litigation like the
present action, where individual plaintiffs may lack the financial resources to vigorously
prosecute a lawsuit in federal court against a corporate defendant. The members of the Rule 23
Class have been damaged and are entitled to recovery as a result of Defendants’ common and

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uniform policies, practices, and procedures. Although the relative damages suffered by
individual Rule 23 Class Members are not de minimis, such damages are small compared to the
expense and burden of individual prosecution of this litigation. In addition, class treatment is
superior because it will obviate the need for unduly duplicative litigation that might result in
inconsistent judgments about Defendants’ practices.
FACTS SPECIFIC TO UBER, RUSH, and EATS
32.

UBER is a privately held company known for providing livery drivers in the

452 cities it operates. On April 14, 2014, UBER launched RUSH, a bicycle and foot
messenger service. RUSH was originally launched in three cities, San Francisco, Chicago, and
New York and was rolled out to an additional 16 cities as of the date of this Complaint.
33.

RUSH is a service whereby individuals/restaurants/corporations in need of a

courier can request one of UBER’s Couriers through an “on-line” website or through the
RUSH cellular phone application. The Courier is then sent his/her assignment and rides to the
location.
34.

Upon information and belief, UBER recognized approximately 70% of all

RUSH deliveries where from restaurants, and originated from GrubHub, Inc. (“GrubHub”)
orders.
35.

GrubHub is an internet food-delivery company that was created in 2013 when

GrubHub Inc. and Seamless North America LLC merged creating the nation's leading online
and mobile food ordering company. The company’s online and mobile ordering platforms
allow users to order directly from more than 45,000 restaurants in over 1,100 U.S. cities and
London.
36.

On March 16, 2016, UBER launched EATS in NYC which was an attempt to

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usurp GrubHub’s share of the market.
37.

UBER hired, almost exclusively, bicycle messengers to deliver for RUSH and

38.

Generally, all Couriers can deliver for RUSH and EATS simultaneously. In

EATS.

fact, the Courier doesn’t even know whether he is delivering for RUSH or EATS.
39.

Substantially all GrubHub orders involve gratuities. GrubHub reports its

average national tip as 13.9 percent per order, with New York City falling below average at
13.1 percent.
40.

EATS, on the other hand, is a service whereby the user is charged a $3.99

“Service Fee” in lieu of a gratuity. The user or purchaser, however, would never know the
Service Fee is not a gratuity.
FACTS AS TO PLAINTIFF BURGOS
41.

In or around October 2015, plaintiff BURGOS submitted an application to

UBERrush (“RUSH”), and provided all personal information allowing UBER to conduct a
background check.
42.

On December 10, 2015, plaintiff went to an orientation held at the UBER

office, located on 633 W. 27th Street, New York. The orientation was under an hour, and 2030 couriers attended.
43.

No safety training occurred at the December 10, 2015 orientation.

44.

At the orientation the Couriers were given UBER labelled messenger bags, and

iPhones.
45.
bike.

BURGOS started work a week after orientation because he had to purchase a

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46.

BURGOS often worked without being paid statutory minimum wage.

47.

BURGOS received gratuities in approximately 70% of his assignments, prior to

the launch of EATS. See Exhibit A.
48.

After EATS was launched, the RUSH assignments slowly decreased.

49.

As of the date of this Complaint only approximately 30% of BURGOS

assignments are RUSH deliveries.
50.

EATS charges a $3.99 Service Charge.

51.

At no time has BURGOS received the $3.99 EATS Service Charge.

52.

BURGOS does not wear safety equipment, and has observed most other

Couriers also do not wear safety equipment.
53.

BURGOS was forced to spend $700 on a new bike in April 2016, and has paid

for numerous flat tires.
54.

Due to the over hiring of Couriers, Plaintiff and other Couriers were, and are,

forced to wait at “hot spots”. Hot spots are area by busy restaurants.
55.

For example, Gotham Market located at 600 11th Ave. contains numerous

restaurants that use both RUSH and EATS.
56.

If the Courier is not at or around Gotham Market, there is very little chance of

getting an order.
UBER EVADED NYC SAFETY LAWS
47.

Between 1996 and 2005, there were 225 bicyclist deaths in New York City. An

average of 23 bicyclists died per year. In NYC, 97% of biking fatalities were due to people who
were not wearing helmets. Exhibit B.
48.

Per the 2014 Bureau of Labor Statistics report, the transportation industry

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accounts for 40 percent of all fatal occupational injuries, making it the second most dangerous
occupation (construction ranks #1). Service providers, including delivery drivers, account for
most transportation deaths.
49.

A 2015 report based on traffic data from NYC’s Open Data portal revealed that

77.5 percent of bicycle crashes resulted in an injury, and recent years have seen NYC cyclist
deaths increase despite efforts to improve safety. See http://www.tastetalks.com/seamlessgrubhub-delivery-tipping-1873154639.html.
50.

What UBER has done is shifted the decision to wear, and the burden and expense

of safety equipment onto the food delivery personal; historically one of the lowest compensated
and least educated group of employees in ant industry.
51.

