A l,l lt) ENGINEEryNG COMPANY AN? O/'" REsEARcH NEW JERSEY o?r:z ffi;ff3t'$ FLORHAM PARK, =;;'\^/l#EY P.o. EOX TOT, CORPORATE TECHNOLOGY AND SALES fr G. H. LONG Man ager l- February 5, AtmosPheri SgsPing S Ref. No-: Messrs. P. J' Lucchesi Jt. R. P. F. L. E. Lyon , H. Rohr B. Sprow E. Swabb, B Jr' Gentlemen: contract Attachedforyourreviewandcommentisareportonthe ;;;;"t"d bv ' theare stuiv-i99"13ry the Atmospheric "ii]-s""piirg . thal p1-ans for """pi"g'stu-dies Research of f i:3'--;;;'-;irr*ilcarr of .-o*pt"-t-tuttlitt" a..r"ropment ar:e tr,. pr,.""-in initial titl scoping studies Th"""t;;;i.I-"i developprigrr*=. high-impacr toi decisions "or,""it'tirrg- p"ruibre then used u" l-il"Iil' program plans' ment of high-impact area' we ourreconmendationisthatcomprehensiveprogramplan for the "l*""pit"r:-c--co2 on unaertar.en planned developmorrt "Jt-u" tr'" ,..,,.t*'i''y and projects that have concluded 11in R&D'pl?t=' F"att"r Coz atmosp}iericColR&Dargadequateto'"'.'"nxxlnneeds.Thecur_ rent proj".tJ-ii"r"-a"=is";Et;;-Ioipr"*""I to the Federal plans l'ncll-r."".,t-ievi=ions vrell-matched wittr and examin.tiorr-ot tt*"i" n**lrr'ptojects current cates that the j g"i r il3;::?' l:':?? "Y"Ii ::: govern* of elli;;if;T: *t :::":::;'ir,.r.l'=Ba-'rrll"iil"'.' i'-o==ibirityExxru additioi,"irt" rn prothe canrry =i:l;li,i:i*;n: tngs3 tt"r"ntly inretain its f,a ';enclbeyondprojtg:= for ment funding likely to for coz research' oram is I imited ,ir". tr'," io'.r.tnTul:*:" univ"t=iti"it ancl laboratories 6r,". on national current the rn .acrditj on to continuing that: recommend we CO2' agenda on artmospheric ER&E research be established for responsibility of point (r) a single ana- dissemination of i"alrpr"Llti""l correction, Government and industry sources; COZ information from concerning COZ R&D (2) more infonn'ation be clevelopecl and plans tna poii;i"; of foreign gover:nments; Climat'e Program be (3) developments in the N:rtional on ti:e coz monitor.a'iot-lireir p"iu"ti"r impact R&D Prograrn' t,{ s 2 reportcontainsrecolnmendationsonassignmentofresponsibiliyour consideration' ties in these areas for reto forward the study plan w9 review' your review' Following Office for inE-it""Ia""L'" to ,""o**Ilaaiion our and sults conclusions or content questions about.the u'." If You have anyfeer Noland, Bob Barnum, ;;;;"tJ-"""r""L please rePort, of this or mYself. The VerY trulY tl ,6gr[' F. H. GHL/hz Att. c I s: Messrs ' R. E. Barnum J. F. Black M. B. Glaser H. C. HaYworth T. K. Kett P. P. McCaII K. H. Moritz M. C. Noland / H. N. Weinberg G. O. Withelm Yours, SCOPING STUDY ON CO2 R. E. Barnum Contract Research Office January, 1981 t t TABLE OF CONTENTS Paqe INTRODUCTION EXECUTIVE SUMMRY RECOMMENDATION REGARDING COMPREHENSIVE PLAN DEVELOPMENT GOVERNIIENT AND INSTITUTE R&D PROGRAMS AND PLANS EXX0N TECHNTCAL PR0JECTS RELATED KEY QUESTIONS IN T0 C02 ASSESSING NEED AI{D BENFFITS FOR PHASE LEGISTATIVTSITUATION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A - TITLE II ]I ..... 13 14 VII OF ENERGY SECURTTY ACT . . '16 r.NTR-0.pJlc.T r 0.t)l The increasing level of atmospheric C02 is causing considerable concern due to potential climate effects. ER&E has been actively conducting research on certain aspects of the issue for approximately two years. This report addresses the question of whether a comprehensive research plan with greater breadth for ER&E than the current p'lan should be devel oped. This study was felt to be timely because (l) the Federal Government has recently published modified R&D plans on both atmospheric C02 and climate, and (2) approximately two years have elapsed since ER&E's plan was concei ved. this scoping study are in this report, along with descriptions of government and institute R&D, Exxon's projects, and the legislative situation. Text material includes references to source documents for those desiring contained The conclusions and recommendations from greater deta'il. -2EXECUTIVE SUMMARY l. The main conclusion of this study is that the ER&E projects underuray and planned on C0, are adequate to serve Exxon's needs. These projects: . , a o are engaging us directly in technical areas which are critical to resolution of the issue, are providing an opportunity for us to develop a detailed understanding of the total Federal atmospheric C0, program which the Corporation needs fori ts own planning, and' if successful , will likely provide recognition for Exxon for making important technical contributions to this globa'l environmental issue. An expanded R&D program does not