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Unusual Partnerships Spawn

Model Adaptation Effort

2 Adapting to Wisconsin’s Changing Climate

J Sorbies
Devyn Caldwell
David S. Liebl

The project quickly
took off, co-organized
by UW-Madison’s Nelson
Institute for Environmental
Studies and the Wisconsin
Department of Natural
Resources. More than 200
people are involved in
WICCI’s 16 working groups,
science council, advisory
committee, and outreach
group, and the initiative
is widely regarded as a
national model of a statelevel climate adaptation
effort.
“WICCI is a perfect
example of convening a
variety of interests and
different kinds of expertise
to tackle a challenging
issue, which the Nelson
Institute is known for,”
says the institute’s director,
Paul Robbins. “It’s the
Wisconsin Idea in action,
where we generate
knowledge by linking
university scholarship and
research with the public
and put that knowledge to
work in the world.”
Even after five years
of research, analysis and
growing partnerships,
more work remains to be
done. WICCI participants
will continue their work to
determine how a changing
climate could affect the
resources, seasons and
regional attributes that
define our state, and how
we can adapt to protect the
things Wisconsinites value
most. •

Matthew Mitro

In response, this unusual
gathering of experts and
stakeholders teamed up to
form the Wisconsin Initiative
on Climate Change Impacts
(WICCI), a collaborative
effort that works to identify
the impacts of climate
change on our state and to
develop ways to protect and
manage natural resources
and our built environment.
With more than five years
of effort under its belt,
WICCI is preparing the state
for a future that will most
likely be warmer and wetter,
with more extreme weather
events.
“WICCI started with many
conversations between
research scientists, the
business community and
natural resource managers
who would be affected by
our changing climate, and
who would use our climate
projection data,” says
Dan Vimont, an associate
professor of atmospheric
and oceanic sciences and
climatologist in the Nelson
Institute Center for Climatic
Research at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison.
The process of extracting
local scale climate data
from global models
and “downscaling” it to
Wisconsin was groundbreaking and is now being
used across the country.
“We couldn’t have done this
without input from other
scientists and managers,”
says Vimont.

Dan Bruell

I

t might seem hard to find connections between
Wisconsin scientists who study ice cover on
lakes, migration patterns of birds, trout stream
ecology, the physics of air currents or the health
effects of Milwaukee’s sewer overflows. However,
since 2007, these scientists — together with
other experts, managers and policymakers from
around the state — have gained a solid footing
on undeniably common ground: Wisconsin’s
climate is changing and a wide array of natural
and human systems are feeling the effects.

  eat and drought can impair quality apple production.
H
The pasque flower blooms earlier than it did 60 years
ago. Brown trout may be more resilient to warmer
water temperatures than brook trout. Plans to deal
with excessive heat will be necessary for vulnerable
populations as temperatures warm. Flooding and other
extreme events are likely to occur more frequently.

 Confronting Change in a

Critical Fishery

F

ew Wisconsin wildlife species are more
sensitive to changes in their environment
than trout. They depend on a particular
set of conditions to survive, including a narrow
range of cold water temperatures. Climate
change poses an extraordinary challenge to this
critical state resource.
Natural Resources, U.S.
Geological Survey, University
of Wisconsin System and
Trout Unlimited comprise the
group.
Incorporating Wisconsinspecific climate data in the
fish researchers’ models
produced startling results:
all but four of 50 species
they studied would be
affected. About half of them,
warmwater species such as
bass, could benefit from
the change. But coldwater
species are at risk as air
and water temperatures
increase. Brown trout and
wild brook trout in particular
have narrow temperature
ranges in which they can
successfully live, feed and
reproduce.
Under the most extreme
summer warming conditions
projected by the models
— where air temperatures
would increase by about
9°F and water temperatures
by 7.2°F — brook trout
may not survive in Wisconsin
at all, and brown trout

warming on trout. One is
to use a triage approach
to identify and allocate
management resources
to only those coldwater
streams where the fish are
mot likely to succeed. That
could include managing for
brown rather than brook
trout. The second strategy
is to develop activities
focusing on land, shoreline,
water management and instream restoration to offset
the impacts of rising air and
water temperatures and
changes in precipitation.
The Department of
Natural Resources is heeding
these recommendations
for the Driftless Area,
a 23-county region in
southwestern Wisconsin
that holds the highest

may decrease by 88
percent. Even under more
moderate conditions of
air temperature increasing
by 1.8˚F and water
temperature by 0.8˚F,
brook trout distributions
may shrink by 44 percent
and brown trout by 8
percent.
Temperature change by
itself does not predict the

