Lilli?li- . I I. 1. PCB rEcaul?AL GUIDE 3 - . 1a Glos?gry of Ter?s Express Togin Levels .3. Ter?inologi 4. Blood Tests . . GLOSSARY OF General Definitions, ACNE ROSACEA A reddening of parts of the face, resembling blushing, resulting from dilation of superficial blood vessels. ACNE VULGARIS. 'Common none; a skin disorder resulting from the -secretion of excessive amounts of oil. Typical manifestations are facial blackheads and pimples. ACUTE TOXICITY Toxic effects which are not substantially delayed. The PCB induced wasting which often takes two. or threeqweeks to develop, is an acutely toxic effect. Toxicity which is not acute, such as carcinogenisis, is called "CHronic toxicity." ADIPOSE TISSUE Fat tissue: ANGIOMA A tumor cOmposed of blood vessels{ a class of birthmarks. .AROCLOR 'One of Monsanto;s'brand names for PCBs. Applications for which Monsanto?sold PCBs under the 'Aroclor" trade mark include electrical quipment manufacturing, maintenance, and repair. =The Aroclor brand was also used when PCBs were sold for use as plasticizers and adhesives. ASCITES Accumulation of'yellowish fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually due to heart, liver, or kidney disease. ASKARELS PCB fluids which were used as insulating fluids in electrical equipment. Some askarels are pure PCBs, others are approximately equal mixtures of PCBs and chlorinated benzenes. ATOH The smallest unit of an element. For example, the smallest unit of chlorine is a chlorine atom. .Electrons can be removed from atoms, but any more significant decomposition is a nuclear reaction which results in_the formation of new elements. .ATROPHY Wasting away or shrinki in size of a previously normal organ, tissue or part. AXON A single long fine fiber wlicb conducts electrical impulses away from the body ofra nerve cell. Host axons are covered with a sheath of whitish material called myelin. AUTO-IMMUNE DISEASE Conditions which arise when the body attacks itself by means of-its im?une system. BILIRUBIN A reddish substance which is a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is the principal pigment 0f bile. CAPACITANCE The ability of an electrical circuit or capacitor to store electrical energy. CAPACITOR - Two electrodes or sets of electrodes in the form plates separated from one another by an insulating material called the dielectric. Capacitors used in power-distribution grids are canisters containing plates in the form of foil windings separated by paper, plastic film or both. Pewer distribution capacitors also con?ain a fluid which serves as the dielectric. Prior to the late 1970?s, PCBs were the electrical equipment manufacturing industry?s capacitor dielectric fluid of choice. Many PCB containing capacitors are still in service. BILE A yellowish or brownish fluid which is manufactured in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile is released into the upper intestine just past the stomach to neutralize stomach acid and aid in the digestion of fats- CARCINOGEN A substance with causes cancer. Carcinogens are classified as "cancer initiators? and ?cancer promoters.? Initiators transform normal cells into cancer cells; promoters make_the body susceptible to cancer initiation, or inhibit the body?s immune response against cancer cells which have already formed. CARCINOGENISIS The first stage= the development of cancer. CARCINOMA Cancer comprised of epithelial cells. See CARSINOMANIA The irrational admiration of Jehnny Carsin. This often leaks to laughing at stuid jokes, - CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain, and the nerves of the spinal cord. CERCLA The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. It provides for liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous substances released into the environment, and for the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites. CHEMICAL BOND The attachment of atoms to one?another. Bonds are formed by electrostatic attraction or the sharing of electrons. CHEMICAL COHPOUND An assembly of atoms connected together by chemical bonds in a specific configuration. CHLORINATED Treated with chlorine;.containing chlorine atoms. Chlorinated compounds, such as biphenyls, terphenyls, dibenzofurans and so on, have chlo ine atoms substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms. Chlor ne displaces hydrogen from the molecules during chlorination. CHOLESTEROL A necessary natural chemical which is produced by the human body, and also taken in from the diet. In its pure form, it is a waxy substance with many of the properties of fat. CHROMATOGRAH The strip chart recorder output from a gas chromatograph. CHRONIC TOXICITY The tendency of toxic substance to cause long lasting ill health. A- - h? ll. . CIRCUIT CLEAN AIR ACT The Clean Air Ac EPA to regulate hazardous air po standards. CLEAN WATER ACT The Clean Hate requires the 0.grant discharge permits. CPS Cycles per second. Commer current in the United States rev second, so it is 60 CPS. COHEDO Blackhead. CONGENER PCB congeners, 135 chlorinated 75 dioxin congeners. DEMYLINIZATION Deteriorization which covers nerve fibers. DERHIS The skin underlying the the ?epidermis.? DESQUAHATION occurs after sunburn. One of a series of similar compounds. The complete path of electrical current. of 1970, Amended 1977, impouers llutants and to set emission Act of 1972, as amended 1977, lc pollutant effluent standards cially available electrical erses direction 60 times each There are 109 ibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners, and of the loss of the myelin shieth? topmost layers, which are called Shedding of the skin in scales or sheets, such as DERMATITIS Inflammation of the DERMATOLOGIST DERMATOPHYTOSIS foot is a form of the disease. DIELECTRIC plates of a capacitor. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT used, that is, constant of a given material can capacitance of-a capacitor using capacitance of the capacitor insu dielectric constant of a vacuum 1 dielectric constant of air is 1.0 vacuum. The dielectric constants approximately 2 and 5, respective constant of a capacitor insulatin capacitor can be at a given volta DIELECTRIC FLUID A liquid insul PCBs were one used extensively as The ability resist arcing. A condition caused by a skin fungus. A material which does not electricity, and hence can be use Tkin. Also called ?eczema." A skin specialistl Athletes readily conduct as an insulator between the Depending upon the insulating material capacitors can store varying amounts of electrical charge; they can have varying capacitances. The dielectric bh defined as the ratio of the that material over the lated by a complete vacuum. s, therefore, 1.0000- The 006, nearly the same as a I for oil-and PCBs are 1y. The higher the dielectric gfmaterial, the more compact a g? rating. The sting material for capacitors. a dielectric fluid. of an insulating.materia1 to DIOXINS A class of 75 chemicals formally called ?chlorinated dibenzOfp-dioxins. One of these chemicals, 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), has been called the most potent man-made toxin. EEG- The strip of paper with wavy lines which is produced by an electroencephalograph. ERG The strip of paper with wavy lines which is produced by an electrocardiograph. ELECTRICAL CURRENT The movement of tiny particles, called "electrons." Alternating current is supplied by commercial power grids; it reverses direction 60 times each second. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH A device which detects the electrical charges which are associated with heartbeats. The results are amplified and recorded on paper by means of the moving pen of'a strip chart recorder. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH A device which detects electrical currents from the brain. The amplified brain waves are recorded by means of a moving pen on a strip chart recorder. ELECTRODE A prong, plate, or other object, usually made of metal, which is connected to a source of electricity. ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR A device for detecting material which has been separated in a gas chromatograph. Electron capture detectors are particularly usefuliin PCB and trace pesticide analysis. I I .ENZYMES Naturally occurring chehicals in the body which regulate life processes on the molecular level. Some enzymes facilitate the destruction of foreign chemicals. EPITHELIAL CELLS Cells which form the outer layer of the skin; those that line all the portions hf the body that heve contact with external air (eyes, ears, lungs, etc.); and those that form the outer layer of organs which are specialized for secretion, such as the liver, kidneys, and urinary and reproductive tracts. FIFRA The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1972. This act, along with the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972, authorizes the EPA to register all pesticides and uses, issue permits to applicators, and cancel or suspend specific pesticides or uses if they are deemed unduly hazardous. I FOLLICLE A small sac or cavity which produces secretions or exretions. Hair grows from hair follicles. FOLLICULITIS Inflamed follicles. FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETICS ACT This Act, passed in 1938, enables the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to set tolerances for contaminants in commercial foods, drugs, and cosmetics, and to ban unsafe products. A benzene-like solvent. Also, an abbreviation for . alcohol, .JAUNDICE ?chlorinated dibenzofuran.? See GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY trace analysis. An instrumen FURANS An abbreviation for 'chl of 135 chemical compounds which a HEPATITIS viral, Inflammation of the amoebic, or bacterial infe medicine, or toxic chemi HEPATOHA A tumor of the liver. HUHORAL RESPONSE HYPERPLASIA Increase in size of increase in the number of its cel are arranged normally. I metabolism and caused by an overa HYPOTHYROIDISM Deficiency of th slowing down of mental and physic HYPERTROPHY Increase in size of an increase in the number of cell size of individual cells. HORMONES A chemical substance part of the body and carried to A bloodstream. INGESTION Taking a substance in ISOHER compound only in the way it is co same molecular formulae; that is, constituent atom. Example: ther monochlorobiphenyl. Note that mo dichlorobiphenyl are not isomeric numbers of chlorine and hydrogen ?Yellowish discoloratio skin and the whites of the eyes, usually the result of liver disea DISEASE See "xeroderma KERATIN A protein which gives a hooves, etc. KERATOSIS- "furans." tal method of separation and PCB testing usually involves gas chromatography. orinated dibenzofurns, a class re very simil-ar to the dioxins. iver. Hepatitis can be caused by ction; or by exposure to cals. Excessive sweating. an organ or tissue due to an ls. In hyperplasia, the cells A condition involving a Speeding up of ctive thyroid gland. yroid hormone, leading to a a1 processes. an organ. This does not involve s, but rather an increase in the hich is formed in one organ or nother organ or part in the to the stomach. A chemical compound which differs from another chemical nstructed. Isomers have the the same number of each kind of are three isomers of nochlorobiphenyl and since they have different atoms. of the tissues, including the by bile pigments. Jaundice is se. pigmentosum." trength to hair, nails, horns, in, such as a callous or wart. An growth of outer sk LESION part of a tissue. tifocal disease. A wound or injurythologic change in a specific ?vidual points or patches of a LIVER The largest gland in the into the digestive tract, and is MELANOHA Cancer involving cells melanin. Melanoma's usually deve moles. MELANIE Brown or black skin, ha HETABOLISH All the chemical pro including the burning of food for building of complex molecules fro HETABOLITE A chemical compound another chemical compound called help the body add oxygen or sulph creating PCB metabolites. HYELIN The Payers of protective around nerve fibers. Hyelin is a of protein found in keratin. body. The liver secretes bile important in metabolism. which are capable of producing lop on the skin, most from it, and pigment. cesses inside the body, heat and energy, and the a smaller ones. produced by the body from a "precursor.? Certain enzymes ur atoms to PCB molecules, material which form a sheath mixture of lipids, and the kind NECROSIS The pathologic death 0 portion of organ or tissue, resul NERVE CONDUCTION nerves. The movement 0 NEUROLOGIST A specialist in the nervous system. NEURON One of the many cells of nervous system. NEUOROPATHY NIOSH The National Institute of OSHA The Occupational Safety an one or more cells, or a ting from irreversible damage. electrical impulses along the treatment of diseases of the various types which make up the Any disease of the nervous system. Occupational Safety and Health. Health Administration, the organization which administers the OcCupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. workplace. PCB biphenyl. OSHA regulates exposure to hazards in the One of the 209 chemical compounds which result from uniting two benzene molecules at one bond and substituting varying numbers of chlorine atoms for hydrogen atoms. PCBs are almost other PCBs in mixtures. Ver PCB combustion byproducts. PCT to PCBs, only they are made up of groups. ?chlorinated dibenzofuran.? compounds, many of which are extraordinarily toxic. PCTs are a byproduct of PCB manufacture. always found combined with ?n These are a class of 13 are These compounds are similar three instead of two phenyl They were marketed by Honsanto by themselveslin combination with PCBs. Also: cutanea tarda. A disease which is 1 - I .l TU i i characterized clinically by photolensitive skin lesions, and biochemically by the excessive hepatic and urinary excretion of chiefly I and 7-carboxy PCT can either be hereditary, or induced by chemicals such as PCBs, dioxins, and chlorinated dibenzofurans. PBB Polybrominated biphenyl. Similar to PCBs, only containing bromine atoms instead of chlorine. PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY Heu0pathy affecting the nerves outside of the central nervous system, such as the nerves which radiate out of the spinal cord along the arms and legs. POWER FACTOR A measure of energy loss inside an electrical device. Capacitors decrease the power factors of many electrical devices. Capacitors themselves have a power factor which depends on the dielectric used. PCBs have a very low power factor. PULHINARY FUNCTION TEST A test of the ability of the lungs to function. RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976,- extensively amended in 1984. This act gives EPA the authority to regulate the treatment, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous wastes. RESISTIVITY The tendency of a substance to resist the flow of electricity; the opposite of conductivity. PCBs have high resistivity; that is, they are good insulators. RESPIRATION The taking in of oxygen and the elimination of gaseous products of oxidation in the tissues, mainly carbon dioxide and water. Respiration is also used synonymously with breathing, so that toxic chemicals which enter the body through the lungs are said to enter through the process of respiration. RICO The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, a federal statute which allows civil suits against and treble damages against for conspiracy. ?56 SARA The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1973. SKIN ABSORPTION The absorption of substances through the skin. The skin is nearly impermeable to hater, but readily absorbes fat soluble substances such as PCBs. 3,5, 3?-triiodothyronine, one of the 2 major hormones egcreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. T4 Thyroxine. TSCA The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976. TSCA authorizes the U.S. EPA to inventory industry data on production, use, and health effects of chemicals and to regulate the manufacture, distribution, and use of chemical substances. TSCA requires the phase- out of the production, distribution, and use of PCBs, except as specifically authorized by the U. 8. EPA. TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone. TSH is secreted by the pituitary gland to regulate the thyroid gland. .i THYROID metabolism. THYROXINE One of the two major gland; also called . TOXICOLOGIST their antidotes. TOXICOEOGY The science of poisc TRANSFORMER A device containin separated from one another, and on separate circuits. energy is transmitted between coi forces which are generated by cir voltage electrical energy is tran then Stepped down to a usable for coils are usually encased in meta with a non-conducting liquid cool transformers in service in the Un usually in about even proportions TRIGLYCERIDE The natural chemic three fatty acids. VAPOR The gaseous form of a sub amount of a solid or liquid which with increasing temperature. VAPOR PRESSURE The air pressure 4 . A gland, located in the larynx, which helps regulate? I hormones secreted by the thyroid 4 Also spelled, One who has a special knowledge of poisons and 1'18. two or more coils which are Electrical ls by means of the magnetic culating electrons. High smitted over power lines and by transformers. Transformer 1 containers which are flooded ant. Approximately 32 of the ited States contain PCBs, with trichlorobenzene. a1 glycerol in combination with stance. In a closed area, the is in the vapor state increases exerted by the vapor over a solid or liquid. when a liquid substance boils, the vapor over it consists solely of that substance, so the vapor pressure is atmospheric pressure - about 760 millimeters qf mercury. pressure is one way of expressing gas. VOLATILIZE To become vapor. VOLTAGE A measure of the energy Vapor the amount of a substance in a of electrons in motion. When electrons move between places of widely differing voltage, they can do more work - or more damage places of similar voltage. Power - than when they move between line voltage oscillates 60 times each second, sometimes drawing electrons away from power outlets and sometimes providing them. :3 Measures of Volume 1 or cu.l Measures of Weight mg ?8 .Measures of Air Concentration? 2P- ugln3 ngll3 GLOSSARY Symbols Used to Express Toxin Levels or stands for ?liter?. A liter is a measure of volume. One liter is approximately one quart. stands for "meter"; A meter is a unit of length. One meter is approximately one yard. which is also written ?m3? means ?cubic meter." It is a unit of volume which is 1 meter 1 meter 1.meter. It is equal to approximately one cubic yard. One cu.m is equal to 1,000 liters (see "liter", above). 0' II stands for ?gram.? An ounce is approximately 28 grams. ?mg? stands for "milligram.? A milligram is one one- thousandth of a gram. "ug" stands for "microgram." A microgram is one millionth Of a gram. The(?u" really should be the greek symbol "mu" which is written . A milligram is 1000 micrograms. 0.017 mg f? ug. "kg" stands for kilograms. A kilogram is 1000 grams. 'It weighs a little over 2 pounds. "ppm" stands for "parts per million." "Parts per million" is appropriate only when the air concentration of a gas is being described. Formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, so it is measured in parts per million. PCBs are solids and liquihs at room temperature, so they are not measured in parts per million. Hicrograms per cubic meter. This is a measure of the amount of a substance, by;weight, in the air..' Milligrams per cubic meter. Similar to micrograms per cubic meter. Measures of Body Burden Is/ks ?mg/kg? stands for ?milligrams per kilogram.? A milligram is one-millionth of a kilogram, so mg/kg is another way of expressingl'parts per million.? If a 70 kg man has 0.05 mg/kg arsenic (As) in his body, his body contains a total of 70 0.05 - 3.5 mg of arsenic. burden of 0.5 mg I 10 kg 0.05 mg/gg. Both the man its body, it has a i and the dog have the sake degree of poisoning. ng/kg This means "micrograms per kilogram.? Measures of Intake Rate This stands for milligrams per killogram per day. If person drinks two liters of water each day, and the water contains 0.05 mg/i As (50 ug/l As), then that person consumes 2 0.05 0.1 mg As per day. a _ug/kgld .Hicrograms per kilogram per day. In the above example, "0.1 mg/kg/d? could have been expressed as ?100 ug/kg/d.? h" Terninology? RENE The hemes are the iron some of which give blood its red or blue color, depending,on whether or not they are bound to oxygen. Some forms of heme, known.as Cytochrome and cytochrome P-450, increase in concentration inside cells after exposure to some drugs and toxic chemicals. These heme compounds are enzymes which the body produces to help destroy drugs and toxic chemicals. Individual PCB congeners stimulate the production of specific forms of cytochrome P-448 and P-450. Heme molecules are constructed step-wise the following 11 stages: Succinyl Co A d-aminolevulinic acid porphobilinogen IX IX heme Enzymes Enzymes are naturally occuring chemical compounds inSide the body which regulate the and destruction of other naturally occuring chemicals. As shown below, each intermediate in heme is produced with the help of an enzyme. HEME INTERHEDIATE REQUIRED ENZYME ?d-aminoleleinic acid d-aminolevulinic acid porphobilinogen d-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase I decarboxylase decarhoxylase decarboxylase decarboXylase IX copVer Protoporpt heme ferrochelatase The are a class of naturally occuring compounds which function by binding with metals. The chloro- which give vegetation much of its color, are magnesium such as and (tetracarboxyprophyrin) are byproducts along the pathway leading to heme production (see above). These byproducts are excreted from the body through feces and urine. Routine urine tests can detect disturbances in heme production, and help determine whether such disturbances are due to liver damage caused by toxic chemicals. Abnormal production or excretion of due to liver damage or some other Fiseased condition. A disease related to Some forms of porn acquired. Some.?orms are related liver. caused by chemi called ?chronic hepatic clinically indistinguishable from Skin lesions characterized the no a disturbance in heme hyria.are inherited, some are to the bone marrow, some'to the cally induced liver damage is Inherited CHP is .CHP caused by toxic chemicals. st advanced stage. -. 