appear to offer significantly increased benefi ts. It would require skills which are in limited supply, and would requ i re additional funds on the part of Exxon since Governrnent funding appears unlikely. The recommendation is not to proceed wjth Phase II as described in the Contract Research Management System. Two actions suggested by this study, however, which would improve overall planning are: r to establish a singie point of responsibility for interpretation, and dissemjnation collection, of C0, information emanating from Government and industry sources, ahd r to develop more specific information on the R&D plans and attitudes of Governments outside the United States in recognition of the fact that atmospheric C0, is a global environmental con cern. Responsibil ity for these two actjons should be assigned to the Contract Research Division of Corporate Research's Technology Feasibility Center with assistance and consulting by the Contract Research Office, Coordination and Planning, and Dr. James Black of Products Research Division. a The C02 program has been made an element in the recently developed National Cl imate Program plan. Project plans on C02 wi'l I therefore become increasingly dependent on how they might contribute to accomplishing the objectives in the climate program area. Dr". James Black has been fol lowing developments in the climate area at the Federal level . He will report to the Contract Research Division the Government R&D information and events within the climate area which might specifically impact the Federal C02 R&D program. This assumes the assignment to the Contract Research Division of the responsibility for the two actions recommended in number two above. 4. Exxon is an industry leader insofar as involvement in the COZ R&D program is concerned. Participation by individual companies other than Exxon appears to be I imited to auditing Government meetings on the subject. An API group on C02 has been formed in which ER&a is a member. -35. Models are the basis for^predictions of climate changes due to an increase in atmospheric C02. However, model.ing has iot reached in advanced.stage. In connection with Dr. Black'i climate he-will keep_the Contract Research Division apprised of what the--' cl imate.modelers are saying about C02-induced' iffects. itriie-firealc_ tions will influence the perception.6f the problem by fey grouis suih as Congress, Federal R&D groups, and the pubtic. aiiiriiiel, 6. The Government is unlikely to shift from reliance in this particular area on universities and Government laboratories to sponsoiship of s. industry program. proposal However, the Department bf fnergy'ii expected to react favorably to the current Eixon proposal which suggests joint sponsorship by Exxon and the Goverineirt for the work being conducted aboard the Esso At'lantic. -4RECOI'IMENDATION R GARDING COMPREHENSIVE PLAN DEVELOPMENT The objective of this C02 scoping study,.lvirich corresponds to Phase of the Contract Research l4anagement System(l), was to gather and assess information on the issue in order to decide whether to proceed with Phase The conclusion reached was that a comprehensive research pian is not This conclusion is based on: I II. justified. r a reappraisal of the projects selected for our own C02 studies in the light of the latest Government C02 R&D p1ans, and . an estimate techni These il). of what the benefits might be and if we were to undertake additional who would pay cal proj ects. points are addressed in a later section of the report (pages l0 and therefore, is not to proceed to Phase II. gathering, Information interpretation, and reporting should continue, however, along with the project work already undenJay. A conclusion from this scoping study is that more information should be sought on the plans of Governments outside the United States in recognition of the globa1 nature of the C02 issue. Consideration should also be given to establishing a focal point for information gathering, interpretation, and reporting. The recommendation, (t ) Phase I yields the program-specific intelligence report and the conceptual program outline. The intelligence report is designed to be useful to ERE program pianning even if program developrnent does not proceed to the strategic development phase. Phase II generates the strategic program plan for the subject high impact program area. It establishes overall objectives, defines limiting program areas, establishes the several sets of sub-program objectives which nrust be achieved before the