Office of Law Enforcement Federal Air Marshal Service Fema/e Bombers Transportatlon Securlty a'1Administration TSA 15-00014 003580 OFFICIAL USE ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE The information contained herein is derived from open sources yet remains under the control of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS). It is being disseminated for authorized law enforcement and Department of Defense purposes only. Requests for use or further dissemination of any material contained herein should be made to: FAMS at TSA Office of Intelligence: (703) 601-3225/3227. TSA 15-00014 - 003582 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV WARNING! Product contains graphic images that may be unsuitable to some viewers. TSA 15-00014 - 003583 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV "When you want to carry out such an attack, whether you are a man lJr a woman, you don~t think about the explosive belt or about your body being ripped into pieces. We are suffering. We are dying while we are still alive." 'I Palestinian Suicide Bomber Andaleeb Takafka TSA 15-00014 - 003584 Suicide Bombing " Operational method in which the very act of the attack is dependent upon the death of the perpetrator.... " - The Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) TSA 15-00014 - 003585 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV The Suicide Bomber Phenomena D D D D D D D D D Today, the suicide bomber has become the method of choice for many terrorist groups around the world; it's the "poor man's F-16". In fact, 17 terror groups in 14 countries use suicide attacks as part of their tactics. It is low costing, simpler to plan and relatively free of risk to the terrorist group. Since death to the bomber is almost certain, there's little chance that security forces will obtain sensitive information. The bomber has the flexibility to determine when and where to conduct the attack, thus maximizing casualties and, in turn, attracting the media. From 1980 to 2001 , suicide attacks accounted for 3 percent of terrorist incidents but caused half of the total fatalities due to terrorism overall, this despite September 11 th. Historically suicide attacks have been conducted since the Assassins, an 11 th Century Muslim sect, introduced it as part of their strategy to advance Islam. However using females as the primary method of employment is relatively new. First seen in the mid-1980s, today female suicide bombers are becoming more common, and as a result the threat should not be underestimated or ignored. = ~ ~ TSA 15-00014 - 003586 r1 1':• • a.:., •u:a::c.1 & ; ! ·'-" ••••• il"t1•lti214JiifOt .IM!"P"tt55±fl UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003587 Why Females? l:l Terrorist organizations use females because: ~ Like most suicide operations, it's usually simple to plan and low costing. ~ In some parts of the world, females have low social status and therefore are considered more expendable. ~ Females tend to be more emotional and therefore easier to indoctrinate. ~ Since bombers will most likely perish in the attack, there is little fear of them divulging information to security forces. • Tamil "Black Tigers" carry cyanide pills just in case. • Most are deliberately uninvolved in the planning in case of capture. ~ The media coverage is extensive, especially if the attacker is female. ~ Terrorists attempt to embarrass a powerful enemy and show the world that things are desperate that women are now fighting. 0 Most importantly, females have the element of surprise! ! ~ Stealthier attack (tend to draw less attention); in fact on several occasions many female bombers spoke English & wore western clothing & makeup during the attack. ~ Sensitivities in searching women (especially in conservative societies). ~ Female stereotype (e.g. perceived as nonviolent, feminine, or motherly). ~ Women increase the number of combatants to a groups' depleted manpower. ~ There is greater publicity for female bombers (attracts recruits). ~ The psychological fear factor of the target (expect anyone can be a bomber). UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Profile of a Female Suicide Bomber 0 Male or female, establishing a profile on suicide bombers is very difficult as age, gender, education and economic and social status can often vary. TSA 15-00014 - 003588 0 Statistically, the age group falls between 17-24 for female bombers. ;;... As of September 2006, the youngest successful female suicide bomber is thought to be Syrian Sana,a Mouhadly (16) in Lebanon in 1985. ;;... As of September 2006, the oldest may be Chechen Shakhida Baimuratov (46) who attacked a Chechen Muslim religious festival killing fourteen in 2003. ;;... Baimuratov had adult sons and may have been a grandmother. 