Castillo v. Case Fanns of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) KcyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment Dlsagrnd With by Rnmirez v, DeCoster. D.Me., West Headnotes (16) March 31. 2000 48 F.Supp.2d 670 United States District Court, W.D. Texas, Del Rio Division. Gerardo CASTILLO, et. II ) Labor and Employment .p Disclosure and record-keeping requirements Labor and Employment ~ Housing and working conditions aI., Plaintiffs, v. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (A WP A) is a broad-ranging network of migrant and seasonal worker protections that requires, among other things, written and forthright disclosures in the workers' language at the time of recruitment, prohibits false and misleading assurances concerning employment policies and practices, housing conditions, and transportation arrangements for workers, and regulates housing and transportation standards. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 2 et seq., 29 U.S.C.A. § 1801 et seq. CASE FARMS OF OHIO, Inc., et. aI., Defendants. No. DR 97-CA-89. I March 23, 1999. Fonner employees, who were recruited in Texas to work at Ohio chicken processing plant, brought action against fonner employer and temporary employment agency, alleging that they were mistreated in both the recruitment process in Texas and the working and living conditions provided upon their arrival in Ohio, that their statutory rights under the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (A WPA) and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) were violated, and that they were subjected to defendants' breach of contract, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation. Former employees and fanner employer filed motions for partial summary judgment. The District Court, Justice, Senior District Judge, held that: (I) fanner employer, as a poultry processor, was an "agricultural employer" within meaning of the A WPA; (2) under an "economic reality" approach, fonner employees' work at plant was of a "temporary nature" and, thus, they were "migrant agricultural workers" protected by the A WP A; and (3) genuine issues of material fact remained concerning whether fonner employer violated housing provisions of the A WP A, whether fonner employer's paycheck deductions violated the FLSA, nature of relationships among former employer, temporary agency, and one group of former employees, and precise nature of recruiting promises made by former employer to second group of fonner employees. Labor and Employment ~ Agricultural Labor Cases that cite this headnote )2 ) Labor and Employment ~ Employees Covered; Agricultural, Seasonal or Migratory Employment For plaintiffs to qualify as "migrant agricultural workers" under the AWPA, they were required to show that: (I) they were employed in agricultural employment, (2) this agriCUltural employment was of a seasonal or other temporary nature, and (3) they were required to be absent overnight from their pennanent places of residence. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 3(8)(A), 29 U.S.C.A. § 1802(8) (A). I Cases that cite this headnote Plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment granted, and defendant's motion for partial summary judgment denied. )3) Labor and Employment ~ Agricultural Labor For purposes of the A WPA, "agriculture" describes a broad activity. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 2 et seq., 29 U.S.C.A. § 180 I et seq. WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) Cases that cite this headnote Cases that cite this headnote 141 Labor and Employment ... Employers 18) With the A WPA, Congress explicitly sought to regulate far-away employers' unfair treatment of migrating workers, regarding conditions of employment, housing, and transportation. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 2 et seq., 29 V.S.C.A. § ISOI et seq. Poultry processor was an "agricultural employer" for purposes of the A WPA. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 3(S)(A), 29 V.S.C.A. § IS02(S)(A). Cases that cite this headnote 151 Labor and Employment . . Incidental activities; cannery or processing work By leaving their families and homes in Texas to work at chicken processing plant in Ohio, workers were "required to be absent overnight" from their permanent places of residence, within meaning of the A WP A. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 3(S)(A), 29 V.S.C.A. § IS02(S)(A). Cases that cite this headnote 191 Labor and Employment . . Employees Covered; Agricultural, Seasonal or Migratory Employment Availability of year-round work does not necessarily preclude workers' qualification as "migrant" employees under the A WPA. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 3(8)(A), 29 V.S.C.A. § IS02(S)(A). Cases that cite this headnote 1101 under the "economic reality" test to detennine liability under the FLSA. Fair Labor Standards Act of 1935, § 3(g), 29 V.S.C.A. § 203(g) . Labor and Employment ... Employees Covered; Agricultural, Seasonal or Migratory Employment Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (A WPA), via its descendant regulations, implicitly allows for workers employed indefinitely to qualifY, in some instances, as "temporary agricultural workers." Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 3(S)(A), 29 V.S.C.A. § IS02(8) (A); 29 C.F.R. § 500.20(s)(2). Labor and Employment . . Employment relationship Objective factors such as where work was performed, whether it was an integral part of the production process, who had the opportunity for profit and risk of loss, and who had substantial investments in the production process are used Cases that cite this headnote 171 Labor and Employment .... Employers Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (A WPA) incorporated the Fair Labor Standards Act's (FLSA's) "economic reality" test for determining employment. Fair Labor Standards Act of 1935, § 3(g), 29 V.S.C.A. § 203(g); Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 3(5), 29 V.S.C.A. § 1802(5). Cases that cite this headnote 161 Labor and Employment .... Purpose Cases that cite this headnote 1111 Labor and Employment . . Employees Covered; Agricultural. Seasonal or Migratory Employment True and objective economic reality of plaintiffs' employment, rather than subjective intentions of either or both parties, must be considered to determine the nature of plaintiffs' work under WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original V S Government Works. 2 Castillo Y. Case Farms of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) the A WP A. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 3(S)(A), 29 U.S.C.A. § IS02(S)(A). "'" Fair Labor Standards Act cases; wages and hours regulations Genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether former employees consented to paycheck deductions to repay advances made by former employer and/or temporary employment agency to third parties who provided former employees with transportation and/or housing, the use to which such deductions were put, and the appropriateness of deductions for necessary supplies, precluding summary judgment in action for alleged violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Fair Labor Standards Act of 1935, § I et seq., 29 U.S.C.A. § 20 I et seq. Cases that cite this headnote 1121 Labor and Employment . . Incidental activities; cannery or processing work Under an "economic reality" approach, the work of former employees who were recruited in Texas to work at Ohio chicken processing plant was of a "temporary nature" and, thus, employees were "migrant agricultural workers" protected by the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (A WPA); most employees left permanent residences in Texas to work in Ohio, most arrived in Ohio without housing, transportation, or furniture, most employees' stays in Ohio were short, with a mean average length of between six and seven weeks, and such temporary tenure was to be expected by former employer, given its incredibly high yearly turnover rate, even though employees understood that employment at plant was open-ended. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 3(S)(A), 29 U.S.C.A. § IS02(S)(A). Cases that cite this headnote 1151 Federal Civil Procedure . . Tort cases in general Genuine issue of material fact existed as to nature of relationships among former employer, temporary employment agency, and group of former employees, precluding summary judgment in former employees' action for various statutory violations as well as breach of contract, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation. Cases that cite this headnote 1131 Federal Civil Procedure . . Employees and Employment Discrimination, Actions Involving Genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether former employer, a poultry processing plant, "owned or controlled" migrant workers' housing, precluding summary judgment in action for alleged violation of the housing provisions of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (AWPA). Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, § 2 et seq., 29 U.S.CA. § ISO I et seq.; 29 C.F.R. § 500.130(c). Federal Civil Procedure . . Contract cases in general Cases that cite this headnote 1161 Federal Civil Procedure . . Contract cases in general Federal Civil Procedure . . Tort cases in general Genuine issue of material fact existed as to precise nature of recruiting promises made by former employer to group of former employees, precluding summary judgment in former employees' action for various statutory violations as well as breach of contract, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation. Cases that cite this headnote Cases that cite this headnote 1141 Federal Civil Procedure WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U S Government Works 3 Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) Attorneys and Law Firms *673 Selena N. Solis, Lisa J. D'Souza, Texas Rural Legal Aid, Inc, Weslaco, TX, for plaintiffs. Dean E. Westman, Jeffrey J. Weber, Millisor & Nobil Co., L.P.A., Cleveland, OH, for defendants. ORDER recruited by the *674 ATC Defendants in McAllen, Texas, to go to Ohio and work at Case Farms. The 1997 Plaintiffs are Gustavo Caballero, Estela Carreon, Edgar A. Chavez, Americo Galvan, Carlos A. Gonzalez, Jose A. Guevara, Juan A. Jimenez, Cruz A. Martinez, Aurora Navarro, Juan Puente, Carlos Reyna, Tomas Solis, Israel Trevino, Juan Carlos Verastegui, Antonio Galindo Zamora, and Urbana Zavala, Yolanda Leura, and Edna Mae Chong. These plaintiffs were allegedly recruited in Eagle Pass, Texas, by Case Farms, to go to Ohio and work at Case Farms. JUSTICE, Senior District Judge. Trial in the above-numbered and entitled civil action is set down for trial on March 29, 1999, in Austin, Texas. On January 19, 1999, plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment. On the same day, defendant also moved for partial summary judgment. l