5 . . z-?w am BLOOD 13315 i Biliruben Biliruben is a byproduct of hemoghobin destruction. Some hemoglobin destruction is normal, so thegbody constantly produces biliruben. Excessive red blood ce11.destruction is one cause of hyperbilirubinemia; that is, excessive biliruben in the blood. Another cause of hyperbilirubinemia is the inability of the 1tVer to adequately process bilir ben. When biliruben levels become drastically increased, the patient's skin and eyes become yellow, 3 condition which is called ?jaundice.? Hyperbili- rubinemia can result from liver damage due to toxic chemicals. The normal range for total biliruben is 0.1 to 1.0 mg/dl. The normal range for direct bilirhben, which is biliruben which has already been processed by the liver, is 0 to 0.3mg/dl. Complete Blood Count (CBC) This test is usually performed by iniecting a small amount of blood into a machine which provides information about red I blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The test is routine and inexpensive. Red blood cells are tiny membranes - less than 1/3,000 of an inch in diameter - which are filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin functions by binding o?ygen in the lungs and transporting it to other parts of the body. The benatocrit measures the percentage, by volume, of red cells in the blood. The normal range for men is 42 to 522. For women, it is 37 to 472. Red blood cell sount measures the number of red cells per cubic millimeter mm of blood. The normal range for meg is 4.5 to 6.3 million/mm . For women it is 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm . Hemoglobin is measured in grams (g or gm) per decaliter A decaliter is approximately 9 quarts. The normal ranges respectively for men and women are 14 to 18 gm/dl and 12 to 16 gm/dk. White blood cells fight infection. Elevated levels of white cells are associated with leukemia and infection. The normal range for the white blood cell count is 4,000 to 10,000 cells per cubichillimeter. Aside from total cell count, the percentages of the 5 types of white blood cells are also measured. The normal ranges are: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 60 - 702 25 - 332 Honocytes 2 - 6! Eosinophils 1-3: Basophils 0.25 - 0.5: Platelets aid in clotting. The normal range for a platelet count is 150,000 to 350,000 platelets per cubic millimeter. Thyroid Hormones The thyroid gland regulates the body?s 3 metabolic rate by secreting the hormones (thyroxine) and The pitutitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland by secreting thyroid stimulating hormone It is believed that PCBs - "f ?7 I interfere with thyroid hormone function. The total cost for all three tests_is a little under $1q0.00. Normal ranges are: 4.5 to 12.5 micrograms per decaliter (meg/d1): 4 resin uptake 23 to 34%. r?a less than 11 micro IU/ml. Immune System T8ests - Immunoglobulin tests can be performed for Complement levels are also measured when the immune system is being evaluated. - blood cells which help make antibodies, the cells, and white blood cells which supress the production of antibodies, the cells. Dioxin exposure correlates positively with dimin?shed levels of T4 cells. Kidney Tests BUN stands for "blood urea nitrogen." Itlprovides a measure of the blood levels of urea, a substance produced by the liver as it breaks down protein. High levels indicate the possibility of kidney disease, since the kidneys must remove urea from the blood stream. The test costs about The normal range is 10 to 20 milligrams per decaliter (mg/d1). analysis costs about $300. It measures white I I i I Creatine is a normal byproduct of muscle breakdown. It builds up in the blood when the ki neys are unable to properly remove it. Normal levels are between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/dl. The test costs about $10. Creatine clearance compares blood and urine creatine levels. It is a good indicator of kidney function, and costs only about $20. Lead Normal lead levels range between 0 and 40 micrograms per decaliter (meg/d1). The blood test for lead costs about $30. tests can also indicate exposure to lead. Lipids HDL stands for ?high density lipoproteins.' The more of this class of lipids (fats) there are in the blood, the lower the chance of developing heart disease. The normal range is 36 to 59 mg/dl, and the test costs abo $25 I LDL stands for ?low density lipoproteins.? ?Elevated levels of these lipids are associated with an increased risk of developing heart disease. The normal range is between 70 and 180 mgidl. Triglycerides levels normally range between 50 and'boo mg/dl. Triglyceride levels correlate positively with PCB levels in the blood. The correlation may be due to the effects of PCBs on the body?s metabolic processes; perhaps through interference with thyroid function. It has been;suggested that the correlation exists because high lipfd levels make the body's PCBs more soluble in the blood. High levels of triglycerides_increase as. I -. 1 '1 - y- .. xthe probability of deve10ping he test costs about $15. Cholesterol is needed for cell walls, but excessive levels disease. Normal levels increase with age. normally have less than_190 mg/dl; less than 250 mg/dl. The choles Liver Enzymes Certain enzymes which origi body, including the liver, are iliver function. Elevated levels possibility of damage or disease costs approximately $10. SGOT is normally between 1 SGPT is normally between 1 LDH is normally between 90 Alkaline phosphatase is not I I he production of hormones and People under 40 terol test costs about $10. nate from various parts of the outinely measured to evaluate of these enzymes suggest the . The test for each enzyme and 70 and 70 and 250 mally between 0 and 70 art disease.; The triglyceride in the blood can lead to heart people over 40 normally have - nun 1w: ..-.-- ALLAN FLEMING lax-3 smug? no DE man: .15 1 - 4. .451r?r? . I. '0 rain? - I hi I .--: . '1 . . 39%. 1" 1?3. [Mid rand-j ".3113 "gyt??g ?f?i?vl? madam" 'v .- .uv-u- Iodnah-r. Modern 3. :3 9: Q. :1 co Modern Occupational Medicine Editors i A. J. FLEMING, MD, F.A.C.P. Medical DirectorNumours Company AND C. A. M.D., F.A.C.P. Medical Director, Medical Division, E. I. do Pan: do Nenwurs (7 Company Associate Editor J. A. ZAPP, Director. Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine E. I. du Pont de Nemours a: Company 66 1 Color Plate Second Edition?Thoroughly Revised Lea ebiger PHILADELPHIA .. i; Ibrl-__b i ?er ?i 4 a: Second Edition Copyright 1960 by Lea 8: Fcbiger All Rights Reserved. F'rit Edition. 1954 Library of Congress Card Catalog Number: 60?12934 Printed in the United States of America A. Blnu, MD. I P. I Lucien Brouhu 5010315! . T. Bulgt-r. 51 C. A. D'Almm: 'Mn F. W. Purim Dun E. E. Evans, .. 1":me Mull A.- Planing. mam Din- C. H. Ga'll?mau Fm Had: Car) gem Contribultors From The E. l. on PONT m: NEMOUHS 8: Costum- DELAWARE A. 31.1). Physician, l?arlin, Plant Lucien Broulm, MD. Physiologist, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine J. Bulger, M.D., F.A.C.S. Consulting Surgeon, Medical Division (I. D'Alunzu, F.A.C.P. 3; llt'tlit'ill Director W. Dorsllimer. Forum-r Director of Medical Division E. E. Evans, F.A.C.P. l-?muu-r Medical Supervisor, Chambers ??orks J. Fleming, F.A.C.P. Merlin-all Director ll. Cohnnann, M.D., F.A.C.P. Fornu-r Medical Director? Carl E. Ceuther, LLB. Of Counsel, Legal Department Gerald Gordon, MD. Chief Medical Division J. P. Grif?n, M.D. Medical Supervisor, Experimental Station H. L. Jacobs, BS. in Engineering Engineering Department, Louviers Building Adrian L. Linch, 3.5. in Ch. E., MS. in Chemistry Supervisor. Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Medical Department, Chambers Works 'Deceased 0-?nu?spend 6 Contributors Sidney Pell, Biostatistician, Medical Division I. S. Queener, B.S. in Chemical Engineering Manager. Safety and Fire Protection Division S. L. Rankin, MD. Medical Adviser, Petroleum Chemicals Division Sanford Rogg, MD. . Medical Division c. L. Savage, M.D., M.P.H., Medical Supervisor, Waynesboro, Virginia, Plant C. W. H. Schepers, M.D. Pathologist, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine G. Stopps, MD. I Physiologist, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine Warren W. Woessner, Chief Supervisor, Heavy Chemicals Area, Chambers Works: former Supervisor Industrial Hygiene Laboratory. Medical Department, Chambers Works J. A. Zapp, Director, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine I I I A The Editor: at [or pennitting ii and experience i We are grate Mrs. Constant-e their kind ?nish l) - Acknowledgements al Medicine I The Editors are indebted to the E. I. du Pont de Nemours 6: Company for permitting them to draw upon du Pont Company records, material, and experience in the preparation of this book. Medicine are grateful to Mrs. Irene Ingram, Mrs. Barbara Ferrara and Mrs. Constance M. Bohm, of our central Medical Division of?ce, for ?Mr kind assistance in the preparation of these manuscripts. The Editors 2-.I, Medicine ?Human-ms. DELAWARE Foreword to the First Edition ?Preventives of evil are far better than remedies; cheaper and easier of application, and surer in result.??Tryon Edwards. Occupational diseases have existed since the time that man began to utilize the resources of nature in order to equip himself with the tools and materials which would lead to better and more comfortable living. Hippocrates recognized the health hazard of lead. Bamazzini wrote a hook on Diseases of lVorkers in 1713. Industry has grown, expanded, and developed new products and new methods. A multitude of occupational diseases has accompanied this progress. Too much of our present knowledge, unfortunately, has been obtained by sad experience. Men have died; others have become acutely rn? chronically ill; and still others, totally and permanently disabled. By these lessons we have learned the hard way. Fortunately, our experiences of the past have long since taught us that simple research methods and, animal experimental work can readily furnish us with knowledge which, if properly applied, can prevent this unnecessary sickness, suffering, and death. Preventive medicine has been, and always will be, the most desirable and successful approach to the diseasesl of life. While preventive, indus- trial medical measures have accomplished much toward improving and protecting the lives and health of our workers, much remains to be done. With the advancement of modern chemical science, many new problems will be created. The application of existing knowledge to the new methods and procedures can be useful in devising safe procedures in both old and new plants. Accident prevention has long since taken its rightful place in indusz and, through its methods of application, has prevented untold suffering, disabilities, and death. However, many of our occupational diseases also cause intense suffering, are long-lasting, and often lead to permanent disabilities. This volume is being presented with the hope that the information contained therein will be helpful toward a better understanding of the general principles and methods of industrial preventive medicine. It (9) 10 Foreword would require many volumes, however, to cover adequately the present knowledge on toxicology alone. The authors. have tried to present, in a concise way, information that will be readily useful to physicians, executives, safety engineers, and chemists in industry. This book represents the combined experience of a group which has spent many years specializing in industrial medical practice. There are twenty contributing authors to this book. All are employed full time by the E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company, sixteen of whom work in one or more of the medical departments, and many of whom have had extensive training and experien'lce in the ?eld of occupational medicine prior to joining our Company. The four nonmedical department contributors are closely associated with ithe Medical Division in their . own particular ?elds of endeavor. All of the authors have had experience and training in the du Pont Company, varying from ?ve to thirty-nine years. I am proud to be a contributor to this work. G. H. Cehrmann, WILMINGTON, 'Dr. Gehrmann, former Medical Director of the do Poni Company, died during September, 1959 Preface Tm: ?eld of occupation increasing in scope, as in the industrial physician, industry stand aloof and in Whether the industrial pl valved, along with his mes phases of industrial and and sickness bene?t scher The physician in indtn preventive medicine sucl activities, and health coon prohlems of emotional or seeks advice from the m- iu'cupational hazards. The section on chest (1 been written by an outstai A new chapter in the emotional or mental illnes and suggests what the employees. Although plant safety realm, it is apparent tha now reached a point whe for accidents, goal of no accident. Hi majority of accidents ant problem. In the section 1 tion is suggested as a me element. The industrial physiciai and natural history of tl information that fety engineers, and ined experience of . industrial medical All are employed sixteen of whom ?d many of whom .d of occupational - medical departinent Division in their ve had experience ?ve to thirty-nine .A.C.P. :quately the present Preface to the Second Editibn THE field of occupational medicine is becoming more complex, and increasing in scope, as industrial technology expands. No longer can the industrial physician, nurse, or part time medical consultant to industry stand aloof and function merely in a purely professional capacity. Whether the industrial physician approves or not he ?nds himself in- volved, along with his medical duties, in the medical and administrative phases of industrial and employee relations, including welfare, pension and sickness benefit schemes. The physician in industry is also cdncerned with many aspects of preventive medicine such as mass immunizations, cancer detection activities, and health counseling, including the handling of workers with problems of emotional or nature. In addition, management seeks advice from the medical advisoriwith respect to the control of occupational hazards. The section on chest diseases, not included in the ?rst edition, has been written by an outstanding authority]. A new chapter in the section on deals with the types of mnutinnal or mental illness commonly seen in an industrial environment and suggests what the industrial physician may do to help such employees. Although plant safety programs would?seem to be outside the medical realm, it is apparent that safety performance in many companies has now reached a point where, unless we can in?uence the human element responsible for accidents, we stand little chance of approaching the ideal goal of no accident. Human failure seems to be responsible for the majority of accidents and the basis for this failure is often a medical problem. In the section on Safety, a different approach in safety educa- tion is suggested as a means of preventing accidents due to the human element. The industrial physician has a unique Opportunity to study the genesis and natural history of the degenerative diseases, for he alone has an (ll) 12 Preface to the Second Edition opportunity repeatedly to examine and observe a size-able group of workers over a period of many years during their work life. He is in a position, therefore, to observe the beginning of course, and often the end result of such disease. No other group of physicians has this opportunity In such research, the advice and guidance of a biostatisticiau in the planning of the study is highly important. The new section on bio- statistics may be helpful to those wishing to make such a study. In the second edition of Modern Occupational Medicine, the authors have made considerable revision of previous material. We hope the book will be useful to industrial physicians, specialists in internal and preventive medicine, general practitioners who do part time industrial work, medical students, nurses, engineers, hygienists, workers in allied ?elds, and to those preparing for Board Certi?cation in Occupational Medicine. The Authors 1. The Evaluatic G. H. Gehrn 2. History of lni C. A. D'Alo: 3. Administratio and Equipn C. A. D'Alo: 4. Medical Hist- C. A. UN: 5. Medical iieer'. C. A. All 6. Research. Tn J. A. anp. 7. Protective E. E. Evan- Engineeriu 8. The Functio! . E. Evan .. _-Eug'lnoerln :luimunhatic inane: Tm: PHYSICAL 10. Physiology Lucien Br Stapps, I sizeable group of life. He is in a . and often the end has this opportunity. statistician in the TV section on bio- :uch a study. licine, the authors We hope the lists in internal and 111 time industrial workers in allied in? in Occupational . The Authors Contents SECTION 1 ORGANIZATION mama PAGE I. The Evaluation of Medical Sen-vices in Industry . . . . 17 C. H. Gehrmann, M.D., F.A.C.P. 2. History of Industrial Medicine . . . . . . 20 C. A. D'Alonzo, M.D., .A.C.-P. 3. Administration, Functions, Personnel, Layout, and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . 28 C. A. D',Alonzo MUD, F..A.CP. 4. \Iedical History and Physical lEsaminations . . . . . 36 C. A. D'Alonzo, M.D., F.A.C.P. 5. Medical Records: Their Purpose, Value, and Study. . . 68 A. F.A.C.P. SECTION 2 INDUSTRIAL PREVENTIVE MEDICINE IIt?St?ierll, Toxicological Methods, and Plant Surveys A. Zapp, - Protective Clothing for the Chemical Industry . . 84 E. E. Evans, D. F. A L. Linch, BS. in Chemical Engineering, M. S. in Chemistry; and W. W. Woessner, '1 he Functions of the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory . 107 E. E. Evans, D. IA. L. Linch, B.S. in Chemical Engineering, M. S. in Chemistry; and W. W. Woessner, 9. Immunizations in Industry . . . . . . . . . . 113 I. P. Gri?n, MD. HI . SECTION 3 THE Pursuant. WORK, S'rru-zss, AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 10. Physiology of Muscular Work. . 130 Lucien Brouha, P. E. Sinith, C. J. Stopps, .D. (13) 14 Contents i Grunt-:11 PAGE 3: 11. The Physiml Environment and Ithe Industrial Worker . . 137 i' Lucien Brouha, P. E. Smith, G. J. Stopps, M. D. i 12. Practical Evaluation of Stress in Industrial ]obs . . . 152 Lucien Brouha, P. E. Smith, Jr., G. Stopps, M. D. n; I 13. Radiological Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . 181 P. E. Smith, M.A. 14. Industrial Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A. Zapp, SECTION 4 SERVICES ALLIED TO MEDICINE 15. Medicolegal Aspects of Occupalional Medicine . . . . 201 Carl E. Ceuther, LLB. 16. The Rehabilitation of the Alcohplic in Industry . . . 212 G. H. Gehrmann, M.D., .A.C.P. 17. The ?Occupational BackCri?in, MD 18. Surgical Considerations in Industry . . 228 T. J. Bulger, M.D., A. Fleming, F. A. C. P. 19. The Nurse in InduStry . . . . . . . . . . 245 C. A. D'Alonzo, M.D., FWACB. 20. Sanitation, Water Supplv and Pollution, Washing Facilities, Toilet Facilities, Sewage Disposal, and Atmospheric Pollution . . . 256 Charles L. SavageJacobs, B. S. 21. Safety 1n IndustryQueener, B. S. in Chemical Engineering. 22. Safety in the Chemical LaboratoryFlemmg, Sc., F.A.C..P 23. Medical Aspects of Safety . Fleming,M..Sc M.D., F.A..CP. SECTION ..1. 24. Effective Discipline Promotes Mental Health . . . . . Frederick W. Dershimer, D. 25. Practical Application of to Industry . . . . 298 Gerald Gordon, M. D. CHAPTER 28. Mental Illness . Sanford W. B0 27. Emotional Facto: A. Blau, MD. 28. Chemical Healtl' A. Fleming, 1 29. Industrial Chemit ogy of Aplastic A. Fleming, 30. Insecticides J. A. Zapp, Ph. 31. Emerging Envir A. Zapp, Ph. 32. Lead, Inorganic S. 1.. Rankin, Occupational (II (I. II. :11. The problem C. A. D'Alunv 35. Biostatistics in Sidney Pell, 1 ll Worker . G. J. ?abs . 1-. IEDICINE 1e. Istry .- BID. ng Facilities, .1 Atmospheric .L. Jacobs, 181 191 CHAPTER 26. Mental Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Sanford W. Rogg, M. D. 27. Emotional Factors in Skin Disease . . . . . . . . 334 A. Blau, SECTION 6 TOXICOLOGY 28. Chemical Health Hazards .Industrial Chemicals vs Therapeutic Chemicals in the Etiol- 0W of Aplastic Anemia . . . . . . . . . 413 A. J. Fleming, Sc., M. F.A.C.P. :30. Insecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 J. A. Zapp, PILD. 31. Emerging Environmental Hazards . . . . . . . 425' J. A. Zapp, :32. Lead, Inorganic and Organic . . . . . . . . 43:? S. L. Rankin, MD. Occupational Chest Diseases . .. . . . . . . . 443 G. W. H. Schepers, D. SECTION 7 ACUTE Porsomnc :34. The problem of Acute Poisoning . . . . . 497 c. A. D'Alonzo, 54.13., SECTION 8 BIOSTATISTICS as Biostatistics in Occupational Medicine . . . . 