! Oregon!Coastal!Drinking!Water!! Protection!Planning! ! A"Resource"Guide" ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Oregon!Department!of!Environmental!Quality! Environmental!Solutions!Division! Watershed!Management!! ! ! Oregon!Health!Authority! Center!for!Health!Protection! Drinking!Water!Services!! ! ! !! July%2015%Draft% ! % ! ! ! ! A!Call!to!Action!+! !A!Recommitment!to!Assessing!and!Protecting!Sources!of!Drinking!Water! ! “Our!vision…Federal,!state,!and!local!actions!reflect!the!high!value!of!safe!drinking!water:!!! the!high!value!of!drinking!water!is!widely!recognized!at!all!levels!of!government!and!! among!the!general!public…”!!! ! ! (Appendix!1,!Source!Water!Collaborative,!2014)!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! This!report!prepared!by:! Oregon!Department!of!Environmental!Quality! Environmental!Solutions!Division! Watershed!Management!Section! 811!SW!6th!Avenue! Portland,!OR!97204! 1K800K452K4011! www.oregon.gov/deq! ! ! Contact:!Sheree!Stewart! Drinking!Water!Protection!Coordinator! (503)!229K5413 July%2015%Draft% ! % Oregon!Coastal!Drinking!Water!Protection!Planning! A!Resource!Guide! ! TABLE!OF!CONTENTS! Executive!Summary!!................................................................................................................!1! Climate!Change!and!Water!Quality!!.........................................................................................!3! Drinking!Water!Regulatory!Overview!......................................................................................!7! Watershed!Characteristics!.......................................................................................................!9! Land!Uses!and!Regulatory!Authorities!...................................................................................!13! Forest!Lands!.....................................................................................................................!13! Agricultural!Lands!!............................................................................................................!14! Residential!/!Stormwater,!and!Industrial!Lands!...............................................................!15! Onsite!Systems!.................................................................................................................!15! Aggregate!Mining!.............................................................................................................!16! Pesticide!Stewardship!Partnerships!.................................................................................!16! Community!Forest!Authorities!.........................................................................................!17! Federal!Lands!...................................................................................................................!17! ! !! Current!Water!Quality!Projects!.............................................................................................!18! !!!!!!!!!!!!!Drinking!Water!Source!Monitoring!..................................................................................!18! !!!!!!!!!!!!!Algae!Blooms!....................................................................................................................!19! !!!!!!!!!!!!!Tillamook!Estuary!Partnership!..........................................................................................!20! !!!!!!!!!!!!!Basin!Assessments!and!Assistance!...................................................................................!20! !!!!!!!!!!!!!TMDLs!–!General!..............................................................................................................!21! !!!!!!!!!!!!!Turbidity!and!TMDLs!.........................................................................................................!21! ! Strategic!Restoration!and!Protection!.....................................................................................!23! Collaborative!Approaches!for!Clean!Source!Water!.................................................................!28! Climate!Resilience!.................................................................................................................!31! FUNDS!AND!RESOURCES!........................................................................................................!35! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Federal!and!State!Agencies,!Organizations,!Land!Trusts,!and!Foundations!...!pages!35@52!! References!............................................................................................................................!53! ! July%2015%Draft% ! % ! ! ! FIGURES!! ! Figure!1.!!........................................................................!Coastal!Public!Water!System!Watersheds! Figure!2.!!................................................................!North!Coast!Public!Water!System!Watersheds! Figure!3.!!...................................................................!Mid!Coast!Public!Water!System!Watersheds! Figure!4.!!................................................................!South!Coast!Public!Water!System!Watersheds! Figure!5.!!............................................................!Example:!Arch!Cape!Drinking!Water!Source!Area! Figure!6a.!!.......................................................!Example:!Myrtle!Point!Drinking!Water!Source!Area! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Shallow!Landslide!Potential! Figure!6b.!!.......................................................!Example:!Myrtle!Point!Drinking!Water!Source!Area! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Natural!&!Anthropogenic!Sources! !!!!!!!!! ! APPENDICES! ! Appendix!1.!!...............................................................!Source!Water!Collaborative!“Call!to!Action”!! Appendix!2.!!............................................!Coastal!Watershed!Land!Use!and!Susceptibility!Analysis! Appendix!3.!!...................................................!Coastal!Watershed!Land!Ownership!Data!Summary! Appendix!4.!!..............................................................................................!Riparian!Rules!Summary!! Appendix!5.!!..................................................!Additional!Resources!for!Drinking!Water!Protection! ! ! July%2015%Draft% ! % ! EXECUTIVE!SUMMARY! ! Section!1453!of!the!federal!1996!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act!Amendments!(PL!104K182)!required!states!to! develop!“Source!Water!Assessments”!for!all!public!water!supplies!within!their!state.!Source!Water! Assessments!identify!watershed!or!aquifer!conditions!and!potential!sources!of!pollutants,!and!also! prioritize!areas!for!future!protection.!The!Oregon!Health!Authority!(OHA)!and!the!Oregon!Department!of! Environmental!Quality!(DEQ)!completed!Oregon’s!original!assessment!reports!in!2005.!However,!! advanced!data!and!GIS!capabilities!now!allow!the!agencies!to!upgrade!or!update!the!original! assessments.!This!resource!guide!will!provide!the!foundation!for!updated!Source!Water!Assessments!for! each!public!water!system.!This!is!the!first!in!a!series!of!focused!guidance!for!protecting!sources!of! Oregon’s!drinking!water.! ! Drinking!water!sources,!whether!from!a!watershed!or!aquifer!recharge!area,!are!subject!to!a!variety!of! potential!point!and!nonpoint!sources!of!pollution.!Improving!or!maintaining!the!source!water!quality!is!a! vital!component!of!providing!safe!and!clean!drinking!water!to!the!public.!This!document!will!also! identify!current!regulatory!and!voluntary!measures!for!water!quality!protection,!as!well!as!a!consistent! framework!for!developing!and!implementing!effective!water!quality!protection!projects.! !! There!are!50!smallK!to!moderateKsized!watersheds!on!Oregon’s!Coast!that!currently!serve!as!community! drinking!water!sources!(provide!map!here).!This!is!a!subset!of!watersheds!and!aquifers!serving!as! sources!for!the!approximately!2500!public!drinking!water!systems!throughout!Oregon.!All!public!water! systems!would!benefit!from!detailed!GIS!mapping!and!identification!of!risks!and!sensitive!areas.!! One!reason!for!prioritizing!coastal!watersheds!for!guidance!is!climate!change.!An!increase!in!weather! extremes!–!intense!storms!and!droughts!–!is!affecting!coastal!water!systems.!Based!on!evaluation!of! selected!drinking!water!data,!one!impact!of!intense!storms!to!coastal!watersheds!is!an!increase!in! turbidity!levels!–!that!is,!an!increase!in!materials!in!the!water!that!decreases!water!clarity.!Elevated! turbidity!often!results!in!increased!maintenance!for!drinking!water!treatment!and!costs!to!coastal! residents!for!public!water!system!providers!with!lower!treatment!technology?.!Pollutants!such!as! pesticides!or!fuels!absorbed!to!the!surface!of!entrained!particles!in!turbid!water!can!also!increase!public! health!risks.!High!turbidity!due!to!organic!matter!in!streams!often!requires!more!chemicals!to!treat! water,!and!can!increase!the!levels!of!disinfection!byproducts,!a!category!of!carcinogenic!compounds.! Other!impacts!of!climate!change!include!an!increase!in!temperatures!of!streams!and!lakes!during!the! warmer!summers,!contributing!to!an!increase!in!harmful!algal!blooms!driven!by!higher!levels!of!nitrates! and!phosphorus!in!stormwater!and!groundwater.!!!! ! In!recent!years,!many!citizens!from!Oregon!Coast!communities!have!expressed!concerns!with!their! surface!water!sources!for!drinking!water!that!may!be!related!to!land!use!and!other!human!activities.! Their!concerns!fall!into!these!general!categories:!! •! Pesticides!and!turbidity!due!to!land!management!activities;! •! Turbidity!and!fuels!from!quarries;! •! Disinfection!byproducts!as!a!result!of!reaction!of!chemical!disinfectant!with!an!organic! precursor.! •! One!goal!of!this!guidance!document!is!to!provide!information!and!references!to!foster!better! communication!and!collaboration!to!address!these!concerns!at!the!local!and!state!level.! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%1% Deleted:'More Comment'[AK1]:'Not!sure!the!rationale!for!selecting!just!the! Coast! Comment'[AK2]:'What!percentage!of!drinking!water!streams! are!listed!on!303d!list?!!! Deleted:'provide!guidance!for!overcoming!barriers!to!protection Deleted:'ing Deleted:'drinking!water Deleted:'!source Deleted:'Coastal!community!water!systems!experience!unique! issues!due!to!their!geographic!setting,!climatic!and!geological! vulnerabilities,!and!seasonal!tourist!demands!that!other!parts!of!the! state!do!not!necessarily!experience. Deleted:'The!main Deleted:'it!is!clear!that!the!most!significant Deleted:'direct! Comment'[AK3]:'Is!this!a!concern!in!the!coastal!watersheds.!! Documented!occurences?! Comment'[AK4]:'Do!these!occur!in!drinking!water!source! streams!and!wells?! Comment'[AK5]:'It!seems!like!this!is!a!bit!out!of!place.!!The! connection!between!concerns!and!documented!problems!does!not! seem!adequately!described!here.! Deleted:'excessive!organics/nutrients/turbidity Comment'[DP6]:'Is!this!intended!to!be!a!bullet!under!concern! categories! ! Like!all!states,!Oregon!faces!significant!challenges!in!addressing!water!quality!degradation!in!municipal! drinking!water!watersheds.!The!federal!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act!provides!for!regulation!of!treated! drinking!water!and!!the!federal!Clean!Water!Act!(CWA)!authorities!apply!to!all!waters!serving!as!drinking! water!sources!for!Oregon!communities!and!additionally!apply!to!protect!water!quality!in!other!waters.! The!state!of!Oregon!uses!a!combination!of!regulatory!tools!such!as!the!Forest!Practices!Act!and!Ag! Water!Quality!Management!Plans!in!combination!with!voluntary!measures!to!help!protect!and!restore! water!quality!and!fish!and!wildlife!habitat…However,!many!of!the!CWA’s!important!regulatory!tools!can! only!be!applied!after!there!is!significant!data!and!documentation!to!show!individual!sources!of! pollutants.!CWA!implementation!funds!are!fully!committed!toward!compliance!and!enforcement;! therefore!state!agency!programs!are!not!always!able!to!achieve!proactive!pollution!prevention!such!as! implementing!ecosystem!services!markets,!steep!slope!protection/stabilization,!purchase!of!riparian! easements,!and!a!variety!of!other!techniques.!! ! For!some!Oregon!public!water!system!providers!to!provide!safe!and!clean!drinking!water,!many!must! secure!loans!to!build!water!treatment!plants.!Upstream!restoration!projects!and!pollution!prevention! can!reduce!the!need!for!treatment,!but!most!public!water!system!entities!need!help!and!resources!to! build!collaborative!partnerships!with!local!landowners.!Local!citizen!groups!and!nonKprofit!organizations! may!be!effective!in!developing!successful!partnerships!between!public!water!system!providers!and!local! landowners!and!managers!in!combination!with!state!and!federal!regulatory!agencies!and!other! partners.!DEQ!and!OHA!strongly!support!the!work!of!nonKprofit!organizations!or!citizen!groups!to!work! on!projects!to!improve!water!quality.!In!fact,!we!believe!many!water!quality!initiatives!are!far!more! effective!when!implemented!on!a!voluntary!basis.!With!their!collaborative!approaches,!we!believe! organizations!not!associated!with!local!government!are!uniquely!positioned!to!offer!expertise!and! support!to!implement!strategic!restoration!and!stabilization!techniques!that!will!lead!to!source!water! for!Oregon!public!water!systems.!For!this!reason,!we!will!provide!inKdepth!information!in!this!guidance! document!to!assist!public!water!systems!to!reach!out!to!citizen!groups!and!nonKprofit!organizations.!!! ! ! This!guidance!document!provides!data!and!information!to!encourage!action!in!the!near!future!on! priority!areas.!DEQ!and!OHA’s!experience!working!with!small!communities!indicates!there!are!not! enough!localKlevel!resources!to!perform!an!effective!analysis!to!identify!priority!areas!in!their!drinking! water!watersheds.!This!document!provides!the!basis!for!updated!assessments!of!individual!watersheds,! mapping!of!natural!features,!susceptibility!analysis,!and!identifying!potential!sources!of!pollutants;!links! to!nonKprofit!organizations!that!may!be!able!to!assist;!and!information!for!how!to!improve!collaboration! with!upstream!partners!and!landowners!to!protect!and!improve!source!water!quality.! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%2% Comment'[AK7]:'What!are!the!significant!challenges?! Deleted:'OHA! Deleted:'but!provides!no!authorities!to!prevent!pollution! upstream Deleted:'.!It!is Deleted:'that! Comment'[AK8]:'I!think!this!is!an!appropriate!level!of!checks! and!balances.!!! Deleted:'communities! Comment'[AK9]:'Isn’t!that!part!of!the!reason!for!the!SDWA?! Deleted:'more!sophisticated! Deleted:'expensive! Deleted:'do!not!have!the!capacity Deleted:'those! Deleted:'upstream! Deleted:'This!is!where!l Deleted:'more! Deleted:'municipal! Deleted:'upstream! Comment'[AK10]:'Government!agencies!also!can!be!part!of!this! solution!and!many!agencies!have!professional!hydrologists,! geologists,!and!biologists.! Deleted:'better! Comment'[AK11]:'And!professionals!in!the!local!area…! Deleted:'DEQ!and!OHA!recognize!the!need!to!stabilize!and!create! ecological!and!social!resilience!in!municipal!watersheds;!this!need! will!continue!to!increase!as!climate!change!brings!more!intense! storms.!It!is!clear!that!weather!patterns!are!shifting,!and!coastal! communities!are!feeling!more!impacts!of!severe!storms!and!intense! rainfall!events.!We!acknowledge!that!significant!benefits!could! come!from!more!data!and!analysis.!More!extensive!water!quality! monitoring!could!put!all!of!us!in!a!better!position!to!identify!the! specific!root!causes!of!water!quality!degradation!within!each! watershed.!But!we!also!believe!preventative!steps!can!be!taken! now!instead!of!waiting!for!extensive!data!collection!efforts!to!be! funded!and!implemented.! ! CLIMATE!CHANGE!AND!WATER!QUALITY!! ! The!Pacific!Northwest!is!a!dynamic!natural!environment.!Understanding!the!geographic!setting! improves!identification!of!risks!and!vulnerabilities!to!a!drinking!water!source.!Watershed!protection!in! this!geographic!setting!requires!understanding!the!unique!influences!of!geology,!topography,!climate! and!ecology.!!! ! The!Cascade!Mountains!are!primarily!of!volcanic!origin!and!are!tectonically!active!with!volcanoes!and! earthquakes!as!major!forces!that!can!drastically!alter!the!landscape.!Plate!tectonics,!a!subducting!ocean! plate!and!uplift!have!created!(and!continue!to!create)!diverse!geological!conditions!in!the!Oregon!Coast! Range.!The!Coast!Range!is!primarily!interlayered!oceanic!sediment!deposits!and!lava!flows,!pushed! upward!as!a!result!of!plate!tectonics.!There!are!large!areas!of!highly!erodible!sedimentary!rocks,! including!some!of!oceanic!origin,!with!sections!of!harder!igneous!(volcanic)!rocks.!The!landscape!is! shaped!by!the!erosion!and!sediment!movement!processes!that!vary!locally!due!to!siteKspecific!rock! types!and!degree!of!consolidation.!Topographically,!the!terrain!is!mountainous!with!valleys,!large!and! small.!Steep!slopes!are!prone!to!shallow,!rapidlyKmoving!landslides,!and!there!are!numerous!large,! deepKseated!landslides!as!well.!There!are!large!sea!floor!faults!off!the!coast!of!Oregon!that!are!active! and!can!cause!both!earthquakes!and!tsunamis.!! The!topography!of!the!mountains!and!proximity!of!the!ocean!also!makes!for!a!diverse!climate.!The! climate!on!the!west!side!of!the!Cascade!Mountains!is!characterized!by!a!dry!summer!season!with!high! amounts!of!precipitation!between!October!and!April.!In!Oregon’s!Coast!Range,!the!maritime! Mediterranean!climate’s!wet!winters!include!frequent!large!storms.!Yearly!average!precipitation!can! regularly!exceed!100!inches!in!many!mountainous!locations.!Coupled!with!the!steep,!fertile!landscape,! the!westside!wet!climate!makes!the!entire!Pacific!Northwest’s!coastal!zone!a!very!biologically! productive!region!with!the!potential!for!large!and!small!erosion!events.!Forests!and!deep!soils!covering! much!of!the!westside!landscape!store!and!filter!the!abundant!rainfall,!producing!highKquality,!reliable! water!for!drinking,!fisheries,!agriculture!and!other!beneficial!uses.! ! In!2007,!the!Oregon!State!Legislature!charged!the!Oregon!Climate!Change!Research!Institute!with! assessing!the!likely!effects!of!climate!change!on!the!state,!including!specific!biological,!physical!and! social!science!aspects!that!relate!to!Oregon.!An!assessment!report!was!developed!in! 2010!to!act!as!a!compendium!of!the!relevant!research!on!climate!change!and!its!impacts!on!Oregon! (Dello!2010).!The!report!stated!that!human!activities!are!primarily!responsible!for!the!observed! 1.5°!F!(0.83°C)!increase!in!the!20th!century!temperatures!in!the!Pacific!Northwest.! Future!predicted!regional!climate!changes!in!Oregon!include:! •!Increases!in!temperature!around!0.2K1°F!(0.11K0.56°C)!per!decade! •!Warmer!and!drier!summers!with!a!likely!14!percent!decrease!for!summer!precipitation!by!the! 2080s! •!Extreme!precipitation!events!will!likely!increase!in!frequency!and!severity! •!Sea!levels!will!rise,!possibly!by!two!to!four!feet!(0.6!to!1.2!meters)!by!2100! ! ! Key!findings!from!the!report!include:! •!Summer!water!supply!will!decrease!due!to!reduced!snowpack!and!summer!precipitation;! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%3% Deleted:'entire! Deleted:'This!means!t Comment'[AK12]:'What!does!this!have!to!do!with!climate! change?!This!might!fit!better!under!the!“Watershed!Characteristics”! heading.! Deleted:'Tsunamis!present!a!risk!to!coastal!drinking!water! supplies!due!to!the!possibility!of!saltwater!surges!upstream!and! physical!damage!to!the!infrastructure!of!community!water!supplies.! •!Availability,!quality!and!cost!of!water!will!likely!be!the!most!limiting!factor!for!agricultural! production!under!a!warmer!climate! •!Wildfire!is!projected!to!increase!in!all!Oregon!forest!types!in!the!coming!decades! •!Frequency!and!magnitude!of!coastal!flooding!events!may!continue!to!increase! •!Many!plant!and!animal!species!on!land,!in!freshwater!and!in!the!sea!have!and!will!shift!their! distribution!and!become!less!or!more!abundant!–!invasive!species!and!harmful!algal!blooms! may!become!more!abundant! •!Changes!to!the!marine!environment!including!increasing!water!temperatures! •!Oregon’s!economy,!like!many!other!states,!is!likely!to!be!affected!by!a!changing!climate!and!by! policies!addressing!projected!changes! •!The!important!drivers!of!greenhouse!gas!emissions!are!population,!consumption!and!the! emission!intensity!of!the!economy.! ! Climate!change!is!already!affecting!the!Pacific!Northwest,!and!alterations!to!our!regional!as!well!as! global!climate!are!expected!to!continue!for!decades.!Effects!of!climate!change!include!more!frequent! and!larger!major!storms,!drier!summers!and!wetter!winters,!increased!wildfire!severity!in!some!places,! increases!in!stream!temperature,!and!reductions!to!summer!and!early!autumn!streamflow.!Larger! storms!increase!erosion!and!are!more!likely!to!trigger!landslides!(in!certain!circumstances)!(Robison!et!al! 1999,!Turner!et!al!2010).!!In!areas!dependent!on!groundwater!discharge!into!streams,!there!may!be! lower!streamflows!during!the!dry!seasons!that!could!create!problems!for!fish!and!water!supplies.! Increases!in!stream!temperatures!can!encourage!algal!blooms!and!impair!fish!and!other!aquatic!life.! Incidences!of!algal!blooms!can!also!be!increased!by!storm!runoff!of!nitrateK!or!phosphorusKrich!waters.! Climate!change!effects!do!not!occur!in!isolation!but!will!interact!with!the!effects!of!human!activities!and! other!natural!processes.! ! Along!with!the!geographic!setting,!the!qualities!of!surface!water!and!groundwater!are!controlled!by! vegetation!and!biological!communities.!A!diverse!and!resilient!ecosystem!can!endure!disturbances!with! reduced!water!quality!impacts!and!faster!recovery!times.!A!simplified,!disturbed!or!stressed!ecosystem! will!have!more!sensitivity!to!water!quality!impacts!and!be!slower!to!recover!from!disruptions.!Different! ages!and!structures!for!forest!stands,!for!example,!may!have!differing!characteristics!for!water!flows!and! occurrence!of!shallow!landslides!and!debris!flows.!! ! Water!quality!in!the!Coast!Range!of!Oregon!can!vary!due!to!natural!and/or!human!influences.!Fires! periodically!burn!through!forests!and!rangelands!(see!Coast!Range!history:!Long!et!al!1998).!In!steep! areas,!landslides!occur!and!can!move!large!amounts!of!soil,!rock!and!debris.!Windstorms!can!blow!over! trees,!and!flooding!periodically!affects!streamside!areas!and!beyond.!Erosion!of!streambanks!and!falling! vegetation!can!add!sediments!and!organic!matter!(biomass)!to!surface!waters.!These!disturbances,!large! and!small,!can!sometimes!interfere!with!beneficial!uses!of!surface!waters!and!are!also!important! ecological!processes,!rejuvenating!and!reorganizing!ecosystems.! ! Likewise,!human!activities!can!disturb!watersheds!and!streamside!areas!with!the!potential!to!alter!water! quality!and!aquatic!habitat.!Farming,!forest!management,!urban!and!residential!development,!roads,! recreation!and!other!activities!can!cause!erosion,!trigger!landslides,!add!organic!matter!and!pollutants,! change!flows!and!stream!temperature,!and!alter!stream!structure.!! Causes!of!water!quality!impacts!and!risks!can!be!roughly!divided!into!natural!and!human!(or! anthropogenic)!factors.! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%4% Comment'[AK13]:'Landslides!are!a!necessary!component!of!the! sediment!regime!in!the!PNW.! Deleted:'Because!land!management!is!primarily!about!ecosystem! management,!it!is!especially!important!to!understand!the!ecological! state!of!the!drinking!water!watershed!and!how!ecology!is!affected! by!current!and!potential!management!activities. Deleted:'For!example Deleted:',!clearcut!timber!harvesting!is!known!to!increase! landslide!rates!on!steep!slopes!and!increase!streamflows!and! erosion!(Montgomery!et!al!2000).!Narrow!riparian!buffers!are! subject!to!frequent!windthrow!(toppling!of!trees!by!wind),!a! fraction!of!which!will!become!a!source!of!fine!sediment!to!the! stream!(Rashin!et!al!2006).!!Roads!are!a!wellKknown!source!of!fine! sediment,!petroleum!products!and!other!pollutants!(Trombulak!&! Frissell!2000).!Bank!disturbance!by!development,!agricultural! practices!and!grazing!animals,!and!forest!harvest!can!also! contribute!sediment!and!organic!matter!to!stream!systems,!such!as! slash!from!forest!harvests!adjacent!to!unbuffered!headwaters! streams!(Jackson!et!al!2001,!Kibler!et!al!2013).!Effects!may!be! apparent!immediately!or!over!years!and!may!be!local!and/or! cumulative!across!the!landscape. Natural!factors!that!can!affect!water!quality!include:! •! Locations!of!steep!slopes!prone!to!shallow,!rapidlyKmoving!landslides!(>70K85%),!depending!on! geology!and!landform)! •! Locations!of!earthflows!and!other!deepKseated!earth!movements! •! Eroding!streambanks,!inner!gorges!and!cliffs,!and!other!erosionKprone,!streamKadjacent!features! •! Recently!disturbed!uplands!and!riparian!areas!(for!example,!fire!or!windstorm!in!the!past!10!to! 30!years)! ! Human!factors!that!may!affect!water!quality!if!not!properly!managed!include:! •! Human!activities!and!facilities!within!riparian!areas! •! Road!locations!and!conditions,!especially!stream!crossings,!roads!near!streams,!roads!on!steep! slopes,!and!roads!with!drainage!systems!connected!to!the!stream!network! •! Actively!used!pastures!and/or!cropland!that!have!flowing!water!adjacent! •! Stormwater!runoff!from!vulnerable!areas!(areas,!with!high!phosphorus!or!nitrates,!for!example)!! •! Recently!managed!forestland!that!has!been!harvested,!replanted,!treated!with!herbicides,!etc.! •! Quarries!and!associated!infrastructure! •! Construction!sites! •! Residential!land!(rural,!suburban,!urban)!and!infrastructure!(for!example,!onsite/septic!systems! and!stormwater!discharge!pipes)! •! Hazardous!material!sites! •! Industrial!sites! •! Solid!waste!landfill!sites! ! Some!locations!on!the!landscape!are!more!sensitive!to!disturbances,!including:! •! Riparian!areas! •! Springs,!seeps!and!wetlands! •! Steep!slopes!