One week later, on January 26, 1999, defendant Case Farms moved to strike the affidavit of David G. Hall, and the related portions of plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment. Responses and replies have been filed by both parties. Each of these three motions will be The basis for this civil action is the alleged mistreatment of plaintiffs in both the recruitment process in Texas and the working and living conditions provided upon their arrival in Ohio. Plaintiffs contend that defendants violated statutory rights of employees created by the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act ("AWPA"), 29 U.S.C. § 180 I et seq., and the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Plaintiffs further allege that they have been subjected to defendants' breach of contract, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation in this matter. considered herein. 2 Background Defendant Case Farms of Ohio, Inc. ("Case Farms") is a chicken processing plant in Winesburg, Ohio, where live chickens are processed into market-ready packages of chicken parts. Case Farms employees perform a range ofjobs, which Include eviscerating, deboning, receiving, grading, wrapping, weighing, and washing chickens. This civil action was filed against Case Farms by approximately thirty plaintiffs, most of whom worked for some period of time at Case Farms. Also named as defendants are D & S Career Services, Inc., doing business as America's TempCorps, and Patricia L. Daum, doing business as America's TempCorps, ("ATC Defendants"), although the plaintiffs have reportedly been unable to locate and serve the ATC defendants, to this point. For the purposes of clarity, the plaintiffs have been separated by the parties into two groups: the "1996 Plaintiffs" and the "1997 Plaintiffs." The 1996 Plaintiffs are made up of Eloy Cantu, Gerardo Castillo, Efrain Leal, Rafael Gonzalez, Sergio Hernandez, Jose Guadalupe Estrada, Martin Hernandez, Esperanza Hernandez, Joseph Cooper, Hugo Hernandez, Jesus Mejia, Guadalupe Zamorano, Ricardo Zamorano, Raul Zavala, and Michelle Galvan. These plaintiffs were allegedly Defendant Case Farms responds with a number of legal, and fact-based, denials. It is Case Farms' position that plaintiffs in this civil action do not qualifY for the protections afforded by the A WPA, that the A TC Defendants, rather than Case Farms, are responsible for whatever, if any, transgressions of the law that occurred, and that all of Case Farms' interactions with plaintiffs have been not only fair and honest, but in compliance with both state and federal laws. Plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment is based solely on the legal issue of A WPA's application to plaintiffs. Defendants' motion for partial summary judgment covers a number of legal and factual issues. Defendant Case Farms moves for summary judgment on all claims against seven of the 1996 Plaintiffs, 3 and all of the 1997 Plaintiffs. As to the remainder of the 1996 Plaintiffs, Case Farms seeks partial summary judgment. 4 See De! Mot. for Part. Summ. J. at I. Summary Judgment Standards Summary judgment is proper under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c), "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U S. Government Works 4 Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) 9 I L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The substantive law underlying the claims in issue identifies which facts are material. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby. Inc.. 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). When assessing a motion for summary judgment, the court must make all factual inferences in favor of the party opposing the motion. Matsushita £Iec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp .. 475 U.S. 574, 587,106 S.Ct. 1348,89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Hansen v. Continental Ins. Co.. 940 F.2d 97 I, 975 (5th Cir.199 I). Often, summary judgment allows the court to dispose entirely of one or more claims within the case. However, a court may also grant partial summary judgment by identifYing any undisputed issues or material fact. Such facts are then deemed established for trial. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(d); see Belinsky v. Twentieth Restaurant. Inc.• 207 F.Supp. 412 (S.D.N.Y.1962). Plaintiffs' Motion/o, Partial Summary Judgment Through their motion for partial summary judgment, plaintiffs have effectively severed one of the key, threshold legal issues before the court: Are the plaintiffs -675 and defendants in this civil action subject to the protections and responsibilities mandated by the AWPA? Plaintiffs maintain that they qualifY under the A WPA's definition of "migrant worker," and that Case Farms qualifies under the AWPA's definition of "agricultural employer." Case Farms counters that the plaintiffs' work at Case Farms was neither "temporary" nor "seasonal," so as to exclude plaintiffs from the AWPA's regulatory protections of "migrant workers." A. The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (I) The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act is a broad-ranging network of migrant and seasonal worker protections that requires, among other things, written and forthright disclosures in the workers' language at the time of recruitment. It prohibits false and misleading assurances concerning employment policies and practices, housing conditions, and transportation arrangements for workers. It also regulates housing and transportation standards. 