DNR photo

Matthew Mitro

Department of Natural
Resources researchers John
Lyons and Matthew Mitro
have spent years studying
the impacts of environmental
change on 50 fish species in
Wisconsin. They track how
things like changes in land
use, stream characteristics
and warming temperatures
affect fish populations.
For Lyons and Mitro, highquality climate information,
scaled to local conditions
across Wisconsin, is
extraordinarily valuable to
help monitor the state’s trout
fisheries. Thanks to WICCI,
they’re getting the data
they need from atmospheric
scientists at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison’s Nelson
Institute Center for Climatic
Research.
The fish researchers and
climate scientists met in
2007 as WICCI was being
co-organized by the Nelson
Institute and the Department
of Natural Resources.
“This was the opportunity
our climate group was
looking for,”
says Dan
Vimont, who
with Chris
Kucharik,
co-leads
the WICCI
Climate
Working
Group. “The data we
generated would be
especially useful when
applied to real-life issues.
Impact on trout was the
perfect first application.”
The Coldwater Fish and
Fisheries Working Group
was the first of WICCI’s 16
working groups to form.
Twenty-one biologists
from the Department of

presence or absence of fish,
according to the researchers,
but they say subtle effects
on the life cycles or growth
patterns of trout can trigger
their demise.
“Trout have an optimal
temperature range for
feeding and growth,” says
Mitro, who leads the WICCI
working group. “When
they are forced to spend
time outside that optimal
range, they may not be
feeding as much as when
the temperatures are more
suitable and when more
oxygen is present. This stress
affects egg production and
egg development.”
The Coldwater Fish and
Fisheries group suggested
two adaptation strategies to
reduce the impact of climate

  isheries researchers are using climate projections
F
and knowledge of fish habitat to manage resources
for the future.
Adapting to Wisconsin’s Changing Climate 3

 Disturbing Nature’s
concentration of trout waters
in the state.
The researchers are working
with fish biologists and
land managers to develop
a 15-year master plan for
thousands of acres the agency
owns and manages for habitat
and to provide public access
to streams.
“The Driftless Area Master
Plan is an excellent example
of how we are using science
and technology to drive
strategic planning efforts,”
says Allen Shea, DNR’s
director of the Office of
Business Support and
Sustainability.

Fisheries ecologist Paul
Cunningham co-leads the
planning effort. “We’re at
a decision-making point
of where to spend limited
land acquisition dollars
and our fish biologists’
time,” he says. “Should
we focus on the limited
reserves for native brook
trout, or should we put
our effort on brown trout
that are predicted to
better cope with warmer
temperatures?”
The agency is seeking
public input on these
decisions. The plan will be
completed in 2014. •

Sense of Time

T

he early bird gets the worm, and that
bird is arriving earlier — not by the clock
but by the calendar. The American Robin,
Wisconsin’s state bird, arrives earlier in the spring
— 13 days earlier in 2010 than it did in 1990,
according to scientists who track bird migration
patterns.

  Advantage: parasites?

Matthew Mitro

Gill lice are tiny parasites that infect only brook trout, causing
gill deformities that impair the fishes’ ability to obtain sufficient
oxygen and release carbon dioxide, ammonia and other byproducts.
Since gill lice reproduce more frequently in warm water,
increased air and water temperatures may increase their
opportunity to infect brook trout. On Tenny Spring Creek in
Vernon County, fish research biologist Matthew Mitro observed
in June 2012 that 12 percent of the brook trout were infected.
By September, 26 percent were infected, and by November,
39 percent. Mitro has not found the same pattern in other
streams, so he is trying to determine why some streams see an
increasing infection rate while others do not.
Brook trout anglers can help track the presence or absence
of gill lice through a citizen science collaboration between
the Department of Natural Resources, Wisconsin Trout
Unlimited and River Alliance of Wisconsin. Anglers can use
an on-line reporting form (http://ow.ly/fOrmI) to submit their
observations. A paper form is also available through Wisconsin
Trout Unlimited.
Whether or not gill lice are present, anglers should disinfect
their gear with a bleach solution prior to fishing in the next
stream to prevent the potential spread of parasites, invasive
species and diseases.

