2017 IL App (1st) 162418-U
SECOND DIVISION
June 6, 2017

No. 1-16-2418
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent
by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
_____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

_____________________________________________________________________________
ANTHONY MILAZZO and ANTHONY
MILAZZO, D.D.S., P.C.,

)
Appeal from the

)
Circuit Court of

)
Cook County, Illinois.

Plaintiffs-Appellants,
)

)

v.  
)
No. 15 L 7852
)

BRIAN CONNOLLY, VIKKI VALENTINE,
)
Honorable

and FURTHERMORE, INC.,
)
William Gomolinski,

)
Judge Presiding.
Defendants-Appellees.
)
_____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court. 

Presiding Justice Hyman and Justice Pierce concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER
¶1

¶ 2 

Held:  Trial court properly dismissed defamation per se and defamation per quod counts
that were based on statements expressing opinions and not facts. Plaintiff failed
to sufficiently plead a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional
distress because allegations were conclusory and lacked facts demonstrating
extreme and outrageous conduct causing severe emotional distress.
Plaintiffs-appellants Anthony Milazzo and Anthony Milazzo, D.D.S., P.C. appeal the trial

court's dismissal of their three-count complaint including a count for: (1) defamation per se; (2)
defamation per quod; and (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) against

 No. 1-16-2418
defendants-appellees Brian Connolly, Vikki Valentine and Furthermore, Inc. (defendants).
Milazzo contends that defendants made extreme and outrageous defamatory statements on their
blog post that caused him severe emotional distress. Because we find that the asserted
defamatory statements merely expressed an opinion and defendants' conduct was not extreme
and outrageous, we affirm the trial court's dismissal of all three counts raised in Milazzo's
complaint.
¶3
¶4

BACKGROUND
Milazzo, Connolly and Valentine all own units in a condominium building located at 111
East Chestnut Street in Chicago, Illinois. Connolly and Valentine reside in one unit at the
building and Milazzo owns another unit where he resides part-time. Connolly previously served
on the 111 East Chestnut Street Condominium Board (Board), but later failed in his re-election
bid. Milazzo served as the Board's president when Connolly was on the Board and Milazzo
continued in that position after Connolly was no longer on the Board.

¶5

Milazzo is a licensed dentist practicing in Oswego, Illinois, as Anthony G. Milazzo,
D.D.S. Connolly is president and Valentine is secretary of Furthermore, Inc. Through
Furthermore, Connolly and Valentine maintain the blog www.111eastchestnut.org, 1 which
provides commentary on various topics relating to the building. Shortly after the 2014 Board
election and from April to October 2014, Furthermore posted articles on the blog regarding the
election results and Milazzo's role as president, which Milazzo claims were defamatory. We
quote relevant portions of the blog posts:
(1) April 18, 2014, "Homeowners Cry Foul as Condo Conducts Board Election":

1

According to Milazzo's second amended complaint, Futhermore is the copyright holder
of www.111eastchestnut.org.
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"According to sources who were present at the tabulation, representatives of
our accounting firm Picker & Associates were asked 'if owners of multiple units
cast their vote with just one unit number indicated, would their percent of
ownership be taken into account for all units?' The response by Picker was 'No.'
The Picker rep went on to say, 'We do whatever the Board tells us.' Yikes.
That aside, keep in mind, we don't have any way to certify signatures. Point:
if you wanted to cheat, no one would know and it would be costly and tedious to
catch. Fact is, this would not be the first time Milazzo et al. rigged an election
here."
(2) April 23, 2014, "More on Rigging the Election":
"There's a lesson here. Considering the huge and unprecedented discrepancy
in vote totals between the endorsed candidate and other more qualified candidates,
next time Milazzo should at the very least rig the election to be a little closer. As it
is, it's just plain insulting. Well, maybe not in North Korea."
In this blog post, Milazzo was indirectly compared to Louisiana Senator Huey
"Kingfish" Long, who was accused of rigging votes, and North Korean leader Kim
Jung-un. The blog accused Milazzo of illegally interfering with the election by
sending a letter to targeted residents recommending candidates in the upcoming
election violating section 18(a)(17) of the Illinois Condominium Act (765 ILCS
605/18 (West 2014)), which prohibits a board from expressing preference for a
candidate in an election. The blog stated that "apparently our Board President did
just that."
(3) August 14, 2014, "Previous copy in error? Huh?":

