Tran1l1t•d !or the
TTan1J1tJon Branch
Support Seo?'\ ices 'Division
School of Aerospace Y.edecine
Brooks Alr force lase, Texas

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t1ARMFUI. EFFECTS OF OIE.~ICAL SUBST.ISCES USED BY TIIE US AR.\N

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'rhc Amcricun troops conducting military act ivity Sn Indochina used
various chemical substances (G.~I . Yegia:arov, 1971; Sgo \'in 1.ong, 1972
tot nl.).
We 1i1·ill glve a brief description of ~Oll'O of them.

Orthochlorohenzaltr..alononit.rile ~CS). Offlclally lt 1~ an"irritat.ing
•&cnt" und 11 1rouped 1i1·ith the so.called toxic a1,cnts for police use . It
has the odor of pcprcr. It has an almost lnstant~neous effect on man.

A disablln& dose for man is approxiaately 1 S •s.; atn . In its
physl~al and chcaic3l properties, it ls a solid substance ~lth boiling
tesperature llO··llS•. Tests on animals conducted by \'lt>tnaaesl'
scientists sho,.cJ that oonke,.·s die with a toxic agent concentration equal
to S0,000 mgml• mln ( Ke)1.lort, 19 -.; l ) .
Chloroact>tophenone (CN) has a tear-prodt1cin1o1 effect. The stic.ulus
thrt!>"'hold tot 0.3 mg • 3min . .\disabling dose for m:tn is 50··80 mg · .)min

m

Tho average lethal dose is approximatt-1>' 10,000 mg

~ 3 min

m

Ln its physical

and chemical properties. it is a solid substuncc with boiling temperature
of 246'.
Ad&&si te (DM) is dih)·drophenarsa:inochloridc .... 1th on improved for·

11Ula.

It

causes headaches. vo::iiting, :ind irritation of the nasophar}-nx.

• froa the editor. The editorial board of the journal has recei,·ed letters
requesting a discussion of W"hich cheaical substances '"ere used b)' the
US Aray durina the Vietnu var. On our requ~st, candidate cf "!e:Cical
Sciences , V.J. Oaitriyev,responds to this question.

 Th~ ~e s~..f,t o•s occ~r .about 1-- 2 min aft er exposur e t o t he t oxic agent.

When re:io ing t he lnJ~rcd f r om a contamination zone , irr itation of the
mucous ccmbranes
cont. inues t o i ncrease for 10··30 aln . A d"isabi"1ng d ose
l:'l" •
··"'r aan ls .,., ~
a in
•
.....
a,J.
In i ts phys ica l and chemical properties, it is
a solid substance with boiling teoperatur e of 410•.
fth\·lbronacetate. It causes the death of monkeys wi t h a concentra tion of approxiaately 25 000 mg • oin
,

m3

In the opinion of the \·1 ietnam specialists , the Mcrican command in
196~-1969 use.I a~ut 7000 T of toxic substances in Vietnar.i using chemical
:uunit~on of \1U:1ous types. In particular, pumpi ng units £01· injecting
-:the tox~c ag~11t. i11to \1ndcrground shcl ters, chcmicn I bombs, plastic contairlcrs
'nd can1~tcrs CJ ected from aircraft a.1td hcl icoptcrs , grenades shot from
gren~de launchers "'ere used. For increasing the dar.1aging eff ect of the
c:heaicnl ammunition, often they "''ere used simultaneously wi th napal!it and
pellet bo~bs, and also with boobs and shells o f the ordinary type ( Kushner
19" I).
'
O~foliants

off.

are substances causing the leaves o f vegetati on to fall
Tiier are srouped "ith gro1<th regulator• .

