Strategic Plan July 2017 - June 2020 First Year Cleveland’s mission is to mobilize the community through partnerships and a unified strategy to reduce infant deaths including racial disparities. June 29, 2017 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 Strategic Planning Committee Members 3 Advisory Council Member Organizations 4 Executive Summary 5 Mission and Vision 9 Areas of Measurable Action 9 Goals and Strategies 10 Addressing First Year Cleveland's Three Priorities 10 Racial Disparities 11 Extreme Prematurity 12 Sleep-Related Infant Deaths 13 Three-Year Plan of Action 14 Organizational Description 15 Governance Structure 17 Staffing Structure 18 APPENDIX A: Description of FYC Strategic Planning Process APPENDIX B: Medicaid Funding Award APPENDIX C: Cuyahoga County 2015 Infant Mortality Story Board APPENDIX D: Data 19 20 21 22 Cuyahoga County Infant Mortality Rates 22 Table 1: Causes of Infant Death for Cuyahoga County, 2014 & 2015 22 Table 2: Number of Sleep Related Deaths by Type and Presence of Risk Factors 23 Figure 1: Cuyahoga County Infant Mortality Rate and Race, 2008-2015 23 Figure 2: Historical County Level Infant Mortality Rate Comparisons, 2009-2013 24 Outlier Cities 25 Figure 3: Infant Mortality Rates, 2009-2014 25 Healthy People Goal 2020 27 Table 3: Healthy People 2020 Infant Morbidity and Mortality Objectives 27 Birth Rate Data on Dads by Age & Race in the United States 29 Table 4: Birth rates, by age and race of father in the United States, 2012-2015 29 Insights from Baltimore 31 APPENDIX E: Organizational Comparisons: Cleveland, Baltimore, Columbus and Cincinnati 33 APPENDIX F: Definitions 34 Contact Information 35 2 Acknowledgements The First Year Cleveland (FYC) Strategic Planning Committee would like to extend its gratitude and recognition to the FYC Advisory Council Members, individuals and organizations who have participated in the planning process and worked diligently and together on this shared vision. FYC Strategic Planning Committee Members Akram Boutros, MD, FACHE Co-Chair President and Chief Executive Officer The MetroHealth System Patti DePompei Co-Chair President University Hospitals, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, MacDonald Women's Hospital Terry Allan Commissioner Cuyahoga County Board of Health Jennifer Bailit, MD Physician Executive, Practice Management And Provider Integration, Women and Children’s Health and Wellness The MetroHealth System Mitchell Balk President The Mt. Sinai Health Care Foundation Armond Budish Cuyahoga County Executive Office of the County Executive John Carl, MD Center Head, Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Cleveland Clinic Medicine Matt Carroll Chief Economic Growth and Opportunity Officer Office of the County Executive Marcia Egbert Senior Program Officer The George Gund Foundation Christin Farmer Executive Director Birthing Beautiful Communities Tim Jarm Chief Executive Officer and President The Center for Health Affairs Kevin Kelley President Cleveland City Council Michael Konstan, MD Vice Dean for Translational Research Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Stanley Miller Pastor Rust United Methodist Church Natoya Walker-Minor Chief of Public Affairs The City of Cleveland Bernadette Kerrigan Executive Director First Year Cleveland Elizabeth "Bede" Littman Senior Director, Government Relations and Strategic Initiatives Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Robert Eckardt, DrPH President Eckardt Inc. Jennifer Madden, PhD President Leverage Point Development Staff Consultants 3 FYC Advisory Council Member Organizations Academy of Medicine of Cleveland & Northern Ohio Cuyahoga County Board of Health Office of Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur Asian Services In Action (ASIA, Inc.) Cuyahoga County Council Office of Senator Robert Portman Birthing Beautiful Communities Department of Health and Human Services Office of Senator Sherrod Brown Care Alliance Health Center Fatherhood Initiative Office of Congresswoman Marcia Fudge CareSource The Free Clinic of Greater Cleveland Ohio Association of Health Plans Case Western Reserve University Foundation Center Ohio Department of Health Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine The George Gund Foundation Ohio Department of Medicaid The Center for Health Affairs The Good Community Foundation The Plain Dealer The Centers for Families and Children Hispanic Pastors Association Radio One City of Cleveland Invest in Children/Office of Early Childhood Rust United Methodist Church City of Cleveland, Public Health The Literacy Cooperative, Reach Out and Read Sisters of Charity Foundation Cleveland City Council March of Dimes Sisters of Charity Health System Cleveland Clinic Medical Mutual of Ohio Saint Luke’s Foundation cleveland.com The MetroHealth System State of Ohio, District 11 Cleveland Metropolitan School District MomsFirst Sure House Ministries Community Members, At-Large Mt. Sinai Health Care Foundation UH MacDonald Women’s Hospital Center for Community Solutions Neighborhood Family Practice UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Council for Economic Opportunities in Greater Cleveland (CEOGC) Neighborhood Leadership Institute Cuyahoga County Executive Office Northeast Ohio Neighborhood Health Services (NEON), Inc. 4 Executive Summary “While the mother is the environment of the developing fetus, the community is the environment of the mother.” Dr. Lawrence Wallack1 For parents who lose a baby just before it can survive outside of the womb or who lose a healthy infant as a result of a sleep-related event – these are tragic losses. For the City of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County, these are alarming trends that have persisted in our community for more than four decades. High Infant Mortality Rates for More Than Four Decades Choosing to no longer stand by after decades of high infant mortality rates in our community, grieving parents and their families, friends and frontline infant caregivers - as well as health system, civic, government, faithbased, the City of Cleveland, and Cuyahoga County leaders – came together to launch First Year Cleveland (FYC). With a comprehensive, county-wide effort, comprised of more than 130 best minds and passionate people representing over 40 organizations, First Year Cleveland will get to the bottom of these disturbing trends and make lasting change based on the premise that all newborns would live to celebrate their first birthday and all women in their second term of pregnancy would get those pregnancies to full term – or at least to a viable gestation. Through the strategic planning process, three major themes and questions related to the infant mortality rate in our community emerged that require our community’s attention - racial disparities, extreme prematurity, and sleep-related deaths. Racial Disparities African Americans make up 38 percent of births in Cuyahoga County but represent 69 percent of infant deaths. This racial disparity persists when controlling for education and income. Suggested reasons include structural racism2, the environment of the mother, nutritional deficiencies, and long term stress. First Year Cleveland will take a leading role in supporting research to determine the sources of the difference as an essential step to developing solutions. • Why are non-viable births disproportionately affecting African American women from all socioeconomic backgrounds? • What roles do biological variability and/or structural racism play in higher infant mortality rates in African Americans? Extreme Prematurity “We wanted our baby so much and we did everything right – diet, appropriate exercise, plenty of rest, doctors’ appointments…everything. It doesn’t make sense, it just doesn’t make sense.” Mother and father who recently suffered the loss of their baby at 20 weeks gestation http://www.bendbulletin.com/home/2017542-151/letter-going-upstream-for-the-health-of-the Structural racism is defined as the macro level systems, social forces, institutions, ideologies, and processes that interact with one another to generate and reinforce inequities among racial and ethnic groups (Powell 2008). 