5:21 Sidney Pcll, 390 Chemical Health Hazards vulsions, and loss of consciousness. Barbiturates will control the central nervous system's excitability and convulsions. Tri?uorochlorethylene. This compound, if inhaled for a few minutes in concentrations around 500 ppm. may be fatal. Such an exposure will produce intense in?ammatory changes in the brain and meninges, accom- panied by a marked rise in body temperature, and convulsive seizures. With lower concentrations, a sharp fall in systolic and diastolic pressures occurs. Late effects consist of degenerative changes in the kidney and liver, such as occur in carbon tetrachloride poisoning. . Trimethylammonium Salt of the Aceial of I, 2-dihydroxy3-iodopro- pane. This compound is a highly active parasympathomimetic poison, and it profoundly affects all organs: controlled by the parasympathetic system. I Uranium Hexa?uo?de. In addition to its radioactive properties, this compound is highly irritant to the It fumes on exposure to the air. If the fumes are inhaled, a chemical pneumonitis develops. Vanadium. Vanadium salts, such sis the pentoxide and sul?de, are quite toxic to animals and give rise to pulmonary edema. Their effect on the blood is not clear, although severe lanemia has been attributed to van- adium salts. Care, therefore, should1 be exercised in handling vanadium compounds. Zinc. See this section under ?Metal fumes." Zine Chloride. Zinc chloride furhes or smoke cause severe necrotic lesions in the trachea and bronchial tlubes. Severe pulmonary edema may also develop. Chemicals Producing a Chronic oir Delayed Action After Absorption. These compounds, although not acutely toxic, are, nevertheless, danger- ous due to their delayed or cumulative effects. As a result of continued or repeated exposure, degenerative changes take place in various organs of the body. Occasionally, benign lor malignant tumors may form as a result of exposure to compounds that are carcinogenic. The following list of chemicals will produce profound changes in various organs in the body. These changes are not proddced rapidly, and sometimes weeks or months may elapse before the characteristic action of the chemical is noted. Only the predominant effect of the chemical on various organs is given. Cheated Organ Med Produced Allyl?isopropyl-acelyl carba- Blood platlelets Purpura mide Aluminum oxide dust Lamas Fibrosis Amine Blood Anemia Arsenic Skin Chronic dermatitis Benzene Blood Anemia Benzidine Bladder Suspected cause of tumors Beryllin . ?eta-n3 Biacely Carbon Carbon Chlorin Chlorin Dichlo etha - Dime-t - Dinitr phc: 4 Imir Dipbe Ethyl: Flmri .y I. I. . - Mel-tn .. a 9. at: I: central me will. ?ocorn- 1- all-s gn?a-I?I-a?a-l?a?u-v-a Chemical Beryllium?mmpoumls Biseetyl Carbon Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated Chlomform Chromstes Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro- ethane (DDT) and Dinitrocresol and dinitro- phenol 4 aminodiphenyl Diphenyl and diphenyl oxide 1Ethylene glycol dinitrste Fluorides Hydroquinonc Lead and lead compounds Mercury and mercury compounds Chemical Health Hazards Organ Lungs Skin Bladder Skin Central nervous system Liver I?dneys Heart Liver Kidneys Liver Kidneys Liver Kidneys Liver Kidneys Nose Lungs Liver Kidneys i Spinal cord and brain Liver Kidneys . Eyes Metabolism . Body temperature Bladder Kidneys I Blood vessels Blood Vessels Skeleton ligaments Blood Eyes Blood Stomach and intestines Nervous system Tissue cells Mouth and gums Salivary glands Kidneys Skin Nervous systein Eject Produced Pulmonary edema and ?brosis Granuloma it introduced into skin Papilloma and cancer Sensitization dermatitis (chronic) Degeneration Degenerative changes II II ?3 Jaundioe: necrosis Nephritis Jaundice: necrosis Nephritis Jaundice: necrosis Nephritis Jaundice; necrosis Nephritis Ulcers and perforation of nasal septum Cancer from monochromalcs Necrosis Nephrit is Convulsions: tremors Jaundico; necrosis: atrophy In?ammation Cataracts Increased Elevated Tumors Nephritis Diastolic hypertension Profound changes in blood pressure Selmsis of bones Calci?cation Anemia Corneal ulcers Anemia Colic. constipation. or diarrhea Encephalitis: neuritis: paralysis Coagulation In?ammation Excess accretion Nephritia Contact and sensitization dermatitis 'lH-emonpaychicdiaturhanoea aqnnamww-m-n?n-n?g?n? 1 Leo ?raw-?Ja- no . ?In- 1 398 (Fireman! Methylene chloride Naphthalene Oxalic arid p-DichIumhenu-ne l'llenyl hydrazine Phosphorus Selenium Silica dioxide dust Silicon Sodium uleate Tellurium Telrneltlometlnuu- ?etryl Thalliuin Toluene diism-ya nnle Toluene diamine Trinitrotoluene ri-orlho-cresyl phosphate Turpentine Uranium salts Vinyl carhaml According to a book of Technical Data on Plastics, published by the Manufacturing Chemists' Association?,,plastics may be divided into four main groups. Chemical Health Organ Nervous system Liver Kidneys Eyes "hard Vessels . Skin Kidneys ?Illile liluml n-l;ls "loo-d Skin Skeleton Lungs Lungs Lungs i llreath I I Breath Lungs Liver Kidneys Skin Eyes I Lungs lilo-1rd Skin Liver Kidneys Peripheral nervous system Kidneys Lungs lirain us-rles Skin PLASTICS Hazards Eject Praises-ti . ?atty degeneration Inflammation and fatty degeneration Cataracts Fall in Hard pressure Dermatitis Nephrilis: anuriu Markedly reduced in numlrr Anemia Sensitization dermatitis Xerrusis of bone: absorption of calcium salts [mm hone leading to atrophy: lrae- tures may occur Garlicky odor l'nelnnonitis May show effects of either hydro?uoric acid. or of silica: as ?impound breaks down at site of aetion Anemia Garlit?ky ml-ur l?neuumnitis Yellow atrophy: cirrhosis Fatty degeneration Dermatitis Cataracts Bronchial asthma Anemia Dermatitis Yellow jaundice Nephritis Anemia Chronic nephritis Possible cancer in?ammation Weakness and in-uHmlination l'rticnrin yak-iv.? Ther- Il=. Then types Foan IV. Plasti The growt] Pyroxylin Pla dous and brief inspecti- or more plast Although pounds used merized form inhaled or m: Plastics are d: acetone, hen: silicon tetrac ahietic acid, The toxicit some are nar elsewhere in plastics are i' Chara uteri standopint wi I. Thermos hyde, phenol dehyde or ph irritant to the The chief . reported that dermatitis. tion. Recent acquired durj skin irritation production Ol 11. Theme longs in the and nontoxic used fairly e; arteries. Its inertness are Blinker,? if are liberated. below 500? .f?awF: . I .earlIran. IF. War. Maw-v . a. MQCREA ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS ROBERT F. access no SOUTH WALNUT STREET IBIS-IBTB BOX ISIO 336-4840 DAVID s. M?anA BLOONIINGTON, INDIANA CODE 8'3 EOWARD nascent 474C: mum A. LLOYD counseg MEMORANDUM Interested Persons FROM: David 81ch DATE: June a, 1939 SUBJECT: Malignant Melanomas in Bloomington Westinghouse Workers Caused by PCBs The Bloomington Herald-Times published a front-page story on Friday, May 26, 1989, and "a second front-page story on Sunday, May 28, 1989, describing the. increased incidence of malignant melanomas in Bloomington Westinghouse wOrkers who were exposed to PCBs from 1958 to 1976. The Westinghouse plant was opened in 1958'. Westinghouse quit using l?CBs in 1976. (See Exhibits A and B) From 1-958 to 1986, my information indicates that there were nine deaths caused by malignant melanomas and only one death was expected. The mortality study of the Bloemington Westinghouse workers is expected to corroborate and amplify the study by Dr. Anita K. Bahn, M.D., and others, entitled "Melanoma After Exposure to published in 295 New England Journal of Medicine 450 (1976). (See Exhibit C) The 1976 study by Dr. Anita Bahn ended with the following recommendations: "Further study of this possible carcinogenic association is warranted. Because earl detection of mali ant melanoma may markedly Iaffect sUrvival rates, surveillance for melanoma amon those "e osed should be considered. The experience with this small study demonstrates the value of incidence as well as mortality rates in historical prospective studies designed to search for occupational cancers." To my knowledge, no workers at the {Bloomington' Westinghouse plant were monitored for possible malignant melanomas by Westinghouse. Many died. As the second newspaper story indicates, between 1970 and 1980 five of the nine deaths (white males) in Monroe County were. Westinghouse workers. In 1970 Monroe County had a population of 84,849, and the .number? of hourly workers at the Bloomington plant totalled approximately 700. The mortality study of the Blooming-ton Westinghouse workers will be published. in a few weeks. I The Herald-Times. Fticlay. May 26.198 I I I i I I Westinghouse canoer rate studied By Julie Omit H-T'Stah? Writer Between 1970 and 1979. nine of the 10 people who died of malignant melanoma in Monroe County had worked at Westinghouse Electric Corp. an lndiana State Board of Health oliicial said Thursday night. Exposure to high concentrations of- PCBs has previously'been impli- cated in an increased incidence of malignant melanoma. a form of skin' cancer. in humans. Westinghouse used? PCBs as an insulating lluld from 1950 until the PCBs have alsb been associated with liver. skin' and reproductive disorders. and have been found. to cause cancer in laboratory animals. State health epidemiologist Gregory Steele said the statistic will be included in a study ofthe disease and death rates among Westing- workers to be released in y. Steele spoke at a public meeting . sponsored by the US. Environmen- tal Protection Agency and attended by'about 00 people. in a general study ?death-rates of all people; whofworlred ?at' the plant for at least six months-hem 1958 to 1975.170 people have died. . Steele said. about 00 percent til the number that would be ?peeled in? the general population. . .. Three weeks ago. Steele an-: nounced that resultsofi blood tests of 1.000 Monroe County} see Cancer. page A11. . .Westinghouse calmer rate studied Cancer. from page A1 residents reveal high concentra- tions of PCBs between 500910 parts per billion in the blood of those workers who handled PCBs at the plant from 1958 to the mid-19705. Area residents with 'no known exposure to PCBs had con- centrations between 2-9 parts per billion in- their blood. Nationally. the average concentration for the general population is parts per billion. The meeting was punctuated by angry exchanges between EPA oili- cials and local residents worried about possible exposure to PCB contamination at the Westinghouse plant and a nearby ?eld. The ?eld borders two mobile home On May 3. the EPA ordered West- inghouse to clean up the property and the ?eld northwest of the plant. Testing of soil near a drainage ditch that runs through the ?eld revealed PCB concentrations as .high as 34.000 parts per million in some areas. Residential areas should contain no more than 10_ parts per million to be considered safe by the EP The ditch is about 30 yards east oi" Eliettsvillel?ire Station. and neighbors say children who live in the area nearby. Westinghouse workers last week completed a fence around the contaminated ?eld. EPA Remedial. Project Manager Dan Hopkins said a soil test taken twoweeirsagoattbeE.and'N. Trailer Park revealed non-detecta- ble amounts of PCBs. Tests of wells northwest of the Westinghouse plant also contained no PCBs. Hop- kins said. More soil and sediment test results are be released later. Hopkins said. EPA otlicials told residents there was no need for concern about exposure to PCEs in either trailer park. They rejected a request by some members of the audience that the EPA relocate anyone living in the trailer park who ?nished .to move. Sewn! people ?ticized EPA of?- cials [or delays in ordering the cleanup. The EPA ?rst tested the company property in October and found of PCBs on "the property and in surrounding drainage ditches. But the site was not in- cluded among those to be cleaned up as part of the federally super- vised cleanup agreement negotiated among the city. Monroe County. the state. the EPA and Westinghouse. The EPA blames-constantly chang- ing federal regulations-tor the nine- year delay in ordering the cleanup. 'l?he.EPA issued the order under the Comprehensive Environmental Response. Compensation and Lia- bility Action. commonly called the ?Superfund law.? The order requires the company to immediately. contain any surface water runoff horn- the site. build fence around the ?eld. post warning signs around the site and begin monitoring the air. i The company also must present a for removal of soil and other contaminated materials form the site. Because the contamination is near-aresidential area. theorder requires the.company to clean up the site to a level of 10 parts per g. million. . . Alter three weeks. of negotation bemoan the company and the EPA. effect May 28. a? .. . ?fl i Sunday Herald-Times. May 28i. 1989 Conclusion delayed 'on cancer ?ndings Conclusion delayed on cancer. ?ndings By Julie crook Sunday Harald-Tim An Indiana State Board of Health epidemiologist said Friday he is not yetm ready to draw any conclusions mpreliminary ?ndings which indicate an increased incidence of deaths from malignant melanoma among. Westinghouse Electric Corp. workers. However. epidemiologist Gregcry Steele said the health board will draw conclusions and make recom- mendations when the full report on disease and deaths among Westing- house Electric Corp. workers is released in July. mum to high concentrations of has previously been impli- cated in an increased incidence of malignant melanoma. a form of skin cancer. in humans. On Thursday night. Steele told about 60 people at a public meeting on PCB contamination that between 1970 and 1979. ?ve of the nine white males in Monroe County who died of malignant melanoma had worked at Westinghouse. He said he hasn' yet been able to determine if all those workers had direct exposure to PCBs. Westinghouse used 9035 as an insulating fluid in the manufacture of electrical capacitors from 1958 to the mid 1970:. when the chemical was banned alter ccncems were raised about safety. PCBs have also been associated with liver. skin and reproductive disorders. and have been found to cause cancer in labo- ratory animals. "All i can really say here is that whatever the biological mechanism is at work is unknown and it needs to be investigated." said Steele. Steele. said a 1975 study of work- see aces. page I I I I I I Peas. from page A1 ers exposed to PCBs at a Mobil Oil plant in also reported an incieased incidence of malignant melanoma. However. Steele said. some researchers raised questions about the role of PCBs in that study because workers were. also exposed to. signi?cant quantities of other vclatile chemicals. Though the West- highcuse plant used other volatile organic chemicals at the plant. Steelelsaid the blood tests indicate that the workers had minimal expo. sure to them compared with their exposure to a genera1 study of death rates elm all people who worked at the plant for at least six months from 1958 to 1975.170 people have died. about 80 percent of the number that .wouldlbe expected among the gen- eral population. weeks ago. Steele an- 'riounced that preliminary results or blood tests oi'p 1. 000 Monroe County residents in 1986 indicated ari?er- 888 0 500-300 parts per 'cn jconoentration of PCBs in the blood of Westinghouse workers who Worked directly with P085. Other . workers in the plant had average levels cfaroundSOpartsper billion. ?Area residents with no known direct exposure to PCBs have be- tween 29 parts per billion PCB concentration in the blood. Nation- ally. the average concentration for the general population is parts per billion. Steele said he also compared the number of reports of birth defects. bone 'and joint pains and other problems between those workers who had been exposed to PCBs and people? who worked in other areas of the plant. lie found no greater incidence of reports among those who were exposed to PCBs and those workers who weren't. However. Steele said he did ?nd that Exposure to PCBs caused changes in liver function and a rise in levels at concen- tr?ions between 20 and 50 parts per 011' .T?hough the study will determine patterns that mightbe Bi 1 -I 1 I linked to PCB exposure. Steele said. no epidemiological study of humans can determined PCBs actually muse disease. ?One thing people dcn?t under- stand is that epidemiologists can't determine cause and eil?e'ct. said Steele. ?People ask me 'if PCBs actually cause disease. And the answer is no. All that epidemiology can show is that if you are exposed. your risk of getting a disease might be two times or three times or whatever greater. ?The only way we could deter- mine il? PCBs actually cause cancer would be to take two groups of- . people and expose one group to 1 Es and measure cancm rates.? he added. ?That's not ethical. That' 5' what they do in animal studies. but you can't do that with hunians." - -23 .. memos? (Immune 1J0 Te Editor: We wish to report a possible new carcinogenic baa. ard. Arochlor 1254. one of the polyehlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). was used by a petrochemical plant in the Northeast ll'l certain pro. ceases during a nine-year period ending In the line 1950? s. A per. liminary analysis of the incidence of malignant neoplasm among workers who handled this compound. based upon information pro- vided by the medical directorof the plant. has been made (this prc. Iiminary report would not have been possible without the attention to this potential problem and the reseiarch co-oper-ation given by the company). Of a total men believed to have been heavin exposed to this agent. two malignant melanomas are known. On the basis of a person-year analysis and with use of the Third National Cancer Su incidence rates as the standard' only 0. 04 malignant mela- nomas would be expected. Thse data are signi?cant at the 0.1131 level. given the assumptions of our statistical model. An additional malignant melanoma Is also known for one of 41 employees' In an- other group believed to have had less exposure. Although the data are based on small numbers and the study' rs still In progress. there are biologic grounds for assuming an associa- tion between PCB and malignant melanoma: chloraene dermatitis upon industrial exposure to and acneforrn: eruptions ofJap- anese women and pigmentation of the skin of these women and their due to accidental ingestion of rice oil contaminated with a PCB compound (Kanechlor 400).? have had widespread industrial use in the manufacture of capacitors and transformers. have been u:sed' to industry' In ?uids for hydraulic and heat transfer systems. fire retardants. plas- ticizers. wax additives for investment castings. Ielectrical compo- nents. adhesives and food-packaging materials. 'Ihey are a known pollutant of certain water-supply systems. and their persistence in the environment is of widespread concern. Further study of this possible carcinogenic association is war- ranted. Because early detection of malignant melanoma may mark- edly affect survival rates. surveillance for melanoma among those exposed should be considered. The experience with this small study demonstrates the value of incidence as well as mortality rates in his- torical prospective studies designed to search for occupational can- eers. ANITA K. Bans. M.D.. Ina Rosexwantrz. A. Hartman's. PII. D. Puma Games. PH. D. jeans: PH. 0' Lean. M. 5. Philadelphia. PA University of I. National Cancer Institute: Third National Cancer Survey. lnciden? Data. March. I975 2. Schwartz I.- Dermatitis from resins and trues. Am I Public Health 26: 586-592. I936 3. Bureau of National Affairs: General Electric reports 65 nodes affected by PCB's over IS-year period. Current Report. November I). I975. 833 4. Kuratsune M. YoshimuraT. Matsutahl. et al: :Yusho. a poisoninl caused by rice oil contaminated with polyehlorinated biphenyls. Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Health Reports 863033- I09I. 19'? 5. Environmental Protection Agency (Office ofTortic Substances): PCBs in the United States: Industrial Use and Environmental Distribution- Washington. DC. February. [916 6. Interdepartmental Task Force on PCB: Polyehlorinated and the Environment. March. I972 The New England Journal of 1Medicine Aug. 19. 1976. Vol. 295, P3. 450 I ?r 54m 64:12.4 4 . .111 he: r. i llLl'tl?lli tr.t. Ivu.va?ff-21). -- AMERICAN nr I'il'lltEhllOLQtiY - 129, No. a Copyright ti 19:39 by The Johns llupltiua University Salad of Hygiene and Public saith Printed in 0.8.5- All rights reserved TEN-YEAR MORTALITY Oll? THE POPULATION INVOLVED IN THE SEVESO INCIDENT 1976 PlEl-l ALBERTO CARLO ANGELA C. MAURIZIO Mitt LAURA l' Bertazzi. P. A. (institute of Occupational Health. u. of Milan. 20122 Mil-no. italiv). c. Zocchetti. A. c. Guerciiana. ht. Sanarlico. and L. Radlce. Ten- - . year. mortality study of the population involved it the Seveso incident in 1976. Epidemiol in 1978. an accidental explosion in a plant naar.3e eso. italy. caused the contamination of a populated area by (TODD). The area was subdivided into three zones (A. B. and it} having decreasing mean levels of TCDD soil contamination. This study examines the mortality between 1976=and 1385 among the subjects. aged 20-74 years. who were resident in the area since the accident (n 558 in zone A. 3.920 I zone B. 26.227 in I - zone Fl). Subiects' exposure was classi?ed by residence. A. referent cohort oi 167.391 subiects who lived in the immediate surroundings was concurrently examined. Vital status ascertainment was successiui to over 99% of the sub- jects. increased mortality from cardiovascular causes was found; incidentbreiated aux-Jahn-Iilu?' . . I stressora were considered more relevant to increased mortality than was 3w- exposure. Mortality imm several cancers was elevated. Zine-increasca'in biliary 1 i cancer (females). brain cancer. and and hemop-oiatic neoplasms (par- tlouiariy leukemia In males) did not appear to result ironi chance. contounding. or inlonnation/comparlson bias. However. no de?nite patterns rotated to expo- sure classification were apparent. Merely suggestive increases in soil tissue tumors and melanoma were also noted. Liver and breast cancer modality landed to be below expectations. interpretation is hampered by? the short obsenration period. amall?number of deaths trorn certain causes, and poor exposure definition. Further research is In progress. .. - accidents. occupational; carcinogens. environmental: dioxins; disasters: envi- ronmental health: follow-up studies; mortality The town of choso. located 24 km north become linked'to a chemical accident that of Milan. in one of the most industrialized attracted-war] wide atteatioa and concern. and economically active areas of italy. has The Seireso incident actually took? place Received for publication March 10. 1938. and in the Region of with partial funding from ??nal form November 29. 1988; grants of the italiah National Research Coundl. 8pc- Abbreviations: 'l?ClJl). cial Project Oncology contracts nee. 85.02.029.44 Ind pore-dioxin; ISTAT. Nailenal Statistics Institute of llii.il?liilfl.44. holy; International (Fiossr'?'cotien of Diseases. The antigen thank the Special Office for Seveso, Ninth Revision. Region of Lombardy. for the support and assistance institute of Occupational Health. I"Clinictt L. previtlcd__ in initiating and centlucting the giddy; the Darrow." Univcrviia' degli Studi. Via Salt 8. start of the Vital Statistics Of?ces of the towns in the 20122 Milan-to, ltaly. (Reprint rc'Qucvts to Dr. Pier study area for their centinuing cooperation in data Alberto Bcrutzzi at this ed_dreas.l -. collection: Rosalia Ghinldi. Rust-Ila lit-limo, and 'Istituti Clinici di Clinics tin! Renata from the Public Health Department inter-o. Milena. Italy. of the Lombardy Region ior their help with follow-up This work was supported by grants LR 1701?? no. procedures: and-Enrico Radios anti Claudio Zucchi for 2 art. Ill and (ill ill/40519 from the Government or assistance in data 1187 1 i I . . finEHLrn CC ?yl - ?r 1188 in the nearby town of Mada in a plant UCMESA) owned by a multinational cor- poration (Hof?nann-La' Roche). but it was the Seveso territory with its. hundreds of small enterprises that was. most severely affected. The accident and its immediate aftermath have been described (1-3). as well as the early health impact (4) and the environmental reclamation and toxic ma- terial disposal (5). Results of health sur- veillance programs have also been pub- lished The only established health effect was chloracne: nearly 200 cases were reported All post-accident surveil- lance programs were discontinued-in 1983. but long-term investigations were initiated. concerned with mentality and cancer inci- dence. Their aim was twofold: 1) to ascer- tain. in the long run. possible unusual heelth experiences in the exposed popula- tion and their relation with the accident and 2) to contribute to the understanding of- the role of dioxin (TODD) in "causing cancer in hu- mans (11). We report here results of the mortality study for the 10 and one-half year period following the accident. MATERIALS AND METHODS The accident The of trichlo?rophenol at the ICMESA chemical plant started in 1970. It was only one among many production streams and involved the conversion of 1.2.4.5-totrochlorobcnzene to trichloro- phenol by alkaline hydrolysis at approxie mately 160 C. Trace amounts of- TCDD wereprobably produced under standard op- erating conditions. The amount of rophenol produced and sold rose from 6.361 kg in 1970 to 142. 