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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF SOUTH CAROLINA
CHARLESTON DIVISION
United States of America,

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Dylann Storm Roof.

Criminal No. 2:15-472-RMG

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MEMORANDUM OPINION

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This matter carne before the Court on Defendant's motion to represent himself (Dkt. No.
666), defense counsel's (then "Standby Counsel,,)l objections to limitations on the role of Standby
Counsel (Dkt. No. 704), Standby Counsel's objections to permitting Defendant to proceed pro se
(Dkt. No. 718), and Defendant's motion for the reappointment of counsel only for the guilt phase
of trial (Dkt. No. 728).

The Court granted Defendant's motion to self-represent orally on

November 28, 2016 (Dkt. No. 672 at 9), for reasons memorialized in its opinion of November 29,
2016 (Dkt. No. 691). When granting Defendant's motion to represent himself, the Court also
appointed former defense counsel as Standby Counsel. (Dkt. No. 672 at 9-10.) On December 5,
2016, the Court granted Defendant's motion for the reappointment of counsel only for the guilt
phase of trial. (Dkt. No. 740.)
During the voir dire process, when Defendant proceeded pro se with Standby Counsel, the
Court found it necessary to issue orders orally limiting the role of Standby Counsel, and Standby
Counsel filed Eighth Amendment objections to those limitations and to Defendant being permitted
to self-represent at all. The Court, after full consideration ofthe many briefs submitted by Standby
Counsel and the Government (Dkt. Nos. 679, 692, 694, 704, 708, 715, 718, 730), issues this
Opinion to memorialize its reasons for limiting the role of Standby Counsel over the objections of

In this Opinion, the Court uses "Standby Counsel" to refer to Defendant's counsel in the period
November 28,2106 to December 5, 2016.
1

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Standby Counsel and for granting Defendant's motion for the reappointment of counsel only for
the guilt phase of trial. This Opinion will also inform Defendant about the role standby counsel
may perform in the event he persists with his present intention to self-represent during any penalty
phase.

I.

Background
Defendant Dylann Roof is accused ofkilling nine persons and attempting to kill three other

persons at the Emanuel African Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina. He was indicted
on various federal charges on July 22, 2015, and on May 24, 2016, the Government served notice
of intent to seek the death penalty. (Dkt. Nos. 1, 164.) The Court appointed David L Bruck, an
attorney with extensive trial and appellate experience in capital cases, as lead counsel for
Defendant on July 23,2015. (Dkt. No. 11.) The Court thereafter approved additional trial counsel
and a variety of expert witnesses to assist in the defense.
Under circumstances discussed in the Court's prior opinion of November 29, 2016 (Dkt.
No. 691), on November 27,2016, Defendant moved to represent himself at trial. (Dkt. No. 666.)
The following day, the Court held a Faretta hearing. At the conclusion of the examination, the
Court found Defendant had made a clear and unequivocal waiver of his right to counsel and of his
desire to represent himself; that his decision was made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily;
that his decision was timely; and that has the capacity to represent himself. (Dkt. No. 672 at 9.)
The Court again admonished Defendant that his decision was "strategically unwise."

(ld.)

Defendant nonetheless again confirmed-unambiguously-his knowing and intelligent waiver of
his right to counsel and decision to represent himself. The Court then granted Defendant's motion.
The Court appointed Defendant's former counsel as Standby Counsel without objection from

Defendant. (Id. at 9-10.)

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The Court then proceeded to voir dire. 2

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During voir dire, confusion regarding the