1 2 5 For over two decades, prematurity has been the largest contributing factor to infant mortality in Cuyahoga County. In 2015, the City of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County experienced 155 infant deaths: 87 babies or 55 percent did not survive to celebrate their first birthday with 70 or 45 percent being extremely premature births, defined as 23 weeks gestation or earlier - the vast majority of those being African American. Looking at cities with a comparable demographic mix to Cleveland and comparable access to acute care for its residents, Columbus and Cincinnati’s rates of non-viable infant and sleep-related infant deaths are lower. The same is true in Boston, New York City, and Baltimore. • Why does our community have a significantly high non-viable infant mortality rate? • Are all communities in Ohio recording non-viable birth certificates using standardized guidelines? • Is there something about Cleveland and Cuyahoga County that contributes to the high rate of African American extremely premature infant deaths? Sleep-related Deaths “I lost my beautiful baby. I fell asleep right next to her, and when I woke up, she was gone.” Mother of an infant who suffocated while sleeping Sleep-related infant deaths are the second leading cause of infant deaths. They comprise sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sudden unexplained infant death syndrome (SUIDS) and accidental suffocation. In 2015, the City of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County experienced 27 sleep-related infant deaths, an increase from the prior year. The vast majority of 2015 sleep-related deaths were SUIDS and unintentional suffocations with healthy babies prior to death. As part of our strategic plan, we learned that many parents and infant caregivers were aware of the ABC (Alone, on Back, in Crib) guidelines and had a crib or pack-n-play in the home. • What does it take to get parents and caregivers to adhere to proven practices that keep their babies safe? Mission and Vision Our Vision Every baby born in Cuyahoga County will celebrate a first birthday. Our Mission First Year Cleveland’s mission is to mobilize the community through partnerships and a unified strategy to reduce infant deaths including racial disparities. First Year Cleveland fulfills its vision and mission by creating a common understanding of the problem and leading the development and coordination of strategies to solve it. 6 Goals and Strategies First Year Cleveland is tasked with leading a new framework that is laser focused on data-driven priorities that align and coordinating systems to decrease our babies dying, particularly among African American babies. In order to achieve its vision and mission, First Year Cleveland will focus on three priorities and five areas of measurable action for 2017 through 2020: Priorities • Reduce Racial Disparities • Address Extreme Prematurity • Eliminate Sleep-related Infant Deaths Areas of Measurable Action • Establish Shared Measurement Practices • Support Coordinated Activities • Build Public Will • Advance Public Policy • Secure Funding Three Year Plan of Action Highlights Year One: Align and Coordinate. July 2017-June 2018. Organization. First Year Cleveland will begin a 2-year startup phase, hire staff, build a community presence, implement its governance plan, finalize its operational plan, and oversee grants management including program outcomes. Racial Disparities. Focus on gauging a better understanding of the roles that race and maternal stress play in infant deaths. Prematurity. Begin to collect and publish monthly data and standardize protocol and practices for recording 22 weeks and less gestation birth certificates. Safe Sleep. Identify individuals and families who are at high risk for preventable, sleep-related infant deaths through a risk assessment tool and link them with home visitor services. Year Two: Results That Matter. July 2018 – June 2019. Organization. Fund development will expand to secure support for on-going operations, community programs and fiscal sustainability. Track and publish lessons learned. Racial Disparities. Coordinate an integrated model with community leaders to address the link between structural racism and infant deaths. Prematurity. Host an annual conference on promising practices and publish results on progesterone intervention. Safe Sleep. Lead a faith-based, culturally sensitive behavioral modification plan to ensure all babies are put to sleep safely following ABC. Year Three: Lead the Way. June 2019 – July 2020. Organization. Present at national conferences, achieve sustainability, and innovate and train others. Racial Disparities. Advance R&D efforts to better understand issues impacting high rates of African American infant deaths and work to ensure that the issue of race is never overlooked in either policy or distribution of funds. Prematurity. Continue to monitor birth certificate protocol for non-viable infants and ensure that Cuyahoga County has the resources needed to be a leader in the area of premature birth research. Safe Sleep. Continue ABC public awareness campaign and train all City and County employees on ABC to reinforce safe sleep in all home visits. 7 Organizational Description Thirteen Cuyahoga County civic leaders established First Year Cleveland in late December 2015. The Advisory Council includes over 130 representatives from more than 40 organizations. This is a collaborative, grassroots effort with a bottom-up approach drawing on the experience and wisdom of parents, neighbors, frontline caregivers, as well as leaders from health systems, civic, volunteer organizations, and faith-based institutions – all focused on making a collective impact and systematic change. Initial Funding and Staff Support Both the City of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County have committed an initial $2 million for two years to begin this work. Through a competitive process, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine serves as fiscal agent for First Year Cleveland, providing in-kind services, including office space to house staff. The Ohio Department of Medicaid has provided $4.9 million over two years to support and expand community programs working to address infant mortality: Home Visiting, CenteringPregnancy, Fatherhood Initiative, Nurse Family Partnership and Faith-based Health Ambassador Program. Infant mortality is a complex issue with no single cause or solution. Other cities have lowered their rates, but only through collective efforts that bring communities together around understanding the problem and defined priorities, including a long-term commitment to solving the problem. First Year Cleveland will draw on the work of these cities as well as research findings, interviews, focus groups, and provider summits to ensure that all babies born in Cuyahoga County have the best chance of reaching their first birthday. First Year Cleveland’s initial Strategic Plan follows. 8 Mission and Vision Our Vision Every baby born in Cuyahoga County will celebrate a first birthday. Our Mission First Year Cleveland’s mission is to mobilize the community through partnerships and a unified strategy to reduce infant deaths including racial disparities. First Year Cleveland fulfills its vision and mission by creating a common understanding of the problem and leading the development and coordination strategies to solve it. First Year Cleveland’s Areas of Measurable Action Area of Measurable Action FYC Short-term Outcomes 2017-2018 FYC Intermediate Outcomes 2019-2020 Establish Shared Measurement Practices Partners understand the value of sharing data. Partners increasingly use shared data to adapt and refine their strategies. Support Coordinated Activities Partners communicate and coordinate Partners collaboratively develop new their activities toward our three priorities approaches to advance the initiative. - racial disparities, extreme prematurity, and safe sleep. Build Public Will The public develops a common Increasing numbers of community understanding of infant mortality and the members take action on the issue. need for action to lower infant mortality rates. Advance Policy Partners communicate and coordinate their activities toward common policy goals. Policy changes occur in line with initiative goals. Secure Funding Funders become more aware of the problem and initiative goals. Funding is secured to support initiative activities. 