UBER did not even offer safety training before turning these kids out onto the

street to make deliveries.
52.

New York City law regarding bicycle safety is written very generally, and

includes: every person, firm, partnership, joint venture, association or corporation which engages
during its business, either on behalf of itself or others, in delivering packages, parcels, papers or
articles of any type by bicycle shall post one or more bicycle safety posters at each employment
site.
53.

Undoubtedly UBER “engages [couriers] in the course of its business, either

on behalf of itself or others”. As such UBER was, and is, obligated to provide their bicycle
couriers with the following: • A bicycle helmet in good condition, which fits properly [fits
the operator]; • Upper body apparel with the business' name and operator's identification
number; • Numbered business ID card with the operator's photo, name, home address and
the business' name, address and phone number; • A white headlight and red taillight; • A

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bell or other audible signal (not whistle); • Working brakes; • Reflective tires and/or other
reflective devices on new bicycles. Businesses must maintain a log book, which must be
available for inspection during regular and usual business hours.
UBER IS THE COURIERS’ EMPLOYER
47.

By law, a person is an independent contractor only when free from control and

direction in the performance of such services; that is not the case here.
48.

This right of control need not extend to every possible detail of the work.

49.

Rather, the relevant question is whether the entity retains “all necessary control”

over the worker's performance.
50.

The fact that a certain amount of freedom is allowed or is inherent in the nature of

the work involved does not preclude a finding of employment status.
51.

The pertinent question is not how much control UBER exercises, but how many

rights does UBER retain to exercise.
52.

UBER controls nearly every aspect of the Couriers’ employment.

53.

“Within the messenger industry, it is standard practice that bike and foot

messengers (messengers) are considered to be employees of the messenger company
providing delivery services to its customers.” See The New York State Department of Labor
Guidelines for Determining Worker Status Messenger Courier Industry. See Exhibit C.
54.

While UBER calls itself a “technology platform” in order to avoid being

deemed an employer. It is impossible to believe a “technology platform” demands the
following in its application before an individual is allowed to use it:
Uber (the “Company”) may obtain information about you from a third
party consumer reporting agency for employment purposes. You may be
the subject of a “consumer report” and/or an “investigative consumer

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report” which may include information about your character, general
reputation, personal characteristics, and/or mode of living, and which can
invoke personal interviews with sources such as your neighbors, friends,
or associates. These reports may contain information regarding your
criminal history, social security verification, motor vehicle records
(“driving records”), verification of your education or employment
history, or other background checks.
55.

UBER also controls all fares charged, incentive pay, and bonuses.

56.

For example, in or about June 2016 UBER reduced the fees paid to the Couriers,

and instituted a policy whereby the Couriers had to complete 85% of the assignments in order to
get “incentive pay”, which was the equivalent of approximately 60-70% of the Couriers’ pay.
57.

UBER utilizes “bonus pay” in the same way as the incentive pay to manipulate

schedules. Bonus pay is compensation based on daily offers made by UBER.
58.

For each Courier to even hope to earn a livable rate, he or she must comply with

the rules for the bonus and incentive pay rules.
59.

The incentive and bonus pay is the way UBER controls the Couriers schedule.

60.

UBER has attempted to misclassify the Couriers as “Independent Contractors”.

Independent Contractors are persons who are in business for themselves and hold themselves and
available to the general-public to perform similar services.
61.

The New York State Commercial Goods Transportation Industry Fair Play Act

(“Fair Play Act”), which went into effect as of April 10, 2014, offers guidance on the issue of
whether the Couriers are employees.
62.

Because the Couriers fall under the provisions of the Fair Play Act, that Act’s

provisions take precedence.
63.

Under the Fair Play Act, Plaintiff or any member of the Putative Class must be a

separate business entity to be classified as an independent contractor, or they must be:

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i.
ii.

iii.

free from the control and direction of the hiring company in performing
the work; and,
the service provided by the driver is different than the services provided
by the company or is otherwise not part of the usual business of the
company; and,
the driver is customarily engaged in carrying out such same services as an
independent established trade or profession, rather than simply working
for the company.

64.

Defendants woefully fail the above standard.

65.

First, Plaintiff and the Putative Class are not separate business entities by class

definition.
66.

Second, as described below, the Couriers are not remotely free from the direction

and control of UBER.
67.

Third, the service provided by UBER is the same service offered by Plaintiff and

the Putative Class.
68.

Fourth, Plaintiff and the Putative Class are not customarily engaged in carrying

out the same services as an independent trade. In fact, UBER warns the Couriers at orientation
that they will be terminated if they are found to be working for another courier service.
69.

All of the above conditions must be met in order for UBER to rebut the

presumption of an employer-employee relationship with its driver; they cannot.
70.

In fact, a Court of competent jurisdiction has already found the livery drivers are

employees. See O’Conner v. Uber Technologies, Inc., 3:13-cv-03826-EMC (N.D. Cal. March
11, 2015).
71.