  ill lice are found only on brook trout such as this
G
one in Ash Creek, Richland County. The parasites
compromise the fish’s ability to obtain sufficient
oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
4 Adapting to Wisconsin’s Changing Climate

“For both amateur bird
enthusiasts and professional
researchers, the American
robin is the classic harbinger
of spring,” says Ben
Zuckerberg, a UW-Madison
assistant professor of forest
and wildlife ecology and a
member of WICCI’s Wildlife
Working Group.
Data collected by
citizens involved in “Project
FeederWatch” have been
instrumental in tracking the
presence and abundance
of birds throughout the
United States and Canada.
Wisconsin’s robin-sighting
records reflect that
Wisconsin is warming,
particularly in the spring.
Since robins don’t fly
far from Wisconsin in the
winter, their migration is
primarily influenced by
temperature changes in the
region. Migratory patterns
of species that overwinter
farther away are influenced
more by changes in daylight
rather than temperature.
Climate models for
Wisconsin project that
springtime temperatures are
likely to warm by 3-9°F by
the middle of the century,
with the largest increases
across northern and
central Wisconsin. Warmer
temperatures will affect the
timing of life-cycle events,
or phenology, of plants and
animals.
Robins may be on the list
of winners when it comes
to climate change. Species
that have short generation
times, live and move across
wide landscapes and can live
most anywhere, including
highly populated areas, will
survive better than species

that are more specialized
in their feeding and habitat
needs. We can expect to
see more gray squirrels,
white-tailed deer, European
starlings and Canada geese,
but fewer, if any, American
marten, red-backed
salamanders, spruce grouse
and common loons.
Peter McIntyre, a member
of WICCI’s Water Resources
Working Group, is looking
at how climate change
is altering fish migration
patterns that flow to the
Great Lakes.
“We’re using climate
forecasting to predict how
fish migration patterns
might change,” says
McIntyre. “Great Lakes
water temperatures appear
to be changing faster than
air temperatures.”
McIntyre, an assistant
professor in the University
of Wisconsin-Madison
Center for Limnology,
is investigating whether
stream flow or temperature
triggers suckers’ impulse to
spawn.
Suckers, an important
food source for large sport
fish, usually start to move
when the days are warm
and the water is clear but
before the trees have
leafed out. The eggs and
excrement they deposit as
they move upstream serve
as an important source of
nutrients that fertilize the
growth of plants and insects
in spawning streams.
If peak migration
of suckers shifts, their
interactions with migrating
sturgeon, pike, walleye and
redhorse would also be
affected. In fact, changing

 Britta Heise

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WICCI

CHANGE IN SPRING AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE (0F) FROM 1950 TO 2006

  verage springtime temperatures in Wisconsin
A
have increased by 1.7º◦F since 1950, when accurate
information from weather stations became available
and spring is arriving 6 to 12 days earlier.

the timing of the nutrient
inputs from suckers could
alter the dynamics of the
entire stream ecosystem.
Like Zuckerberg and his
bird-watchers, McIntyre is
using citizen volunteers to
collect some of the data
used in his study. Citizen
scientists through the
University of Wisconsin
Extension — DNR Water
Action Volunteers program
are monitoring sucker
migration patterns on
22 tributaries to Lake
Michigan. They devote
about 15 minutes at the
same time each day for up
to five weeks in the spring
looking for suckers moving
upstream.
DNR research scientist
Karl Martin heads WICCI’s
Wildlife Working Group.
His group focuses on
developing adaptation
strategies for wildlife

management that can
change along with
environmental conditions.
At the top of his list is land
protection for different types
of habitat as migratory,
breeding and foraging
behaviors change with the
alteration of Wisconsin’s
seasons. Martin says good
stewardship, private-public
partnerships and citizen
involvement can help
promote resilience in wildlife
habitat and populations.
Wildlife managers and
biologists across the state
were surveyed by Suzanne
Hagell, a research associate
on WICCI’s Wildlife Working
Group. “This group realizes
that their hard work might
not pay off for a long time,”
says Hagell, “but they are
highly motivated to develop
climate change adaptation
strategies, not just for birds
but for all wildlife.” •

Coogin Heeringa

  isconsin’s state bird, the American robin, arrives
W
13 days earlier in the spring than it did in 1990.