820 kg in 1976'bef0rc the, accident occurred. On Saturday. July 10.1976.5h0rtly before 1:00 p. an uncontrolled exother- mic reaction in a vessel raised temperature and pressure beyond limits. The safety valve. pressure disk ruptured. and the ?uid mixture. containing mainly 2.4.5-trichlo- - TEL DEIITAZZI 31' Al. Jun; 1335 '11 Ill 1: ropthol. sodium trichlorophenate ethyl- ene ly col. and sodium hydroxide. burst thro 11h the valve ori?ce and was released into the air. The visible chemical cloud. wind-driven. deposited its content over sev- eral square kilometers of populated coun- trysil e. Flora and fauna showed" immediate signs of damage. Persons in the area devel- oped of nausea. headache, and irritation, and dermal lesions began. to appear over the exposed parts of the body especially' 1n children. 0n the tenth day the presence of TODD was made known; the I naway reaction had created condi? hood".l adequate for the formation of sub- st a11t1al quantities of TCDD. Environmental contamination the end of the month. the boundaries of the most heavily contaminated area were delimited. and the inhabitants were evacu- atedl Average soil levels of TCDD ranged between 15. 5 rig/111? and 580. 4 mtg/1112 . and individual values as high as 5 .447 rig/m2 were recovered from soil samples (7). This area. called zone A. Covered some 87 heat- ares and extended southward to a distance of up to 2. 200 from. the plant. A few days laterl 11 further contaminated zone was de- ?limit'cd. zone 11, which covered 270 hect- ares. TCDD levels in most of the soil-sam- ples did not exceed 50 pg/m?. Children younger than age .12 years and women in their: ?rst trimester of pregnancy were or- dered to avoid this area during the day. Strict regulations were issued regarding foodJand water supplies. By mid- -August-. a thir contaminatiim area had been estab- lishe . zone R. Soil contamination levels were generally found to be below 5 rig/1n?. In this area (1.430 hectares). local. craps Werelprohihited from being used as food and animals were not allowed to be raised. The total amount of TCDD recovered from the soil was estimated in the order of hundreds of grams. considered to be Only a fraction of the total amount released (12. 13). Several additional environmental sys- kid" '12. .1- bility r1. hair .. shone; . With a 31-1.. was detects. and. specie LA 5 .- pit: .- The three and R. cont: sir munr'r 1.11918 bard, liven; 1116:. .- these i-r' U'Ihasa s'udy 19' was mounds. name, date donate} .1.- - . ..ward, {OW-.li :21. 31.111- A. 201.?: inati in - reside. . Lu Ihrirphenatc, ethyl- :thdroxide, burst I nd woe-released fcherniccl cloud. :5 content over sev- I'Impulf'ated coun- ?iwed immediate sin the area devel- rea? headache, and lesions began to ?rts of the body, the tenth day, made-known; created condi- rormetion of sub- 1m). "?;the boundaries :nsted area were reuntswere ranged rig/m3, and is 5.44? min:2 simples (7). This 7 some 8? hect- ?d to a distance paint. A few days zone was de- ;sred-'270 hect? fifth: soil sam- FE/mz. Children and women in were or- ?uuring the day. issued regarding mid-August, a "Id been estab- nminnti'on levels "?irelow 5 rig/m2. 1). local crops ?g used as food, wed to be raised. =?ecovered from the' order of ered to be only a -- released (12, iriinmental sys- ILL. nu .01. .JUIJ . :AFTER Tenn secretions NEAR sa?rcso 118E, terns were investigated. The only ones eon- sistently found free of TCDD contamina- tion were ground and surface aters. TODD, in fact, is poorly soluble in water and has a very high af?nity for sol and sediments. where it was found to persist (12. 141. Vegetation samples showedlcaps- bility of absorbing and translucsting TCDD (15, 16}. Farm animals {especially rabbits) showed positive levels of?l?CDD in thei liver. With a detection limit of 0.2.5 ppb. was detected in 97 per cent, 92 perlceut. and 75 per cent of zone A, zone B. and zone specimens. respectively (12). TCDD lev- els as high as 7.9 were [bond in cows milk shortly after the accident (17). Inter- estingly, in zone R. the presence of tfroces of the isomers and l. .7.9- TODD in several soil-end vegetation sam- ples suggested additional contamin _tion (12). Study papulotion The three contamination sense, A. B, and R, contained part er the territoriies of six municipalities, lying. within the unfund- aries of two health districts of the Lom- bardy 'regibn. According to of?cial rep:orts. ?ve more towns located within the districts had not been touched bythe chemical :eon- tamination {?gure 1). The territory oi' the two health districts was taken as the study area. and all" persons residing in aniy of these 1 1 towns from the date of the accident onward were enrolled in the study. For inch study subject, the following informaltinn was recorded and stored in a protected way: name,'date and place of birth. sex. r'esi- dence(s) at the time of the accident land onward, date of moving from. the residence town and destination.?and._ for the newcom- ers, date and place of ?rst resident?s inhide theerea. The registry has been updated. so far. to the end of 1986 and contains 269.1743 peeple. Subjects-were classi?ed as living in zone A,.zone B, or zone R. or outside the contdm- ination boundaries, on the basis of their residence at the date of the accident or their cruise: FIGURE 1. Schematic drawing of the area by the 'Seveso (Italy) incident in 19?6. including the territories of 11 towns. identi?ed-by nerve and mund- aries. Location ofthe plant the three zones with-decreasing mean soil contamination leveia (A. B. and R). and the surrounding nonconunrinsred zoni- edopted ?reference are indicated. . ?rst entry into the area. Over 80 per cent of the subjects remained in the assigned zone for at least six years. This. dors apply to those living in zone is, ?E?lnCr exposure leated no longer than a few we r- . and nobody reentered the: most heavily r- loted zone A. Thus, the .study population Was run- prised'ot' three subgroups with differential and ordered exposure Opportunity (A, B, and R) and a far larger subgroup with no indication of exposure, which included all residents of the unaffected parts of the involved towns. plus those of the surround. ing no?ncontanriinated municipalities. follow-up premium: A death registration system had been operntion since 1979 (B) which covered all persons who had their current residence at? the 11 towns. We thought it best to modify this approach, so as to include in the stud? all persons ever living in the area after the accident. regardless of their current resi an sweet 5 1:1: I a} . 1190 dance. Thus. we chose a cohort approach. and to this end a system was set up to trace people- and to ascertain their vital status over time. The system was based on iridi- vidual information recorded on population registries maintained by every city and lo- cality in Italy. Those registries cover the whole national territory. and individual changes of fesidence are continuously up- dated. In addition. for those who migrated abroad and maintained ltalia'n citizenship, a special vital status registry exists in their hometown. Aseertaining the vital status of people who moved outside the study area as of December 31.1986 implied the indi- video] search 01' over 31'! .000 subjects. 'spread out in some 4.3001u11nicipslitie's. and took six months to accomplish. Once a per- son'was eventually located. in the case of death. the date. place.-and detailed descrip- tion of the cause as certi?ed by the attend- ing- doctor and reported to the National Statistics institute of Italy Were obtained. Causes of death were coded. according to the revision of the International Classifieds tion of Diseases in use at the time of death. by four noaologists Who lind been trained at the National Statistics Institute. Causes collected and coded'in the previous research- phase were-receded to assure internal con- sistency. Reference Different sets of mortality rates. both" national and local. were available as refer- ence standards. The national rates were . discarded because of remarkable interre- gional differences in martality (18). Rates for the region of Leinbardy. where the study area lies. were available only until 1981. and. in addition. within-region differences among provinces- exist. albeit not- as ex- treme ?as between regions. After due con- sideration. it appeared that the mortality of the cohort of inhabitants who had been living in .the uncontaminated study area (?gure 1) was the most suitable reference: Such a referent pepulation had the merits- of sharing with the exposed populations the TEL manniresos-iode 1111111112711 AL. . -- 311d 1 1 1 main characteristics related to the living and occupational environment. personal habits (including diet). and social and ed-u ucation background. and of having been followed according to the some criteria and meth and for the same time span as the exposed population. Before adopting these reference data. however. it was decided to compare them with the rates of the Lom- bardy riegion (around 9. 000 .000 inhabi- their consistency with what could have been expected from the large population of the region. - .- Analysis The murtality of all persons ever residing in the study area between the date of the aecidentl and December 31. 1934111113 ex- amined for the period .July 10,1976 to December 31. 1966. In this paper. analysis is restricted to those persons whose at- tained age during the. follow-up period was between 20 and 74 years. A separate anal- ysis will be performed for persons younger than 20 years. .iltates were calculated for 118 causes of death. separately for males and females.? in each year of the study. within five-year age classes. Each person contributed person- years of obserVntinn in each age class and. calendar year from the date of the accident or from the date when first resident' in the area. through the end of the follow- -1_1p or date of death Comparison of rates between each contamination-zone and the reference area was performed with the use of Poisson regression techniques (19. 20). a method of modeling rates suitable for the analysis of rare events. as is the case with mortality. Variables' 1n the models included age and calendar' period. On. the basis of the stratum- apecilic rates and numbers of person-years. summary relative risks and their 95 per cent con?dence intervals were estimated using the GLIM package (20.121). Separate analyses were performed for each cause of death and by sex. The latter choice was; made for a number of reasons. the principal one being the possible difference between 3.55.- r.ca tnzaa hg_ -- 1vI-?a? areas$.91 . [r?tf did Wit? 5 1,1. '53. 511.2111 Anm- -. serous? yea: - '1 l-i? 3111:, . . a- .II- -1- . who-t larger pg.? .- .1 1? 1r bee:- i; rail1 of 15?: urm. Iii-3;: ulaii 'Hnenurn sesnuscss cc . TEL NU .017'353?1054 noarmrv arr-ea sxrosuar: saveso 119] males and females in time spent in the area and in exposure to additional risk factors. occupational er otherwise. RESULTS 'l?he completeness of the vital status as- is shown in table The pro- portion of subjects not traced was low and did not exceed 1 per cent in any of the areas. A total of 1,674,743 person-years of ob- servation was accumulated during the study period. The age structure of the populations of the different contaminatioo zenes was substantially similar (table 2). Only females in zone showed a larger fraction of subjects aged 20-30 years than females in other zones. Results of comparison of the reference population rates with the Lombardy region rates showed that the adapted referent rates were free from major divergences froin what would have been expected had a much larger population of the same sex and age been adopted: in only a few instances, the ratio of the rates departed noticeably from unity (table 3). Males in but reference pop- ulation had a lower mortality from mela- noma and brain cancer than the corre- sponding population of the region as a whole. The higher overall mortality among females in the reference population was statistically signi?cant. yet almost negligi- ble. It is noteworthy that for none of the cancer causes were differences apparent among females. Results of the mortality analysis for the Taste 1 Mortality in the Severe (Italy) area. 1976-1935: results of vital status ascertainment as of December 1986', for subjects aged 20-74 year: mah? No. a! No. of Not traced 81 . deaths mn 11910-19251 A 555 27 4 3 3.920 170 23 (0.11) 26.22? 1.3112 141 (0.111 16?,39] 9.125 1.035 --.I 'l'anu: 2 Mortality in the Severe (truly) area. 1976-1986; percentage distribution by age. and total number of Mum-Mun of observation, eemrntely for males (M) and Innate: in each contamination zone (A. 3.5) and the reference anec Ae'o (In?ll A Reference and an 20-30 22.2 26.9 25.2 24.2 23.4 . 29.1 2-1.4 23.7 30-40 22.1 23.1 23.7 24.2 22.9 23.0 22.3 22.7 40-50 211.3 22.1 22.7 22.2 2.1.1 20.? 20.0 20.5 50?60 18.6 15.5 16.7 1618 1? 111s 14.9 16.0 111.5 60+ as 10.5 11.6 12.7 12.1 12.3 15.1 18.6 Total person-years 2.45.3 16.970 111.197 634.311 2.490 16.107 114.658 125.014 population in each-contamination zone are shown in tables 4; 8. Causes reported were selected on the basis of any of the following criteria: meaningful number of events; a priori [interest findings from experi- mental work); unusual departure of the rel- ative risk estimate in either direction: and possih relevance for the interpretation of the ?rldings (cm. confounding). Table 4 shows results fer zone A. For the completeness or reporting, given the small size of this subcoh?ort, all cancer deaths and death from nonmalignant causes with more an one case observed are shown. All-canes mortality among females tended to be increased, btit this was not so among males. One cancer at an ill defined site anions males and one of the gallbladder and ertrahcpatie biliary tract among fe- males madc up a huge numerical increase in the relhtivc risk. In both sexes. an elevated mortality from circulatOry diseases was noted. The increase was particularly nota- o. nu o-n-n Coo-on- . - I hul? - . q. W's-nae- outterse. .l?gefq-e :25: . . . q? amass-2. -. 1 1 anEaLTn Ecoouncas cc TEL no.01T-Boo-1ooa Jun 7.1192 111-1111111101 1:1' 111.. i T111115: :1 Morality 1'11 the Seam Uruiy) arc-o. 1926-1956; counts of death for 11' if}: differences were noted 111-1111111011 the adopted reference population and the corresponding population of the entire rrgion of Lombardy . . . - - 01.11 manna; I (Jun-oidulh (It 9} Helm?! mi 1 11110ch i? . Male: - ?1 Mellnoml 1112) 0.11 0.02-1.15 . . 1 Brain 1191) 0.011 0.10-0.70 1- Lcuhcmil. other and not specified 12117-2113) 1.98 1.25-3.13 1; am! 1. i Acute 1nyocar?diul?iururction (410) 1.14 1.04?1.25 1111: . - discusc. 911-101 1120-1291 0.04 0.10- 0.119 1 11111141111114.- . 9" 1.1101113? jj All (33198018 (001.993) 1.00 1.01-1.11 I?unnr: 1' Chmnic rheumatic hurt discus (393-393) 0.59 0.36-1.13? 1:311: I 1. . Din-Hive disc-sea [520-579) 1.41 1.20455 i Cirrhosis of 1190: 1?57!) 1.33 1.13-1.69 . . - .1 Gallbladder and biliary tract diseases (6?74- 570} 2.42 1.53?3.71 1 Gcniwurinory diseases-15305829) . 1.55 1.09?2.22 1 . . ICE 9. International Classi?cation of Dimma. Ninth Revision. - "1 Rufercnoe populninn 110. region population. :2'111?1 I C. 1. I Tums ffliMummy study. 1975-1986. of 1111' popuialwn muoivcd 111 H10 Scwso (Hulk) 111111112111; camponron of mortality - from scict'h?d court-r batman the popuiotl'on, card 20-74 years, of (one A and the reference population Cirrmur 01 111 -. . -1 Observed 3.1.111. 11.15111 11111511011; intuull 9-1 . I can" or dun. 111:1) 91- dam . 1 -. .11 10111-10111 -_1m 1910 1010-1010 . Mules I All cnm'1o11141991 111 030 (0.1-1.61 11.11: 10.04.01 000101-141 1 gle case: - 1 ?1 3 03? Inna-20" 01?s ?oll-ll?) I -- 1 1 1.01.: 11021 2 102101-1111 0.91 111.2 .1111 . m1 111 de?ned .11.. 11951 1 111.1111 111.11-700.31 15.013 121-11001 . I All circululwy disco!? {$904591 11 2.0! (1.0-1.2) 1.10 (0.4-3.5) L75 (1.0-3.2) 131.?: . 222 10.0?11.9) 105100-331 . . 13-. Anne rnyocardial infarction 1111.11. . 111111 2 1.1210.1-0.71 0.111 1113-111 111.11.: 1. Chronic hurl dim . I 1112.111; 2 11.10 11.11-10.91 - 11.111 10.11?10.21 1 silt-1111.11 . . Cnulrruvucuiar ding-one HEW- L811 . LT 11- . 1 a 1:111; 11 100100-021 1.11 111-11111 011011.1-001 1 Fllullu In"! '35 I . 1 All (001 4111111 11 1.20 1.10 105-201 1.14 10.13-11.11 1 - I 1 All ?fl-21m ,1 1,113 "1.5.54" 0.50 ?13.15) 113111111 .315. .. Gallbladder cudhilinry tract. 1 - . .1 111.151 1 21.0.1 120?10011) 12.01 11.11-00.11 - . 1 1 1.0010141.) Fhm?nm 1111:1101. 1' 011m tntlucrinc glands [134All circulptory distant (390459] 6 1.12 (0.3-4.6) 2.9! 1.8910341] . I Chronic rhcurnolit ham diam . . . . - 1 11.111.110.11 3 19.11 ten-110.111 0.12.1 17.11.111.71 21511111411101 all monan- . i 9, [11111111111111.1111 n! Diucm. N11111: Reunion. 4 {Zero CNN: ill the referral. populaliun. '1 - - . - :and - 1110 among males in the ?rst quinquennium disease was foimd consistently and remnrk- now-:5. and among females in the second quinquen- ably elevated, notwithstanding the limited in. new . 11iu111. Males had a significant increase in number of observed cases. zone A. .- chronic heart disease and ccrebro- Table 5 shows results for males in zone 31.1"" ?second poser: _j - .larger?ciaciw. . 1 11011011111: disease mortality. Amang females. B. Total cancer mor1aiity was signi?cantly 5 the relative risk of chronic rheumatic heart high in the second observation period. Sin5" l'ltf'iLli'l LL. ILL NU MORTALITY AFTER EXPOSURE NEAR SEW-150 11 1193 Mortality study. 1976-1986. a! the population' 111 mined in the Severn incident.- comparison of mortality refuted causes teruvrrn the male population. aged 20-14 years. of zone and the reference papirkm'on Diuerved I Relative risk (05% on-_nlidence interval) I. . i: Cause or death 111111 91? (23h; leis-I101? 0 1 112- 100-3 1978-1936 min} 1 All range: [1111- 9991 121 0. 81 (0. ii 1.11 1.1? 038103-121 All cane-111110411111 52 ll '30 10 .ti-l .1) 1.18 (1.11-2.11 1.19 (0.9-1.61 Bueell cavity and pharynx 1140- 1401 4 2.19 (0. 3-8. In 1.33 10.2-11.7} 201 Storm-111151) '1 1.115 (0.1 41.31 Lavina-3.8) 1.211 (0.0-2.6) Rectum 1154) 1 (oi-1:141 1.55 10.2-11.5: 1.1a (ea-7.01 tit-crush) 1.00 (0.6-6.2) 1.20 (0.1-3.8) Pancreas [1571 2 1.011 (11-1-10) 1.121112 4.11 1.11 (0.3-4.5) Long 1111:) 20. 1.11 (0.5-2.2) 1.83 (1.11-3.31 1.45 10.94.31 Plum 11631 1 15.11 1116-11551 11.011 {Lil-407.1) Melanoma (172) 1 - 11.351111-111151 9.06 {1.141.111 Prostate 111151 11 2.16 10.171141 1.02 10.2-11.1) 2.15 10.7-13.9) Bladder 1111111 3 1.47 (03-1031 2.60 (03-1131 11.17 Hodgkin's disease (201! 1 0.1.17 11.141131 3.76 10.11-28.01 Leukemia 1204-2061 3 1.35 102-931 1.53 1 1.1-21111 2.11 All circuit-wry diseases 1300-4501 311 0.79 (0.0-1.2) 0.92 0.01 {0.13-1.21 lechentic heart disease. 1410-1141 11.75 10.4 4.51 0.115 10-1-1311 0.79 10.5 - 1 .01 Acute myocardial infarction 1.1101 12 0.1111 10.2 1.31 0.92 toe-1.91 0.11 (0.1-1.3) Chronic ire hemie heart disease . 1:112. 41:1 ?1 115? 0.96 (0.4-2 111 Ceubmeaul-r disease 1430-4381 12 1.111 111.3- 2.31 1.211 111.8 4.91 1.1: 111.6 in} Respiratory dinner 1460-41101 0 0.85 (0.31171 0.05 0.90 {0.11?2.01 Cirrhosis urinal-1571) 0.92 lit-112.21 11.111 Inn-2.61 0.1111 111.: 1.01 9. International mammalian of Din-ares. Ninth Revision. gle cases of pleural cancer. melanoma. and Hodgkin?s disease were observed. A nearly ?vefold increased relative risk for leuke- miae was apparent in the second quinqoen- nium. in this same period. an elevated rel- ative risk ot?lung cancer of borderline sig- ni?cance was noted. Prostate and bladder cancer also tended to be elevated. No rela- tive risks of nonmalignant diseases de- parted signi?cantly from 1.00. although a suggestive increase in mortality from chronic ischemic heart disease was noted in the ?rst period. Among warnen in zone (table 6). over- all mortality and total cancer mortality had relative risks almost signi?cantly below 1.00. The high relative risk for gallbladder and biliary tract cancer was statistically nonsignil'icant. yet remarkable, especially in view of the parallel result obtained in zone A. Single deaths from ao?. tissue aar- coma andcancer ol'_the thyroid gland in the second observation quinquennium led to la rge relative risks. It was in the early post- accident period. instead. that this subsc- hort experienced an apparent.elthoa.,11 statistically nonsigni?cant. increased mor- tality from hypertensive vascular disease and acute myocardialinl'arction. Several ?ndings of interest emerged from the' analysis of zone 1-1. These regarding the ma 9 population are reported in table 7. Mortality from all cancers was lower" than expected Noteworthy was the declcasotl risk l'rom liver cancer deaths. which was statistically signi?cant. Lung cancer deaths also exhibited a borderline. signi?cantly low relative risk. As to other canfier causes. signi?cantly increased rei - tive risks were noted for peritoneum. pledra. melanoma. and brain in the first study period and for myeloid leukemia in the Isecond study period. deaths from i . I neoplasm 01 soft tissues caused a remark ably increased relative risk. Among 110n- malignant causes of death. blood diseases showed a statistically signi?cant fourfold increased relative risk. and chronic isch- nigh-3f.- . 'f ?14. Lu?l??vlru?hw' . U1. 1194 Tamar. 6 Jun ET .. Mortality study. o! the nonunion involved in the Room (Italy) incidem; comparison of mortality from selected comes tar-tween the {comic population. oped 20-44 alt-arc. of cone and the reference population Olin-wad I Relative risk (05% monomer interval) Cause of death non 91' ?ml; I gm - 1976-1081 rear-19st: 1970-10811 'mnlu) I All raver-c ?or-0901 is 0.117 ?31 0.0110; 1.11 0.1a (as?1.01 All Cancer!- t140-2081 0.63 (0.2- .21 .057103-131 0.60 (04-1.01 Digestive m1 cm (150-1591 a 0.151 10.1-101 0.7a (0.3.2.51 0.9a (on-1.01 and biliary "out (156) 2 Man (0.5- .1) 03310.6-323 3.86 (03 10.21! San tissue-urn 1 23.04 (ac-201.01 16.90 [Lil-18.1.6] Brcall (m1 .5 1.26 (0.4-4.0) 0.60 (0.1. 