respective roles of Defendant and Standby Counsel became apparent. For example, during the
lunch break of the second day of voir dire, Standby Counsel filed a "motion for additional voir
dire questions" requesting additional follow-up questions be posed to certain veniremen already
qualified--even though Defendant stated in open court that he had no further questions for those
veniremen. (Dkt. No. 684.) The Court strongly admonished that Standby Counsel are not co­
counsel with Defendant and that the Court would not allow the defense to speak with two voicesand certainly would not allow Standby Counsel to contradict Defendant. Nonetheless, the next
morning (a mere 19 hours later) Standby Counsel filed a "second motion for additional voir dire
questions" complaining that the rate ofjury qualification had increased and requesting six changes
in how the Court phrases voir dire questions. (Dkt. No. 695.) Then, 19 hours after that motion,
Standby Counsel filed a third motion for additional voir dire questions. (Dkt. No. 703.) That third
motion, filed at 1 a.m. on December 1, 2016, was the first of jive motions Standby Counsel filed
on December 1.
Defendant proceeded pro se for the entire period of voir dire. On December 2, 2016, the
Court completed voir dire and scheduled final jury selection and empanelment for December 7,
2016, with opening statements to follow immediately thereafter. (See Dkt. Nos. 724 & 725.) On
December 4, 20 16-after voir dire but before jury empanelment-Defendant moved for Standby
Counsel to be reappointed as his counsel of record only for the guilt phase of his trial and to be
allowed to (again) proceed pro se during any sentencing proceeding. (Dkt. No. 728.) The Court
granted that motion at the pretrial conference held on December 5,2016. (Dkt. No. 740.)

2 Defendant assured the Court that ifhe were allowed to self-represent that it would not delay trial
proceedings because he was ready to commence with jury selection.

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II.

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Legal Standard
The Sixth Amendment provides both the right to counsel and the right to self-

representation. Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 807 (1975). Those rights are mutually
exclusive-"assertion ofone constitutes a de facto waiver ofthe other." United States v. Singleton,
107 F.3d 1091, 1096 (4th Cir. 1997). A defendant may choose to be represented by competent
counsel, or he may choose to proceed pro se.
accommodation."

Id at 1102.

There is no right to "any intermediate

A pro se defendant has no right to standby counsel, and,

consequently, no right to have standby counsel perform any particular function on his behalf. See
id at 1100-01. The trial court has broad discretion to define "what, if any, assistance standby, or
advisory, counsel may provide a defendant conducting his own defense."

United States v.

Lawrence, 161 F.3d 250, 253 (4th Cir. 1998). But the trial court should take care to prevent the
use of standby "counsel as an instrument to distort the system," which "'[a] skillful defendant"'­
or skillful standby counsel-"'could manipulate ... to create reversible error. '" Singleton, 107
F.3d at 1096, 1102 (quoting Fields v. Murray, 49 F.3d 1024, 1029 (4th Cir. 1995) (en banc)).

III.  

Discussion

A.  

Authority of the Court to control standby counsel in capital cases
Standby Counsel argued that Court's discretion to limit the involvement of standby counsel

in a capital case is distinct from the question of the Court's discretion to limit the involvement of
standby counsel generally, and that the Eighth Amendment limits trial courts' control over standby
counsel in capital cases. 3 (Dkt. No. 704 at 1.) Standby Counsel also objected that Defendant has

3 Though "Defendant's Eighth Amendment Objection. to Trial Proceedings" (Dkt. No. 704) is
styled as an objection by the "defendant, by and through standby counsel," it is obvious to the
Court that Standby Counsel were arguing their own view of what their own role should be in this
case. Standby Counsel conceded this with their subsequent filing, "Eighth Amendment Objection
to Permitting Defendant to Proceed Pro Se in a Capital Trial" (Dkt. No. 718). Defendant made
clear to the Court-including after the filing of docket entry 718-that he objects to Standby

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no right to self-representation at all in capital sentencing proceedings. (Dkt. No. 718.) It is
appropriate to address the scope of the Court's authority to define the role of standby counsel in a
capital case before the Court proceeds to the role and function of Standby Counsel in this case. As
explained below, the Court a capital defendant has the right to represent himself, and the Court has
equal discretion over the role of standby counsel in capital and non-capital cases.
Standby Counsel argued that Defendant has, under the Eighth Amendment, an unwaivable
right to counselor, at the least, a right to the appointment of standby counsel. (Dkt. No. 704 at 6­
7 ("It should go without saying that the Constitution entitles a pro se defendant to reasonable,
limited assistance from standby counsel, of the sort requested here, when he is on trial for his
life."); Dkt. No. 718 (arguing Eighth Amendment concerns prevent a capital defendant from
discharging counsel and self-representing).) This is the crux of Standby Counsel's argument. If
Defendant has a constitutional right to standby counsel, it must follow that there are substantial
constitutional limits on the discretion of the Court to limit the involvement of Standby Counsel in
his case. Cf Singleton, 107 F.3d at 1103 (trial court has broad discretion to limit role of standby
counsel because there is no right to standby counsel). And ifhe has an unwaivable right to counsel,
there would be no standby counsel to limit. But there are no such rights. Although Standby
Counsel argued the heightened reliability and special protections the Constitution requires in