overail program objectives can be realized, identifies and defines the necessary projects, the program logic, project pian, implementa- tion strategy, and program resource Phase pl ans . Phase III requirements. involves developing detai led project proposals IV involves conduct of the approved projects. and -5GOVERNMENI AND INSTITUTE R&D PR.OGRAMS ANDJLANS The "greenhouse effect" has become recognized in recent years as a descriptor for a globa1 .warming effect due to build-up of C02 in the atmosphere. More specificaliy, the term connotes an upset in-the earthrs thermai balance caused by the reabsorption of infrared radiation from the earth by the C02 in the atmosphere. An upward trend in C02 content is well documented through measurements since 1957 by weath6r stations of the United States Government. The potential impact on climate concerns many people ('l,2). It forms the justification for a significant technical effort on C02. The Federal expenditures on the C02 issue were 14 Mg in the fiscal year just completed. Four principal groups in the Federal Government are involved - the Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Department of Commerce, and Department of Agriculture. The work is essentially all done by in-house Government laboratories and the academic community. A unique feature of the Government's C02 program is that it is one of the few non-nuclear environmental programs-in which EPA has -not been-the prime mover. This role in the case of C02 belongs to the environmental group in the Department of Energy, which has-been responsible for launching the program and giving it direction and momentum. The program plan has been evo'l ving since 1977 with the help of DOE-sponsored workshops on the subject (3, 4, and an Advisory Committee on Atmospheric C02. Participating in these activities have been personnel from Government, universities, institutes, and environmental groups. The American Association for the Advancement of Science has also been actively involved in conducting a workshop (3) and assembiing information. Workshops have also been held in Canada and Europe by other 9roups. 5,6,7) The second and latest version of the Federal C02 R&D plan became available during the period of this scoping study (8,9). This program and the acid precipitation program, covered in an earlier companion report, are similar in many respects. Both Government programs involve efforts to: . better establ ish trends, o understand the physical and chemical processes involved, a identify the contribution of nature as well as man to these Probl ems ' a develop improved models, and r fill in many inforrnation gaps related to such things as agri- cultural impacts, aquatic effects, etc. Both programs wilI involve major R&D efforts throughout the .l980s. -6The goal of the atmospheric C02 program is to: "develop.the_ability to predict agricultural , environmental , and societal consequences! both national and international , of increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide with sufficient confidence to permit informed po1 icy decisions to be made,on the use and development of energy and other resources. r' A diagram showing program elements and their .inter-reiationships is given on page 6. Uncertainties lie in four principal areas: sourcei of cirbon dioxide; the global carbon cycle; the tining, magnitude, and global distribution of climate changes; and socioeaonomic impacts. Answers to the following questions are being sought in order to evaluate possible courses of action: r What will be the future atmospheric concentrations of C02 for various scenarios of carbon dioxide releases to the atmoiphere? r What will be the climatic response to these elevated C02 con- r r r centrati ons ? Hor.r wil l these climate changes, along with the increased C02 concentrations, affect the geological and physical environmEnts? What, if any, wili be the effects of these changes on human soci eti es ? In the event these changes are undesirable, what actions can be taken to prevent or counteract them? 0r to improve adaptat.ion to them? If the changes are 1oca11y beneficial , how can these regi ons be i denti fi ed ? Emphasis at present is on the first two of these five questions. Key dates in the program are 1984, when an interim assessment of the pro6lem is scheduied, and 1989, at which time a full report is to be made bv DOE to the "po)icy community" (executive, Congress, and public). Research ti me. Neither the Electric power Research Institute nor the Gas Institute are