29 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq. The A WPA was enacted in 1983 to replace Congress' previous attempt (the Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act of 1963 ("FLCRA"» "to protect agricultural workers whose employment had been historically characterized by low wages, long hours and poor working conditions .... " H.R.REP. NO. 97- 885, at I (1982), reprinted in 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4547. According to Congressional records, the FLCRA "failed to reverse the historical pattern of abuse and exploitation of migrant and seasonal farm workers," 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4549, and Congress reformulated its migrant and seasonal worker protections in the A WPA. 5 (2( Based on their employment patterns and skills, there can be no doubt that plaintiffs in this civil action may be fairly characterized as "migrant workers" in the common vernacular of South Texas. 6 Of course the law does not rely on loose colloquialisms, but rather creates supposedly more precise legal defmitions. The A WPA defines a "migrant agriCUltural worker" as "an individual who is employed in agricultural employment of a seasonal or other temporal)' nature, and who is required to be absent overnight from his permanent place of residence." 29 U.S.C. § 1802(8)(A). The requirements for plaintiffs to qualifY under the AWPA, therefore, can be delineated into three components. Plaintiffs must show that (I) they were employed in agricultural employment; (2) this agricultural employment was of a seasonal or other temporal)' nature; and (3) they were required to be absent overnight from their permanent places of residence. B. Plaintiffs as "agricultural employees" who are absent from their permanent residences (3) (4( Defendant Case Farms does not, and cannot, deny its status under the A WPA as an "agricultural employer." At least since 1963, with the passage of the FLCRA, Congress has sought to protect migrant workers from unfair employment practices in poulll)' processing plants. 7 In ·676 1984, Congress retained such protections when it revamped is migrant worker protection laws with the passage of the AWPA. 29 U.S.C. § 1801, et. seq. "Agricultural employment" was, once again, defined by reference to 29 U.S.C. § 203(1) or 26 U.S.C. § 3121(g), retaining those sections' references to poulll)'. 8 And further, under the A WPA, an "agricultural employer" is any person who "owns or operates a farm, ranch, [or) processing establishmen!...." 9 Hence, as a poulll)' processor, Case Farms is clearly an "agricultural employer." See Bracamontes. 840 F.2d at 275. (5( Nor does defendant Case Farms contest the fact that plaintiffs, by traveling to Ohio from Texas, were required to be absent overnight from their permanent places of residence. Many of the plaintiffs left their families and homes in South Texas to travel to Ohio to work at Case Farms. Thus the first and third prongs of the definition of "migrant agricultural" worker under the A WPA are satsified. WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reulers. No claim to original U S Government Works 5 Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) C. The "seasonal or temporary nature" of work under the AWPA The gravamen of plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment, therefore, lies in the second prong of the definition of "migrant agricultural worker." 10 That is, the parties in this civil action strongly disagree as to whether the plaintiffs' work at Case Farms was "of a seasonal or other temporary nature," J 1 Case Farms' first line of defense to such a contention is that plaintiffs' employment at Case Farms was not "for a limited time," but was instead for an indefinite tenure. In fact, a number of plaintiffs, both in the 1996 and 1997 groups, have testified at their depositions that they understood that they could work at Case Farms indefmitely. See De! Case Farms' Mot. for Part. Summ. J. at 12, 21. Case Farms' employee Andy Cilona,12 who recruited some of the plaintiffs, has testified that he "encouraged them so they would stay, told them we had benefits and just a *677 good place to raise a family." Cilona Dep. 41. Other Case Farms employees have also testified to the year-round nature of employment, and that recruitment efforts reflected indefinite employment opportunities. 13 See Kohli Dep. 147; Wilson Dep. 20. It is irrefutable that Case Farms' processing plant in Ohio is in operation year-round. 14 Without refuting Case Farms' assertions, plaintiffs support their contention that they were "temporary" workers for the purposes of the A WPA by pointing to the consistently high turnover rates of Case Farms employees. Although the parties have stipulated to keeping the actual attrition rates of the Ohio processing plant under seal,I5 plaintiffs argued that "[s]hort periods of employment are the norm at Case Farms' plant where the average weekly turnover rate from 1994 to 1996, was estimated by Case Farms' former General Manager, Ezra L. Kohli, to between five and six percent." Pl. Mot for Part. Summ. J. at 9. (The evidence under seal provides yearly turnover rates at Case Farms.) Other Case Farms' employees have acknowledged the historically high turnover rates at the Case Farms processing plan, and that such high turnover is due to the nature of its business. 