No. __________________ _____________________________________________ IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES _____________________________________________ LEDELL LEE, Petitioner, v. STATE OF ARKANSAS, Respondent. _____________________________________________ CAPITAL CASE EXECUTION SCHEDULED FOR APRIL 20, 2017 AT 8:15 PM CST _____________________________________________ APPLICATION FOR STAY OF EXECUTION _____________________________________________ Cassandra Stubbs 1 ACLU CAPITAL PUNISHMENT PROJECT 201 W. Main St., Suite 402 Durham, NC 27701 (919) 688-4605 cstubbs@aclu.org Lee D. Short SHORT LAW FIRM 425 W. Broadway, Suite North Little Rock, AR 72114 (501) 766-2207 leedshort@gmail.com Nina Morrison THE INNOCENCE PROJECT 40 Worth Street, Ste. 701 New York, NY 10013 (212) 364-5357 nmorrison@innocenceproject.org Attorneys for the Petitioner Ledell Lee 1 Counsel of Record for Petitioner, Ledell Lee Dated: April 20, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .......................................................................................... ii REQUEST FOR STAY OF EXECUTION ..................................................................... 1 PROCEDURAL HISTORY ............................................................................................ 2 RELIEF SOUGHT ......................................................................................................... 3 STANDARDS ATTENDANT TO GRANTING OF A STAY OF EXECUTION ........... 4 FACTS RELEVANT TO THIS APPLICATION AND REQUEST FOR STAY............ 4 ARGUMENT ................................................................................................................ 11 I. THERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL LIKELIHOOD THAT MR. LEE WILL SHOW THAT THE COURT WOULD CONSIDER THE UNDERLYING ISSUE SUFFICIENTLY MERITORIOUS FOR A GRANT OF CERTIORARI .................................................................................................... 11 II. THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT POSSIBILITY THAT THIS COURT WOULD REVERSE THE DECISION BELOW. .............................................. 13 III. DELAYS IN RAISING THE ISSUE OF DNA TESTING ARE NOT THE FAULT OF THE DEFENDANT ....................................................................... 14 IV. THERE IS A LIKELIHOOD IRREPARABLE HARM WILL RESULT IF THE DECISION OF THE COURT BELOW IS NOT STAYED ................. 14 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................. 15 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ..................................................................................... 16 i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983) .................................................................. 4, 11 District Attorney’s Office for the Third Judicial District v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52 (2009) .................................................................................. 11, 12, 13, 14 Lee v. State, 2008 Ark. LEXIS 447 (2008)..................................................................... 9 Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521 (2011) ............................................................... 11, 12 STATUTES U.S. Const. amend. V..................................................................................... 1, 3, 10, 11 U.S. Const. amend. VIII ................................................................................ 1, 3, 10, 11 U.S. Const. amend. XIV .................................................................................. 1, 3 10, 11 28 U.S.C. § 2101(f) ..................................................................................................... 1, 3 Ark. Code Ann. §§ 16-112-201, et seq. ............................................................... 2, 10, 12 OTHER AUTHORITIES Innocence Project: Robert Clark (https://www.innocenceproject.org/cases/robertclark/) ........................................................................................................................ 6 Innocence Project: Eugene Bibbins (https://www.innocenceproject.org/cases/genebibbins/)....................................................................................................................... 