0 With both male and female, education appears to influence the percentage of those that become suicide bombers. ;;... Typically half have academic backgrounds, with nearly thirty percent having at least a high school education. ;;... Therefore, it's assumed that many bombers are rather intelligent and understand their actions. 0 Though some suicide bombers have been recruited from both ends of the spectrum (impoverished and wealthy) most tend to come from the middle class. ;;... Female suicide bombers of the Tamil Tigers and Kurdish PKK usually come from the poorer segments of the respective societies; ;;... Whereas female suicide bombers associated with the Palestinian conflict tend to be from the Middle Class. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Profile of a Female Suicide Bomber (Cont.) 0 Single, married, mothers or grandmothers; 0 High school and college students; 0 Working professionals such as lawyers, journalists or medical practitioners; 0 Devout or non-devout in religious or nationalistic beliefs; 0 Intelligent, charming and attractive; 0 Very active in their cause. TSA 15-00014 - 003589 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Profile of a Female Suicide Bomber Groups: Syrian Nationalist Palestinian Tamil Black Tigers Kurdish Separatist Chechen Black Widows Average Age: 23 21 Unknown 21 28 Marital Status: Mostly Single Mostly Single Single Mostly Single Single, Married or Widowed Education: Basic with no professional skills High School or better & professional Basic with little education Basic with no professional skills Basic with no professional skills SocioEconomic: Poor to Middle Class Poor to Middle Class Mostly Poor Mostly Poor Mostly Poor Motivation: Nationalist Islamic fundamentalist, nationalist or personal Nationalist or Separatist Nationalist or Separatist Islamic fundamentalist, nationalist or personal TSA 15-00014 - 003590 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003591 Motivation D Motivation to commit a suicide bombing can vary. By in large however, there appears to be a desire to avenge a perceived injustice. ~ Death or injury of a friend or relative. ~ Mistreatment by an enemy (i.e. rape, assault, harassment, imprisonment). D Religion, nationalism and social liberation may also be persuasive factors. ~ Islamic extremist groups like AI Qaeda, HAMAS and the Islamic Jihad use religion as a tool to recruit and manipulate (e.g. religious duty. It's the will of God and Martyrdom brings "Paradise'). This can be applied to both sexes. ~ The Tamil Tigers and the Kurdish Separatists, however, are secular and focus on an individual's sense of nationalism. Note: Females conduct 40-60°/o of these groups' suicide attacks. » For many females, choosing to become a suicide bomber is to achieve equality in a male dominated society and cause. ~ However, there are some indications that some women, particularly the Palestinians, have been brainwashed, raped , drugged or in some other way trapped into becoming bombers. » Monetary and social rewards; bomber's family may receive financial support and honor and prestige after the attack (in fact, Saudi Arabia provides $5K to the families of deceased bombers. Former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein gave $25K). Selection Process D The selection process for female suicide bombers is generally similar to that of males, however recruiters: ~ See women as being especially susceptible because of their innocence, enthusiasm, personal distress and desire for revenge. ~ Can offer the females direction, a solution to their problems and promise rewards for both them and their families in this world and the next. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV Training of Female Suicide Bombers 0 May be several weeks or as little as one hour in duration. 0 Depends on the candidate's emotional well-being and dedication to the organization's cause. 0 .---........ Nt.!Mf attN tiM,) TSA 15-00014 - 003592 Depending_on time and operational necessity, female recruits may be trained , .. ""',.,t. uuuMI!M in explosive handling. );;> Six hours a day of familiarization is not unusual with Palestinian groups. );;> Females learn to wear and walk with the explosive charges strapped to their body. );;> Note: Groups like AI Qaeda may attempt to use women bombers for attacks on civil aviation (e.g. Chechen operation in 2004). );;> British security experts have suggested that female bombers could possibly smuggle explosives inside their genital cavity, thereby circumventing airport security and reassembling the device aboard an aircraft in flight. );;> Suicide belts seem to be the preferred device, however some groups have been quite imaginative such as the Tamil Tigers and Kurdish Separatist (aka PKK, Kongra Gel) who have been known to employ explosive brassieres or pregnancy prosthetics. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY "Some Tools of the Trade" Explosive Belt Explosive Brassiere TSA 15-00014 - 003593 Vehicle/Vessel-Borne Improvised Explosive Device (VBIED) Explosive Vest Baggage/Brief Case UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV Hand Grenade Pregnancy Prosthetics Areas Where Female Suicide Bombers Have Been Most Active do<.~ I,.~., .... lit<' \ \) TSA 15-00014 - 003594 11.Israel, Palestine, Lebanon & Iraq I I 2. Sri Lanka & India I I 3. Russia, Chechnya & Turkey I UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV Chronology of Female Suicide Bombings -ii (/) "C ·or.:: 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 <:b~ ,OJ ~ ,OJ 'Oj 9;)~ 'Oj ~ 'Oj 9JOJ 'Oj ~' ~ ~0:> ~ ~~ ~ Years Note: Information based on confirmed and documented female suicide bombings from TSA 15-00014 - 003595 April 1985 to September 2006. The years 2002-2004 display peak events and are likely the result of Chechen and Palestinian women becoming more involved in the respective conflicts. The decline seen following 2004 may be indicative of increased security and/or peace initiatives by the warring parties. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Documented Female Suicide Bombings 1985-present 60 50 ~ 40 ~ 30 <( 20 Q) .e 10 0 . '0-0 o~s~~ '--e'O?J.~ ~~'\,\~e'<..t:b ~~,- 0'(P- CO~''--?; r-...o...t:b'O -\\ - ~e\y.._?;~?J.c::; ~et:b'<:S ~yr ~t:b \ Khaled became an international celebrity; dubbed by the press 'the world's most beautiful freedom fighter. ' ~ April 2, 1986: Though Khaledwas not involved, a bomb detonated aboard the same TWA Flight 840, killing four Americans, including a 9 month old infant. The Palestinian group Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) claimed responsibility. September 6, 1970: Khaled and Nicaraguan-American Patrick Arguello attempted to hijack El AI Flight 219 Tel Aviv to New York. ~ Israeli air marshal shot & killed Arguello and captured Khaled. ~ Khaled taken into custody in Britain but later released for Western hostages taken in Dawson's Field Plot. ~ Dawson's Field Plot involved the hijacking of several airliners which were then forced to land at the remote airfield in Jordan and subsequently destroyed. Khaled is considered the "groundbreaker" for females becoming part of terror groups. Now lives in Jordan and seeks Palestinian statehood as a peace activist. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 0 ...... 0) ,.... (0'"' a: w m :E w ~ w (/) z<('"' c a: ..,0 c ...J -LwL (/) z 0 ~ <( c TSA 15-00014 - 003598 TSA 15-00014 - 003599 Dalal Mughrabi D March 11, 1978: Eleven Palestinian terrorist led by nineteen year old female Dalal Mughrabi made a surprise sea-borne landing on a beach near Haifa, Israel. D The group killed American tourist Gail Rubin, a niece to an American senator, then hijacked a bus loaded with Israeli tourists on a coastal highway. D An Israeli army unit, led by future Prime Minister Ehud Barak, pursued the bus where it was finally stopped near Tel Aviv. 0 The ensuing gun battle left all the terrorist dead as well as thirty-six bus passengers; known as the Coastal Road Massacre. D The attack triggered the Israeli Operation LITANI, an invasion of southern Lebanon against bases of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) four days later. D Coupled with Khaled's activities, the role of Dalal Mughrabi in the terrorist operation marked the emergence of women into the terrorist movement. D Though not a "suicide bomber" per se, Mughrabi expected not to survive the attack and can be considered the FIRST female suicide "terrorist" of modern time. 0 To this day, several Palestinians schools have been named after her. Ironically the U.S. helps fund these schools through the AN ERA Foundation. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY C/) a: w m::E ::EW oJ: ml- ww CCI) > ...J ~1- ;::) _::J ::J<( CJ)J: wi...JCJ) <(C. ::E::J wO u..a: LL" Ow en z 0 w en ...J ct 0 u:: LL 0 a: 0 LL a w u:: (i) en ct ...J (.) z ;::) ::I: wt...Jc C.z :Ect <( >< w TSA 15-00014 - 003600 z 0 z <( m w ...J olJ <( -a: > en > ...J z 0 w en :::::) ...J -0 ...J z 0 w en ::::) ...J ~ 0 u:: LL 0 a: 0 LL c::::::: w u:: (ij en ~ ...J 0 z ::::) .c: C\1 ~ '- '- TSA 15-00014 - 003608 PALESTINIAN RESISTANCE ORGANIZATIONS HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) D Radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that actively seeks to establish an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel. ;.. Formed in 1987 during the First Intifada (Uprising). ;.. Has both political and military wings and supports the use of