9 Goals and Strategies First Year Cleveland’s priorities are to reduce infant mortality with a focus on racial disparities, extreme prematurity, and sleep-related infant deaths. Racial Disparities Seventy percent of all premature infant deaths in 2015 were African American babies. The majority of the mothers of these infants had significant interaction with medical providers - 50 percent of which were via private insurance and self-pay rather than Medicaid. Racial disparities in infant mortality are found throughout all socio-economic status and have persisted for decades. According to Dr. Arthur James of the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, one must go as far back as 1975 to find a white infant mortality rate comparable to the 2015 African American rate. Extreme Prematurity In 2015, 70 or 45 percent of all infant deaths in Cuyahoga County were extremely premature, at 23 weeks gestation or earlier. The rate of extremely premature deaths in Cuyahoga County is higher than those in Cincinnati and Columbus. Additional data and evidence are needed to explain this regional disparity. Nonetheless, if pregnant mothers reach the 24 weeks gestation point, there is only a 0.001 rate of extreme premature infant deaths. Cuyahoga County has an excellent track record of babies reaching 24 weeks gestation who reach their first birthday, with only 17 premature deaths after 23 weeks. Sleep-related Infant Deaths Following extreme prematurity, sleep-related infant deaths are the second leading cause of infant mortality. In Cuyahoga County, there were 27 infant deaths related to sleep in 2015: healthy babies leaving the hospital after delivery and dying after going home. To address this problem, in 2014 the Ohio Department of Health launched the ABC - Alone, on Back, in Crib - sleep campaign, a statewide effort to reduce infant mortality. The Cuyahoga County Child Fatality Review Committee noted that in approximately 60 percent of all sleep-related deaths, caregivers had a crib (or other proper location) to place the baby to sleep alone. However, fatalities resulted from improper use - too many blankets, pillows, stuffed animals, or the baby was never put in the crib to sleep. To address this problem, FYC will seek funding to launch a behavior modification, media, and communications campaign along with training advisors, training and mobilization of “sleep ambassadors,” and hosting forums and workshops with parents. 10 Addressing First Year Cleveland’s Three Priorities The following charts summarize First Year Cleveland’s Areas of Measurable Action to address its three priorities: racial disparities, extreme prematurity, and sleep-related infant deaths. RACIAL DISPARITIES. African Americans make up 38 percent of births in Cuyahoga County but represent 69 percent of infant mortality deaths. This racial disparity persists when controlling for education and income. Suggested reasons include structural racism, the environment of the mother, nutritional deficiencies, and long term stress. FYC will take a leading role in supporting research to determine the sources of the difference as an essential step to developing solutions. Establish Shared Measurement Practices Support Coordinated Activities Build Public Will Advance Policy Secure Funding Ensure that partners are using shared measurement practices. Use data to inform the allocation of resources to support home visiting and other community efforts. Conduct a public awareness campaign on the need to address racial disparity in lowering infant death rates. Work with community leaders to develop policies to address this issue. Identify funding for partners’ research efforts to better understand the role of race in the issue of infant mortality. Establish a numerical goal for lowering the number of African American babies dying in Cuyahoga before their first birthday. Offer stress-related individual and groupbased interventions for African American pregnant mothers. Work with Fathers: train Alignment of access in residents and housing systems and community leaders to healthcare systems. engage and educate other community residents. 11 EXTREME PREMATURITY. For over two decades, prematurity has been the largest contributing factor to infant mortality in Cuyahoga County. FYC will take a number of steps to help reduce prematurity. Establish Shared Measurement Practices Support Coordinated Activities Build Public Will Advance Policy Secure Funding Seek federal funding for research with a focus on extreme prematurity and African Americans including factors such as stress. Work with partners to collect and distribute monthly prematurity data along with all other infant death data. Pregnancies that begin less than 18 months after a prior birth are associated with prematurity and other adverse birth results. FYC will educate parents on birthing space guidelines. 17P is a progesterone that can help prevent preterm birth in some women who have already had a preterm birth. FCY will work with others to improve its access to targeted women. Create and execute a media campaign to increase awareness of these matters. FYC will work with partners in government and academic researchers to help determine why Cuyahoga has higher rates of extreme prematurity as compared to Cincinnati and Columbus respectively. In partnership with Cuyahoga County Board of Health, publish monthly infant death reports similar to Cradle Cincinnati and OneColumbus. FYC will work to ensure that all home visiting programs prioritize home visits to mothers with past premature births and losses. Consider a patient centered care experience initiative. Recruit participants for community education and awareness campaigns. Understand the barriers to Raise resources to effective support of launch the community women seeking family campaign. planning and spacing assistance. Reduce barriers (cost and availability) of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC). Work to develop a culturally competent approach to discuss this issue with women, particularly those who have already had a loss and may wish to try pregnancy again with a limited wait. Ensure that access to long acting reversible contraception is widely available in Cuyahoga County. Ensure that One Key Question, a pregnancy intention screening program that promotes the prescription of emergency contraception, is widely available in clinical and community settings and that it is implemented in the most effective method. Connect the importance of spacing/family planning to the broader goal of reductions in infant mortality in the minds of the public. Support access to longacting reversible contraceptives for women who can benefit from improved spacing of their pregnancies. Support Tobacco 21, an effort to limit tobacco sales to personals age 21 and above. Support the funding of Title X family planning dollars for optimal child spacing. Seek funding to support an expansion of access to long-acting reversible contraceptives. Promote usage of the State of Ohio Quit Line designed specifically for pregnant women. Ensure that women and teen girls know that smoking during pregnancy can cause prematurity, low birth weight, and infant death. 12 SLEEP-RELATED INFANT DEATHS. Sleep-related infant deaths are the second leading cause of infant deaths. They comprise sudden unexplained infant death syndrome (SUIDS) and accidental suffocation. Establish Shared Measurement Practices Support Coordinated Activities With the goal of ensuring that every mother giving birth and infant caregivers in Cuyahoga County receive consistent and strong messages about safe sleep, work with partners on using data to develop a comprehensive, coordinated campaign to reduce sleep-related infant deaths. Build Public Will Advance Policy Secure Funding Work with partners to overcome cultural barriers and institute a behavioral change model for parents to reduce infant deaths. Implement best practices from other cities that use a postdelivery assessment tool and assign home visitors to families identified as at "higher risk". Working with partners, create a broad effort, including sleep ambassadors, to carry and help implement the safe sleep message to the community. As part of a broad public awareness campaign, work to ensure that the public understands ways that sleeprelated infant deaths can be reduced, such as the ABC campaign, which emphasizes the need for babies to sleep alone, on their backs and in a crib. Train city, county, and private homebased programs on the importance of increasing safe sleep practices. Identify resources to carry out these initiatives. Ensure access to safe sleeping surface equipment in the homes of mothers, fathers and/or infant caretakers where a baby spends significant amounts of time. Work with fathers to improve their knowledge of safe sleep practices and, caring for infants in general; widely distribute information in multiple formats — flyers, magnets, and information available at corner stores. Engage early learning programs, K- 12 public and private schools, universities, and corporations in the awareness campaign. Launch a community-wide communications and social media campaign. 