AFRICA’S FISHERIES’ PARADISE AT A CROSSROADS INVESTIGATIING CHINESE COMPANIES’ ILLEGAL FISHING PRACTICES IN WEST AFRICA Fishing port of Kafountine, Casamance, Senegal © Clément Tardif / Greenpeace FULL REPORT CONTENT Abbreviations 01 Executive Summary 02 1.0 Growing bigger and going global: the rise of Chinese DWF 05 2.0 Jumping on the bandwagon: The making of Chinese DWF expansion 08 2.1 Out on the hunt for seafood 08 2.2 A heavily subsidized expansion 10 African fisheries at a crossroads: A path to sustainable development? 13 3.1 West African seas: Crisis in a fishermen’s paradise 14 3.2 Institutionalized overfishing: Exploitation under African flags 15 3.3 Chinese DWF expansion in West Africa 16 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Abbreviations AIS Automatic Identification System AIM Africa Integrated Maritime (Strategy) CFA franc Currency used in West Africa, the West African CFA franc. CNADC China National Agricultural Development Group Co. Ltd CNFC China National Fisheries Corporation COFC CNFC Overseas Fisheries Co. Ltd. CPUE Catch per unit effort DWF Distant Water Fishing EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone 32 EU European Union 32 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 34 GT Gross Tonnage 6.1 Fisheries management policies need strengthening 35 IPOA-IUU International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing 6.2 Too many industrial and destructive vessels 35 IUU llegal, Unreported and Unregulated 6.3 Big operators are pushing small-scale fishing out 36 kW kiloWatts 6.4 Failure to stop IUU fishing 36 MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance 6.5 Lack of transparency 37 MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China 6.6 Double standards are undermining conservation measures 37 MoA Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China MMSI Maritime Mobile Service Identity MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield RMB Ren Ming Bi - Official currency for People’s Republic of China UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea US United States of America VAT Value-added tax VMS Vessel monitoring system Fishy operations: Chinese DWF in West Africa 17 4.1 Greenpeace 2014 at-sea documentation of IUU fishing in West Africa 18 Observations and IUU cases documented 19 4.2 Another form of IUU fishing - Vessel GT fraud 21 4.3 Laws and regulations allegedly violated by Chinese DWF companies 23 Problems with Chinese DWF companies’ expansion in Africa 28 5.1 Aggressive expansion guided by outdated fisheries policies, without sustainability principles and a precautionary approach 28 5.2 China’s previous failed domestic fisheries model transferred to Africa 31 5.3 Companies’ short-term economic interests undermine China’s desire for a mutually-beneficial partnership for Africa 5.4 Predatory companies circumvent government measures Problems with West African countries' fisheries governance 7.0 Recommendations 38 7.1 Chinese DWF companies 39 7.2 Chinese government 39 7.3 West African governments 41 APPENDIX 1: Chinese DWF vessel numbers and catch over time (1985 to 2013) 44 APPENDIX 2: Global distribution of Chinese DWF operations 46 APPENDIX 3: Documented IUU cases of Chinese DWF companies in West Africa (2000-2006, 2011-2013) 47 01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY as documented by Greenpeace, allowing the offenders to escape West Africa. sanctions. At the time of the final edit of this report, there is still no indication that the owners of these vessels have been investigated by In total, at least 74 fishing vessels owned by four Chinese Distant the relevant Chinese authorities. Water Fishing (DWF) companies have been exposed for fishing illegally in areas where fishing by industrial vessels is prohibited Irresponsible Chinese Distant Water Fishing (DWF) companies, including China’s largest DWF company - China National Fisheries Corporation (CNFC) - are undermining the long-term sustainability of West Africa’s fisheries through persistent Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing practices, including systematic fishing vessel tonnage fraud and the exportation of a destructive fisheries model. Meanwhile, West African fisheries resources are increasingly being overfished. While these Chinese DWF companies’ activities contribute little to China's overall overseas investments, they undermine the mutually-beneficial partnership which the Chinese government is seeking with African countries. The Chinese government must urgently reform its DWF regulatory framework and management system to close the loopholes that have allowed Chinese companies to overfish and flout rules with quasi impunity