Counsel's efforts to offer evidence over his objections. Standby Counsel asserted they are
nonetheless authorized to file that objection because "the issues relate to the defendant's capacity
to enter a waiver of counsel in the first instance." (Dkt. No. 718 at 1.) Having succeeded in his
Faretta motion, Defendant himselfis judicially estopped from arguing that he has no Faretta right
in this case (of course, nothing prevents him from reconsidering his assertion of that right, as he
did on December 4, 2016). See generally New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742 (2001). But
estoppel is an equitable doctrine that should not make it impossible to adjudicate whether a capital
defendant has a constitutional right to self-representation. The Court therefore agrees Standby
Counsel were authorized to file their Eighth Amendment objection to permitting Defendant to
proceed pro se-although the open conflict between Defendant and Standby Counsel regarding
the objection was certainly evidence of the need for the Court to define Standby Counsel's role.

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capital cases include provision of standby counsel for pro se defendants-and that those
requirements completely preempt a capital defendant's right to proceed pro se (Dkt. No. 718)­
they cited no authority in support of that argument.
Standby Counsel claimed they lack authority for their position because "[t]his is not a
question that arises frequently" and because "this is an issue of first impression" in this Circuit.
(Dkt. No. 704 at L) They appear to be correct insofar as there is no Supreme Court or Fourth
Circuit case indistinguishably on point,4 but federal courts have repeatedly considered and rejected
Standby Counsel's argument:
•   In Alkebulanyahh v. Byars, a habeas review of a death sentence, the District of
South Carolina held "ifa criminal defendant choose to represent himself, he has
no right to standby counseL" 2015 WL 2381353, at * 15 (D.S.C. May 18,2015),

appeal docketed, No. 15-3 (4th Cir. Oct. 30,2015).
•   In Lay v. Trammell, a habeas review of a death sentence, the petitioner argued,
on direct appeal, "that a defendant in a capital criminal trial has no
constitutional right to proceed without counsel during the penalty phase of
trial." 2015 WL 5838853, *22 (N.D. Okla. Oct. 7,2015). The Oklahoma Court
of Criminal Appeals had held "the right of self-representation is not limited
based upon the type of trial, and the law allows a competent defendant to waive
any right to counsel during any phase of a capital trial." ld. The Northern
District of Oklahoma found no misapplication of federal law, because "neither

4 However, in Townes v. Murray, the Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court's determination that
a capital defendant's Faretta hearing in state court met constitutional requirements-which rather
strongly indicates a view that the Eighth Amendment does not prohibit capital defendants from
exercising their Faretta rights. 68 F.3d 840, 845 (4th Cir. 1995).

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Faretta nor any subsequent ruling by the United States Supreme Court limits
the Sixth Amendment right to self-representation to non-capital cases."
•

In United States v. Fields, a federal capital prosecution, the trial court instructed
standby counsel "that they could not 'represent [Defendant] through
[Defendant]" and that the defendant himself was responsible for making
statements to the court. 483 F.3d 313, 361 (5th Cir. 2007) (the trial court later
expanded standby counsel's role when the pro se defendant refused to abide by
rules of procedure and courtroom protocol).

•

In Simpson v. Battaglia, an appeal from a habeas review of a death sentence,
the Seventh Circuit held "[t]he Faretta right and the appointment of standby
counsel inherently conflict which, taking into account that hybrid representation
is not required, supports the conclusion that there is no right to standby
counsel." 458 F.3d 585, 597 (7th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). The Seventh
Circuit also noted that "[appellant] does not provide, nor could we find, a
Supreme Court case holding standby counsel in a capital case should be treated
any differently" than standby counsel in a non-capital case. ld.