Similarly, the UBER livery drivers were found to be employees in the United

Kingdom. See Exhibit D.

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DOL INDICATORS OF AN EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP
72.

The United States Department of Labor (“US DOL”) offers nine common-law

indicators to determine if there is an employment relationship. All nine indicators heavily favor
a finding that the Couriers are employees of UBER.
73.

DOL Indicator 1: The messenger company makes standard withholding

deductions from the messenger’s earnings. The agreement between Defendants and the Couriers
(the “Agreement”) provides: “Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement,
Company may in its reasonable discretion based on applicable tax and regulatory considerations,
collect and remit taxes resulting from your provision of Delivery Services and/or provide any of
the relevant tax information you have provided pursuant to the requirement mentioned above,
directly to the applicable governmental tax authorities on your behalf or otherwise.” See Exhibit
E.
74.

DOL Indicator 2: The messenger company may provide fringe benefits to the

messenger. This factor weighs in favor of plaintiff and the putative class. Couriers get bonuses
and incentives, which formed, and form, as much as 70% of the Couriers salary. UBER also
provides iPhones, and messenger bags marked UBER.
75.

DOL Indicator 3: The messenger company sets the rate of pay, which is normally

based on the higher of an hourly rate or fee basis. This factor weighs in favor of Plaintiff and
the Putative Class, UBER sets the rates of pay.
76.

DOL Indicator 4: The messenger company sets the work schedule. Couriers may

choose which days they work. However, once a courier enables the application to receive
assignments, UBER then controls the schedule through the incentive and bonus pay.

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For example, as the below shows that UBER offers a bonus which changes, offering
more money to keep the couriers on the road “all day”.

The incentive and bonus pay form approximately 40-70% of the couriers’ salary. To earn
a livable wage, the courier had to accept the daily bonus offers and must fulfill 85% of the orders
to get the incentive pay. This forces the Couriers to stay on-line and is tantamount to setting a
work schedule.
77.

DOL Indicator 5: The messenger company requires the services to be performed

personally, and the messenger is not able to provide his/her own substitute. This factor weighs in
favor of plaintiffs and the putative class. The Agreement provides at § 2.6.1: “Company Devices
may not be transferred, loaned, sold or otherwise provided in any manner to any party other than
you. Couriers must deliver package and may not substitute.”
78.

DOL Indicator 6: The messenger company covers the messenger under the

company’s Workers’ Compensation policy. This factor weighs in favor of UBER; Defendants’
do not cover the Couriers under its Workers Compensation policy.
79.

DOL Indicator 7: The messenger company sets the order and priority of

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delivery. This factor weighs in favor of Plaintiffs and the Putative Class. Couriers get notices of
the next assignment from UBER, and have no ability to choose which deliveries they want. The
Courier either takes the assignment, or it is deemed a miss-delivery.
80.

DOL Indicator 8: The messenger company requires the messenger to accept an

assignment. This factor weighs in favor of plaintiffs and the putative class. If the messenger
misses more than a 15% of the pushes to your phone, for any reason, the courier losses a
significant portion of the compensation for that day.
81.

DOL Indicator 9: The messenger company requires the messenger to follow all

company rules and regulations. Section 3.1 of the Agreement states: “You acknowledge and
agree that Company reserves the right, at any time in Company’s sole discretion, to deactivate or
otherwise restrict you from accessing or using the Provider App or the Uber Services if you fail
to meet the requirements set forth in this Agreement.”
Further, to earn a livable wage, Plaintiff and the Putative Class must follow all rules and
regulations once they enable the application (which is the equivalent of clocking into work). The
Couriers must take the assignments given, and complete them in time frames set by UBER.
Also, if the Courier receives unfavorable ratings, they must receive favorable ratings or they will
be “deactivated”. This factor weighs in favor of a finding that the Plaintiffs and the Putative
Class have at all times relevant to this Complaint been employees of Defendants.
82.

UBER fails every US DOL Indicator, and is the employer of the Couriers.
ADDITIONAL PROOF OF EMPLOYMENT

83.

While the agreements between Defendants and the Couriers specifically states the

Couriers have the unfettered right to work for other delivery companies like Caviar, Postmates,
AndoFood.com, Delivery.com, or Amazon Prime; that is not the reality of the relationship.

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84.

At the orientation held in December 2015, UBER told the Couriers including

plaintiff BURGOS, that the Couriers would not be able to handle working for multiple services,
and UBER would be able to tell if they did. The Couriers were then informed that if any of them
were found to be working at another service, that Courier would be “deactivated” from UBER.
85.

Deactivation is yet another method to control the Couriers and is the equivalent of

termination. The employer’s “right to discharge at will, without cause” is “strong evidence in
support of an employment relationship.”
86.

The Agreement provides:
Company retains the right to deactivate or otherwise restrict you
from accessing or using the Provider App or the Uber Services in
the event of a violation or alleged violation of this Agreement,
your disparagement of Company or any of its Affiliates, or your
act or omission that causes harm to Company’s or its Affiliates’
brand, reputation or business as determined by Company in its sole
discretion.