2,41 0.07 (0.4.2.1) Thyroid gland (103) 1 24.10 112-27171 1.20 10.9.5901 and tissue 1200 20.111 2 1.02 mum-1.111 1.1? (11.3 4.21 All circulatory disease: (090-459) 11 1.10 (as-mo ass (es-1.41 0.33 (0.0-1.0 Hnaenrmive VIIt?ttl-lt disease (401-01151 2 2.95 (0.7-1. 2) (0.0-6.7) Acme myocardial infarction [410) a 2.11! (0.0-0.0: 0.40 (0.1-3.1) 1.22 Cerebrovlscullr dual-c (430-433) 6 1.00 {0.0 2.7) 0.7! (0.4-2.01 Cirrhmil or liver tom 2 0.05 ton-3.91 0.85 tn.1-e.11 oar 1CD 9. International Chroma-1mm of Diseases. Ninth Ravi-Em, emic heart disease had an elevated risk in the ?rst quinquennium. re?ected also ,in' the estimate for the whole period. Results for females in zone are shown in table 8. Again, mortality from all cancers was lower than in the reference population. The decreased risk of breast cancer deaths was statistically signi?cant. Two cancers exhibited signi?cantly cle- vnted relative risk. corpus uteri (?rst quinquennium) and hrain (second quin- qucnniUm). Suggestions of increased risk were noted for deaths from peritoneal can- cer. cancer of the thyroid gland, and Hodg- kin's disease. Mortality from carditwascu- lar causes and most evidently from hyper- tensive vascular disease was signi?cantly increased. Finally. the vital status of all con?rmed cthracne cases (n 193) was successfully ascertained; no deaths were found to have occurred during the study period. DIScUssz Ten years after the Seveso. incident, the modality of the population (aged 20-74 years) ever living in the TCDD- contaminated area exhibited some pecu- liarities in comparison with the mortality of the population of the surrounding terri- tory. These consisted of an unusual expe- rience of cardiovascular deaths as well as deaths from certain cancers. Major confounding factors could be ex- cluded fairly confidently as the likely ex- planation of these ?ndings. All subjects of the exposed and reference population were followed in a unlf0rm manner. indepen- dently of their exposure status. Persons who moved outsidethe study area remained in the study population, and their tracing was virtually complete. The reference pop- ulation largely shared with the index pop? ulations a set of personal. micro- and mac- roenvironmental characteristics capable of affecling mortality. Also. health services from family and referral physicians were largely similar. The comparability of the contriasted pOpulatlons was re?ected in the values of relative risks for major causes of death'f which were, in general. well balanced around 1.00. This study suffered from inherent limi- tationis. The aim of this analysis was not to eValuate causal associations of TCDD ex- posure with speci?c health outcomes but to provide a comprehensive and coherent pic- turo of the pattern of mortality in the pop- ulation affected by the-accident. Latency is another limitating factor. A period 01' 10 years could be insuf?cient for some of the possible effects of eitposurc to become man-- . . CC _:es were he tel of ?cd Illilir let to Ix. tpic- is '5 10 the TEL .bl?-955?1034 Jun MORTALITY TODD EXPOSURE NEAR SEVESO Taste 7 Mortality study, 1976-1986. of the minim involved in th from selected mum Mona the male popidation, aged 20- Swear) (Italy) incident; comparison of mortality years. of runs it and the reference mutation Olumd Relative mi mildew: interval] Cause or am). "no 01' 7 1 19 5-10s1 1932 10M me was All can-u 1001-999) I74 03s 10.0-1.1) 0.99 (0.9-1.1) 0.91 (0.9-1.0: All cancers Inc-em) 270 014 (0.7-1.0) 0.31) 10.1-1.1) (Lac lit-coal civil, and pharynx ileu- no) [5 ms 1.14 tits-2.7) 1.0610643) human-1150) 12 1.671'01 3.3) 059103-13) 1.12 (0.15 2.1) Stain-ch not) 83 0.7? 0.11.1 (0.5-1.1) 0 so too-1.2) Rectum {16-0 8 Mt (0.4-2.9) 036 (0.5-2.0) Liver 1155) 0.2! (0.1-1.2) 0.46 (0.2 0.40 to.2-0.8J Pancna- us?) 7 0.00 toe-1.7) 034103-12) Peritoneal-n [155) it [Lo-57.6) 3.79 Lunl (102) 77 0.66 (0.5-0.0) 0.9: 0.78 Pleural {103) 3 13.13 Ill-144.91 2.11 toe-20.3) Son. tissue 1171) 2 at 127103-301) 6.33 to 9-45.01 Melanoma me: 2 13.12 (Le-ms) 255105-1331 Fri-tau [185) 16 . 1.56 (0.9-3.7) 1.9.4 (0.5-3 Oi 1.5? (0.9-2.7) Brain 1191) 0 3m 11.1-12.3) 0.30 (0.1-3.0) 1.37 (0.5-3.6) Other (202) a (0.4-5.2) 1 02 (0.11-3.41 Multiple ntyeloma 1203) 2 0.53 tat-u) 033101-53) 0.54 (0.1-2.7) Mgilmd leukemia 1205) 4 ?1.1-7.0 ?30 (LI-21.9) 230103-14) Blood diaenu 1250-239) 8 5.92 10.4-94.8) 4.05 11.3-12.1) 428115.120) All circulatory diseases (390-450) 320 1.02 .2) 1.06 ?ls-1.3) lat-heroic been dice-u (410-414) 162 1.04 (0.8-1.3) 1.0? -L4) (0.9-121 Acute myocardial infarction (410) 0.05 tee-1.1) 1.00 103?131 0.92 (0.3 1.1) Chronic ischamie heart disease (412,414) 49 L72 (1.2-2.6) 1.44 (0.9 2.4) UH tie-2.2) Connect-molar dim 1430-4311) 73 0.96 (0.7-1.3) 0.0.1 106-131 0.9: (0.1-1.2) Respiratory disease: 1460-619} 43 0.71 (05-12) 1.21 (0.5-1.5) 0.90 (0.7-1.3) Digestive dimm (520.579) as 1.16 (0.9-1.5) cits (0.6-1.3) 1.05 (es-13) Cirrhosis of 11m (571) as 1.27 (0.9-1.7) no 1.03 (cs-1.0 9. [uteri-armorial Clum'?'canon of Duncan, Ninth Revision. ?lZcro cam in the referent Million. it?est. Also, the size of some of the subco- horts might preclude the identi?cation of effects which could have been present. Ex? posure de?nition was another weakness in the study, in that the only available indi- cator was the chemical contamination of the soil. This is a rather poor surrogate of exposure. and by no means an indicator of intake, since it does not take into consid- eratiOn all the ponihlc sources and ignores interindividual variability. The increased mortality from cardiovas- cular disease might. find plausibility in light of the following conaiderations. Experi- mental data linking TCDD exposure and cardiac and vascular disorders do exist (22. 23). Lipid have been shown to be associated with TCDD in experimental (24?27) and homan studies (23-451). Pre- vious investigations in Severe failed. how- ever. to document remarkable lipid abnor- malities amen; reclamation workers and expend children (9, 32). Epidemiologic evi- dence is weak. Seven cut of eight workers who developed myocardial infarction and Sudden death following accidental exposure to TCDD had had chloracne, an established marker of dioxin exposure among for- estry workers operating in herbicide- contaminated environments, increased mortality from ccrebrovascular as well as heart disease was noted (34). A second basis of a possible interpretation of these ?ndingsis that in the aftermath or the accident the population of the area underwent powerful stresses (35. 36) which might have precipitated preexisting condi- time of cardiovascular disease. according to a biologic mechanism which has been although not completely clari?ed (37-41). This hypothesis might be particu- larly relevant to the interpretation of the chronic lschemic heart disease ?ndings among male subjects in the earliest years k. 7 v? ensconces cc TEL J?n i 1196 31' T111114: . . Mortality study. 1976-1986, of the population involudld in the Severn (Italy) incident; comparison of mart-jif?h from selected causes between the female i011. aged 20?74 yearn. of some it and the-reference popiainiun' - I Relative risk (9595- cunl'ndenee interval] 01.11. .11 111.10. 0011 91? 01.111. . 3- 111711 111111 19112-1030 1070-1030 female-l All mum 1001-91101 4118 1101 103-121 0.00 (0.11-1.11 1.112 {0.9-1.11 All cancers {Ho-2081 1?19 {131' 0.57 (0. -l.ll 0.8? (0.7-1.0) - . Euqthalus 1 1.501 2 130 10.0-29.1) 1.24 10.11-31.01? - Slut-?lth 11511 21 1.00 (0.0-2.0) 1.01 (0.5-2.1) (0.7-0.1: 1. 1111:1011: [15-11 0 1.09 (0.4-3.1) 1.:14 {0.11?0.11 1.10 {0.11-2.81 mm (1551 a 0.110 (0.1-0.1) 0117101451 0.411 10.14.41)- 6111011110" 311111151in lrnul use) - .5 1.2910.4-4.41 1.01.10.24.01 1.111 roe-1.11 Pancreas 1157) 4 1.1? (0.1-5.1) 0.01 (0.1-1.71 1.00 Prrilunt'um (15111 2 1.112 Ina-11.31 0.70 10.4-10.1? 2.21 10.0.11 :1 . Lulu-?621 111 0.70 [0.11-1.01 0.1141011 2.11 0111110.?: j' 3119101101110 (172) 1 0.0? (0.1-0.2) 0.011 (0.1-: Hrs-nu ?74] 28 0:18 (0.2-0.9) ?.75 (0.5-1.3 0.64 (0.4-0.9) Uterus 1119-11121 10 11.110 11.11-11.10 1.03 10.02.01 1.4.0 (es-2.01 . Ger-pus uteri (132) 5.52 tl.5-20.GJ 3.1.5 11.0-11.1! 4? Ovary 115.11 6 0,11 senor-1.01 0.53 (0.2-1.2. . Ruin 11911 0 1123 0.74 (1.1-3.6: 2.1: 1011-0 7- Thyroid 11.1.0 use) 0 11.57 10.11-13.31 - 1117 10.41-91.01 - 1} Hodgkin's disease [201) ii 2.42 10.6-12.6] 3.14 10.3-31.7} 2.65 [11.7. 10.21 f; Other (2021 4 1:19 101-931 1.11.1 10.11-11.01 1.50 "1.51-4.11 Leukemia (201- 20111 a 0106 ?1.1-2.0 0.:10 cos-2.21 0.43 to 1-1211 15., All 14111011101, diseases 01110-15111 1110 1.18 (1.0-1.1: 1.11 10.9 4.11 1.15 (1.0-1.3: 1.1-: Hypertensive vascular disease (401- 405) 17 2.12 {1.34:0 0-04 1.62 let-lands lie-rt. din-lac (?10 57 1.31 {0.9 4.9} 1-09 Acme myocardial infarction [110) 39 030 120105-1111 1.12 1.0L Chronic hear: client-o (-112. 4111 re 0.112 IDA-1.6) 1.511 res-3.2 1.0a ton-1.01 - - Cerebrovsscular discs-e use-1:131 or 1.20 (0.11-1.71 1.01 inn-1.111 1.10 ins-1.51 Cirrhosis 01' liver {57? 26 1.93 L23 1.10 i - 11.110111111111111 (Stratification a! new". Ninth Revision51; after the incident. Confounding by smoking tron. the referent rates adopted appeared 1-.1 . -i and other personal habits can be confi- dently excluded, given the characteristics of the contrasted populations. As regards smoking, one can note, in addition. that no indications emerged of substantively dif- ferential mortality from chronic respiratory disease and lung cancer. Other data, however, are against the hy- pothesis of the association of increased car- diovascular risk with the accident. The in- Creased risk concerned different Cardio- vascular ceusos and failed to 311010 a fully consistent and de?nite pattern according to contamination zone, sex. and study pe- riod. Zone A, the one most severely affected by the stress factors and by the chemical pollution. although for a short period. pro- vided the most coherent picture of an in- eressed cardiovascular death risk; however. relative risk estimates were based on 1: lim- ited number of observed events. In addi- he unusually low for chronic rheUmei-Z; heart disease among females. Overall, the relative risks for malignan else as whole tended to be below 1.01}. . regards speci?c cancers, numbers were often small. This fact limits the interpre- tation of many suggested associations as well as of possibly ?negative" ?ndings. The number of performed comparisons calls for Icaution in interpreting statistically signifi- cant results. Yet, the magnitude of sen-:0 the relative risk estimates as well as th- cancer types concerned warranted atten- Ition. Carcinogenicity by TCDD has been -- tcnsively investigated. Experimental stud- ies have shown TCDD to be a dc?eitc carcinogen in rats and mice after oral ari- mlnistratiOn and skin application (42-48). Numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted. Some were concerned with is mortality nceuumcce an I -Ipulctio'n peered to . ?:umatic talignan. . 'were utiohs as The Ills for signi?- nine of [as the u' atten- I an ex- stud-I definite ?11 ads 21-48). 39! ?with. i manufacturers of products known to be contaminated by (49-53): others dealt with exposure to phenoxy acid herbi- cides, some of which may contain TODD as an impurity (54-67). Results were con- flicting. Limitations in study design, mainly poor exposure de?nition. hampered the interpretation of such ?ndings in tonne of carcinogenicity in humans. For the very same reasons. however, none of these studies could conclusively exclude a carcinogenic risk. Two hypotheses emerge fairly consis- tently from the relevant literature which implicate particularly soft tissue sarcomas and in our study, the involve- ment of and hemopoietic tissue was suggested by ?ndings regarding Hodg- kin?s disease (males, zone B, and possibly females. zone R), leukemias (males, zone B), myeloid leukemia (males. zone R). and causes coded generically as "blood diseases" (males. zone R). The numerical increase-of the relative risks for soft tissue sarcoma should be interpreted in light of the num- bers involved; still, such increase might rep- resent a ?sentinel? finding pointing toward the need for further research. in a previous attempt to investigate incidence of'soft tis- sue sarcomas in the area, incidence was found to be high. but it was so even before the accident't68). Malignant effects on the liver following TODD exposure might have been expected on the basis of animal experiments results (-16. 47). Other data possibly relevant to this hypothesis come from studies of people exposed to hiphenyls mix- tures. which may be contaminated with dioxin, other than dibcnsofurans and qua- terphenyls (69). Liver cancer mortality ap- peared instead diminished (sec males. zone B). Findings pointing suggestiveiy toward an involvement of the hepatobiliary tract were. nonetheless. found. especially in zones A and B. The woman who had died from cancer of the extrahepatic biliary tract- in zone A. seven months after the accident, was the only person for whom measure- ments of fat concentration of were t_ ILL Ml'il't'i?MJ'I'V AFN-ill EXPOSURE NEAR SEW-23.40 119 available; levels as high as 1.94 wer: reported. The clearly elevated brain cancer me:- tality among males. ?rst period, and fe- males. second period. in zone R, raise-5. 5. hypothesis which warrants further investi- gation. The adopted referent rates for males turned out to be lower than the cor- responding rates in the regional population, explanation. An inereased brain cancer risk has been suggested by two studies. one on pesticide applicators (59) and one on pro- ducers (63). Anethcr ?nding which calls for further research is the suggestiveiy low breast. can- cer mortality among women in the contam- inated area (sec zone R, in particular). The increased mortality from other speci?c cen- eers melanoma, pleura, peritoneum. thyroid gland) should be considered merely suggestive at this stage. Notwithstanding the similarity of the death certi?cations system in the. index and reference populations. one can note that for speci?c causes evenchance errors ma . have had severe consequences. We tried, thus. to check the accuracy of death certi?cates re- garding speci?c cancer causes against orig- inal hospital records: this turned out to be feasible for the period 1976-1981. Results are reported in table 9. From these corr- parisons, it is apparent that the suggested hypotheses regarding gallbladder and bill- ary tract cancer. brain cancer. and myeloid leukemia are far from being dismissed. The fact that only one and two cases. respec- tively, were checked for soft tissue sarcoma and cancer of the pleura calls for medium The hypothesis of an inereased risk irom peritoneal cancer is heavily curbed by the result of this evaluation; we were. most probably, dealing with other, unknovt n, and 'mainly secondary types of cancer. Males in zone it emerged as the segment of the study population most evidently at- fected by the increased cancer risk but zone also appeared to be involved. The cancer inortallty pattern across the contamination zones was obviously affected by the relative but this was not considered to be suf?cient . -. r. .9 5-. . ?We: . 1198 s?b'iv?l .Iud ET AL. TABLE 9 Mortality study. 1976-1986, of the mrwlution insulin-d ini the certificates and hospital records m?t .somc'srircted cancer causes Selma (Rely) incident; cont-rodents between dead; of dull? Desi certi?cates Cum nun 9r est-ma mam death ?mama; 1976-1931 hospital records hospital record- Gallbladder and biliary tract (156) 21 19 15/19 Peritoneum (153) 7 7 1/7 Hours (163) 3 2 1/2 Soil. tissues (1?71) 1 1 1/1 Melanoma (1'32) 4 4 4/4 Brain [191) - 25 23 111/23 Mycloid leukemia (21151 9 8 7/8 1CD 9. Infernalthnai Classi?cation of Diseases. Ninth Revision. size of the subcohorts. The different oppor- Overall, results of this descriptive mor- tunitics for exposure to chemical contami- nants is another factor relevant to the interpretation. Zone A residents left after a few weeks. People in zone remained in the area whose contamination was note- worthy. and their compliance with the reg- ulations issued could not be quanti?ed. This point may be quite relevant. since it has been well established that the greatest opportunity of exposure for persons living in TODD-contaminated territories stems from the alimentary chain (70. 71). The same applies to residents in zone R. sup- posedly the least contaminated. It shoold be noted, however. that such a de?nition was based on less systematic and compre- hensive soil contamination measurement campaigns than those of zones A and H. In addition. data exist in the literature sug- gesting a heavier involvement of some parts of zone than previously thought, at least immediately after the accident (10). No de?nite patterns were seen according to years elapsed since the accident. Many cancers showed; an increased relative risk in the ?rst quinquennium. it seems appro- priate to mention here that the largely pre- vailing view is that TODD acts as a pro- moter in the process of carcinOgenesis (72, 73). Accordingly. should any of the noted increased cancer risks be linked to the ac- cidental release in 1976. a previous expo- sure (environmental or other) ought prob- ably to be assumed as the initiating step. tlality investigation do not permit conclu- sively associating any of the noted in- creased risks with the accident in 1976. They provided. nonetheless, for the ?rst time, comprehensive, although not ex- haustive. data on. the health experience of the large population involved in that inci- dent and raised the hypothesis of possible dielayed consequences the health of the exposed adult population. The suggests? h'wothcses require further and thorough investigation. The mortality study is con- tinuing. Additional work on exposure def- nition is in progress in order to rede?ne zones with different levels of contamina- tion more accurately and to better charac- terize individual exposures in terms of in- tensity and duration (74). 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Choudhny G. Keith L11. eds. Chlorin- ated diorina anrl clibcnzofurane in perspective. Chelsea. Ml: Lovvia I?uhlisiaers Inc. 1936325735. Panclli R. Bortoni MP. Bonfonti M. et a1. 2.3.7.8- Tetrachlorodibonw-p-rliotin in can-'e milk from the contaminated area of Seveso. Italy. Bull En- viron Contam Toxicol 1980;174:634 9. Cinlaglti C. A. In VeCChiu C. ct cl. Data. atatiatice and map: on cancer mortality: Itolia Imam?. Bologna: Pitagore Editricc. 1980. Frame EL. 'l'lte anolylil of ratee using Poisaon retrrcaaion models. Biometrica 1033;39:665 '14. . I-?ronie EL. Cltoc_itoway H. the of regres- - I '31 21 23. 24. NEAR 31-31-3150 Jull I 0'21 1199 Iion models in estimating incidence rates no ration. A_m Epidemiol 11.1. Nvldor JA. Generaliaad linear intern:- tivo modelling 3. Oxford: Nu- mt-n'eal Algorithme Group. 1918. . Allen JR. Carotene LA. Light and electron micro- scopic Obscwutinns in ?Mac-u htulatto" mn- fed toxic fat. Am Vet Res Norboclt D11. Allen JR. Biological responaea or? the non human primate. chicken and rot to chlo- dilemma-dioxin invention. Environ Health Perepeot 1973;13:233 10. 0? A. Froncenchini G. Puglitti 1.. et til. Increasarl total and high density liponrotein cholesterol with apoproteint-hangee resembling etreplOzotocir. tilretca in (TODD) treated Pharmacnl . Hemlock DW. Motsornora Mndhultar Ht. TCDD causes reduction in the low den-it}; lipoprotein receptor activities in the hepatic plasma men-throne ofguinea pig and rot. Biochem BiOphyi Roi Common 2639. 40. #11111) PW. Corbett Harrie M. et at. BlTects oi on lipid pro- ?le: in tiesne of. the Fisher rot. Chem Biol hiterot-t hmommts- 30. Swift 1.1.. Guoiewicn Dewey Donn G. ct n1. Iil?horaoteriention or? the hyperlipemin in guinea pine induced by 2.3.7.8-totmhlorodihenro-p- ?dioxin. 'l?nxicol Appl Pharmacol 19815918949. . May G. Cltlontone from the accidental nrodoctioo of tetrecliloroditnnzodiolin. Br Ind Med 1m 3&276-83. Oliver RM. 'l?tuio effecta of 2.3.6.8-tetrochlorodi- bonao-tA-dioxin in laboratory workera. Br Ind Med . Ifuederova-Vejlupltova J. Nemcovo M. Pickova .1. el al. Tho development end prontoeie of chronic Itorticution by tetroohlorodihenm-p-dioxin in titan. Arch Environ Health Martin JV. Lipid? abnormalities in workera er- poscd to dioxin. Br Ind Med 1984;41:254tb6. Ghent l. Conrmtelti P. Aesennoto G. et ll. Poten- rial exposure of Severe decontamination lorkc?. Scand Work Environ Health 193251111111 1:116- 9. . Holderup LM. D. Diorin exposure: 20 year follow-up. (letterl. Lancet 1931:21134- 5. Billing C. Grnnetarn 5. Corner of death among ltitnberjach: a pilot study. Occup Med 1930; 224mm. . ?ay A. Toxic claud. over Seven: -Nnture 197d; 263:636-8. IIplmaterlt B. Prologomenn to Seveto. Arch Tor.- ie_ol mention-nu. K. Kogovinan M. 'l'rit'lmpouloc D. Erll?htpl?ltt-nllulctl litres: and cardiac mortality. hit Epidemiol . Evans Meliclt M. Logue JN. Frederick OJ. Stress and dieaster. In: Goldlrerger 1.. Hmnitz S. ads. 11 ndhnok of strove: theoretical and clinical Il- polcta. New York: Tito Free Press. 1932:613-30. Dorion B. 'I?eyIOr CB. Stress fectorv in the devol- oiirnoot or coronary artery disease. Oocop Med adult-1C. rain: as. and behavioral . . - 'e I ?(ya-e babe mu?J?L- - we?? ll}. i 4 ., l. I FIE-BGUFICEB hi . n?c-u?n-u um . 1200 41I 48. 44 d5. 46. 47 48. 49. 60! 51. 52. 5-1. 55. . . Cook RR. Bond (50. Olson RA. ct at. Evolution Cr; TEL omen-335105 in?ucnce in the pathogenesis oi acquit-ad cordio- BG. vent-uh: disease. Am Heart Wit. Sharrett All. Weill H. ct oi. Impact of the environment on cardiovascular dieensc. o'l. AHA Task Velcro! R?mrl. Pirmiutinn 1931133: 243.1 63. \?an Miller Jl?. lmlirh JJ. Alli-n JR. incidence of neoplasm: in rats exposed to low ledels nl' 2.3.7.8-Iel Che- Allen JR. Lulicil JJ. Von Miller JP. increased incidence ol? neoplasms in rots exposed to low levels of Cho- monphore Kociha JA. Reyes [16. Buyer Jit'. et Results of a two-year toxicity and oneogonicity study of in rots. Toxicol April Pharmocol Kouri RE. Rude Tl'l. Jogleltar Ii. cl al. 2.3.7.8- an carcinogen cool- ing subwuneoul tumors in mice geneticully ?non responsive" It Ah locus. (lancer Res Toll: K. 5. Sugar J. oi oi. Carcinoo gcnicity testing or herbicide oxyethannl containing dioxin and of pore dioxin in Swiss mice. Nature National Toxicology Program. Carcinogenesis bioassay oi in Osborne-Mendel rot: and mice. Wuh- ington, DC: Netionel 'l?oricology Program, 1982. publication no. (N?J?PlilU-Sll. National Toxicology Prozrsm. Carcinogenesis hioasttey of in mice (dermal atudy). Washington, DC: Nationnl Toxicology l?rogrnm. 