for decades. West African governments must urgently strengthen governance and adopt and implement policies to ensure that the exploitation of their marine resources is environmentally sustainable and socially equitable. All States concerned should also adopt and implement effective national and regional plans of action to combat and deter IUU fishing in the region. In just under 30 years, Chinese companies have expanded their from the same company -- CNFC, China’s biggest DWF Company. fishing operations in Africa from 13 vessels in 1985 to 462 vessels in 2013, which now comprise one fifth of the total Chinese-owned New IUU cases documented as recently as in late-2014 showed distant water fishing fleet. These Chinese flagged and/or owned that the chronic problems are still on-going. From 26 October to 21 vessels currently fishing in African waters are predominantly bottom November 2014, while the Greenpeace ship, MY Esperanza, was trawlers, one of the most destructive fishing methods in the modern sailing through the EEZs of Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea, fishing industry. While domestically the Chinese government is taking Greenpeace Africa and Greenpeace East Asia documented illegal steps to eliminate some of these most destructive fishing methods fishing activities by Chinese companies while African nations such such as bottom trawlers, China’s DWF industry is taking advantage as Guinea were struggling to combat the Ebola outbreak and had no of the weak fisheries management policies and laws in West Africa means to monitor their waters. and China to export this unsustainable fisheries model to Africa. In total, 16 illegal fishing cases in forbidden fishing zones committed Repeated IUU cases by Chinese companies operating in West by 12 Chinese-flagged and/or owned vessels were documented Africa have been documented over the years, involving companies in the waters of Guinea alone. These 12 vessels represent almost ranging from the big Chinese stated-owned to the small and medium 23% of the 52 Chinese vessels in the waters of Guinea that the private companies. A non-exhaustive list of 183 documented Greenpeace ship, MY Esperanza, came across. In total, in just Chinese companies IUU fishing cases had been reported in six West 26 days of Greenpeace at-sea documentation in West African Africa countries alone (Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, waters, an average of one new Chinese IUU case was found Senegal and Sierra Leone) during the periods of 2000 to 2006 and every two days. Thus the IUU fishing cases documented are most 2011 to 2013. Out of these documented cases, 41% were for fishing probably the tip of the iceberg as some infractions can only be in prohibited areas, 38% for fishing without a valid licence and 14% documented while on board the fishing vessels – such as illegal for illegal mesh size. Out of this, 31% of the vessels had committed mesh size and unauthorized catches. Based on these findings, IUU activities more than twice during the period. In addition, 60 of the vessel monitoring system (VMS) introduced by the Ministry of these cases (or 33% of total documented Chinese IUU cases) are Agriculture (MoA) does not seem to have detected the infractions In addition, 74 out of 92 Chinese fishing vessels either had their and falsifying their fishing vessels’ GT. The vessels, implicated in Automatic Identification System (AIS) devices switched off or no such 82 IUU cases and GT fraud in Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and device had been installed. Of the 18 Chinese vessels that had their Ghana, represent 16% of the Chinese flagged and/or owned Distant AIS switched on, at least 10 of them had their name, Maritime Mobile Water Fishing (DWF) fleet in Africa. The majority of the cases were Service Identity (MMSI) number and/or position wrongly reported. AIS documented in the period 2000-2014, with the oldest case dating as was designed for safety purposes and it is a publicly-available data far back as 1988. stream but with weak security mechanisms. This makes it easy to manipulate and falsify data in the way the Chinese ships listed above The recurring IUU fishing problems by Chinese DWF companies are were doing. due to the fundamental failings of the existing regulatory framework that guides the development of the Chinese DWF industry. The lack Another form of IUU fishing by Chinese companies has also been of policy and regulations based on sustainability and precautionary found. For example, research by Greenpeace Africa found that principles, management objectives and strategies gives a relative CNFC was falsifying the Gross Tonnage (GT) of most of its vessels