87.

Section 3.1 of the Agreement states:
You acknowledge and agree that you may be subject to certain
background and driving record checks from time to time in order
to qualify to provide, and remain eligible to provide, Delivery
Services. You acknowledge and agree that Company reserves the
right, at any time in Company’s sole discretion, to deactivate or
otherwise restrict you from accessing or using the Provider App or
the Uber Services if you fail to meet the requirements set forth in
this Agreement.

88.

Section 2.5.2 of the Agreement provides:
If you do not increase your average rating above the Minimum
Average Rating within the time period allowed (if any), Company
reserves the right to deactivate your access to the Provider App and
the Uber Services.

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89.

Section 12.2 of the Agreement states:
Company may terminate this Agreement or deactivate your
Provider ID immediately, without notice, with respect to you in the
event you no longer qualify, under applicable law or the standards
and policies of Company and its Affiliates, to provide Delivery
Services or to operate your Transportation Method, or as otherwise
set forth in this Agreement.

90.

UBER has discharged members of the Putative Class at-will, and for no apparent

91.

Other indicia of employment include: (i) the Plaintiff’s and Putative Class’ lack of

cause.

investment in equipment or materials required for his task, or his employment of helpers, (2) the
fact that the services rendered do not require a special skill; and (3) the services rendered by
Plaintiff and the Putative Class are an integral part of the alleged employer’s business.
92.

UBER also reserves the right to disclose Plaintiff’s and the Putative Class’ private

information. Section 4.6 of the Agreement states:
Receipts include the breakdown of amounts charged to the User for
Delivery Services and may include specific information about you,
including your name, contact information and photo, as well as a map of
the route you took.
93.

Based on the forgoing, the fact that plaintiff and the putative class are properly

classified as employees is irrefutable.
DEFENDANT’S ARE A UNIFIED EMPLOYER
94.

Each of the individual Defendants form UBER, and is run pursuant to a unified

plan and management.
95.

The control and direction of every aspect of Portier, Inc., from general policies to

hiring and firing, wages, and policies, is centralized at the UBER headquarters.
96.

Further, each Defendant shares the same back-end bookkeeping, upper-

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management, human resources, accounting, payroll and banking, all of which is controlled by
UBER.
Defendants’ General Employment Practices Applicable
to the Plaintiff and All Similarly Situated Employees
97.

At all relevant times, Defendants were the Plaintiff and Putative Class’s

employers within the meaning of the FLSA and New York Labor Law. Defendants had the
power to hire and fire Plaintiff and the Putative Class, control their terms and conditions of
employment, and determine the rate and method of any compensation in exchange for Plaintiff
and the Putative Class’s services.
98.

All decisions complained of here came directly from UBER headquarters.

99.

At all times relevant to this complaint, Defendants maintained a policy and

practice of failing to pay Plaintiff and all similarly situated employees at the prevailing minimum
wage as required by federal and state laws.
100.

Defendants have engaged in its unlawful conduct pursuant to a corporate policy of

minimizing labor costs and denying employees compensation by knowingly violating the FLSA
and NYLL.
101.

Defendants’ unlawful conduct was intentional, willful, in bad faith, and caused

significant damages to Plaintiff and other similarly situated and current and former workers.
102.

Defendants failed to inform Plaintiff and the Putative Class that Defendants

intended to take a deduction against Plaintiff’ earned wages for tip income, as required by the
NYLL before any deduction may be taken.
UBER, VIA EATS, ILLEGALLY RETAINED PURPORTED SERVICE FEES
103.

Upon information and belief, UBER charges the restaurants as much as 30

percent of the restaurant bill prior to taxes. The team behind EATS says charging any less would

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 20 of 34

be “unsustainable”.
104.

A spokesperson for UBER provided the following statement to EATER.com:
UberEats delivers delicious meals at menu price, plus a clearly marked
delivery fee. In exchange we charge the restaurant a modest service that in
most cases is less than the cost of operating their own delivery service.
Our goal is to grow the pie for everyone, rather than servicing a narrow
niche of customers willing to pay stunning high mark-ups." See
http://www.eater.com/2016/2/9/10940754/ubereats-amazon-restaurantdelivery-charges.

105.

UBER then charges the Couriers 20% of their fares.

106.

The restaurants charge the user a purported $3.99 Service Charge.

107.

In order for the Service Charge to properly be a charge and not a gratuity, UBER

must provide adequate notification including a statement in the contract or agreement with the
customer, and on any menu and bill listing prices, that the charge is not purported to be a
gratuity.
108.

The statement must also be in ordinary language readily understood and shall

appear in a font size on the receipt similar to surrounding text, but no smaller than a 12-point
font.
109.

UBER provides no notification what-so-ever that the $3.99 Service Fee is not

gratuity. Further, no receipt is included with EATS deliveries.
110.