Herbicides are substances to co:bat ~ecds ~nd other undesirable
\'egetation. The)' suppress selecti\•ely (according to type) or all vegetation
..:o:.pletel)'· The boundaries bet•0r;een these t'l<l'O chemical poisons are conventional. lfith appropriate doses they can be interchangeable. In relative!)· lo"· concentrations, these substances have been used in agriculture,
for example, for destroying weeds, for rcooving leaves from certain vege ·
tation (cotton, potatoes , sugar beets) in order to make n future harvest
of the cro1> easier . The t\mericans used chemical poisons in Indochina in
concentrations exceeding , by tens alld hlutdrcds of tines, tl1ose reco1imcnded
in the USA for handling agr icultural problems; this converted these substances into 4 chemical weapon . The main 1nj l itory p1·opose for llSing dcfol iants and herbicides in lndochina ...,•o.s destruction of the leafy co\rer
in the forests in order to make it easier to discover supply routes and
bases of the patriots, and also destruction of agricultural crop plants
in liberated regions .
According to the data of the foreign press, the herbicide defoliants
used in \':ietnam ha\.·e code naces o f " orange, " "ye II o"', " ••bi ue, " a·d
•• "·h·te"
" 1 ~
products. Compounds of the 2 ,4-0 and 2 ,4 ,S"'T type were us~ in th~ir
co.posit ion (respecth•ely manufactur~ on. a base or 2 ,4-dichlor~pnen~xy­
acetic and ~ 4 S-trichorophenoxyacet1c acids), and also cacodylic (dimethylarsoni~) ' acid and other arsenic coopoun~s. The poisonou~ cheaicals were distributed by special spraying devices mounted on aircraft
and helicopters . Between 1962 and 1969 a
total of S0,000 T of
defoliants and herbicides were used in South Vietn8"' ( Kuntse, l972) ·

2

 In the regions ~hich "'·ere subjected to the chemical 1ubst&nces not only
tht't vecot•tion
frogs, Insects ut al~o the anlaal ~orld was destroyed. ~Y birds, fish.
(espec1allr bees) were killed. The ch..lcal substances
ca-:11ed \:arious diseases In do•estic •nl .... 11 (cattle, buffalo and swine).
Defoliants and herbicides affect both levels of a two-layer forest.
Tb~n 45\ of the trees In the first layer and ZO\ of the bushes in the
se.:ond la)er die. Se\'eral years after tho uso of ch...lcal substances
t he '•getat lon of the upper l&)·or does not produce leaves. The de- '
foliants and herbl~ides . besideo direct dau11o. have a long-term Indirect
hllraful e ffec t on the vegetation. They change tho structure of the soil

th~ climat ic ~onJi tion~ , the hydrologic cycle, etc.

The results of

de ~ t rO) ln£ t he \·~~e t at1on covering ~harply incronsos soil erosion, and

'

d e1.. re:t s t"s it s mois t u r e conten t . Du-ring tho rnin9, rnost of the fertile
la,·,•r of ~he oo il is ><ashed a1;oy and 11icrobiologlc and chemical changes
oi::~tJr .in i t.
Fert i l i t y of the soil is shnrply decrcast'd as a whole.

I n 1969· 1970. the American comaand concentrated its efforts on destroyi ng ag r icu ltural crops. It has been established that the "orange
proJuct" causes -.. 11 t ing of the lea\'eS and bend.inc of the corn stalks "ithin
a d ay. Th<1 ~ ei£ht of the corn cobs In the unduagf'd \'egetatlon does not
ex;:«<! 65 g. Young rice plants, after beinc treated with the "orange
pr O<!u.:t " J l e in one day and the ••ture rice collapses. After the effect
of defoli ar.t s a nd herbicides, the grains of rice and corn have an undesirable
odo r, becoce bitt er , and ar e unsuit able for use as food. One should note
that t he i rovth and deve lopi!ent of corn and rice Is significantly retardeJ when t hey a r e gr own in soi l which has previously been subjectf'd
t o " or&n£e" eontuinat ion.
In the reg ion• •here def o l iants and herbicides were spr ayed, the
plantations of manioc (cassava ] nre fl a ttened n day nf t er the damage
anJ the centers of the s talks are des t royed. Cuses of damz"ge t o manioc
leaveos ha\·~ been noted e''en in sect ions 8- 10 l.m from the epicent er of
chemical substance spraying. The outer part o f the swee t pot at o affected
by the ••orange product" wilts and its root s d io. The ~ ta lk s of banana
\egetation become brittle; at first the)' benJ t oward t he gr ound and after
"-8 days break off. The bananas ripen earlier t han usual , are defoI'llled,
and their outer skin is covered with dark s pot s. The frui t I s easily
blown off the trees by the "ind, by bein£ bucped o r t hey fall offtheaselves. In soae cases, the b•nana vegetation dies after about t hree days.
After the effect of the ''orange product'' in c orn and rice gnins ~ the
content o! protein nitro&en is significantly decreased . In t he sweet
potato and aanloc tubers, th• content of bonded nltro1en i s decreased t o
one-third of nonoal and the ~uantity of free nitrogen, on t he ot her hand,
is Increased. At the saae tiae, the starch content ls decreasf'd.
Other defoliants and herbicides also show a pronounced toxi c effec t
on •&ri cultural crops. For instance, the 11 whlte product" first destroys
the cbl orophyll in the leaves of the corn and rice and then this causes
3

 the stalk1 of
tho vegetation to b
are
comp ot O1Y destroyed after 6-reak
S h off • The rl cc u.n d corn plantations
8
deformed, ""'ilts and drops and t he tr~~r~.
£:P•Y• fruit is rapid!)·
breadfrul t tree dies after

'"£

_ d
1 2

r:ys.

particularly sensitive to th

tsel d es after two days.