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"Fact: By surrounding himself with 'yes men' and under a shroud of secrecy
and dishonesty, the harm Milazzo has caused our Association is incalculable.
From lawsuits, to debt, to the culture of our community."
(4) September 12, 2014, "Only Three Laws Broken at Last Night's Board Meeting,
Woo-Hoo!":
"Association President Anthony Milazzo was able to keep his contempt for
the law in relative check at last night's monthly board meeting. Only three laws
broken!"
(5) October 11, 2014, "Board Meeting Recap: 4 milazzoed moments, 1 cramdown, 1
law broken and 200,000 missing":
"As to the phrase 'a milazzoed moment,' that's a regional colloquialism used to
describe those instances when truth gets twisted, raped, then beaten into a sweet
hollow mush that's known to trigger the gag reflex and associated depression. Fits
of socially inappropriate laughter have also been documented."
¶6

In another blog post dated September 1, 2014, entitled "111 at an Inflection Point?,"
defendants included a hyperlink to Milazzo's dental practice:
"1. The Board president [Anthony G. Milazzo, D.D.S. 2] will appoint each
committee's chairperson [Milazzo agenda advocate] and will designate a Board
liaison [Milazzo Board Majority Member] with whom the chairperson will
occasionally consult.

2

The name "Anthony G. Milazzo, DDS" was hyperlinked to Milazzo's profile listed on
his dental practice's website. Anyone searching for Milazzo on the internet will be directed to
Connolly's blog.
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2. The committee's chairperson [Milazzo agenda advocate] will select each
committee member and subcommittee chairperson [friends of the Milazzo agenda
advocate] will select each committee member and subcommittee chairperson
[friends of the Milazzo agenda advocate], in consultation with the board president
[Milazzo]. Subcommittee chairpersons will select their own committee members
[junior Milazzo agenda advocates] in consultation with the committee chairperson
[Milazzo agenda advocate] and the board president [Milazzo].
3. The committee should submit a written report to the Board via the
managing agent [who solely reports to Milazzo] prior to a regular meeting of the
Board. A verbal presentation may be requested at the discretion of a Board
majority [Milazzo agenda advocates] or the Board president [Anthony G. Milazzo,
DDS]."
¶7

Based on these statements, Milazzo, individually and on behalf of his dental practice,
filed a complaint, which he later amended, raising the following counts: (1) defamation per
quod; (2) defamation per se; and (3) IIED. Milazzo alleged that the blog had mentioned Milazzo
and his dental practice more than 100 times in a defamatory context since the blog's inception,
damaging his and his dental practice's reputation. Milazzo asserted that because of defendants'
defamatory statements, for the period from 2014 to 2016, his dental practice experienced a
decline in: (1) patient visits from 546 to 428; (2) new patients from 351 to 268; and (3) total days
worked from 162 to 104 (annualized).

¶ 8 

Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under section 2-615 and section 2-619(a)(9)
asserting that the alleged defamatory statements were conclusory, expressed an opinion and did
not mention Milazzo's dental practice in any negative manner.

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¶9

The trial court granted defendants' section 2-619 motion to dismiss as to the defamation
per quod and defamation per se counts and granted defendants' section 2-615 dismissal as to the
IIED count, both with prejudice. Milazzo timely appealed the dismissal.

¶ 10
¶ 11

ANALYSIS
Milazzo first challenges the trial court's dismissal of his claims for defamation per se and
defamation per quod based on the alleged defamatory statements defendants posted on the blog
criticizing Milazzo's performance as Board president. Milazzo also asserts the hyperlink to his
dental practice included in the blog post discredited him in his profession and resulted in
monetary damages sufficient for defamation per quod pleading purposes. Defendants respond
that the alleged defamatory statements merely stated an opinion and none of the statements
targeted Milazzo's dental practice or his ability as a dentist. We agree with defendants.

¶ 12

A motion to dismiss under section 2–619 admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint,
but asserts an affirmative defense or other matter that avoids or defeats the plaintiff's claim.
Stone Street Partners, LLC v. City of Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings, 2017 IL
117720, ¶ 4. Affirmative matter defeating a cause of action "includes any defense apart from
one that negates an essential allegation of plaintiff's cause of action." Kedzie & 103rd Currency
Exchange, Inc. v. Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 115 (1993). Statements that are not of a factual nature
cannot be the subject of a defamation claim. Imperial Apparel, Ltd. v. Cosmo's Designer Direct,
Inc., 227 Ill. 2d 381, 397 (2008) ("[T] first amendment prohibits defamation actions based on
loose, figurative language that no reasonable person would believe presented facts.") In ruling
on a section 2-619 motion to dismiss, the court may consider all facts presented in the pleadings,
and all well-pleaded facts along with all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from those facts
are deemed admitted. Porter v. Decatur Memorial Hospital, 227 Ill. 2d 343, 352 (2008). A