The EATS Service Charge is a gratuity and must be passed on to the Couriers.
UBER, VIA RUSH, ILLEGALLY RETAINED GRATUITIES

111.

Until March 16, 2016, a significant percentage of RUSH assignments entailed

gratuities via Grubhub. After March 16, the percent of gratuities via GrubHub has slowly
decreased from approximately 70% to approximately 30%.

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 21 of 34

112.

Under Federal Department of Labor Guidelines:
Retention of Tips: A tip is the sole property of the tipped employee
regardless of whether the employer takes a tip credit. The FLSA prohibits
any arrangement between the employer and the tipped employee whereby
any part of the tip received becomes the property of the employer. For
example, even where a tipped employee receives at least $7.25 per hour in
wages directly from the employer, the employee may not be required to
turn over his or her tips to the employer. US Dept. of Labor, Fact sheet
No. 15.

113. Section 196-d of the New York Labor Law states
Gratuities. No employer or his agent or an officer or agent of any
corporation, or any other person shall demand or accept, directly or
indirectly, any part of the gratuities, received by an employee, or retain
any part of a gratuity or of any charge purported to be a gratuity for an
employee. This provision shall not apply to the checking of hats, coats
or other apparel. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed as
affecting the allowances from the minimum wage for gratuities in the
amount determined in accordance with the provisions of article nineteen
of this chapter nor as affecting practices in connection with banquets and
other special functions where a fixed percentage of the patron’s bill is
added for gratuities which are distributed to employees, nor to the
sharing of tips by a waiter with a busboy or similar employee.
114.

When tips are given by customers via credit card, the employer must pay the

employee the amount due no later than the next regularly scheduled pay day. The employer
may subtract from the employee's tips the pro-rated share of the charge levied by the credit
card company. An employer remitting tips to an employee must include a breakdown between
the tips and the wages on the employee's wage statement, which must meet all other
requirements for wage statements.
115.

This position reflects a change in DOL policy as set forth in DOL opinion RO-

08-0032 related to this issue.
116.

Section 4.7 of the Agreement states: “In the event that a User pays Company a

valid gratuity on your behalf, Company will transmit such gratuity to you and will not retain

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 22 of 34

any portion of that gratuity.”
117.

Based on past practices of failing to remit gratuities, UBER knew that it was

going to retain the tips for itself when it misrepresented that tips would be passed on to the
drivers.
118.

In March 2016, UBER contacted the active Couriers by text and informed them

it would pay out all gratuities for three restaurants - Blockheads, Genuine Superette, and Big
Daddy’s.
119.

Upon information and belief, UBER deliberately sent vital information pertaining

to the individual couriers like plaintiff and the putative class by ephemeral messages like text
messages rather than email to cover-up what is clearly an artifice to cover-up a clear plan to
deprive the bicycle couriers of the gratuities that were earned from March 2015 – March 2016.
120.

The March UBER text also asked BURGOS and part of the Putative Class to

verify whether the amount in the text was equal to the gratuities for Blockheads, Genuine
Superette, and Big Daddy’s from March 2015 to March 2016.
121.

At no time, however, did the receipts on the deliveries from Blockheads,

Genuine Superette, and Big Daddy’s list the amount of the gratuities, or any other number for
that matter. Instead, the receipt just identified the food order.
122.

There was no possible way to calculate the gratuities from Blockhead’s,

Genuine Superette, and Big Daddy’s.
123.

Upon information and belief, the amount offered for the Blockhead’s, Genuine

Superette, and Big Daddy’s was radically below the gratuities actually paid to UBER on behalf
of BURGOS and part of the Putative Class.
124.

Further, due to the over hiring of couriers, the competition for orders become

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 23 of 34

fierce. BURGOS and other members of the Putative Class were forced to sit at “hot spots”,
which are spots outside high-volume restaurants, and wait for a push notification.
125.

At any given point during lunchtime there is a line of Couriers waiting.

126.

What the restaurants did, with UBER’s help, was move their delivery workers

outside and misclassify independent contractors. The Couriers were then denied gratuities,
safety gear, minimum and overtime wages, Worker’s Compensation, Unemployment
Insurance, etc.
127.

Further, GrubHub is responsible for making sure all tips it receives are properly

distributed.
128.

On April 16, 2014 New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman reached an

agreement with GrubHub Inc.:
129. Our settlement with GrubHub changes a billing formula that may have been used
by restaurants to shortchange workers out of their hard-earned tips — tips that customers
intended for them,” Attorney General Schneiderman said. “In addition, this agreement will leave
no doubt among the thousands of restaurants doing business through GrubHub about what their
legal obligations are—not only with regard to tips, but also for all laws that protect the rights of
workers. Today’s agreement addresses a problem that may have affected thousands of delivery
workers, and the industry will be better off for it.
130.

The Attorney General further stated: Beyond changes to the fee structure, the

company will send all New York restaurant partners, which number well into the thousands, a
notice informing them of their labor law obligations, with particular focus on issues related to
delivery workers. The company will also include a new requirement in its standard contract that
restaurants must comply with all laws applicable to delivery workers, including wage and hour
laws and laws requiring timely and full distribution of tips. Finally, GrubHub will include a new
notification in the billing invoices it sends to restaurants, stating that tips are the property of the
delivery workers.