terrorism. ;.. Works openly through mosques and social service institutions to recru it members, raise money, organize activities and distribute propaganda. D Conducts attacks against Israeli civilian and military/gov't targets as well as rival Fatah factions. ;.. Does not officially target U.S. interests. ;.. Confines attacks inside Israel and the territories. D Has tens of thousands of supporters and sympathizers worldwide. D Won the Palestinian elections in January 2006 and now controls the territories. TSA 15-00014 - 003609 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY AI-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade D Seeks to drive Israeli military and civilians from the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Jerusalem and establish a secular Palestinian state. D Emerged from the Second Intifada (a.k.a. AI-Aqsa Intifada - Uprising) in 2002. D Members tend to be from the late Yasser Arafat's secular Fatah group. D Considered the FIRST Palestinian militant group to employ a female suicide bomber, Wafa ldris in January 2002. '<;::a: ~:-f{-. Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) D Originated among militant Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the 1970s. "*p...·=,...-. ~· fi~I -' ~·~ ..'t\~!-\\ / .& ';:.,1·I ~ \-'' ) . '\;'• ~• TSA 15-00014 - 003610 D Seeks to create an Islamic Palestinian state and the destruction of Israel through holy war. D Opposes moderate Arab governments, particular those supported by the West. D Confines its activities inside Israel and the territories and normally does not target U.S. interests. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003611 Wafa ldris D January 27, 2002: Twenty-seven year old (27) ldris became the FIRST Palestinian female suicide bomber, detonating herself at a shopping mall killing one. ;;... Used an ambulance as cover to pass through a checkpoint into Jerusalem. ;;... Dressed in western clothing and makeup. D On the same day, Yasser Arafat had spoken at a rally stressing the importance of women in the struggle against Israel;" Women and men are equal... you are my army of roses that will crush Israeli tanks. " D ldris carried a knapsack with 22 pounds of explosives and nails. D Attractive, playful with a cheerful personality; socially very popular with western men. D Recruited by the secular AI-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. D A barren divorcee; considered an outcast in Palestinian society. D She was a paramedic with the Red Crescent and saw the horrors on the front line . . D Her emotional experiences of delivering a still born infant, coupled with abandonment by her husband plus constant exposure to the violence between Palestinians and Israelis may have contributed to her becomino a suicide bomber. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICI~L USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003612 Dareen Abu Aysheh D February 27, 2002: Twenty-one year old (21) Aysheh became the second Palestinian female suicide bomber, following Wafa ldris, when she blew herself up at a checkpoint near Jerusalem wounding four Israelis. D She was an outstanding student of English literature at her university. D Known to have been very vocal about the role of Palestinian women in resisting Israeli occupation ; was sent on her suicide mission by the AI-Aqsa Martyr's Brigade. Abu Aysheh was a devout Muslim. D D "Let Sharon the coward know that every Palestinian woman will give birth to an army of martyrs, and her role will not only be confined to weeping over a son, brother or husband instead, she will become a martyr herself."- Dareen Abu Aysheh D On the same day of Aysheh's attack, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the religious leader of HAMAS (killed by Israeli forces in 2004) , issued a fatwa (a religious decree) permitting females the honor and rewards of conducting suicide attacks. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV TSA 15-00014 - 003613 Ayat Ahkras D March 29, 2002: Ahkras was a shy eighteen-year-old (18) Palestinian high school student who blew herself up at a supermarket killing two people. D May have witnessed the death of a neighbor at the hands of Israeli troops. D The youngest Palestinian female suicide bomber to date (September 2006). D Straight "A" student that was engaged to be married. D Had aspirations of going to college and becoming a news reporter. D Not devoutly Muslim, nor openly active in any militant groups. D May have been involved in a pre-marital sexual relationship with her militant fiance and possibly pregnant; a taboo that warranted death in the conservative Palestinian society. D Father worked for a Jewish construction firm & was accused of collaborating with the Israelis. Ahkras may have acted to redeem her family's honor. D Like Wafa ldris, she is a role model to many Palestinian children. In fact, several children's summer camps were named after the teen bomber. Recruited by the secular AI Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. D UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY " The Martyrs", a tributary poem to suicide bomber Ayat Ahkras by the Saudi Ambassador to Great Britain. ~· I !..