•

In United States v. Davis, the Fifth Circuit granted a writ of mandamus to
reverse a district court decision to appoint an independent counsel to present
mitigation evidence on behalf of a pro se capital defendant, because that
decision "cannot be squared with [the defendant's] self-representation right."
285 F.3d 378,384 (5th Cir. 2002).

•

In Nelson v. Alabama, the Eleventh Circuit affirmed a district court's
determination that the state court reasonably applied Faretta when it permitted

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a capital defendant to self-represent, despite not holding a fonnal Faretta
hearing. 292 F.3d 1291, 1297 (11th Cir. 2002).
•   Finally, in Silagy v. Peters, the Seventh Circuit addressed a habeas petitioner's
argument that "that the right recognized in Faretta is not applicable within the
context of a sentencing hearing in a capital case," stating, "we disagree." 905
F.2d 986, 1007 (7th Cir. 1990). The court explained that it could "think of no
principled reason to deny a death-eligible defendant his Faretta right to proceed
without the assistance of counsel. If an individual in a capital sentencing
hearing wishes to proceed pro se, Faretta grants him the right to do so." Id.
Standby Counsel also made what appears to be a Fifth Amendment or Sixth Amendment
argument that the complexity of capital defense litigation makes standby counsel for pro se
defendants necessary. (Dkt. No. 704 at 4-5.) That argument is without merit. The constitutional
right of self-representation is not contingent on the complexity of the litigation. Obviously,
Defendant is professionally unqualified to I1,1anage this litigation or any other litigation. But "the
competence that is required of a defendant seeking to waive his right to counsel is the competence
to waive the right, not the competence to represent himself." Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389,
399 (1993). Where-as here-a defendant is not suffering from mental illness to the point he is
incompetent'to conduct trial proceedings, his "ability to represent himself has no bearing upon his
competence to choose self-representation." Id. at 400; see also Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164,
177-78 (2008).

And to choose self-representation means to represent oneself, not hybrid

representation or "to choreograph special appearances by counsel." See McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465
U.S. 168, 183 (1984); Singleton, 107 F.3d at 1096-1102. Of course, if Defendant feels this case
is too complex for him to manage pro se, he may assert his right to counsel, as he did on December

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4,2016. (Dkt. No. 728.) The Court has repeatedly reminded Defendant of his right to do so, and,
by this Opinion, reminds him again of his right to be represented by counsel.
In their second Eighth Amendment filing, Standby Counsel framed this argument as an
Eighth Amendment violation, arguing that because a capital trial is "the most complicated
proceeding known to the criminal law," an "untrained layperson" cannot through pro se efforts
achieve the "heightened reliability" required by the Eighth Amendment, and that the Sixth
Amendment right to self·representation is inapplicable because the Sixth Amendment language
"[i]n all criminal prosecutions" "does not by its terms apply to the penalty phase of a capital
proceeding." (Dkt. No. 718 at 2-3.) That reframed argument remains without merit. Sentencing
is part of criminal prosecution, and the Sixth Amendment of course applies to capital sentencing
proceedings-were it not so, a defendant would have neither the right to self·representation nor
the right to counsel.

We would instead have a court·driven, inquisitorial inquiry. That is,

obviously, not the law.
Finally, Standby Counsel argued the Eighth Amendment requirement for heightened
reliability in capital proceedings and the public interest in the integrity and efficiency of the trial
outweigh the Sixth Amendment right to self·representation, at least with regard to the sentencing
proceeding. s (Dkt. No. 718 at 2,4-7; Dkt. No. 704 at 6-8.) Standby Counsel's arguments mirror
points raised by Justice Thurgood Marshall when dissenting from the denial of a stay of execution
in Lenhard v. WoljJ. 444 U.S. 807 (1979). In Lenhard, the defendant, Jesse Bishop, faced a capital

5 Standby Counsel argued there is no Sixth Amendment right in capital sentencing only on page
three of docket entry 718. In the view of the Court, that argument is absurd. Otherwise, Standby
Counsel admitted or at least assumed a Sixth Amendment right throughout a capital prosecution,
but argued that, because of the unique nature of the death penalty, other constitutional interests
outweigh the Sixth Amendment right to self·representation in capital cases. As explained in this
Opinion, that is a dissenting view and not the law.