  chool groups, scouts and weekend visitors monitor
S
spring fish migration in a citizen science project
providing data for a UW-Madison research project.
“One second-grader told me that the sucker run is
better than fireworks,” says Coggin Heeringa, from The
Crossroads at Big Creek, a 115-acre nature preserve in
Sturgeon Bay, Wis.
Adapting to Wisconsin’s Changing Climate 5

 Coping with

Extremes
Madeline Gotkowitz

could even set.
The state has also seen
extremes in precipitation
in the recent past. The 14
inches of rain that fell over a
two-week period in the south
central part of the state in
2008 was in sharp contrast
to the continuing drought
that plagued the northern
part of the state, where piers
stood high and dry over
disappearing lakes. The heavy
rain wiped out sections of
the interstate, made sewage
treatment plants overflow
their capacities, and caused
$34 million in damage to
municipal infrastructure.

D

particularly weird in Wisconsin,
with record-breaking March
temperatures more typical of
June and July. A cold snap
in April was followed by a
heat-wave in July. Madison
experienced 104˚F as part of
a three-day streak over 100˚.
A mild fall followed, with lateNovember snow falling in the
north on ground that had yet
to freeze.
All communities should
develop heat wave action
plans, stresses Vavrus.
During the 2012 heat
wave, the city of Madison
opened its convention
facility as a public cooling
center for those with no
air conditioning. The city
also provided free bus
transportation to the
downtown location.
Weather forecasting for
extreme events has become
much more accurate than
in the past, according
to Vavrus, providing the
opportunity to prevent
negative health impacts.
Organizers of the 2012
Madison Marathon used
the forecast of unusually
hot weather to make the
decision to cancel that year’s
event. The day turned out to
be 94º◦F, too risky for a long
running event.

6 Adapting to Wisconsin’s Changing Climate

“I can’t emphasize enough
how much that hot weather,
which we’ll be seeing more
of in the future, is a deadly
serious health risk,” Vavrus
says. “Heat action plans can
save lives.”
Additionally, the apple crop
was almost a complete failure
in Door County and other
parts of the state. The March
warming that lured people to
break out their shorts and flip
flops also encouraged fruit
trees to come into blossom
— but the cold snap that
followed put an abrupt end
to the season before the fruit

  ong-term drought can
L
change the way we do
business. In the Driftless
Area of the state, some
farmers irrigated their crops
in 2012, something rarely
done on silt-loam soils.
Pumping groundwater can
alter the hydrologic system
in that part of the state.

Kyle MacDonald

Steve Vavrus is a senior
scientist at the Nelson
Institute Center for Climatic
Research at the University
of Wisconsin-Madison and a
member of the WICCI Climate
Working Group. Vavrus has
studied extreme events in the
United States that occurred
over the last century. He
is interested in the impacts
they pose on ecosystems,
agriculture, human health,
stormwater management,
infrastructure and the
economy.
“It’s so difficult to give a
‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer to the
question I frequently get: Can
we attribute extreme events
to global warming?” says
Vavrus. “The answer is usually
yes and no. We can never
prove that a certain event
occurred because the climate
is changing, but hopefully,
we can determine how much
climate change has loaded the
dice for these events to occur.”
The Midwest has
experienced plenty of
extremes in the recent past.
The heat wave of 1995
brought temperatures over
100˚F, along with extremely
high humidity. More than
750 heat-related deaths were
reported in Chicago.
In 2012, the weather was

Carolyn Rumery Betz

rought, heat waves, heavy rainfall and other extreme weather
events are likely to become more common in Wisconsin’s future,
according to WICCI climate scientists. For example, they say
southern Wisconsin will see significant increases in rain events that dump
one, two or three inches in a 24-hour period. The state may also see as
many as 60 days per year where the temperature tops 90˚F by the end of
this century, with more than 14 days over 100˚F. The scientists also expect
fewer winter nights below 0˚F.

I n addition to the health risks and discomfort, extreme
weather can also have serious economic consequences.
Wisconsin lost almost all of its maple syrup production
due to the extreme March heat of 2012, when night-time
temperatures refused to drop below freezing, a necessary
component of the sugaring cycle.