13 Three Year Plan of Action July 2017- June 2020 July 2017 - June 2018 July 2018 - June 2019 July 2019 - June 2020 Year 1: ALIGN AND COORDINATE Year 2: RESULTS THAT MATTER Year 3: LEAD THE WAY Organization – Establish FYC as a backbone organization – Develop three-year operational plan – Hire staff – Select and kick off Executive Committee – Organize quarterly Advisory Council and Executive Committee meetings – Launch Policy and Advocacy Subcommittees under Advisory Council – Implement FYC website with CWRU – Begin publishing monthly infant mortality data – Manage ODM funded programs: $4.9 M – Oversee 2 year start up: City and County $2.0 M – Design sustainability plan – Operate as an effective backbone organization – Finalize long-term parent organization – Organize quarterly Advisory Council and Executive Committee meetings – Manage ODM funded programs: $4.9M – Oversee 2 year start up: City and County $2.0 M – Execute sustainability plan – Make course corrections as required – Operate as an effective backbone organization – Make course corrections as required – Organize quarterly Advisory Council and Executive Committee meetings – Present Cleveland’s story at national conferences – Publish FYC’s work – Serve as a national model – Innovate and train others – Achieve sustainability Racial Disparities – Lead an awareness campaign in partnership with Racial Equity Institute, Cleveland Neighborhood Progress, Cleveland-Cuyahoga Chapter Ohio Equity Institute and Cuyahoga County Board of Health – Lead research efforts to better understand the roles race and maternal stress play in infant deaths – Engage private insurance firms and corporations in addressing the impact of African American prematurity on their employees and business operations – Gain further understanding from African American families that have experienced an infant loss – Set a five-year metric goal – Monitor and publish extreme prematurity racial – Establish an academically-driven research and disparities data development effort to gain a better understanding of systems issues impacting African American infant – Within CenteringPregnancy and CenteringParenting deaths and what must be done to remove structural programs, incorporate proven stress related racism interventions targeted towards expecting African American parents – Ensure that the issue of race is never overlooked in policy or in distribution of infant mortality funds – Secure funding for children’s programming to be held at the same time as expectant parents’ programming – Coordinate an integrated model with housing, education, healthcare, and public sector leaders to address the link between structural racism and infant death – Work with Ohio’s Department of Medicaid and Health and Perinatal Quality Collaborative to improve access to progesterone for all eligible, high-risk pregnant women to link/coordinate home-visiting programs with high-risk prenatal care clinics – Immediately following a loss within the hospital setting, offer bereavement home visitor services – Set a standard protocol and practice for recording birth certificates for 22 weeks and under gestation – Create Learning Circles with local birth hospitals and researchers/experts to identify and resolve issues contributing to infant deaths – Collect/publish data monthly on prematurity – Request Ohio Department of Health to track 22 weeks or less gestation infant deaths as a uniform data point, separate from extreme prematurity, defined as 27 weeks’ gestation or less – Work with providers to increase public awareness of birth spacing guidelines and access to LARC – Secure funding to support effective local programs – Lead an annual conference on new findings, promising practices – Monitor and publish results on progesterone intervention – Work with Ohio Department of Health on ensuring statewide standardized practices for birth and death certificates for extreme premature infant deaths – Publish monthly prematurity death data along with other data in partnership with Birth Hospitals Infant Mortality Team and High Risk OB teams – Assure that “One Key Question” is implemented widely in clinical and community settings and that it is implemented in the most effective method – Support the funding of Title X family planning Prematurity – Monitor to ensure standard set of practices on extreme premature birth and death certificates are being maintained – With March of Dimes, ensure Cuyahoga County has the resources required to be a leader in prematurity research – Secure funding to support research efforts related to prematurity factors Safe Sleep – Implement an in-hospital risk assessment tool and link with home visitor services for high risk families – Publish monthly infant death data on FYC website – Promote use of free State of Ohio Quit Line – Support Tobacco21, an effort to limit tobacco sales to persons’ age 21 and above – Model MetroHealth ‘s employee sleep ambassador program throughout the county – Working with Ohio Department of Health, launch a public awareness campaign – With neighborhood and faith-based leaders, launch a – Train city and county employees working with all ages culturally sensitive behavioral modification plan on ABC to reinforce safe sleep in all households that they visit – Launch a grass roots neighborhood effort - Campaigns to Conversations - for entire families – Work with Fatherhood Initiative and Fathers’ Collaborative to engage and have fathers take part in safe sleep efforts – Engage early learning programs, K-12 public and private schools, universities in leading an ABC community-wide campaign 14 Organizational Description Overview of the Problem. In Ohio, 1,005 babies died before their first birthday in 2015, a five-percent increase from 955 in 2014. For Cuyahoga County, the infant mortality rate (number of deaths of live-born babies before age 1 per 1,000 live births), was 10.5 in 2015. For the same period, the rate in Cleveland was 15.9, a 41 percent increase from 11.3 in 2014, and nearly three times the national average. There are significant differences in the infant mortality rate at the neighborhood level. For example, analyzing the years 2012 to 2015, a report from the Cleveland Department of Health found that the Lee-Harvard neighborhood had the highest infant mortality rate at 34.4 (a total of 12 infant deaths in one community), while in the Glenville neighborhood, 23 infants died (infant mortality rate of 15). In Cleveland, disparities between white and African American populations are dramatic and require a sense of urgency, as African American babies die at twice the rate as white infants. In Ohio, the contrast is more shocking. Last year in Ohio, the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) for African Americans was 15.1. The rate for white babies was 5.5. This means an African American baby born in Ohio was nearly three times as likely to die before reaching a first birthday as a white baby. In addition, African American women at every socioeconomic level have higher rates of infant mortality than white women who have not finished high school. Our Community. Cleveland has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the United States, with some areas of the city comparable to many lesser-developed countries. These high rates are especially tragic, given the presence of internationally recognized medical institutions, outstanding nonprofit providers, committed public health systems, and active and trusted neighborhood and faith-based institutions. Since the late 1960s, there have been three major efforts to reduce infant mortality in the region, primarily using a neighborhood based social services intervention strategy. Although there were improvements in certain areas, there has been limited progress in reducing overall rates and longstanding racial disparities. Infant mortality is a complex issue with no single cause or solution. Other cities have lowered their rates, but only through collective efforts that bring communities together around defined priorities, including a longterm commitment to solving the problem. The Organization. Thirteen Cuyahoga County civic leaders established First Year Cleveland on December 30, 2015, to reduce the rate of babies dying before their first birthdays, particularly African American infants, who make up a disproportionately large share of these early deaths. The Cuyahoga County Executive, Cuyahoga County Council, City of Cleveland Mayor, and Cleveland City Council made an initial commitment of $2 million to begin to execute this important work. In a competitive process, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine was selected to serve as fiscal agent for FYC through April 2019. It is providing generous in-kind services, including providing office space for FYC staff, to help launch a county-wide initiative. In November 2016, an executive director was hired to lead the charge. In support of the new campaign, the Ohio Department of Medicaid provided $4.86 million to support home visiting, group prenatal care, a fatherhood initiative, and faith-based programs in the community. FYC operates under a framework of using data to gain insights from past successes and failures in reducing infant mortality, with an aim to develop and adapt efforts to fit today’s needs and circumstances. 