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murder charge. Id. at 808. He stated he wished to self-represent. Id. His competency was then
assessed. Id. After hearing testimony from court-appointed psychiatrists, the trial judge found the
defendant competent. Id. The trial judge then advised the defendant "that pro se representation
was ill-advised when facing the death penalty." Id.

The defendant nevertheless insisted on

proceeding pro se. Id. Faretta compelled the trial judge to grant the defendant's motion for self­
representation, but the judge did appoint his former defense counsel as standby counsel. Id. at
808-09. At the sentencing phase of the trial, the defendant decided to present no evidence in
mitigation. Id. at 809. Standby counsel sought to present mitigation evidence, but the defendant
refused to allow it. Id. The trial court "acceded to his wishes and did not allow standby counsel
to proceed." Id.

"Finding the existence of aggravating circumstances and noting that [the

defendant] had offered no proof of mitigating the circumstances, the court imposed the death
penalty." Id. "The court reasoned that, under Faretta, [the defendant] had the absolute right to
represent himself and to decline to introduce any mitigating evidence." Id.
The Supreme Court refused to grant a stay of execution. Id. at 807-08. Justice Marshall
dissented that the failure to introduce any mitigating evidence deprived the sentencing court of
evidence needed to make the "individualized consideration of the capital defendant" required by
the Eighth Amendment, and thereby infringed "[s]ociety's independent stake in enforcement of
the Eighth Amendment." Id. at 811-14. Standby Counsel presented that dissenting argument to
this Court (see Dkt. No. 718 at 2,6-7), but this Court recognized-as Justice Marshall did-that
a dissenting view is not the law. See Lenhard, 444 U.S. at 810. To the contrary, the law requires
the Court, in Standby Counsel's words, to "treat[] the defendant's Faretta right as paramount."
(Dkt. No. 704 at 7.)

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In United States v. Davis, the district court appointed counsel to present mitigating
evidence over the objections of a defendant who wished to present no true mitigation defense but
instead wished to re-litigate guilt in the penalty phase. In granting the defendant's petition for a
writ of mandamus to reverse that decision, the Fifth Circuit explained,
The district judge appointed the independent counsel because she wants the jury to
have a complete picture of all possible traditional mitigating factors. In her view,
society's interest in a full and fair capital sentencing proceeding can only be served
if all possible aggravating and mitigating factors are presented to the jury. While
this notion is certainly noble, it cannot be squared with Davis's self-representation
right. Faretta teaches us that the right to self-representation is a personal right. It
cannot be impinged upon merely because society, or ajudge, may have a difference
of opinion with the accused as to what type of evidence, if any, should be presented
in a penalty trial.
285 F.3d 378,384 (5th Cir. 2002). The right of self-representation protects the individual right to
autonomy, not societal interests. "The core of a defendant's right to pro se representation is his
ability to preserve actual control over the case he chooses to present to the jury. This is so
regardless of whether society would benefit from having a different presentation of the evidence."

Davis, 285 F.3d at 385 (citation omitted). If tensions between important public interests and
constitutionally protected individual rights categorically resolved in favor of the public, our
landscape of individual freedoms would be barren.
The Court therefore concluded that its decision to permit Defendant to self-represent in this
matter was a correct application of Faretta, and that its discretion to manage the role of standby
counsel in a capital case is no different from its broad discretion to manage the role of standby
counsel in a non-capital case.

B.  

The Court's exercise of discretion in rejecting the hybrid or co-counsel role for
standby counsel
Having concluded the Court has broad discretion to define what if any assistance standby

counsel may provide in a capital case, the Court now addresses why a primarily consultative role