significantly invoived in c02 R&D at the present At present, international leadership is shared by the Inter_ national council of scientific unions (ICSU), representinq- the academic world, and the World Meteorological 0rganiziiion (Wt-t0), r6presenting the Governments. Since I976, more than ten internatidnal'meetings have" - focused on the carbon dioxide problem. A special working gr6up on-carbon dioxide exists in WM0. C02 research is alsb camied out-nj nationai -Governments such as the Federal Republic of Germany, Austrilia, and srveden. groups shoutd bb obtained in fuiure monttoiing of COl Il:,.plui:,9f-these work. rhis scoping study indicates, however, that a special eff6rt wilT be required to acquire them. A NATIONAL PROGRAM ON CARBON DIOXIDE, t/r/x ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY n€slancll B€SEARCI' c t€GoaY t llrrat a. ntBurrs t. iatovAt 0t 0t col c0rIiovansYovan ltroaallhtc aloa^aa lltt iola l^$ ftBONllt ot Cot o looltt at llta aaiaot a_ lmnE^Sl].c C0r or ct ArE ' l0al l. iacottlaucnot ot tarcta^taa taaf^f,tlll 0calrrcr00 L* aclt[l , laGiE.caoo!At0 aaa0lAcrt t. DavatoryIrr0t tl9l0llt ]- 0lIAta a. 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Ialrlt clltlcl ot tfftcts0f Etvtn0tr€att^t clAt{GE Gt08Ar, lvstEr ota THI socttt t r. 0araaE ot aY lo^tt^Ttot t. v^lro^laDc^f,aot t. t$0rAtf! 0t mftt c{^tol of alroutlflCCot 0t t. r trl^ltYYatro^tto octttntGoalltt. raiia$nt^4, ciYoa'ltatt 310atl tooal 0avItodtlt0alIlI allflAftt ltlrat15 tltqr totul tntvltl^Irvt It Atualt I F t* *mm:i:Tilll'" moucuor E r0rrou t ^rr0trt.f,tccot I 0, tatcal^tt tutctroi ot I \l ,. or^.r,r.r,r. .00.,'. iaYtat,llttciiUol lto :i,,ffH$u[, ItYtiotl€rt^t tt cI' ll oiltlltol lootrt I tY^lt Atlot 0, ^lo Dlrfl'lc ltor0iaaoalt ilaloalrtl. a ,v rLllo1t0 tottltflc^. llot 0t coita lror0r &fttnt t. cotclflo^r lootrt ot 8oCr{l^l rrrrolra I tltrrtlclrtor I ortrlrrrcrttron , t- aoanrc of X.l.l,l,Al0 ^ laglol^la rritr! COt. rolrrl'lclroa I tacfiAlrsta t curorrc ror moro rr ! liX?liiJff.,^11h. toarlvltl^lUiat f a O. r^roi r- ias'oto tatt^t c{ltat 0t rff 0r0t^l ac0tolE !Y$rt ^. ) rora I.i_ ^f totlorry I arvtiorlarta( t nrsr.ocrnor I llll.^t ioctallt! t. afJlct0i atvtaot. \ AXIU0AAtlot{ Ail0/0n I I t0 cot atlAn0t6 0a trgatat! ASSIlsrtfr tnY nEstlncfi ?n00ucls I DCrU$Ot 0t CnYo- ollttt 3. all^lel lll AtlosflrtAtc ttglt tlr,^Iltcrt^tro 0rvtro'Ittt o. tvtlttca of Glf^tt ]0. touict ^aA oi attt ]t;tEcrsot llra c^atot t. oEvftotrttt ot lattatAatt tot$t cYcrl f,00taq0 llll I, 0t col ttcBtAia oa I'ltaf,a C. a. ,n NTS[^NCT PROGNAT IUMATCGONY oitlitrlct 0'.0* r, toltcv F Fllta tllatllt Atsaltlrall ttronl l. DaYal0tla$lllt 'lll Tlt0l tllrol^l Atourai. l^ltot^t lGatcult0iAt , arYno{rfllAt l. I0ll ll0llaY conuutY laxacUlrve.corcstat ?0altcl iocltllt c0{ttooalc$ 0t llll cot aSua ^10 oavtt 0t aafl tirl.tlat ot aottt ot Stilract of, racNroao0l Atr€ntltntll tot lla,totAI116 t toatsta^ttl fit^cll t. cotattil0t tl € Annotiurtast 0t ttt oroaat Cot-ra alM nllrAtor iasa^iCi utcttllll tO0CaAI I0 llll at iaranr0 { ,lli -8The Federal research program on C02 is now integrated into the National Climate Program being administered by NOAA. This program was developed in response to the National Climate Program Act of .1978 (P.1. 95-367). The total funding in FY'80 for th6 National Climate Program was ll5 M$. In the fiscal year just begun, the support for climate research will probably increase about l0% over .l9B0. The objectives of the program are to more effectively organize the Federal Governmentrs efforts on ciimate research, improve forecasting, and determine effects on agriculture, water, and other areas. The activity will have a significant effect on the C02 program and will be monitored. Climate program information is contained in References 10, ll, and 12. Discussions held with officials in the Department of Energy and the Council of Environmental Qual,l4. ity as part of this scoping study are documented in References 13 and -9EXXON TECHNICAL PR0JECTS RELATED T0 COa ER&E's.atmospheric C02 program was I aunched approximately two years ago following an assessmeit in which a number of project possibilities were considered (.l5, ] 6, 11 , lg, and l9 ). The rationale for Exxon's involvement, as stated in the program recommendation to the ER&E Management Council (20), was to: ,a early assessment of the possible impact of the greenhouse effect on Exxonrs Business, make an r form. a responsible team a r develop expertise r generate important scientific information that w.i ll enhance the Exxon image and provide