15 The FYC strategic planning process sought to examine the problem from many angles and levels in the community including outreach to parents, faith-based leaders, service providers, neighborhood residents, researchers, public and private sector leaders, health care experts, and educators. First Year Cleveland coordinates, links, and inspires the efforts of existing programs and efforts against a common problem. Inter-organizational collaborations can amass expertise, attract resources and increase efficiency, ignite common desires to work across and within sectors, and create shared feelings of responsibility. It also increases the sense that something can be accomplished together which was not possible by any of the organizations acting alone. FYC combines a collaborative, grassroots, bottom-up approach with a collective impact top-down framework. FYC Priorities. First Year Cleveland’s priorities are to reduce racial disparities, extreme prematurity, and sleep-related infant deaths. FYC coordinates, links and inspires the efforts of new and existing programs and services to defeat a common problem. 16 Governance Structure Governance Framework FYC Community Advisory Council FYC Executive Committee Membership Unlimited Not to exceed 16: • Ten standing appointed members from: MetroHealth System, UH MacDonald Women’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, Cuyahoga County Executive Office, City of Cleveland mayor (or designee), Cleveland City Council, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cuyahoga County Board of Health, and City of Cleveland Board of Health. • Six (6) rotating appointments from Public Policy Entities, Philanthropic, Corporate, Faith-based Institutions, Providers, and two (2) at-large Community Advisory Council Members. Meeting Frequency Quarterly Quarterly Standing Committees Public Policy Advocacy Role • • • • • • Members serve as ambassadors to advance FYC mission Monitors strategic results and course corrects Supports FYC overall and FYC core values Helps align work of individual agencies with that of FYC priorities Uses data to identify and prioritize efforts Members serve periodically on committees and task forces as requested Governance • • • • • • • • • • Fiduciary Strategy oversight Fund development Develops overall system view of infant mortality Advances shared responsibility accountability system Maintains a collaborative environment Uses data to identify and prioritize efforts Helps align work of individual agencies with that of FYC Supports FYC’s role as a coordinating organization Oversees FYC grant management including fund distribution and evaluation 17 Staffing Creating and managing collective impact requires a separate organization and staff. Position Role Percent Effort Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Leadership Team Fiscal Agent along with FYC staff recruitment and hiring, HR, legal, grants management, fund development In-Kind Support Executive Director Staff the Community Advisory Council and Executive Committee, Fund Raising, External Affairs, Collaborations and Learning Circles 1- Full-time equivalent (FTE) Project Manager, Racial Lead Racial Disparities Initiative, Grant Disparities Manager and Programs Evaluation 1-FTE Communications & Marketing Expert Communications, Marketing, Public Relations, 1-FTE and Public Policy Data Systems Expert Data Management 1-FTE 18 APPENDIX A Description of FYC Strategic Planning Process First Year Cleveland (FYC) began its strategic planning process in February 2017. A 15-member Strategic Planning Committee, chaired by Patti DePompei, president of University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children & MacDonald Women’s Hospitals, and Dr. Akram Boutros, president of the MetroHealth System, along with over 140 Advisory Council members representing more than 40 organizations, actively participated in the planning process. The process included the following planning activities, which fostered rich interactions and community mobilization, and informed the direction outlined in the FYC Strategic Plan: • Comprehensive data analyses and assessments • Nine individual interviews conducted with key stakeholders • A focus group with the Fatherhood Collaborative • Meetings and dialogue with key stakeholder groups including: Cuyahoga County Executive Office leaders, Ohio Department of Health, Ohio Minority Health Commission, MetroHealth’s Infant Mortality Internal Team, University Hospital’s MacDonald Women’s Hospital Infant Mortality Internal Team, The Cleveland Clinic Infant Mortality Internal Team, The Center for Community Solutions, Centers for Health Affairs, The Mt. Sinai Health Care Foundation, The George Gund Foundation, Sisters of Charity Foundation, Federally Qualified Health Centers - Care Alliance, NEON, Neighborhood Family Practice - Home Visiting Collaborative, Invest in Children, Cuyahoga County Board of Health, City of Cleveland Health Department, Centering Collaborative, Ohio Equity Institute, Cleveland-Cuyahoga Ohio Equity Institute, MomsFirst and its partners, Cleveland Neighborhood Progress, March of Dimes and March of Dimes Prematurity Collaborative • Interviews with other cities that have significantly decreased their rate of babies dying included: B’More for Healthy Babies in Baltimore, along with wins across Ohio including CelebrateOne in Columbus and Cradle Cincinnati • An electronic feedback survey • Discussions with a range of experts including pregnant mothers and fathers, parents who had lost a child, providers including: medical, public systems, faith based, nonprofits, educational institutions, and public health, the city, county, state, and federal experts Planning Committee Meetings. Since February 2017, both the FYC Strategic Planning Committee and the FYC Community Advisory Council convened three times: • The initial meeting posed the question - if FYC exceeded expectations in three years, what did the community envision its accomplishments to be? • The second meeting highlighted presentations with experts on prematurity with an emphasis on extreme prematurity, family spacing, and sleep-related infant mortality • The third meeting’s conversations and presentations focused on race, equity, and tobacco use 19 APPENDIX Medicaid Funding Award ?rst year ?cieveiand Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, serving as fisca/ agent for First Year Cleve/and Ohio Department of Medicaid Funding Denotes AWARD 2 CENTERING HOME FATHERHOOD SAFE PREGNANCY VISITING SERVICES SLEEP AGENCY CONTRACT Program Awards PROGRAM TOTAL 556,000.00 Birthing Beautiful University Circle Inc. Communities 556,000.00 1,112,000 97,000 Fatherhood Iniative 84,000 97,000 Cuyahoga County Contract 1 of 3 Boot Camp for Dads 103,000 103,000 Cuyahoga County Contract 2 of 3 MomsFirst 472,700 472,700 OIMRI 971,300 971,300 305,000 Centering Pregnancy 305,000 610,000 300,000 Neighborhood Family Practice (NFP) 300,000 600,000 MetroHealth Nurse Family Partnership 500,000.00 155,000 Care Alliance 155,000 310,000 Total Award 1 760,000 2,000,000.00 200,000 - 2,960,000 Total Award 2 760,000 1,056,000.00 - 84,000 1,900,000 Total Award Amount to Date 4,860,000 20 APPENDIX Cuyahoga County 2015 Infant Mortality Story Board 2915 Story Board First Year Cleveland (FYC) mobilizes the community through partnerships and a uni?ed strategy to reduce infant deaths and racial disparities Cuyahoga County .5 5, POPULATION POVERTY RATE 1,255,921 19.3% 2915 BIRTHS WHITE - 7,481 DATA 8443:31mmW-m mm COVERED BABIES CELEBRATING BABIES NOT CELEBRATING 933$?ng . A FIRST BIRTHDAY A FIRST BIRTHDAY NCN MEDICAID 4, 689 E55 COVERED 7,853 . PRENATAL CARE PRENATAL CARE PRENATAL CARE NO STARTED IN IST STARTED IN 2ND STARTED IN 3RD PRENATAL TRIMESTER TRIMESTER TRIMESTER CARE Elev E?u? 69.3% 21.9% 6.9% 1.9% THE PROBLEM: WHY OUR BABIES ARE DYING IO 55 BABIES NOT CELEBRATING A FIRST BIRTHDAY EXTREME PREMATURITY 87 61 AFRICAN AMERICAN 70 AT 23 WEEK GESTATION AND LESS 21 BIRTH DEFECTS INFECTIONS, PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS 6 OTHER MEDICAL CAUSES RACIAL DISPARITIES INFANT DEATH BY RACE: AFRICAN AMERICANS FROM ALL SOCIOECONOMIC LEVELS 107 (69% AFRICAN AMERICAN FOR AFRICAN 47 WHITE AMERICANS THE 1 OTHER 7 SLEEP RELATED (PREVENTABLE) 4 HOMICIDE LEADING CAUSE OF INFANT DEATH IS EXTREME ACCIDENT PREMATURITY THE SOLUTION: HOWVVE PLAN TO SAVE OUR BABIES First Year Cleveland is leading a new framework that is laser focused on data-driven priorities that align and coordinate systems to decrease our babies dying, particularly among African American babies. 