(>70K85%)! •! Floodplains! •! Areas!with!highlyKerodible!soil! ! The!costs!associated!with!treating!surface!water!sources!can!be!directly!related!to!raw!water!quality! conditions.!The!natural!processes!and!human!and!natural!disturbances!listed!above!can!affect!water! quality!in!ways!that!become!problematic!for!drinking!water!treatment!processes.!Increased!turbidity! (cloudiness)!and!suspended!sediment!in!source!water!can!clog!filters,!require!more!water!treatment! chemical!use,!and!carry!pollutants!and!pathogenic!microorganisms.!Elevated!amounts!of!organic!matter! are!precursors!to!potentially!carcinogenic!disinfection!byproducts,!which!are!formed!when!commonly! used!disinfectants!react!with!organic!matter.!All!of!these!constituents!can!raise!the!cost!of!drinking! water!treatment,!require!treatment!plant!shutdowns!or!result!in!finished!drinking!water!that!does!not! meet!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act!maximum!contaminant!levels!(MCL)!or!treatment!technique!standards.! Providing!reliable!clean!and!safe!drinking!water!to!the!public!requires!both!water!treatment!technology! and!prevention!of!pollutants!in!source!water.!Reducing!the!pollutant!loading!in!source!waters!can!avoid! additional!treatment!costs!and!improve!the!reliability!of!treatment.!Reducing!pollutant!levels!in!source! water!can!also!reduce!the!production!of!harmful!disinfection!byproducts,!which!are!a!result!of!factors! such!as!high!chlorine!demand,!high!turbidity,!or!high!organic!matter!content!in!source!waters.!! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%5% Deleted:'affecting!water Comment'[DP15]:'Need!reference.!!! Comment'[DP16]:'The!formation!of!BHPs!can!occur!with! naturally!occurring!organic!matter,!does!not!need!to!be!elevated.!!! Comment'[AK17]:'Need!to!include!something!about!how!this! intersects!with!treatment!technology!of!lack!thereof,!storage! capacity.! Comment'[DP18]:'Why!italicized?!!Generalization,!are!there! any!studies!in!the!coastal!zone!to!support!this!statement.!Need! citation.! Comment'[DP19]:'This!statement!is!an!over!simplification!of! the!challenge!with!DBPs.! ! DRINKING!WATER!REGULATORY!OVERVIEW! ! It!is!important!to!understand!the!context!of!water!quality!and!drinking!water!regulatory!authorities!as!it! relates!to!drinking!water!source!protection.!The!Oregon!Health!Authority!(OHA)!is!the!primacy!agency! for!the!implementation!of!the!federal!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act!(SWDA)!in!Oregon.!ORS!338.277! authorizes!the!OHA!to!administer!the!federal!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act!in!Oregon!as!the!Primacy!Agency! in!agreement!with!the!federal!government.!!ORS!448.131!further!authorizes!the!adoption!of!standards! necessary!to!protect!public!health!through!insuring!safe!drinking!water!within!a!water!system.!!Standard! under!OAR!333K061!outlines!requirements!for!systems!to!meet!MCLs,!submit!to!periodic!inspections,! and!meet!enforcement!requirements!as!administered!by!OHA.!As!the!primacy!agency,!OHA!also! approves!drinking!water!treatment!plans!and!sets!construction!standards,!operator!certification! standards,!and!enforces!rules!to!ensure!safe!drinking!water.!!In!order!to!assist!systems!in!complying!with! standards,!OHA!also!provides!technical!assistance!and!oversight!of!grants!and!loans!for!public!water! system!operation!and!improvements.!! ! The!OHA!website!has!extensive!information!on!drinking!water!treatment!requirements:! http://healthoregon.org/dwp! ! The"Safe"Drinking"Water"Act"does"not"provide"authorities"to"prevent"pollution"in"source"waters.!! Protecting!water!quality!in!source!waters!for!public!water!systems!requires!implementation!of!federal! Clean!Water!Act!(CWA)!authorities!and!state!law.!DEQ!is!responsible!for!implementation!of!the!federal! CWA!and!state!water!quality!law!in!Oregon.!Because!of!this!authority,!DEQ!is!responsible!for!addressing! pollutants!from!point!and!nonpoint!sources!of!pollution!that!affect!the!water!quality!upstream!of! drinking!water!intakes!in!the!Coast!Range!watersheds!and!throughout!the!state.!CWA!authorities!apply! to!all!state!waters!in!Oregon,!and!DEQ!works!to!achieve!CWA!goals!by!implementing!a!variety!of! programs.!OHA!works!with!DEQ!to!implement!drinking!water!source!protection!work.!An!Interagency! Agreement!signed!by!both!agencies!provides!a!framework!to!ensure!the!responsibilities!and!tasks!for! DEQ!associated!with!drinking!water!are!clearly!articulated.!! ! State!statutes!authorize!DEQ!to!implement!and!enforce!the!federal!Clean!Water!Act!within!Oregon.! Oregon!statutes!that!provide!the!basis!for!prevention!of!contamination!include:!!! 468B.005!Definitions!for!water!pollution!control!laws.!! …(5)!“Pollution”!or!“water!pollution”!means!such!alteration!of!the!physical,!chemical!or!biological! properties!of!any!waters!of!the!state,!including!change!in!temperature,!taste,!color,!turbidity,!silt!or! odor!of!the!waters,!or!such!discharge!of!any!liquid,!gaseous,!solid,!radioactive!or!other!substance! into!any!waters!of!the!state,!which!will!or!tends!to,!either!by!itself!or!in!connection!with!any!other! substance,!create!a!public!nuisance!or!which!will!or!tends!to!render!such!waters!harmful,!detrimental! or!injurious!to!public!health,!safety!or!welfare,!or!to!domestic,!commercial,!industrial,!agricultural,! recreational!or!other!legitimate!beneficial!uses!or!to!livestock,!wildlife,!fish!or!other!aquatic!life!or! the!habitat!thereof.! 468B.015!Policy.!! Whereas!pollution!of!the!waters!of!the!state!constitutes!a!menace!to!public!health!and!welfare,! creates!public!nuisances,!is!harmful!to!wildlife,!fish!and!aquatic!life!and!impairs!domestic,! agricultural,!industrial,!recreational!and!other!legitimate!beneficial!uses!of!water...!it!is!hereby! declared!to!be!the!public!policy!of!the!state:! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%6% Comment'[SoO20]:'448.131 Water quality, construction and installation standards; rules; effect on existing facilities; fees. (1) The Oregon Health Authority shall adopt water quality standards that are necessary to protect the public health through insuring safe drinking water within a water system. (2) In order to insure safe drinking water, the authority shall prescribe: (a) Construction standards governing the performance of a water system insofar as they relate to the safety of drinking water. (b) Standards for the operation of water systems insofar as they relate to the delivery of safe drinking water. (c) Other standards and requirements considered necessary by the authority to insure safe drinking water. (3) The authority shall require that construction and installation plans be submitted and approved before construction begins on new systems or substantial improvements are made to old systems. The authority may adopt rules exempting certain water systems from the plan review process. (4) The authority may impose and collect a fee from a water supplier for reviewing construction and installation plans. (5) Nothing in this section authorizes the authority to require alterations of existing facilities unless alterations are necessary to insure safe drinking water. [1981 c.749 §6; 2009 c.595 §840] ! Comment'[AK21]:'Not!true,!DEQ!establishes!Oregon’s!Water! Quality!standards!and!relies!on!designated!management!agencies! (DMAs)!to!meet!wq!standards.! Comment'[AK22]:'Need!to!be!more!inclusive!here.!!Many!state! agencies!have!regulatory!programs!to!protect!water!quality!under! the!CWA!and!ODF!has!rules!specific!to!domestic!use!streams!for! protection!under!the!FPA.! …(2)"To!protect,!maintain!and!improve!the!quality!of!the!waters!of!the!state!for!public!water! supplies,!for!the!propagation!of!wildlife,!fish!and!aquatic!life!and!for!domestic,!agricultural,! industrial,!municipal,!recreational!and!other!legitimate!beneficial!uses;! …(5)!To!cooperate!with!other!agencies!of!the!state,!agencies!of!other!states!and!the!federal! government!in!carrying!out!these!objectives.!! ! Drinking!water!in!Oregon!is!an!important!beneficial!use.!Through!Clean!Water!Act!implementation,!DEQ! works!to!minimize!pollutant!loadings!to!the!source!water!before!it!reaches!the!surface!water!intake!for! a!public!water!system.!The"fundamental"goal"of"source"water"protection"is"this:""if"the"CWA"standards" are"met"in"source"waters,"a"drinking"water"treatment"plant"using"standard"treatment"technology" should"be"able"to"generate"water"meeting"the"safe"drinking"water"standards.""" " The!SDWA!currently!regulates!the!91!most!commonly!occurring!pollutants!in!drinking!water.!There!are! many!pollutants!not!regulated!in!treated!drinking!water!—including!pharmaceuticals,!personal!care! products!(referred!as!“emerging!contaminants”)!and!some!pesticides!used!in!Oregon.!Community!public! water!systems!and!NonKtransient!NonKcommunity!public!water!systems!test!for!regulated!pesticides! every!three!years!in!treated!drinking!water,!but!there!are!many!pesticides!used!in!Oregon!that!are!not! regulated!under!the!current!requirements.!Transient!nonKcommunity!public!water!systems!are!not! required!to!test!for!pesticides.!Through!extensive!sampling!and!analysis!by!the!U.S.!Geological!Survey! and!others,!we!know!that!many!pollutants!found!in!Oregon!streams!cannot!be!fully!removed!through! standard!drinking!water!treatment!technology!commonly!used!by!public!water!systems!(Kolpin!et!al! 2002;!Blomquist/USGS!2001).!This!places!even!more!emphasis!in!reducing!or!preventing!pollutants!in! source!waters.!! ! DEQ!places!high!emphasis!on!protecting!human!health!and,!within!the!water!quality!program,!this!is! achieved!through!work!on!watershed!health,!basin!assessments,!discharge!permitting,!nonpoint!source! controls,!water!quality!standards!and!protecting!beneficial!uses!(see!“Regulatory!Authorities”!section! below).!Within!other!programs!at!DEQ,!there!is!a!high!level!of!coordination!to!integrate!the!drinking! water!source!area!information!and!priorities!into!agency!toxics!reduction,!pesticide!stewardship! partnership!implementation,!emergency/spill!response,!hazardous!waste!cleanup,!etc.!! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%7% Comment'[AK23]:'What!is!standard!treatment!technology?! Comment'[AK24]:'This!paragraph!basically!says!that!the!SDWA! is!inadequate.!!Is!that!what!is!intended?!!The!PSP!is!an!EPA! approved!tool!that!also!provides!some!information!on!pesticides!in! water.! Deleted:'As!part!of!its!strategic!plan,! ! WATERSHED!CHARACTERISTICS!!! ! Much!information!already!exists!that!describes!the!general!topographical!form!and!characteristics!of!the! coastal!watersheds!(Kelsey!et!al!1994).!!In!terms!of!overview,!the!land!use!coverages!were!summarized! in!the!Oregon!State!of!the!Environment!Report!(Oregon!Progress!Board!2000).!The!primary!change!from! historical!land!use!cover!over!time!has!been!an!increase!in!urban!and!agriculture!acreages!as!the!coastal! communities!were!developed.!The!report!also!provided!a!summary!of!the!coast!range!region’s!current! land!ownership:!60%!is!under!private!ownership,!27%!is!federallyKowned,!and!12%!is!publiclyKowned! (Oregon!Progress!Board!2000).!!In!this!section,!we!will!summarize!what!can!be!learned!about!each!of!the! drinking!water!watersheds!from!existing!GIS!database!files.! ! With!respect!to!public!drinking!water!sources,!the!coastal!watersheds!were!mapped!as!required!in!the! 1996!amendments!to!the!Federal!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act!(SDWA).!These!amendments!required!states! to!develop!“source!water!assessments”!for!all!public!water!supply!systems.!The!work!was!funded! through!the!SDWAKKKKOHA!and!DEQ!teamed!up!to!complete!the!assessments!for!2,656!Oregon!public! water!systems!by!2005.!The!assessment!reports!for!each!public!water!system!provide!community! officials!detailed!information!on!the!watershed!or!recharge!area!that!supplies!their!well,!spring,!or! surface!water!intake!(the!“drinking!water!source!area”)!and!identify!potential!risks!within!the!source! area.!The!potential!sources!of!contamination!were!defined!by!EPA!and!included!both!point!sources!and! nonpoint!sources.!Using!a!statewide!advisory!committee,!procedures!were!developed!so!that!Oregon! met!the!SDWA!requirements.!! !! The!individual!assessment!reports!are!available!for!the!public.!For!surface!water!sources,!summary! reports!are!available!on!this!website:!(http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/dwp/swrpts.asp),!and!citizens! can!contact!DEQ!to!request!a!full!copy!of!the!report.!Maps!and!downloadable!statewide!GIS!shapefiles! of!drinking!water!source!area!data!are!available!on!DEQ's!drinking!water!source!protection!website!and! drinking!water!source!areas!are!shown!on!DEQ's!Facility!Profiler!(a!location!based!system!showing!DEQ! permit!holders!and!cleanup!sites),!DEQ's!LASAR!(Laboratory!Analytical!Storage!and!Recovery!for!air!and! water!quality!monitoring!data),!Oregon!State!UniversityK!Institute!for!Natural!Resources!website,!and! the!Oregon!Geospatial!Data!Clearinghouse.!The!information!provided!within!the!original!assessment! reports!served!as!a!basis!for!communities!to!develop!strategies!to!reduce!the!risks!of!pollution!in!their! drinking!water!sources.!! ! The!level!of!information!in!databases!and!GIS!mapping!has!significantly!improved!since!Oregon’s! assessments!were!completed!between!2000!and!2005.!!DEQ!and!OHA!are!now!able!to!generate! “Updated!Source!Water!Assessments”.!The!information!and!mapping!performed!for!this!report!will! enable!DEQ!and!OHA!to!provide!Updated!Source!Water!Assessments!for!the!50!coastal!public!water! systems.!In!order!to!ensure!the!siteKspecific!data!is!the!most!current!available,!individual!reports!and! maps!will!be!issued!for!each!public!water!system!as!soon!as!the!community!or!citizen’s!group!is!ready!to! use!them.!The!individual!assessments!can!be!printed!or!sent!electronically!upon!request.!Other!public! water!systems!across!the!state!will!have!access!to!updated!assessments!very!shortly.!!!!!! ! One!of!the!most!important!and!valuable!assets!a!public!water!system!can!have!is!accurate!watershed! mapping!and!visual!resources!to!share!with!the!community!citizens!and!officials.!Since!the!first!source! water!assessments!were!completed,!DEQ!has!expanded!its!GIS!capabilities!and,!more!importantly,!the! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%8% Deleted:'done! Comment'[AK25]:'I!think!it!would!be!helpful!to!describe!the! procedures!and!guidance!suggested!by!EPA!in!a!paragraph!or!two! and!provide!a!reference.! Deleted:'!from!DEQ!and!OHA Comment'[AK26]:'Are!links!to!these!other!sources!available?!! Also!add!in!the!link!to!online!data!for!PWSs.! Deleted:'There"is"universal"agreement"that"the"source"water" assessments"for"each"public"water"system"need"to"be"updated.! Comment'[AK28]:'How!will!this!be!translated!into!other!areas! over!time?!!Is!there!a!schedule?! Comment'[DP29]:'Only!for!surface!water,!this!report!does!not! provide!information!for!those!PWSs!that!rely!soley!or!partially!on! ground!water.!There!are!more!than!50!coastal!PWSs.! Comment'[AK30]:'Does!this!mean!the!drinking!water! providers?!!Why!would!these!assessments!be!completed!for!citizen! groups?! range!of!available!data!for!analyzing!potential!pollutant!sources.!Our!understanding!of!potential! pollutant!sources!has!been!improved!by!development!or!acquisition!of!new!datasets!(such!as!the! hazardous!material!storage!locations,!linking!water!quality!assessment!results!to!pollution!sources,! better!roadway!and!river!networks,!outfall!locations!for!permitted!pollution!sources,!land!use!based!on! photo!imagery,!permitted!sources!front!door!locations,!historic!landslide!data,!harmful!algae!blooms,! confined!animal!feeding!operations,!mining!activities,!and!many!more).!Currently!the!program!has!more! than!40!GIS!datasets!to!explore!new!or!previously!unknown!potential!pollutant!sources.!Modeling! techniques!allow!for!detailed!evaluation!using!a!combination!of!data!sets!rather!than!a!single!layer.!This! allows!for!using!geospatial!information!of!varied!types!(such!as!erosion!potential,!rainfall,!soil!types,!and! geology)!to!understand!the!interactions!that!can!result!in!water!quality!impacts.!! ! The!susceptibility!of!the!public!drinking!water!system!source!depends!on!both!the!natural!conditions!in! the!watershed!as!well!as!the!land!uses!and!activities!in!the!watershed.!!A!summary!of!Updated!Source! Water!Assessment!information!for!the!coastal!public!water!systems!is!provided!in!Appendix!2.!The! Coastal!Watershed!Land!Use!and!Susceptibility!Analysis!in!Appendix!2!includes!3!tables!of!information! on!land!use,!susceptibility!to!anthropogenic!and!natural!conditions,!and!other!factors!such!as!previous! chemical!detections!and!drinking!water!treatment!methods!to!help!determine!the!most!susceptible! areas!within!each!drinking!water!watershed.!The!susceptibility!analysis!provides!us!with!information!on! where!the!greatest!risk!occurs!for!each!system!as!well!as!a!way!to!identify!PWSs!that!have!common!risks! and!concerns.!!! ! There!are!a!total!of!50!community!public!water!systems!using!surface!water!in!the!north,!mid!and!south! coast!subKbasins.!These!are!shown!in!Figures!1\4.!!Over!75%!of!these!water!systems!are!considered! small!(serving!less!than!3,300!people)!and!about!a!third!of!the!PWSs!serve!less!than!500!people.!Because! some!water!systems!have!more!than!one!intake,!there!are!a!total!of!76!intakes!included!in!the! susceptibility!analysis.!Many!coastal!water!sources!(82%)!draw!from!a!watershed!that!is!less!than!10! square!miles!in!area.!!! ! Land!use!in!each!source!area!is!a!key!factor!for!evaluating!potential!risk!to!the!drinking!water!supply!as! very!few!public!water!systems!have!legal!jurisdiction!or!other!control!over!their!source!areas.!Figure!1! provides!a!map!view!of!the!land!uses.!The!data!for!drinking!water!source!areas!is!provided!in!a!graph! format!in!Coastal!Watershed!Land!Use/Ownership!Summary!Data!in!Appendix!3.!This!illustrates!the! percent!of!land!for!each!source!area!that!is!owned!and!managed!by!various!governments!or!private! parties.!Overall,!20%!of!public!water!systems!have!a!majority!(>50%)!federal!ownership!within!their! source!area.!Most!of!these!with!high!federal!ownership!are!located!in!the!MidKCoast!area!with!the! exception!of!Powers!in!the!South!Coast!and!Tierra!Del!Mar!in!the!North!Coast.!Private!forest!land! ownership!is!common!especially!in!the!north!and!midKcoast!public!water!system!source!areas.!40%!of! public!water!system!sources!areas!contain!more!than!half!of!their!watershed!in!private!forest!land! ownership.!Agricultural!land!use!is!less!common!in!the!coastal!zone.!!Only!5!drinking!water!source!areas! contain!a!significant!portion!of!agricultural!land!(>5%!total).!!Most!of!the!agricultural!land!is!in!the!South! Coast!(Coquille,!Myrtle!Point,!Weiss!Estates,!and!Bandon)!with!the!exception!of!Beaver!Water!District! near!Tillamook.!!Several!water!systems!own!all!or!a!large!portion!of!their!drinking!water!source!area! including!Astoria,!Coquille!(Rink!Creek!only),!Coos!Bay/North!Bend,!Nehalem!(90%!of!Bobs!Creek! watershed),!Bay!Hills,!Tillamook!(38%),!and!Newport!(25%!of!the!Big!Creek!watershed).!!Fourteen!other! coastal!public!water!systems!own!some!acreage!in!the!watershed,!typically!a!relatively!small!parcel!close! to!the!intake.!!Five!public!water!systems,!all!on!the!North!Coast,!have!more!than!10%!of!the!land!within! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%9% Comment'[AK31]:'What!does!this!refer!to?! Comment'[AK32]:'An!example!or!two!would!be!helpful!here.! Comment'[AK33]:'It!might!be!helpful!to!review!the!document! for!consistent!terminology!and!application.! Comment'[AK34]:'I!don’t!know!how!this!helps!identify!the! most!susceptible!areas.!!! Comment'[DP35]:'I!do!not!think!this!is!correct,!it!excludes! drinking!waters!system!that!use!surface!water!from!other!PWSs! (SWP).!!It!also!appears!that!some!have!been!missed!from!the! complete!list!in!the!online!data!at!OHA! Comment'[AK36]:'Ground!water?! Comment'[DP37]:'Is!this!82!%!of!the!50!PWSs!included!in!the! report!or!of!all!coastal!PWSs?! Comment'[AK38]:'Reword.!!Forestland!continues!to!support! the!highest!water!quality!in!the!state.!!References!can!be!provided! if!you!would!like!to!include.! Deleted:'industrial! Deleted:'industrial! Comment'[AK39]:'>5%!is!significant?! their!source!area!owned!and!managed!as!Oregon!state!forest.!!Land!uses!included!in!the!“other”! category!are!primarily!private!nonKindustrial!land!(residential)!with!limited!commercial/urban!land,! tribal!land!and!the!“water”!classification.!!! ! The!Coastal!Watershed!Land!Use!and!Susceptibility!Analysis!(Appendix!2)!identifies!susceptibility!factors! within!each!drinking!water!watershed!based!on!the!soils,!slopes!and!geology.!The!sensitive!areas!are! those!where!potential!pollutant!sources!or!land!use!activities,!if!present,!have!a!greater!potential!to! impact!the!water!supply.!One!indicator!of!sensitive!areas!is!the!number!of!stream!miles!that!have!high! erosion!potential!soils!located!within!300’!of!the!stream.!Coastal!water!systems!appear!to!have!a!high! percentage!of!stream!miles!in!high!erosion!soils.!Eighteen!of!the!50!coastal!public!water!systems!have! more!than!80%!of!the!stream!miles!with!high!erosion!soils.!Half!of!the!public!water!systems!(26/50)!have! more!than!50%!of!stream!miles!with!high!erosion!soils.!Another!susceptibility!factor!is!the!percent!of!the! watershed!with!high!to!moderate!shallow!landslide!potential!as!evaluated!based!on!modeling!of!slope! stability!using!LiDAR!data!(Light!Detection!and!Ranging!technologyKKKsee!DOGAMI!website—Appendix! 5).!For!coastal!water!systems,!the!percent!of!the!land!area!with!high!to!moderate!shallow!landslide! potential!ranged!from!0.2%!to!23%!of!the!total!drinking!water!source!area.!Ten!of!the!45!source!areas! with!LiDAR!data!had!a!relatively!higher!risk!(≥15%)!and!11!public!water!systems!have!a!moderate! shallow!landslide!potential.!Note!that!other!factors!(such!as!proximity!to!the!intake!or!potential!for! downstream!sediment!transport)!may!impact!risk!levels!for!individual!intakes.!!Individual!maps!detailing! landslide!potential!are!available!for!each!coastal!public!water!system!upon!request.!An!example!of!the! individual!map!that!can!be!produced!for!each!is!provided!in!Figure!5.!An!example!combination!of!maps! for!a!larger!watershed!is!provided!in!Figures!6A\6B.!!! ! Anthropogenic!activities!and!pollution!sources!can!also!be!a!risk!to!the!drinking!water!supply.!!Common! potential!sources!of!pollution!within!coastal!drinking!water!source!areas!include!gravel!quarries!and! other!mining!sites,!animal!management!areas!(including!permitted!confined!animal!feeding!operations),! wastewater!discharge!permits!(domestic!or!industrial),!boat!ramps!and!marinas,!hazardous!material! storage/use!locations!as!recorded!on!the!State!Fire!Marshals!list,!and!solid!waste!handling!sites!(landfills! or!transfer!stations).!Note!that!septic!systems!also!present!a!risk!but!information!on!location!and!density! is!not!readily!available!in!GIS!layers!for!analysis.!!A!summary!of!the!types!of!potential!pollutant!sources! present!in!each!drinking!water!source!area!is!provided!in!Appendix!2!and!individual!maps!including!this! data!are!available!for!each!coastal!public!water!system!upon!request.!!! ! Water!quality!sampling!is!performed!on!a!regular!basis!in!many!of!the!coastal!watershedsKKKby!state! agencies,!as!well!as!federal!partners!such!as!the!US!Geological!Survey.!A!majority!(60%)!of!drinking! water!source!areas!within!the!coastal!areas!have!at!least!one!stream!segment!listed!as!impaired!in! DEQ’s!2010!Water!Quality!Assessment!for!streams!and!lakes.!These!listed!waterbodies!are!required!to! have!Total!Maximum!Daily!Loads!(TMDLs)!developed!and!then!implemented!through!pollution! reduction!actions!(see!TMDL!process!in!Current!Projects!section!below).!! ! Sampling!has!also!been!conducted!above!the!intakes!in!source!waters!for!17!coastal!public!water! systems!by!DEQ!(see!Drinking!Water!Source!Monitoring!in!Current!Projects!section!below).!Low!levels!of! pesticides!or!wastewater!constituents!were!detected!at!all!locations!except!one.!The!data!is!summarized! in!the!table!in!Appendix!2.!Note!that!the!concentrations!detected!did!not!exceed!health!standards!but! indicate!an!opportunity!for!technical!assistance!to!reduce!their!occurrence!within!the!watershed.! Coastal!water!systems!are!also!addressing!coliform!detections!in!their!finished!water!and!problems!with! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%10% Deleted:'also! Comment'[AK40]:'This!seems!like!a!policy!statement! Comment'[AK41]:'Policy!choice! Comment'[AK42]:'This!should!more!likely!just!refer!to!steep! slopes!instead!of!high!to!moderate!shallow!landslide!potential.!!! Comment'[AK43]:'Steep!slopes! Comment'[AK44]:'Could!a!surrogate!be!used!here?! Comment'[AK45]:'Is!this!for!one!stream!in!the!watershed?!Or! does!this!refer!to!an!impairment!on!the!stream!used!as!the!drinking! water!source?! Deleted:'(where!available)! Comment'[AK46]:'Also!include!information!from!Pesticide!plan! here?!!Low!levels!and!low!detection!frequency.!!The!levels!were! already!below!benchmarks!how!much!more!reduction!is!needed?! disinfection!byproducts.!64%!of!coastal!public!water!systems!have!had!more!than!2!“alerts”!for! disinfection!byproducts!(see!OHA!website!K!Appendix!5).!!! ! WATER!TREATMENT!TECHNOLOGIES! In!addition!to!the!watershed!and!water!quality!characteristics,!the!types!of!drinking!water!treatment! technologies!employed!can!be!summarized!for!the!50!coastal!public!water!systems.!Only!one!public! water!system!–ReedsportKK!has!a!regulatory!filtration!treatment!exemption!and!does!not!filter!the!raw! water!(disinfection!only).!All!other!49!systems!employ!treatment.!Treatment!systems!used!by!the!public! water!systems!are!varied!and!are!summarized!as!follows:! 29!PWSs!!!!(58%)! Rapid!Sand!! 5!PWSs!!!!!!(10%)!! Slow!Sand! 7!PWSs!!!!!!(14%)!! Membrane!Filtration! 8!PWSs!!!!!!(16%)!!! Pressure!Sand!or!Cartridge!Filtration! 1!PWS! !!!!!(2%)!! Exemption! ! Drinking!water!treatment!is!usually!a!combination!of!physical!and!chemical!processes.!Mechanical! straining!removes!some!particles!in!raw!water!by!trapping!them!between!the!grains!of!the!filter!medium! (such!as!sand).!Coagulation!