publ.ic relations value. to the Corporation, that can credibly carry bad news, to evaluate if any, Government programs, provide the Government with high quality information to reduce the business risk of poorly formulated Government policy, and Additionai background is contained in a Ietter" from E. E. David to T. Pjgryy (21 ), in a proposa) now pending with the Departrnent of 9. Energy (22), and in a handout used in a meeiing with Exxbn,s Gas .l980 Department on December 3, (23). The technical activity on C0, is-being caryi9d out in ER&E's Corporate Science Laboratory (Tech-' nology Feasibi I ity Center). The ER&E projects are aimed at helping to resolve the roles of . the world's oceans and forests in establishing ihe global carbon balance, The projects were chosen based on the known high priority given in the Government's program to these particular technicai areas-aid our perceived abilit^y to provide some unique capabilities and innovative approaches. Two of the projects (one of which has not yet been activated) dea1 with obtaining.information which will primarily serve to estirnate the net 91oba1 C02 flux into the ocean. This knowledge is important because the rat6 data affect the residual atmospheric C02 accumuiation. The results are needed to develop improved models for making future projections. The third project will help establish the reiative annual contribution of fossil fuel combustion and of forest clearing to the atmspheric C0, inventory. portion of Exxon's expenditures to date reiates to sampling projects. This involves sampling the Indian and Atlantic Oceans from on-board the tanker Esso Atlantic. The major one of the two Exxon ocean A computer-controlled C02 medsurem€nt system has been developed and instailed on-board the tanker. In addition to simultaneous ocean and atmospheric C02 sampling, other data which are critical to understanding the dynamics of mixing in the ocean wili be obtained. This will eventually involve continuous measurement of gases such as N20 and CH4 using a gas chromatograph and determination of Ct4lctz ratio in the C02 dissolved in the surface ocean water. , l0 The second ocean sampling project will involve measuring the mass transfer coefficient at the air/sea interface as a function of weather conditions and sea state using naturally occurring radon-222 as a tracer. This will involve working from drilling ships. This project will 1ikely start in 198]. The third project involves an innovative approach to studying the relative contribution of fossil fuel and forest clearing to the C02 atmospheric 'inventory. Carbon-l4 measurements will be made on wines of varying vintage in order to estimate the composition of the atmosphere that existed at the time when the wine was made. Carbon-l4 presence in the wine can be attributed to photosynthesis effects since Carbon-.l4 is virtually absent from fossil fuels. The project was initjated in .l980. Exxon appears to be an industry leader insofar as involvement in C02 R&D program 'is concerned. Participation by indiv'idual companies appears to be limited to auditing Government meetings on the subject. The American Petroleum Institute has established a smal'l study group on C02 on which ER&E is represented. However, no formal proposa'l for work The International Chamber of Commerce is haE been developed as considering the development of a pos'ition paper on the subiect. the yet. -ilKEY gU_ES_U.0N.S -rN ASSESSIII.G NE_Ep 3N_p B.ENEFTTS- F_09 PHAS.E rr Three questions were regarded to be of prime importance in assessing the desirabil ity of moving into Phase II with this study. These ques ti ons were as follows: . are the projects selected for ER&E's own C02 work still appropriate in the light of known changes in the Federal R&D program, . are there still other technica'l questions we should research on, and r assuming new projects were conceived in a Phase II, what would be the prospects for funding by the Federal Government? Little benefit to moving to Phase II formul ated to these questions. do was apparent when ansvJers were In considering the first of these questions, the latest Federal atmospheric C02 plan vras compared in detail to the plan published earlier. The logic in making this comparison was that the Exxon projects were originally selected to complement the projects in the Government,s own program and the intent was to openly exchange information and perhaps share costs. The changes made in the Government,s p1 an since the Exxon pnogram was conceived v.,ere not found to be of