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for Standby Counsel was necessary and why a hybrid or co-counsel role was neither acceptable
nor workable. The Court's experience after completing one week of court-directed individual voir
dire confirmed the correctness of the initial orders limiting Standby Counsel to a primarily
consultative role, which Standby Counsel repeatedly disregarded.
In the course of the week of voir dire, Standby Counsel repeatedly challenged and
contradicted decisions and actions (or decisions not to act) by Defendant in representing himself
or otherwise made a mockery of the concept of self-representation. For example, on December 1,
2016, Defendant purportedly made five written motions despite being in court all day. (Dkt. Nos.
684,695,703,712.) Ofcourse, those motions were filed by Standby Counsel acting independently
of Defendant. It is rather unlikely Defendant, currently incarcerated, was available to request a 1
a.m. filing. (See Dkt. No. 684.) It also strains credulity to imagine Defendant-who on December
I was actively participating in courtroom proceedings from about 9 a.m. to about 6 p.m.­
requested Standby Counsel to file five motions on that same day without mention to the Court.
Motions filed by Standby Counsel also contradicted Defendant's courtroom statements (or
silence), seeking questioning of qualified veniremen that differed from what Defendant requested
during voir dire proceedings or a trial schedule different from what was discussed with Defendant
in open court. (See, e.g., Dkt. Nos. 684, 695, 703, 712.) Standby Counsel even filed motions
opposed by Defendant. (See, e.g., Dkt. No. 718.) The Court would never allow a lawyer to take
a position in open court, only to have his co-counsel file a motion contradicting that position while
he is still in the courtroom. Nor would the Court permit such actions from a pro se party and his
standby counsel. Such behavior makes it impossible to manage trial proceedings. 6 The Court

6 During voir dire, outside of the presence of the venire, the Court made passing reference to the
conflicting directives from Defendant and Standby Counsel as producing a "two-headed monster."
A member of the defense team, for whom the Court has the highest regard, later told the Court she

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could not be left to wonder whether Defendant's courtroom statements or silence should be taken
as his position, or whether they should be ignored in favor of whatever contrary statement Standby
Counsel are at that very moment using ECF to file.
The Court's decision to limit Standby Counsel's role to a primarily consultative one was
based upon three quite compelling factors, each independently sufficient to support the Court's
exercise of discretion in this matter. First, allowing Standby Counsel to perform as co-counsel and
to contradict or challenge the decisions of Defendant acting as his own counsel produces a
disorganized, incoherent, and chaotic situation. Defense counsel in a criminal proceeding must
necessarily make myriad decisions, large and small, in the course of a single day. These include
whether to object or not to object, to raise issues or not to raise issues, to call witnesses or not to
call witnesses, and to cross-examine a witness or not to cross-examine a witness. The defendant
must speak with one voice. A self-representing defendant and standby counsel acting as co­
counsel (and sometimes conflicting counsel) is simply unworkable.
Second, a criminal trial is organized on certain foundational principles, one being that if a
criminal defendant represented by counsel wishes to speak he must take the stand and submit
himself to cross-examination. A defendant who self represents is allowed certain liberties to fulfill
his constitutional right of self-representation, which entitled him to engage directly or indirectly
with the jury. These include the right to make opening and closing statements, raise objections,
and examine and cross-examine witnesses. None of these functions requires him to submit to
cross-examination. If a criminal defendant could enjoy the potential benefits ofself-representation

took the statement as a personal reference and took offense to it. As the Court explained orally,
this term was meant only as a metaphor for difficulties with the co-counselor hybrid role of
standby counsel and was in no way intended as a personal reference to defense counsel. To the
contrary, the Court has great respect for the zealousness defense counsel have shown in
representing Defendant.

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while continuing to be represented by counsel, this would fundamentally alter the nature of the
criminal trial and disrupt long-standing practices and procedures that promote a fair and just
adjudication process.
Third, the use of the self-representation with co-counsel model is an obvious charade and
manipulation of the system that creates a circus type atmosphere in the courtroom. This would
threaten to destroy the solemnity of the criminal adjudication process and to bring the court
proceedings into public disrepute. As the Fourth Circuit observed in Singleton, "the Constitution
does not require such a manipulable and unwise arrangement." 107 F.3d at 1101. And as the
Supreme Court noted in McKaskle, "a defendant does not have a constitutional right to
choreograph special appearances by counsel" and "Faretta does not require a trial judge to permit
'hybrid representation." 465 U.S. at 183.
C.