16 See Kohli Dep. 105, 125; Cilona Dep. 35-36, 117-118; Wilson Dep. 25-26,29. While a number of plaintiffs returned to Texas almost immediately upon arrival at the Ohio plant, the mean average length of employment as Case Farms for plaintiffs was 6.6 weeks. Norton Aff. at 4. The longest period of employment by a plaintiff was thirty-weeks, the shortest period of employment was one week. Id Based on this undisputed information, plaintiffs contend that the "extremely high Brlnual turnover demonstrates that, in reality, the nature of employment at Case Farms' processing plant was short-term or temporary." Pl. Mot. for Part. Summ. J. at 24-25. [6[ As a preliminary matter, it is noted that the fact that Case Farms' plant operates year-round does not necessarily preclude plaintiffs' qualification as "migrant" employees. In Caro-Galvanv. Curtis Richardson. Inc., 993 F.2d i500(llth Cir.1993), the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit determined the plaintiffs in that civil action, who worked for a fern farm, qualified as "migrant" employees despite the fact that "ferns are harvested throughout the year and appellants could have worked for Richardson, and often did work, yearround." Id at 1505. The court's reasoning was, in part, based on the fact that fern harvesting involves a slack season, during which employees harvested fewer ferns and performed other tasks. Id at 1508. While this case does not set out bright-line rules for what degrees of fluctuation qualifY as "seasonal," it does illustrate that the availability of year-round work does not necessarily disqualifY plaintiffs as "migrants." The critical question before this court, however, is whether plaintiffs' understanding that employment at Case Farms' was open-ended disqualifies them from "migrant *67S worker" status for the purposes of the A WPA's protections. [7J It is first noted that the statute, via its descendant regulations, implicitly allows for workers employed indefinitely to qualifY, in some instances, as "temporary agricultural workers." While the regulations make clear that "[g)enerally, employment which is contemplated to continue indefinitely is not temporary," 29 C.F.R. § 500.20(s) (2) (emphasis added ), it is meaningful that the drafters included the word "generally"- indicating awareness that the proposition that indefinite work is not "temporary" will, at times, have exceptions, Such an exception has been presented to the court here. [SJ Faced with such a close question as plaintiffs qualifications under the A WP A, it will be helpful to return to Congress' intent in passing the law. According to its preamble, the purpose of the A WPA is "to remove the restraints on commerce caused by activities detrimental to migrant and seasonal agricultural workers; to require farm labor contractors to register under this Act; and to assure necessary WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works 6 Casllilo v. Case Farms of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) protections for migrant and seasonal agricultural workers, agricultural associations, and agricultural employers." 29 U.S.C. § 1801. Thus, with the AWPA, and its predecessor the FLCRA, Congress explicitly sought to regulate far-away employers' unfair treatment of migrating workers, regarding conditions of employment, housing and transportation. In Caro-Galvan, the Eleventh Circuit court also determined that Congress did not intend to narrow the class of workers protected by the FLCRA, which covered "field workers." Caro-Galvan, 993 F.2d at 1507. hand. Whether or not such a process is labeled an "economic reality" test, the same form of objective factors analysis used to define employers, should °679 here be used to define emplayees. In fact, Congress has made clear that the "economic reality" test is intended to be used "to detennine employment relationships" under the A WPA. 18 1982 House Rep. at 4553. (l1J The prudence of using objective factors to determine the nature of employment under A WPA is well-established. See Avalos v. La Conca D'Oro, Inc., III Lab. Cas. ,/35, 188, (9J (1 OJ In light of these clear Congressional intentions, 46,118 (E.D.Pa.1988); Ruggieri Mushroom Farms v. Sec')' it is determined that an approach analogous to, if not of Labor, U.S. Dept. of Labor, ALJ, No. 85-MSP-25, May directly pursuant to, the AWPA and the Fair Labor Standards 13, 1987, Lab.L.Rep., ,/31, 480 at 43, 860(CCH). In Avalos, a federal district court used objective evidence of turnover Act's "economic reality" concept is called for. 17 In regards to the often murky relationships among employers, labor and variation in the demand for labor to find that plaintiffs contractors, recruiters, and employees, "the economic reality, qualified as migrant workers under the AWPA. Avalos, 111 not contractual levels, nor isolated facts .... determine Lab. Cas. at 46,120. In Ruggieri, an administrative law judge employment... ... 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4553; see Gulf King considered the "substantial turnover of employees" to qualifY Shrimp Co. v. Wirt=, 407 F.2d 508, 512 (5th Cir.1969); the plaintiffs as migrants. Ruggieri at 43,860. Once again, see also Usery v. Pilgrim Equipment Company, 527 F.2d in the Caro-Galvan decision, the Eleventh Circuit reviewed 1308, 1315 (5th Cir.1976). Objective factors such as where objective factors, such as fluctuations in fern harvesting, to the work was performed, whether it was an integral part determine that the plaintiffs in that civil action qualified as of the production process, who had the opportunity for migrant workers. 