major consequence. Therefore, it was concluded that there js no need to modify our existinq project plans. The situation was also analyzed from the standpoint of whether expand the number of projects in ER&E's p1an. The Federal p'lan on C0 was used to survey the virious possibilitiei since it contains u .orpt.t3 set of projects necessary to the resolution of the questions on C02. The one area which initially looked attractive in this assessment was [articipation in development work on improved models to predict temperature increases due to C02 build-up in the atmosphere. These predictions govern the perception which key groups have of the seriousness of the problem. Many groups are working in this area under Government sponsorship. However, modeling has not reached an advanced stage of development. to Unfortunately, in order to make significant technical contributions to the modeling area, Exxon would have to develop skilis which are in limited supply. The conclusion, therefore, was that the probability is 1ow that a detai led planning effort such as Phase II would lead to additional attractive projects to add to what is already planned. The final question is somevrhat academic in the light of the to the first two questions, but the answer nevertheless is instructive. The question was aimed at who would have to be the funding answers _12- I source - Exxon or the Government? Discussions were held with the Government program planners and also the Federal budget funding trends were reviewed. The results clear'ly indicate that the Governmint is unl ikely to fund any new projects with Exxon beyond the proposal currently pending. There are two reasons for this: , . r the tightening up of the Federal budgets, and Exxon competition funds. with the academic cormunity for contract The costs of additional projects would, therefore, accrue to the Corporation. Inasmuch as Exxon is already heavily cormi tted financially, further consideration of additional projects does not appear worthwhile. L.EG 13 - ISL4TIV-E S ITUAT ION legislative situation concerning atmospheric C02 has been _ -The two reviewed from aspects. The first is legiilation as it reTates to C0? control for environmental reasons, -he-second is legislation relating to the technical activity itself. Control s is no near term. threat of legislation to control C02. for this is that it has not yet been proven that the incieases There One reason in atmospheric C02 constitute a serious problem that requires immediate action. In addition, even if some action were to be taken, the options for reducing C02 -build-up in the atmosphere are relatively-limited. It has^been shown, for exampie, that the.cost of scrubbing lirge quantities of c02 from flue gases is exorbitant (24, zs). Indireit coitrol measures, such as energy conservation or shifting to renewable energy sources, represent the only options that might make sense. The time at which consideration might be given to some specific Iegislative action is difficult.to predict. -lt wili depend on suci' thingt as.(1) attitudes of the new.adminisLrat.ion, the new Congress, anO ltre puOtic, (2) llg inrpact that any legislation might have on the eiergy'suppfV iiiuation, and (3) the techn'ical information being developed in the vii^ioui piograrns. The c02 issue has. already been the subject of iliscussion at congrbssional hearings, a workshop of the National commission on Air Qual ity."and a recent gpecial report by the Council .on Environmental Quaiity (26, Z7-,-28 and 29). A date of some significance in this developing pictuie is-,l984. This is the point in the Federal c02 R&D program when an interim assessment report is due to the "po1 icy community" (executive, Congress, and the public). i'luch work of a highly technical nature wjil be required in the intbrim t6 fill in the 'information gaps- that exist on the globai carbon cycle, effects of C02 on climate, and effects of climate on the remainder oi the environment. The 0ffice of Science & Technology Policy and the Nat.ional Sciences are to carry out a comprehensive study of the projected impact of fossil fuel combustion, coal conversion and related synthetic fuels activities on the level of C02 in the atmosphere. The aim is to develop an international, world-wide assessment of the problems involved and to suggest whatever research seems appropriate to resolve these problems. This study, which is due in mid-1984 at the latest, will have a major impact on the technical program to follow. The desirability for ER&E to monitor developments on this study and input to the study is obv ious. Academy of joint study is mandated in the Energy Security Act passed year. A copy of the pertinent section dealing with this earlier this provided in Appendix A. The new administration would be expected study is to have an impact on the approach which is taken in the study. This - t4 - B I BL I0_GRjAPHY l. Letter to Dr. Phi'l ip Handier, President of National Academy of Sciences, by Ad Hoc Study Panel on "Economic and Social Aspects of Carbon Dioxide Increase," April 18, 1980. 