6 ii REQUEST FOR STAY OF EXECUTION Petitioner Ledell Lee, applies to this Court for a stay of his execution, currently scheduled for April 20, 2017 at 8:15 PM CST pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2101(f). The Arkansas Supreme Court’s decision denying Petitioner the stay for execution to provide him an opportunity to conduct post-conviction DNA testing is in Ledell Lee v. State of Arkansas, CR-17-315 (April 20, 2017), and is attached to the Application as Appendix A. The Motion to Stay Execution is attached hereto as Appendix B. The decision of the Circuit Court of Pulaski County, Arkansas, Fourth Division, Case Number CR1993-1249 (April 18, 2017) from which Petitioner appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court is attached to the Application as Appendix C. Petitioner’s Motion for Post-Conviction DNA Testing Pursuant to Arkansas Code §§ 16-112-201, et seq. and Request For Hearing is attached as Exhibit D. Mr. Lee has consistently asserted his innocence and denied any involvement in the 1993 murder of Debra Reese. Today, probative biological evidence currently in the custody and control of the State of Arkansas may now be able to provide— through the use of modern, cutting edge DNA testing technologies—confirmation of the veracity of Mr. Lee’s innocence claim. On April 17, 2017, Mr. Lee filed a Motion for Post-Conviction DNA Testing pursuant to Arkansas law and the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution seeking to have sophisticated DNA testing performed on hair found at the scene and blood located on Petitioner’s tennis shoes. That motion was denied by the Circuit Court and its 1 decision was affirmed by the Arkansas Supreme Court, CITE. Petitioner hereby moves this Court for a stay of his execution and says: PROCEDURAL HISTORY 1. Petitioner was charged with the capital murder of Debra Reese on February 9, 1993. 2. On October 4, 1994, at a capital trial, the Circuit Court granted a mistrial after the jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on petitioner’s guilt/innocence. 3. At his second trial on October 12, 1995, petitioner was found guilty of capital murder and was sentenced to death on October 16, 1995. 4. His conviction and sentence have been affirmed on direct appeal and in subsequent habeas proceedings. 5. On February 27, 2017, Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson scheduled Petitioner’s execution for April 20, 2017. 6. On April 17, 2017, Petitioner filed a Motion For Post-Conviction DNA Testing Pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated §§ 16-112-201, et seq. and Request for Hearing seeking an order from the Court directing forensic DNA testing of biological evidence collected during the investigation of Petitioner. 7. The Circuit Court of Pulaski County, Arkansas, Honorable Herbert T. Wright, Jr., judge presiding, held a hearing considering only oral argument on April 18, 2017. The Circuit Court denied the motion on the same date. 2 8. On April 19, 2017, Petitioner appealed the ruling of the Circuit Court to the Arkansas Supreme Court and filed a Motion to Stay Execution. 9. The Supreme Court of Arkansas denied the Motion to Stay Execution on April 20, 2017. RELIEF SOUGHT 10. Mr. Lee seeks an Order from this Court for a stay of execution pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2101(f), which provides in part: In any case in which the final judgment or decree of any court is subject to review by the Supreme Court on writ of certiorari, the execution and enforcement of such judgment or decree may be stayed for a reasonable time to enable the party aggrieved to obtain a writ of certiorari from the Supreme Court. 11. Mr. Lee asks this Court to stay his presently scheduled execution to allow him to timely file a petition for writ of certiorari, which will present the following issues: a. Did the Arkansas Supreme Court’s application of Arkansas’s postconviction DNA statute denying petitioner access to test biological evidence in the State’s possession in order to prove his innocence violate the Due Process clause of the United States Constitution? b. Did the Arkansas Supreme Court’s application of Arkansas’s postconviction DNA statute denying petitioner access to test biological evidence in the State’s possession in order to prove his innocence violate the Cruel and Unusual Punishment clause of the United States Constitution? 3 STANDARDS ATTENDANT TO GRANTING OF A STAY OF EXECUTION 12. A stay of execution is governed by this Court’s decision in Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983), which requires applicants to show a reasonable probability that four members of the Court would consider the underlying issue sufficiently meritorious for a grant of certiorari, a significant possibility the Court would reverse the decision below, and a likelihood that irreparable harm will result if that decision is not stayed. Id. at 895. FACTS RELEVANT TO THIS APPLICATION AND REQUEST FOR STAY 13. Mr. Lee was tried twice for the murder of Debra Reese, both times pleading not guilty and offering a misidentification defense. So weak was the State’s largely circumstantial case against Mr. Lee that despite the horrific nature of the crime, and the fact that Mr. Lee was an African American male on trial for the brutal murder of a white female in her home, Mr. Lee’s first trial resulted in a hung jury. Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Lee v. Hobbs, No. 5:01-cv-0377 (E.D. Ark. Nov. 2, 2002), ECF No. 1 at 3. In closing, the State referred to Mr. Lee, an African American defendant charged with the murder of a white woman, as a “hunter” whose “prey were the people of Jacksonville.” Defense counsel did not object. Mr. Lee’s second trial in October 1995 resulted in conviction and a sentence of death. 14. At the time of his arrest, at his trials, and to this day, Mr. Lee has denied involvement in the murder of Debra Reese. At trial, the State introduced no confession or admission that tied Mr. Lee to the murder of Ms. Reese; nor did the 4 State identify any biological material at the scene as Mr. Lee’s. None of the lifted prints from the crime scene matched the defendant; indeed, several prints foreign to Mr. Lee, and from an unidentified source, were found at the scene. 15. Instead, the State convicted Mr. Lee largely on the inconsistent and unreliable testimony of three eyewitnesses, one who testified that Mr. Lee was the man they saw exiting the victim’s home and two others who assert they saw him in the general vicinity of her home on the day of the murder. Yet several other eyewitnesses interviewed by police did not identify Mr. Lee as the perpetrator; and those few who did testify for the State gave often-inconsistent and contradictory accounts. 2 The State also offered evidence purporting to show that several hours after the murder, Mr. Lee presented a local store with a $100 bill that bore a serial number in the same series of bills as monies possessed by the victim and her husband; however, the defense argued that the State had not established that Mr. Lee (who, by his own admission, had used and purchased illegal drugs in the For example, one eyewitness, Mr. McCullough, said the person he identified as Mr. Lee came to his house to borrow tools. They talked for 10-15 minutes, face-toface. He is positive that this person was not wearing a jacket, positive that he had no ball cap on, and says he believed he was wearing a short-sleeved shirt. Mr. Gomez, on the other hand, said the man he saw entering and leaving Ms. Reese’s house was wearing a ball cap and dark jacket. But Mr. Gomez admits he was taking Vicodin for pain at this time. Still another witness, Ms. Pruitt, who did not claim to have seen Mr. Lee at or near the victim’s home but only in the general area where the crime occurred, at trial said she wasn’t sure about the clothing but, at another hearing testified she believed he had on a red plaid shirt. She admittedly was a daily marijuana user and initially reported seeing Mr. Lee at 11am –before the murder even occurred. 2 5 neighborhood) had obtained this bill from Ms. Reese’s home, as opposed to after the fact. 3 16. No DNA evidence was presented to the jury; indeed, DNA testing was, at that time, in its relative infancy. To strengthen the weak circumstantial evidence, the State introduced what its trace evidence expert described as “Negroid” hair found in Ms. Reese’s home, which prosecutors argued had been left by the perpetrator during the struggle. The State also presented evidence of two extremely small “pinpoints” of human blood found on Mr. Lee’s Converse tennis shoes at the time of his arrest. Even though the State’s experts admitted that none of the testing they performed could identify the source of the blood or hair, the State relied heavily on this limited forensic evidence to ask the jury to find Mr. Lee guilty of murder. 17. With respect to the hair evidence, Donald E. Smith, a criminalist, testified that he had microscopically examined the hair to compare its features to Mr. Lee’s – a method of analysis that has long since been discredited and disproven by DNA analysis. Specifically, he analyzed one “intact Negroid head hair” and several Negroid hair fragments. He also indicates the intact hair has a root present. (“And I saw some clearing of the pigments because from the root to the Indeed, numerous wrongly convicted defendants who were later exonerated through DNA testing were convicted in part on evidence that they possessed property from the crime – yet DNA testing later proved the truth of their claims that the property came into their possession only after the real perpetrator stole it from the scene and either discarded or sold the items. See Innocence Project: Robert Clark (https://www.innocenceproject.org/cases/robert-clark/) and Eugene Bibbins (https://www.innocenceproject.org/cases/gene-bibbins/). 