993 F.2d at 1508. Thus, based on Congress's intent in enacting the A WPA, and the courts' subsequent profit and risk of loss, and who had substantial investments in the production process are used under the "economic treatment of the statute, it is determined that the true and reality" test to determine liability. See Torres- Lope= v. objective economic reality of the plaintiffs' employment, May, III F.3d 633, 640 (9th Cir.1997); Hodgson v. Griffin rather than subjective intentions of either or both parties, must & Brand of McAllen, Inc., 471 F.2d 235, 237- 38 (5th be considered to determine the nature of plaintiffs' work under Cir.1973). Such an approach has been utilized by courts to theAWPA. pierce the corporate insulation of go-between recruiters and (12J Upon consideration of the "economic reality" of the hiring services sometimes used by agricultural employers to avoid liability under worker protection legislation. See, e.g., plaintiffs' position painted by the undisputed facts presented Antenor v. D & S Farms, Inc., 88 F.3d 925, 929- 31 (Ilth in this civil action, it is determined that plaintiffs do qualifY as Cir.1996); Torres- Lope= v. May, III F.3d 633, 638- 39 (9th "temporary workers," thereby qualifYing for legal definition of "migrant agriCUltural worker" under A WPA.lt is unrefuted Cir. I997). that in almost all, if not all, cases, plaintiffs left their families and permanent residences in Texas to go to Ohio Defendant Case Farms, however, argues that the "economic reality" test is strictly limited to the question of whether to work. In some instances, plaintiffs were given bus tickets from Texas. They arrived, in most cases, without housing, there exists an employment relationship as opposed to an independent contractor relationship. While this is the context transportation, or furniture. Once in Ohio, as mentioned in which such a test is explicitly provided for, the plaintiffs, previously, plaintiffs' stays were short, with a mean average however, argue that an analogous approach is necessary to length of between six and seven weeks. N. Norton AJJ at 4. Such temporary tenure was to be expected by defendant Case determine their status as migrants under the AWPA. The court agrees. Farms, given its incredibly high yearly turnover rate. This court has considered the sealed tum-over rates of the Case It is determined that the A WPA's clearly-stated intent, Farms' plant in Ohio, and fmds them compelling. 19 regulatory scheme, and legislative history require that an analogous "economic reality" test be applied in the case at WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U S Government Works 7 Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) With the A WPA, Congress intended to improve protections, previously provided by the FLCRA, for migrant workers, because "in many cases the contractor tends to exaggerate conditions of employment when he recruits workers in their home base or that he fails to inform them of *680 their working conditions at all; tends to transport them in unsafe vehicles; fails to furnish promised housing or else furnishes substandard and unsanitary housing; ..... H.R.REP. NO. 97885, at I (1982), reprinted in 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4547. These are virtually the same allegations at issue in this civil action. Because the economic reality of the plaintiffs' position is that their work for Case Farms was of a temporary nature, it is determined that plaintiffs are "migrant agricultural workers" for the purposes of the A WP A. No genuine issue as to any material fact remains as to plaintiffs' qualification as migrant workers under the AWPA. Plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment will, therefore, be granted. Having found plaintiffs' work for Case Farms ofa "temporary nature," the issue of whether or not plaintiffs' work was "seasonal" will not here be reached. Defendant Case Farms motion to strike the affidavit of David Hall, purporting to show seasonal variations in labor practices at Case Farms, will, therefore, be denied as moot. 20 Defendant Case Farms' Motionfor Partial Summary Judgment Defendant Case Farms' motion for partial summary judgment encompasses a much wider range of issues than plaintiffs' motion. Case Fanns, on almost every issue, claims that no genuine issues of material fact exist, and that the facts entitle it to judgment as a matter of law. It is determined, however, that genuine issues of material fact remain regarding each of plaintiffs' causes of action. For the reasons set forth above, defendant Case Farms' contention that the A WP A does not apply in this civil action fails. Plaintiffs do, in fact, qualify as "migrant agricultural workers" under the A WP A. [I3[ Case Farms also argues that because it did not "own or control" the housing provided for the plaintiffs in Ohio, it is entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' claims that it violated the housing provisions of the AWPA.21 See 29 U.S.C. § I 823(a). However, "[t]o provide housing within the meaning of the A WPA, means to make hal/sing available, procure housing, or furnish housing." H.R.REP. NO. 97- 885, at I (1982), reprinted in 1982 U.s.C.C.A.N. 4547, (emphasis added ). Given evidence of Case Farms' involvement with local landlords to arrange housing for employees, it is determined that there remain genuine issues of material fact as to the housing allegations. Whether