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court interprets all pleadings and supporting documents in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Id. We review a trial court's dismissal of a complaint under section 2-619 de
novo. Id.
¶ 13

A statement is considered defamatory if the statement "harms a person's reputation to the
extent it lowers the person in the eyes of the community or deters the community from
associating with her or him." Green v. Rogers, 234 Ill. 2d 478, 491 (2009); Tuite v. Corbitt, 224
Ill. 2d 490, 501 (2006); Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 87 (1996). A
plaintiff must plead facts demonstrating the following to state a claim for defamation: (1) the
defendant made a false statement about the plaintiff; (2) the defendant made an unprivileged
publication of that statement to a third party; and (3) publication of the statement caused
damages. Rodgers, 234 Ill. 2d at 491.

¶ 14

There are two types of defamation: (1) per se and (2) per quod. Tuite, 224 Ill. 2d at 501.
A statement is classified as defamatory per se if its defamatory character is obvious and apparent
on its face and injury to the plaintiff's reputation may be presumed. Id.; Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 87.
In Illinois, five categories of statements are considered defamatory per se, including words that
impute a person: (1) has committed a crime; (2) is infected with a loathsome communicable
disease; (3) is unable to perform or lacks integrity in performing her or his employment duties;
(4) lacks ability or otherwise prejudices that person in her or his profession; and (5) has engaged
in adultery or fornication. Rogers, 234 Ill. 2d at 491-92; Tuite, 224 Ill. 2d at 501. A plaintiff
must plead defamation per se with a heightened level of precision and particularity because there
is no requirement that the plaintiff prove actual damages to his reputation to recover in a
defamation per se claim. Rogers, 234 Ill. 2d at 495; Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 87. In a defamation
per quod action, either a statement's defamatory character is not apparent on its face or the

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statement is defamatory on its face but does not fall within any of the five enumerated
defamation per se categories. Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 103. In such cases, the plaintiff must plead
and prove special damages because damage to the plaintiff's reputation is not presumed. Id.
¶ 15

Not every defamatory statement is actionable. Certain defamatory per se statements are
protected if they are reasonably capable of an innocent construction. Tuite, 224 Ill. 2d at 502;
Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 90. Under the innocent construction rule, courts must consider a written or
oral statement in context, and give the words and their implications their natural and obvious
meaning. Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 90. If after doing so a statement may reasonably be innocently
interpreted, then the statement cannot be actionable per se. Id.

¶ 16

Even if a defamatory per se statement is not protected by the innocent construction rule,
it may nonetheless be protected speech under the First Amendment as an expression of opinion
and not fact. Id. at 100; Hadley v. Subscriber DOE, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 33. A "bright line"
distinction between an opinion and fact does not exist because a false assertion of fact may be
defamatory "even when couched within apparent opinion or rhetorical hyperbole." Solaia
Technology, LLC v. Specialty Publishing Co., 221 Ill. 2d 558, 581 (2006). The relevant test used
to distinguish between opinion and fact is restrictive: "a defamatory statement is constitutionally
protected only if it cannot be reasonably interpreted as stating actual fact." Id. Helpful in
making the fact versus opinion determination are the following three considerations: (1) whether
the statement has a precise and readily understood meaning; (2) whether the statement is
verifiable; and (3) whether the statement's literary or social context signals that it has factual
content. Id.; Hadley, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 41. Courts consider the totality of the circumstances on
a case by case basis, but place emphasis on whether the statement is capable of objective
verification. Rose v. Hollinger International, Inc., 383 Ill. App. 3d 8, 13 (2008). Basically, if a

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statement states a fact, and it is false, then it is actionable. Solaia Technology, LLC, 221 Ill. 2d at
582.
¶ 17 

Milazzo claims the trial court erroneously dismissed both his defamation per se and
defamation per quod claims because the five statements in defendants' blog were defamatory and
negatively impacted his dental practice causing damages evident in the decline of patient
appointments and revenue. Regarding the five enumerated categories of defamation per se,
Milazzo claims that various statements on Connolly's blog imputed that he: (1) had committed a
crime; (2) was unable to perform or lacked integrity in performing his employment duties; and
(3) lacked ability or otherwise prejudiced him in his profession.