1982. (1311115 I10. Cook RR. Townsend JC. Ott MG. et a1. Mortality experience of employees termed to 2.3.7.8- tetrecltlorodibenzo-p-dio:rin Med Ott MG. Holder BB, Olson R11. A mortality ensl- yein of employees engaged in the ol' acid. Oct-tip Med 1980:2237-50. chlr. J. Suskind HR. The mortality axpcrioncc of workers exposed to tetrsohlorodibeneo-p-dioxitt in I tricltlorophenol procona accident. Occup Med 1930;22:1 1-14. Thicss AM. Frontal-[hymn R. Link 11. Mor- tality study ol' persons exposed to dioxin in trichlurophennl-process accident that ocourrod in the BASF AC on November 17. 1953. Am Ind Med 58. 55!. 61. 62. 64?. 3- 70. 71. of mortality experience of worker! exported to the chlorinated diOIln?. Chernosphere 1086:16: 1769-76. L. A. Case-control study: loit- tiuuc and exposure to acids or cltloropltenola. Br Cancer 1919;39:111? l7. Melton O. Sundoll L. Andereton K. et ul. Herbi- cide exposure and tumor mentality: an updated epitlemiologic investigation on Swedish railroad workers. Scand Work Environ Health 19805: '33 9. 78. 74 ET till. 69. ALI Erikoson M. Hal-dell L. Bore N0. e1 IL Son-tissue outcomes and ?more to chemical study. Br Ind Med 1931;118:2743. Smith AH. Fisher D0. Pearce N. ct at. [in agri- cultural chemical: cause enl?t tissue rarcomss?: initial ?nding-r or case-mnlrol e?ludr' in NW Zeoland. Community Health Stud 1932:6314-19. Riihinulri V. Aap S. Pulrltain E. ct ol. Modulity and cancer mOrbidity among chlorinated phon- oxyacirl applicator! in Finland. Blair A. Graulnan DJ. thin JH. et al. Lung cancer and other causes of death entong licensed pesticide applicators. JNCI . n. Achcton ED. son tiesue aarcormto an ouricnlture and forestry workers. Epidemiol Community Health 1034;338:113 -ll-l. . Smith AH. Pearce N. Fisher DO. et Soft tissue narcomu and exposure to phenory herbicides and chlorophcnole in New Zeolsnd. .lNCl 1984. 73:1111-17. Lynne E. A follow-up study of cancer incidence among writers in manufecturo ol' phertoxy hor- bieides in Denmark. Fir Contact . Coggon D. Pormett B. Winter PD. et al. Mortality of workers (:31de to 2-methyl-4-cltlorophenoxy- acotic acid. Scand Work Environ Health 1986: 12:448-54. Vineie P. Tcrracinl B. Ciocone G. et al. Phenoxy herbicidal and toil-tissue aartornas in female rice weedern. Work Environ Health 1966; Hoar SK. Blair A. Holmes FF. et ll. herbicide one end risk of and soft- tisstle sarcoma. JANA 1985;256:1141- 7. . Wiltlund K. Holrn LE. Soft tissue sarcoma rial: ir. Sundial: agricultural and forestry workers. JNCI Wiltlund K. Dich J. Holm LE. Hislt of malignant in Swedish pesticide enpiiers. Br Cancer 1957;513:5054. Puntoni R. Marlo F, Fini A. et 31. Soft tissue sarcoma: in Severn. (Letter). Lancet 1980:2525. Working Group on tho Evaluation of Cur- cinOgenic Risk. to Human. Overall evaluetione of carcinogenicity: an updating of lAliC Mono- graphs. Volt 1-42. hiphanyls. Lyon: IARC. 1987:322-8. Kappa C. M. ti. er. el. Dioxins and in biological samples of perm origin. 'l?revis CC. Hattetner-l-?rey 11A. Human exposure to . Pilot HC. (ioldsworthy T. All. ct al. Quantitative evaluation of the promotion ol' hepatocar- cinogenenis from Cancer Res Poland A. Palon D. Glover it. Tumor promotion by Tom) in skin of heir-leer mice. Nature 1982;300:2714. Ruttl Sl?. Belli G. Rcrmui PA. It ll. TCDD distributinn on all the territory around Severn; its use in epidemiology and a hint into models. at the till: international $an- potliurn on Chlo?n?tc?l Dioxins and Related (3031!- ponnds. Fukuoka. Japan. September 16 49. 198E u?r?n- - i i ii . ?lth-II] a I-?H013-iluc .. u. slur-am.- n-qu?l-I .- mu9463?"- a . J: . Wi?, 9 2 RABBIT SERUM HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA or (TCDD) David W. Brewster, David W. Bombick, Furnio Matsumura Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan. TCDD (2,3,7,&tetmcMomdibenqudioxinl caused a dose-dependent decrease of adi- pose tissue l;poproiein lipase (LPL) activrty and caused a concomitant increase in serum triglyceride concentration in the rabbit 10 after single ip administration of either 1' or 50 rig/kg. Hepatic low-idensity lipoprotein binding was markedly de- pressed and serum cholesterol concentrations were modestly increased relatiire to pair-led control animals. Serum glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the rabbit administered TCDD compared to ad libitum or pair-fed control animals, al- thOugh little change was observe-d in serum insulin concentration. Electron micro- scopic examination of aortic arches 20 after a single ip administration or? 50 pg revealed ruffling, denudation. and sloughing off or' the cell surface and the appearance of macrophage-like Structures in the intima and media of the endothelial cells. These alterations resemble preatherosclerotic lesions ty ical in animals with idemia. it is propose . auses yperrpi emia in the rabbit through suppression of LPL activity and ?Di. receptor binding. - i TCDD (2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo?p-dioxin) is one of the most toxic manmade chemicals known (Poland and Knutson, 1982). Recent con- .1 . . . cern for human exposure to this compound has led to an Intenswe search fOr its biochemital actioris. However, the mechanism(s) result- ing in the manifestations of its toxicity have not yet been fully eluci- dated. It has been shown that TCDD causes large increases in the serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in guinea pigs {Gasiewicz-and Neal, 1979; Brewster and Matsumura, 1984; Bombick et al., 1984). TCDD also increases the serum triglyceridelconcentration in the rabbit (Lovati et al., 1984). Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is responsible for the This work was presented in- part at the 24th annual meeting of the Society of Toxicology, San Diego, California, March 18-22. 1985, and was supported by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station (journal no. 12368}, Michigan State University, and research grant [503575 from the National Institute of Environmental Health..Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Requests for reprints should be sent to D. W. Brewster. Environmental Health Laboratory, Monsanto Agricultural Co., 645 S. Newstead Ave" St. louis, Missouri 63110. n?v?F? 495 loumal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 25:495-507. 1938 Copyright 1983 by Hemisphere Publishing Corporation a;t"rr_ ?9?9?31: ll "s 'a NRC questions materials suitability on: By PAUL Daily News staff writer Consumers Power Co. officials and nuclear regulators will meet next week in an attempt to determine the suitabi l- ity of some materials used to build the Midland nuclear plant. The issue arose at the plant?s licens- ing hearing Friday, but the parties were unable to resolVe the question in the hearing room. The issue hinges on a recent US. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in- spection of the plant?s diesel generator building. which found that the "mate- rial identity" could not be established for parts of the generator building?s ex- haust system. The generator building is safety-l related -- its emergency power may be needed to control the reactors if outside power is lost and therefore the gov- ernment requires that its paits be salety- grade. Utilities also are required to keep re- cords proving they ordered the correct material. and that the proper parts were delivered and installed. After the fall 1952 inspection. the NRC cited Consumers Power for violation on the grounds that ?material identity" had not been established. The utility?s response was that the supplier of the materials is responsible for mate- rial speci?cation and identification. NRC OFFICIALS took the prelimin~ airy position Friday that Consumers Power is wrong. Agency attorney Wil- liam Paton said it is the responsibility of Bechtel Power Corp. to order the cor- rectpaits. NRC inspector Ronald J. Cook saw the purchase order to: the parts and claims it did not specify that the equip- ment must meet safety and seismic criteria. lriaddition (ooksaid. the sup- plier sent back a 'certi?qate oi gon- formance" ortraimg that the te- r'ials meet! {pet-tiled ii'ons when in ict no specii'itutions we re made. Paton said that if inspector Cook is correct. ?it?s a fairly serious matter. Either he's very right or he's Very wrong." The two sides will tentatively meet on Wednesday to resolve the issue. The licensing hearing,r was adjourned until My 25. NRC inspector urges n-plant housecleanin Daily News staff writer Six Midland nuclear plant engineers. including two top-level managers, should be replaced because they are un- or have attitude problems. a federal inspector said Wednesday. US. Nuclear Regulatory Commis- sion inspector Ross Landsman told a li-deral licensing panel that "the site would min a lot easier Without them there." Among the men Landsman named were Roy A. Wells. exactitive manager of the Midland Project Quality Assur- ance Department; James Meisenheim- er. siipi_~rintendent ol' soils work; and Dick Oliver. section head for soils work quality assurance. Landsman also named James A. Mooney. oxecutive manager of soils work: John Schaub. assistant project manager for soils Work: and John Fisher. underpinning contracts mana- ger. Except. for Fisher. who works for Bechtel Powvr (Torn. the men are em- pltwet-s ot't'lonsumers Power Co. which "Ytiu'Ve gotta have. somebody re- sponsible for what the people under them do," said Landsnian. a member of the Midland Section ol'the ()llicu ol'Hpt-cial Cases. Four other NRC of?cials said they did not think anyone should be re- placed. although one said he was "con? cerned" with the attitudes of some managers. Former Midland Hection head Wayne I). Shuler said inspectors have suggested replacing certain Consum- ers employees. but the section has taken no formal action. . "None outs have gone to our manage? ment and said 'Get rid-of Y5..an Z."l Shafetsaid. However. Shatfei; said?iereihaa been an rargumenmtiv'c? attitude from! some Consumers mama-tin the past that extends up James Cook. vice. president for the Midland project. THE PANEL was answering a ques- tion from Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Chairman Charles Bechoet'fer, who said later that he asked the ques- tions to help ?pinpoint why some ofthe work isn't as good as it should be." 91119. . TU Mel, '3 Consumers attorney Michael Miller said he was ?uncomfortable" that the men named on the record. "After. all. these are men?s careers we're talking about.?Millursaid. (?itimn intervenor Barbara Stamiris then stated that ?we?re talking about people's lives with this nuclear plant." Consumers spokesman Norman Saari' said that since the charges were made in a hearing. ?any additional dis- cussion from us will come up in the hearing room. not in the public or in the media." Landsman?s testimony came during the ?rst day of the latest round of hear- ings to determine if work to fix soil problems at the plant is being done ade- quately. The hearings will continue through iliext week at the Quality Inn. 1815 South Saginaw. They are open to the public. THREE the men Landsman named work for MPQAD. which over- sees quality assurance at the plant. Quality assuranca is a series of checks and inspections to insure the plant is built according to Nltt" requirements. Although the. workers' re- sumes indicate they may be "technical- ly" qualified tn perform their jobs, Liindsinain said they did not how enough experience actually admi- nistcring QA. The senior resident Ronald (look. said he thought Wells was qualified to direct "iis long as he's surrounded by people With more experience." The three men named from the soils area should be replaced because of t?misunderstandings" between them- selwis and the inspectors, Lands- man said, 1.: Although timid not name any spe- ci?c emmpM'mdman said he. has been told by Consumers engineers that job?was performed one way then Would find out later they "did a 180- degree turn.? Concern over ?orist and schedule is the common ?dew all these mis- understandinug.? handyman said: ?Quaymmuldu a Manual! tho- I I v? i fi red at I antzaMA .1. - 5 . By LORIE SHANE Landsman said he astold that plant Daily News staff writer employees were working 12-hour shifts A welding engineer at the Midland overs weekend when the violation took nuclear plant? was ?red last week for 111- place. .. . legedly instrutting another employee THE MIDLAND PROJECT Quality to falsify record's. according to a .S. Absurmoe' Department discovered the Nuclear Regulatory Commission violation during a normal inspection. A document. according to Saari. Landsman?s report Bechtel Power Corp. ?red the un-r?, said?echtel?ived nngimerJuneg?' identi?ed engineer for allegedly telling .. and unused the assume another employee to change records to The violation doesn?t implicate. the show that required eterage procedures . safetyof the t?elgandsman-saidlbe-a had been met when they had not. 312?,me m;bp?dh?k?i cording to the document. writteii by two extra hours were protected in port- NRC inspector Dr. Ross Landsman. - . able warming ovens. - The failure to meet storage pros cedures is not a major violation an' the matter because it was not of safety doesn?t threaten the safety of the plant}: signi?cance and because there was no accordingto Landsman. p. . allegation that similar incidents hava Consumers Power Co. spokesman happened inthe?past. - Norm Saari and Bechtel Power Corp. Saar'i also said the incident had no spokesman Mario Cotruvo would not impact on safetyArelated work. The-rods identify the en ~ineer. Landsman said were being used during construction of he didn?t know engineer?s name. a row of concrete piersunderpinning the ?We just do not give out names of em?- plant?s auxiliary building. ployees termina Cotruvo said. - The engineer should have reported Saari also said nsumers? policy is the violation to the NRC as a non? not to comment on disciplinary actions conformance. Landsman said. taken by any employer. Consumers. ?i doubt very much.speaking for my- owns the plant. Bechtel is primary con- self, that the NRC would have required tractor. they ?re the guy.? he said. LANDSMAN a'telephone WASHINGTON, DC. ATTORNEY interview Thursday that plant workers Lynne Bernabei said in a telephone violated procedure by removing weld- interview Thursday she thinks the in- ing rods heating ovens-for longer cident should be debated during the on- than the allowed timeperiod. going federal hearings on plant li- On-site quality assurance procedures censing. There already has been exten- state that the rods are not to be removed sive testimony on quality assurance from the ovens for longerthan 10 hours. and related matters during the hear- but workers in this case kept them out ings. for 12 hours. Landsman said. . "We have a couple of'concerns.? said When the welding engineer-dist Ms. Bernabei, who represents citizen covered June 27.that plant records i'ntervenor Barbara Stamiris. "One. it, showed the rods had been kept out fora looks like there was deliberate falsil . 12-hour period. he allegedly instructed ?cation of documents. That seems to the rod room attendant to change the. me to be a pretty serious matter if it?s time on the records from 12 hours tum true 7' . hours. thi?theueshould be some in. The rods are stored 'in' the 6v psi-to vestigition'of what he has been doing- keep them dry. Moisture hi the. scan duringhiswhole timethere." she added. allow porous spots to form in the weld. Baari said thisisthe?rst time such an he explained. incident haaoccured. chiefs lack know-haw, intervenor says -: 9 .5 By LORIESEANE Daily News staff writer . A citizen intervenor in the Midland nuclear plant licensing hearings said Tuesday she doesn't believe top-level Consumers Power Co. managers understand what? a going on at their ownplant. Mary Sinclair made the statement during a hearing before the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board, while questioning Consumers vice president James W. Cook about soils problems at theplant. She and attorney Lynne Bernabei, who is representing another citizen in? tervenor in the hearings, said they be- lieve Cook misled a congressional sub- committee earlier this month when he told it only one building at the plant Licensing site had settled excessively. Cook testi?ed before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Energy smiths-Environment, and fold subcommittee members that the diesel generator buildingiis the only building that has had settlement occur beyond the normal predictions, according to Ms. Bernabei. Shesaid she-copied that quote from a?wunoi?cial of the subcommittee hearing. Ms. Bemabei and Mrs. Sinclair said that is misleading. They said while the diesel generator building- may be the only one which has shown excessive settlement, other buildings have shown problems with di??erential set- tlementand cracking. Di?'erential set- . tlement is whencne part ofa structure settles morethananother . Mrs. Sinclair asked Cool: a line of questions about settlement and crack- ing in buildings. as well as about why the company is underpinning a row of buildings at the plant, saying she be- lieves how mimh Cook knows about such things re?ects the cemp'any? a management attitude. She said she believes Consumers? management doesn't understand the underpinning work. Administrative judge Jerry Harbour said, however, he thinks it is the inter- venors who don't understand the rela- tionships between excessive settle- ment, differential settlement and cracking. Cook said his congressional testi- mony about the diesel generator build- ing was correct. He also said Consum- ers was attempting to condense the in- formation in order to meet time limits for the congressional hearing, and that if he told Congress anything which was inaccurate, it was unintentional. Mrs. Sinclair was to continue 'oues- ticning Cool: when the hearing re- - sumed this morning. IN OTHER TESTIMONY at Tues? day?s hearing: 0 Cook disagreed with several state- ments made earlier in the hearings by US. Nuclear Regulatory Commission inspector Dr. Ross Landsman. Lands- man had testi?ed that he wasnot. ?overly enthusiastic" about the util- ity?s ability to successfully complete the underpinning work, but Cook said he disagrees with that opinion He said that is Landsman's- ?general de- meanor.? Cook also said Landsman?s criticism of several top-level Consumers? of?- cials was ?regrettable," and that he doesn?t share that opinion. 0 Consumers does not delay inspec- tor training when it gets in the way of construction work, according to Roy A. Wells manager of the Midland Project Quality Assurance De? partment. NRC inspectors had com- plained that the utility often delaved the required handson ?eld tests of 1n- spector trainees when those people were needed elsewhere in the plant for 'another job. They-said that was an ex- ample of putting schedule ahead of quality. Wells said that may be one fac- tor in the training schedule changes, but ?it-was not a major factor.? He said there are other reasons for the delays. pointing out that befm'? an inspector can be tested on a ?hld. construction activity, that acting,? be taking place. . 0 Cook said tbeutibtjidldreepond In. a timely manner dincems with! inspection NRC of?cials. had criticized ?e lit-y for waiting ary'1983tefhlse with certain Wells said; ho dealing with the. wNovember, and that it was not Medina major concern until Jamiill'y: alter which the utilitystopped MMWW I Tbsome dogmas, past problems icnprobleins' as manage- mentm.0mk??f ?We didn?t hit! $gb rigor and discipline into tlrb" ure. sothatwe would abmlutely minimize the number of misses,? he said; However, plans to retrain and inspectors, up- date inspection plans, and put more managerial emphasis on inspection procedures gives Cook assurance the . problems can be corrected, he said. I - Unfinished nuke pi late andover cost Frec. "Ll-oi i?h?z- '3 JACKSON (AP) Born in 1-967 ads $350 million baby. Consumers Power Co.?s Midland nuclear plant is now forecast to be an 18-year-old. $4.43 billion colossus before its first electricity is produced. - don?t know that i can say l?m proud of it." Consumers Board Chairman John Selby said after giving company stockholders the latest increases in the plant's expected cost and delays in its completion. "But I can stand before them and tell them that i think we have been diligent and that we have a plant that we can complete and a plant that will be beneficial to our customers and shareholders when we do." Tuesday. The company said the expected final cost of the controversial . project will be 31 percent mere than the $3.39 billion estimated in January 1982. . Its first generating unit. originally planned to be operating by 1975. now is not expected to produce electricity until February 1985. The second unit is due to start up in August 1985. Consumaf'a' John Selby: "We Be . 8::me raluaes to allow the Selby said at the company's annual Ineedng happen.? in i301 tiagain: - . ?1 i. ~?but} silicone? - r' . of disaster for the company if the state Public cost of building the Midland plant to boa factor is Consumers? electric rates once it is ?Tum" a; nap don ex at will pen and we don't intend to let it at a urea news CONFERENCE, Selby said Consumers would ?in effect be wiped out? lithe PSC decides its customers do not have to pay for the plant. He also acknowledged that the delay in getting the plant started ?clearly triggers the opportunity" for Dow Chemical Co. to buy its way outoi a contract to buy the slam the plant will pro- . duce slang with electricity. THE DELAYS ARE MORE than a car later than the tar at complex by Dec. 31. 1984. dates Consumers had set in January?s revisions. Selby said the new construction schedule contributed to the increased cost. as did complying with changing federal regula- tions that include shoring to make the plant more resistantto earthquakes. And despite the soaring costs. Selby said none of the other options available to Consumers was as economically sound as finishing the Midland plant. The contract calls for Dow to receive steam at its Midland Dow spokeswoman Sarah Rowley said the company was - aware of Consumers? revised plans and ?very surprised at the extent of the delay and the size of the cost increase . . . It is very Important to Dow and has to be reviewed carefully by top management" The twin-reactor. 