8.8.17 First Year Cleveland Priorities RACIAL DISPARITIES Structural Racism Interplay between race, equity and infant mortality African Americans have a high rate of premature babies PREMATURITY Emphasis on extreme premature (22 weeks and less gestation) For over two decades, prematurity has been the largest contributing factor to infant mortality in Cuyahoga County SAFE SLEEP Second largest cause of infant death 100% Preventable Exposure to ?rst and second hand smoke is a known risk factor 21 APPENDIX D Data Cuyahoga County Infant Mortality Rates Cuyahoga County has a population of 1,255,921 with a poverty rate of 19.3%. In 2015, there were 294,179 women in Cuyahoga County of childbearing years (between age 15 to 50). From this number were 14,844 births with a racial breakdown of 7,481 (50.4%) white; 5,670 (38.2%) African American; and 1,692 (11.4%) other. While most babies celebrated their first birthday, 155 did not. In 2015, there were 155 infant deaths with 87 due to prematurity (56%) representing a 14% increase in prematurity deaths over 2014. There was also a significant increase in sleep-related infant deaths with 27 (17%) representing a 42% increase over 2014 when there were only 19 sleep-related deaths (see Table 1). Table 1: Causes of Infant Death for Cuyahoga County, 2014 & 20153 2015 2015 Percent of Total 2014 2014 Percent of Total 2014 to 2015 Increase or (Decrease) 2014 to 2015 Percentage Change Prematurity 87 56% 76 63% 11 14% Sleep Related 27 17% 19 16% 8 42% Birth Defect 21 14% 13 11% 8 62% Other Medical Causes 4 3% 2 2% 2 100% Homicide 4 3% 2 2% 2 100% Infection 7 5% 3 2% 4 133% Accidental - Injury Related 1 1% 0 0% 1 100% Cancer 0 0% 1 1% (1) -100% Motor Vehicle Accident 0 0% 1 1% (1) -100% Other Perinatal Complications 4 3% 3 2% 1 33% Undetermined – Other 0 0% 1 1% (1) -100% 155 100% 121 100% 34 28% Cause of Death Total 3 http://protectingourfuture.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf 22 Of the 27 sleep-related infant deaths represented, ten were accidental suffocation; 16 were SUID/undetermined due to potential hazards in the sleep environment. One sleep related death was ruled SIDS, but the case indicated potential risk factors in the sleep environment. Seventeen deaths involved surface sharing, which is the second-highest number in the last ten years. All sleep related deaths involved some type of sleep hazard such as soft bed surface, position in which baby was placed, pillows, blankets, and other items in the sleep environment (see Table 2). The data strongly support the importance of putting babies to sleep alone, on their back, in a recommended sleeping place (bassinet, crib, or pack-n-play), and keeping hazards outside of the sleep environment.4 The infant mortality rate is the highest it has been since 2009 (see Figure 1). County level infant mortality rates for 2009 to 2013 are presented to illustrate variations across race for counties in Ohio, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Colorado (see Figure 2). Table 2: Number of Sleep Related Deaths by Type and Presence of Risk Factors Sleep Related Death Factor 2015 2014 Risk Factor Present 2015 2014 1 0 SUID/Undetermined 16 17 Surface sharing at time of death 17 10 Accidental Suffocation 10 2 Hazards in sleep area 27 19 Total Sleep Related Deaths 27 19 Total Sleep Related Deaths 44 29 SIDS Figure 1: Cuyahoga County Infant Mortality Rate and Race, 2008-20155 24 19.5 20 18.7 15.5 16.7 16.6 14.5 14.7 9.6 8.9 8.9 5.9 2013 16 10.5 12 9.1 9.3 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.8 6.1 4 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 8 14.4 10.5 Cuyahoga County African American White 8 4.7 2014 6.1 2015 http://protectingourfuture.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf, p.18. http://protectingourfuture.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf and https://www.odh.ohio.gov/s/2015-Ohio-IMReport.pdf 4 5 23 Figure 2: Historical County Level Infant Mortality Rate Comparisons, 2009-2013 x1: x1: (am-omen mwmammwm Wot-Common mwmaumwm a yr 2 13.l1 13.07 Mbw??mwm 11! 12.16 memoo mailman who.) 17.17 17.83 x1: x1: x1: _m WMJAD 16.85 10.52 -w -m -w ?m 190 12.57 9.3 mmsmuo mwmaumwm - 9 U. ?6~25 8 6.Salon wan-Imo? 24 Outlier Cities Boston and New York have been very effective in reducing infant mortality rates. Both cities attribute their success to executing a consistent, concerted effort over a long-time frame. Boston. More than a decade ago the Boston Public Health Commission identified infant mortality, and particularly racial disparity in infant mortality, as a primary area of focus. It set a public goal to reduce the disparity over a decade long commitment. As a result of this focused effort, both the overall IM rate and the African American IM rates have fallen. African American infant mortality rates fell as low as 6.6 in 2012, although there is year to year variation and the most recent rate was 9.1. In fact, African American IM in Boston is currently lower than Mass. statewide African American rates. In addition to lower IM rates, Boston reports dramatic declines in low birthweight and preterm births as well (see Figure 3). The Commission reports three major areas of focus: • Housing—eligible pregnant women are rapidly moved into available public housing slots through a partnership of the Commission and the Housing Authority. • Family planning discussions—Boston has heavily promoted the “One Key Question” program that encourages physicians to ask women about pregnancy plans and to refer to long acting contraception for women who are not planning pregnancies. • Home visiting using a standardized approach that the Commission validates - This has aligned and focused resources using a standard approach to provision of a variety of health and social service programs with a unified approach. The focus is on uninsured, smokers, HS education or less and overweight/obese. Figure 3: Infant Mortality Rates, 2009 - 2014 New York City. In 2002, after a period of rising IM rates, the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene launched its Infant Mortality Reduction Initiative. This was supported by a $100 million levy campaign through the New York City Council targeting ten neighborhoods and using five regional coordinating bodies. Although carried out through multiple agencies, the “Department works to increase efficiency and coordination of these infant mortality reduction efforts”. Each regional coordinating body develops an individualized approach for the neighborhoods it targets, which can include a variety of outreach, support and case management services, along with a strong evaluation component. Unlike Boston, the focus was not on racial disparities per se but the overall rate in the city. 25 Most recent data for New York City puts the infant mortality rate at an all-time low of 4.6/1000, basically at the Healthy People 2010 goal of 4.5. Targeted neighborhoods have also seen major declines. Central Harlem, for example, saw its rate decline from 27.7 in 1990 to 6.1 in 2008. Although racial disparities persist (African American rate of 8.3 in the city), they too have narrowed from the beginning of the initiative. With the overall rate declining, the individual neighborhood efforts have been complemented by a targeted community-wide safe sleep campaign. This effort uses the title “Back to Sleep” and works throughout the city, not just in the targeted neighborhoods. Celebrate One in Columbus uses the reductions in New York to challenge its community. “If they can do it in New York we can do it here.” In conclusion, two somewhat diverse cities have seen remarkable declines through decade long commitments to IM rate reduction. In each case, significant additional funding was made available and consistent approaches were followed with strong public health sector leadership. Targeted efforts to address either disparities or overall high rates led to declines which seem to have been sustainable over a period of time, although evaluation data to tease out particularly effective interventions from among a number followed in each city do not exist. 