free hand to the overly zealous Chinese DWF companies to over- in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea. In 2014 alone, of the 59 expand, increasing the difficulty for the responsible authorities CNFC vessels operating in those three countries, 44 were under- to manage individual companies’ aggressive business activities. declaring their GT and 2 others were inconsistently reporting their The monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) and enforcement GT. A total GT of 6757.7 has been under-declared which represents mechanism under the Ministry of Agriculture's (MoA) responsibility approximately the equivalent of adding a further 22 destructive is clearly lagging behind the “creativity” of Chinese companies who trawlers, each with a GT of 300, into these West African waters cheat whenever external conditions permit. In order to effectively in over just one year. For example, according to the terms and deter IUU fishing, the responsible ministry must impose strict conditions provided by the fisheries agreement between CNFC and supervision and control rather than merely request companies to Guinea-Bissau on 28th June 2010, it appears that, in the first half of comply with hosting countries` laws and regulations. 2014 alone, CNFC’s actual fishing capacity exceeded its authorized limit by 61%. especially in terms of livelihood and food security. Yet, the lack of In addition, from 2000-2014, 12 CNFC vessels that operated in efficient fisheries management systems and the weak governance by Senegal, though its local joint venture, Senegal Armement SA), had West African governments have allowed DWF companies to plunder on average under-declared their actual GT by 43%, and avoided marine resources at a low cost and with quasi impunity. Some large paying at least 371,404,800 CFA Francs (566,203 EURO) 1 in licence fishing powers, such as the European Union, which allowed its DWF fees to Senegal. In 2014 alone, CNFC under-declared a total GT companies to fish irresponsibly in Africa in the past, are now taking of 1742. This is equivalent to adding six trawlers of 300GT each, steps to rectify their previous policy. For example, EU has recently competing directly with Senegalese artisanal fishermen. reformed its Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and has, in the process, updated most of its policies, management standards and tools to Other Chinese DWF companies were also found to have similarly manage its fleet, including its DWF vessels. China should similarly under-declared their vessels’ GT: For example, there were endeavour to become a responsible global fishing power. inconsistencies in GT declared by Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fishery Corp. (LianRun) to Guinea and Guinea-Bissau local authorities for Despite the whole DWF sector only contributing less than 0.1% 19 of its vessels in 2013 and 2014. In addition, Shandong Overseas of China’s overall overseas investments, the activities of Chinese Fisheries Development Co. Ltd. (Shandong Overseas) was found DWF companies in Africa are undermining the mutually-beneficial to have under-declared the GT of one of its vessels in Ghana in partnership with Africa that the Chinese government has been 2013. All these fragmented cases may just be the tip of the iceberg strongly advocating. Not only are they exporting the destructive revealing the unscrupulous behaviour by Chinese DWF companies in fishing model that destroyed China’s own fisheries, but some 1 02 Fisheries are an important sector in many West African countries 1 Euro= 655.957 CFA Francs 03 01 irresponsible Chinese companies were stealing fish from African Chinese DWF companies operating in West Africa. Furthermore, countries affected by Ebola outbreak as its government was China’s Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) should adopt a stricter fisheries conducting one of the biggest aid programmes to support these management framework based on sustainability principles and African countries to confront a major local public health crisis. These objectives. For China to become a truly responsible major fishing Chinese companies, heavily subsidized by the government, exploit nation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) should collaborate with China's weak laws and regulations and lack adequate auditing and MoA to ensure better coherence between Chinese DWF operation accountability. in Africa and the overarching Sino-African mutually-beneficial GROWING BIGGER AND GOING GLOBAL: THE RISE OF CHINESE DWF partnership, as well as ratify/accede to all relevant international legal In 2015, African governments will join the international community