The

Coconut palas and. Tubber trees ar e
~
the area sprayed vith po·
en from pal• trees which are s \:5 froa
th e pa 1ms ripen
.
•
earlier isonous
their 5 chemicals
h 11
· The c oconuts which
reaain on
Afte r a feto da)•s the c~on t
,~ 5 . becoae soft, and the Cl1 lk bitter.

of the green coconuts drop o~fe e,·ccts of defoliants and herbicides .

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pa .......s die .

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Often in South \'ietnam ch

.

forest T'CK ions but :ilso clo;
em.ical subs t o.ncos "ere used not only in t he
jury to a considerable pa t e f tohpopulated area~. ; this resulted i n in-

the dntn of the Provi .

r

0

t e peace ful populotion . According to

of South Viotnam (N o s \~~na: Revolutionary Gove rnment of t he Republic

were subjected to t~c ~~ .ong, 197 2), in 196 1- 1969 , 1, 293, 000 persons
r.ionths of 1970 , 185 00~ ect _of poisonou• chemica ls . In the f irst ten

Three ht1n<lrod

perso~s di~:ses dof p~rs~n~ be i ng poi soncd "''ere recorded .

chronic patients .
h

an a s i gnJf1cant number of those inj ured became

Pe~sons iJljurc~ by herbicides and def o l iants noted per<:ei,·i ng a

s ar~ o or of chlorine.or OOT sharp pa in, burnin& in the nasopharvn:x
and sn~c:ing (91\ ), crying and vomiting (73\) , headache and vertigo' (SS\) ,
a burning sensation in the area of the eyelids and t he skin (41\) .
These .clinical sympt02~ •ere apparent aft er a 24~hour incubation period.
1

I~ro\e=Cnt in the .patients,

1f they did not die , began after 3-.S da)·s.
However, the)· continued to suffer fro• asthen ic S)'llpt ocs in t h e fon of
sleeplessness, sexual 1'·eakness, and \oo'Caken i ng of t he \'ision. For exa:ple
23 out of 43 patients examined could not read fo r more than s Qin 9
'
for not ~ore th3n 15 min, and 7 for not more than 30 min. Intra~ular
~ressurc in most of those afflicted was increased . The eyes •ere damaged
1n 27 out of 65 persons . In a nu.tr.be,. of cases, expans ion of the horn~·
layor, cataracts and degeneration of the mnculo lutea occurred; the
ocular and ret robulbar nerves were inflamed (Kushner, 1971) .

Ho.,.,•evcr. the most serious 'n'Cre the gcncti_c aftereffects .

In persons

subjected to the direct effect of defoliants and herbicides, it has been
statistically pro\rcn that there is an increase in the frequency of chroao ...

some anor.iolies in nuclei of tissue cells (a change in the n\lilber of
chromosomes, fissures and defects, etc.). These changes ~ere particularly pronounced in children of cothers subjected to the effect of poisonous
chemicals (Kuntse, 19i2). The changes in structure of the chro.:.oso~s
can have very sad consequences (:\. P. Bochkov, 1971). ln pregnant ...o:en,
for example, this can lead to defonaity of the fetus, miscarriage, pre- .
mature birth and early death of the newborn. Md actually, for a lon;: tu:•
in Vietnam an alarming increase in
birth
. rate
of childr•n
with deformities has been noted vhich, undoubtedly, is caused by the long·
term effect of poisonous chemical substa~ces. At the saae tim:, th•~e
poisonous chemicals can have a teratogenic effect. lxper1ments on mice
4

 sho~eoJ.

that both 2,4,5-T and 2l4-D cause, not only deformation of the fetus .

but also i.:ancer
particularly froa the powerful effect of the
.: • .t.S·T fonaula (\go \'in Long~ 19:'2). Thus, defoliants a.nd herbicides
h&\e a patholoeic effect not onl)' on those \oihO are li,·ing but on fu'tUre

eenerat ions of people.