 Planning to Protect

C

limate change is a global phenomenon,
but it poses a growing list of challenges
at the local level. Helping municipalities
adapt to climate change is the focus of WICCI’s
Community Adaptation Working Group, directed
by DNR’s Land Use Team Leader, Sally Kefer.
identify areas of vulnerability,
including health-related
challenges and other issues
that result from flooding,
extreme heat, and increased
runoff from adjacent
agricultural lands.
La Crosse, a city of 51,000,
then received a federal grant
to address some of these
issues by developing plans
for and installing “green
infrastructure” in an older,
flood-prone residential area.
Excess water coming from
intense rain events will be
directed into grass swales
or curbside gardens, where
it can soak into the ground
instead of flowing over hard
street surfaces,
causing
flooding.
“Cities can
easily amend
some of
their existing
community
plans and
budget decisions to deal with
our changing climate,” says
Kefer. “Most communities
already have sustainability,
emergency management,
forestry, and utility and
engineering plans that can
be amended to help plan for
what we envision is coming:
more flooding, higher
temperatures, and more

freezing and thawing, which
can affect driving conditions
and infrastructure.”
La Crosse County and the
Mississippi River Regional
Planning Commission have
decided to address these
issues through an “All
Hazards Mitigation Plan.”
“By using green
infrastructure, we can do
some things to address the
increased runoff without
a great deal of added
expense,” says assistant
city engineer Bernard Lenz.
Source controls can be
added during routine street
construction and save the
city money in the long run.
La Crosse officials are
aware that they must develop
strategies to protect their
most vulnerable citizens, the
elderly and economically
disadvantaged. High on the
list is the need for cooling
centers and modes of
transportation that can bring
those without air-conditioning
to places where they can find
safe shelter from heat waves.
The La Crosse County Health
Department is working on the
issue.
As La Crosse continues
to incorporate climate
adaptation into community
plans and action, other
communities are beginning
to identify their own areas
of vulnerability. Erosion
from stormwater, flooded
buildings and highways,
excessive gullies and
collapsing slopes are
examples of stresses that can
compromise a city’s health
and ability to function. •

Sally Kefer

Kefer has crossed the state
over the past few years to
help communities plan for
climate change. She and
other WICCI members have
been to Eau Claire, Madison,
River Falls and La Crosse,
and they have participated
in federally sponsored
workshops in Milwaukee,
Green Bay and Duluth/
Superior.
WICCI climate models
project that Wisconsin
will experience increasing
temperatures along with
more frequent and intense
rain events.
Storms that drop two
or three inches in a 24hour period
occur today
about 12 times
per decade
in southern
Wisconsin, and
seven times
per decade
in northern
Wisconsin. By mid-century,
these are likely to occur
about 25 percent more
frequently and increase
slightly in intensity.
The frequency of very hot
days (over 90°F) will likely
double, from roughly 12 per
year to 25. Planning ahead
for these changes can help
communities become more
resilient.
“I want to show
communities that they
can help themselves to
successfully handle the
effects of extreme events,”
says Kefer. “They need
to protect both public
health and community
infrastructure.”
Teaming up with the
Department of Health
Services, Kefer landed a
grant to help La Crosse

Rawle C. Jackson

Communities like Spring
Green and Brodhead
experienced groundwater
flooding, a process by which
the water table rises so
high that it ponds on the
surface. After five months
of pooled groundwater in
a neighborhood in Spring
Green, the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA)
spent $5.37 million to buy out
28 homes, the first such action
for groundwater flooding
in the country. Wisconsin
hydrogeologists expect this
kind of flooding to occur more
frequently in the future.
Wisconsin should be
proactive in developing
adaptation strategies to
cope with extreme events,
according to climate experts.
David S. Liebl, an outreach
specialist with University
of Wisconsin-Cooperative
Extension and a WICCI
member, is working with
county Extension agents to
improve their understanding
of climate change so they
can help individuals and
communities prepare for
extreme events.
“From family living agents
working with the elderly and
vulnerable populations to
prepare for heat waves, to
agricultural agents working
with farmers on installing
cooling systems for their
cows, Extension agents
are in a prime position
to help others address
vulnerabilities,” he says.
Liebl and University
of Wisconsin-Madison
engineering professor Ken
Potter have been working
with municipalities to
address climate impacts on
stormwater infrastructure,
their area of specialty.
They believe that some
communities will need to
handle larger stormwater
flows to prevent flooding,
combined stormwater
overflows and the healthrelated consequences
from these events, such as
mosquito infestations and
mold growth in homes. •