3 6 shaft there sometimes gets a clearing of this pigmentation. That’s not apparent if you don’t have roots.”) Mr. Smith admitted that “hair is not a science so precise that you can define a hair as uniquely coming from an individual, saying that no other individual has hair like another person.” After an examination of these hairs, Mr. Smith told the jury he found nothing that was “inconsistent” with Petitioner’s hair; the prosecution went on to argue in summation that the hairs were fully “consistent” with Mr. Lee’s. 18. With respect to the blood evidence, the State offered the testimony of Kermit Channell, then a serologist with the Arkansas Crime Laboratory. Mr. Channel testified that he found two extremely small spots of blood on the pair of tennis shoes that Mr. Lee was wearing upon his arrest (which occurred approximately three hours after Ms. Reese was killed). He was unable to make any determination as to the source of the blood, other than to confirm that it appeared to be “human blood.” And despite the extremely grisly nature of the crime, with blood spattered across Ms. Reese’s walls and floors as a result of the repeated beating inflicted by her killer, Mr. Channell found no other traces of blood anywhere on the shoes, shirt, pants, or other items that Mr. Lee was alleged to have worn to commit the murder. Nor was any blood or foreign material detected under Mr. Lee’s fingernails, which were swabbed by the State upon his arrest, and later submitted to the Crime Lab for forensic analysis. 19. Despite the limited nature of the serologist’s blood testing, and the notable absence of blood elsewhere on the shoes or any other item seized from Mr. 7 Lee, the prosecution relied heavily on the positive test for human blood on these drops. At summation, the State argued that the detection of this blood on the defendant’s tennis shoes in fact “puts the defendant at the scene.” Yet the State never explained how Mr. Lee could have possibly committed this close-range, brutal murder, but somehow left the rest of his tennis shoes, clothing, and person wholly untouched with the victim’s blood. 20. There is no question that the DNA testing he seeks was unavailable to him at trial. Nor is there any dispute that such testing can now establish (1) that the rudimentary non-DNA evidence the State used to convict him in 1995 (serology and hair microscopy) were incomplete or inaccurate, and misled the jury into concluding that hair and blood evidence from the scene inculpated him in the murder; and (2) that he is actually innocent of this crime, which he can show not just through favorable results of the testing, but through a search of the national DNA database in order to identify another individual as the real perpetrator of Ms. Reese’s murder. 21. Mr. Lee suffers from a profound intellectual disability, which, combined with his indigence and lack of access to competent counsel, has long hampered his ability to seek and obtain the DNA testing that he has maintained would exonerate him. Indeed, the State imposed additional barriers on his ability to challenge his wrongful conviction and death sentence for more than two decades by repeatedly appointing him inadequate and conflicted post-conviction counsel to present his claims – one of whom was so visibly intoxicated during Mr. Lee’s first 8 post-conviction hearing that the State’s counsel felt compelled to put that fact on the record, and ask the court to order that Mr. Lee’s attorney be ordered to take a drug test. Despite these impediments, for more than two decades, Mr. Lee nonetheless diligently attempted to avail himself of any and all means of securing DNA testing and a meaningful investigation into his claims of actual innocence, including writing to national legal organizations for assistance, begging investigators who came to visit other inmates on death row to refer him to competent counsel, and asking the courts to appoint new and competent counsel to assist him. 22. Mr. Lee attempted to enlist the help of the Arkansas Supreme Court to have testing done on these items years ago by filing a pro se pleading with the Court alleging that his then-counsel were ineffective for, inter alia, failing to have scientific testing done on the forensic evidence. Lee v. State, 2008 Ark. LEXIS 447 at *2 (2008). On September 18, 2008, the Supreme Court of Arkansas denied the motion on the grounds that the defendant, having accepted appointment of counsel, was not entitled to accept appointment of counsel and also proceed pro se. Id. at *3. 