The role of standby counsel in this case
The Court has found much wisdom in the following statement of the West Virginia

Supreme Court regarding the need of the trial court to set forth specifically the parameters of the
role of standby counsel:
Trial courts can easily remedy the confusion surrounding the differing roles
apparently filled by standby counsel by exercising their supervisory powers to
specifically define or restrict the duties of standby counsel whenever such counsel
is appointed. See Lawrence, 161 F.3d at 253 ("[T]he district court, in keeping with
its broad supervisory powers, has equally broad discretion to guide what, if any,
assistance standby, or advisory, counsel may provide to a defendant conducting his
own defense." (citation omitted)). Given the lack of clarity over what, exactly, is
the role of standby counsel, we find it is of the utmost importance that, when
appointing standby counsel, trial courts do in fact define, precisely, the role counsel
is expected to assume. Furthermore, trial courts should clearly inform counsel and
the defendant of that role.
West Virginia v. Powers, 563 S.E.2d 781, 788 (W.Va. 2001). The Court appointed Standby

Counsel as "standby counsel" and not as hybrid counselor co-counsel. (Dkt. No. 672 at 9-10.) If
Defendant persists in his present intention to self-represent, the Court anticipates it will reappoint
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his defense counsel as standby counsel. The relevant ABA standard governing standby counsel's
conduct provides,
Defense counsel whose duty it is to assist a pro se accused only when the accused
requests assistance may bring to the attention of the accused matters beneficial to
him or her, but should not actively participate in the conduct of the defense unless
requested by the accused or insofar as directed to do so by the court.
ABA Defense Function Standards 4-3.9(2) (3d ed. 1993). This Opinion memorializes the role of
Standby Counsel in this matter as directed by the Court during voir dire, which will also be the
role of standby counsel, if any, in any future sentencing proceeding.
The Court instructed Standby Counsel in open court to limit their functions to the
following: (1) to consult with Defendant before and after court proceedings and during breaks in
court proceedings, (2) to sit with Defendant at counsel's table and provide "elbow advice" directly
to Defendant during court proceedings, and to serve as an intermediary between Government
counsel and Defendant, (3) to facilitate Defendant's receipt of filings and other communications
delivered to counsel. Those role specific roles-and only those specific roles-were the roles
assigned to Standby Counsel.
If Defendant wished Standby Counsel to perform any other function, Defendant-directly
and not through Standby Counsel-was required to inform the Court that he wished Standby
Counsel to perform a specific function to assist him. He was required to explain to the Court why
he was unable to perform that function himself. The Court would then determine whether to
authorize Standby Counsel to perform that function. Any such authorization would be no broader
than the performance of that specific function at that time. Standby Counsel could not file any
motion unless Defendant first requested it and the Court then authorized Standby Counsel to file
it on behalf of Defendant. Further, Standby Counsel could not speak for Defendant--or perform
any function other than giving Defendant "elbow advice"-in the presence of the jury or any

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potential juror. See Singleton, 107 F.3d at 1103 (holding the district court has discretion "to insist
that [Defendant's] case be presented in court either by his attorney or by himself, but not by a
combination of the two").
The Court adopted these limitations to provide clear definition to Standby Counsel's role
to ensure that the defense speaks with a single voice, to maintain an orderly trial process that does
not allow Defendant and Standby Counsel to manipUlate Defendant's Faretta rights to enjoy the
benefits of self-representation while maintaining de facto representation from Standby Counsel as
co-counsel, and to preserve the dignity and decorum of courtroom proceedings.

D.  

Defendant's motion to go back and forth between representation by counsel and
self-representation
After the completion ofvoir dire, Defendant moved for Standby Counsel to be reappointed

as his counsel of record, but only for the guilt phase of his trial. (Dkt. No. 728.) He asked to be
permitted to proceed pro se at any sentencing hearing. A request to self-represent after the jury
returns a verdict may be considered untimely and therefore within the discretion of the Court to
deny. Although permitting a defendant to vacillate from self-representation and representation by
counsel could frustrate the orderly administration of justice, the Court deemed the potential
disruption from permitting Defendant to be represented by counsel for the entirety of the guilt
phase to be manageable and outweighed by the potential disruption of a capital defendant
proceeding pro se. The Court therefore exercised its discretion to grant Defendant's motion. (Dkt.
No. 740.)
The right of self-representation may be waived ifnot asserted in a timely manner. Martinez

v. Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist., 528 U.S. 152, 162 (2000); United States v. Frazier-El, 204 F.3d
553,558 (4th Cir. 2000). Defendant proposed to wait until after the jury returns a verdict to assert
his right to represent himself. (Dkt. No. 728.) That certainly could be seen as an untimely assertion