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 24 of 34

131.

Defendants’ unlawful conduct was intentional, willful, in bad faith, and caused

significant damages to Plaintiff and other similarly situated and current and former workers.
132.

Defendants failed to inform Plaintiff and the Putative Class their tips would be

credited towards the payment of the minimum wage.
133.

Plaintiff and the Putative Class has been victims of Defendants’ common policy

and practices violating their rights under the FLSA and New York Labor Law by inter alia,
willfully denying them their earned tips and not paying them the wages they were owed for the
hours they had worked.
134.

Defendants’ pay practices resulted in Plaintiff and the Putative Class not receiving

payment for all their hours worked, resulting in Plaintiff’s and the Putative Class’ effective rate
of pay falling below the required minimum wage.
135.

As part of its regular business practice, Defendants intentionally, willfully, and

repeatedly harmed Plaintiff and the Putative Class by engaging in a pattern, practice, and/or
policy of violating the FLSA and the NYLL. This pattern, practice and/or policy included
depriving delivery workers of a portion of the tips earned during the course of employment,
illegally retaining the Service Charges, and failing to pay all hours at the prevailing minimum
wage.
136.

Defendants unlawfully misappropriated charges purported to be gratuities,

received by delivery workers in violation of New York Labor Law § 196-d (2007).
FAILURE TO PROVIDE WAGE STATEMENTS ACCESS TO WAGE POSTERS
137.

Defendants failed to provide Plaintiff and the Putative Class with wage statements

at the time of payment of wages, containing: the dates of work covered by that payment of
wages; name of employee; name of employer; address and phone number of employer; rate or

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 25 of 34

rates of pay and basis thereof, whether paid by the hour, shift, day, week, salary, piece,
commission, or other; gross wages; deductions; allowances, if any, claimed as part of the
minimum wage; net wages; the regular hourly rate or rates of pay; the overtime rate or rates of
pay; the number of regular hours worked, and the number of overtime hours worked, as required
by NYLL § 195(3).
138.

Defendants failed to provide Plaintiff and the Putative Class, at the time of hiring,

a statement in English and the employees’ primary language, containing: the rate or rates of pay
and basis thereof, whether paid by the hour, shift, day, week, salary, piece, commission, or other;
allowance, if any, claimed as part of the minimum wage, including tip, meal, or lodging
allowances; the regular pay day designated by the employer; the name of the employer; any
“doing business as” names used by the employer; the physical address of the employer’s main
office or principal place of business, and a mailing address if different; and the telephone number
of the employer, as required by New York Labor Law § 195(1).
139.

Upon information and belief, until this lawsuit was filed, Defendants did not post

the notices required by the FLSA and NYLL and/or did not otherwise inform Plaintiff and the
Putative Class of the requirements of the tip credit.
140.

Defendants have not informed Plaintiff and the Putative Class about the tip credit,

or the employment laws generally, in Spanish or other languages spoken by the employees, even
though other rules and guidelines are posted in Spanish.
141.

Defendants’ policy, pattern and/or practice of paying Plaintiff and the Putative

Class a tipped wage despite their substantial work unrelated to a tipped occupation and failing to
maintain and/or preserve accurate records of the hours Plaintiff and similarly situated employees
perform tipped work and/or non-tipped wo0rk, along with the corresponding wages received, for

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 26 of 34

the purposes of determining pay, is a violation of the requirements of the FLSA and the NYLL.
Illegal deductions – “Tools of the Trade”
142.

Defendants required Plaintiff, and the Putative Class to purchase their own tools

of the trade including their own bicycles, helmets and reflectors in making deliveries for
Defendants.
143.

Until this lawsuit was filed, Plaintiff and the Putative Class bore all costs

associated with the maintenance of the bicycles.
144.

The bicycles used by Plaintiffs and the Putative Class are tools-of-the-trade that

are specifically required for the performance of their duties.
145.

Plaintiff BURGOS was forced to purchase and replace his bike, as well as pay for

repairs.
146.

Defendants’ policy, pattern and/or practice of requiring that Plaintiff and the

Putative Class bear the cost of a bicycle, helmet and reflectors and maintenance, brings Plaintiff
and the Putative Class’ wages below the prevailing minimum wage rate and is a violation of the
FLSA and the NYLL.
FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION
(Fair Labor Standards Act – Failure to Pay Minimum Wage)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiffs and all FLSA Class Members)
147.

Plaintiff realleges and incorporates by reference all allegations in all preceding

paragraphs.
148.

At all times during their employment, Plaintiff and the Putative Class were

employed by Defendants from November 1, 2013 through the term of the trial and were required
to be paid a minimum hourly wage for every hour worked for Defendants.

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 27 of 34

149.