23. At no time prior to this month did any of Mr. Lee’s assigned counsel accede to his request to ask the Courts to order a simple DNA test that has the power to prove his actual innocence, and to which Mr. Lee was statutorily entitled under a DNA testing statute enacted by the Legislature in 2001, and amended in 2005, whose stated purpose was to afford persons such as Mr. Lee access to evidence that could exonerate him. 9 24. It was just months ago that Mr. Lee finally was granted the appointment of undersigned post-conviction counsel Lee D. Short, Esq. Mr. Short, despite the substantial number of other meritorious claims and evidence that he needed to review and present to the Courts prior to Mr. Lee’s hastily scheduled execution, examined and recognized the potential merits of Mr. Lee’s claims for access to DNA evidence. 25. New counsel proceeded to secure the pro bono assistance of the Innocence Project and the ACLU Capital Punishment Project to assist him in evaluating the viability of Mr. Lee’s DNA testing claims. These volunteer attorneys in turn secured the consultation of a qualified DNA expert, in order to examine the potential claims in more detail and provide a supporting affidavit to his State petition for testing. 26. Finally equipped to bring his claim to the courts, earlier this week, Mr. Lee, via his new counsel, filed his first and only petition for DNA testing under the Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Ark. Code Ann. §§ 16-112-201, et seq., of the Arkansas Code of Criminal Procedure. That petition was summarily denied by the Circuit Court of Pulaski County the following day --without an evidentiary hearing, expert testimony, or any proceedings for consideration of the merits, other than brief oral argument by local counsel. 10 ARGUMENT I. THERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL LIKELIHOOD THAT MR. LEE WILL SHOW THAT THE COURT WOULD CONSIDER THE UNDERLYING ISSUE SUFFICIENTLY MERITORIOUS FOR A GRANT OF CERTIORARI. There is a reasonable probability that four members of the Court would consider the underlying issue sufficiently meritorious for a grant of certiorari. Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983). In District Attorney’s Office for the Third Judicial District v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52 (2009), this Court “granted certiorari to decide whether Osborne’s claims could be pursued using sec. 1983, and whether he has a right under the Due Process Clause to obtain post-conviction access to the State’s evidence for DNA testing.” 557 U.S. at 61. In Osborne, this Court could only speculate as to how the Alaska court would have applied its procedures for obtaining post-conviction access to DNA, because Osborne “attempt[ed] to sidestep the state process through a new federal lawsuit” and had “not tried to use the process provided him by the State or attempted to vindicate the liberty interest that is now the centerpiece of his claim.” 557 U.S. at 70-71. The Court concluded that the Alaska procedures were “adequate on their face, and without trying them, Osborne can hardly complain that they do not work in practice.” 557 U.S. at 71. Subsequently, in Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521 (2011), this Court noted that “the merits of Skinner’s federal-court complaint assailing the Texas [postconviction DNA testing] statute as authoritatively construed, and particularly the vitality of his claim in light of Osborne” were “not ripe for review.” 562 U.S. at 531. 11 Skinner did not challenge the state court decisions themselves, but instead “target[ed] as unconstitutional the Texas statute they authoritatively construed.” 562 U.S. at 532. Further, had Skinner challenged state court decision in federal district court, he would not have succeeded because this Court held that the statecourt decision was not reviewable by the lower federal courts. Id. Thus, this Court in Osborne and Skinner eschewed questions of substantial importance as to when and under what circumstances a state court’s actual application of a state post-conviction DNA testing statute might violate the procedural due process rights of a state prisoner seeking to prove his innocence. Those questions are raised here. Mr. Lee’s case presents an excellent vehicle for this Court to examine whether the State Court’s interpretation of its law to deny access to biological evidence for purposes of DNA testing, where that testing could prove his innocence and save him from execution, violates the Due Process and Cruel and Unusual Punishment clauses of the Constitution. Mr. Lee will raise this claim in a petition for certiorari from the denial of relief by the Arkansas Supreme