instruments. in adopting post-2015 international development goals. One of those goals will be the eradication of poverty by 2030, and the Greenpeace Africa calls on West African nations to urgently fisheries sector has a big part to play in terms of job creation as well investigate potential weak governance within its bureaucracy as serving as an important provider of a stable protein source for characterized by a lack of oversight, transparency and accountability African people. In addition, the African Union Assembly declared the that further encourages IUU fishing by unscrupulous DWF 2015-2025 decade as the "Decade of African Seas and Oceans”, operators. West African governments should ensure transparency, and the date of 25 July as the African Day of Seas and Oceans. strengthen fisheries management regimes, through the adoption and China could play a valuable role in assisting African countries to implementation of policies to ensure the environmentally sustainable achieve these important development goals. and socially equitable exploitation of marine resources, as well as effective national and regional plans of action to combat and deter Greenpeace East Asia calls on the Chinese Government to urgently IUU fishing following the FAO International Plan of Action (IPOA) to carry out a thorough investigation of the IUU fishing practices of Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU fishing. CNFC 9509 fishing in the EEZ of Guinea Bissau ©Jiri Rezac / Greenpeace The Chinese DWF fleet 2 is one of the world's largest and is still as well as foreign-flagged vessels owned and operated by pursuing an aggressive expansion. When over 90% of the world’s Chinese interests. By comparison, in 2008, there were 718 EU- fish stocks are fully or overfished, 3 such an expansion by Chinese flagged vessels fishing outside EU waters for at least 90% of their DWF companies is a worrying sign. activity, including in adjacent waters. 5 This number has dropped considerably. The 2014 Annual Economic Report on the EU Fishing By the end of 2014, there were 2,460 Chinese DWF vessels with Fleet reports 335 EU-flagged vessels in the DWF category with a GT a total declared catch of 2.03 million tonnes. of 275,872, total engine power 376,942kW, and the total catch of 4 These vessels are Chinese-owned vessels which include Chinese-flagged vessels 259,000 tonnes. DWF vessels. In 2015, the US only has around 225 US-flagged 2 According to China’s Distant Water Fishery Supervisory Regulation (2003), Article 2 and Article 33 , define distant water fishing as: citizens, legal entities, and other organizations of the People‘s Republic of China engaging in marine fishing and processing, supply and product transportation activities on the high seas and in waters under the jurisdiction of other countries, but does not include fishing activities in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, or South China Sea 3 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014, FAO, page 7 4 http://www.moa.gov.cn/sjzz/yzjzw/gdxwyzj/201503/t20150331_4466751.htm 5 Note these are EU-flagged vessels not EU-owned vessels flying another flag. http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/documentation/studies/study_external_fleet/external_fleet_2008_en.pdf 6 7 04 6 7 For several EU Member States, data on the distant-water fleet may be missing due to non-submission or aggregation of data for confidentially reasons. Additionally, data availability on certain fleet segments may be limited as each vessel can only be allocated to one fleet segment (fishing gear and vessel length and supraregion combination) based on dominance (more than 50% of fishing time). So certain vessels fishing both inside and outside EU waters may not be accounted for. https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/08/25/2014-20159/list-of-fisheries-for-2015#t-5 Table 3. These numbers only include long-liners, purse seiners and trawlers. Other types of vessels which are relatively very small in engine power and GT are excluded. In total, there are 225 vessels that fit to these criteria. Similar findings can be found in the research paper referenced in “Curbing China’s Massive and Destructive Distant Water Fishing Fleet, November 11, 2013 By Katie Lebling” 05 From 1985 to 2000, the Chinese DWF fleet capacity steadily and original growth target of 2.9% per year under China’s 12th 5 year plan. Today, Chinese DWF vessels are present in all the world's major 1,055 vessels fishing in other coastal States’ EEZs ( 过 洋 性 ); and sharply increased. After slowing down between 2000 and 2008, it In 2013 alone, the Chinese DWF fleet increased by 18% compared fishing grounds, with gradually increasing