(and!flocculation)!is!a!process!by!which!suspended!particles!form!a!larger! floc!particle!that!allows!for!removal!by!sedimentation!and/or!filtration.!Other!types!of!filtration! processes!can!be!used!without!coagulation,!and!include!membrane!and!cartridge!filtration,!as!well!as! diatomaceous!earth,!while!biological!processes!predominate!in!slow!sand!filters.!! ! In!rapid!sand!filtration,!the!water!is!filtered!through!a!bed!of!graded!sand.!Filters!are!periodically! cleaned!by!backwashing!(reversing!the!flow!of!water!through!the!filter).!Anthracite!coal!or!activated! carbon!may!also!be!included!in!addition!to!sand!to!improve!the!filtration!process,!especially!for!the! removal!of!organic!contaminants!and!taste!and!odor!problems.!! ! Pressure!filters!are!similar!to!rapid!sand!filters,!except!that!the!water!enters!the!filter!under!pressure.! Cartridge!filtration!uses!a!physical!process—straining!water!through!porous!media.!Cartridge!filters!are! typically!used!for!removing!microbes!and!turbidity!in!small!systems.!The!cartridge!consists!of!ceramic!or! polypropylene!filter!elements!fitted!into!pressurized!housings.!Cartridge!filters!cannot!be!cleaned!by! backwashing.!! ! Slow!sand!filtration!occurs!at!a!much!slower!rate.!!Removal!of!particles!and!pathogens!is!predominantly! dependent!on!biological!processes.!These!filters!form!a!filter!skin!or!“schmutzdecke”!containing! microorganisms!that!trap!and!break!down!algae,!bacteria,!and!other!organic!matter!before!the!water! reaches!the!filter!medium!itself,!where!contaminant!removal!includes!biochemical!and!physical! mechanisms.!The!filter!consists!of!a!bed!of!fine!sand!of!approximately!3!to!4!feet!deep!supported!by!a!1K foot!layer!of!gravel!and!an!underdrain!system.!! ! Membrane!systems!utilize!material!capable!of!separating!substances,!depending!upon!the!pore!size!of! the!material,!when!a!driving!force!is!applied!across!the!membrane.!Membrane!filtration!is!effective!for! removal!of!microorganisms,!particulate!material,!and!some!natural!organic!material!that!can!impart! taste!and!odor!problems!in!drinking!water.!Membrane!systems!often!employ!coagulation!to!address! disinfection!byKproduct!precursors!like!soluble!total!organic!carbon!that!can!more!readily!pass!through! micro!and!ultraKfiltration!systems.!! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%11% Comment'[AK47]:'Again,!is!this!technology!or!water!source! or….! Comment'[AK48]:'What!other!technologies!are!available?! ! LAND!USES!AND!REGULATORY!AUTHORITIES! ! DEQ,!along!with!the!State!Departments!of!Forestry,!Agriculture,!State!Lands,!Geology!and!Mineral! Industries,!Fish!and!Wildlife,!Parks!and!Recreation,!Land!Conservation!and!Development,!and!Marine! Board!have!regulatory!authority!or!advisory!roles!associated!with!land!use!activities!that!potentially! impact!water!quality.!Two!of!the!primary!mechanisms!for!DEQ!to!regulate!pollution!is!through!1)!the! adoption!of!water!quality!standards!and!2)!Total!Daily!Maximum!Loads!(TMDLs)!and!the!related! implementation!plans.!TMDLs!and!their!implementation!plans!are!designed!to!control!point!source!and! nonpoint!source!pollution!to!bring!water!bodies!into!attainment!with!the!water!quality!standards! adopted!by!the!state!for!water!bodies!in!Oregon.!!Water!bodies!meeting!water!quality!standards!should! be!readily!useable!as!drinking!water!sources!with!standard!treatment!technology.! ! Nonpoint!source!pollution!(pollution!from!a!diffuse!area!rather!than!a!discrete!pipe,!ditch,!etc.)!is! addressed!through!the!following!programs!implemented!by!DEQ:!Water!Quality!Standards,!Water! Quality!Assessment,!Total!Maximum!Daily!Loads,!§319!Nonpoint!Source!Planning!and!Grants,!Drinking! Water!Protection,!Groundwater,!Clean!Water!State!Revolving!Fund,!Pesticide!Stewardship!Partnerships,! and!Water!Quality!Monitoring.!DEQ!also!coordinates!with!federal!and!state!agencies!that!are! responsible!for!nonpoint!source!issues!and!identifies!them!as!Designated!Management!Agencies! (DMAs).!Under!ORS!468B.110(1),!DEQ!has!the!specific!authority!to!take!the!actions!necessary!to!attain! and!maintain!water!quality!standards!and!to!implement!load!allocations!established!under!a!TMDL.!The! only!significant!limitation!on!DEQ’s!authority!is!that!it!may!not!impose!or!enforce!effluent!limits!on! nonpoint!source!discharges!from!forest!operations!subject!to!the!State’s!Forest!Practice!Act,!unless!such! limits!are!required!by!the!CWA!or!other!federal!law.!The!Oregon!Department!of!Forestry!(ODF)!regulates! commercial!forest!operations!on!private!and!state!forest!lands.!The!Oregon!Department!of!Agriculture! (ODA)!regulates!agricultural!activities!through!Agricultural!Water!Quality!Management!Area!rules.!!!! The!land!uses!within!DWSAs!in!the!coastal!zone!are!the!same!types!of!land!uses!present!throughout! Oregon!and!the!Pacific!Northwest,!although!the!geographic!setting!is!substantially!different!from!other! parts!of!the!state.!!Agriculture,!residential!(urban/suburban/rural),!and!forestry!are!the!major!land!uses! on!private!land.!!The!major!land!use!on!state!and!federal!land!in!the!coastal!zone!is!forestry.!!Land! management!regulation!responsibilities!vary!by!land!use!and!ownership!type!(see!below).!!The! landowner!is!ultimately!responsible!for!management!activities,!so!in!addition!to!regulatory!agencies,! engagement!with!landowners!can!be!helpful.! ! FOREST!LANDS! Commercial!forest!operations!on!state!and!private!lands!are!regulated!by!the!Oregon!Department!of! Forestry.!!The!statute!and!rules,!referred!to!as!the!“Forest!Practices!Act”,!are!implemented!by!ODF!and! address!the!overall!maintenance!of!the!following!resources:!(a)!air!quality;!(b)!water!resources,!including! but!not!limited!to!sources!of!domestic!drinking!water;!(c)!soil!productivity;!and!(d)!fish!and!wildlife!(ORS! 527.710(2)).!The!FPA!and!State!Forest!Management!Strategies!(?)!include!water!protection!provisions! governing!activities!in!or!adjacent!to!water!bodies,!wetlands,!and!riparian!areas.!The!overall!goal!of!the! water!protection!rules!is!to!provide!resource!protection!during!and!after!commercial!forest!operations! adjacent!to!and!within!all!waters!of!the!state,!including!but!not!limited!to,!streams,!lakes,!wetlands!and! riparian!management!areas!so!that,!while!continuing!to!grow!and!harvest!trees,!the!protection!goals!for! fish,!wildlife,!and!water!quality!are!met.!! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%12% Comment'[AK49]:'State?! Comment'[AK50]:'Could!a!stream!not!meet!water!quality! standards!and!provide!for!a!useable!drinking!water!source!or!vice! versa?! Comment'[AK51]:'Is!this!meant!to!read!like!the!limitation!is!a! problem?! Deleted:'harvesting! Deleted:'Beyond!which!agencies!are!responsible!for!regulation!of! management!activities,!understanding!the!structure!of!those! regulations!and!responsibilities!is!necessary.!! Deleted:'Forestry!activities Deleted:'Kowned Deleted:'forest!practice!rules Deleted:'!(OAR!629K635K0000!to!629K660K0060) Forest!practice!rules!related!to!water!quality!(as!prescribed!in!ORS!527.765)!must!ensure!that,!to!the! maximum!extent!practicable,!nonKpoint!source!discharges!of!pollutants!resulting!from!forest!operations! do!not!impair!the!achievement!and!maintenance!of!the!water!quality!standards!(OAR!629K035K 0100(7)(a)K(c)).!Forestry!rules!specify!protections!for!riparian!areas!and!public!safety,!chemical!use! (including!pesticides),!reforestation,!and!road!construction!and!maintenance.!!! ! Rules!for!private!forests!can!be!found!here:!http://www.oregon.gov/ODF/Pages/lawsrules.aspx,!and!an! illustrated!guide!to!the!rules!from!the!Oregon!Forest!Resources!Institute!can!be!found!here:! http://oregonforests.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/OR_For_Protect_Laws_2011.pdf!.! ! ! ! ”.!Management!plans!(rules)!for!stateKowned!forests!can!be!found!here:! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/STATE_FORESTS/docs/management/nwfmp/NWFMP_Revised_April_2010. pdf!.!!The!overall!goal!of!managing!stateKowned!forestlands!is!stated!as:!!“Oregon!Revised!Statutes! direct!that!Board!of!Forestry!Lands!shall!be!managed!by!the!State!Forester!to!‘secure!the!greatest! permanent!value!of!such!lands!to!the!state.”!The!goals!for!state!forestlands!include!maintaining!healthy! watershed!conditions!to!support!the!beneficial!uses!of!the!waters!of!the!state!both!in!water!quality!and! water!quantity.!Public!water!systems!with!state!forestlands!within!their!source!area!may!consider! contacting!the!District!or!State!Forester!to!ensure!that!management!of!the!forest!to!maintain!the!quality! and!quantity!of!public!water!supplies!for!community!water!systems!is!considered!when!determining!the! greatest!permanent!value!of!these!lands!to!the!state.!An!economic!analysis!of!the!value!of!the!land!to! provide!longKterm!community!drinking!water!may!be!helpful!for!demonstrating!this.! ! Details!of!riparian!rules!for!private!and!state!forestlands!in!Oregon’s!coastal!zone!can!be!found!in! Appendix!4.!The!riparian!and!steep!slope!protections!are!common!to!all!state!forestlands.!!!! ! AGRICULTURAL!LANDS! Agricultural!activities!are!regulated!by!Oregon!Department!of!Agriculture!under!the!Agricultural!Water! Quality!Management!Act!(AgWQMA;!Senate!Bill!1010).!The!AgWQMA!gave!ODA!authority!to!establish! management!plans!and!adopt!rules!regulating!agricultural!practices!that!contribute!to!water!quality! problems!within!planning!areas.!!The!areas!include!those!where!DEQ!has!determined!that!a!TMDL!is! necessary!for!a!water!body,!DEQ!has!established!a!groundwater!management!area,!or!an!agricultural! water!quality!management!plan!is!otherwise!required!by!state!or!federal!law!(ORS!568.909).!ODA’s! agricultural!area!water!quality!management!plans!and!implementing!rules!are!the!official!TMDL! implementation!plans!for!agricultural!nonpoint!sectors!(including!nonKpermitted!Confined!Animal! Feeding!Operations!(CAFOs)!and!other!activities!not!covered!under!CAFO!permits).!!The!AgWQ! Management!Act!provides!ODA!with!the!primary!authority!to!address!agricultural!water!quality!issues!in! areas!subject!to!water!quality!management!plan!requirements.!ODA!also!administers!permits!for! regulated!CAFOs!across!the!state.! ! Under!the!AgWQMA,!there!are!38!Agricultural!Water!Quality!Management!Areas,!each!with!its!own! Area!Rules!and!Area!Plan.!!Rules!constitute!requirements!under!the!law!that!must!be!met!by!agricultural! producers.!!Common!components!of!these!include!limits!on!how!near!to!surface!water!agricultural! activities!are!allowed!and!prohibitions!on!introducing!sediment,!bacteria,!and!other!pollutants!to!waters! of!the!state.!!Rules!vary!from!Area!to!Area.!!Area!Plans!are!additional!voluntary!measures!intended!to! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%13% Deleted:'harvest! Deleted:'some!steep!slopes Deleted:'!requirements Deleted:'StateKowned!forestlands!are!referred!to!as!“Board!of! Forestry!lands Comment'[AK52]:'Coastal!Georegion?! restore!riparian!areas!and!improve!water!quality.!!!Further!information!can!be!found!here:! http://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/NaturalResources/Pages/AgWaterQuality.aspx!! ! A!summary!of!riparian!rules!for!agricultural!lands!in!Oregon’s!coastal!zone!can!be!found!in!Appendix!4.! ! RESIDENTIAL!/!STORMWATER,!AND!INDUSTRIAL!LANDS! Residential!land!use!is!regulated!by!cities,!counties,!the!Oregon!Department!of!Land!Conservation!and! Development,!and,!in!some!cases,!regional!governments!like!Metro.!Construction!stormwater,!city! stormwater!in!larger!municipalities,!and!sewage!treatment!are!regulated!by!DEQ!through!National! Pollutant!Discharge!Elimination!System!(NPDES)!permits.!Onsite!septic!systems!are!regulated!by!county! governments!and!DEQ!(see!next!section).!In!urban!areas,!city!governments!are!primarily!responsible!for! regulations.!!In!rural!areas,!counties!are!primarily!responsible.!Rural!residential!activities!related!to! livestock!and!farming!activities!are!regulated!by!ODA.!Rules!and!ordinances!vary!among!cities!and! counties,!so!restrictions!on!residential!land!activities!will!be!different!depending!on!the!location!of!your! drinking!water!source!area.! ! DEQ!regulates!sewage!treatment!systems!and!industrial!dischargers!through!the!water!quality!permit! program.!NPDESKpermitted!facilities!are!those!which!discharge!pollutants!from!any!point!source,!such!as! a!pipe,!to!state!waters.!If!a!facility!discharges!to!the!ground,!it!is!a!WPCF!(Water!Pollution!Control! Facility).!Several!of!DEQ’s!general!permits!are!administered!by!other!agencies!through!Memoranda!of! Agreement!or!Understanding!(MOA!or!MOU);!these!include!the!GEN800!for!CAFOs!(ODA),!GEN1000!for! gravel!mining!(Oregon!Department!of!Geology!and!Mineral!Industries;!DOGAMI),!NPDES!1200A!for!offK site!discharge!of!storm!and!process!water!from!gravel!mining!(DOGAMI).!!Other!permits!are! administered!directly!by!DEQ.! ! National!Pollutant!Discharge!Elimination!System!(NPDES)!permits!from!DEQ!are!required!for!stormwater! and!process!discharges!to!surface!waters!from!construction!and!industrial!activities!and!larger! municipalities!if!stormwater!from!rain!or!snow!melt!leaves!a!site!through!a!"point!source"!and!reaches! surface!waters!either!directly!or!through!storm!drainage.!As!a!result,!stormwater!discharges!from!large! and!medium!sized!municipal!storm!sewer!systems!are!required!to!have!NPDES!permits.!Similarly,!NPDES! stormwater!permits!are!required!for!most!industrial!properties!and!for!construction!affecting!one!acre! or!more!of!land,!including!projects!that!are!less!than!one!acre!that!are!part!of!a!larger!common!plan!of! development!that!ultimately!disturbs!one!acre!or!more.!Runoff!from!rural!communities!and!rural! residential!areas!remains!largely!unregulated,!except!to!the!extent!that!it!may!be!covered!by!an! implementation!plan!developed!by!a!local!government!or!special!district!as!a!designated!management! agency!identified!under!a!TMDL.!Small!rural!“farmsteads”!are!subject!to!regulation!by!Department!of! Agriculture!(see!above).!Local!governments!operating!as!designated!management!agencies!may!develop! TMDL!implementation!plans!both!for!properties!over!which!they!have!proprietary!control!(e.g.!a!street! system!or!park)!and!for!areas!where!they!maintain!regulatory!authority!(police!power!or!land!use! planning)!over!private!property.!DEQ!has!clear!legal!authority!to!require!local!governments!to!address! pollution!that!arises!from!proprietaryKcontrolled!activities.! ! ONSITE!SYSTEMS! Approximately!30!percent!of!Oregon!households!rely!on!septic!systems!to!treat!their!sewage.!Under! state!law,!DEQ!is!responsible!for!ensuring!that!septic!systems!are!sited,!installed,!and!operated!so!that! Oregon’s!land,!water,!and!public!health!are!protected.!Improperly!functioning!septic!systems!can!pollute! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%14% streams!and!groundwater!and!be!a!public!health!hazard.!Owners!of!onsite!systems!must!operate!and! maintain!their!systems!in!compliance!with!all!permit!conditions!and!applicable!requirements!in!this!rule! division!and!must!not!create!a!public!health!hazard!or!pollute!public!waters!(OAR!340@71@0130!General! Standards,!Prohibitions,!and!Requirements).!Many!counties!implement!the!onsite!system!regulations! within!their!borders,!and!some!counties!have!additional!requirements!beyond!those!in!state!rules.!For! more!information!on!regulatory!oversight!and!counties!that!administer!state!and!local!rules,!please!go! to!the!DEQ!Onsite!web!pages:!!http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/onsite/onsite.htm! For!lists!of!county!agents!and!DEQ!contacts!for!onsite!system!questions:! http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/onsite/contacts.htm! ! AGGREGATE!MINING!! Development,!use,!and!reclamation!of!rock!pits!or!quarries!for!nonKforest!management!uses!are! regulated!by!the!Department!of!Geology!and!Mining!Industry!(DOGAMI).!!DOGAMI!acts!as!DEQ’s!agent! for!water!quality!permitting!(under!a!Memorandum!of!Understanding)!and!adds!permit!conditions!to! the!Operating!Permit!for!each!facility!to!ensure!compliance!with!state!regulations.!Many!quarries! contain!process!water!and!stormwater!runoff!onKsite!which!minimizes!the!risks!of!groundwater!or! surface!water!pollution.!!Landowners!are!required!to!obtain!the!following!permits!if!they!discharge! process!water!or!otherwise!discharge!water!from!their!site:! •! DEQ!WPCF!1000!General!PermitKKK!for!disposing!of!process!water!by!evaporation!or!seepage!in! ponds!or!by!irrigation;! •! DEQ!NPDES!1200KA!General!PermitKKK!for!stormwater!from!the!mining!operation!and!haul!roads! that!drains!to!surface!waters;! •! Individual!DEQ!NPDES!PermitKKK!for!discharging!process!wastewater!to!surface!waters.! Rock!pits!or!quarries!located!on!forestland!and!used!for!forest!management!are!exempt!from!needing!a! DOGAMI!mine!operating!permit!but!under!the!Forest!Practices!Act!(OAR!629K625K0500),!they!“shall!be! conducted!using!practices!which!maintain!stable!slopes!and!protect!water!quality”.!On!forestlands,!the! regulating!agency!is!the!Department!of!Forestry.! ! PESTICIDE!STEWARDSHIP!PARTNERSHIPS! Pesticide!use!is!governed!by!the!Federal!Insecticide,!Fungicide,!and!Rodenticide!Act!and!corresponding! state!law!(ORS634.005K.992).!Agencies!responsible!for!implementation!in!Oregon!are!the!US! Environmental!Protection!Agency!and!Oregon!Departments!of!Agriculture,!Environmental!Quality,!and! Forestry!(for!nonKfederal!forestlands).!Since!1999,!DEQ!has!been!using!a!voluntary,!collaborative! approach!called!Pesticide!Stewardship!Partnerships!(PSPs)!to!identify!problems!and!improve!water! quality!associated!with!pesticide!use!at!the!local!level.!The!PSP!approach!uses!local!expertise!in! combination!with!the!water!quality!sampling!and!toxicology!expertise!of!DEQ!to!encourage!and!support! voluntary!changes!that!cause!measurable!environmental!improvements.!The!key!actions!include:! identifying!local,!pesticideKrelated!water!quality!issues!through!targeted!monitoring,!sharing!results! early!and!often!with!local!stakeholders,!explaining!data!in!relation!to!effects!and!water!quality!criteria,! engaging!the!agricultural!community!for!identifying!and!implementing!solutions,!and!using!ongoing! effectiveness!monitoring!to!measure!success!and!provide!feedback!to!support!water!quality! management.!! ! PSPs!use!both!water!quality!and!crop!quality!as!measures!of!success.!Pest!management!and!water! quality!management!must!both!be!effective!for!longKterm!stewardship!of!natural!resources.!PSPs!have! focused!on!agricultural!and!some!forestry!and!urban!areas!to!date,!but!DEQ!is!working!with!the! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%15% Comment'[AK53]:'This!should!be!updated!to!include!the! formation!of!the!WQPMT!and!collaborative!interagency!approach! Department!of!Forestry!and!urban!stakeholders!with!the!goal!of!increasing!the!PSPs!reach!into!urban! and!forested!landscapes.!For!more!information!on!the!PSP!program,!see:! http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/pesticide/pesticide.htm! ! COMMUNITY!FOREST!AUTHORITIES! Municipalities!(defined!as!cities!or!counties!in!this!statute)!have!the!ability!under!Oregon!law!to!form! “community!forest!authorities”!to!own!and!manage!forestland!for!the!municipalities’!purposes!(Oregon! Revised!Statutes!530.600!to!530.628).!!These!community!forest!authorities!have!the!ability!to!issue! bonds!to!finance!land!purchase!and!management!activities,!either!through!the!authority!owning!and! managing!forestland!itself!or!by!lending!to!nonprofit!corporations!to!acquire!and!manage!forestlands! that!can!be!“deemed!betterments!or!additions!to,!or!extensions!of,!the!community!forestlands,!whether! or!not!physically!connected”.!!The!authority!also!decides!how!to!manage!the!land!and!utilize!assets!and! income.!!Assets!and!income!of!the!community!forest!authorities!are!largely!exempt!from!state!taxes.!! There!are!some!limits!on!forestland!acquisition!for!community!forest!authorities:!“A!community!forest! authority!may!not!finance!the!acquisition!of!community!forestlands!located!outside!the!boundaries!of! the!municipality!that!created!the!authority!without!the!written!consent!of!each!municipality!in!which! the!community!forest!is!located”!(ORS!530.622(2)).!!This!means!that!if!a!city!or!county!wants!to! purchase!forestland!outside!its!borders,!it!needs!the!permission!of!any!cities!or!counties!in!which!that! forestland!resides.!!For!example,!a!cityKcreated!community!forest!authority!would!need!permission!from! the!county!government!if!they!purchase!community!forestland!outside!of!city!limits.!!Within!the! limitations!proscribed!in!the!statute,!the!effect!of!this!law!is!that!cities!and!counties!have!the!ability!to! form!these!authorities!to!own!and!manage!forestland!for!public!benefit,!including!production!of!wood! productions!and!protecting!drinking!water!sources.!! ! FEDERAL!LANDS! Federal!lands!in!coastal!drinking!water!source!areas!are!primarily!forestlands!managed!for!multiple!uses! including!watersheds!and!water!quality,!biodiversity!and!endangered!species,!recreation,!and!forest! products!(shown!on!Figure!1;!Appendix!3).!!The!US!Forest!Service!and!the!Bureau!of!Land!Management! manage!these!lands!in!National!Forests!and!Districts,!respectively.!!Each!National!Forest!and!BLM! District!has!a!unique!management!plan,!but!all!have!common!features.!!The!Northwest!Forest!Plan! governs!federal!forestland!in!the!coastal!zone!and!has!substantial!protections!for!sensitive!parts!of!the! landscape!including!riparian!areas,!steep!slopes,!and!older!forests.!In!the!past,!the!federal!agencies!have! entered!into!agreements!with!municipalities!and!water!districts!to!ensure!protection!of!drinking!water! sources!on!federal!lands.!The!BLM!is!currently!revising!its!Resource!Management!Plans!for!Western! Oregon.!!DEQ’s!drinking!water!protection!staff!is!involved!in!evaluating!the!proposals!to!ensure!that! BLM!lands!will!continue!to!provide!high!quality!water!for!ecosystems!and!domestic!use.!! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%16% Comment'[AK54]:'Examples?! Comment'[DP55]:'Why!no!discussion!of!roads!and!trails! (particularly!OHV!use)!on!federal!lands.! ! CURRENT!WATER!QUALITY!PROJECTS! ! In!addition!to!the!Safe!Drinking!Water!Information!System!database!housing!regulatory!monitoring!data! for!treated!or!finished!drinking!water,!there!are!many!other!sources!of!water!quality!data!in!the! waterbodies!serving!public!water!systems.!As!part!of!a!comprehensive!strategy!for!safe!drinking!water,! testing!the!source!water!upstream!of!the!treatment!plant!intakes!is!essential!for!understanding!the! watershed.!The!only!raw!water!testing!that!is!required!by!the!SDWA!is!total!organic!carbon!and! alkalinity!for!some!systems!and,!depending!upon!lead!or!copper!action!level!exceedances!in!the! distribution!system,!parameter!related!to!controlling!corrosion!in!the!distribution!system!(e.g.,!pH,!lead,! asbestos,!etc.).!Systems!also!must!monitor!the!levels!of!turbidity!to!ensure!adequate!reductions!through! treatment.!Without!thorough!water!quality!monitoring!in!source!waters,!it!is!difficult!to!identify!sources! of!pollutants!and!assess!whether!land!management!practices!are!successful!in!meeting!water!quality! standards.!As!previously!discussed,!all!source!waters!upstream!of!public!water!system!intakes!are! required!to!meet!Clean!Water!Act!water!quality!standards.!!!!! ! DRINKING!WATER!SOURCE!MONITORING!! In!a!collaborative!project!with!the!Oregon!Health!Authority!initiated!in!2008,!DEQ!implemented!water! quality!testing!in!over!80!drinking!water!source!areas!to!analyze!for!a!broad!range!of!chemicals.!The! results!showed!very!low!levels!of!detections.!!This!data!provides!a!characterization!of!water!quality!from! various!land!uses!and!activities!in!typical!watersheds!and!groundwater!aquifers.!!!!From!2008!through! 2014,!Oregon!DEQ!and!OHA?!conducted!a!series!of!monitoring!tests!at!the!source!waters!at!35!surface! water!intakes!and!48!groundwater!wells.!Raw!water!samples!were!collected!upstream!of!intakes!and!at! groundwater!wells!that!serve!as!public!water!systems!in!27!counties!across!the!state.!The!samples!were! analyzed!at!the!DEQ!Laboratory!for!over!250!OregonKspecific!herbicides,!insecticides,!pharmaceuticals,! VOCs!(including!cleaners),!fire!retardants,!PAHs,!personal!care!products,!and!plasticizers.!Of!all!surface! water!intake!sites!sampled,!88%!had!typical!wastewater!constituents!detected!and!59%!had!pesticide! detections.!In!the!groundwater!sources,!85%!had!wastewater!constituents!and!39%!of!the!samples!had! pesticide!detections.!!With!the!exception!of!one!chemical!(arsenic),!the!levels!of!all!parameters!detected! thus!far!have!been!very!low!and!have!met!health!standards!where!available!on!an!individual!basis.! When!each!of!the!analytical!reports!were!received!from!the!DEQ!lab,!the!results!were!interpreted!by! OHA!toxicologists,!and!a!short!report!was!sent!to!each!of!the!public!water!systems.!DEQ!and!OHA! provided!support!to!the!public!water!systems!in!answering!any!questions!from!the!public!after!the!data! was!released.!A!summary!report!is!available!on!DEQ's!drinking!water!protection!website!(link.)! ! LowKlevel!detections!of!chemicals!in!drinking!water!sources!are!important!priorities!for!prevention.! Sampling!and!analyzing!for!low!levels!of!a!broad!range!of!chemicals!in!streams!provides!DEQ!and!others! the!ability!to!prioritize!pollutant!reduction!efforts!on!activities/land!uses!that!impact!those!streams.!DEQ! also!uses!this!data!to!prioritize!future!water!quality!monitoring,!in!conjunction!with!other!toxics! monitoring!efforts.! ! ! ! ALGAE!BLOOMS! State!officials!in!Oregon!expect!that!with!climate!change,!algae!blooms!in!streams!and!lakes!will!increase! in!number!and!severity.!!Algae!blooms!are!associated!with!warmer!temperatures!in!streams!and!lakes,! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%17% Deleted:',!but!t Deleted:'good! Deleted:'impacts! Deleted:'During!the!period!of Comment'[AK56]:'How!does!this!overlap!with!the!50?! Deleted:'because!we!lack!health!standards!for!many!individual! chemicals!and!there!is!no!toxicity!data!for!synergistic!effects!when! multiple!chemicals!are!present!in!finished!drinking!water.! Comment'[AK57]:'Speculation! increased!sunlight,!and!increased!runoff!of!nutrients!during!highKintensity!storms.!The!floodwater!and! stormwater!runoff!carries!additional!pollutants!into!the!streams!and!lakes,!including!phosphorus!and! nitrates!that!increase!the!risks!of!algae!blooms.!!Algae!blooms!can!cause!many!complications!for! drinking!water,!including!toxic!exposures,!taste!and!odor!issues,!algal!mats!blocking!the!intakes,!and! changes!in!pH.!!! ! As!noted!in!the!Climate!Change!and!Water!Quality!section!above,!HABs!would!likely!become!more! abundant!in!Oregon!with!climate!change.!Changing!conditions,!both!warmer!and!drier!climate!and!lower! flows!(based!both!on!shifts!in!precipitation!and!demand!for!water),!would!result!in!warmer!water!and! more!standing!water!which!is!more!favorable!to!cyanobacteria!growth.!Therefore,!it!is!likely!that!blooms! would!occur!longer,!in!more!places!and!perhaps!with!greater!magnitude!(Paerl!et!al!2011).! ! DEQ!and!the!Oregon!Health!Authority!(OHA)!work!with!a!variety!of!federal,!state!and!local!partners!to! coordinate!monitoring!and!response!related!to!HABs.!OHA!provides!public!education!regarding!the!risks! to!human!and!animal!health!that!HABs!pose!as!part!of!their!overall!program.!OHA!developed!HABs! sampling!guidelines!and!has!been!working!with!a!number!of!labs!to!better!standardize!identification!and! enumeration!techniques.!OHA!KDrinking!Water!Services!has!several!resources!for!HABs!and!drinking! water!are!available!on!their!website!and!it!is!important!to!note!that!these!are!updated!as!necessary:! http://public.health.oregon.gov/HealthyEnvironments/DrinkingWater/Operations/Treatment/Pages/alg ae.aspx!!OHA!recreational!HAB’s!program!also!has!several!resources!on!their!website:! http://public.health.oregon.gov/HealthyEnvironments/Recreation/HarmfulAlgaeBlooms/Pages/index.as px! Oregon’s!current!HAB!strategy!(Schaedel!2011)!relies!primarily!on!monitoring!by!management!agencies,! or!groups!such!as!watershed!councils,!that!are:! •!responsible!for!recreational!sites,!water!access!or!water!uses!such!as!drinking!water;! •!operate!dams;! •!manage!activities!in!the!lake!or!reservoir!and!its!watershed;!or! •!have!water!quality!responsibilities!! Partners!include!DEQ,!USFS,!USACE,!USGS,!ODFW!and!a!number!of!local!watershed!groups,!health! departments,!parks!and!recreation!agencies!and!drinking!water!providers.!Through!this!effort,!a!limited! surveillance!program!has!been!established,!with!monitoring!occurring!primarily!at!or!near!recreational! facilities!maintained!by!the!USFS!or!the!USACE.!If!there!is!no!clear!Designated!Management!Agency!that! would!be!responsible!for!monitoring!the!HAB,!DEQ!provides!monitoring!staff!to!collect,!preserve!and! ship!samples.!An!Interagency!Agreement!between!OHA!and!DEQ!defines!and!partially!funds!this!activity! (Oregon!DHS!2010).! ! While!there!is!variation!in!monitoring!protocols!including!the!number,!frequency!and!types!of!sample! analysis!(algal!identification!&!enumeration!or!toxin!analysis),!it!generally!consists!of!the!following:! •! observation!of!conditions!in!the!lake!or!reservoirKKK!this!is!usually!done!by!a!partner!agency!who! has!someone!who!is!often!at!the!waterbody!and!is!familiar!with!its!conditions! •! when!visible!scums!or!blooms!occur,!samples!are!collected!by!the!partner!agency!for!algal! identification!and!enumeration;!secchi!disk!depths!are!often!used!to!trigger!the!process! •! an!advisory!is!issued!by!OHA!if!combined!cell!counts!for!toxigenic!cyanobacteria!exceed! 100,000!cells/ml,!or!less!than!40,000!cells/ml!of!microcystis!or!planktothrix;!typically!advisories!are! posted!on!the!OHA!website,!at!the!waterbody!and!are!sent! to!media!outlets! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%18% •! the!advisory!stays!in!effect!and!is!lifted!on!the!basis!of!no!visible!bloom!and!both!cell!counts!and! toxicity!testing!showing!that!both!are!below!advisory!values.! ! With!regard!to!HAB!monitoring,!funding!and!resources!may!change!from!yearKtoKyear,!so!public!water! providers!and!management!agencies!may!depend!more!upon!observation!and!inspection,!and!less!upon! active!monitoring.!DEQ!and!OHA!are!currently!revising!the!HAB!strategy!to!reflect!ongoing!funding! changes!and!focused!priorities.!!! ! DEQ’s!TMDLs!are!an!effective!approach!for!developing!appropriate!pollutant!loads!to!address!the!causes! of!HABs.!TMDLs!are!not!only!required!under!the!Clean!Water!Act!but!they!are!a!good!tool!for!doing!the! necessary!studies!to!determine!factors!that!are!causing!HABs!and!setting!appropriate!goals!for! addressing!HABs.!TMDLs!can!address!coastal!lakes!experiencing!HABs!but!will!not!prevent!other!lakes! from!developing!HABs.!DEQ’s!TMDL!approach!is!currently!being!applied!on!a!lakeKbyKlake!basis!with! TMDLs!that!set!a!target!for!each!specific!lake,!but!do!not!automatically!address!nearby!lakes!that!may!be! declining!or!could!be!experiencing!HABs.!For!example,!the!2007!Umpqua!TMDL!addressed!blooms!in! Diamond!Lake!and!the!South!Umpqua!River!but,!in!2010,!four!other!listings!for!HABs!were!added!in!the! Umpqua!(Lemolo!and!Fish!Lakes,!Elk!Creek!and!the!Umpqua!River).! ! TILLAMOOK!ESTUARY!PARTNERSHIP! As!part!of!a!regional!water!quality!assessment,!the!Tillamook!Estuary!Partnership!and!DEQ!completed!an! analysis!in!2014!of!water!samples!collected!from!surface!water!sources!in!5!North!Coast!drinking!water! watersheds.!The!samples!were!analyzed!for!over!120!different!pesticides!using!4!different!laboratory! methods.!DEQ!summarized!the!results!and!coordinated!with!OHA!toxicologist!to!compare!to!health! standards,!and!letters!were!sent!to!all!of!the!public!water!systems!where!sampling!occurred.!The!public! water!systems!sampled!were!the!City!of!Vernonia,!Beaver!Water!District,!Rockaway!Beach,!Tillamook! Water!District,!and!Neskowin!Regional!Water!District.!Low!levels!of!pesticides!were!detected,!including! atrazine!and!its!breakdown!products,!sulfometuronKmethyl,!DEET,!and!Glyphosate!and!its!breakdown! product.!Concentrations!were!near!the!detection!level,!and!well!below!any!available!health!standards.! DEQ!drinking!water!staff!continues!to!provide!technical!assistance!to!public!water!systems!in!the!North! Coast!as!part!of!this!larger!effort,!including!addressing!issues!surrounding!gravel!quarries!within!their! source!area,!pesticide!spraying,!and!forest!harvests!on!private!lands.!Additional!project!planning!and! scoping!is!currently!underway.! ! BASIN!ASSESSMENTS!AND!ASSISTANCE! DEQ!works!to!develop!drinking!waterKspecific!sections!and!data!input!for!the!Basin!Assessment!Reports! and!for!Agricultural!Water!Quality!Management!Plans!(AgWQMP),!including!identifying!drinking!water! sources,!drinking!water!quality!issues,!potential!contaminant!sources!and!recommendations!for!action.! The!AgWQMPs!are!developed!to!prevent!and!control!water!pollution!from!agricultural!activities!and!soil! erosion!on!rural!lands!and!include!pollution!reduction!strategies!that!protect!sources!of!drinking!water.!! ! The!basin!(or!watershed)!assessments!draw!on!the!expertise!of!DEQ’s!17!water!quality!subKprograms! including!recommendations!for!actions!that!DEQ!(and!others!who!are!interested!in!these!basins)!can! take!to!improve!water!quality.!To!date,!drinking!water!input!for!the!watershed!assessments!has!been! developed!for!the!North!Coast,!South!Coast,!Deschutes,!Rogue,!Umpqua,!and!Willamette!basins.!!! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%19% Comment'[AK58]:'Is!there!a!role!or!input!that!ODF!should!be! providing!here?! DEQ!is!also!working!directly!with!multiple!public!water!systems!in!basins!or!subbasins!to!encourage! protection!strategies!on!a!watershed!scale!basis.!This!includes!coordinating!with!surface!water!providers! in!the!Rogue!River,!Umpqua,!and!Siletz!subbasins.!In!the!Umpqua!project,!DEQ!staff!has!worked!with!the! WinstonKDillard!Water!District,!Oregon!Department!of!Agriculture,!Douglas!Soil!and!Water!Conservation! District!(SWCD),!and!Partnership!for!the!Umpqua!Rivers!to!address!high!E.!coli!bacteria!counts!in! untreated!drinking!water!detected!during!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act!testing.!The!partners!are!providing! technical!assistance!to!interested!landowners,!implementing!onKtheKground!restoration!projects,!and! conducting!effectiveness!monitoring!at!project!sites!identified!as!high!risk!for!bacteria!contribution.!In! the!Siletz!watershed,!Lincoln!SWCD!worked!with!the!Cities!of!Toledo!and!Newport!to!conduct!a!bank! erosion!assessment!in!portions!of!the!upper!watershed,!as!well!as!a!sediment!delivery!analysis!for! county!roads!within!the!drinking!water!source!area.!The!work!products!identify!priority!areas!for! restoration/best!management!practices!within!the!Siletz,!setting!the!stage!for!onKtheKground! implementation.!In!addition,!the!work!serves!as!a!model!to!employ!within!other!basins!and!subbasins! dealing!with!the!impacts!of!bank!erosion!and!sediment!at!drinking!water!treatment!plants.!Lincoln! SWCD’s!work!was!funded!through!the!OHA!drinking!water!protection!grant!program!(described!in!the! Funds!and!Resources!section!below).!! ! TMDLs!\!GENERAL! DEQ!prepares!Total!Maximum!Daily!Load!(TMDL)!and!Water!Quality!Management!Plan!(WQMP)! documents!for!waterbodies!in!Oregon!designated!as!water!quality!limited!and!on!DEQ’s!303(d)!list!of! impaired!waters.!A!TMDL!uses!scientific!data!collection!and!analysis!to!determine!the!amount!and! source!of!each!pollutant!entering!streams.!A!TMDL!is!the!maximum!amount!of!pollutant!that!can!be! present!in!a!waterbody!while!meeting!water!quality!standards.!These!maximum!allowable!pollutant! loads!are!assigned!to!contributing!sources,!typically!to!point!sources!(wasteload!allocations)!and!land! use!authorities!(load!allocations).!The!WQMP!provides!the!framework!for!management!strategies!to! attain!and!maintain!water!quality!standards.!The!framework!is!designed!to!work!in!conjunction!with! detailed!plans!and!analyses!provided!in!sectorKspecific!or!sourceKspecific!implementation!plans.!The!plan! designates!organizations!to!prepare!and!carry!out!sourceKspecific!TMDL!implementation!plans!including! the!U.S.!Forest!Service!and!Bureau!of!Land!Management,!the!Oregon!Departments!of!Agriculture!and!! Forestry,!counties,!cities,!and!others.!The!implementation!plans!identify!management!measures!that!will! be!used!to!achieve!and!maintain!water!quality!standards.! ! TURBIDITY!AND!TMDLs! DEQ!drinking!water!staff!recently!worked!directly!with!15!public!water!systems!to!document!water! quality!problems!with!turbidity.!Several!systems!are!impacted!so!severely!that!the!intake!must!be!shut! down!regularly!due!to!water!with!extremely!high!turbidity.!Disinfection!byKproducts!are!also! problematic!for!many!communities,!and!the!organic!matter!precursors!may!be!related!to!land! management!and!nonpoint!source!pollution.!Assessment!included!collection!of!raw!water!data,! interviews!with!operators,!GIS!research!on!land!uses,!and!field!inspections.!The!report!documenting! data!and!findings!(Seeds,!2010)!can!be!accessed!on!DEQ’s!drinking!water!protection!website.!DEQ! continues!to!use!the!data!from!the!report!to!promote!more!active!protection!and!awareness!of! potential!violations!to!the!turbidity!standards!in!the!public!water!supply!watersheds.!This!includes! conversations!with!citizens,!city!governments,!watershed!councils,!and!water!utility!boards!to!share! information!and!source!water!protection!strategies.!In!addition,!data!and!analysis!from!the!aboveK mentioned!turbidity!report!were!used!to!list!three!waterbodies!on!DEQ!2010!List!of!Impaired!Waters! (303(d)!list).!!! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%20% Deleted:'research/ Deleted:'Research!and!a Comment'[AK59]:'?! ! One!of!those!waterbodies!(the!Siletz!River!upstream!of!the!intake!for!the!City!of!Siletz)!has!a!TMDL!for! turbidity/sediment!under!development.!DEQ!is!currently!working!on!that!TMDL!as!well!as!other! sedimentKbased!TMDLs,!evaluating!natural!and!human!sources!of!sediment!pollution!to!the!listed! waterbodies!in!the!Oregon!MidKCoast!Basin.!The!TMDLs!will!document!known!and!potential!sediment! sources,!set!allowable!limits!of!sediment!inputs!to!the!waterbodies,!and!detail!management!measures! and!monitoring!needed.! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%21% Deleted:'Information!from!the!TMDLs!may!be!used!to!inform! changes!to!riparian!and!steep!slope!protections!on!forestK!and! agricultural!lands. ! ! STRATEGIC!RESTORATION!and!PROTECTION!! ! Since!all!streams!are!at!risk!of!water!quality!degradation!from!both!natural!and!manKmade!disturbances,! it!is!important!to!take!action!to!protect!the!integrity!of!the!watershed.!There!is,!of!course,!a!close! connection!between!the!condition!of!a!watershed!and!the!water!quality!in!that!watershed.!Degraded! watersheds!or!individual!sites!are!a!source!of!nonpoint!source!pollutants!such!as!fine!sediment!and! organic!matter!which!can!interfere!with!drinking!water!treatment!and!quality.!Managing!a!watershed! for!water!quality!and!resiliency!in!the!face!of!natural!disturbances!and!climate!change!is!an!ecological! challenge!rather!than!an!engineering!challenge.!! ! Many!studies!have!shown!that!reducing!and!eliminating!pollutants!through!protection!and!restoration! activities!can!be!effective!in!reducing!treatment!costs!and!the!frequency!of!intake!shutdowns!(Freeman! et!al!2008).!There!are!several!ways!to!approach!the!development!and!implementation!of!drinking!water! protection!strategies.!Most!public!water!system!managers!and/or!departments!do!not!have!the! resources!necessary!to!put!together!comprehensive!watershed!protection!plans;!some!do!not!have!the! resources!to!sustain!communication!and!coordination!with!landowners!in!their!source!area.!For! communities!with!limited!resources,!it!is!critical!to!create!a!streamlined!“roadmap”!for!watershed! protection!that!ensures!any!protection!efforts!focus!on!the!highest!priorities!in!the!watershed.! Depending!on!the!level!of!information!and!data!available!for!your!source!area,!it!may!be!possible!to! focus!very!specifically!on!a!limited!number!of!pollutants!or!pollutant!sources!for!reduction.!! ! The!roadmap!for!developing!and!implementing!a!drinking!water!protection!plan!might!be!simplified!as! such:! 1.! Identify!human!resources!to!work!on!protection/restoration!planning;! 2.! Solicit!available!technical!experts,!citizens,!and!landowners!to!form!advisory!committee;! 3.! REQUEST!STATE!AGENCY!ASSISTANCE!to!provide!GIS!and!database!information/maps!(see! Appendix!5!for!contacts);! 4.! Identify!and!map!potential!sources!of!contamination!in!the!watershed;! 5.! PRIORITIZE!protection!and!restoration!activities!using!all!available!information/maps;! 6.! Use!available!resources!to!develop!basic!protection!strategy;! 7.! Determine!level!of!funding!necessary!to!accomplish!more!advanced!protection!planning!(and! apply!to!those!potential!funding!sources!identified);! 8.! Isolate!individual!strategic!priorities!and!assign!(or!hire)!a!coordinator!to!implement!each! priority!as!resources!and!time!permit.! ! Identifying!and!mapping!the!risks!and!potential!sources!of!contaminants!requires!appropriate!data.!One! of!the!primary!purposes!of!this!report!is!to!provide!examples!of!the!level!of!data!available!to!assist!with! coastal!watershed!protection.!Identification!and!mapping!allows!appropriate!planning,!preparation,!and! management!of!sensitive!sites!and!risks!to!source!water.!In!some!cases,!water!quality!data!collected! from!the!drinking!water!source!may!be!of!use!to!identify!incidents!or!patterns!in!water!quality!problems! which!create!difficulty!for!treatment!and!provision!of!adequately!treated!finished!drinking!water.! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%22% Comment'[AK60]:'Natural!equals!degradation?! Comment'[AK61]:'Many,!with!one!reference?! Sources!of!data!on!natural!risks!and!watershed!conditions!include!the!following!as!examples! (information!on!resources!in!Appendix!5):! •! Digital!elevation!models!(DEMs)!from!Oregon!Geospatial!Enterprise!Office;! •! Waterbody!locations!and!flowpaths!from!USGS!(National!Hydrology!Dataset);! •! Stream!size!information!from!ODF;! •! Locations!of!steep!slopes;! •! Historic!&!deepKseated!landslide!locations!from!DOGAMI!;! •! Disturbance!data!from!USFS;! •! Wildfire!susceptibility!data!from!USFS;! •! Aerial!photography!(current!and!past)!from!Google!Earth;! •! Highly!erodible!soils!from?;! •! Climate!change!predictions!for!precipitation!and!storms!from?.! ! Sources!of!data!on!land!use:! •! Source!Water!Assessments!completed!by!DEQ!and!OHA!contain!information!on! potential!contaminant!sources!is!this!in!GIS;! •! National!Land!Cover!Database!(NLCD)!for!land!use;! •! Land!ownership!from!ODF;! •! Locations!of!hazardous!material!from!Fire!Marshall’s!office;! •! Locations!of!highways,!county!roads,!and!other!roads!(including!forest!roads);! •! Forest!practice!notifications!for!harvest!and!application!of!pesticides;! •! Locations!of!quarries!from!DOGAMI.! ! Following!the!identification!of!degraded!sites!in!a!watershed,!it!is!necessary!to!evaluate!the! characteristics!and!needs!of!different!locations,!prioritize!based!on!those!characteristics!and!available! time!and!resources,!and!then!plan/implement!the!restoration!activities.!The!ecosystem’s!capacity!to! repair!itself!if!left!alone,!known!as!passive!restoration,!may!be!all!that!is!needed!to!allow!a!degraded!site! to!return!to!a!more!robust!and!healthy!condition.!In!other!cases,!human!actions!such!as!planting,! species!introductions,!erosion!control,!addition!of!coarse!woody!debris,!mulching,!or!excavation/reK contouring!of!roads!(decommissioning),!etc.!are!needed!to!accelerate!or!enhance!the!recovery!of! beneficial!ecosystem!functions!and!ecosystem!resiliency.!Following!implementation,!periodic!monitoring! should!be!conducted!to!verify!that!the!restoration!efforts!are!correctly!implemented!and!effective!for! reducing!pollutant!loads.! ! Identifying!degraded!sites!can!be!done!through!various!means,!some!rigorous!and!some!less!so.!!For! more!rigorous!evaluation,!the!Oregon!Watershed!Enhancement!Board!has!a!watershed!assessment! manual!that!provides!detailed!methods!which!could!be!employed!by!staff!to!evaluate!watershed!health! and!identify!degraded!sites! (http://www.oregon.gov/oweb/Pages/docs/pubs/OR_wsassess_manuals.aspx!).!!Ecological!and! geoengineering!consultants!can!also!be!hired!to!do!assessment!work!and!document!the!results.! Watershed!councils!have!experienced!staff!and!volunteers!who!can!be!engaged!to!assist!municipalities! with!this!and!subsequent!steps!of!restoration.!! ! A!less!rigorous!process!of!identifying!degraded!sites!could!be!as!simple!as!asking!local!residents,! workers,!and!landowners!if!they!know!where!areas!may!be!contributing!to!water!pollution,!or!field! inspection!of!steep!slopes!and!riparian!areas!to!document!the!locations!of!degraded!or!potential!atKrisk! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%23% Deleted:'Forestry!stream!types!from!ODF Deleted:'slopes!prone!to!shallow,!rapidlyKmoving!landslides!from! DEQ Comment'[AK62]:'What!is!this?! Deleted:'!and!“degraded!sites”!or!potential!risks!due!to!human! activities Deleted:'category!data! Comment'[AK63]:'Define!forest!road! Comment'[AK64]:'Roads!are!OK?!!The!FPA!does!not!provide! adequate!levels!of!protections?! Comment'[AK65]:'Is!it!degraded?!How!would!this!be! determined?! Comment'[AK66]:'No!mention!of!this!earlier! Comment'[AK67]:'This!is!a!big!ask! Comment'[AK68]:'Do!you!think!this!is!outdated?! sites.!Aerial!photos!and!satellite!images,!available!through!portals!such!as!Google!Earth,!can!be! examined!for!locations!bare!of!vegetation!or!with!obvious!sediment!movement.!This!method!may!not! be!most!accurate!as!it!is!likely!that!some!sites!would!be!masked!due!to!photograph!resolution!and! degraded!sites!being!disguised!by!overstory!vegetation.!Whatever!methods!are!used,!one!should,!at!a! minimum,!document!the!location!of!the!degraded!site,!the!approximate!size!of!the!site,!the!severity!of! site!degradation!and!other!characteristics!of!the!site!(e.g.!current!vegetation),!and!whether!there!is!clear! evidence!of!sediment!and!other!pollutants!entering!waterbodies.! ! Prioritizing!sites!for!restoration!or!protection!as!resources!allow!is!essential.!!While!there!is!some! subjectivity!to!prioritization,!a!defined!prioritization!process!will!achieve!better!results!and!be!more! consistent!and!efficient!with!limited!resources.!!Prioritization!should!be!based!upon:! •! Active!or!likely!erosion!and/or!active!introduction!of!pollutants!into!waterbodies!(sites!that!are! an!active!source!of!pollutants!should!be!a!higher!priority);! •! Location!of!site!relative!to!the!intake!(sites!closer!to!the!intake!are!likely!to!have!a!greater! impact);! •! Ease!of!access!and/or!restorability!(sites!that!are!readily!restored!due!to!site!conditions!and/or! access!may!be!higher!priority!due!to!getting!the!most!benefit!for!the!expense);! •! Need!for!human!intervention!(not!wasting!time!and!resources!on!sites!that!are!likely!to!recover! on!their!own).! ! Generally!speaking,!sites!that!currently!have!the!biggest!negative!impact!and!are!most!readily!improved! should!be!restored!first!to!maximize!effective!use!of!resources.!!Estimating!effect!of!restoration!(e.g.! how!much!area!that!is!actively!eroding!or!likely!to!erode!can!be!stabilized?)!will!assist!in!prioritization.!! DEQ!suggests!using!active!or!likely!erosion!and!addition!of!pollutants!as!the!primary!prioritization!factor.!! However,!the!ability!to!restore!a!site,!and!the!cost!of!restoration,!needs!to!be!considered.!!For!example,! if!one!badly!eroding!site!can!be!restored!OR!several!less!impactful!sites!can!be!restored,!prioritization! should!consider!which!option!will!have!the!greatest!overall!effect!on!watershed!health!and!resiliency,! which!will!vary!from!circumstance!to!circumstance.!!Finally,!prioritization!should!consider!how!the!high! priority!sites!relate!to!each!other!to!ensure!that!restoration!benefits!are!additive!across!the!watershed! rather!than!a!series!of!isolated!“random!acts!of!conservation.”! ! It!will!sometimes!be!necessary!to!collect!additional!data!and!information!through!surveys!and! evaluation!of!drinking!water!source!areas!and/or!measuring!water!quality!data.!!For!example,! information!on!the!condition!of!roadKstream!crossings!would!need!to!be!collected!as!no!comprehensive! data!set!exists.!Likewise,!conditions!of!riparian!areas!and!inner!gorges!may!be!observable!using! resources!such!as!Google!Earth,!but!may!require!groundKbased!surveys!to!understand!the!condition!of! drinking!water!source!area.!!Collecting!and!analyzing!this!information!will!enable!better!planning,! management,!and!collaboration.! ! Once!finished!with!assessment!and!prioritizing,!documenting!the!results!of!that!effort!is!necessary.! Partners!should!not!assume!that!city!planning!staff!or!water!district!operators!or!managers!will! remember!all!this!information!and!how!it!interrelates!in!addition!to!everyday!work!tasks.!Recording!the! assessment!and!prioritization!results,!documenting!how!those!results!are!implemented,!and!observing! whether!and!how!implementation!is!successful!will!allow!tracking!of!source!water!protection!knowledge! and!activities!and!reduce!the!loss!of!important!institutional!knowledge!when!there!is!turnover!in!water! system!staff!and!management.!To!this!end,!a!plan!should!be!written!and!should!include!a!means!to!track! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%24% Comment'[AK69]:'Really?!!This!does!not!seem!like!an! appropriate!level!of!inquiry!for!this!process.! Comment'[AK70]:'What!protection!is!proposed?! Comment'[AK71]:'In!the!coast!range,!this!statement!is!broad.!! Erosion!and!delivery!to!waters!of!the!state!are!not!the!same.!!! Comment'[DP72]:'This!section!is!very!general!and!not!very! useful.!!It!provides!mostly!platitudes!rather!than!serious!basis!for! prioritization.! Comment'[AK73]:'Coordinated!with!TMDLs,!recovery!plans,! conservation!plans,!existing!watershed!assessments.!!There!are! several!prioritization!plans!and!documents!that!already!exist.! ! Comment'[AK74]:'A!road!hazard!inventory?!!Are!there! examples!on!how!to!do!this!and!how!to!work!with!private! landowners?! Deleted:'true! Deleted:'your! Comment'[AK75]:'By!“results”!do!you!mean!implementation! actions?! drinking!water!source!area!condition!over!time,!as!well!as!document!priorities!and!allow!them!to!change! over!time!with!new!information!and!restoration!accomplishments.!In!addition,!documentation!of! restoration!activities!done,!how!those!activites!were!done,!and!how!successful!the!restoration!was!will! prove!valuable!as!time!passes.!!A!useful!plan!and!recording!system!will:! •! Document!the!locations!and!characteristics!of!vulnerable!sites!(steep!slopes,!wetlands,!etc.)!and! sites!in!need!of!restoration!identified!in!your!initial!watershed!assessment;! •! Include!other!observations!of!watershed!condition!(including!forest!stand!age,!species! composition,!sites!with!bare!ground!or!rock!outcrops,!wildlife!present,!apparently!diseased! patches,!etc.)!and!locations!of!roads,!pipes,!power!lines,!culverts!and!bridges,!seasonal!wetlands! and!channels,!springs,!yearKround!stream!channels,!and!so!on.! •! Electronic!forms!for!recording!water!quality!parameters!of!finished!(treated)!water!and!raw! (untreated)!water.!At!a!minimum,!raw!water!should!be!sampled!at!the!intake.!Collecting!regular! water!quality!data!at!set!monitoring!points!in!the!drinking!water!source!area!and!periodic! random!sampling!throughout!the!drinking!water!source!area!are!additional!options!to!track!the! quality!of!your!drinking!water!sources!over!time.!!This!additional!sampling!could!occur!weekly,! monthly,!or!yearly,!but!more!frequent!sampling!will!give!better!resolution!of!any!potential! changes!to!water!quality!and!give!an!opportunity!to!evaluate!changes!in!water!quality!over!time.! •! Include!a!decisionKmaking!process!to!prioritize!restoration!and!protection!activities!based!on!the! information!above.!!Documenting!how!restoration!actions!are!prioritized!will!allow!learning!and! adaptation!as!source!water!protection!efforts!move!forward.!!It!will!also!create!opportunities!to! learn!from!missteps!and!inefficiencies,!and!allow!priorities!to!shift!over!time!as!needed.!! •! Document!planned!projects!and!their!goals,!resource!needs,!and!timelines.!!As!projects!are! completed,!record!details!about!implementation!