1,300-megawatt plant would be the largest in the nation producing both electricity and steam. i Oppose n-plant on c.4443 By LORIE SHANE Daily News staff writer An environmental group is taking 11 dollars and cents approach in promot- ing its campaign against the Midland nuclear power plant. The Lone Tree Council this morning announced a four-month campaign to raise public awareness about the cost and alleged dangers of Consumers Power Co.?s Midland nuclear plant. The council. headquartered in Essex- ville. will distribute brochures door-to- door containing information about cost and safety issues beginning this month in Midland, Saginaw and Bay Coun- . ties. according to council chairman Ter- ry Miller. volv The council. which has long been on the record against the plant. widest area governmental units, labor unions and professional associl?onsto take a stand against continued WM theConsumorePowerCo. facility. - 1t lators. the US. Nuclear Regulatory Commission endthe Michigan Pub Service said. ?We are asking local citilonl to stand up against this plant.? Miller said at a one conference in the Grace A, Bow- emorial Library. - mitted to thocam but areaid ho he more Is will in- later. 4-- Mickie-noi- Dilly NEWS - MILLER SAID HE wants local gov- erantental unite to take a stand against - the plant. citing the Saginaw City Council and lngonoll Township board as examples. He said he is not aware of any governmental units on record in support-of the plain. but the Midland City Council and Midland County Board of Commissioners have taken Midland Area Chamber of Com- merce executive director William Welch. who attended the press confer- ence. said later that the chamber has con?dence that the regulatory process will ineure that the plant will operated safely andeeonomicully. . groups are saying they don?t grounds,- "Lone Tree argues believe in the regulatory proceu.? he said. THE LONE TREE brochures which will be distributed this month are ab- out the cost of building and opereti the plant and how much of that wi be passed on to ratepayers. Millersaid.- He claimed that, in addition tocon- struction costs. there are "hidden" costs for the purchase of uranium, waste dis- posal, surveillance. and for decommis- sioning the used reactors. Those costs also may be borne by the ratepayer, Miller said. The brochure. available at the press . conference, cites JOeeph Tuchinsky. of the Michigan Citizens? Lobby, and Robert Pollard. with the publication .haeealdthe ?Critical Male Journal.? as saying the caste ofthe Midland plant could cine- .. from Consumer-t own estimate of $4.3 billion to $5 billion or .6 billion. The brochure all) claims that nuc- lear power is unreliable and notes that state Attorney General Frank Kelley tie unnewsem'y. Miller that the lesue of costs may prompt? more eupport from citizens than ne'l?reehaehadinthepast, because ?costs will involve everyone.? ?People can be pro-nuke but be con- corned about coetor waste," he said. IN FUTURE MONTHS, the cam- paign will focus on the transportation and disposal of radioactive waste; potential releases of radioactivity into the environment; accidents; and eva- cuation procedures, which Miller indi- cated are inadequate. The muncil elects asking for clona- tione to help pay for the caste of local citizens who are intervening in the plant 1i using procedure to sup- port the itizens Clinic of the Govern- ment Accountability Project (GAP). Midlander Mary Sinclair and Bar- bars Stamiris of Freeland are involved in ongoing federal hearings before the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board. during which they have raised various issues about plant safety. GAP is a Washington. D.C.-based public interest organization which is investigating the Midland plant for alleged construction de?ciencies. Saturday Juned, I983 QUaIity aesurance not. Impleme NRC OffICIal Dell! New Murine- A quality moron cak?lan for correc- tive coil work at the plant 1e not being implemented proper- Coneumere Power Co.. a federal nyuc ear inspector said Fride. Although U. 3. Nuclear o?'iciela agree the ideas in the plan are acceptable. they told a federal panel thoee Ideas aren't being" carried out. ?The words are there but Consumer- Power Co. Ia obviously not im- plementing (the plane) Very adequate- ly.? NRC Inspector Roee Lendemen- aald. Landernen wee teetiMn before the three- member Atomic afety and Licensing Board which Ie holdinh lugs to determine if the 344311111? plant is being built safely. Consumer: officials one to take the stand today to give that viewe on qua!- ity assurance at the plant. The plane to which Landman refer. red are a eeriee of checks and inspec- tions of corrective work on two struc- turee which have settled excessively bacauee they were built on poorly com- pacted soil. . Specifically. the plane discussed Fri- day relate to soil work -- celled ?under- pinning? - on the service water pump structure and the auxiliary building. Another NRC of?cial senior quality assurance on John W. Gil peated earl er e'tatemente that the proposed QA action: outlined in the . plane. and approved by the NRC, are acceptable . idland nuclear latory 5i?? 15 inc. -- is doing a goodbb end that quel- . ity control inspector. are properly in- specting and marking any do?1f Mementime oou?be left one to 11de we'd be all tight.? a col . However. in it- attempt to hold down coats and ?nieb the plenten time. eumere adequately im- plementi its quality anew-once prog- ram. Len said. Quality noun? ance provides another level of inspec- tion to ensure the ant in built prop- erly. An attitude by Coneumere that pute coat and echeduling considerations ahead of quality construction is to- blame.Landamaneeid. 1 ?Their management is not taking . adequate action on item and I can only hold upper management ne- eponaible for that.? he said. In earlier testimony. Landman said some Consumers managers on the site should be replaced because they put coat and echeduiing above quality. LYNNE BERNABEI. an attorney representing citizen intervene: Bar- bare $tamiria. said Landeman'e etete- - mente indica'te eumere does not he arecter com build the plant ey. ?They have lots of per plane that work real well, yet are not im- plemented roperly." Me. Bornabci said. ?i it show that they don?t have?wammdewithunyQA' "Plumes-Ir" -- The heerince' will continue next? wealt at triage-111nm. 131.5 South . - . $7312.31 nted?mx. NRL Official cnan . Related page 3 By PAUL RAU Daily News staff writer A top-ranking official of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission changed his testimony Tuesday and said he was aware of the proposed quality assur- ance (QM stipulation prior to the May 18-22 inspection of the Midland nuclear . plant. .. . . James . head of gion 3 Office of Inspection and forceme?nt. Before he prepared his testimony based on the inspection. Tuesday. Keppler said NRC attorney- William Paton had minded him that he ?had made me aware that a stipu- latioo was being considered. and in ..fact sent some material to my office? i before the inspection. also testified Tuesday that he had told intervenor Barbara Sta- miris the day before the inspection that a stipulation was being consid-. ered. ?So. I was aware.?, Keppler told - an Atomic Safety and Licensing Board panel during a quasi-judicial hearing on soil problems at the Midland nucle-i ar plant. Mrs. Stamiris had brought the . change in testimony to. the ASLB's at- tention Tuesday morning by saying there were "some incorrect things had testified Monday that' he did not recall wheth . of the sti a mm are the inspection. or. . Soil hearing said? during Keppler?sitime on the wit? . ness stand Monday. The stipulation. which has been part? ly accepted by the ASLB. is an agree- ment between NRC and Consumers Power Co. not to litigate some portions. of the soil question.- . . . In it. Consumers agrees that QA pro- rams at the nuclear ?plant were eficient prior to December 1979. The utility also agrees not to contest the NRC's contention that soil problems at the plant represent a ?breakdown" in QA programs. i: - problems will unjustly reduce ?the scepe of the soil hearing. Some parties at the hearing appar- ently are concerned that Keppler's knowledge of the proposed QA stipula..- tion before the May inspection could have somehow affected the conclusions reached by the nine NRC inspectors who participated. One of the main pur. poses of the inspection wasito gauge the adequacy of Current QA programs. After Keppler's Tuesday as to when ._he learned of the 'stipulation. he c'eivcd a cepy before the inSpection, and that members of the NRC inspec- tion team also knew of the stipulation 1, prior to their arrival at the plant. 'Thc jnspection identified some con- tinuing QA problems. but Keppler said QA is the system of controls which not severe enough [0 pro. assures the plant will be built cor, .vent him from giving his ?reasonable The portion 0f the SllPU'aliOT?kifassurance? that QA will be?adequate not accepted by the ASLB states plant will be adequately imple ted in the future. - If}? This issue plant QA .i the future is the heart of the sgi hearing. and the ASLB refused to the "rea- sonable assuranc ,wnthout delvmg into the QA situa ion through witness testimony. Mrs. Stamiris Fhas vigorously 0p- 'posed claiming that since past QA problems have led to the soil hearing. gfull accounting. of the he heard. She has said the agreement by NRC and Consumers not tp litigate past QA 3 Kapplw ??ange as that the NRC can now give its "reason? ?leg . assurance? that QA programs?a the en . in the future. . . . . When'Mrs. Stamiris was asked if she . believes. Keppler'and the inspection tion and not been affected by it. she declined comment other than to say: think it?s obvious. I don?t think I need to do any more than raise the facts as they are and ask questions." She also declined comment on Kep- pler's change in testimony. During questioning by the ASLB Tuesday. Keppler testified that his pri- or knowledge of the stipulation ?in- fluenced me in no way at all." either . during the inspection or when he pre- pared his testimony for the ASLB hearing afterward. He also said he was we 2 2? memory was jogged- said his office had re-. not subconsciously effected by the sti- pulation. . - However. Keppler said he has had ?reservations from the beginning re: garding the stipulation" because of its potential for limiting the hearing. ?1 was concerned that entering into the stipulation might result in a lot of matters not being aired that might be appropriate." Keppler said. He said he did not read the Copies of the proposed stipulation before the in- Spection. although he was "generally aware what the intent of the stipula- tion was." and also did not attend a meeting of NRC and Consumers law- yershat which the document?s form was made final. Keppler a'150'said he is aware of statements by top Consumers officials indicating that if the soil hearing and corrective soil actions are not resolved by the end of 1981. the nuclear plant cannot be completed on schedule. team could have known of the stipula- He said such pressures are around." but will not prevent the NRC from effectively regulating Consumers and the Midland plant. "My job. and i take it very se- riously. is to make sure that if nuclear power is used. it can be done safely- I have said that if their (Consumers') performance doesn't improve at Pali- sades (a Consumers nuclear plant near South Haven). never license the Midland plant. That?s about the strong- cst? statement you can get from a regu- lator.? chpler said. "all gas testimony . -. .. 2354335 6- as. - . . vs l'p?alas?'- - 41". 5.5? f'ngh-w' di has?? :7 N- (nib . AUL RAU Daily News staff writer 2: .go The Nuclear Regulatory Corn- mission should audit early years of operation of the Midland nuclear plant because of past problems at . the Palisades nuclear plant. a federal advisory panel has recom- mended. 4 The 'Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards. in a letter to NRC Chairman Nunzio Palladino. said Consumers Power Co. owner of the two plants should ?in principle? have enough experience with nuclear plants to provide careful oversight of the Midland units. -. -. But then the ACRS letter noted rior adverse?operating_ expe- ience" sti?e Palisades plant. and sale? the NRC should audit But the ACRS said operation up to 5 percent of full power will create no undue risk to the public's health and safety. pending resolution of some? open items. The NRC had predicted recently that a quality assurance (QA) audit? would be required for the Midland plant because of past construction problems. and the ACRS. letter confirmedthat. Despite the fact such audits take many months.'Consumers said the operating dates of the two Midland units December 1983 and July 1984 should not be jeopardized. The ACRS also requested several other studies. but the utility ex- pressed confidence it can finish them in time and earn the approval for full-power operation. - 5?31 operations for at least several yearslji?; The ACRS letter to Pailadino iaLa normal step in nuclear. plant licensing. and a key event for the Midland plant. The ACRS. only advises the NRC. but its recom- mendations carry a great deal of weight because of the technical expertise of ACRS members and consultants. . The main conclusion of the letter is that the ACRS defers its approval - of full power operation of? the Midland plantuntil an audit of the plant's quality. to be arranged by the NRC. is reviewed by the ACRS. nq?, 9:1, i . .1.-. 1. ?d u??wm a 2. 0 A probabalistic risk assessment "brass POINTS from the ACRS letter: . The Midland plant is located in ?one of the more densely populated" nuclear plant sites. with 2.000 industrial workers at Dow Chemical Co. within one mile of the plant. and another 51.400 Midland area resi- dents within five miles of the site. Because of the population density. "additional prudence is appropriate for the Midland plant" as the NRC resolves varidus safety concerns. the letter saidh . . r" r} (PRA) of possible system failures is was; I -. .. ,?particularly appropriate for the . .. . - . 'I?Z?Ei's'itr?, nuclear plant. - Midland plant because of relatively high. close-in population density." . While the ACRS said it wants to' review the Midland probabalistic risk assessment. it said that action. need not delay licensing or operation of the plant. Consumers said the PRA should he completedby inlet. this year or in early 1983.; 311.4513in - The sons endorsed assessa- cooperation between Consumers_and . Dow in developing a joint evacuation" plan'. and said the parties alsoshouid :31" base the plan on?, an ?assum?edH_ failure? at the chemical plant that might jeopardize Operators of the .. i The plant's unique cogeneration system which will supply steam to Dow's nearby plant should; ;not-. "impose unacceptable impacts". on" either the nuclear plant or on people working at Dow. . 7; and 'me. chanical systems as well a?__n_nder- 3:93-23 Briaissead. 1.0.9.11.-. - The ACRS said it is "generally satisfied" with the 3120:, million corrective program that'lias been devised to fix have sunk into the ground or?craclted due - .. its - Poorly compacted soils plant structures are one of-f?several major problems relatedf'to quality assurance" at the; Midland plaan said the 9A audit should - onloperohon oudii' recommended to the'soil problems. in public meetings. ACRS mem- bers have said' the corrective program? represents "engineering overkill" but that the complex remedies are necessary because of numerous construction violations. 0 All components of the decay heat removal system - which cools the reactors after shutdown should be carefully evaulated for their ability to function after a severe earth- quake. even though an earthquake stronger than the plant,is designed :30 Withstand has never occurred . within 200 miles of Midland. If changes are needed as a result of the evaluation. they can be made by the end of the plant's second refueling outage. the ACRS said. Resoiution. of 11 open safety concerns from a 1976 ACRS sup- plemental report need not delay the 73' plant?s licensing or operation. . b. Other aspects of the ACRS letter 'were described in Thursday?s Daily News. The letter. written Saturday. was leaked in Washington. 0.0.. a day ahead of schedule. the ACRS said. It was to have been publicly released today after NRC commissioners had a chance to read it first. Officials at the NRC's regional office in Illinois could not be reached this morning for comment on how long' the audit will take?. and . whetherthe NRC or an independent firm. would conduct it.? t" 4- .6 2:53. "In ares-9" - r'j 9 i" . ?1?11: .ACRS raises plant safety questions BY F. CONLAN I News Washington Bureau 2' 2 570-2.? WASHINGTON A lederal pane has delayed its recommendations on an Operating license for the Mid- land Nuclear Plant because oi ques- tions about the reactors? safetyactor safeguards Wednesday issued a list of safety questions concerning 2? the reactors to be installed in the --.- 4 .. - . billion Midland plant. .23 E. The ACRS seeks more 1111614111112 tion on safety measures in case of loss- of-coolant Iac?cinent in the Questions have been raised re- cently. the letter mind. about the availability of naturally circulating . water in? such an accident involving all reactors manufactured by Bab-l cock&Wilcox_. .- s. In such a ,_situation, water is sup- posed to be able circulate naturally: the reactor 10311121; ex: cessh'eat- .- ?is; tiff; Jog 5x131?: Aces panel or independent experts advises the Nuclear Regulae tory Commission on the construc-. tionof nuclear reactors. i, The committee noted that once _sme questions are answered, it could nimend a" start-up of the plant. -. The Advisory Committee on lie-"- percent capac1ty 4 the normal load for initial testing. .. For full power start- -up, other is- sues would have to be addressed. Consumers Power officials said to- day the cail for more information will not dela a! the nuclear plant?s start-up time. . 31 - The committee also had general questions on plant safety. ?We defer our recommendation regarding op- eration at full power until we have had the opportunity to review the plan for an audit of plant quality" the letter siatedn??l . 0n the issue of plant quality. the ACES statedi? 5&2? g. .9. ll I . ?2111 view of the overall concern_ about Midland quality assurance the NRC ?should arrange for a broader assessment of Midland?s design adequacy and construction The letter emphasized questions on installation of electrical, control and mechanical equipment as well as piping and foundations Other points made in a six- page letter by the ACRS whose opin- ions are purely advisory included: Deficiencies continue in Con-' Stuns [problems rel]- _ing to the EREJJEL foundations at 191*111 several safety facilities at the plant" but the. NRC. Staff is dealing with corrective actions". ?j . Although Consumers is exper- ienced in operating nuclear plant's;g in View of its ?prior adverse Operat- ing experience at the Palisades Plant the NRC should beef up its monitoring at Midland at least dun ing the first years of operation Because of the population den-- sity near the plant'? 54 100 people within five miles,? making it one of the more densely populated sites' ?additional prudence is appropri- ate?? is resolving generic nuclear power safety issues .- will a 2411-12!!1-.. Chat-7.119.! nail-F . 6 .76 out when-m --0 - . sets 5% limit" pending q-Joloni steps -. am Daily News staff writer The Midland nuclear plant can be Operated safely up to 5 percent of full power. with contingencies. a federal advisory panel has recommended to Nuclear Regulatory Commission chair- . man Nunzio Pailadino. The Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards. in a letter not yet publicly released. also said fuli?power operation . of the Midland units must wait until a ireview of the plant?s quality assurance I program is done. and until a generic isafety issue for all Babcock 8: Wilcox reactor systems is resolved. The ACRS letter. a normal part of - nuclear plant reviews. is to be released at 10 am. Friday. But Consumers Power 'Co. officials in Washington. D.C.. iobtained a cepy of the letter today and . commented on it after being contacted ., by news organizations. Although the ACRS made its recom- mendations Contingent on receiving . :more information from Consumers. the ud- 7 -1 .17? :utility said the operational dates of .3 December 1983 and July 1984 for the two A -. Midland units should not be affected. f: Plant spokesman Norman Saari said ?Consumers is not disappointed that the is -- ACRS only. give its approval for 5 Ex .. .a'r percent of full power. ?This'(the ACRS letter) is the. milestone we needed to accomplish. If - the ACRS did not feel the plant was far enough along or that not enough (safety) issues were resolved. they simply would not have issued a letter." Saari said. According to Saari. the ACRS letter said the plant can'operate to 5 percent power if construction is completed?. plant staff is brought to its full complement. and if two studies are completed a probabaiistic risk assessment (PRA) and a seismic margin evaluation. PRAs. done for all nuclear plants. estimate the chances of accidents and the consequences of them. The Midland PRA is 75 percent complete and should be done by January 1984. according to Consumers. The seismic review. also under way. evaluates the ability of the plant to withstand an earthquake. Also. open items in the NRC's Safety Evaluation Report for the Midland plant must be resolved and a systems interaction study completed before 5 percent power Operation is allowed. the ACRS reportedly said. . The ACRS made full power operation contingent. Saari said. upon completion of the QA review and an analysis of the effect of a small-pipe break which would . lead to a loss-oi-cooiant-accident. has been a recurring problem at the Midland plant; Consumers has admitted that the program designed to make sure the plant was built correctly has been deficient in the past. - Saari said it is not clear whether the QA review would be done by the NRC or an independent firm?. ?We have a 13-month .window we're operating in. We have initiated the additional reviews that are necessary. Now it's a matter of finishing the work that is clearly laid out in fnont of us." Saari said392?e-ur A .- .. 2? . - . 5- - . Ly Nuclear plant safety ., i I I . I I l2-3-8?l . Egg?: . . i _b already installed. and the foreward look ~w DailyNeWssta?'writer . is the formation of new construction In a new plan to ?nish the Midland teams to ?nish the plant. which is now 85 nuclear plant. Consumers Power Co. has percentcomplete. I ordered a reinspection of virtually all .. The "19.10? 0f the plan are 10 safety-related work at the plant. .