catches. There are now at 1,044 vessels fishing on the high seas ( 大洋性 ). The first category started growing rapidly again. From 2011 to 2013, the DWF fleet grew to previous years. Such rapid growth in fishing capacity is cause for least 133 Chinese DWF companies, with 39 joint ventures overseas consists of fishing operations in other countries’ EEZ similar to by an average rate of around 12.1% per year, largely exceeding the serious concern in a situation of declining fish stocks. as well as operations in the EEZs of 38 countries and on the high China’s domestic coastal fisheries. The second category refers seas of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Antarctic Oceans.10 to predominantly fishing in the international waters (including 8 Antarctica) for migratory species such as tuna managed by RFMOs, China’s massive DWF fleet, with 2,159 vessels listed in 2013, 11 is as well as squid, saury, and krill. mainly divided into two broad categories of fishing operations with Chart 1: Chinese DWF fleet evolution (1985 to 2013) 9 Chart 2: Global distribution of Chinese DWF 8 9 06 According to China MoA’s 12th 5 years plan for its DWF development (2011-2015), http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/ghjh/201110/t20111017_2357716.ht From 2005 onwards, the vessel number excluded the vessels in DPR Korea’s eastern waters, but the catch data didn’t exclude the catch from that part. Detailed data and explanation can be found in Appendix 1 of this report 12 10 Report of the development of Chinese distant water fishery 2014 , Fishery Bureau of MoA, China, 2014 11 This includes industrial fishing vessels that are flagged in Chinaor foreign-flagged (but owned by Chinese nationals/ China registered company) 12 Detailed breakdown information is listed in APPENDIX 2 of this report 07 02 JUMPING ON THE BANDWAGON: THE MAKING OF CHINESE DWF EXPANSION resources, which resulted in the development of the distant water fishing Chinese domestic fisheries can only be sustained thanks to the huge industry which proceeded to use the same destructive fishing practices government fuel subsidy. that had plundered fishing resources in domestic waters. Today, most A Lesson To Learn: The Collapse Of Fisheries In Four Major Fishing Grounds In China By the 1980s, fishing effort in the four Chinese Seas (Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and the South China Sea) had already reached the optimum level, but fishing effort kept growing. 18 Today, the fishing effort in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea is about 4 times the optimum level, and the total declared catch is about 4 times the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY); catches in the Bohai Sea, now commonly known as the Empty Sea, are in 19 sharp decline. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) for the main commercially exploited species in the Bohai has fallen from 138.8 kg per net in 1959 to 5.017 kg per net in 2000 -- a decline by more than 98%. 20 The East China Sea also suffered from overfishing and destructive fishing. Today, fishing effort in the East China Sea is about three times the optimum level and the total declared catch is about 2 times the MSY. Of the four most famous and 21 commercially exploited fish species in the East China Sea, two have almost disappeared: the wild big yellow croaker and the cuttlefish. The other two: the small yellow croaker and the hairtail are suffering from over-exploitation of juveniles. The percentage of these four species in the total catch dropped from 63.7% in the 1950s to 18.8% in the 1990s. 22 Fishing vessels moored in the port of Zhangzhou , Fujian, China during fishing moratorium The South China Sea, with relatively abundant resources, is also experiencing excessive catches and fishing intensity. Especially in the northern part, where the actual fishing capacity exerts now about 3 times of the optimum fishing effort, the © PRphoto / Greenpeace fishing production in that area are mainly small and low-value fish species. 23 While Chinese DWF fleets operating under different RFMOs also management of the hosting coastal States and the conduct of the contribute to global overfishing, 14 problems caused by Chinese DWF Chinese fishing companies. This report addresses the problems and fleets operating in other coastal States’ EEZs not governed by RFMOs challenges posed by the second category. 13 Overfishing in China’s own waters pushed its big state-owned fishing is the first and main overseas base of China’s distant water fishing companies to look for alternative fishing grounds overseas. West Africa industry dating back to 1985. 