Since on or about April 16, 2014 through the present, Defendants have violated

the provisions of the FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 206 and §215(a)(2) by failing to pay the Plaintiffs and
other similarly situated employees a minimum hourly wage.
150.

Defendants knew or showed a reckless disregard for the provisions of the FLSA

concerning the payment of minimum wages and remains owing the named Plaintiff and other
similarly situated employees a minimum wage for every hour worked during the three year
period preceding this lawsuit.
151.

Accordingly, both named and represented Plaintiff are entitled to recovery of such

amounts, liquidated damages, prejudgment interest, attorneys' fees and costs.
SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION
(Violation of the NYLL § 196-d – Illegal Retention of Gratuities)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiff and all Rule 23 Class Members)

152.

Plaintiff realleges and incorporates by reference all allegations in all preceding

paragraphs.
153.

At all times during their employment, Plaintiff and the Putative Class were

employed by Defendants from November 1, 2013 through the term of the trial and were required
to be paid their gratuities.
154.

Defendants violated NYLL § 196-d by retaining gratuities that rightfully belong

to Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class.
155.

Defendants violated NYLL § 196-d by retaining gratuities mislabeled Service

Charges that rightfully belong to Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class.
156.

Defendants knew or showed a reckless disregard for the provisions of the FLSA

concerning the payment of minimum wages and remains owing the named Plaintiff and other

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 28 of 34

similarly situated employees a minimum wage for every hour worked during the three year
period preceding this lawsuit.
157.

Accordingly, both named and represented Plaintiff are entitled to recovery of such

amounts, liquidated damages, prejudgment interest, attorneys' fees and costs.
158.

Accordingly, both named and represented Plaintiff are entitled to recovery of such

amounts, liquidated damages, prejudgment interest, attorneys' fees and costs.

THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION
(Breach of Contract)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiff and all Rule 23 Class Members)
159.

Plaintiff incorporates herein the allegations contained in the preceding paragraphs.

160.

Defendants and Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class entered into an agreement.

161.

Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class agreements stated: “In the event that a User pays

Company a valid gratuity on your behalf, Company will transmit such gratuity to you and will
not retain any portion of that gratuity. With regard to cash gratuities provided by a User or
Delivery Recipient directly to you, no portion of that gratuity is owed to or should be paid to
Company.”
162.

Defendant retained the gratuities in direct contravention to the express wording of

the Agreement.
163.

Accordingly, both named and represented Plaintiff are entitled to recovery of such

amounts.
FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION
(New York Labor Law: Unpaid Minimum Wages)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiff and all Rule 23 Class Members)
164.
paragraphs.

Plaintiff realleges and incorporates by reference all allegations in all preceding

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 29 of 34

165.

At all times relevant to this action, Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class were

employees of Defendants who fall within the meaning of employer under the New York Labor
Law.
166.

The minimum wage and over-time wage provisions of Article 19 of the New

York Labor Law and its supporting regulations apply to Defendants.
167.

Defendants have failed to pay Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class the over-time wages

to which they were entitled under the New York Labor Law.
168.

By Defendant's failure to pay Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class Members minimum

wages, Defendants have willfully violated the New York Labor Law Article 19, §§ 650 et seq.,
and the supporting New York State Department of Labor Regulations, including but not limited
to the regulations in 12 N.Y.C.R.R. Part 142.
169.

Due to Defendants’ violations of the New York Labor Law, Plaintiff and the Rule

23 Class Members are entitled to recover from Defendants their unpaid minimum and over-time
wages, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs of the action, pre-judgment and post-judgment
interest, and notice and an opportunity for class members, after the determination of class-wide
liability and of individual back pay and interest, to intervene in this action or to file their own
suits and petition individually for liquidated damages, and other relief pursuant to New York
Labor Law Article 19, §§ 650 et seq.
FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION
(Violation of the Notice and Recordkeeping
Requirements of the New York Labor Law)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiff and all Rule 23 Class Members)

170.
paragraphs.

Plaintiff realleges and incorporates by reference all allegations in all preceding

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 30 of 34

171.

Defendants failed to provide Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class with a written notice,

in English and/or Spanish, of their rate of pay, regular pay day, and such other information as
required by NYLL § 195(1).
172.

Defendants are liable to the Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class in the amount of

$2,500, together with costs and attorney’s fees.
SIXTH CAUSE OF ACTION
(New York Labor Law: Unpaid Minimum Wages)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiff and all Rule 23 Class Members)
173.

Plaintiff realleges and incorporates by reference all allegations in all preceding

paragraphs.
174.

At all times relevant to this action, Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class were

employees of Defendants who fall within the meaning of employer under the New York Labor
Law.
175.

The minimum wage and over-time wage provisions of Article 19 of the New

York Labor Law and its supporting regulations apply to Defendants.
176.

Defendants have failed to pay Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class the over-time wages

to which they were entitled under the New York Labor Law.
177.

By Defendant's failure to pay Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class Members minimum

wages, Defendants have willfully violated the New York Labor Law Article 19, §§ 650 et seq.,
and the supporting New York State Department of Labor Regulations, including but not limited
to the regulations in 12 N.Y.C.R.R. Part 142.
178.