26 Healthy People Goal 2020 In December 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced a new health promotion and disease prevention agenda for the nation—Healthy People 2020 (HP2020). The mission of the 10-year initiative is to: identify nationwide health improvement priorities; increase public awareness and understanding of the determinants of health, disease, and disability and the opportunities for progress; provide measurable objectives and goals that are applicable at the national, state, and local levels; engage multiple sectors to take actions to strengthen policies and improve practices that are driven by the best available evidence and knowledge; and identify critical research, evaluation, and data collection needs. The overarching goals of the initiative include: attaining high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; achieving health equity, eliminating disparities, and improving the health of all groups; creating social and physical environments that promote good health for all; and promoting quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. The maternal, infant and child health goal for HP2020 is to improve the health and well-being of women, infants, children and families. Maternal, Infant, and Child Health (MICH). There are key objectives around infant morbidity and mortality (MICH-1) focused on reducing the rate of fetal and infant deaths (see Table 3). Table 3: Healthy People 2020 Infant Morbidity and Mortality Objectives6 MICH 6 Objective Baseline Target MICH-1.1 Reduce the rate of fetal deaths at 20 or more weeks of gestation. 6.2 fetal deaths at 20 or more weeks of gestation per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths occurred in 2005. 5.6 fetal deaths per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths. MICH-1.2 Reduce the rate of fetal and infant deaths during perinatal period (28 weeks of gestation to less than 7 days after birth). 6.6 fetal and infant deaths per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths occurred during the perinatal period (28 weeks of gestation to less than 7 days after birth) in 2005. 5.9 perinatal deaths per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths. MICH-1.3 Reduce the rate of all infant deaths (within 1 year). 6.7 infant deaths per 1,000 live births occurred within the first year of life in 2006. 6.0 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. MICH-1.4 Reduce the rate of neonatal deaths (within the first 28 days of life). 4.5 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births occurred within the first 28 days of life in 2006. 4.1 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births. MICH-1.5 Reduce the rate of post neonatal deaths (between 28 days and 1 year). 2.2 post neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births occurred between 28 days and 1 year of life in 2006. 2.0 post neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/maternal-infant-and-child-health/objectives 27 MICH Objective Baseline Target MICH-1.6 Reduce the rate of infant deaths related to birth defects (all birth defects). 1.4 infant deaths per 1,000 live births were attributed to birth defects (all birth defects) in 2006. 1.3 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. MICH-1.7 Reduce the rate of infant deaths related to birth defects (congenital heart defects). 0.38 infant deaths per 1,000 live births were attributed to congenital heart and vascular defects in 2006. 0.34 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. MICH-1.8 Reduce the rate of infant deaths 0.55 infant deaths per 1,000 live births from sudden infant death syndrome were attributed to sudden infant death (SIDS). syndrome in 2006. 0.50 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. MICH-1.9 Reduce the rate of infant deaths from sudden unexpected infant deaths (includes SIDS, Unknown Cause, Accidental Suffocation, and Strangulation in Bed). 0.84 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. 0.93 infant deaths per 1,000 live births were attributed to sudden unexpected/unexplained causes in 2006. HP 2020 challenges the nation to achieve an infant mortality rate of 6/1,000 by 2020. Ohio’s strategies to address infant mortality and preterm birth are supported through statewide partnerships and include strengthening connections between families and community support systems, improving the quality of care provided to women before, during, and after pregnancy and to their infants after delivery, and aligning with statewide efforts to reduce sleep-related infant deaths. Through collaboration and a focus on eliminating disparities, all babies in Ohio can live to see their first birthday.7 7 http://www.odh.ohio.gov/2015/Infant-Mortality-Reduction-Plan.pdf 28 Birth Rate Data on Dads by Age & Race in the United States Age and race of father.8 The fertility rate of men for the United States in 2015 was 46.1 births per 1,000 men aged 15–54. Information on age of father is often missing on birth certificates of children born to women under age 25 and to unmarried women. In 2015, age of father was not reported for 12% of all births, 31% of births to all women under age 20, and 28% of all non-marital births. Note also that the father’s race was not reported for 18.3% of all records; rates by Hispanic origin of father are not shown because of concerns about reliability of these data. Table 4: Birth rates, by age and race of father in the United States (2012 to 2015)9 All Races Age of Father Year 15-54 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55+ 2015 46.1 10.4 51.6 87.4 103.8 69.1 28.6 9.6 2.9 0.4 2014 46.3 11.3 53.9 89.7 103.9 68.8 27.9 9.3 2.8 0.4 2013 45.8 12.3 55.7 90.6 101.8 66.6 27.0 8.8 2.7 0.3 2012 46.1 13.8 58.3 92.5 102.0 65.9 26.8 8.6 2.6 0.3 White Age of Father Year 15-54 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55+ 2015 44.4 9.4 48.2 87.9 104.8 67.1 26.1 8.1 2.3 0.2 2014 44.4 10.1 50.1 89.8 104.4 66.5 25.3 7.9 2.2 0.2 2013 43.8 10.9 51.3 90.4 102.5 64.6 24.6 7.4 2.1 0.2 2012 44.0 12.1 53.7 92.3 102.5 63.4 24.4 7.3 2.1 0.2 8 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf 9 Rates are births per 1,000 men in specified group. Populations based on counts enumerated as of April 1 for census years and estimated as of July 1 for all other years. Missing values for age of father not stated have been distributed. Source: National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 66, No. 1, January 5, 2017 29 Black Age of Father Year 15-54 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55+ 2015 57.2 17.5 80.2 105.3 100.6 72.2 38.2 16.3 6.5 1.1 2014 57.8 19.1 84.4 108.4 101.0 71.2 37.0 15.9 6.1 1.1 2013 58.0 21.5 88.7 111.5 99.3 69.2 36.1 15.5 6.0 1.0 2012 58.2 24.6 93.8 112.7 98.0 68.2 35.1 14.6 5.7 1.0 30 Insights from Baltimore Lana Wen, MD, Health Commissioner for Baltimore County spoke at the City Club on April 14, 2017. The presentation encouraged three critical tasks—identify success stories, the cost of doing nothing, and to call out problems. Framing of the FYC work through this lens is outlined below. Stories of Success: MomsFirst, Boot Camp for New Dads, Safe Sleep Education, Ohio Institute for Equity in Birth Outcomes, OEI (Ohio Equity Institute). OEI is a partnership between Ohio Department of Health, select urban health departments, and CityMatCH (a national membership organization that supports urban maternal and child health efforts at the local level). The focus of OEI is to partner with nine (9) urban Ohio communities to improve overall birth outcomes through the implementation of evidence-based strategies to reduce the racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality. Cleveland/Cuyahoga County OEI team receive training as they select, implement, and evaluate equity-focused projects. Best practices selected include: • Upstream Approach – decrease unplanned pregnancies with the increased use of long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC). • Downstream Approach – expand CenteringPregnancy® or group prenatal care. As a result of these efforts, 90% of clinicians are able to provide same-day insertion of a LARC and 100% of the hospitals provide CenteringPregnancy® or group prenatal