24 amount to institutionalized overfishing, mostly due to the lax fisheries 25 1 Out On The Hunt For Seafood 18 Beginning in the 1970s, China’s domestic fisheries developed rapidly, Today, China’s 194,240 motorized marine fishing vessels, with an without sufficient attention to sustainability and ecosystem protection. As aggregated GT of 6.52 million, a result, China’s domestic fishing industry as well as its resources have almost four times as much as the fishing fleet of the European Union 15 According to the data from China Fishery Static Year Books (1980-2014), in 1980, the fishing effort had reached 2.4209 million kW and kept growing till 2013 is the biggest fleet in the world, and 16 suffered from 40 years of severe overfishing which led to the decline (EU), six times as much as Japan and eleven times as much as Korea. and, eventually, the collapse of the commercially exploited fish stocks. However, decades of overfishing seriously depleted China's own marine 19 17 20 21 13 14 15 16 Note that many RFMOs convention area includes EEZs For example, specific data for Chinese DWF operations have not been fully disclosed to various RFMOs, making it very hard for the international community to evaluate the performance of Chinese DWF fleets 08 22 See China Fishery Statistical Year Book 2013, page 74. These figures include both domestic fishing vessels as well as DWF vessels Ibid. 18, page1098, for Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, the optimum fishing effort is about 764,400 kW, MSY 1.03 million tonnes. But according to China Fishery Static Year Book, in 2013, fishing effort in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea has reached more than 3 million kW; and the total catch was 4.16 million tonnes Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resources of Bohai Sea, Journal of Anhui Agn. Sci,2010,38(26)：14579—14581; The Threat to China’s Ocean under the Shadow of Greed and Ineffective Supervision ( 贪婪和监管不力阴影下的中国海洋危机 ), Wang Haibo, World Environment, 2013(04) Regional Oceanography of China Seas----Fisheries Oceanography ( 中国区域海洋学——渔业海洋学 ), page 263-264: Several researches in the East China Sea suggested that the ideal MSY should range from 1 to 4 million tonnes. Ibid. 18, page 1099, for East China Sea, the optimum fishing effort was 2.17 million kW, and the MSY was 2.79 million tonnes. But according to China Fishery Static Year Book, in 2013, fishing effort in East China Sea has reached about 6 million kW; and the total catch was 5.023 million tonnes Fisheries Resources Utilization of Donghai (East Sea) and the Yellow Sea ( 东黄海渔业资源利用 ), Cheng Jiahua, Zhang Qiuhua, 2007, Shanghai: Shanghai Technology and Science Publication Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) – The 2014 Annual Economic Report on the EU Fishing Fleet (STECF-14-16). 2014. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, EUR 26901 EN, JRC 92507, 363 pp. 23 Ibid. 18, page 1099; Regional Oceanography of China Seas----Fisheries Oceanography ( 中国区域海洋学——渔业海洋学 ), page 343&436 https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/2014-annual-economic-report-eu-fishing-fleet-stecf-14-16-scientific-technical-and-economic 24 http://news.xinhuanet.com/employment/2003-04/15/content_833202.htm P. 15: The total number of vessels in the EU fishing fleet on the 1st of January 2012 was 86,283 vessels, with a combined GT of 1.7 million tonnes and engine power of 6.7 million kilowatts (kW) 17 The Marine Living Resources and Habitats in China EEZ ( 中国专属经济区海洋生物资源与栖息环境 ), Tang Qisheng, 2006, Beijing, page1151, for Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the north part of South China Sea, the optimum fishing effort is about 2.4 million kW to 5 million kW. Figures for EU, Japan and Korea came from the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014, FAO, 2014, page 36 25 “Adhere to the ‘Going-out’ strategy to accelerate the distant water fishing expansion” by Liu Shen Li,（Chinese Fisheries Economics）, Volume 2002-3rd series, page 5-8《坚 持“走出去”战略 加快远洋渔业发展》，刘身利，《中国渔业经济》2002 年第 3 期 5-8 页 , 共 4 页 ) 09 2 A Heavily Subsidized Expansion In the 21st century, DWF has become an extremely competitive Agricultural Development Group Co., Ltd. ; and Shanghai Kaichuang business due to the decline of fish stocks globally, fleet overcapacity Marine International Co. Ltd. (SHE: 600097) which is fully owned by the as well as rising fuel prices. However, China's DWF industry continues Shanghai Fisheries General Corp. Group (SFGCG). Marine International Co. Ltd. 30 As shown in Chart 3b) below, since 2010, Chinese DWF companies are losing money due to increasing the sales revenue for the company's core fishing business was not able operational costs, increasing fishing effort exerted