(methods,!sources!of!materials!such!as!plants! or!pipes,!how!the!work!was!done,!seasonal!timing!of!activities,!weather!during!and!immediately! after!restoration!actions,!etc).!!Photographs!and!standardized!data!collection!sheets!are!easily! used!tools!to!record!watershed!and!site!conditions!before,!during,!and!after! restoration/protection!activities.! •! Evaluate!the!success!of!each!task!and!how!human!and!environmental!circumstances!may!have! contributed!to!or!detracted!from!success.!!This!will!ensure!that!necessary!work!is!getting!done! and!allow!for!continuous!learning!and!adjustment!of!practices!as!necessary.!!Mistakes!and! failures!do!occur!in!environmental!management,!so!an!approach!geared!toward!acknowledging! and!learning!from!failures!will!allow!for!adjustments!and!ultimately!ensure!resources!are!used! more!effectively!over!the!longKterm.! Local!and!statewide!technical,!financial,!and!labor!resources!may!be!available!to!assist!in! implementation!of!source!water!protection.!!For!example,!community!involvement!and!volunteer!labor! can!be!utilized!when!available,!and!the!expertise!of!state!agencies!can!be!an!important!source!of! knowledge!and!improvement.!!There!are!grants!available!from!state!and!federal!government!agencies! as!well!as!foundations!and!nonKprofits.!!Local!experts!in!water!quality,!restoration,!forestry,!fisheries,! etc.!may!be!willing!to!contribute!their!knowledge!and!time.!!Service!organizations!(Girl!and!Boy!Scouts,! Rotary!Club,!etc.)!and!watershed!councils!can!be!a!source!of!knowledge,!labor,!and!perhaps!funds.!! Municipalities!and!water!districts!should!view!local!landowners!and!residents!as!a!potential!resource!for! valuable!insights!and!understanding!of!the!ecosystem!and!land!management.! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%25% Comment'[AK76]:'Not!sure!how!the!below!listed!items!can! contribute!to!observing!the!watershed!condition?! Deleted:'ages!of!stands!of!trees Comment'[AK77]:'Will!this!allow!one!to!differentiate!between! source!watersheds?! Working!with!landowners!within!the!source!watershed!must!be!a!top!priority!for!restoration!or! protection.!If!all!or!part!of!the!drinking!water!source!watershed!is!owned!by!entities!other!than!the! public!water!supplier,!then!engagement!and!cooperation!(or!at!least!permission)!of!the!landowner!is! necessary.!This!could!take!the!form!of!permission!to!evaluate!and!remedy!degraded!sites!on!the! landowner’s!property,!a!costKshare!agreement!where!the!landowner!does!the!work!and!the!municipality! assists!with!the!necessary!expenses!and!resources,!or!simply!encouraging!the!landowner!to!implement! restoration!on!their!own.!Some!landowners!will!be!reluctant!to!allow!access!to!their!property!for!liability! and!other!reasons.!So,!developing!a!carefully!negotiated!agreement!can!address!those!concerns.!An! agreement!may!take!the!form!of!a!“Memorandum!of!Agreement”!(MOA)!often!used!between!municipal! entities!and!private!or!public!landowners.!As!discussed!above,!discussion!and!agreements!with! landowners!in!the!drinking!water!source!area!regarding!management!practices!(including!agreements! with!monetary!compensation!attached)!are!an!important!tool,!and!these!agreements!can!and!should! address!restoration!of!ecologically!degraded!sites!in!the!watershed.! ! A!final!note!with!regard!to!managing!and!restoring!a!drinking!water!source!area:!good!management!and! protection!practices!will!promote!a!resilient!ecosystem,!but!this!is!not!the!same!thing!as!an!invulnerable! ecosystem.!Natural!disturbances!are!a!fact!of!life,!and!disruptions!to!water!quality!and!drinking!water! treatment!are!possible!in!the!most!pristine!ecosystem.!However,!management,!restoration,!and! protection!choices!can!certainly!reduce!the!frequency,!extent,!and!duration!of!disruptions!to!source! water!quality.!The!goal!of!managing!for!a!resilient!ecosystem!in!your!drinking!water!source!area!is!not! for!a!stable,!unchanging!ecosystem;!rather,!the!goal!is!for!an!ecosystem!that!is!not!readily!damaged!and! recovers!quickly!when!disturbances!do!occur.!This!is!best!accomplished!by!understanding!ecosystem! functions!and!processes!and!crafting!management!to!effectively!work!within!those!processes.!A! complex,!dynamic,!and!resilient!watershed!will!still!have!occasional!problems,!but!these!will!be!less! frequent,!shorterKlived,!and!more!likely!to!resolve!themselves!than!in!simplified,!degraded!systems.! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%26% Comment'[AK78]:'Who!defines!this?!!The!FPA!is!designed!to! meet!CWA!standards!to!the!maximum!extent!practicable.!!! Comment'[AK79]:'Does!this!construct!mean!that!there!actually! is!a!problem?!!! ! COLLABORATIVE!APPROACHES!FOR!CLEAN!SOURCE!WATER!! ! The!values!and!goals!of!public!water!systems!(PWSs)!and!landowners!are!often!not!the!same,!but!this! does!not!need!to!result!in!conflict,!unresolved!disagreements,!or!actions!that!benefit!one!party!at!the! expense!of!another.!Collaboration!between!PWS!and!municipalities,!community!members,!and! landowners!offers!a!way!to!create!better!understanding!and!to!establish!cooperative!mechanisms!to! improve!physical!and!social!outcomes!for!all.!Collaborative!approaches!can!include!shortKterm!or! informal!agreements.!!(LongKterm!or!formal!(legal)!agreements!are!discussed!below.)!Reaching!out!to! landowners!in!a!drinking!water!source!area!and!to!regulatory!agencies!can!allow!PWSs!and! municipalities!to!share!concerns,!create!opportunities!for!cooperation!and!compromise,!and!reduce! misunderstandings!and!unintended!negative!consequences.!!Examples!of!potential!informal!actions! include:! •! Communication!between!PWSs!and!landowners!about!goals,!needs,!and!concerns!to!increase! understanding!and!create!opportunities!for!mutually!beneficial!actions;! •! Landowners,!watershed!councils,!and!water!systems!can!cooperate!on!restoring!degraded!sites! and!restoring!fish!passage!or!natural!hydrology!to!a!stream!system;!!! •! Consultation!with!agencies!responsible!for!regulating!particular!land!uses!(e.g.!ODF!for!forest! practices,!ODA!for!agricultural!activities)!to!inform!them!of!drinking!water!needs!and!ask!for! prioritized!inspection,!education,!and!enforcement!for!landowners!and!operators!in!drinking! water!source!areas;! •! Asking!landowners!to!implement!and!report!voluntary!measures!to!reduce!risk!such!as!larger! buffers!or!buffering!areas!around!intakes,!changes!in!pesticide!use,!etc;! •! Engaging!homeowners!and!community!members!on!residential!land!management!and! restoration!projects!in!the!drinking!water!source!area.!! •! Formal!agreements!can!also!be!negotiated!and!implemented!to!create!longKterm,!mutually! beneficial!arrangements.!!Options!include!(details!given!below):! o! Land!acquisition!by!municipalities/PWSs;! o! Easement!purchases;! o! Payments!for!Ecosystem!Services;! o! Assistance!from!land!trusts.! ! The!approaches!listed!above!can!be!combined!to!create!a!solution!that!is!tailored!for!an!individual! situation!to!achieve!source!water!protection!goals.!!A!combination!of!community!and!landowner! engagement,!negotiated!deals,!and!purchases!of!land!and/or!easements!within!the!drinking!water! source!area!may!reduce!risk!to!drinking!water!sources,!promote!ecosystem!resiliency,!and!engender! relationships!between!communities,!governments,!and!landowners.!! ! The!most!straightforward!means!for!a!public!water!system!to!have!control!over!land!management!in! their!drinking!water!source!area!is!acquisition!of!the!land!through!purchase!or!donation.!Ownership!in! fee!title!gives!the!PWS!the!ability!to!restrict!land!management!practices!to!only!those!that!restore! watershed!functions,!increase!ecosystem!resiliency,!and!have!risks!which!fall!within!acceptable!limits.! Restoration!actions!can!be!taken!without!needing!to!get!permission!from!a!different!landowner.!Careful! planning!and!execution!of!watershed!restoration!and!management!activities!is!crucial!(Gartner!et!al! 2014).!An!additional!benefit!of!land!ownership!lies!in!the!potential!for!revenue!derived!from!that!land.! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%27% Comment'[AK80]:'Interesting!way!to!start!off!a!collaborative! approach! Deleted:'of!differing!needs/pointsKofKview! Deleted:'responsible! Comment'[AK81]:'Most!forest!operations!that!may!impact! water!or!other!natural!resources!are!already!more!often!prioritized! for!inspection.!There!should!be!a!bullet!that!also!lets!the!PWSs! interact!with!ODF!so!that!knowledge!of!what!is!allowed!under!the! FPA!and!what!is!not!is!understood.!!! Deleted:'take! Comment'[AK82]:'This!seems!like!a!real!opportunity!it!would! be!nice!to!expand!on!this!in!the!document! Deleted:'can! Deleted:'successfully! Deleted:'that!create!benefits!for!all. For!example,!timber!harvest!from!forestland!can!provide!some!income!for!the!public!water!system!while! also!providing!local!employment.!Some!restoration!actions,!such!as!thinning!overcrowded!stands!to! promote!a!more!resilient!forest,!also!have!the!potential!to!generate!usable!(and!saleable)!material.!It!is! potentially!expensive!to!acquire!a!drinking!water!source!area,!however,!and!it!may!be!years!before!the! land!is!able!to!generate!income!to!partly!or!fully!defray!the!cost!of!acquisition.!Nevertheless,!the!ability! to!manage!primarily!or!solely!for!water!quality!and!quantity!coupled!with!the!potential!for!revenue! makes!land!acquisition!a!good!option.!!! ! Easements!are!restrictions!or!allowances!on!property!use!between!the!property!owner!and!a!nonK owner,!often!involving!an!exchange!of!money!for!a!specific!use!by!the!nonKowner.!Easements!are!a! legallyKbinding!agreement!attached!to!a!parcel!of!land’s!title.!Easements!can!be!used!for!a!variety!of! purposes,!such!as!allowing!a!road!across!a!property!to!allow!access!to!another!property.!In!the!case!of! source!water!protection,!a!municipality!or!PWS!could!negotiate!the!purchase!of!easements!with!a! landowner!to!restrict!highKrisk!activities!on!vulnerable!locations!in!the!drinking!water!source!area.!For! example,!a!PWS!might!want!a!landowner!to!leave!a!100!meter!forested!riparian!buffer!on!all!perennial! streams!in!their!drinking!water!source!area.!However,!this!would!result!in!the!landowner!losing!revenue! from!trees!that!could!be!harvested!or!for!land!that!could!be!farmed!or!developed!within!those!strips!of! land.!One!approach!to!working!with!a!landowner!in!this!instance!is!purchasing!easements!on!those! sections!of!land!which!the!PWS!would!like!to!see!managed!with!lowKrisk!practices!which!go!beyond! regulatory!minima!or!protected!from!management!outright.!Examples!include:! •! Avoiding!or!limiting!timber!harvest!and!other!forestry!activities!within!50K100!meters!of! streams,!reservoirs,!or!lakes!used!as!drinking!water!sources;! •! Avoiding!or!limiting!ground!disturbing!agricultural!activities!within!50K100!meters!of!streams,! reservoirs,!or!lakes!used!as!drinking!water!sources!or!ensuring!that!livestock!and!their!waste!are! not!getting!into!water!sources;! •! Avoiding!or!limiting!building,!development,!and!ground!disturbance!activities!within!50K100! meters!of!streams,!reservoirs,!or!lakes!used!as!drinking!water!sources;! •! Limiting!changes!to!preKdevelopment!hydrology!during!residential!development!in!a!drinking! water!source!area;! •! Restricting!use!of!pesticides!and!other!toxic!chemicals!near!water!sources.! ! The!landowner!and!the!PWS!or!municipality!would!negotiate!a!mutually!beneficial!arrangement!to! reduce!risk!to!source!water!in!a!binding!attachment!to!the!title!in!exchange!for!monetary!recompense.!! Easements!can!be!permanent!or!have!an!expiration!date,!but!they!are!passed!along!with!the!title!when! a!property!changes!hands,!so!a!new!agreement!would!not!need!to!be!negotiated!if!the!land!is!sold!to! new!owners.! ! A!similar!option!to!easements!which!is!currently!being!developed!and!put!into!use!are!payments!for! ecosystem!services!(PES).!!In!principle,!a!PES!agreement!is!simple:!the!landowner!agrees!to!implement! lowKrisk!practices!which!go!beyond!the!regulatory!minimum!or!avoid!management!practices!altogether! in!exchange!for!compensation!for!some!or!all!of!the!lost!revenue.!!The!PWS!or!municipality!and!the! landowner!enter!into!a!contract!for!a!set!term,!setting!out!the!management!practices!to!be! implemented!and!the!compensation!to!be!paid.!!Unlike!with!easements,!this!agreement!is!not!attached! to!the!land’s!title!but!is!a!contract!between!the!two!parties.!!However,!a!PES!agreement!could!include! clauses!requiring!minimum!or!maximum!durations!for!the!agreement!and/or!provisions!for!property! transfer!to!new!owners.!!! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%28% Comment'[AK83]:'The!FPA!is!designed!to!ensure!the! continuous!growing!and!harvesting!of!trees!and!provide!for!the! overall!maintenance!of!water!resources!including!drinking!water.!! See!ORS!527.710!and!527.630! Deleted:'entered!into! Comment'[AK84]:'Need!to!word!this!to!not!relate!that!the!FPA! is!inadequate! Comment'[AK85]:'All!of!these!numbers!are!value!statements! Comment'[AK86]:'Policy!!This!is!already!restricted!under!state! and!federal!law! Comment'[AK87]:'Are!there!some!existing!markets!that! landowners!could!tap!into!for!this!option?! ! A!land!trust!is!a!nonprofit!organization!that,!as!all!or!part!of!its!mission,!actively!works!to!conserve!land! by!undertaking!or!assisting!in!land!or!conservation!easement!acquisition,!or!by!its!stewardship!of!such! land!or!easements.!Trusts!can!also!purchase!private!land!and!then!give!or!sell!it!to!other!nonprofits!or! the!public!(through!government!ownership).!!Land!trusts!work!with!landowners!and!the!community!to! conserve!land!by!accepting!donations!of!land,!purchasing!land,!negotiating!private,!voluntary! conservation!agreements!on!land,!and!stewarding!conserved!land!through!the!generations!to!come.! Land!trusts!are!particularly!well!suited!to!linking!isolated!protected!areas!into!a!cohesive,!resilient! ecosystem!(see!Funds!and!Resources!section).!! ! Most!land!trusts!are!community!based!so!they!may!be!wellKequipped!to!identify!land!that!offers!critical! habitat!as!well!as!land!offering!recreational,!agricultural!and!other!conservation!value.!There!are!several! types!of!land!trusts:! •! Conservation!land!trust:!A!land!trust!is!a!nonprofit!organization!that,!as!all!or!part!of!its!mission,! actively!works!to!conserve!land!by!undertaking!or!assisting!in!land!or!conservation!easement! acquisition,!or!by!its!stewardship!of!such!land!or!easements.! •! Alternative!type!of!land!trust:!The!legal!title!of!the!property!in!question!is!held!by!another! person!(a!trustee)!while!the!original!owner!retains!all!of!the!rights!and!privileges!of!property! ownership.! •! Community!land!trusts!(CLTs):!A!community!land!trust!is!a!private,!nonKprofit!corporation,! created!to!acquire!and!hold!land!for!the!benefit!of!a!community,!and!provide!secure!affordable! access!to!land!and!housing!for!community!residents.!CLTs!offer!a!balanced!approach!to! ownership:!the!nonprofit!trust!owns!the!land!and!leases!it!for!a!nominal!fee!to!individuals!who! own!the!buildings!on!the!land.!In!particular,!Community!land!trusts!attempt!to!meet!the!needs! of!residents!least!served!by!the!prevailing!land!market.!Community!land!trusts!help! communities!to:! • Gain!control!over!local!land!use!and!reduce!absentee!ownership;! • Provide!affordable!housing!for!lower!income!residents!in!the!community;! • Promote!resident!ownership!and!control!of!housing;! • Keep!housing!affordable!for!future!residents;! • Capture!the!value!of!public!investment!for!longKterm!community!benefit;! • Build!a!strong!base!for!community!action.! ! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%29% Deleted:'Unlike!forKprofit!corporations,!land!trusts!do!not!have!to! maximize!profits!and!financial!assets!for!shareholders,!so! management!goals!and!practices!can!more!easily!incorporate! ecological!values!and!longKterm!(100+!years)!time!horizons.!! Deleted:'and!deeply!connected!to!local!needs,! Deleted:'are! Comment'[AK88]:'Why!is!agricultural!value!included!here?!! Deleted:'natural! ! CLIMATE!RESILIENCE!! ! The!effects!of!climate!change!will!likely!be!many!faceted.!Precipitation,!temperature,!coastal!inundation,! and!ecosystem!changes!could!all!contribute!to!changes!in!coastal!drinking!water!supplies.!!There!are! many!technical!data!sources!available!for!exploring!the!potential!effects!of!global!climate!change!along! the!Oregon!coast!(Dalton!et!al!2013;!Mote!et!al!2014;!Abatzoglou!et!al!2014).!The!results!are!from! extensive!modeling!efforts!and!the!input!parameters!are!varied!depending!upon!the!model!type.! Modeling!results!must!be!carefully!evaluated!and!selection!of!results!that!represent!the!area!of!interest! requires!research!to!find!applicable!datasets!for!spatial!and!temporal!analysis.!! ! The!Oregon!State!Legislature!established!the!Oregon!Climate!Change!Research!Institute!(OCCRI)!within! the!Department!of!Higher!Education!in!2007.!OCCRI!is!a!network!of!over!150!researchers!at!Oregon! State!University!(OSU),!the!University!of!Oregon,!Portland!State!University,!Southern!Oregon!University,! and!affiliated!federal!and!state!labs.!OCCRI!is!tasked!with!serving!as!a!clearinghouse!for!climate!change! information,!developing!strategies!to!prepare!for!and!to!mitigate!the!effects!of!climate!change!on! natural!and!human!systems,!and!providing!technical!assistance!to!local!governments!to!assist!them!in! developing!climate!change!policies,!practices,!and!programs.!OCCRI!also!develops!periodic!assessments! of!climate!change!science!as!it!relates!to!Oregon,!and!the!likely!effects!of!climate!change!on!the!state! (http://occri.net/).! ! Oregon!produced!a!statewide!Climate!Change!Adaptation!Framework! (http://www.oregon.gov/energy/GBLWRM/docs/Framework_Final_DLCD.pdf)!in!late!2010.!The! Framework!was!developed!in!part!to!assess!Oregon’s!capacity!to!adequately!address!conditions!and! issues!resulting!from!climate!variability!and!change.!The!Framework!outlines!eleven!climate!risks;!state! agency!responsibilities!related!to!the!risks;!gaps!in!state!capacity!to!address!the!risks;!and!actions! needed!to!fill!those!gaps.!!The!longKterm!significance!of!Oregon’s!Framework!is!that!it!outlines!the! climateKrelated!risks!that!need!to!be!addressed!(in!varying!degrees)!by!governments,!communities,!and! individuals!across!Oregon.!The!Framework!clearly!establishes!what!‘global!climate!change’!means!for! Oregon.!Oregon’s!Framework!is!the!first!risk@based!stateKlevel!climate!change!adaptation!plan!in!the! nation.!!The!Framework!begins!to!build!capacity!in!Oregon!to!address!climate!variability!and!change.!It! builds!capacity!for!action!by!distilling!the!pertinent!science!out!of!the!globalK!and!nationalKscale!flood!of! information!about!future!conditions!and!what!needs!to!be!done!to!address!those!conditions.!! ! Planning!for!climate!change!adaptation!and!community!resilience!to!natural!hazards!mostly!occurs!by! individual!jurisdictions!and!agencies.!However,!the!effects!of!climate!change!will!occur!in!many!ways! across!the!entire!landscape,!regardless!of!agency!authorities!or!jurisdictional!boundaries.!Climate! adaptation!priorities!and!the!policies,!requirements!and!incentives!of!different!entities!to!address!those! priorities!have!generally!not!been!identified!and!implemented!at!the!landscape!scale.!This!project! provided!a!forum!where!agencies!and!communities!collaborated!to!identify!both!priority!climate!risks! and!measures!to!address!those!risks!in!a!specific!region!of!the!state.!!The!premise!of!this!project!wias! that!collaboration,!coordination,!and!alignment!of!all!the!efforts!by!different!actors!into!a!regional! adaptation!strategy!will!result!in!more!effective!adaptation!measures!at!the!federal,!state!and!local! level.!!! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%30% Comment'[AK89]:'Provide!references?! Comment'[AK90]:'Which!project?! In!July!2014,!the!Oregon!Department!of!Land!Conservation!and!Development!convened!federal!and! state!agencies!and!local!governments!to!collaborate!in!the!design!and!development!of!a!regional!climate! change!adaptation!strategy!for!Clatsop!and!Tillamook!Counties.!DLCD!completed!the!document!in! February!2015!entitled!“Regional!Framework!for!Climate!Adaptation:!Clatsop!and!Tillamook!Counties”! (Weber!2015).!The!purpose!of!the!project!is!to!align!authorities!and!develop!objectives!and!priorities!for! climate!adaptation/community!resilience!at!the!landscape!scale,!selecting!Tillamook!and!Clatsop! Counties!on!the!North!Coast!for!the!first!regional!planning!effort.! ! The!Regional!Framework!describes!likely!future!climate!conditions!as!the!foundation!for!adaptation!and! resilience!planning.!It!includes!collaborativelyKdeveloped!goals!and!objectives!(desired!future! conditions);!priorities!for!investments!in!adaptation;!and!changes!needed!in!policies,!programs,! incentives!or!regulations.!The!Regional!Framework!provides!the!foundation!for!local!measures!to! address!climate!change!and!improve!community!resilience.!!! ! The!US!EPA!has!also!developed!a!“Climate!Ready!Water!Utilities!Toolbox”!to!provide!access!to! resources!containing!climateKrelated!information!relevant!to!the!water!sector!(US!EPA!2015).!The! Toolbox!contains!resources!organized!into!categories!to!help!guide!the!user!to!the!most!relevant! information.!Hundreds!of!additional!resources!in!the!Toolbox!can!be!searched!by!geographic!region,! water!utility!type!and!size,!water!resources,!climate!change!impact,!and!climate!change!response! strategies.!!EPA!will!update!the!resources!frequently!to!provide!the!most!current!water!sector!climate! change!information!! ! The!US!Climate!Resilience!Toolkit!is!now!available!online!to!help!interested!citizens,!communities,! businesses,!resource!managers,!planners,!and!policy!leaders!at!all!levels!of!government!manage!their! climateKrelated!risks!and!opportunities,!and!improve!their!resilience!to!extreme!events.!This!initial! toolkit!was!developed!by!a!partnership!of!Federal!agencies!and!organizations!led!by!NOAA,!response!to! the!President’s!Climate!Action!Plan!and!Executive!Order!13653!–!Preparing!the!United!States!for!the! Impacts!of!Climate!Change.!!The!toolkit!is!comprised!of!a!five!step!process!that!users!can!follow!to! initiate,!plan,!and!implement!projects!to!become!more!resilient!to!climateKrelated!hazards,!as!well!as! case!studies,!a!catalog!of!resources,!maps,!and!more.!The!initial!emphasis!of!the!toolkit!is!on!providing! Federal!government!information!and!decision!support!resources!to!help!the!nation!address!challenges! in!the!areas!of!coastal!flood!risk!and!food!resilience.!The!toolkit!is!expected!to!expand!over!time!to! include!information!from!state!and!local!governments,!businesses,!academia,!and!NGO’s;!and!address! other!topics!such!as!human!health,!ecosystem!vulnerability,!water!resources,!energy!supply!and! infrastructure.!The!listings!below!can!provide!a!starting!point!for!climate!change!analysis.!! General!information!on!climate!change!can!be!found!at:! http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html!! http://cpo.noaa.gov/Home/SiteNav.aspx! ! Included!in!the!Climate!Resilience!Toolkit!is!the!Climate!Resilience!Evaluation!and!Awareness!Tool! (CREAT).!This!tool!allows!utilities!to!explore!the!costs!and!benefits!of!extreme!event!preparation!and! climate!change!adaptation!strategies!from!doing!nothing!to!making!changes!to!infrastructure!to! watershed!and!ecological!management.!The!tool!is!built!so!that!it!can!be!uniquely!tailored!to!a!utility’s! particular!assets!and!the!threats!that!it!faces.!There!are!helpful!default!settings,!and!most!of!the!needed! information!can!also!be!customized!based!on!local!knowledge.!Through!exploring!different!scenarios,!a! utility!can!estimate!capital!costs!of!different!adaptation!actions!and!get!monetary!estimates!of!the! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%31% reduced!risk!to!the!utility!if!it!takes!measures!to!adapt!to!our!changing!climate!and!more!frequent! extreme!weather!events,!compared!to!a!businessKasKusual!approach.!A!wide!variety!of!adaptive! measures!are!included!in!the!tool!along!with!estimates!of!their!benefits.!In!addition,!the!difference! between!the!historic!climate!scenario!and!future!climate!scenarios!can!be!explored!and!shown! graphically!to!communicate!the!benefits!of!implementing!changes!to!operations,!infrastructure,!and! land!management.!Drinking!water!protection!staff!at!DEQ!can!help!water!utilities!understand!and!utilize! CREAT.!Information!on!CREAT!and!the!tool!itself!can!be!found!here:! http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/climate/creat.cfm!.!!! ! ! Modeled!simulations!of!global!climate!change!effects!can!be!at!global,!regional,!and!subKregional! scales.!!The!following!information!identifies!several!models!that!can!be!helpful!in!beginning!research!on! climate!change!effects.!Oregon!DEQ!is!available!to!assist!public!water!systems!in!exploring!climate! change!impacts!as!they!prepare!for!possible!climate!change!affects!on!their!water!sources.!Because! many!climate!change!modeling!exercises!are!conducted!at!a!regional!scale,!it!can!be!challenging!to!find! a!scale!more!appropriate!for!local!areas.!USGS!has!developed!a!National!Climate!Change!Viewer!which! mathematically!scales!down!climate!change!model!results!from!regional!to!subKregional!scale!to!provide! better!resolution.!!!The!data!is!a!compilation!of!results!from!over!30!climate!models.!Data!is!available!at! the!county!level!in!the!model.!!To!assist!in!using!the!onKline!model,!a!tutorial!is!available!at:!! http://www.usgs.gov/climate_landuse/clu_rd/apps/nccv_documentation_v1.pdf!!! To!use!the!model!follow!this!link:! http://www.usgs.gov/climate_landuse/clu_rd/apps/nccv_viewer.asp!! Changes!in!precipitation!may!be!either!rain!or!snowfall.!!!Temporal!changes!in!the!rainfall!could!affect! water!supplies.!!!Rainfall!patterns!may!change.!!Snowfall!may!be!reduced!leading!to!lower!snow!pack! water!available!during!the!drier!seasons.!!Data!sets!can!be!found!at:!! ! http://gis.ucar.edu/data/climate! ! Like!precipitation!changes,!temperature!variation!may!occur.!!Higher!temperatures!mean!less!time!for! precipitation!to!be!absorbed,!or!enter!the!soil,!more!evaporative!loss!from!upper!soils!layers,!and! greater!evapotranspiration!from!plant!life.!!These!processes!also!affect!water!availability.!!Data!sets!can! be!found!at:!!http://gis.ucar.edu/data/climate! ! The!National!Center!for!Atmospheric!Research!