¶ 18

Regarding defamation per se based on imputing the commission of a crime, Milazzo
asserts that the blog posts of April 18 (referring to "rigging" the condo Board election) and
September 12 (referring to "only three laws broken" by Milazzo at a Board meeting) fall within
that category. Contrary to Milazzo's position, this court has consistently held that for a statement
to be actionable defamation per se premised on imputing the commission of a crime, " 'the crime
must be an indictable one, involving moral turpitude and punishable by death or by
imprisonment in [lieu of a] fine.' " Dobias v. Oak Park and River Forest High School District
200, 2016 IL App (1st) 152205, ¶ 87 (quoting Doe v. Catholic Diocese of Rockford, 2015 IL App
(2d) 140618, ¶ 46; Kirchner v. Greene, 294 Ill. App. 3d 672 (1998)).

¶ 19 

Here, the April 18 post infers that Milazzo had rigged an election more than once, but the
post acknowledged that there was no way to certify signatures and it would be costly and tedious
to catch cheating in an election. This post would not indicate to a reasonable reader the
commission of a crime by Milazzo. See id. ¶ 93 (the relevant inquiry is whether an alleged
defamatory statement "fairly impute[s] the commission of a crime in the eyes of the reasonable

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reader.") Indeed, the post assumes that the election must have been rigged while noting that
there was no supporting proof of that assumption. Likewise, the September 12 post accuses
Milazzo of breaking "only three laws" at a Board meeting, but the post never identifies the
"laws" with any particularity. The post's vague reference to three broken laws was insufficient to
constitute the narrowly defined "commission of a crime." Consequently, nothing in this post,
similar to the April 18 post, accuses Milazzo of engaging in conduct meeting the definition of
"crime" for defamation per se purposes.
¶ 20

Regarding defamation per se based on statements imputing that Milazzo was unable to
perform or lacks integrity in performing his duties as the Board's president, Milazzo claims that
each of the five alleged defamatory statements paints him in an unfavorable light by accusing
him, among other things, of rigging elections, breaking laws, and being untruthful and dishonest.
Milazzo asserts that defendants' accusations impute a lack of integrity relating to his role as
Board president.

¶ 21

We agree and consider the defamatory character of the statements in each of the five
posts obvious on their face as they portray Milazzo as an unsavory, untrustworthy and crooked
president incapable of effectively operating the condominium association. Likewise, we cannot
innocently construe these defamatory statements. But, again, not all defamatory per se
statements are actionable because they may be protected as an expression of opinion and not fact.
Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 100. False factual statements are actionable whereas a defamation per se
claim cannot be based on statements that cannot be reasonably interpreted as stating a fact. Id.

¶ 22

First, many of the comments lack a precise and readily understood meaning. For
instance, the September 24 post states that "Milazzo was able to keep his contempt for the law in
relative check at last night's monthly meeting. Only three laws broken!" without explaining or

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identifying the claimed transgressions and providing no information for a reader to understand
the meaning of that phrase. See Rose, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 18 (finding the phrase "pecuniary
affairs or resources" to be "a broad term, an outer shape without an inner core" leaving a
reasonable reader unsure of the referred to pecuniary affairs or resources). The same holds true
for the April 23 post accusing Milazzo of rigging the election results and indirectly comparing
him to known unscrupulous authoritative figures. Likewise, the terms "dishonest," "yes men"
and "shroud of secrecy" were not defined and lack a precise and readily understood meaning.
See Imperial, 227 Ill. 2d at 401 (unflattering concepts referring to a clothing store that included
"rags," "flea market style warehouse," "dried cream cheese," "low rent," and "a hookers come
on" and likening the plaintiffs to the Iraqi Information Minister were merely subjective
characterizations lacking precise and readily understood meanings conveying instead colorful
hyperbole aimed at capturing the reader's interest and attention); see Rose, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 18
(explaining that a defamatory phrase must have a " 'precise core of meaning for which a
consensus of understanding exists.' " (quoting Mittelman v. Witous, 135 Ill. 2d 220, 243 (1989));
Hopewell v. Vitullo, 299 Ill. App. 3d 513, 519 (1998) (the term "incompetence" lacked a precise
and readily understood meaning).
¶ 23