2. , 3. Report to the Climate Research Board, National Research Council, by the Ad Hoc Study Group on C02 and Climate on "Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment," i979. 4. Conference 5. Puerto Rico on "The Role of Tropical Forests on the Cycle," U.S. Department of Energyo 007, August I980. World Carbon 6. Workshop 7. l,lorkshop 8. Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment Program; A Comprehensive Plan for Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment; Part i: The Globa'l Carbon Cycle and Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide' U.S. Department of Energy, 008, August 1980. 9. Carbon Dioxide .l0. Workshop in Annapol is, Maryland on "Environmental and Societal Consequences of a Possible C02-lnduced Climate Change," U.S. Department of Energy, 009, October 1980. Woods Ho1e, Massachusetts on "l"leasurements of Changes in Teruestrial Carbon Using Remote Sensing," U.S. Department of Energy, 0.l0, September 1980. Symposium the at in in Indianapolis, World Carbon Indiana on "The Role of Organic Soils in Cycle," U.S. Department of Energy, 004, February 1980. Carbon Dioxide Florida on "Global Effects of.l977. Energy, March U.S. Department of from Fossil Fuels," in Miami Beach, Effects Research and Assessment Program; Issues (Draft); U.S. Department of Research Energy, May 1980. Ciimate Program Pian, U.S. Department January 1980. DOE of Energy, D0E/EV-0062/l, ll. National Climate Program Act Authorization, 96th Congress, Senate Report 96-782, l,lay 1980. 12" Implementation of The Climate Act, House of Representatives Hearing 96th Congress, No.40, July 10, 1979. 13. Barnum, R. E., Letter August 20, 1980. to Files, Visit to CEQ, Ref. No.80CNR 132, 14. Barnum, R. E., Letter August 21 , 1980. to Files, Visit to DOE, Ref. No. .l5. Garvey, E. A., Merno to H. Shaw, Research Needs TBGR 943, August 23, 1978. in B0CNR Greenhouse .l33, Effect, - 15 - 16. 9qry"y, E. A., Memo to H. Shaw, Research Effect,78GR 1000, Septernber ll, 1978. 17. Garvey, E. 18. Effect, A., 78GR to H. Shaw, Research Needs September 15, 1978. , in the Greenhouse Garvey, E. A., lrlemo to H. Shaw, Possible Unique Contributions from Exxon on The Greenhouse Effect, 78GR 1083, September Zg, lg7g. of Memo for the Rapid Implementation ing Program, llovember .l3, 1979. to_H. Shaw, Proposal The C02 Tanker Sampl !. A. a1d Shaw, H., Handout on Proposed Exxon Research program Help Assess The Greenhouse Effect, presented to ER&E Management garyey, to Counci ?1. in the Greenhouse Memo l05l ;19. Gqrygy,-!. A., 20. Needs l, December 13, David, E. E., Letter Program, November 9, 1978. to Piercy, 1979. G. T. on Exxon's Greenhouse Effect 22" Proposal to the Department of Energy to Conduct Continuous 0ceanographic and Atmospheric Measurement of C\z .in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, CRP 023, Shaw, H. to Dahlrnln, R. C., BOCR 456, .l980. 0ctober 24, 2') Shaw, H., Handout on Exxon C02 Program for Discussion l,li th Exxon Gas Department and Exxon Prodlcing, December 3, l9gO. 24. Hohmann, R. P. and.Kwai, .A: H., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, A Survey of_Isolating-and Containing Gaieous C02 as Non-volaiile Products, ORNL/MIT-291 . 25. Albanese, A. S. and Steinberg, 14., Brookhaven llational Laboratory, Final Report.on Environmental Control Technology for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, D0E/EV-0079. 26. A Symposium by the Conuni ttee on Governmental Affa.irs - U.S. Senate on Carbon Dioxide Accumulation in the Atmosphere, Synthetic Fuels and Energy Policy, July 30, 1979. 27. U.S. Senate Hearings Before Committee on Energy and Naturai Resources on Carbon Dioxide Build-Up in the Atmosphere, Aprii 3, 1980. 28. National Conmission on Air Quality, tJorkshop on Carbon Dioxide, St. Petersburg, Florida, October 30-3.l , .l980. 29. Global Energy Futures and The Carbon Dioxide Problem, Council Environmental Quaiity, January 19Bl . on _ t6 _ APPENDIX A TITLE VII OF ENERGY SECURITY gubtrlb 8.-