Community Assets

  
Community
workshops, such as this one in LaCrosse,
help identify and address vulnerabilities related to our
changing climate. They need to protect both public health
and community infrastructure.
Adapting to Wisconsin’s Changing Climate 7

 Adaptation in

T

he global scale of climate change, and the long time span over
which it occurs, can make it a difficult topic for educators. But
two Wisconsin environmental education centers are meeting the
challenge with new educational exhibits: the Aldo Leopold Nature Center
in Monona and the Northern Great Lakes Visitor Center in Ashland.
displays NOAA and
NASA planetary data,
and “Global Warming:
Facts and Our Future,” a
powerful interactive exhibit
developed by the Marian
Koshland Science Museum
of the National Academy of
Sciences.
With the recent additions,
the Aldo Leopold Nature
Center will serve even
more school-aged visitors
each year — nearly 50,000
and counting. Educational
content and programming
meet National Standards for

Aldo Leopold Nature Center

The Aldo Leopold Nature
Center has expanded its
traditional environmental
education experience for
school-age children with its
climate exhibit. Combined
with “high-touch” outdoor
programs, the new “hightech” exhibit uses multimedia
and interactive programming,
including digital, visual,
hands-on and immersive
experiences for all ages.
Exhibit highlights include
“Science on a Sphere,”
a high-definition global
projection system that

Cathy Techtmann

  he Aldo Leopold Nature Center is visited by 50,000
T
students each year.

  eachers participate in a climate literacy workshop with
T
Apostle Islands’ park superintendent and WICCI member
Bob Krummenacker, an expert on climate change impacts
on the country’s National Parks.
8 Adapting to Wisconsin’s Changing Climate

Charles Rasmussen, GLIFWC

Education

Science literacy.
“This digital
curriculum allows us
to be flexible and
 Joe Rose, Sr. explains that the
current,” says Brenna
G’WOW exhibit is designed to
Holzhauer, the center’s
increase knowledge of how climate
manager of exhibits and
change is affecting Lake Superior’s
digital curricula. “Using
environment, its communities and
touchscreen technology,
Native American cultures.
we’re able to regularly
update our content
affecting the natural resources
and ensure that it is
used by the Ojibwe. The
accessible and relevant
exhibit is part of a larger
at the local level.”
outreach effort that, like the
The exhibit uses
Aldo Leopold Nature Center,
information from WICCI’s
2011 report, which identifies uses touch screen technology
to deepen the learning
climate change impacts
experience.
and adaptation strategies.
Bringing Native
The Leopold Center uses
perspectives into the
a dozen videos (found
conversation is important
at climatewisconsin.
because the Ojibwe, like other
org) developed by the
tribes, rely on traditional, local
Wisconsin Educational
resources such as wild rice
Communications Board
that may dramatically change
that focus on how climate
under a warmer, drier climate.
change affects agriculture,
“The G’WOW Initiative
forestry, trout fishing
helps people discover that
and other fundamental
culture and science agree
Wisconsin attributes.
The Northern Great Lakes — climate change is real,”
says Cathy Techtmann, UWVisitor Center in Ashland
also uses WICCI resources in Extension environmental
outreach specialist based at
its exhibit, Gikinoo’wizhiwe
the Great Lakes Visitor Center.
Onji Waaban (Guiding for
“Visitors can see how climate
Tomorrow), or “G’Wow.”
change is affecting Native
The “Changing Climate,
traditional cultural practices,
Changing Culture” exhibit
how it is affecting their culture
integrates climate science
and community, and what
with place-based evidence
they can do about it.” •
of how climate change is
Written by Carolyn Rumery Betz and edited by Steve Pomplun, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies. Assistance provided by
Paul Cunningham, Suzanne Hagell, Brenna Holzhauer, Sally Kefer, Danielle Lamberson
Philipp, Richard Lathrop, David S. Liebl, John Lyons, Karl Martin, Matthew Mitro, Peter
McIntyre, John Pohlman, Ken Potter, Jack Sullivan, Cathy Techtmann,
Steve Vavrus, Daniel Vimont and Ben Zuckerberg.
Cover photo: Fotophilius
This publication was funded through a grant from the Ira and Ineva Reilly Baldwin
Wisconsin Idea Endowment.
For more information about the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate
Change Impacts, svisit wicci.wisc.edu.

PUB # 2013
Designed by Thomas J. Senatori