- provide more efficient control over the Construction work on most safety- I . plant's completion. and to improve the related aspects of the plant has halted 7 no.? sLocu project's performance in meeting the reg- while the reinspection takes place. lead- ?Elliot?s and expectations 0f the NRC- ing to the iayoir of 1,040 Bechtel Power according to plant site manager Donald Corp. workers this week. The safety- B.Miller. A. related work will resume when the reins- (income . I . . He'd" 3&5, pection .5 complete. Consumerssaid. To implement. the plan. Miller said in a The new plan described to US. Nuc? news release that it was necessary to re- duce the manual workforce by more than 1.000 persons. leaving'about 4.000 per- 33538;?? sons at work on the Midland plant. As a sluucruui I result of the layoffs. the Bechtel work~ force was nearly halved from 2.200 to 1,200 workers. Bechtel is the plant?s en- gineer-architect and the prime con- tractor; no C(msumers. non-manual or related diesel generator building. NRCRegion spokesman Jan Stras- ma said the inspection found that the as- built state of the diesel generator build- ing and its systems do not match con- lear Regulatory Commission staff by Con- sumers Thursday stemmed from a re- cent NRC inspection of the plant's safety- struction drawings; that questions were COOLING POND werelet 80? With raised about the material traceability of 5? the exception _of 151 Zack Co. welders, hag-.2? structural steel used ihthe generator NUCLEAR PLANT bUildinES . whoareexpected toreturntowork. I. building. which is evidence ofa Quality where of safety-related Both Consumers andIthe NRC agree i Assurance Emblemf'ghd that questichis work will take place are shaded. The the recent NRC inspection of the diesel were faiscd ab-otTt- the separation of elec- rounded ?tr?l?lun?? generator building ?indirectly" led to the I trical cable trays. - buildings. Between them is layoffs. - . In addition. Strasma said the inspec~ the auxiliary building. The diesel . Shafer said the NRC inspection con- tion revealed a large back-log of plant- generatorbuilding is the rectangular tinues and may not be completed until wide Quality Control fQClinspections. area. Yt?ilr?i'nd- I . Strasma said the most significant . . factor behind the layoffs IS aspect of the inspection was that "we THE lI?leT new system that the entire Bechtel workforce was not . found there were a number of problems completion program will he to remove all needed to ?nish building the remaining ratherthanoneglaringproblem."~ construction material and temporary 15 percentof the plant.Saarisaid. . equipment from fourbuildings which con? He said no more large layoffs are being SOME Oi" THE lald?ll? workers will tain most of the nuclear plant's safety- contemplated now, although the work- i" not be reCalled to the project, but others related systems ?the two contain- force will continue to be pruned by 10-20 ?7.37" -. - will. according to'plant spokesman Nor- buildings. ?l9 generator personsaweek ?15 the project scalesdown. man Saari. In thomeantime. additional budding and the building. . - inspectors needed to implement'the new Each wdlIthen be cleaned and CONSUMERS AN the NBC Iwould f__I . plan willbe hired. Saari could not say how teamsIWill reinspect installed work. Con- not discuss whether the _new' plan will . . many. . i struction teams will then be reformed to causes longdelay in the completion dates The new plan has not yet received the go back into the buildings and complete for the two nuclear units,I now estimated NRC's concurrence. The NRC expects remaining work. I I at July 1983 for Unit 2 and December Consumers to provide a detailed plan for Construct 10? 99mm?? on only it 1983 for Unit 1. - the agency to review by theend ofDecem- "very small PETIt-?t?nt I0f'0lh01? SHletY- Consumershassaid thatschedule like- berfaccording to Wayne 'Shafer, chief of" related systems. including the system to tv cannot be met. primarily because the the Midland Section ofthe NRC'soi?i?ice nuclear-generated Htcum 10 Dow NRC hasn't yet allowed the utility to Chemical Co. Saari said. Work also will ish correcting foundation problems l. SpecialCases:"0ur' staff will be watching very'care- proceed in the turbine budding. Consum? caused by poorly compacted soils. . fully-to make sure they (Consumers) are ersIsaidI. However. Saari said Consumers hopes i implementing the program they have 50m" mind the plan I8 "foreward-- to notify the NRC "soon?thatit is ready to committedto."Shafersaid this morning. biiCkW?dl?d ?'thh the start the major portion of that work. Shafer said the inspection disclosed teams of inspectors prowde the backward adding a new foundation to the plant's "significant Quality- Assurance and look by checking the quality of work auxiliary building. . equipment concerns in the diesel gener- - - a ator building," and that Consumers' plan a 41 1ill involve recertification of all QC pcr- nnel at the plant as well as a 100 per- . I'opnIt ofIIall IEafety-related .eiimpOnenis will? shi?rm'f There Was no im ex'planation of the apparent discrepancy between Con- sumers? statement that virtually all safety-related work would be reinspected and Wm - l{he NRCJ?IwatatementIthat all of it would . ?Ln Councn says . no to.0pening ofnUke NOV .?il 1?18 2. BY TONY BEARING News Staft Writer The Saginaw City Council Monday went on record opposing the open- ing of Consumers Power Co.?s nu- clear power plant in Midland. Council members voted 6-2 to op- pose the plant?s opening. arguing that they did not have enough assur- ance that the $3.4 billion facility wouldbesafe. . Councilman Lawrence D. Craw- ford said a' drug has to be proven safe to the public before the govern- ment allows it on the market, and argued the same should be true of nuclear power plants. . "This plant has not been proven harmless.?.? Crawford said. . ?History tells us this is one oi the worst-made projects ever construct- ed tor this amount of money in the he said. . ?Those of us who believe the plant might not be safe have to support this motion. -. Consumers Power officials today declined any comment on the coun- cil?action. A spokesman said the utility had just learned of the coun- ',cil votd?andiwould need more infor- matter; before it could reSpond. The"Lone Tree Council; an area ?group which had originally. pro-, posed the council oppose the plant,? said today it was ?very. very pleased)? ?It is refreshing to know the coun- icil was'not manipulated by utility lobbyists that the council saw the dangers and costs, and acted," said :Terry Miller, Lone Tree spokes- man) - "Eventually, the utility will get the. message. Our community does not want nuclear power. Back in June. when Councilwom- ian Sister Ardeth Platte first offered ;the motion opposing start-up of the plant, the council conducted a hearing to listen to both sides of the issue. Foes of the plant told the council I plant that allowing the reactors to go on line would create health hazards from radiation and nuclear waste. and called the plant one of the four worst constructed in the nation. They also claimed the plant is too costly, and unnecessary because electricity demand has declined. Spokesmen for Consumers Power Co. claimed that there is 1nsuffi- cient evidence of potential health hazards through radiation, and add- ed the plant is necessary if the util- ity is to have adequate reserves of electricity. History tells us this is one of! the worst-made projects ever constructed for this amount of money in the U.S. Councilman Lawrence D. Crawford. Councilwoman Joy L. Hargrove said that during the discussion in June. she raised questions which. Consumers has never made any at- tempt to answer. - ?I'm very concerned about this kind of aloofness." she said. ?This kind of aloofness is dangerous to our health." Councilman Walter C. Averill Ill asked who would have to absorb the losses on the plant if it never began operation. . No one was positive. but both Sis- ter Ardeth and Ms. Hargrove said it was their understanding that stock- holders and not ratepayers would hear the financial responsi- bility if the plant were scrapped. Sister Ardeth, Crawford and Ms. Hargrove were joined by Mayor Ronald M. Bushey. Robert L. Loucks and Delbert J. Schrems in voting to oppose the opening of the plant. Averill and Joe Stephens. voted against, and Paul P. Prudhomme was absent.rnt?iu-IWHIrO-vqw-?r . NRC gives ?m m. 3* ?41?s? PAUL E313, 55}; Daily Nears staff writer" In recently ?led testimony, the US. Nuclear Regulatory Commission gave severalyexamples to justify its harsh criticismo?t?he Midlanddnuclear' plant. praises: .ecrf" t. - :32 NRC described two tp?beck its claim that ?slip-1': 'ahod . r-m?oie a, .Fud, {?43 i; Elec '?ai assess icfular ith?i?; dontrol roomia're at times alloyiiedto dam?i 7 gl? on the floor in walk areas ?pit?lhet fact the endtuof the partially lied; Sables'ar? uncovered, senior resi- - dent inspector. Ronald Cook'said in an, attachment to the written tee" timony. The testimony is to be used in an up-E coming portion of the federal hearing on! the plant?s soil problems.? <14? a .1 'a ?This is also another indicator of slip-:- shod workmanship which has beenf brought to the constructor?s attention at' various times. but was last noted during a recentinspection,? Cook wrote?. - {In the'spcond example, . it said i rs found that some flu-v- chors used to attach components to' con-' . crete walls were improperly installed and . i?obviously did not adhere to them-"l at. 1: stallation procedures.? ??31 - . iHe-?saidCJusuniefeo retested that this .i Ii": In." .. '2 as - v' wuv". a .., 1 - . rAr. agar-s .tgeta - salt .. .u o" A: I was?not a valid" ~"nding?of no'ri-? oonformance heme plant quality con-7* ml (QC) not yet? inspecti'edl the'anchorsu I ,?The NRC inspectors treat this as 1log? di'cative that slipshod workmanship is; tolerated in the hopes that QC will ?nd the'mistalges.? Cools. wrote- - i. yeasts thht' Bechtel? Poem-"Corp; the?plaht'? prime tractor, is uncooperative and seems to be; rilnning the project rather than Con-1??; sumers. the NRC cited two more exam- onegucook?paid. an NRC'inspector provide resumes of workers involved in_work to; conect soil and foundation problems. The}: inspector Was third the records would not" ?he provided because they were personali'," asked consort? "and Bechtel . Lana; back critiCisrn .1 . we fi??li?two occasions Bechtel indicated?it did not want to use the form. Cook said; . - ?The'opinidn of the staff is that if Con- sumers" generates a form that will 'aid them in not incurring regulatory dif?~ culty. and which has had NRC input, the . - licensee should demand that the con- tractor comply with these policies instead of the contractor dictating the regulatory environment under which they will work," Cook wrotei? . . I . Midland as}: .- .- -x .. plant g- .5. knit! Chillinoted there is an obligation to-theslNRC to' apply a We "umber ?qua - 'a?urli??l?PLEuf??tlle-Flit?i i?ed persons for the soil work, and said th ut?lit . to an NRC re rt the information ultimately was obtained lledlS POA ?90 by appealing to 0 n5? mers' upper man- ca ys matic ssessmen icensee . by?, 1? Performance (W), Which. grades the "However this indicates an implied" regulatory performance unwillingness of the constructor? said Consumers was (Bechtel) to share informing-I11 Vila-l the weak in several areas. The utility re- gaggirzlg?me?wglb sponded with a rebuttal document at .. . . a" .52.. least as long as the SALP report. itself. .0119 ofthe af?lge?i ?The licensee?s argumentative position 3:133- adding? is in the form of ?we really are not all that . - i bad' when the records, ?ndings and ob- that a second 8323?}? ?would allow one serrations of the NRC inspectors support to belleve It 1'5 t8 - .hxl,? just the opposite position,? Cook said. The example involved a form that the - NRC insisted Consumers generate taco-7' ANOTHER PORTION ofthe testimony ordinate the installation of instriimentd . written bytwo other NRC of?cials sald needed for the soil work. The fon??was. James W. Cook. the Consumers vice written by Consumers and ap raved by'l president in charge of the Midland .- - .-. .533?; 3. project, is an ?extremely capable and dy- . namic individual". but that these attri- . butes may be causing confusion-because Cook is too involved indetails?of plant if operationaifli', 3 52-3 3 3 Cb'hsumers has declined commenton the NRC testimony, and said it_will pe- il' a spond with?its own testimony duriilig the ,1 a soil hearingBut-at: she ?conference Tuesday, 2" Cook oiled to the testimony that sci-3i ?32: dressedhim'perzgnallys tr, A . @1137?! ?My policy is be involved to the exj - - r. "kl-[e said such personal involvement upper management is essential. 'sa: - . ?rmlfactorily complete any nuclear project - Cook also said there was ?some-7'? - 1.13;" fusion in the'?ay that (NRC testimonyTtim whichhasnot .m?tgh y- 1' at. tent one person is able to be." Coops: ?93m? '4 itwax-3 written: and that Consumeri Wm," . attempt to clarify the situation in its telair Iii] wasmwieat?? ,3 ?u?vhe "or and ~iw-3r. Wig.31 1112.3? 9?9? t' Mldland ?ning; 13133331 3 1? ?133-1 3 - CharlesA. 'Spence.? . . News . - . . Palen, Editor 11? )1 i . N..planttest1mony raises '3 3311114-? :41. . 1 Norman Publisher Emeritus . i . -.- mil-11; um: ser10us questions 'J?r 12511113111? 9111' .?The picture of the Midland nuc- leer plant project that emerges out of testimony prepared by NRC of?- cials is a disturbing one.- :Slipshod work 1s tolerated at the project in the hope that quality con- trol? inspectors will ?nd construc- tion mistakes later says written testimony prepared for presenta- tion to the Atomic Safety and licensing Board. 3 :Bechtel Power Corp. the plant a prime contractor, appears to be 11111111113 the show 1nstead of Con- symers Power Co. the plant owner. thetestimony says. - 33 . -And in the words of NBC of?cial Rbbert Wamlck "We are con- winced that Bechtel has cost and sEheduling as their foremost con- sideration. Quality is taking a back- seat. with management.? The testimony also characterizes Consumers as_ overly defensive ab out. criticism and more concerned with keeping. non- -compliance items off the public. record than _.with ?xing them. The testimony is the harshest yet to come from the NRC about the Midland project.- Consumers of?- cialshave said they want to wait a -- V139: ?Pm #3 10. la: a Our _view .-. while before commenting. The pub-' he ought to reservejudgment until - Consumers has defended itself. But it also ought to hold Consum- ers to a thorough and candid de- fense. and to prompt action to cor- rect the situation if the NRC char- acterizations have a basis in fact. The nuclear plant?s implications for public health and the economy in the Midland area are enormous. It is no project'in which to be toler- ating shoddy work; putting cost and schedules ahead of quality or paying more attention to public rev lations than to substance. .Midlanders shouldn't rush to judgment untilConsumers has been heard from. Neither-should they ?le this round of criticism in the same folder with claims that nuclear reactors can explode like. bombs. The NRC testimony is a serious indictment by knowledgable peo- ple. It raises doubts and questions that have to be settled before the plant should be allowed to operatesum .53: . 399$ Fired Zack workerscloim"..' in quality control . coverup By PAUL RAU Daily News staff writer Four former employees of the Zack Corp. have charged that the nuclear plant vendor attempted to cover up a wideSpread breakdown in documentation for safety-related components supplied to three nuclear plants. among them the Midland nuclear plant. The four. who went public with their allegations on a Chicago telewsion station Thursday night. claim they were fired from their jobs in Zack's Quality Assurance (QM documentation section after they reported the breakdown to Consumers Power Co. officials at the Midland plant. Documents indicate Consumers became aware of the QA breakdown in an October 1981 report from Zack. but decided against reporting the problems to the U25. Nuclear Regulatory CommisSion. The NRC. which became aware of the problems at Zack in May of this year. took no action until this week after being prodded by an official for Government Accountability Project (GAP). which has offered legal representation to the four former Zack employees. The NRC began an invostigation Thursday at the LaSalle nuclear plantin to see if ductworlt supplied by Zack meets fideral codes. and the agency said the probe may spread tothe Midland plant. THE FOUR pergons. all of them new to the nuclear field. were hired by Zack around October 1981 to clean up. as one of the four put it. a "horrendous mess" of documents at Zach's headquarters in Chicago. Specifically. they said they were to create a filing system and to group purchase orders with certifications showing that the materials? sold by Zack to the three utilities were suitable for use in nuclear plants; What they found. two of the four said. was that many documents were missing and that thousands more had been altered. retyped. whited-out or otherwise falSified by other it employees before the QA documentation section was created to deal with the problem. Shortly after the persons reported the problems to Consumers through the Midland Project Quality Assurance Department (MPQAD). the entire four- person documentation team was dismissed by Zach on April 29. The official reason'was "departmental reorganization." but the four claim they were fired in reprisal for attempting to correct Zack?s massive paperwork problems. on least one of them. toe father of l. children who knoll Mo! work. said he is considering filing suit against Zack. The four are Albert (Terry) Howard. Sharon Moreno. Marlt Closoni and Charles Grant. All live in the Chicago area and were featured in a special television report broadcast Thursday night Lw Chicago's channel 5. an affiliate of NBC. The report. broadcast only in the Chicagoans. is to be conunued tonight. A producer at the station said the report-may be picked up by Null-muting. The this-rich was Friday. Juiv'zt. im. Midland, Michigan compiled from a notarized af?davit sworn to by one of the four employees. Daily .News telephone interviews with that person and some of the others in the group and a variety of documents that apparently passed between Zack. Consumers. Bechtel Power Corp. and vendors that supplied materials to Zack. Copies of the latter documents were obtained by the four whistleblowers and given totheDaily News by GAP. GAP. which protects and represents persons who blow the whistle on fraud and abuses. said it cautioned the four that going public with their allegations could jeopardize their careers. But GAP said they decided to speak out due to the- magnitude of the problems they found a Zack. HOWARD. 48. the father of ii). said in his affidavit. "It is intolerable to my conscience as-a father. a citizen and an employee to let problems of this magnitude go unexposed." He said that because some materials ordered by Zaclt did not meet federal specificatiops. the installation of ductwork in the three nuclear plants may have ?critical implications for the health and safety of residents in the surrounding three communities." Those are Midland. Seneca. 1114. in the case of LaSalle and Clinton. lit. for the Clinton nuclear plant. . am committed to exposing the full extent of this fiasco until these nuclear plants are entirely rechecked and certified as safe by trustworthy. independent third parties." he said. Shortly after the QA documentation section was formed. Howard was installed as its supervisor. He said that at best. the activities of his group werea ?paperwork shuffle" to keep the NRC from realizmg the ?horrible extent" of Zack's documenutlon breakdown. At the worst. he said documents may represent a criminal coverup by lack. Submitting, falsified documents to a. federal agency. such as the NRC. is a violation of lederaJIaw. Neither. the NRC nor any other law enforcement or regulatory agency has?concluded that such violations were committed by in 1981. a similar case involving Zack . was nearly sent to the us. Department the falsified- ews new 73?" COPY 0! Justice for criminal prosecution. NRC officials said then that paperwork violations had been committed. but that case we} not strong enough to warrant the Justice Department's. attention. Howard said in his sworn statement. which is to be sent to the NRC. ?It is a fact that the history of the Zack Corp. in nuclear contracting is full of mistakes.- - bunglings and felonious misstatements related to material traceability. material certification. vendor certification. qualification of quality control personnel and most importantly. the purchase and supply of hardware used in the construction of nuclear facilities." HOWARD SAID the first step in the Zack "coverup" began in-house before the QA documentation section was formed. and in addition to other .alterations included forged "stickers? applied to 'material certifications. In a telephone interview. Howard refused'to name the Zack personnel who did the forging and alterations other than to say the persons are in "upper management." He said. ?We know who it is. but we did not find it necessary to put a finger on them. The Justice Department will taite care of that.? The next step in the coverup. Howard said. was? effort to correct altered or missing documents by sending letters to various vendors asking them to certify that materials they supplied to Zack were suitable for safety-grade nuclear plant systems. Some vendors never answered. One which did said Zack had not ordered safety-grade components in the first place- . ?v In a letter dated Sept. 21. 1981. U.S. Steel Supply. a division of the U.S. Steel Corp. gave this reply to Zack: ?These orders were not called in to our salesperson as 'Safety Rolated.? Therefore. they were handled in our normal procedure and not run through our (verification and testing) program Please advise us what is __meant by the. term ?Safety Related' and 'vi hat obligation if any does this impose on the supplier." The letter indicated U.5. Steel Supply had sent Zack 26 orders of materials between December 1980 and May 1961. DOCUMENTS SHOW that on Oct! 23. 1931. Zack notified Consumers that the paperwork problems were potentially reportable to the NRC under part 58:55fe) of the Code of Federal Regulations. The report began. ?There has been a breakdown of the quality assurance program" for document control. Federal regulations require that utilities building nuclear power plants report any signi?cant deviations from federal codes to the NRC. Zack said in the report that ?unauthorized personnel" had gained access to the- documents and made . . ?an-J. I . . "improper modifications." Zack said in the report. "These errors and 3 Continued on page