to exploit decreasing to compensate all its expense and its net profit were 100% contributed fish stocks, and are surviving only thanks to the huge subsidy provided by subsidies. by their government. Under strict market rules, the majority of Chinese to flourish thanks to the various and generous supports granted by the government since the 1990s. We utilized the figures directly related to their core business in fishing operations as their “Sales Revenue” and studied how subsidies, which The fuel subsidy, which started in 2006, is the largest Chinese are mainly categorized in the “Non-Operating Revenue” category, government subsidy for its DWF industry. In 2006, contribute to these two companies’ total profits. 26 the DWF industry received 281 million RMB (about 45 million USD) in fuel subsidies. By 2011, this amount had jumped to 2.68 billion RMB (about 431 million As shown in Chart 3a below, in recent years COFC has been relying USD), more than nine times the amount in 2006. Meanwhile, Chinese entirely on government subsidies to compensate the loss from its DWF industry also received subsidies for vessel replacement and fishing operation. The net profit of COFC from 2011 to 2013 was derived modernization, and is exempt from import duties, VAT on their catch, entirely from subsidy. From 2010, the gross profit from COFC fishing and from corporate income tax. They also enjoy other tax incentives. business kept declining, mainly due to rising fuel prices, fluctuation in Every year these financial subsidies and preferential policies are fisheries resources and the competition of the overall increasing fishing increased, causing many DWF fishing companies to become ever more capacity in COFC fishing grounds, as disclosed in its annual reports. dependent on these policies. Since then, COFC could hardly break even without the fuel subsidy from the Chinese government. In 2013, the company’s gross profit from its 27 28 To better understand the contribution of the government subsidies in fishing business was - 41,347,699.98 RMB, key Chinese DWF companies’ financial performance, GPEA analyzed 82,535,000.00 RMB, turning the net loss into a profit. while the fuel subsidy was 29 the financial performance of two listed Chinese distant water fishing company, CNFC Overseas Fishery Co. Ltd. (COFC, SHE: 000798) A similar situation of dependence on the subsidy to compensate losses which is controlled by the state-owned company, China National in the core fishing business also happened to Shanghai Kaichuang 26 27 China Fisheries Yearbooks [2007,2008,2009.2010,2011,2012] CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2005 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2005%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-20141114085524790.pdf CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2006 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2006%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-20141114085719949.pdf CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2007 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2007%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-2014111408587217.pdf CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2008 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2008%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-20141114085851724.pdf CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2009 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2009%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-20141114085923267.pdf CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2010 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2010%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-20141114090047663.pdf CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2011 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2011%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-20141114092033715.pdf CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2012 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2012%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-20141114092223648.pdf CNFC OVERSEAS FISHERIES CO. LTD, 2013 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.cofc.com.cn/UserFiles/DownFiles/sys/2014-11-14/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4%E8 %82%A1%E4%BB%BD2013%E5%B9%B4%E6%8A%A5-20141114092410852.pdf 30 Shanghai Kaichuang Marine International Co. Ltd.,2008 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.skmic.sh.cn/uploads/2008%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6 %8A%A5%E5%91%8A.PDF Shanghai Kaichuang Marine International Co. Ltd.,2009 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.skmic.sh.cn/InvestorsDetail.aspx?cid=158 