(NCAR)!“Climate!Inspector”!web!tool!can!help!visualize! potential!changes!in!temperature!and!precipitation!in!Oregon.!!!Access!to!the!tool!is!at:!! ! https://gisclimatechange.ucar.edu/inspector!! ! Coastal!inundation!would!not!only!displace!people!from!homes!and!property!but!could!affect! groundwater!sources!located!in!aquifers!found!in!sandy!or!otherwise!porous!soils!along!the!coast.!These! groundwater!sources!would!be!placed!at!risk!due!to!saltwater!intrusion!and!potential!contamination! from!ocean!waters.!!In!addition,!surface!water!intakes!along!the!coast!and!within!the!modeled! inundation!area!and!height!could!become!unusable.!!A!useful!tool!can!be!found!at:! http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgsKmapKserviceKcoastalKvulnerabilityKtoKseaKlevelKrise! ! Climate!Solutions!University!is!a!training!program!to!prepare!your!community!for!climate!adaptation.! Smart!planning!protects!citizens!from!floods!and!drought,!conserves!water!resources,!preserves! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%32% watershed!health,!stabilizes!microclimates,!maintains!species!habitat,!preserves!the!economy,!and! ensures!community!climate!resilience.!!Climate!Solutions!University,!Forest!&!Water!Strategies!is!a!twoK step!program,!where!you!create!and!implement!a!climate!adaptation!plan!for!your!community.!They!can! help!you!raise!the!funds!to!participate.!They!accept!applications!on!an!annual!basis.! http://www.mfpp.org/csu/! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%33% ! FUNDS!AND!RESOURCES! ! There!are!a!variety!of!sources!for!grants!and!loans!to!fund!drinking!water!infrastructure!and!source! protection!projects.!This!section!will!provide!brief!descriptions!and!contact!information!for!more! prominent!funding!sources,!as!well!as!sources!of!free!or!lowKcost!technical!assistance.!!Appendix!5!will! list!other!websites!and!resources!available!to!public!water!system!and!community!members!seeking!to! work!on!watershed!protection.! ! Oregon!Health!Authority!(OHA)!! Drinking!Water!Services!! Phone:!971K673K0405!! Website:!www.healthoregon.org/dwp!! !! Note!that!for!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act!funds,!the!Infrastructure!Finance!Authority!provides!the!financial! services!for!OHA:! Business!Oregon!! Infrastructure!Finance!Authority!(IFA)! Phone:!503K986K0123!! Website:!www.orinfrastructure.org! ! Drinking!Water!State!Revolving!Fund!(DWSRF)! From!the!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act,!there!are!several!types!of!funding!available!for!eligible!protection! projects.!Loans!are!available!from!OHA!through!the!Infrastructure!Finance!Authority.!Drinking!water! system!projects!must!resolve!a!health!hazard!or!nonKcompliance!issue.!Eligible!activities!include! planning,!engineering,!design,!construction,!property!acquisition,!system!purchases,! consolidation/regionalization,!environmental!review,!legal!costs,!and!security.!!Any!public!and!privatelyK! owned!Community!&!Nonprofit!NonKCommunity!water!systems!are!eligible,!except!federallyKowned! systems.!! •! Maximum!$6!million,!$8!million!with!Drinking!Water!Advisory!Committee!approval!! •! Interest!rate!fluctuates!quarterly!(set!at!60K80%!of!state/local!bond!rate)!! •! 20Kyear!term!maximum!! •! Disadvantaged!community!eligible!for!a!30Kyear!term!! •! Principle!forgiveness!possible!! Submit!letter!of!interest!anytime;!OHA!conducts!quarterly!review!and!ranking.!Call!Oregon!OHA!Drinking! Water!Services!at!971K673K0422!or!go!to!the!OHA!website:!www.healthoregon.org/srf! or!contact!IFA!at!503K986K0123;!!www.orinfrastructure.org! ! Drinking!Water!Source!Protection!Fund!(DWSPF)!! From!the!Safe!Drinking!Water!Act,!loans!and!grants!are!also!available!for!drinking!water!protection! projects:!low!interest!loans!up!to!a!maximum!of!$100,000!per!project,!and!grant!funds!up!to!$30,000! per!water!system.!Eligible!systems!include!any!public!and!privatelyKowned!Community!and!Nonprofit! NonKCommunity!water!systems!with!a!completed!Source!Water!Assessment!are!able!to!demonstrate!a! direct!link!between!the!proposed!project!and!maintaining!or!improving!drinking!water!quality.!!Eligible! activities!include!those!that!lead!to!risk!reduction!within!the!delineated!source!water!area!or!would! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%34% Comment'[AK91]:'Could!this!be!more!clearly!defined?! contribute!to!a!reduction!in!contaminant!concentration!within!the!drinking!water!source.!!Projects!can! take!either!a!local!or!regional!approach.!!Local!projects!are!defined!as!activities!that!concentrate!on!a! public!water!system’s!source!area(s).!!Regional!projects!are!defined!as!activities!that!involve!multiple! communities!and/or!water!systems!attempting!to!address!a!common!source!water!issue!or!group!of! issues.! ! The!categories!for!eligible!projects!for!DW!Source!Protection!funding!include!the!following:! " Refined"Delineation!OHA!and!DEQ!have!completed!delineations!for!most!drinking!water!source!areas! (DWSA)!for!the!community!and!nonKcommunity!public!water!systems.!!DWSAs!include!aquifer!recharge! areas!for!groundwater!sources!and!watershed!areas!for!surface!sources.!!DW!Source!Protection!funding! can!be!used!to!complete,!update,!or!refine!DWSA!delineations!using!new!or!additional!siteKspecific! information!as!part!of!a!more!comprehensive!protection!strategy.! Updated"Assessment! Inventory"–!Projects!that!improve!upon!existing!potential!contaminant!source!inventories! available!from!the!DEQ!database,!Geographic!Information!System,!and!Assessment!Reports! prepared!by!OHA/DEQ.!!A!project!could!involve!expanding!or!updating!the!inventory!of!land! uses!or!existing!and!potential!point!and!nonKpoint!contaminant!sources.! Evaluation!–!Projects!establishing!a!water!quality!monitoring!project!to!evaluate!existing!and! potential!threats!to!water!quality.!!This!could!include!evaluating!and!prioritizing!potential! threats!(or!protection!activities)!based!upon!new!or!more!detailed!information.! "Source"Protection"Planning" Projects!designed!to!identify!appropriate!protection!measures,!including!development!of!a! comprehensive!DW!Source!Protection!plan,!educational!projects,!projects!to!identify!and!ensure! implementation!of!Best!Management!Practices!(BMPs),!development!of!local!DW!Source!Protection! ordinances,!development!of!restoration!or!conservation!plans!for!the!source!area!for!future!easement! or!land!acquisition.! Implementation! Funds!can!be!used!to!implement!many!types!of!protection!strategies!in!drinking!water!source!areas.!! This!can!include!implementation!of!any!eligible!activities!that!will!reduce!risks!within!the!source!water! area!or!would!contribute!to!a!reduction!of!contaminant!concentration!within!the!drinking!water! source(s).! Examples!of!the!types!of!projects!that!can!be!funded!include:! •! Implementing!drugKtakeKback!projects!in!source!areas! •! Projects!for!reducing!pesticide!application!rates!and!loadings!in!source!area! •! Implementing!pesticide!and!household!hazardous!waste!collection!events! •! Closure!of!highKrisk!abandoned!or!unused!(private!or!irrigation)!wells!close!to!supply!well! •! Projects!for!reforestation!or!replanting!in!sensitive!or!riparian!areas! •! Installation!of!fencing!to!protect!sensitive!riparian!source!areas! •! Installation!of!signs!at!boundaries!of!zones!or!protection!areas! •! Projects!for!assessing!risks!from!onsite!systems!near!supply!wells,!inspections,!pumpKouts,!or! decommissioning!onsite!systems.!! •! Secondary!containment!for!highKrisk!ABOVE!ground!tanks! •! Focused!workshop!events!for!household/business!instruction!for!changing!to!alternative! nonhazardous!product!usage!(“green!chemical”!products)! •! Seismic!spill!prevention!or!inspection!project!in!proximate!areas!for!highKrisk!sources! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%35% Comment'[AK92]:'The!introduction!states!that!they!were!all! completed!by!2005.! Comment'[AK93]:'These!examples!are!really!helpful! •! Permanent!abandonment!(i.e.!filling!in)!of!inadequately!constructed!private!wells!within!the! source!area! •! Installation!of!fencing!around!the!immediate!intake!or!well!area!to!provide!protection! •! Structures!to!divert!contaminated!stormwater!runoff!!affecting!the!source!area! •! Set!up!ecosystem!services!(or!similar)!project!in!watershed!to!fund!preservation!areas! •! Implementation!of!pollution!prevention!or!waste!reduction!projects! •! Restoration!and/or!conservation!projects!within!the!drinking!water!source!area! •! Implementation!of!water!reuse!and!other!conservation!measures!related!to!source!protection! •! Implementation!of!best!management!practice!projects! •! Implementation!of!conservation!easements!to!protect!sensitive!source!areas! •! Implementation!of!a!drinking!water!source!protection!ordinance! •! Establishing!management!plans!for!easements!or!lands!purchased!within!source!areas! •! Development!of!educational!flyers/brochures!for!purposes!of!public!education! •! Purchase!of!lands!within!the!drinking!water!source!area!(funded!only!via!low!interest!loans)! ! Any!Public!and!Privately@owned!Community!and!Nonprofit!Non@Community!water!systems!with!a! completed!Source!Water!Assessment!are!eligible!for!funds.!!A!“community!water!system”!is!defined!as!a! public!water!system!that!has!15!or!more!service!connections!used!by!yearKround!residents,!or!which! regularly!serves!25!or!more!yearKround!residents.!!This!includes!water!systems!that!are!owned!privately,! by!nonKprofit!or!public!entities!such!as!a!city,!district,!or!port.!!A!“nonprofit!nonKcommunity!water! system”!is!a!public!water!system!that!is!not!a!community!water!system!and!that!regularly!serves!at!least! 25!people!(more!than!6!months!per!year)!and!is!legally!recognized!under!Oregon!law!as!a!nonprofit! entity.! Check!with!OHA!on!the!letter!of!interest!submittal!schedule.!Call!Oregon!OHA!Drinking!Water!Services!at! 971K673K0422!or!go!to!the!OHA!website:!www.healthoregon.org/srf! or!contact!IFA!at!503K986K0123;!!www.orinfrastructure.org! ! Oregon!Department!of!Environmental!Quality!(DEQ)!! Clean!Water!State!Revolving!Fund!! 503K229K6412!! Website:!www.deq.state.or.us/wq/loans/loans.htm! ! Clean!Water!State!Revolving!Fund!(CWSRF)! For!publiclyKowned!wastewater!treatment!facility!projects,!loans!are!available!for!planning,!design,!and! construction!projects.!Eligible!applicants!include:!Indian!tribal!governments,!cities,!counties,!sanitary! districts,!soil!and!water!conservation!districts,!irrigation!districts,!various!special!districts!and!certain! intergovernmental!entities.!CWSRF!loan!guidelines!include:! •! Up!to!20Kyear!term!! •! Substantially!discounted!interest!depending!on!loan!type!! •! Annual!loan!fee!of!0.5%!of!the!outstanding!balance!(planning!loans!exempt!from!this!fee)!! •! Possible!principle!forgiveness!! Applications!are!accepted!year!round!with!scheduled!review!and!ranking!in!the!first!week!of!January,! May!and!September.!Contact!the!Oregon!Department!of!Environmental!Quality!(DEQ);!for!a!list!of! officers,!go!to!www.deq.state.or.us/wq/loans/loans.htm! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%36% CWSRF!Pollution!Reduction!Funding! The!Clean!Water!State!Revolving!Fund!loan!program!provides!lowKcost!loans!to!public!agencies!for!the! planning,!design!or!construction!of!various!projects!that!prevent!or!mitigate!water!pollution.!Loans!are! available!for!emergencies,!urgent!repair!and!local!community!projects!that!address!water!pollution! (including!nonKpoint!sources!of!pollution).!CWSRF!loans!can!have!substantially!discounted!interest! depending!on!the!loan!type!and!there!may!also!be!an!opportunity!for!principle!forgiveness.!Public! agencies!(including!municipalities,!counties,!and!soil!and!water!conservation!districts)!may!consider!the! “Sponsorship!Option”,!“Nonpoint!Source!Project”,!or!“Local!Community!Loan”!to!address!local!water! pollution!within!their!jurisdiction.!! ! The!Sponsorship!Option!is!a!financing!mechanism!that!allows!a!public!agency!with!the!authority!to! finance!and!implement!a!wastewater!facility!project!and!an!eligible!nonpoint!source!control!or!estuary! management!activity!through!one!CWSRF!loan!with!a!discounted!loan!interest!rate!which!can!result!in!a! financial!incentive!that!benefits!ratepayers!while!accomplishing!a!nonpoint!source!control!activity.!!For! example,!sponsorship!option!projects!can!include!protection!or!restoration!of!riparian!(streamside)! habitat,!establishing!conservation!easements!or!acquiring!riparian!lands!or!wetlands.!!!The!public!agency! can!enter!into!an!agreement!with!a!partner!(like!a!local!government,!nonKgovernmental!organization!or! private!entity)!who!implements!the!pollution!control!activity.!!!! ! Public!agencies!may!also!consider!a!Local!Community!Loan!Program!using!DEQ’s!CWSRF!funding!to! establish!their!own!local!loan!program!to!address!local!water!pollution!within!their!jurisdiction!by! making!local!loans!to!citizens!or!other!constituents!to!address!specific!types!of!local!water!pollution!or! protection.!The!advantage!to!this!approach!is!that!it!provides!financial!resources!to!public!agencies!that! they!might!not!otherwise!have!to!assist!citizens!with!local!sources!of!water!pollution.!For!example,!this! approach!has!been!used!in!the!Clackamas!River!watershed!to!address!manure!management,!irrigation! efficiency!and!other!rural!landowner!issues!with!the!next!phase!potentially!addressing!rural!septic! system!assistance!and!repair.!! ! Planning!loans!and!nonKpoint!source!loans!can!also!be!used!to!enhance!or!protect!water!quality.!!! Planning!loans!can!be!used!toward!the!costs!of!monitoring,!data!collection,!evaluation,!analysis,!security! evaluations,!report!preparation,!environmental!review,!public!education,!review!process,!and!any!other! activity!leading!to!a!written!plan!for!the!project.!NonKpoint!source!loans!can!be!used!to!implement! various!projects.!!! ! More!information!on!DEQ’s!Clean!Water!State!Revolving!Fund!program!can!be!found!here:!! http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/loans/loans.htm.!!For!specific!information!on!the!Sponsorship!Option,! Planning!Loans,!Nonpoint!Source!Loans,!or!Local!Community!Loans,!see!!! http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/loans/apps.htm.!!!The!application!requirements!for!CWSRF!loans!may! take!significant!leadKtime!to!develop!and!may!require!outKofKpocket!expense!to!prepare.!Prospective! CWSRF!applicants!should!discuss!any!questions!about!the!required!content!of!these!items!with!their! DEQ!CWSRF!Project!Officer!at!the!earliest!opportunity! (http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/loans/contacts.htm)! ! Supplemental!Environmental!Projects!(SEPs)! Supplemental!Environmental!Projects!are!administered!by!DEQ’s!Office!of!Compliance!and!Enforcement.!! When!DEQ!assesses!civil!penalties!for!environmental!law!violations,!violators!can!offset!up!to!80%!of! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%37% their!monetary!penalty!by!agreeing!to!pay!for!a!Supplemental!Environmental!Project!that!improves! Oregon’s!environment.!SEPs!can!be!for!pollution!prevention!or!reduction,!public!health!protection,! environmental!restoration!and!protection!as!long!as!it!is!a!project!that!the!respondent!is!not!already! required!to!do!by!law!or!where!the!project!would!be!financially!selfKserving!for!the!respondent.!The! work!can!be!completed!by!a!thirdKparty!like!a!local!government,!watershed!council,!nonKprofit!or!private! entity.!Coastal!PWSs!can!develop!a!“SEP!Application”!with!general!information!that!OCE!can!distribute! to!respondents.!Community!organizations!with!proposed!projects!are!also!free!to!contact!respondents! on!their!own!initiative.!The!enforcement!case!does!not!necessarily!have!to!be!in!the!same!area! (watershed/county,!etc.)!as!the!environmental!project!or!even!address!the!same!media!(i.e.! air/water/land).!Interested!parties!can!sign!up!for!DEQ’s!public!notifications!via!email!at! http://www.oregon.gov/deq/Pages/publicnotice.aspx!K!when!signing!up,!select!types!of!information! (select!“enforcement!actions”)!and!which!counties!or!subbasins!are!of!interest.!! ! Oregon!Watershed!Enhancement!Board!(OWEB)! 775!Summer!St.!NE!Suite!360!! Salem,!OR!97301!! Phone:!(503)!986K0178!! Website:!www.oregon.gov/OWEB! The!Oregon!Watershed!Enhancement!Board!(OWEB)!is!a!state!agency!that!provides!grants!to!help! Oregonians!take!care!of!local!streams,!rivers,!wetlands!and!natural!areas.!Community!members!and! landowners!use!scientific!criteria!to!decide!jointly!what!needs!to!be!done!to!conserve!and!improve!rivers! and!natural!habitat!in!the!places!where!they!live.!OWEB!grants!are!funded!from!the!Oregon!Lottery,! federal!dollars,!and!salmon!license!plate!revenue.!The!agency!is!led!by!a!17!member!citizen!board!drawn! from!the!public!at!large,!tribes,!and!federal!and!state!natural!resource!agency!boards!and!commissions.! OWEB!provides!grants!to!projects!that!contribute!to!the!Oregon!Plan!for!Salmon!and!Watersheds!and! the!Oregon!Conservation!Strategy!by!protecting,!restoring!and!improving!clean!water!and!fish!and! wildlife!habitat.!See!the!OWEB!website!for!more!information!on!grants:! http://www.oregon.gov/OWEB/GRANTS/pages/index.aspx! ! Oregon!Department!of!Forestry!(ODF)! Formatted:!Font:Bold Salem!Headquarters!! 2600!State!Street!! Salem,!Oregon!97310!! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/pages/offices.aspx! ! The!Oregon!Department!of!Forestry!manages!and!regulates!activities!on!nonKfederal!forestland!in! Oregon.!!There!are!three!main!divisions!under!ODF,!Fire!Protection,!Private!Forests,!and!State!Forests.!! The!Private!Forests!Division!administers!the!Forest!Practices!Act!and!various!forestry!incentive!programs! and!employs!the!use!of!about!50!Stewardship!Foresters!who!work!closely!with!landowners!and! operators!The!State!Forests!Division!is!responsible!for!forest!management!to!provide!economic,! environmental,!and!social!benefits!to!Oregonians.!!! ! Financial!incentive!programs!are!aimed!at!encouraging!and!assisting!landowners!in!managing!their! resources!and!meeting!their!objectives.!Typical!forestry!projects!can!be!aimed!at!protecting!the! landowner's!resources/investment!from!fire!or!insect!and!disease!infestation,!to!increasing!its! monetary!and!environmental!value!in!the!future.!! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%38% Deleted:' ! Community!Forest!Program! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/incentivescfp.aspx! Through!the!Community!Forest!and!Open!Space!Conservation!Program!(Community!Forest!Program!or! CFP),!financial!assistance!grants!are!available!to!local!governments,!Indian!tribes,!and!qualified!nonprofit! organizations!to!establish!community!forests!and!sustainably!manage!them!for!many!public!benefits,! including!recreation,!income,!wildlife!habitat,!stewardship!demonstration!sites,!and!environmental! education.! ! Conservation!Reserve!Enhancement!Program! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/incentivescfp.aspx! Encourage!landowners!to!protect!soil,!water,!fish,!and!wildlife!by!establishing!plants!along!streams.!! ! Conservation!Stewardship!Program! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/incentivescfp.aspx! To!help!landowners!and!operators!maintain!existing!stewardship!and!adopt!additional!conservation!on! privately!owned,!non@industrial!working!forests!and!agricultural!lands.!! ! Environmental!Quality!Incentives!Program!(EQIP)! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/incentivescfp.aspx! Encourage!landowners!to!implement!management!practices!to!conserve!soil,!water,!and!related!natural! resources!on!working!lands.!!!! ! Forest!Legacy!Program! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/forestlegacy.aspx! The!goal!of!the!program!is!to!maintain!working!forests!that!conserve!important!commodity!as!well!as! nonKcommodity!forest!resources!and!conservation!values!including!water!flows!and!quality;!fish!and! wildlife!habitat!(especially!for!threatened!and!endangered!species);!stores!of!carbon;!and!biodiversity.!In! addition,!the!Forest!Legacy!Program!promotes!stewardship!and!sustainable!management!of!private! forest!lands.!! ! Forest!Stewardship!Program! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/incentivesfsp.aspx! Oregon’s!Forest!Management!Planning!System!recognizes!that!forest!management!planning!is!a!journey! –!Pathways!to!Stewardship!KK!involving!several!distinct!steps.!!A!landowner’s!initial!interest!in!their! property!may!be!wanting!to!take!on!a!specific!project!or!action!that!is!pressing!–!such!as!reducing! hazardous!wildfire!fuels!or!combating!an!invasive!weed.!!Landowner!assistance!organizations!and! agencies!usually!first!cross!paths!through!outreach!efforts!defined!around!mutual!interests!or!resource! concerns.!!Landowners!who!are!just!beginning!the!management!planning!process!begin!a!more!formal! journey!by!taking!the!Woodland!Discovery!step.!!Woodland!Discovery!consists!of!gathering!basic! property!information!and!solidifying!management!goals.!!The!remaining!steps!to!completing!your!forest! management!plan!organize!the!planning!elements!into!specific!management!planning!modules:!!soil!and! water,!forest!vegetation,!fish!and!wildlife,!access!and!protection,!scenery!and!enjoyment!and!tax!and! business.!!Every!step!completed!along!the!way!results!in!the!identification!of!specific!actions!that!you! can!take!to!improve!conditions!of!your!forestland!or!otherwise!meet!your!goals!in!owning!forestland.! Completion!of!your!forest!management!plan!opens!up!formal!types!of!engagement!such!as!forest! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%39% Formatted:!Font:Bold Formatted:!Font:Bold certification!and!the!enrollment!of!lands!into!specialized!conservation!programs!that!define!a!longKterm! commitment!to!sustainable!forestry.!! ! Healthy!Forests!Reserve!Program!(HFRP)! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/incentiveshfrp.aspx! Restore!and!enhance!ecosystems!and!habitat!for!threatened!and!endangered!species!while!promoting! sustainable!timber!harvests!on!working!forest!lands.!!! ! Wetlands!Reserve!Program!(WRP)! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/incentiveswrp.aspx! Restore,!protect!and!enhance!wetland!functions!and!values!on!private!property.!!! ! Wildlife!Habitat!Incentive!Program!(WHIP)! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/privateforests/pages/incentiveswhip.aspx! Establish!and!improve!fish!and!wildlife!habitat!on!private!lands.!!! !!! ! ! Oregon!Sea!Grant!(OSG)! Oregon!State!University! Corvallis,!Oregon! Phone!541K737K2714! http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/! ! Oregon!Sea!Grant!serves!Oregon!coastal!communities!through!integrated!research,!education!and! public!engagement!on!ocean!and!coastal!issues.!Based!at!Oregon!State!University,!OSG!is!part!of!the! national!network!of!NOAA!Sea!Grant!College!Programs,!dedicated!to!promoting!environmental! stewardship,!longKterm!economic!development!and!responsible!use!of!America’s!coastal,!ocean!and! Great!Lakes!resources.!OSG!targets!research!on!better!defining!the!relationships!between!the!many! pressures!that!can!degrade!water!quality:!climate!change,!upland!and!coastal!land!use,!fish!and!habitat! restoration!efforts,!aquatic!invasive!species.!OSG!works!with!groups!whose!interests!sometimes!come!in! conflict!K!landowners,!outdoor!recreationists,!farmers!and!woodland!managers,!local!government,!the! general!public!K!to!seek!solutions!that!will!help!sustain!healthy!watersheds!and!our!precious!water! resources.!OSG!focuses!on!the!question!of!resilience!K!the!ability!to!plan,!adapt!and!rebound!in!the!face! of!change!by!supporting!physical!and!social!science!research!aimed!at!better!understanding!ocean!and! coastal!processes!and!the!socioKeconomic!barriers!to!hazard!and!climate!change!preparation.! http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/coastalKhazardsKandKclimateKchange! ! OSG!and!OSU!Extension!produce!textbooks!and!other!publications!on!such!topics!as!conservationK friendly!gardening,!sustainable!living!and!lowKimpact!development.!OSG!also!partners!with!the!Oregon! State!Marine!Board!to!develop!the!Clean!Vessel!Act!(CVA)!Education!Initiative.!Funded!by!the!Clean! Vessel!Act!of!1992,!the!goal!of!the!CVA!Education!Initiative!is!to!improve!boaters’!awareness,! accessibility!and!use!of!sewage!pumpKouts,!dump!stations,!and!floating!toilets.!Publications!and! resources!available!from!OSG!about!watershed!health!can!be!found!here:! http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sgpubs/collection/watershedsKandKwetlands! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%40% Deleted:'Provide!input!from!Cathcart!on!funding!sources.!! Description!of!SF!duties. Every!two!years,!OSG!awards!approximately!$2!million!in!research!grants!addressing!community! preparedness!for!climate!change,!watershed!health,!other!urgent!or!emerging!regional!needs!with!high! relevance!to!coastal!communities.!For!more!information!on!grants,!see:! http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/research! ! Department!of!Agriculture!\!Natural!Resources!Program!! 635!Capitol!St.!NE! Salem,!OR!97301K2532! Phone:!503!986K4700! http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/NaturalResources! The!Oregon!Department!of!Agriculture!