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1r1,ni&SJts:in "2lt1rd out 2 Wtti.s o1l1tr t'XP'l)~urt rr,.;.i!c,I
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The humfu tlltCl\ of ro1ton... dtfob• nf5, ano
brrt"dlltl dt;ilo)'ird by tht t,;s Arm~· ln "KtiUm art
dti bed TM htrb~i dc-ployN n 1.a:, e amoants
dn::O)'t'd crops. Utc-i, 1od .1nunat1, ..n.d aho cauwd pot.,...., of &boYl 1.l9J,000 buma:m. 'Ille prUilCIPll htt~
odn vw.S tn \ •lnam wcrc-.;..,.&-D.1nd ~ ..: 5·1 '.'> IW't'llfll,
bduymat.:>n,. f''ltftG,. hc-.1d&cbe u-riut"'r. of t2'.Tlli"~
ud otal ca•
aad rtttco dndopN after abo'1.t 2.: hr
ia mt!ffb t'poted lo lllnt tfC'p;J:at~nt.. The poaoA i:'la
••• f.a;.al man ntanattd JOO eain. -\U.hc-rua, t.kc-rftunru. .and kt.M>n\ of the t ) t perus:.tC"J .:on, ..~~er c'lt~urc
The m.utaJm c .1nd tf'~ffccti <>f lht'"U' prC'p.lf.i·
l.:>nt. .,.,;:-n;;...,,.\C"f:°-m Jff' ~rto 1.. ttu:'I !ht' Juf'.. 1 t<):io

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rfff'd•. litaf'attJ 1ttqUtft(} of :hro:n1>:1£11?Ul a1'f'l7J
til<>ns. aborti· n. st1ll1>1rth. rrl'mltut<" birth. 1rc .. 1t'.JU"J
ro1tiut.1I mortal1t~, .and r•rro;ill} ttratOJ<'ntu.. v.rrr
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1ti u1 IJ n J ~«PIJblc for 1"1e "'food, and Ille dr~loflmtl\t
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n•Ho1111I 11ud 1ntr n1a1t1>nal dtTrlopmrnl I /
l'n"t"111•' •
·.\:•ti- I J II. l .,9·1'11i. l"'J ((;rrm.anl

<.c

'":(·001! .\non)mou~ Tht u!-t' of 111t.rcur~· and 1ltt111i
htt compound\ as \<"td d.r<"'41n$\ ll.'HO T~eh . Rtp. So·1
JJJ '1 ]'I, 191)
Tbc UW Of I l.:) lfl'ltfl..\11) CO:tip<>Ul'ldS ol\ 1-C<'~ dri.
q , llaou!:d ~c t.tra.;tlt . trutrd ·o lht trr.atmt'nt of
•UdC',lf ltOCk• Of (!Cft'I Sttd UU'd :.,1 tht' (Ui.t ftW

a"

wed ~~ rliatiMI. \•).ml'~.;UI}' 1nd

ud hc\.31..bloro~ftttnt
lboutd M med 10 drni rre.1 ICCd ool~ f 1koJu;('lf
-~ 1!:4 11 ufcr.urdl ' ' '' •o prc"'nt lbt' M:"<"
l!t. )1Jl!1.ylmrrait) compoundt.

from bt.q d.i.Tnltd l:om ti mrtndrJ uw. 1bc t1tr
4'ould aol be ldtd on cert.a\ wed to be t,potttd l1>r th<"
productaon of 'Wed Onl) dtt"Utd KtJ to No f'XP' rtf'd for
tht lrodiJ:ll:)rl O( (ood shoul I t'f' di•lltl..;-ll) J)CJ to

dJSttft(lluJt. It ftom food Cf.I.ID. 8.IJl> Of dt('SUJ ICtd
be adcquattl~ l,ahch·d .and ~pproprJ.Jlt .1uth•)t•l1c\

should

hltl!l' o'