Case Farms "owned or controlled," see 29 C.F.R. 500.130(c), plaintiffs' housing remains a contested issue of fact. See Cilona Dep. I 57-{50; Lopez Dep. 30--32. [141 Defendant Case Farms further seeks summary judgment regarding plaintiffs' FLSA claims on the grounds that plaintiffs misconstrue the nature of paycheck deductions. According to defendants, the amounts withheld were to repay advances made by defendants to third parties who provided plaintiffs with transportation and/or housing. Material issues of fact remain, however, as to plaintiffs' consent to such deductions, see, e.g., Navarro Dep. 30, Martinez Dep. 24, the use to which such deductions were put, and the appropriateness of deductions for necessary supplies, see, e.g., Trevina Dep. 23-24, Solis Dep. 23, 30. Summary judgment on this issue, therefore, is inappropriate. 1151 As to the 1996 plaintiffs, since there remain genuine issues of material fact regarding the relative roles and responsibilities *681 the defendants in this civil action, Case Farms' motion for summary judgment as to breach of contract, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation must be denied as to those plaintiffs. Not only the nature of the alleged promises to the plaintiffs, but whether or not an agency relationship existed between A TC Defendants and Case Farms, and the actual scope of that relationship, must be adduced at trial. The evidence reveals a dispute as to the degree of control defendant Case Farms (relative to the ATC defendants) exercised over the 1996 Plaintiffs. It is further disputed whether the 1996 Plaintiffs performed an integral part of Case Farms' overall production process, a determination that will have bearing on determining liability, if any, between Case Farms and the ATC defendants. Similar uncertainties remain as to the degree of Case Farms' ownership and control of the property and facilities, as well as the wage rates and methods of payment of the 1996 Plaintiffs. [161 As to the 1997 plaintiffs, genuine issues of material fact remain as to the precise nature of the promises allegedly made by defendant Case Farms in its recruiting efforts. See e.g., Cilona Dep. 184; Martinez Dep. 9- 12, 13- 16, 2324; Guevara 19-20, 28. Such issues are most appropriately resolved at trial. WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters No claim to original U S Government Works 8 Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) For the foregoing reasons, defendant Case Farms' motion for summary judgment and partial summary judgment will be denied. Conclusion The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act applies to the plaintiffs in this civil action. Accordingly, plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment should be, and is hereby, GRANTED. Furthermore, because it was found to be unnecessary to reach the issue of the "seasonal" nature of plaintiffs' work for Case Farms, defendant Case Farms' motion to strike the affidavit of David Hall should be, and is hereby, DENIED as MOOT, without prejudice to the reurging of such motion in the context of trial. Finally, because genuine disputes of material facts remain as to each of plaintiffs' claims, defendant Case Farms' motion for partial summary judgment should be, and is hereby, DENIED, in its entirety. It is so ORDERED. All Citations 48 F.Supp.2d 670 Footnotes Both parties simultaneously filed motions to exceed the ten-page limit. Several such motions have been granted in this 1 civil action. This court has subject matter jurisdiction over this civil action pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1854(a), 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), and 2 29 U.S.C. § 1331 and § 1337. Supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs' common law claims may be exercised pursuant 10 28 U.S.C. § 1367. 3 These plaintiffs include Eloy Cantu, Sergio Hemandez, Esperanza Hemandez, Joseph Cooper, Hugo Hemandez, Ricardo Zamorano, and Raul Zavala. 4 At this time, Case Farms is not seeking summary judgment for these particular plaintiffs with respect to their claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act. S One ofthe primary areas of expansion of migrant worker protections afforded by the AWPA is that the statutory duties were expanded from "farm labor contractors" (under the FLCRA) to any person recruiting, employing, housing, or transporting workers, so long as such person was either a "farm labor contractor," or one of the two newly defined entities called "agricuijural employers" and "agricultural associations." See 29 U.S.C. § 1802(1) & (2). 6 Indeed, plaintiffs' migrant lifestyle complicated discovery in this civil action. 7 That statute defined "migrant worker" as "an individual whose primary employment is in agriculture ... ." 7 U.S.C. § 2042(g) (repealed) . "Agriculture," in tum, was defined by reference to § 204 of the Fair Labor Standards Act and § 3121(g) of the Internal Revenue Code. Both of these sections include reference to production of poultry in their definitions of "agriculture." 29 U.S.C. § 203(1); 26 U.S.C. § 3121(4)(A). In 1974 amendments, Congress added to the definition of agricultural employment "the handling, planting, drying, packing, packaging, processing, freezing, or grading prior to delivery for storage of an agricultural or horticultural commodity in its unmanufactured state." 