appointments as a standard of care. • In June 2015, OEI organized a community event, “One Life, One Voice, One Community: Every baby deserves a 1st birthday,” to raise awareness of infant mortality and connect community members with resources. • In 2016, a documentary titled “One Life” focused on the many factors that contribute to infant mortality. This video has been shared with family serving agencies and the community (https://vimeo.com/164384561). • In July 2014, a Fetal Infant Mortality Review Committee was established to review the root causes of fetal and infant deaths in Cuyahoga County. Cost of Doing Nothing: Economic Impact of Infant Mortality.10 Infant mortality and poor birth outcomes have a significant financial impact on Ohio, although it is not easy to quantify that impact. Most of the information available addresses costs from low birth weight (babies born under 5.5 pounds or 2,500 grams) and preterm birth, a closely associated condition. Prematurity because (babies born before 37 weeks gestation) is the leading clinical risk factor for infant death in Ohio. The medical and social services that are required by premature, low birth weight and very low birth weight infants are significant and the costs are high to society and the American taxpayer. • In 2013, 70,479 babies were born to mothers enrolled in Ohio’s Medicaid program, accounting for 52% of live births in Ohio. Prenatal and delivery services totaled $596,126,541 according to the Ohio Department of Medicaid. • Low birth weight babies that survive the first year incur medical bills averaging $93,800. First-year expenses for the smallest survivors’ average $273,900 (March of Dimes). • Significant savings can accrue from enabling mothers to add a few ounces to a baby’s weight before birth. An increase of 250 grams (about 1/2 pound) in birth weight saves an average of $12,000 to $16,000 in first-year medical expenses (March of Dimes). • 16,944 babies (12.2% of live births) were born prematurely in 2013 (ODH Vital Statistics). 10 Source: http://www.odh.ohio.gov/2015/Infant-Mortality-Reduction-Plan.pdf, p.4-5. 31 • • Nationally, in 2014, March of Dimes reported that the average 2007 cost for premature babies was $453,393. Prematurity affects almost 11% of babies covered by employer health plans (March of Dimes). None of these figures include: • The many thousands of dollars premature delivery, low birth weight, and infant death cost employers in absenteeism and lost productivity. • The cost associated with maternity hospitalizations or long-term health problems and disabilities often experienced by babies born too early. • Re-hospitalization costs, many other medical and social service costs and, when the child enters school, often large special-education expenses. These public expenses can go on for a lifetime (March of Dimes). • Prevention presents an opportunity for considerable cost savings: • Analysis of vital statistics data of areas with the worst birth outcomes consistently reflect lower educational attainment, higher unemployment and lower median household incomes compared to areas with the best birth outcomes. Each of these is a social determinant of health. Prematurity also impacts the financial stability of our health care system. Almost 1,800 babies were born preterm in 2015 in Cuyahoga County; the estimated medical cost for nurturing these preterm infants was approximately $100 million.11 11 http://protectingourfuture.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf, p.16. 32 APPENDIX E Organizational Comparisons: Cleveland, Baltimore, Columbus and Cincinnati Program, Location, Launch, and Fiscal Agent Vision Mission Intended Outcomes First Year Cleveland Cleveland, Ohio 2015 Case Western Reserve School of Medicine Every baby born in Cuyahoga County will celebrate a first birthday. First Year Cleveland mobilizes the community through partnerships and a unified strategy to reduce infant deaths including racial disparities. Backbone organization that addresses: (1) racial disparities; (2) extreme prematurity (22 weeks and less gestation); and (3) sleeprelated infant deaths. B’more for Healthy Babies Baltimore, Maryland 2010 Baltimore City Health Department All of Baltimore’s babies are born at a healthy weight, full term, and ready to thrive in healthy families. Together, Baltimore City Health Department, Family League of Baltimore, and HealthCare Access Maryland works together to improve polices and services to decrease infant mortality. High-impact service areas to address: (1) healthcare; (2) prenatal care; (3) home visiting; (4) nutrition; (5) substance-use (smoking, drugs, alcohol); (6) behavioral health; (7) safe sleep education; (8) breastfeeding; and (9) family planning. Cradle Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 2011 Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Every child born in Hamilton County lives to see their first birthday. Separate organizations coming together in truly aligned partnerships using the same data, measurement and goals. (1) Prevent prematurity by increasing the amount of time between each women's pregnancy; (2) Reduce tobacco usage and other substance abuse in pregnancy; and (3) Promote safe sleep for babies. CelebrateOne Columbus, Ohio 2014 Columbus Health Department Every baby deserves to celebrate his or her first birthday. To carry out the eight recommendations to reduce mortality by 40% and cut the racial health disparity gap by 2020. (1) Decrease babies born too small or too soon; (2) Decrease sleep related deaths; (3) Reduce tobacco usage and other substance abuse in pregnancy; and (4) Decrease racial disparities. 33 APPENDIX F Definitions Term Definition Health Equity Health equity represents the ability of marginalized groups to achieve optimal health. Health Inequity A difference or disparity in health outcomes that is systematic, avoidable, and unjust. Infant Younger than 1 year old. Infant Mortality Deaths of infants in the period from birth to less than 1 year of age. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) The number of deaths of live-born babies before age 1 per 1,000 live births. Neonatal Mortality Death before the age of 28 completed days after livebirth. Rates are calculated per 1,000 livebirths. Perinatal Mortality Stillbirths and deaths in the period from 24 weeks of gestation to 7 completed days after livebirths. Rates are calculated per 1,000 total births. Preventable Deaths Those in which modifiable factors may have contributed to the death. These factors are defined as those which, by means of nationally or locally achievable interventions, could be modified to reduce the risk of future infant deaths. Post-neonatal mortality Deaths of infants from 28 days to 364 days old. Rates are calculated per 1,000 livebirths. Sleep-Related Infant Deaths Deaths of infants (younger than 1 year old) that occur while sleeping. Three classifications (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome—SIDS; Accidental Suffocation; Sudden Unexplained Infant Death—SUID/Undetermined). Sudden Infant Death Syndrome—SIDS A sudden, unexplained death of an infant (younger than 1 year old). It is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that after an extensive review the infant’s medical history, a complete autopsy, and a death scene investigation, no cause can be identified. Accidental Suffocation A result of another person lying on the baby, wedging of the baby, or the baby’s face, in a soft surface such as a pillow, blanket, or bumper pad. Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Syndrome— SUID/Undetermined Ruled as the cause of death when an exact reason cannot be found, but the scene investigation indicates that there were dangers in the baby’s sleep area. Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) The circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness. These circumstances are, in turn, shaped by a wider set of forces: economics, social policies, and politics. Social determinants of health are the root causes of health disparities. Structural Racism Structural racism is defined as the macro level systems, social forces, institutions, ideologies, and processes that interact with one another to generate and reinforce inequities among racial and ethnic groups (Powell 2008). 34 Bernadette Kerrigan Executive Director First Year Cleveland Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine 2109 Adelbert Road Biomedical Research Building Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Bernadette.kerrigan@case.edu Office: 216-368-6870 Cell: 216-469-5986 35