lt1u1 : 1~ : >ti «' ~--e~1: ·r1

foud

11<11,1.llc .al ion. 1,>04 1Jd1ll'W'ft. and tf'£d:Jes n \\'c•t
<•rtftUft) anJ -,n an .nll'lft.lhOr.41 ;c\ tJ art .S.lt.c.i wd
l''llilt r.u~ 1mum. allo• .1hk rcsid;:c ic·.'t'!s t J vc no- bttn
r111bll.twd l<>r 7~ 1,t1~t mpedarms u1 ~I prot:cctic'n
formu llOftt. a ·otal of 260 a~= ·-c .:iptJ t"al' ....,.
re1 •tercel • \\ ~ <.nm2ftJ. lh<" ttr0 okr.111«
ftt.abl \!Nd for p('\t ;J.r tt\ldun .. haby fooJ ll:d cbrlC•
t
IQCHS ihcNld be .ah.a~DrJ -'" uNt.i
..and aw.1•
ltWln'-. • d replatt;J C'rlbcr ft)' tlw 1111111 of wn:w.1...-1ty
.nbc'rcM an t he aaa.l:)'tiw.I m<rtbod Ko pl C'.! «by 1o' it01Citc.1 I) tOkr.abk' I mlC' s .. dl, I. ~: ~ h:i.' e be-ea W\ at
(I 01 Pr'nl lor lftO\I pntte.J<tt. :Iii >l. 1 pp m for m.abthlOft
1n rftpJ rcd food an J Jll 0.0 ; p pm f(Jr .aldtlA, cl~:drlft,
11n.1 othe r d1tnc d ~r-~ 011Tti 1r: i ooJ prod i. ~tsa cl 1erc tl

"k;

l<J t u lt

7:(.0tJI" (in1• •ntr P, \1c)l'I R 11.1.f'n\iel. 11. 111n .. n°
1<"n,,h111111n1 t> •II\ RI..,. de\ l!ctit~I'' Drt,dcn, 01c"lt'n.
Jll)I{) /ur h)·¥1e1u\\'h·lo,1kolo~1..chrn Urbe1..-."J1.:h\u\a
dr,

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v I tAuthor .iddtt(~ not IU\'C'l'IJ
Por.a1h1~u\h..:ht)'t Jc-) ;.1"1)'t l..h11n1cht"~k1k.h ,.t,hC"htsl\ .
prtmf1l)l'"'1U.~\'I 1111\l)'C') SSHA \ lndok1t3)"t'- I ll•tlll·
fl.Al tllt.:I\ (If chl'rYlli"&I \Ul"lln('CS u~d b)' lbt' liS .\rn1)
".'I(. Ool I

-

,&. "".J lva . .

l 111\,1l 1l'' \11n A11101·11c1u1~11lic11.

I. ~h1tc1h111a

Rutck\IA111h~11111101l~11 \-On POanLCn)(:hutL1n1ttt'ln 1m
C:tnlUI' ,.., i\I dr' Hr1 rl..t ~ D 1~.-.Jtr. ( ~) bl'll•~ -tvA. .. vl<>•••
;:-al ~ur\C'1tl .. ncc nl 1ht u."-f of i~n..:ullu1;1l chtm1c.1l\ I .
\to1111011111t t•f J>t•lt1.·1Jt 1t1tdu~ in •c•t'tablt prdt1unj

G's-me' Ill. /lrN
O ' ' I " .: • l .C ~C'(i; :..:r.. i:.l'• '( G e:maa
lhc 011111 zo1tion ot th<" h)p;-n11:-·t.;,, K.~ical ' \IT
w an.;c ot lbt u.w of pt•tK-wlts and of the P''I Cit
tC"iidiae ~llJt
ftC an .-qttablt' J. rdtr.lft& IA lht dtitl' K1
of t>rr n I
GC"•m.tn) 1• dn...:r""'td The practl('t of

111 lhf' d&•ltKI n( 01 • ...,lc11.) /

G~n:ttb :!O

.a"

pc\t1
tt\td\tf
ntr an lood pt04 .....1t. ll "-°Ofd,n.altd
.and l1nk.td •llh \IU'• n...--"t of he ..i.-<e • ib<" p<'\: ~idtt
\ol\"fd 1<> r uad tt the ,,;.luvi ..1 1.1.:uci;ept1bl) lush
C'\M!ilC Jett IC t.h t " ~ ~ t ID<' .aflcf .appllJlllOQ,
vrrdo ' ' or u-w a •n 110.pr>Jp<: m;i.r.ntr. The rc"ult• ot
1bt r ·:uJljt
n1ro, .art <"'liJlu.i1t.i ui ..-ooperJllCH'I w1tb
tho! h>« tnt 111,pitlll'>n to dttttm1nt the pos..1bk '°'Jin

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