~,~'l'~ ~J) t.,..-.:.; ~1-~ "''·~ -!'li..UI ~~~j ..J;I"~.J ~~\'., ........ -... ;...:! ~ ~....~.·::........Jl;'f ~~- L.: ~ · · · ~ · -p i]...-.~1'!1 ~ ~..... fh)J~~.~~~~u ...... ~~,-~)~~~~ ; 1.:(......~ ~j ::; ~ • ·-~1-!!~~ili .j~ TSA 15-00014 - 003614 May Allah witness that you are Martyrs, [May the] Prophet and Holy men witness to that You died to glorify the word of my God In the land that was glorified with the 'lsraa' Did you commit suicide? [No] We are those who committed suicide In a life whose dead are [still] living... Tell 'Ayat' the bride of heaven... Everything that is beautiful we are ready To sacrifice for your eyes... UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003615 Hiba Daraghmeh D May 19, 2003: Nineteen-year-old (19) Daraghmeh conducted a suicide bombing at the Amakim Shopping Mall in Northern Israel killing three Israelis and wounding ninety-three others. D She was a very shy, unassuming university student of English literature. D She was single and avoided talking to men outside her family. D Recruited several months earlier she became the FIRST female suicide bomber from the Islamic extremist group Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). D May have committed the act out of revenge for the imprisonment of her brother by Israeli authorities & perceived harassment by Israeli troops. D Daraghmeh was a devout Muslim and possibly religiously obsessive. D She was very conservative in her beliefs, dress and how she led her life. D On the day of the attack, however, she wore Western clothing including jeans; all which concealed her lethal intentions. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003616 Hanadi Tayseer Jaradat 0 October 4, 2003: Twenty-nine year old (29) lawyer became the second female suicide bomber representing the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) when she attacked the Maxim Restaurant in Haifa, Israel killing 19 patrons. 0 Before her death she was planning to open her own law practice. 0 Witnessed the death of her brother and cousin, both militants, at the hands of Israeli troops. 0 May have had a pre-marital sexual relationship with her fiance who was an Islamic Jihad militant. );> Such intimate relationships prior to marriage were considered taboo in Palestinian society. );> Israeli forces eventually killed her fiance and all these factors may have motivated Jaradat to become a suicide bomber. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Reem Salih ai-Rayasha 0 January 14, 2004: Twenty-one year old (21 ) Palestinian mother and university student became a suicide bomber possibly to atone for infidelity; a violation of conservative Palestinian moral virtues. 0 From a middle-class family. She left behind a husband, an 18-month-old daughter and 4-year-old son. 0 At the Erez border checkpoint, she feigned a medical condition and pleaded for assistance. As some Israelis approached, she detonated herself, killing three soldiers and a security guard. 0 Considered the FIRST female suicide bomber representing the Islamic extremist group HAMAS (Recently elected to power in the Palestinian Territories). TSA 15-00014 - 003617 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003618 Zeinab Abu Salem D September 22, 2004: Eighteen-year-old (18) Abu Salem became the eighth Palestinian female suicide bomber when she blew herself up at a bus stop killing two Israelis and wounding seventeen others. ~ Recruited by the AI Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. ~ Thought to have had 9 pounds of explosives concealed in a bag. D Came from a very wealthy Arab family. D She was a children's TV show hostess on a local station owned by her family. D Had just passed her high school examinations and was contemplating attending university. D Moments before the attack an eyewitness observed Abu Salem, describing her as "extraordinarily beautiful". D Abu Salem's motive for becoming a suicide bomber remains unclear. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Palestinian Female Suicide Bombing (Bomber vs. Victim Casualty Ratio) Casualty Ratio ~ C1) .c E z:::l 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 Time line * Denotes Fatality Ratio o Female Bombers • Victims TSA 15-00014 - 003619 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 2006 Palestinian Female Suicide Bombing Target Breakdown Target Breakdown o Public Transportation/Bus Stop • Shopping District/ Restaurants o Checkpoints 50°/o TSA 15-00014 - 003620 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY == ...J z 0 w en :::::) ...J -0 ...J z 0 w c: I... en :::::) CIJ ...., c: t-4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...J s0 ~ u.. ~ '4- a: tO 0 tO QJ I.. < 0 u.. c::::::: w u:: (ij en <( ...J tO :::::) ., ~ c: 1- __ 0 ~ ·-Ec: ~ u:: u 0 z I.. QJ ta ...J ·Vl I ... TSA 15-00014 - 003629 TSA 15-00014 - 003630 0 May 3, 1986: Twenty-one people were killed and another 40 injured when a bomb exploded aboard a Sri Lankan airliner at Colombo's Bandaranaike International Airport. 0 The flight's departure had been delayed for 15 minutes. If it had been airborne at the time the bomb went off, it is thought that all 126 passengers would have been killed. 0 Tamil Tigers claimed responsibility. 0 A customs officer was coerced by terrorists to plant a bomb aboard the aircraft (terrorists threatened family with death). UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003631 D September 30, 1998: Lionair Flight 602 went missing and was presumed to have been shot down by the Tamil Tigers. D Likely downed by a MANPAD. D All fifty-five (55) passengers and crew were lost. D Flight was passing over a fiercely contested area between Tamil rebels and government forces and may have been accidentally downed due to its similar appearance to a military aircraft. D Note: An uneasy cease-fire had been observed since 2002, but the recent female suicide bombing on a Sri Lankan Army commander (April 2006) and subsequent clashes between rebel and government forces seriously threatens to undermine the peace initiative. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV Casualty Ratio 30 tn 25 (i; 20 .c E 15 ~ 10 J 5 0 ~' ,~ ~n:, ,~ ~~ ,~ ~ ,~ J ~0) ,~ J _. \:)' ~ \:)n:, ~ Timeline TSA 15-00014 - 003632 * Denotes Fatality Ratio D Bombers • Victims UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY \:)~ ~ J Tamil Tiger Female Suicide Bombing Target Breakdown Target Breakdown 13% o Transportation (Train Station) • Government Facility/ Leaders 87% TSA 15-00014 - 003633 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY z J: > ..J z 0 w en 0 :::) J: LL w 0 olJ z II'\ > ...J z 0 w en :::::) ...J c( 0 u:: 1.1. 0 a: f2:::::: c w u:: (i) en c( ...J 0 z :::::) :::1: (.) w :::1: (.) TSA 15-00014 - 003635 "Black Widows'' (a.k.a. Brides of Allah) l:l Female suicide bombers, known as "Shahidas" and usually of Chechen origin, many whom lost loved ones in the on-going conflict with Russia. TSA 15-00014 - 003636 l:l Term "Black Widow" is a Western & Russian journalistic invention. D Some seek Chechen independence from Russia while others may only desire vengeance for their losses in the conflict. ~ First known "Black Widow" was nineteen year old Hawaa Barayeva; who in a VBIED attack blew herself up at a Russian military base in Chechnya on June 6, 2000, killing 27. ~ Many Chechen widows are convinced by separatists that they are a burden and that their losses are a punishment for their sins. ~ Some may have been drugged, brainwashed or coerced into action. D Usually attack in pairs or groups. D Though many Chechen resistance leaders deny association with the "Black Widows", Warlord Shamil Basayev (R) is credited for creating and employing the group. D July 10, 2006: Basayevwas killed by Russian forces in Russia's lngushetia province. D Smertnitsi- Russian for suicide bomber. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 0 MILES ~ 150 en.a. site of TqpolewTu-134 On lrtght from Moscow to Volgograd. R US S I A v~ TSA 15-00014 - 003637 Amanat Nagayeva 0 August 24, 2004: Nagayeva (30) along with Satsita Dzhbirkhanova (37) committed suicide bombings on two Russian civilian airliners killing 90 people. 0 Both women were Chechens and thought to have belonged to the "Black Widows". 0 Nagayeva was single & worked as a market vendor. Dzhbirkhanova was divorced and possibly unable to bare 0 children; a stigma in Chechen society. 0 Both had loved ones killed by Russian troops. 0 Both had purchased their tickets at the last minute. Both had shared an apartment in Chechnya. 0 Crashes happened five days before presidential elections in 0 Chechnya. 0 RDX-based explosives are thought to have been used in the bombings. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY BlKicSa TupoleY Tu-134 Two engines, range of 1 ,243 miles TupoleY Tu- 154 Three engines, range of 2,485 miles •s.tntlons no1 to sc.11l• ta uch ocher Russian Airliner Bombings August24,2004 Sibir Airlines Flight1047 Volga A via Express Flight1303 TSA 15-00014 - 003638 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV Alekseyevskaya Roza Nagayev D August 31, 2004: Twenty-nine year old (29) Chechen Roza Nagayev, sister of airliner bomber Amanat Nagayev, detonated herself outside the Rizhskaya Metro Station in Central Moscow. D Ten people were killed and more than fifty injured. D Nagayev was thought to have carried about 2KG of TNT around her waist. D She intended to enter the metro station in order to inflict maximum casualties but was scared off by the presence of police searching travelers. D The lslambouli Brigade of Martyrs, an associate of AI Qaeda, claimed responsibility. TSA 15-00014 - 003639 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV TSA 15-00014 - 003640 Zalikhan Yelikhadzhiyeva D July 5, 2003: Twenty year old (20) Chechen Yeklikhadzhiyeva and Zinaida Aliyeva detonated themselves at an outdoor Rock-n-Roll festival at Moscow's Tushino airfield killing sixteen people, mostly teenagers. D As she approached the stage Yehlikhadzhiyeva's explosive device detonated improperly, killing only herself. Aliyeva however was most successful, killing the bystanders with her device ten minutes later. D Each carried at least 2.2 pounds of RDX-based explosives packed with nails and other shrapnel in the belts around their waists. Yehlikhadzhiyeva lived with her sister in a small Chechen village and studied at a D local medical school. D Her motives for becoming a suicide bomber remain a mystery. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV TSA 15-00014 - 003641 Zarema Muzhakhoyeva D July 10, 2003: Twenty-three year old (23) would-be Chechen suicide bomber Muzhakhoyeva was captured while attempting to detonate a bomb at the central Moscow restaurant Mon Cafe. The initial target was a McDonald's restaurant. D EOD expert Georgy Trofimov (above) was killed trying to defuse the device. D Muzhakhoyeva was convicted of terrorism by a Russian court and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment. D Stated she was abandoned by her family and widowed by her husband early in life. Admitted to turning to terrorism as a way out of shame. D A female friend offered to pay her $1000, and provide for her daughter and grandparents in return for becoming a suicide bomber. D Boarded at safe house with bombers of the Rock-n-Roll Tushino attack. D Her arrest and interrogation revealed much about the Chechen "Black Widows". UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003642 Zara Murtazaliyeva 0 January 17, 2005: Twenty-one year old (21) Chechen was convicted by a Russian court on terrorism-related charges and sentenced to nine years. 0 Murtazaliyeva was a part-time student at a linguistics university_before traveling to Moscow for work at an insurance company in September 2003. 0 March 4, 2004: Was stopped by Russian police for routine document checks (had been stopped once before in December 2003). ~ Police allegedly found plastic explosives in her purse. ~ Photographs of an escalator in the Okhotny Ryad shopping mall (Above) were supposedly found in her Moscow apartment. ~ Russian authorities believed she and two other women were planning a suicide attack against the shopping mall. Controversy regarding a possible "frame-up" by authorities continues to surround this 0 case. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY w ~ w -en w a: .... ...J .... 0 :I: s~ 0 a: ~ z w en :::::) ...J c( 0 u:: LL 0 a: 0 LL Q c::::::: w (i) :I: .......... ,.... ,.... -- w u:: en c( ...J 0 z :::::) ......en en .cu -.c.. Q) .c Q) .S! 0 ·-> "'C c cu C) c ·-...:::::s "'C w en ::::) ...J c( 0 u:: LL 0 a: 0 LL c::::::: w u:: en en "' "' tn c( ...J 3: 0 0 ::::) ·-3:"'C z ~ (.) cu -'" m '" TSA 15-00014 - 003645 TSA 15-00014 003646 > ..J z ~ w ~ 0 w en a: u. :::l m u::: 0 ..J w 0 ~ ~ en w ::E i= a: ...J z 0 w en ::::) u. ...J ..J 0 w ct u:: LL 0 a: 0 en c w c (i) ..J ct ::J 0 z en LL c::::::: w u:: en ...J (.) z ::::) a: w ~ ...J 1- en 0 :::E w a: w 3: en :::E i= > ...J z 0 w en :::::) ...J <( 0 u:: LL 0 a: 0 LL ::::::: c w u:: (i) en <( ...J 0 z :::::) > w 0 J: 1- TSA 15-00014 - 003652 Casualty Ratio 600 500 ~ 400 Q) ..0 300 E z::s 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Timeline * Denotes Fatality Ratio o Female Bombers • Victims TSA 15-00014 - 003653 Note: The year 2002 reflects the Moscow theatre siege and accounts for the only documented operation involving Chechen female suicide terrorists that year. The increased lethality from 2003-2004 reflects a sustain campaign of activity by the Chechen anti-Russian forces. Most casualties in 2004 were the result of two Russian airliners being destroyed with the loss of all aboard, and the disastrous September 2004 Beslan school siege in which 344 civilians were killed. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chechen Female Suicide Bombing Target Breakdown Target Breakdown 11% o Transportation 33% • Public E'vents & Facilities o Go'vernment/Military Facilities o General Transportation Mode Breakdown 17% o Civil Aviation TSA 15-00014 - 003654 • Rail 50% o Buses UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLV Population > ...J z 0 ...J ~ 0 u:: LL 0 a: 0 LL ::::: c w u:: Ci) en ~ ...J 0 z ::::) TSA 15-00014 - 003655 Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan (PKK) Is a leftist Kurdish nationalist movement 0 founded by Turkish students of ethnic Kurdish descent in 1974. TSA 15-00014 - 003656 0 Its leader (now imprisoned for life in Turkey) is Abdullah Ocalan. 0 The group's goal is to incite revolution and establish an independent Kurdish state along Maoist doctrine. 0 The PKK is thought to have killed as many as thirty thousand people within Turkey during the mid-80s alone. 0 Though temporarily altering its leftist ideology to accommodate Islamic beliefs, the group returned to its original goals and continues to focus on attacking the Turkish government and its tourist industry. 0 Today the movement is officially known as the Kongra-Ge/. 0 Group employs suicide bombers of which two-thirds have been female with the first three doing so using pregnancy as a disguise. 0 Though several cease-fires have been implemented since the 1990s, as of 2004, the group continues to use violence, including several spectacular suicide bombings to achieve its goals. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Zeynep Kinaci (a.k.a. Zilan) 0 June 30, 1996: Married twenty-four year old (24) Psychology graduate student became the FIRST suicide bomber, male or female, of the PKK. 0 Targeted a military parade killing six Turkish soldiers and wounding more than thirty others. D FIRST female known to conduct a suicide attack using pregnancy as a ruse. TSA 15-00014 - 003657 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Kad1n terOristt intihar sald1r1 TSA 15-00014 - 003658 Ley/a Kaplan D October 25, 1996: Seventeen year old (17) Kaplan became the second and, to date, the youngest female suicide bomber representing the Kurdish guerrilla movement. Disguised as pregnant, Kaplan approached a police station in southeastern D Turkey and detonated herself, killing three police officers and two civilians. Scores more were injured. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TSA 15-00014 - 003659 Guier Otas (a.k.a. Bermal) D October 29, 1996: Twenty-nine year old (29) Guier Otas detonated herself inside a police car while being interviewed by Turkish police; the bomber and three officers_died in the blast. She was disguised as pregnant. D D She was a member of the Kurdistan National Liberation Army (ARGK), the PKK's military wing. D Otas was a factory worker in Turkey before joining the Kurdish guerrilla movement in 1987. D Nationalism and revenge may have been the motivation to become a suicide bomber; A nephew and brother may have been killed by pro-Turkish militia. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Semiha Kilic 0 March 4, 1999: PKK suicide bomber Kilic wounded several civilians outside a police station in Batman, southeastern Turkey. 0 It is thought she attacked out of protest for the capture of PKK founder Abdullah Ocalan by Turkish authorities. 0 Not using a traditional explosive suicide vest/belt, Kilic used hand grenades; seven were later found in her shoulder bag. 0 Batman was the scene of a shootout between Ocalan supporters and police two weeks earlier. TSA 15-00014 - 003660 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Ozen Fatma (a.k.a. Rojbin) November 17, 1998: PKK suicide bomber Ozen Fatma killed herself with a bomb strapped to her body outside a police station in southeast Turkey. She missed her main target, which was a military convoy. Six people were also wounded in the attack. Meral Mamyak March 27, 1999: PKK militant Meral Mamyak detonated her explosive device near a police bus at the Taksim Square in Istanbul, Turkey. Eleven people were wounded with only Mamyak being killed in the attack. TSA 15-00014 - 003661 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Casualty Ratio U) a.. 14 12 10 ~ E 8 z 4 ::J 6 2 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Time line * Denotes Fatality Ratio o Female Bombers • Victims TSA 15-00014 - 003662 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PKK Female Suicide Bombing Target Breakdown Target Breakdown o Military • Police o 58% TSA 15-00014 - 003663 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public > ...J z 0 w en :::::) ...J s0 0 ...J z 0 C'· C'• == 0 a: a: 0 :E 0 1- w en :::::) ...J ~ 0 u:: LL 0 a: 0 LL c::::::: w u:: (i) en <1: 0 ...J z :::::) TSA 15-00014 - 003669 $22me