We also find that the alleged defamatory statements were incapable of objective
verification. The relevant inquiry is whether the statements are "objectively capable of proof or
disproof." Rose, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 18. According to Milazzo, the defamatory statements
indicated that he "lied, rigged elections, caused lawsuits, incurred unnecessary debts, and
violated the law," which impugned his character. But these blog posts are too broad and vague,
lacking any factual grounds to permit objective verification. See id. (providing sparse
information that would initiate a fruitless investigation supports a finding that a statement was

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too broad, conclusory, and vague to be objectively verifiable); see contra Tunca v. Painter, 2012
IL App (1st) 093384, ¶ 48 (statement asserting a doctor was negligent for cutting an artery was a
factual statement and not merely an opinion). Even Milazzo's claim that the blog's accusation of
an increase in lawsuits and debt were capable of objective verification must be rejected because
an investigation of those claims would be fruitless given their overly vague, broad and
conclusory nature lacking any basis in fact. See Rose, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 17 (finding that a
reasonable reader would not consider the statement that "[i]t will be some time before we can
undo the damage he has wrought: To our finances, to our reputation, to our business
relationships, to our morale, to the quality of our editorial product" to be a factual assertion.)
Moreover, regarding election rigging accusations, the April 18 blog post states that it would be
costly to catch the cheating and there would be no way of proving it, which further demonstrates
the lack of objectively verifiable facts. Similarly, defendants coined the phrase "milazzoed
moment" and although they defined the term, it, nonetheless, remains incapable of objective
verification.
¶ 24

Finally, when read in literary and social context, it is apparent that each of the
complained of defamatory statements were an expression of opinion reflecting dissatisfaction
with Milazzo and the election results, but were not factual statements. Although all five
statements portray Milazzo in a negative light, the statements consist of the author's
unsubstantiated rhetoric and opinionated editorial comments, often times resorting to hyperbole.
Nothing in the identified statements would cause a reasonable person to believe they were
statements of fact; instead, the statements were accusations ambiguous in nature and lacking any
supportable basis. Wynne v. Loyola University of Chicago, 318 Ill. App. 3d 443, 452 (2000)
("the vaguer and more generalized the opinion, the more likely the opinion is nonactionable as a

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matter of law.") Indeed, the common thread among the posts reflects displeasure with the
election and its results using opinions and hyperbole written in a tone conveying criticisms of
Milazzo's presidency.
¶ 25

In sum, a reasonable reader would not interpret the five blog posts as depicting verifiable
facts, but, instead, would understand them as unsubstantiated opinions about Milazzo. Because
the five contested blog posts are protected opinions, they cannot support a defamation per se
claim and the trial court's dismissal of the defamation per se count was therefore proper.

¶ 26

As to Milazzo's dental practice, none of the five identified defamatory blog posts directly
mentions the dental practice. Consequently, the lack of any false statements about the dental
practice is fatal to the dental practice's defamation cause of action. See Rogers, 234 Ill. 2d at 491
(to state a defamation cause of action the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant made a
false statement about the plaintiff).

¶ 27

Milazzo claims the September 1 post refers to the Board president and included a
parenthetical with a hyperlink to Milazzo's dental practice (Anthony G. Milazzo, D.D.S.), which
provided direct access to the alleged defamatory statements to anyone who searched the internet
for Milazzo. According to Milazzo, the negative content in the defamatory posts impugned his
integrity and prejudiced him in his profession as demonstrated by a decline in current and new
patient visits impacting his revenue. We have no doubt that defendants, in fact, intended to harm
Milazzo's dental practice, as there appears to be no other purpose for inclusion of the hyperlink.
But while the hyperlink may be mean-spirited and ill-advised, the five identified defamatory
posts do not attack Milazzo's profession as a dentist, which, again, is fatal to a defamation cause
of action on behalf of the dental practice, as there were no facts impugning Milazzo's ability as a
dentist or prejudicing him in the dental profession.

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¶ 28

Likewise, Milazzo's defamation per quod claim was properly dismissed because, as
noted, the blog posts expressed protected opinions and were not assertions of fact needed to
support an actionable defamation claim. See Moriarty v. Greene, 315 Ill. App. 3d 225, 236
(2000) (a nonactionable opinion under a defamation per se analysis remain nonactionable under
a defamation per quod analysis). Similarly, the absence of a defamatory statement about the
dental practice precludes any cause of action for defamation, including one for defamation per
quod. Because defendants made no actionable defamatory statements relating to Milazzo's
dental practice, we need not consider whether Milazzo sufficiently pled special damages based
on a decline in the dental practice's patients and revenue.