Due to Defendants’ violations of the New York Labor Law, Plaintiff and the Rule

23 Class Members are entitled to recover from Defendants their unpaid minimum and over-time
wages, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs of the action, pre-judgment and post-judgment

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 31 of 34

interest, and notice and an opportunity for class members, after the determination of class-wide
liability and of individual back pay and interest, to intervene in this action or to file their own
suits and petition individually for liquidated damages, and other relief pursuant to New York
Labor Law Article 19, §§ 650 et seq.
SEVENTH CAUSE OF ACTION
(Violation of the Wage Statement Provisions of the New York Labor Law)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiff and all Rule 23 Class Members)
179.

Plaintiff realleges and incorporates by reference all allegations in all preceding

paragraphs.
180.

Defendants did not provide Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class with wage statements

upon each payment of wages, as required by NYLL § 195(3).
181.

Defendants are liable to the Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class in the amount of

$2,500, together with costs and attorney’s fees.
EIGTH CAUSE OF ACTION
(Violation of NYLL – Unpaid Wages)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiff and all Rule 23 Class Members)

182.

Plaintiff realleges and incorporates by reference all allegations in all preceding

paragraphs
183.

The NYLL requires employers to pay promised wages for every hour worked.

NYLL §§ 190(10, et seq.
184.

Defendant failed to pay Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class the promised wage for

every hour worked.
185.

Defendants’ failure to pay Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class the promised wage for

every hour worked was not in good faith.

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 32 of 34

186.

Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class are entitled to all unpaid wages, attorneys’ fees,

liquidated damages and costs.

NINTH CAUSE OF ACTION
(Violation of NYLL – Failure to Provide Notice and Information about Employment Laws)
(Brought on Behalf of Plaintiff and all Rule 23 Class Members)
187.

Plaintiff realleges and incorporates by reference all allegations in all preceding

paragraphs.
188.

The NYLL requires employers to maintain adequate and accurate written records

of the actual hours worked and the true wages earned by employees. NYLL § 195(4); 12
N.Y.C.R.R. §§ 142-2.6, 146-2.1.
189.

Defendant failed to maintain adequate and accurate written records of the actual

hours worked and true wages earned by Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class.
190.

Defendants’ failure to maintain adequate and accurate written records of the

actual hours worked and true wages earned by Plaintiff and the Rule 23 Class was not in good
faith.

DEMAND FOR TRIAL BY JURY
Pursuant to Rule 38(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Plaintiff demands a trial
by jury on all questions of fact raised by the Amended Complaint.

PRAYER FOR RELIEF

WHEREFORE, Plaintiffs, individually and on behalf of all other similarly situated past
and present employees, prays for the following relief:

A.

That, at the earliest possible time, Plaintiffs be allowed to give notice, or that the

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 33 of 34

Court issue such notice to all persons who are presently, or have at any time
during the three years immediately preceding the filing of this suit, been
employed by Defendants as bicycle or foot messengers in New York City. Such
notice shall inform them that this civil action has been filed, of the nature of the
action, and of their right to join this lawsuit if they believe they were denied
proper wages.
B.

Unpaid wages and an additional and equal amount as liquidated damages pursuant
to 29 U.S.C. §§ 201 et seq. and the supporting United States Department of Labor
regulations;

C.

Certification of this case as a class action pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure;

D.

All gratuities illegally retained by Defendants, plus an equal amount in liquidated
damages;

E.

All Service Charges illegally retained by Defendants plus an equal amount in
liquidated damages;

F.

Designation of Plaintiff as representative of the Rule 23 Class, and counsel of
record as Class Counsel;

G.

Issuance of a declaratory judgment that the practices complained of in this
Complaint are unlawful under New York Labor Law, Article 19, § 650 et seq.,
and the supporting New York State Department of Labor regulations;

H.

Unpaid minimum wages pursuant to N.Y. Lab. Law Article 19, § 650 et seq., and
the supporting New York State Department of Labor regulations;

I.

All costs related to of tools-of-the-trade and

 Case 1:16-cv-08512-JPO Document 1 Filed 11/01/16 Page 34 of 34

J.

New York Labor Law Section 195 and 196 damages;

K.

All damages from Defendants breach of contract;

L.

Pre-judgment interest;

M.

After the determination of class-wide liability, of individual damages, and of
Defendants’ liability for back pay, notice to class members of the opportunity to
intervene in this action or to file separate actions to recover liquidated damages
under Article 19, § 68 1(1) of the New York Labor Law.

N.

Attorneys' fees and costs of the action; and,

O.

Such other relief as this Court shall deem just and proper.

Dated: November 1, 2016
New York, New York
GARBARINI FITZGERALD P.C.
By: _____________________________
Richard M. Garbarini (RG 5496)
250 Park Avenue, 7th Floor
New York, New York 10177
Telephone: 212.300.5358
Facsimile: 888.265.7054
garbarini@garbarinilaw.com