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of the right to self-represent. Once trial has begun, motions for self-representation are generally
untimely and the right to self-representation may be waived. See, e.g., Wood v. Quarterman, 491
F.3d 196, 202 (5th Cir. 2007) (finding no basis for habeas reHef where the trial court denied as
untimely self-representation request made after the jury returned a guilty verdict but before the
sentencing phase of the trial); Stenson v. Lambert, 504 F.3d 873, 882, 884 (9th Cir. 2007) (same
where motion for self-representation was made during voir dire and "on the verge of jury
[e]mpanelment"); United States v. Edelmann, 458 F.3d 791, 808-09 (8th Cir. 2006) (finding
untimely a self-representation request made four days before trial); Singleton, 107 F.3d at 1099
("[I]f a defendant first asserts his right to self-representation after trial has begun, the right may
have been waived."); Lawrence, 605 F.2d at 1325 (holding self-representation rights properly
found waived when asserted after "meaningful trial proceedings had commenced").
Courts typically do not allow a defendant to proceed pro se once the trial has begun with
Defendant represented by counsel to ensure the right to self-representation is not "used as a ploy
to frustrate the orderly procedures ofa court in the administration ofjustice." Lawrence, 605 F.2d
at 1325. Requests for self-representation may not be "used as a tactic for delay; for disruption; for
distortion of the system; or for manipUlation of the trial process" and "[a] trial court must be
permitted to distinguish between a manipulative effort to present particular arguments and a
sincere desire to dispense with the benefits of counsel." Frazier-El, 204 F.3d at 560 (citations
omitted). To ensure Defendant was not engaging in such tactics, the Court engaged him in an
extensive colloquy at the December 5, 2016 pretrial conference.

Defendant clearly and

unequivocal1y stated his desire to waive irrevocably his right to self-representation during the guilt
phase of this case. The Court informed Defendant that defense counsel would have ultimate
control over all strategic and tactical decisions in the conduct ofthe guilt phase, including deciding

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what evidence to present and what arguments to make. Defendant acknowledged that he would
not be permitted to reassert his right to

self~representation

if defense counsel present evidence or

argument of which he disapproves. After those admonitions, Defendant again unequivocally
stated his desires to waive his right to self-representation during the guilt phase and to assert his
right to self-representation during any penalty phase.
The Court then granted his motion for reappointment of counsel for the guilt phase only.
The Court exercised its discretion not to find Defendant's intended post-verdict assertion of his
right to self-represent untimely for three reasons. First, the guilt phase of the trial is a proceeding
discrete from any penalty phase, and a switch from representation by counsel to self-representation
will not pose the same potential for courtroom confusion or conflict as would, for example,
switching between professional and pro se witness examinations within a single trial phase.
Second, the Court is satisfied Defendant waived his right to self-represent in the guilt phase fully
understanding that his waiver is irrevocable, even if he and his counsel have disagreements about
strategy. Third, the Court believes the interests of justice are served best through professional
representation of capital defendants.

E.

Government's requests to unseal and to ask Defendant to withdraw motions
The Government requested its first brief on the role of Standby Counsel be unsealed. (Dkt.

No. 692 at 1 n.l.)

Although none of Standby Counsel's briefs was filed under seal, the

Government's brief repeatedly and explicitly refers to sealed matters (see id. at 1,5,6), and so the
Court declines to unseal the Government's first brief. The Government also requested the Court
to ask Defendant whether he wishes to withdraw two motions (Dkt. Nos. 665 & 667) filed by
counsel. (Dkt. No. 692 nA.) The Court declines that request as moot.

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IV.

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Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court limited the role of Standby Counsel to the role

described in this Opinion and granted Defendant's subsequent motion for reappointment of
counsel for the guilt phase of trial only (Dkt. No. 728).
AND IT IS SO ORDERED.

~k~

United States District Court Judge
December S-, 2016
Charleston, South Carolina

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