7 U.S.C. § 2042(d) (repealed ). S Even absent such statutory language, the plain meaning of "agriculture" would encompass poultry farming. "Agriculture" is defined by Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, 29 (1960), as "[t)he science and art ottarming; work of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock." And, as the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has stated in reference to the AWPA, "agriculture describes a broad activity ... ." Bracamontes v. Weyemaeuser Co., 840 F.2d 271 (5th Cir.1988). 9 Perhaps even more dispositive of Congress's intent to include pouijry processing as a regulated activity under AWPA is that statute's provision that exempts from its regulations "[a)ny custom poultry harvesting, breeding. debeaking. desexing. or heaijh sefvice operation provided /he employees of the operation are nol regularly required to be away from their permanent place of residence other than during their normal working hours." 29 U.S.C. § 1803(1) (emphasis added). Such an exemption clearly establishes Congress's contemplation and inclusion of poultry proceSSing as an agricultural activity under the AWPA. 10 The AWPA provides protections for both "seasonal" and "migrant" agricultural workers. Plaintiffs in this civil action are not candidates for "seasonal" worker protections because, under the statute, a "seasonal" agricultural worker "is not required to be absent ovemight from his permanent place of residence." 29 C.F.R. § 500.20(r). WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters No claim to original U S Government Works 9 Castillo Y. Case Fanns of Ohio, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 670 (1999) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 The Department of Labo~s interpretive regulations define a temporary worker as one who "is employed for a limited time only or his performance is contemplated for a particular piece of work, usually of short duration: 29 C.F.R. § 500.20(s) (2). The regulations further provide that "!9jenerally, employment which is contemplated to continue indefinitely is not temporary: 29 C.F.R. § 500.20(s)(2) . Plaintiffs argue that they are entilied to summary judgment as to their qualification as migrant employees under this definition. Cilona was also the initial contact between Case Farms and unlocated defendant America's TempCorps. Case Farms Director of Sales and Marketing, Ezra Lee Kohli, served as General Manager for the Winesburg operation from June of 1994 until November of 1996. Kohli Dep. 9-10. Kohli testified that Case Farms' use of "temporary" employment agencies (such as America's TempCorps) to recruit employees, does not indicate that the employment positions were temporary. Kohli Dep. 147. The degree and significance of fluctuations in Hs operations and productions during a given year are, however, subject to much dispute in this litigation. Pursuant to a Stipulated Protective Order provided to this court on December 21, 199B, exhibHs and affidavits containing tum·over rates have been filed under seal as ExhibHs 36-3B. Among the factors presented as contributing to the high tumover rates at the Ohio plant are its location 30 to 40 miles from Canton, Ohio (where the closest practical housing is located), Citona Dep. 93-95, and its isolation in the midst of several Amish and Mennonite settlements, Kohli Dep. 112-113. The AWPA incorporated the Fair Labor and Standards Act's "economic reality" test. 29 U.S.C. § 1B02(5) (incorporating 29 U.S.C. § 203(g» . Plaintiffs further rely on a change in language between the AWPA and its predecessor the FLCRA. Under the older law, one might qualify as a "migrant worker" if he or she worked on a "seasonal or other temporary basis: 7 U.S.C. § 2042(g) (1974) (emphasis added). Upon enactment of AWPA, this language was changed to read "seasonal or other temporary nature: 29 U.S.C. § 1B02(B)(A) (emphasis added). According to the plaintiffs, this change is significant in that it shows that a broadening of the regulatory protections afforded migrants. Defendant Case Farms discounts this argument as a mere "semantic exercise: Def. Brt. In Opp. To PI. Mot. For Part. Summ. J. at 7. The "temporary nature of employment" does carry a more objective and descriptive connotation than the phrase "temporary basis of employment,"-a phrase which implicates the understanding from which the employer and employee begin a relationship. Whether Congress intended such a sublie expansion of the definition of "migrant agricultural worker" is unclear from the statute on its face. This court depends instead, once again, on the clear intent of the AWPA to apply an "economic reality" test to the nature of the plaintiffs' employment in this civil action. It is also noted that in the Ruggeri case, the ALJ considered "substantial" a relatively-low average tumover rate of approximately 75 percent, Lab.L.Rep. at 43,860, and used that information to determine plaintiffs' qualification as migrants. The court will re-consider this motion, if re-urged, in the context of trial. Plaintiffs have alleged three violations olthe housing provisions under the AWPA: (1) failing to ensure that the housing provided to the plaintiffs complied wHh legal safety standards; (2) failing to obtain and post necessary certification of compliance with such standards; (3) and failing to post a statement of the terms and conditions of occupancy and housing. End of Document © 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Govemment Works. WESTLAW © 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U S Government Works 10