Court, and therefore there is no procedural obstacle as there was in Skinner to this Court’s review of the application of the DNA testing statute by the Arkansas courts. Unlike in Osborne, the Arkansas state courts have fully examined and rejected Mr. Lee’s plea for access to the biological evidence for purposes of post-conviction DNA testing pursuant to the United States Constitution and Ark. Code Ann. §§ 16-112201, et seq. 12 II. THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT POSSIBILITY THAT THIS COURT WOULD REVERSE THE DECISION BELOW. Mr. Lee can show that the Arkansas DNA post-conviction statute, as applied by the Arkansas courts, is “fundamentally inadequate to vindicate the substantive rights provided.” Osborne, 562 U.S. at 69. This Court has recognized the defendant’s liberty interest in proving his innocence with new evidence under state law: Osborne does, however, have a liberty interest in demonstrating his innocence with new evidence under state law. As explained, Alaska law provides that those who use “newly discovered evidence” to “establis[h] by clear and convincing evidence that [they are] innocent” may obtain “vacation of [their] conviction or sentence in the interest of justice.” Alaska Stat. §§ 12.72.020(b)(2), 12.72.010(4). This “state-created right can, in some circumstances, beget yet other rights to procedures essential to the realization of the parent right.” Dumschat, supra, at 463, 101 S.Ct. 2460; see also Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556–558, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974). Osborne, 562 U.S. at 68. This Court recognized reduced liberty rights in postconviction proceedings, but held nevertheless that federal courts may upset a State’s post-conviction relief procedure “if they are fundamentally inadequate to vindicate the substantive rights provided.” 557 U.S. at 69. In Mr. Lee’s post-conviction proceeding, the State of Arkansas applied its post-conviction DNA testing statute in such a manner as to deny him discovery, deny him an evidentiary hearing, and deny him the tools necessary to satisfy the criteria of the state statute. The State courts further required Mr. Lee to meet criteria not listed in the state statute. In short, the Arkansas statute, as applied, 13 was “fundamentally inadequate to vindicate the substantive rights provided.” Osborne, 562 U.S. at 69. For this reason, there is a significant possibility this court would reverse the decision of the Arkansas Supreme Court. III. DELAYS IN RAISING THE ISSUE OF DNA TESTING ARE NOT THE FAULT OF THE DEFENDANT. Given Mr. Lee’s difficulties communicating with his visibly drunk post- conviction lawyer and the other well-documented lapses by his assigned postconviction counsel over the previous two decades, Mr. Lee could demonstrate at an evidentiary hearing good cause as to why he waited until shortly before his execution date to request post-conviction DNA testing. Mr. Lee sought vigorously to challenge all the State’s evidence against him, but those efforts were thwarted by the deficient performance of post-conviction and habeas counsel. The court below refused to provide an evidentiary hearing at which Mr. Lee could present evidence showing his consistent and persistent efforts to obtain scientific testing of the physical evidence used against him at trial. This was another reason why the Arkansas post-conviction statute, as applied, was “fundamentally inadequate to vindicate the substantive rights provided.” Osborne, 562 U.S. at 69. IV. THERE IS A LIKELIHOOD IRREPARABLE HARM WILL RESULT IF THE DECISION OF THE COURT BELOW IS NOT STAYED. Mr. Lee will be executed if the decision of the court below is not stayed. The State of Arkansas will risk executing an innocent man, when two simple tests could reveal whether his claim of innocence is valid. 14 CONCLUSION Given this record, a stay of execution and full and fair review are appropriate here. Dated: April 20, 2017 Respectfully submitted, /s/ Cassandra Stubbs CASSANDRA STUBBS Counsel of Record for Ledell Lee ACLU Capital Punishment Project 201 W. Main St. Suite 402 Durham, NC 27701 (919) 688-4605 /s/ Nina Morrison NINA MORRISON Innocence Project 40 Worth Street, Suite 701 New York, NY 10013 (212) 364-5340 /s/ Lee D. Short LEE D. SHORT Short Law Firm 425 W. Broadway St. A North Little Rock, AR 72114 (501) 766-2207 Counsel for Petitioner, Ledell Lee 15 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE The undersigned hereby certifies that a true and correct copy of the foregoing has been furnished by electronic mail to the below this the 20th day of April, 2017: Valerie Fortner Leslie Rutledge Attorney General /s/ Cassandra Stubbs 16