¶ 29

Finally, Milazzo contends that his IIED claim should have survived defendants' 2-615
motion because defendants' continuous (more than 100 times over several months) use of
Milazzo's name in a negative connotation was extreme and outrageous conduct, causing him to
suffer severe emotional distress.

¶ 30

A motion to dismiss under section 2-615 attacks the legal sufficiency of a complaint
based on defects apparent on the face of the pleading. Bueker v. Madison County, Illinois, 2016
IL 120024, ¶ 7. The relevant inquiry is whether the allegations, viewed in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
Schweihs v. Chase Home Finance, LLC, 2016 IL 120041, ¶ 27. We review the trial court's
dismissal of a complaint under section 2-615 de novo. Id.

¶ 31

The following three elements must be pled to state a cause of action for IIED: (1) the
conduct involved must be extreme and outrageous; (2) the actor must either intend that his
conduct inflict severe emotional distress, or know that there is at least a high probability that his
conduct will cause severe emotional distress; and (3) the conduct must in fact cause severe

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emotional distress. Feltmeier v. Feltmeier, 207 Ill. 2d 263, 269 (2003) (quoting McGrath v.
Fahey, 126 Ill. 2d 78, 86 (1988)). A cause of action for IIED is not established from " 'mere
insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities.' " Schweihs, 2016
IL 120041, ¶ 51 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 comment d, at 73 (1965); Fahey,
126 Ill. 2d at 86). Even though a defendant acts with tortious intent or intends to inflict
emotional distress, liability arises " 'only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character,
and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as
atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.' " Id. (quoting Restatement (Second)
of Torts § 46 comment d, at 73 (1965); Public Finance v. Davis, 66 Ill. 2d 85, 90 (1976)). The
inflicted distress must be so severe that no reasonable person could be expected to endure it. Id.
Courts use an objective standard to determine whether conduct is extreme and outrageous based
on all of the facts and circumstances of the case. Duffy v. Orlan Brook Condominium Owners'
Ass'n, 2012 IL App (1st) 113577, ¶ 36.
¶ 32

Here, the allegations Milazzo pled in the IIED count were conclusory and factually
insufficient to withstand a section 2-615 motion to dismiss. Welsh v. Commonwealth Edison
Co., 306 Ill. App. 3d 148, 155 (1999); see Schroeder v. RGIS, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 122483, ¶
27 (the allegations supporting an IIED cause of action must be specific and more detailed than
what is generally considered permissible in pleading a tort action.) Specifically, Milazzo pled in
a conclusory fashion that defendants engaged in "truly extreme and outrageous" conduct and that
he has "actually suffered severe emotional distress as a result" of that conduct. Likewise, the
complaint fails to sufficiently plead facts supporting the allegation that defendants intended to
inflict extreme emotional distress on Milazzo or that they knew there was a high probability that
their conduct and remarks could cause severe emotional distress. Moreover, Milazzo pled no

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facts demonstrating that he suffered severe emotional distress from defendants' conduct, i.e., he
pled no facts indicating that he sought medical or psychiatric treatment as a result of the negative
remarks in the posts. Even if we were to assume that Milazzo suffered from humiliation and
shame, such emotional distress would not reach "the level of being unbearable" supporting an
IIED cause of action. Adams v. Sussman & Hertzberg, Ltd., 292 Ill. App. 3d 30, 38-39 (1997).
¶ 33

Apart from the sparse factual allegations, the complained of conduct forming the basis of
Milazzo's IIED claim (the repeated use of his name in a negative manner over the course of
several months), while undoubtedly offensive, cannot be classified as "extreme and outrageous."
Although defendants' negative rants were certainly offensive, rude, annoying and, we assume,
unwarranted, the nature of the criticisms against Milazzo was a far cry from being so
unendurable to a reasonable person and "so extreme as to go beyond all possible bounds of
decency, and to be regarded as intolerable in a civilized community." Kolegas v. Heftel
Broadcasting Corp., 154 Ill. 2d 1, 21 (1992); Public Finance Corp., 66 Ill. 2d at 89-90. In
reviewing a motion to dismiss, we must strictly construe the complaint against Milazzo, and in
doing so, the allegations in the complaint do not give rise to a claim for IIED.

¶ 34

We affirm the trial court's dismissal of Milazzo's and Anthony Milazzo, D.D.S.'s cause of
action for defamation per se, defamation per quod and IIED.

¶ 35

Affirmed.

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