(ODA)!is!responsible!for!developing!plans!to!prevent!and!control! water!pollution!from!agricultural!activities!and!soil!erosion!on!rural!lands.!ODA’s!Natural!Resources! Program!aims!to!conserve,!protect,!and!develop!natural!resources!on!public!and!private!lands!in!order! to!ensure!that!agriculture!will!continue!to!be!productive!and!economically!viable!in!Oregon.!Natural! Resources!Programs!work!to!do!the!following:! •! Address!water!quality!and!natural!resource!conservation!on!agricultural!lands! •! Protect!Oregon’s!environment!and!public!health!by!ensuring!the!proper!and!legal!sale,!use,!and! distribution!of!pesticide!products! •! Assist!local!soil!and!water!conservation!districts!as!they!help!landowners!properly!manage! Oregon’s!natural!resources! More!information!on!the!Agricultural!Plan!Areas!and!Regulations!can!be!found!at:! http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/NaturalResources/Pages/AgWaterQuality.aspx! The!local!ODA!Water!Quality!Specialist!for!coastal!drinking!water!source!areas!can!be!found!at:! http://oregon.gov/ODA/programs/NaturalResources/Pages/AgWaterQuality.aspx! ! Department!of!Agriculture!\!Soil!and!Water!Conservation!Districts! http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/SWCD/! SWCD!Program!and!Water!Quality!Program!Manager:!!John!Byers,!503!986K4718! The!Soil!and!Water!Conservation!District!(SWCD)!Program!provides!services!to!the!45!Soil!and!Water! Conservation!Districts!throughout!Oregon.!The!Districts!that!provide!services!to!the!coastal!watersheds! include:!! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%41% Clatsop!SWCD! Phone:!503!325K4571! Email:!office@clatsopswcd.org! Web:!www.clatsopswcd.org! ! Coos!SWCD! Phone:!541!396K6879! Email:!info@coosswcd.org! Web:!www.coosswcd.org! ! Curry!County!SWCD! Phone:!541!247K2755!ext.!0#! Email:!liesl.coleman@currywatersheds.org! Web:!www.currywatersheds.org! ! Lincoln!SWCD! Phone:!541!265K2631! Email:!info@lincolnswcd.org! Web:!www.lincolnswcd.org! ! Siuslaw!SWCD! Phone:!541!997K1272! Email:!siuswcd@qwestoffice.net! Web:!www.siuswcd.com! ! Tillamook!County!SWCD! Phone:!503!842K2240!ext.!114! Email:!ray.monroe@or.nacdnet.net! ! Umpqua!SWCD! Phone:!541!662K1341! Email:!rhonda@umpquasoilandwater.com! Website:!www.umpquasoilandwater.com! ! U.S.!Environmental!Protection!Agency! Catalog!of!Federal!Funding!Sources!for!Watershed!Protection! This!is!an!online,!free!searchable!database!of!financial!assistance!sources!(grants,!loans,!costKsharing)! available!to!fund!a!variety!of!watershed!protection!projects.! https://ofmpub.epa.gov/apex/watershedfunding/f?p=fedfund:1! ! U.S.!Environmental!Protection!Agency! Community!Action!for!a!Renewed!Environment!(CARE)!Grants! Eligible!Projects! Prevention!of!human!exposure!to!harmful!pollution;!improve!water!quality.!Form!communityKbased! collaborative!partnerships;!identifying!and!developing!an!understanding!of!the!many!local!sources!of! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%42% risk!from!toxic!pollutants!and!environmental!concerns;!and!setting!priorities!for!the!reduction!of!the! identified!risks!and!concerns!of!the!community! Eligible!Applicants! Local,!public!nonKprofit!institution/organizations,!federallyKrecognized!Indian!tribal!government,!Native! American!organizations,!private!nonKprofit!institution/organization,!quasiKpublic!nonprofit! institution/organization!both!interstate!and!intrastate,!local!government,!colleges,!and!universities! CARE!Request!for!Proposal!will!not!be!issued!in!2013! Funding!Available! Level!1:!$75,000!to!a!maximum!of!$100,000,!with!an!average!project!funding!of!about!$90,000! How!To!Apply! www.epa.gov/care! ! U.S.!Environmental!Protection!Agency! Cooperative!Watershed!Management!Program! Eligible!Projects! Improve!water!quality;!improve!ecological!resiliency!of!a!river!or!stream;!and!to!reduce!conflicts!over! water!at!the!watershed!level!by!supporting!the!formation!of!watershed!groups!to!develop!local! solutions!to!address!water!management!issues! Eligible!Applicants! States,!Indian!tribes,!local!and!special!districts!(e.g.,!irrigation!and!water!districts,!county!soil! conservation!districts,!etc.),!local!governmental!entities,!interstate!organizations,!and!nonKprofit! organizations.!To!be!eligible,!applicants!must!also!meet!all!of!the!following!requirements:!(1)! Significantly!affect!or!be!affected!by!the!quality!or!quantity!of!water!in!a!watershed;!(2)!Be!capable!of! promoting!the!sustainable!use!of!water!resources;!(3)!Be!located!in!the!western!United!States! specifically:!Arizona,!California,!Colorado,!Idaho,!Kansas,!Montana,!Nebraska,!Nevada,!New!Mexico,! North!Dakota,!Oklahoma,!Oregon,!South!Dakota,!Texas,!Utah,!Washington.! Funding!Available! Funding!level:!$22,000K$100,000!Match:!NonKfederal!cost!share!is!not!required.!A!schedule!for!Fiscal! Year!2014!funding!opportunity!is!currently!under!development.! How!To!Apply! http://www.usbr.gov/WaterSMART/cwmp/index.html! ! U!U.S.!Environmental!Protection!Agency!\!Region!10!! Environmental!Finance!Center!\!Boise!State!University! Free!technical!assistance!is!available!through!EPA’s!Environmental!Finance!Centers.!Boise!State! University!is!the!site!of!the!Environmental!Finance!Center!for!US!EPA!Region!10.!Their! mission!is!to!provide!help!to!those!facing!the!“how!to!pay”!challenges!of!environmental!protection.!EFCK! 10!is!committed!to!helping!the!regulated!community!build!and!improve!the!technical,!managerial,!and! financial!capabilities!needed!to!comply!with!federal!and!state!environmental!protection!laws.! http://efc.boisestate.edu! ! ! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%43% U.S.!Department!of!Commerce! Community!Development!Block!Grant!Planning!Program! Region!10!HUD! Seattle!Regional!Office!! Phone:!(206)!220K5101! http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/states/washington/offices! http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_planning/communitydevel opment/programs! Eligible!Projects! ~!Comprehensive!plans! ~!Infrastructure!plans! ~!Feasibility!studies! ~!Community!action!plans! ~!LowKincome!housing!assessments! Eligible!Applicants! Projects!must!principally!benefit!lowK!to!moderateKincome!people!in!nonKentitlement!cities!and! counties.! ~!Cities!or!towns!with!fewer!than!50,000!people! ~!Counties!with!fewer!than!200,000!people! Funding!Available! Grants! ~!Up!to!$24,000!for!a!single!jurisdiction! ~!Up!to!$35,000!for!single!jurisdiction!projects!that!address!urgent!public!health!and!safety!needs! ~!Up!to!$40,000!for!multiple!jurisdictions/joint!application! How!To!Apply! 2013!applications!accepted!beginning!May!2013!through!April!2014!on!a!fundKavailable!basis.! Contact! http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/states/washington/offices! ! U.S.!Department!of!Agriculture,!Natural!Resources!Conservation!Service! Environmental!Quality!Incentives!Program!(EQIP)! Eligible!Projects! Grants!available!for!best!management!practices!and!conservation!on!private,!nonKindustrial!forestland! and!agricultural!lands.!Financial!assistance!to!help!plan!and!implement!conservation!practices!that! address!natural!resource!concerns!and!for!opportunities!to!improve!soil,!water,!plant,!animal,!air!and! related!resources!on!agricultural!land!and!nonKindustrial!private!forestland.!In!addition,!a!purpose!of! EQIP!is!to!help!producers!meet!Federal,!State,!Tribal!and!local!environmental!regulations.! Eligible!Applicants! Owners!of!land!in!agricultural!or!forest!production!or!persons!who!are!engaged!in!livestock,!agricultural! or!forest!production!on!eligible!land!and!that!have!a!natural!resource!concern!on!the!land! Funding!Available! Financial!and!technical!assistance!to!agricultural!and!forestland!producers!through!contracts!up!to!10! years.!Not!to!exceed!$300,000!for!all!EQIP!contracts!entered!into!during!any!sixKyear!period.!If!NRCS! determines!project!has!special!environmental!significance!the!payment!limitation!is!a!maximum!of! $450,000.! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%44% How!To!Apply! Those!who!are!applying!for!EQIP!for!the!first!time!should!schedule!a!meeting!with!NRCS!to!discuss!their! options!before!moving!forward.! Contact! http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs/financial/eqip/! ! U.S.!Department!of!Agriculture,!Rural!Development! Water!and!Waste!Disposal!Direct!Loans!and!Grants! Eligible!Projects! PreKconstruction!and!construction!associated!with!building,!repairing,!or!improving!drinking!water,!solid! waste!facilities!and!wastewater!facilities! Eligible!Applicants! ~!Cities!or!towns!with!fewer!than!10,000!population! ~!Counties,!special!purpose!districts,!nonKprofit!corporations!or!tribes!unable!to!get!funds!from!other! sources!at!reasonable!rates!and!terms! Funding!Available! Loans.!Grants!in!some!cases.!Interest!rates!vary!(currently!2.125!–!3.5%).!Up!to!40Kyear!loan!term.!No! preKpayment!penalty.! How!To!Apply! Applications!accepted!yearKround!on!a!fundKavailable!basis.! http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/UWPdispdirectloansgrants.htm! ! U.S.!Department!of!Agriculture,!Farm!Service!Agency! Emergency!Forest!Restoration!Program! Eligible!Projects! The!EFRP!helps!the!owners!of!nonKindustrial!private!forests!restore!forest!health!damaged!by!natural! disasters.!The!local!FSA!County!Committee!implements!ERFP!for!all!disasters!with!the!exceptions!of! drought!and!insect!infestations.!In!the!case!of!drought!or!an!insect!infestation,!the!national!FSA!office! authorizes!ERFP!implementation.! For!land!to!qualify!for!ERFP!funds,!the!damage!from!the!natural!disaster!must!create!new!conservation! problems!that!if!not!dealt!with!would:! ~! Harm!the!natural!resources!on!the!land! ~! Significantly!affect!future!land!use! Eligible!Applicants! Only!owners!of!nonindustrial!private!forests!with!tree!cover!existing!before!the!natural!disaster! occurred!are!eligible!to!apply.!The!land!must!be!owned!by!a!private!individual,!group,!association,! corporation!or!other!private!legal!entity!that!has!decision!making!authority!on!the!land!and!doesn’t!use! the!land!for!business!purposes.!The!FSA!County!Committee!inspects!the!damage!to!determine!if!forest! land!is!eligible!for!EFRP.! Funding!Available! Funding!for!EFRP!is!determined!by!Congress.!Up!to!75%!of!the!cost!to!implement!emergency! conservation!practices!can!be!provided,!however!the!final!amount!is!determined!by!the!committee! reviewing!the!application.!The!FSA!County!Committee!is!able!to!approve!applications!up!to!$50,000! while!$50,000!to!$100,000!requires!state!committee!approval.!Amounts!over!$100,000!require!the! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%45% approval!of!the!national!FSA!office.!Additionally,!a!limit!on!payments!of!$500,000!per!person!or!entity! per!disaster!applies.! How!To!Apply! https://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=diap&topic=efrp! ! Rural!Community!Assistance!Corporation!(RCAC)!! ENVIRONMENTAL!PROGRAMS!! 1020!S.W.!Taylor!Street!Suite!450!! Portland,!OR!97205!! Local!contacts:! Chris!Marko,!Rural!Development!Specialist!503K!228K1780! RosAnna!Noval,!Rural!Development!Specialist!503K308K0207! Email:!cmarko@rcac.org;!rnoval@rcac.org! Website:!www.rcac.org! !! At!the!national!level,!RCAC!has!a!variety!of!loans!for!water!and/or!wastewater!planning,!environmental! work,!and!other!work!to!assist!in!developing!an!application!for!infrastructure!improvements! Eligible!Applicants! NonKprofit!organizations,!public!agencies,!tribes,!and!lowKincome!rural!communities!with!a!50,000! population!or!less,!or!10,000!or!less!if!guaranteed!by!USDA!Rural!Development!financing.! Funding!Available! • Maximum!$50,000!for!feasibility!loan! • Maximum!$350,000!for!preKdevelopment!loan! • 1!year!term! • 5.5%!interest!rate! How!To!Apply! Applications!accepted!anytime.!Applications!available!onKline!at!www.rcac.org! National!contact! Josh!Griff,!720K951K2163,!jgriff@rcac.org! ! Water!Research!Foundation!\!Source!Water!Protection!Cost\Benefit!Tool! This!is!a!free,!online!suite!of!tools!designed!to!assist!in!evaluating!the!triple!bottomKline!costs!and! benefits!of!different!source!water!protection!options.!Cost/benefit!calculations!help!evaluate,!prioritize,! justify,!and!ultimately!implement!source!water!protection!initiatives.! http://www.swptool.org/index.cfm! ! Source!Water!Collaborative!–!led!by!U.S.!Environmental!Protection!Agency! Technical!assistance!and!lists!of!resources!and!contacts!are!available!from!this!national!network!that!has! worked!to!promote!drinking!water!protection!for!several!years.!The!Source!Water!Collaborative!is!a! network!of!federal,!state,!and!local!organizations!led!by!US!EPA.!Some!of!the!key!Source!Water! Collaborative!members!include!the!US!EPA,!US!Department!of!Agriculture,!AWWA,!American!Planning! Association,!ASDWA,!ACWA,!National!Rural!Water!Association,!Groundwater!Protection!Council,! National!Association!of!Counties,!and!The!Trust!for!Public!Land.!!Resources!can!be!found!here:! www.protectdrinkingwater.org! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%46% ! Ecotrust!! http://www.ecotrust.org/! Ecotrust!works!to!protect!and!restore!watersheds!and!the!economic!and!public!health!of!the! communities!that!depend!upon!them.!Ecotrust!develops!and!applies!strategic!approaches!that!improve! habitat!for!native!fish!and!wildlife,!create!local!jobs!and!recreational!opportunities,!increase!public! awareness!of!the!value!of!nature’s!services!like!water,!and!ensure!a!more!reliable!access!to!clean!water! for!all!members!of!the!Oregon!communities.!Ecotrust!provides!Ecosystem!Services,!GIS!Analysis,! Mapping,!Cartography,!Data!and!Software!Development,!Economic!Impact!Assessment,!etc.! ! Ecotrust!Forest!Management!is!a!forestland!investment!management!and!advisory!services!company! that!manages!land!on!behalf!of!investors!and!forestland!owners!to!enhance!forest!health!and! productivity,!and!to!produce!a!diverse!array!of!forest!products!and!services!including!timber,!biomass,! carbon,!and!improved!habitat!and!water!quality.!EFM!seeks!to!capture!a!wide!array!of!funding!sources! —!New!Market!Tax!Credits,!carbon!credits,!conservation!easements,!and!restoration!funding!—!to! supplement!private!capital!resources!in!the!acquisition!and!management!of!forestland.! Call!503K467K0805!or!visit!http://ecotrustforests.com! !! ! LAND!TRUSTS! ! ! Coalition!of!Oregon!Land!Trusts!! The!Coalition!of!Oregon!Land!Trusts!(COLT)!is!a!newly!formed!nonprofit!representing!and!serving! Oregon’s!land!trusts.!Its!mission!is!to!serve!and!strengthen!the!land!trust!community!in!Oregon.! Oregon’s!land!trust!community!is!working!at!local,!regional,!and!statewide!scales!with!landowners,! communities,!public!agencies!and!other!partners!to!maintain!the!state’s!natural!heritage!and!the! economies!it!supports.!COLT!will!accomplish!its!mission!by!strengthening!public!policies!and!programs! that!are!supportive!of!land!conservation,!helping!to!build!capacity!within!and!across!land!trusts,!and! communicating!to!key!audiences!about!the!role!of!land!trusts!in!conserving!Oregon’s!natural!heritage! and!healthy!human!communities!that!depend!on!it.!There!are!currently!18!land!trusts!that!are!members! of!COLT.! Coalition!of!Oregon!Land!Trusts! 322!NW!5th,!Suite!312! Portland,!OR!97209! Phone:!503K719K4732! http://oregonlandtrusts.org/! ! Land!Trust!Alliance! The!Land!Trust!Alliance!is!a!national!conservation!organization!that!works!preserve!land!through! conservation!and!easements,!so!land!and!natural!resources!get!protected.!The!Alliance!is!based!in! Washington,!D.C.,!and!has!several!regional!offices.! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%47% Northwest!Conservation!Manager! 1353!Officers!Row! Vancouver,!WA!98661! Phone:!(971)!202K1483! http://www.landtrustalliance.org/! Resources!to!assist!in!locating!a!land!trust!can!be!found!here:!! http://findalandtrust.org/states/oregon41! ! Individual!land!trusts!which!may!be!of!assistance!include:! ! The!Trust!for!Public!Land!http://www.tpl.org/services/conservationKtransactions! ! The!Nature!Conservancy!http://www.nature.org/! ! ! FOUNDATIONS! ! ! The!Oregon!Community!Foundation!/!Community!Grant!Program! Eligible!Projects! Community!Livability,!Environment!&!Citizen!Engagement!(10!to!20!percent!of!grants)! •! Promote!leadership!development,!volunteerism,!immigrant!integration,!and!civic!participation! •! Support!stewardship!and!appreciation!of!Oregon's!outdoor!spaces!and!scenic!beauty! •! Address!social,!economic!and!environmental!challenges!or!opportunities!by!bringing!together! disparate!stakeholders! •! Preserve!places!essential!to!communities'!civic!and!historic!identities! Eligible!Applicants! •! Nonprofits!with!taxKexempt!status!under!Section!501(c)(3)! Funding!Available!! •! Average!grant!is!$20,000.!OCF!typically!receives!300!to!350!proposals!per!grant!cycle!and!funds! 110!to!120!of!these! How!To!Apply!! http://www.oregoncf.org/grantsKscholarships/grants/communityKgrants! ! ! National!Fish!and!Wildlife!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! Environmental!Solutions!for!Communities!(1:1!match!required)! •! Supporting!sustainable!agricultural!practices!and!private!lands!stewardship;! •! Conserving!critical!land!and!water!resources!and!improving!local!water!quality;! •! Restoring!and!managing!natural!habitat,!species!and!ecosystems!that!are!important!to! community!livelihoods;! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%48% •! Facilitating!investments!in!green!infrastructure,!renewable!energy!and!energy!efficiency;!and! •! Encouraging!broadKbased!citizen!and!targeted!youth!participation!in!project!implementation.! Eligible!Applicants! •! NonKprofit!501(c)!organizations,!state!government!agencies,!local!governments,!municipal! governments,!Indian!tribes,!educational!institutions! Funding!Available!! •! Approximately!$2,500,000!is!available!nationwide!for!2015!projects! •! Grants!range!from!$25,000!to!$100,000! Contact:!! Sarah!McIntosh,!Coordinator,!CommunityKBased!Conservation! 202K595K2434!Sarah.McIntosh@nfwf.org! ! Access!Fund!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! Land!Acquisitions:!Considering!the!management!and!financial!resources!of!land!ownership,!the!Access! Fund!views!land!acquisitions!as!a!tool!of!last!resort!and!have!adopted!the!following!guidelines!for!land! acquisition!projects.!If!you!are!requesting!funds!for!a!land!acquisitions!please!call!the!Access!Fund! before!submitting!your!application.! •! The!area!must!be!imminently!threatened!with!permanent!closure!or!sale!to!an!outside!party! that!may!consider!land!development!opportunities!or!other!uses!threatening!its!climbing!and/or! access!resources.! •! The!area!can!be!acquired!for!a!reasonable!price!(reasonable!price!being!one!that!falls!within! existing!market!values!and!is!not!in!excess!of!appraised!value),!together!with!a!reasonable! budget!(including!secured!funding)!or!secured!exitKstrategy!for!management!by!another!land! trust,!local!climbers!organization!or!governmental!agency.! •! A!fully!executed!purchase!agreement!stating!how!the!project!will!be!funded!is!required!before! Access!Fund!grant!funds!will!be!allocated!to!any!acquisition.! •! A!high!degree!of!matching!funds!is!required.!The!Access!Fund's!role!in!land!acquisitions!is!as!an! additional,!not!primary,!funding!resource.! •! Applicants!whose!projects!require!continued!payments!and/or!financing!should!submit!a!plan! describing!how!these!payments!will!be!met!in!the!future.!These!include,!but!are!not!limited!to,! property!tax!payments,!loan!payments,!lease!and!mortgage!payments.!This!payment!plan!will!be! taken!into!consideration!during!the!grant!review!process.! Eligible!Applicants! •! Local!climbing!groups,!individuals!or!organizations!(Note:!tax!exempt!501(c)(3)!status!is!not!a! preKrequisite);!governmental!agencies!that!wish!to!sponsor!or!organize!a!local!project;! conservation!organizations!and!land!trusts.! Funding!Available!! •! $1,000!to!$4,000.!The!Access!Fund!considers!requests!for!over!$10,000,!but!these!projects! should!have!national!significance!and!utilize!a!high!degree!of!matching!funds.! How!To!Apply! 2015!Deadline:!!August!1st!! http://www.accessfund.org/! Contact:!! info@accessfund.org! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%49% The!Collins!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! Land!Acquisitions! •! Grants!are!made!only!for!projects!that!directly!benefit!the!residents!of!Oregon! Eligible!Applicants! •! Nonprofits!with!taxKexempt!status!under!Section!501(c)(3)!/!agencies!that!have!current! registration!with!the!offices!of!the!Oregon!State!Attorney!General!and!the!Secretary!of!State.! Funding!Available!! •! Varies;!grants!may!range!from!$3000!to!$150,000! How!To!Apply! www.collinsfoundation.org! ! ! The!Esco!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! Land!Acquisitions! Eligible!Applicants! •! Nonprofits!with!taxKexempt!status!under!Section!501(c)(3)! Funding!Available!! •! Total!giving!$600,750! How!To!Apply! 503K225K2935KKKrequest!application!form! ! ! Giles!W.!and!Elise!G.!Mead!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! •! Preserving!and!improving!the!environment! •! Primary!emphasis!forestry,!fisheries!and!the!sustainable!use!of!natural!resources!in!western! North!America! Eligible!Applicants! •! Nonprofits!with!taxKexempt!status!under!Section!501(c)(3)!in!western!North!America.! Funding!Available!! •! Past!grants!ranged!from!$15,000!to!$100,000! How!To!Apply! http://www.gileswmeadfoundation.org/! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%50% Rose!E.!Tucker!Charitable!Trust! Eligible!Projects! •! Giving!limited!to!organizations!and!projects!in!OR,!with!emphasis!on!the!metropolitan!Portland! area.!Land!acquisition!is!a!type!of!support!listed.! Eligible!Applicants! •! Nonprofits!with!taxKexempt!status!under!Section!501(c)(3)! Funding!Available!! Past!grants!ranged!from!$6,000!to!$150,000! How!To!Apply! Deadlines:!none;!Board!meets!approximately!every!2!months! Contact:!!! Tuckertrust@stoel.com! ! Doris!Duke!Charitable!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! The!foundation's!grantKmaking!is!designed!to!provide!frameworks!and!concrete!examples!of!how! practitioners!can!protect!biodiversity!in!light!of!climate!change!through!strategic!land!conservation.!The! program's!adaptation!efforts!focus!on!three!critical!land!conservation!activities!undertaken!by!nonK profit!organizations!and!government!natural!resource!agencies:! •! Habitat!conservation!planning!(i.e.,!the!identification!of!which!sites!should!be!conserved!in!their! natural!state!to!benefit!wildlife);!! •! Permanent!land!protection!(i.e.,!the!acquisition!of!conservation!easements!or!fee!title!to!secure! high!priority!sites);!and!C)!Management!of!lands!already!in!protected!status.!The!goal!for!each!of! these!activities!is!to!encourage!the!conservation!community!to!augment!the!dominant!speciesK based!approach!to!wildlife!conservation!with!a!focus!on!maintaining!ecosystem!functionality!as! climate!change!takes!hold.!! •! The!program!has!adopted!three!approaches!to!achieve!its!objectives:!1)!Identifying!resilient! landscapes;!2)!Protecting!resilient!landscapes;!and!3)!Managing!conserved!lands.! Eligible!Applicants! Nonprofits!with!taxKexempt!status!under!Section!501(c)(3)! Funding!Available!! Past!grants!ranged!in!the!$100K! How!To!Apply! http://www.ddcf.org/Programs/Environment/! ! Bonneville!Environmental!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! Renewable!power!and!acquire,!maintain,!preserve,!restore,!protect,!and/or!sustain!fish!and!wildlife! habitat!within!the!Pacific!Northwest.!! Interest!area:!Watershed!Restoration!Program!! Supports!restoration!of!damaged!watershed!ecosystems;!supports!communities!trying!to!heal!their!local! watersheds!by!supporting!watershed!restoration!projects!grounded!in!the!best!available!watershed! science.! Eligible!Applicants! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%51% Nonprofit!organizations.! Appendix!B,!page!27! Funding!Available! Varies.! How!To!Apply! www.bKeKf.org! Open!grants!and!RFPs:!http://www.bKeKf.org/openKrfpsKandKgrants/! Contact:! 503K248K1905! ! The!Bullitt!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! Program!priorities:! •! Manage!freshwater!resources:!control,!use,!distribution,!conservation;! •! Conserve!and!restore!resilient!watersheds,!wetlands!and!estuaries;! •! Maintain!a!working!land!base!for!sustainable!agriculture!and!forestry;! •! Enforce!laws!and!policies!intended!to!assure!air!and!water!quality;! •! Create!landowner!incentives!for!maintaining!and!enhancing!ecosystem!services,!including!the! •! development!of!marketKbased!mechanisms.! Eligible!Applicants! Nonprofit!organizations!in!Washington,!Oregon,!Idaho,!western!Montana,!southKcentral!Alaska,!and! British!Columbia.!Within!that!broad!geographic!range,!work!is!targeted!to!specific!subKregions!generally! associated!with!major!population!centers.! Funding!Available! Varies.!Past!grants!ranged!from!$10,000!to!over!$600,000.! How!To!Apply! www.bullitt.or! ! Weyerhaeuser!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! Forestry!practices,!manufacturing's!effects!on!air,!water!and!land;!free!trade,!recycling,!diversity,!land! conservation!and!environmental!education.!Land!acquisitions!or!conservation!easement!projects!may!fit! with!the!Foundation’s!priorities!and!goals.! Eligible!Applicants! Educational!institutions,!nonKprofit!organizations,!research!institutions!in!Oregon!and!Washington.! Funding!Available! $1,000!K!$50,000! How!To!Apply! http://www.wfamilyfoundation.org/! ! ! ! ! ! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%52% Laird!Norton!Foundation! Eligible!Projects! Projects!contribute!to!a!heightened!awareness!of!the!ecological,!social!and!economic!significance!of! water!sources!and!watersheds.!Preference!will!be!given!to!projects!which!demonstrate!innovative! measures!for!protecting!and!restoring!water!resources!and!which!involve!local!communities!and/or! regional!institutions.! Eligible!Applicants! Nonprofit!organizations!working!in!Hood!Canal!(WA),!Upper!Deschutes!(OR),!and!Rogue!(OR)! watersheds.! Funding!Available! Varies.!2013!grants!ranged!from!$10k!to!$100k.! Appendix!B,!page!29! How!To!Apply! http://www.lairdnorton.org! 206K501K4509! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%53% ! ! REFERENCES! ! Abatzoglou,!J.!T.,!D.!E.!Rupp,!P.!W.!Mote.!2014.!Seasonal!climate!variability!and!change!in!the!Pacific! Northwest!of!the!United!States.!Journal!of!Climate,!(27),!2125K2142,!doi:10.1175/JCLIKDK13K00218.1.! ! Blomquist,!J.!D.,!Janet!M.!D.,!2001.!Pesticides!in!WaterKSupply!Reservoirs!and!Finished!Drinking!Water:!A! Pilot!Monitoring!Program.!USGS!Open!File!Report!01K456! ! Dalton,!M.,!P.W.!Mote,!and!A.K.!Snover,!eds.,!2013:!Climate!Change!in!the!Northwest:!Implications!for! Our!Landscapes,!Waters,!and!Communities.!224!pp.!Island!Press.! ! Dello,!K.D.,!and!P.W.!Mote,!eds,!2010:!Oregon!Climate!Assessment!Report.!COAS,!OSU!! Oregon!Climate!Change!Research!Institute!Website:!http://occri.net/! ! Freeman!J.,!R.!Madsen,!K.!Hart.!2008.!Statistical!Analysis!of!Drinking!Water!Treatment!Plant!Costs,! Source!Water!Quality,!and!Land!Cover!Characteristics.!!Trust!for!Public!Land.!!! ! Gartner,!T.,!Mehan!III,!T.,!Mulligan,!J.,!Roberson,!J.A.,!Stangel,!P.,!Qin,!Y.,!2014.!Protecting!Forested! Watersheds!is!Smart!Economics!for!Water!Utilities.!American!Water!Works!Association!Journal!106.9! September!2014.! ! Jackson,!C.R.,!C.A.!Sturm,!and!J.M.!Ward.!2001.!Timber!harvest!impacts!on!small!headwater!stream! channels!in!the!coast!ranges!of!Washington.!Journal!of!the!American!Water!Resources!Association!37:! 1533K1549.! ! Kelsey,!H.M.,!D.C.!Engebretson,!C.E.!Mitchell,!and!R.L.!Ticknor,!Topographic!Form!of!the!Coast!Ranges!of! the!Cascadia!Margin!in!Relation!to!Coastal!Uplift!Rates!and!Plate!Subduction.!!Journal!of!Geophysical! Research,!99/!12,245K12,255,!1994.! ! Kibler,!KM,!A!Skaugset,!LM!Ganio,!and!MM!Huso.!2013.!Effect!of!contemporary!forest!harvesting! practices!on!headwater!stream!temperatures:!Initial!response!of!the!Hinkle!Creek!catchment,!Pacific! Northwest,!USA.!Forest!Ecology!and!Management!310:!680K691.! ! Kolpin,!D.W.,!Furlong,!E.T.,!Meyer,!M.T.,!Thurman,!E.M.,!Zaugg,!S.D.,!Barber,!L.B.,!and!Buxton,!H.T.,! 2002,!Pharmaceuticals,!hormones,!and!other!organic!wastewater!contaminants!in!U.S.!streams,!1999K 2000—A!national!reconnaissance:!Environmental!Science!and!Technology,!v.!36,!no.!6,!p.!1202K1211,! doi:10.1021/es011055j.! ! Long,!C.J.,!Whitlock,!C.,!Bartlein,!P.J.,!and!Millspaugh,!S.H.,!1998,!A!9000Kyear!fire!history!from!the! Oregon!Coast!Range,!based!on!a!highKresolution!charcoal!study:!Canadian!Journal!of!Forest!Research,!v.! 28,!p.!774K787.! ! Montgomery,!D.R.,!K.M.!Schmidt,!H.M.!Greenberg,!and!W.E.!Dietrich,!Forest!clearing!and!regional! landsliding,!Geology,!28,!311K314,!2000! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%54% ! Mote,!P.,!A.K.!Snover,!S.!Capalbo,!S.D.!Eigenbrode,!P.!Glick,!J.!Littell,!R.!Raymondi,!and!S.!Reeder,!2014:! Ch.!21:!Northwest.!Climate!Change!Impacts!in!the!United!States:!The!Third!National!Climate!Assessment,! J.!M.!Melillo,!Terese!(T.C.)!Richmond,!and!G.!W.!Yohe,!Eds.,!U.S.!Global!Change!Research!Program,!495K 521.! ! Oregon!Department!of!Human!Services!Public!Health!Division!and!Oregon!Department!of! Environmental!Quality.!2010.!Interagency!Agreement!–!Harmful!BlueKGreen!Algae!Monitoring.! DHS/OEPH!Agreement!#131357.! ! Paerl,!Hans!W.,!N.!S.!Hall!and!E.!S.!Calandrino.!2011.!Controlling!Harmful!Cyanobacterial!Blooms! in!a!World!Experiencing!Anthropogenic!and!ClimaticKinduced!Change.!Science!of!the!Total! Environment.!409!(2011)!1739K1745.! ! Rashin,!E.B.,!C.J.!Clishe,!A.T.!Loch,!and!J.M.!Bell.!2006.!Effectiveness!of!timber!harvest!practices!for! controlling!sediment!related!water!quality!impacts.!Journal!of!the!American!Water!Resources! Association!42:!1307K1327.! ! Robison,!E.G.,!K.!Mills,!J.!Paul,!L.!Dent,!and!A.!Skaugset.!1999.!Oregon!Department!of!Forestry!Storm! Impacts!and!Landslides!of!1996:!Final!Report.!Forest!Practices!Technical!Report!No.!4.!Oregon! Department!of!Forestry,!Salem,!Oregon.! ! Schaedel,!Andy.!2011.!!Oregon!Department!of!Environmental!Quality!Harmful!Algal!Bloom!(HAB)! Strategy,!Water!Quality!Division,!June!2011.! ! Seeds,!Josh.!2010.!Turbidity!Analysis!for!Oregon!Public!Water!Systems!@!Water!Quality!in!Coast!Range! Drinking!Water!Source!Areas.!Oregon!Department!of!Environmental!Quality,!Water!Quality!Division,! June!2010.! ! Trombulak,!S.C.,!and!C.A.!Frissell.!2000.!Review!of!ecological!effects!of!roads!on!terrestrial!and!aquatic! communities.!Conservation!Biology!14:!18K30.! ! Turner,!T.R.,!S.D.!Duke,!B.R.Fransen,!M.L.!Reiter,!A.J.!Kroll,!J.W.!Ward,!J.L.!Bach,!T.E.!Justice,!and!R.E.! Bilby.!2010.!Landslide!densities!associated!with!rainfall,!stand!age,!and!topography!on!forested! landscapes,!southwestern!Washington,!USA.!Forest!Ecology!and!Management!259:!2233K2247.! ! US!EPA!Climate!Ready!Water!Utilities!Toolbox.!2015.!! Website:!!http://www.epa.gov/safewater/watersecurity/climate/toolbox.html! ! Weber,!J.!A.!2015.!Regional!Framework!for!Climate!Adaptation:!Clatsop!and!Tillamook!Counties.!Joint! project!by!the!NOAA’s!Oregon!Coastal!Management!Program,!Oregon!Sea!Grant,!and!the!Oregon! Department!of!Land!Conservation!and!Development.! ! July%2015%Final%Draft% ! Page%55% A CALL TO ACTION - A RECOMMITMENT TO ASSESSING AND PROTECTING SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER WHY A CALL TO ACTION As a nation we face a host of water quality and quantity challenges that are both pressing and ongoing. Persistent threats and challenges. and disastrous chemical spills highlight the importance of safe drinking water to public health and local economies. The public and private costs of inaction can be extensive. Together. we must consider lessons learned over the past decade and apply newly available resources to prioritize threats and protect drinking water sources. both surface and ground water. A realistic assessment of recent events demonstrates that additional action by federal. state. and local partners can and must be taken to effectively protect drinking water sources. our vision for the Future: The Nation's source water: are Protected ISlur vision Includes The following elements - Fedeml. State. and Local Actions Reflect the High 1v'alue of Safe Drinking The high value of drinking water Is widely recognized at all levels of government and among the general public. by regular and systematic actions to help ensure suFfIcient quantities of high quality 1Ivater Into the future. Source 1Ill-later Protection Is Embedded Into Dur Processes: Source water protection Is "hard?wired" Into everyday practice at federal. state. and local levels. All Stalaeholders Work to Help Protect Drinking Water Sources: Stakeholders across multiple ?elds and sectors are Invested In source water protection. the can achieve mutual bene?ts Through government agencies, non- governmental organizations. water utilities. communities. emergency response personnel. and businesses! corporatlons working collabomtively. To accomplish this vision, we recommend the following key actions: Updatex'lmpro'e source water assessments and protection plans to prioritize risks and actions. by leveraging new data and tools. Take priority actions to protect sources of drinking water. working with key partners. Our Vision All drinking water sources are Coordinate. plan. and communicate In advance 0 protected. AS a with key "upstream" partners a 5 well as 1.iIrIthin water utilities to help ensure that. In an event. rapid emergency noti?cation Is provided to facilitate activation of mitigation measures. the nation gains profound public health advantages as well as economic benefits. ACTIONS FOR SOURCE WATER PROTECTION LEADERS AND STAKEHOLDERS DRINKING WATER UTI LITI E5 Source water protection is part of an e?'ech?ve multiple-barrier approach to ensure the safety and quality of drfnidng water. Leverage new conta minant Information resources to update source water assessments. source water protectlon plans. and emergency response plans. Work loca ljstate partners on prlorlty actlons that prevent andfor mitigate the potentlal for source water contamlnatlon. Build with emergency responders and stal-F at sltes storing prlorlty contamlnants. Develop comm unicatlon plans to obtain early. acuonable Iniormation from local and state agencies and potentlal contaminant sources. IdentIFy funding strategies For prlorlty measures that protect source water. Develop and exercise response and recovery plans For pote ntlal contamlnatlon events. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Local entities are well situated to address sped?c focal source water concerns through [and use planning and collaboration with: key stakeholders. Address potentlal Impacts on water nuallty and publlc health through land use planning (From plan development and Implementation through capltal Investment]. zoning. development regulations. and code enlorcement. Disseminate educational Information to community members on water quality Issues. 1 Coordinate wIth states and water utilities In developing source water assessments and Implementing protectlve measures. STATE DRINKING WATER AND OTH ER PROGRAMS Collaboration between state water programs and otf?ierfn?uentfafagendes (agricufttre parks. ?sh game. forestry: conservation. and others) prow'des mtn'?pfe to protect priming water sources A CALL TO ACTION TO DEFEND DRINKING WATER Source water protectlon ultimately takes place at the local Ietel and. those on the Front lines of water protectlon - Iwater utilities and local governments. supported by state. federal. and com mu nIty-sponsored programs - have unlnue opportunlties to def-end water. Federal agencies can provide tools and data. and levemge programs and au thorltles to protect water sources. Other source water partners. Including Source Water Collaborative (SWC) members and thelr con stltuents. also play vital roles. All members and other stakeholders can selze opportunltles to In or support state and local collaboratlves to protect water sources. water Is truly a shared among all concerned stakeholders -- as responses to recent contamlnatlon eplsocles have made abundantly clear. Where source water assessments are no longer current or suFfIcient For source water protection e?orts. encourage and engage In targeted updatlng of source water assessments In collaboratlon with water systems. and other state. federal. and local Leverage the Clean 1Water Act and other programs and authorltles to protect water supplies. Communicate key Information From source water to stakeholders to gulde prlorlty actions and advance protection. a Factor source water protection needs Into land acoulsluon and management strategies. 1 Partner with communities and other watershed and ground water stakeholders to Implement prlorlty actions. a Facilitate community and state-level all-hazards planning. 2 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Land managenment. environmenta? agricuftwe. scienti?c. and public health agencies have a role in protecting Whiting water sources Encourage and support collaborative approaches to source water protection between programs at the federal. state. and local levels. Including USDA conservation and forestry progmms. EPA programs. and all federal programs mat support the quality of water resources. Assist state agencies and local communities to Improve source waier assessments and protection plans by providing Information on the nature and quantity of potential contamlnant sources. as well as modeling and analytical tools to characterize contamlnant transport In surface and ground waters. Continue to eitpand elecIIonIc data sharing among Fedeml oFFices and agencies to bring the most current and complete datasets possible to bear on source water assessments and protection plans. ldentIFy opportunities to collaboration between the chemical emergency response community and state and local source water assessment and protection activities. 1 Encourage upstream enIJtIes to take on shared responsibility for protecting source water. Including rapid noti?cation of contaminant slels to downsIIeam water utilities. Promote use of Clean Water and Sa?e Drinking 1Ii'lul'ater State Revolving Fund (SRF) programs to support preparedness and source water protection priorities. OTHER SOURCE WATER PARTNERS Engage In public parIJpratIon processes under stale and Federal programs and local land use planning processes to protect sources of king water. In particular. take advantage of opportunities to engage In vanous Clean 1II'lul'ater Act acIJons and proiects to protect sources of drinking water water quality standards. Total Maximum Daily Loads. point source discharge National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. nonpolnt source project development]. Promote grassroots place-based InItIatIves to advance source water protection. Share data and InlorrnaIJon to help target source water protection and citizen scientist monItonng. Continue to plan and Install soil health best management practices to obtain the rnulIine bene?ts of soIl health. Including Improved water quality and drinking water protection. Inform and In?uence land use decisions mat aden uateiy consider potential Impacts to drInkIng water sources. Encourage land conservation pmctitioners to priorluze working with landowners. drinking water suppliers. and other Interested parties to protect undeveloped land that Is critically Important For drinking water source areas. such as headwater streams. rIpanan areas. wetlands and Intact forests. Communicate the Importance of source water protection to local. state. and federal decision-makers. Understand local com munIties' emergency response procedures for chemical spill events. a Adapt positive eitamples In contingency planning From local source water collaborations. FOR A COMPLETE COPY OF THE CALL TO ACTION TO DEFEND DRINKING WATER INCLUDING SUPPORTING RESOURCES PLEASE THE SOURCE WATER COLLABORATIVE WEBSITE AT SOURCEWATERCOLLABORATWE.ORG WHAT IS THE SOURCE WATER These natlonal organlzatlons have unIted to protectArnerIca's water at the source In the Ialm-s. rIvers. streams and aquifers we tap for purposes. The Source Colla looratlve (SWC) was formed In 2006 the goal to comlolne the and tools of a dlverse set of memloer organlzatlons to act now. and protect water so urces for generatlons to come. Comorlsed offeoeral. state. and local partners. the SWC has come so together to further the goals of sources of water AI . a I I. I that resources are extremely IImIted. authorItIes are and the actors who can actually protect source waters are clIFf-use. Each natlonal organlzatlon In the Collaboratlve understands and appreclates the Importance of source water protectlon. each promotes Implementatlon of source water protectlon In thelr overall mIssIon. Each organlzatlon recogn Izes the synergy of coordlnated actlons and The need For leve ragan each other?s resources In order to Increase the chances for success over each golng It alone. - American planning Association - American 1Il'll?ater 1Il'll'orks Association - Association of Clean Water Administrators - Association of Mtropolitan Wami' Agencies Association of State and Territorial Health Of?cials Association of State Drinking Water Administrators Clean Water Actionr??ean Water Fund Environmental Finance Center Network Ground 1II'il'ater Protection Council Gromduvater Foundation National Association of Conservation Districts National Environmental Services Center National Ground Association National Rural 1II'il?ater Association - North American Lalo; Management Society Riier Network - Rural Community Assistance partnership Smart Growth America - US. Department ongrimItu-re Natural Resources Conservation Service - LLS. EnvIronrr'I-ental Drotection Agency - LLS. Forest Service (Northeastern Area) - 1Il'll'ater Systems CcuncIl a For a complete list of SWC merrbers and available tools and resources, deas . see - w" New AU actions that Em d?trw's garment are stuttfectto the availebrll'gr dfapp'om'etedftn?s and the pare'es to tnr's ag'eemmt m??notsm?t cIar'm to sea for canceosan'm for services rendered as part ofthr's age-entrant. .I'n SJan this statement name ofthe Source l-lr?ater Cd'hbnrae've member organ'zen'ms. the EFH. are obligatrng .tho's hwmafrr'hga mm'trnent to provide funding to any agam'zatr'on or .I'ndl'w'o'trall' In the Father. seq cam-mot arm-?SE the safe or purchase of prod?: t5 or set w'ce-s deuelfoped t5! the pare'cr'pen'hg wgaw'zae'm s. Appendix!2! Coastal!Watershed!Land!Use!and!Susceptibility!Analysis! ! ! ! Table!1.!! Summary!of!Land!Use/Ownership! ! ! Table!2.!! Summary!of!Natural!and!Anthropogenic! Potential!Pollutants! ! ! Table!3.!! Summary!of!Water!Quality!Monitoring! Date!and!Treatment!Methods! ! ! ! Appendix(3:(Coastal(Watershed(Land(Ownership(Data(Summary( ! ! North(Coast Private!Industrial!Forest Agricultural Private!(Rural/Non[industrial) State!Forest Federal Other/Water Local!Govt! Other!State!Lands Tribal South(Coast Mid(Coast Wickiup Astoria Youngs!River!L&C!WD Warrenton Seaside Cannon!Beach Arch!Cape!WD Manzanita Nehalem Rockaway!Beach! Oceanside! Netarts! Tillamook Beaver! Tierra!Del!Mar Neskowin Timber!WA Berndt!Creek!Water Reedsport Panther!Creek!WD Lakeside!WD Lincoln!City! Kernville!Gleneden!… Depoe!Bay Johnson!Creek!Wtr.!… Beverly!Beach Newport!(Big!Cr.) Siletz!(Tangerman) Toledo!(Mill) Newport,!Siletz,!… Bay!Hills Coos!Bay/North!… Garden!Valley!WA Weiss!Estates Bandon Coquille Myrtle!Point Powers Langlois!WD Waldport SW!Lincoln!Co.!WD Yachats Heceta!WD Mapleton!WD Alderwood!WDC South!Coast!WD Vernonia Fishhawk!Lk!Rec!Club Port!Orford Rainbow!Rock!… Rainbow!Rock!… 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 20% 40% 60% 80% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 100% Combined!Mid Coast!Systems 20% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 100% Combined!North Coast!Systems 0% 0% 100% Combined!South Coast!Systems 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 40% 60% 80% 100% Land!use!in!each!source!area!is!a!key!factor!for!evaluating!potential!risk!to!the!drinking!water!supply.!Overall,!land!ownership!in!!coastal!public!water!system!source!areas!is!48%! private!industrial!forest!land,!28%!federal!ownership!(USFS!or!BLM!),!13%!private!ownership,!6%!agricultural!land!use,!and!5%!other!land!uses!such!as!state!forest,!local!government,! ! tribal!lands,!and!water.!!!!! ! Appendix(4( Table(1:(Riparian(Management(Widths:(Coastal(Forestry(&(Agriculture( ! All!distances!are!outside!boundary!of!zone!in!feet!from!bankfull!width!(edge!of!typical!high:water!level).! [For!example,!Oregon!Private!RMA!for!Large!F!is!0:20!no!cut,!21:100!limited!entry.]! Stream! ClassificationC1( Oregon!Private! Forests( Oregon!State!Forests( ! No( Cut( Limited( EntryP1( No( Cut( Mature( Forest( Limited( Entry( Large!F! 20! 100!(230)! 25! 100S3! 170S6! Medium!F! 20! 25! 100!S3! 170!S6! Small!F! 20! 25! 100!S3! 170!S6! Large!D! 20! See!F! See!F! See!F! Medium!D! 20! See!F! See!F! See!F! Small!D! 20! See!F! See!F! See!F! Large!N! 20! 25! 100!S3! 170!S7! Medium!N! 20! 25! 100!S3! 170!S7! Small!Np! 0! 0/10P2! 25S1! 100S4! 170!S8! Small!Ns! 0! 0/10P2! 25/0S2! 100S5! 170!S8! 70! (120/74.7)! 50! (40/34.8)! 70! (90/56.0)! 50! (50/43.6)! None! 70! (90/56.0)! 50! (50/43.6)! Federal!Forests( Aquatic( Conservation( Strategy( 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 2!SPTHF1! (300:400ft)! 1!SPTHF1! (150:200ft)! Agriculture( Site(Capable( Vegetation( UndefinedA1! Deleted:'/100 UndefinedA1! UndefinedA1! UndefinedA1! UndefinedA1! UndefinedA1! UndefinedA1! UndefinedA1! UndefinedA1! UndefinedA1! ! C1:! P1:! P2:! ! Type!F!=!!Streams!with!anadromous!or!“game”!fish!(e.g.!cutthroat!trout!or!T/E!fish!species)! Type!D!=!Streams!with!h!that!are!used!for!domestic!(drinking)!water! Type!N(p/s)!=!Stream!with!neither!qualifying!fish!nor!domestic!use;!(p/s)!designates!perennial!or!seasonal! Large!=!>10cfs!(cubic!feet!per!second)!average!annual!flow! Medium!=!2:10cfs!(cubic!feet!per!second)!average!annual!flow! Small!=!<2cfs!(cubic!feet!per!second)!average!annual!flow! 2 (ft !per!1000ft!of!stream/!=!Coast!Range!and!South!Coast!regions’!standard!target!for!required!conifer! basal!area!retention!in!square!feet!per!1000ft/square!feet!per!acre!for$clearcut$harvests.!!Lower!basal!area! retention!is!allowed!if!active!restoration!(e.g.!large!wood!placement)!is!part!of!the!harvest!operation.!! Other!regions!may!have!slightly!higher!or!lower!retention!(see!OAR!629:640:0100!(6)!(a)!Table!1).! Understory!vegetation!and!conifers!less!than!6!inches!in!diameter!breast!height!retained!within!10!feet!in! Eastern!Cascades!and!Blue!Mountain!regions;!retained!within!10!feet!in!larger!drainages!in!South!Coast! region!(160!acres),!Interior!region!(330!acres),!!and!Siskiyou!region!(580!acres);!and!no!retention!in!Coast! Range!and!West!Cascades!regions!(see!OAR!629:640:0200!(6)!Table!5).! Deleted:'qualifying!fis 2 Deleted:'ft !per!acre) S1:! S2:! S3:! S4:! S5:! S6:! S7:! S8:! F1:! A1:! ! Applied!to!at!least!75%!of!the!reach!including!junctions!with!Type!F!streams.! High!Energy!reaches!and!Potential!Debris!Flow!Track!reaches!have!25ft!no:cut!buffer.!!Other!small! seasonal!Type!N!reaches!have!no!retention!requirements.! Manage!for!mature!forest!condition!and!retain!at!least!50!trees!per!acre.! 15:25!conifer!trees!and!snags!per!acre.! 15:25!conifer!trees!and!snags!per!acre!on!High!Energy!reaches,!10!conifer!trees!and!snags!per!acre!on! other!Type!N!seasonal!streams.! 10:45!conifer!trees!and!snags!per!acre.! At!least!10!conifer!trees!and!snags!per!acre.! 0:10!conifer!trees!and!snags!per!acre.!!Doesn’t!apply!to!seasonal!streams!other!than!High!Energy!reaches.! SPTH=!site!potential!tree!height,!the!maximum!height!a!mature!conifer!tree!is!expected!to!reach!based!on! the!productivity!of!the!site.!It!ranges!from!150:200!feet.! Federal!forestlands!are!managed!under!the!Northwest!Forest!Plan!which!requires!management!for! ecological!purposes!only!in!the!riparian!reserves.! Bureau!of!Land!Management!lands!in!western!Oregon!are!undergoing!revisions!to!their!management! plans!that!are!expected!to!reduce!the!size!of!riparian!reserves!while!continuing!to!protect!water!quality.! Agricultural!water!quality!rules!for!the!North!Coast,!Mid!Coast,!Coos:Coquille,!and!Curry!Water!Quality! Management!Areas!do!not!specify!distances!for!riparian!management!rule!requirements.!!Rules!vary!by! WQMA!but!generally!require!agricultural!activities!in!the!riparian!area!to!allow!for!establishment,!growth,! and!maintenance!of!vegetation!consistent!with!“vegetative!site!capability”,!shade!production,!and! sediment!filtration.!!See!here!for!details:! http://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/NaturalResources/Pages/AgWaterQuality.aspx!.! ! ! ! Appendix(4( Table(2:(Riparian(Protection(Requirement(Widths:(Coastal(County(Ordinances( ! All!distances!are!outside!boundary!of!zone!in!feet!from!bankfull!width!(edge!of!typical!high:water!level).! Stream! Features! Clatsop! Columbia! Coos! Curry! Douglas! Lane! Lincoln! Tillamook! >1000cfs! :! 75! :! 75! :! :! :! :! Type!F! <1000cfs! :! 50! :! :! :! :! :! :! <1000cfs! :! 25! :! 50! :! :! :! :! :! :! :! :! :! 100! :! :! :! :! :! :! :! 50! :! :! >15ft!width! :! :! :! :! :! :! :! 50/25T1! ≤15ft!width! :! :! :! :! :! :! :! 15! All! 50! :! 50! :! 50! :! 50! :! Resource! Class!I! Nonresource! Class!I! ! T1:! 50!foot!riparian!protection!for!“lakes!and!reservoirs!of!one!acre!or!more,!estuaries,!and!the!mainstems!of!the! following!rivers!where!the!river!channel!is!more!than!15!feet!in!width;!Nestucca,!Little!Nestucca,!Three!Rivers,!Tillamook,!Trask,! Wilson,!Kilchis,!Miami,!Nehalem!and!North!and!South!Fork!Nehalem!River.”!!All!others!over!15ft!in!width!have!a!25ft!buffer.! ! Forestry!and!agriculture!activities!are!governed!by!rules!set!by!the!Oregon!Departments!of!Forestry!and! Agriculture,!respectively!(see!Table!1).! Generally,!building!and!removal!of!riparian!vegetation!are!prohibited!within!the!defined!riparian!areas.!!Wetlands! and!lakes!are!also!covered!by!these!buffers.!!Some!exceptions!exist;!links!and!page!numbers!are!provided!below! for!reference!with!regard!to!details:! Clatsop!Co! http://www.co.clatsop.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/land_use_planning/page/613/standards_ document_codified_03:29:13.pdf!pg!89! Columbia!Co!http://www.co.columbia.or.us/files/lds/2011:01%20CCZO.pdf!pp!186:197! Coos!Co! http://www.co.coos.or.us/Portals/0/Planning/Article%204.4%20General%20Development%20Standards. pdf!! Curry!Co!http://www.oregon.gov/LCD/OCMP/docs/Public_Notice/CurryCounty_ZoningOrdinance_EPs.pdf!pp!138:! Douglas!Co!http://www.co.douglas.or.us/planning/Plan_docs/LUDO/Ch3_32.pdf!3.32.200! Lane!Co!http://www.lanecounty.org/Departments/CC/LaneCode/Documents/LaneCodeChapter16Section250: 253_2014_11_05.pdf!pp!16:507—16:513! Lincoln!Co!http://www.oregon.gov/lcd/ocmp/docs/public_notice/2012:lcc_eps.pdf!pp!125:126! Tillamook!Co!http://www.co.tillamook.or.us/gov/ComDev/documents/luo/4.080.pdf!! ! ! Appendix(5( Additional(Resources(for(Drinking(Water(Protection( ( ( PRIMARY(WEBSITES( ( ODF( Resources!for!forest!protection!and!management!on!non:federal!forestlands! http://www.oregon.gov/odf/Pages/index.aspx! ! Oregon(Health(Authority( Regulations!for!drinking!water,!health!effects!information,!data,!etc.:! http://public.health.oregon.gov/HealthyEnvironments/DrinkingWater/Pages/index.aspx! ! Oregon(DEQ’s(Drinking(Water(Protection( http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/dwp/dwp.htm! Technical!resources,!best!management!practices,!fact!sheets,!etc.:! http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/dwp/assistance.htm! ! Department(of(Geology(and(Mineral(Industries( Information!on!landslides,!mapping,!3D!terrain,!and!LiDAR:! http://www.oregongeology.org/sub/projects/olc/default.htm! ( Oregon(Geospatial(Enterprise(Office( For!Oregon!Geographic!Information!Systems!(GIS)!data!layers:!!! http://www.oregon.gov/DAS/CIO/GEO/pages/index.aspx! ! US(Geological(Survey( Information!on!toxics,!monitoring!data,!and!human!health!benchmarks,!etc.:!! http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc/index.html! http://health.usgs.gov/dw_contaminants/! ! Google(Earth( For!maps,!satellite!imagery,!etc.:! https://earth.google.com/$ ( ! ! !