Shanghai Kaichuang Marine International Co. Ltd.,2010 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.skmic.sh.cn/uploads/2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6 %8A%A5%E5%91%8A.PDF Shanghai Kaichuang Marine International Co. Ltd.,2011 Financial report, retrieved from http://www.skmic.sh.cn/uploads/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6 %8A%A5%E5%91%8A.pdf Shanghai Kaichuang Marine International Co. Ltd.,2012 Financial report, retrieved from 28 Here the minus “-“ means lost money http://www.skmic.sh.cn/uploads/2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81.PDF 29 2013 COFC Annual report, http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESZ_STOCK/2014/2014-4/2014-04-25/1384501.PDF http://www.skmic.sh.cn/uploads/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A.pdf 10 Shanghai Kaichuang Marine International Co. Ltd.,2013 Financial report, retrieved from 11 03 On board the trawler OKFISH 9, off the coast of Sierra Leone DWF operations would have to stop. Another 2014 study conducted Despite contributing less than 0.1% of China's overall overseas by a financial consulting company also estimated that fuel subsidy on investments, 32 the Chinese DWF sector has been strategically linking average accounts for approximately 80% of Chinese DWF companies’ their operations to key government policies, allowing them to benefit “Non-Operating Revenue”, turning the companies’ total profit (balance from public funding and other preferential incentives both at central sheet) from loss to surplus. government and provincial level. These policies include the well-known 31 AFRICAN FISHERIES AT A CROSSROADS: A PATH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? China “Going-Out” Strategy introduced in the early 2000s. ©Kate Davison / Greenpeace The depletion of Africa’s marine resources is happening in the context by Africans instead of foreign interests, in theory, it could generate an of a global fisheries crisis. And while African waters are among the additional value worth eight times the US$0.4 billion African countries few fishing grounds worldwide still relatively fertile, the lack of efficient currently earn from fisheries. 33 fisheries management systems allows transnational DWF companies to plunder marine resources at a low cost and with quasi impunity. In addition to the challenge of overfishing and the lack of a conservationoriented and precautionary management framework, African fisheries As a result, for decades, local coastal communities have suffered from are plagued by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing the invasion by destructive fishing vessels from Asia, Russia and the activities. For nearly 20 years, IUU fishing has been recognized by the EU. In the absence of adequate regulatory frameworks and science- international community as a major factor in the depletion of marine based management plans to ensure sustainable and equitable fishing resources 34 and several instruments have been adopted to combat that activities, destructive and excess fishing capacity is out of control. scourge. Greenpeace has been documenting IUU fishing activities in West Africa since 2001 which, unfortunately, are still rampant. Many African governments have become dependent on the income 31 32 12 derived from selling fishing rights to foreign operators, often at a value Although the very nature of IUU fishing makes it very hard to assess and far below the actual market value of the fisheries resources. A recent quantify, some attempts have been made at estimating the extent and FAO report shows that if marine resources around Africa were caught the revenue loss it incurs which indicate that it could range from 10 to Stock exchange analysis by Everbright. http://yanbao.stock.hexun.com/dzgg556338.shtml According to 2014 Report of the development of Chinese distant water fishery (2014 中国远洋渔业发展报告 ), Fishery Bureau of MoA, China, 2014, by the end of 2013, Chinese DWF companies’ overseas investment came to a total of 470 million USD. On the other hand, according to 2013 China's foreign direct investment statistical bulletin (2013 年度中国对外直接投资统计公报 ) (http://www.mof.gov.cn/mofhome/mof/zhengwuxinxi/caijingshidian/zyzfmhwz/201409/t20140911_1137908. html), by the end of 2013, China’s total overseas investment ( 直 接 投 资 累 计 净 额 / 存 量 ) was about 660.48 billion USD. So the proportion of DWF in the whole overseas investment equals about 0.47/660.48= less than 0.1% 33 The Value of African Fisheries, FAO, 2014, http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3917e.pdf 34 http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y3274E/y3274e08.htm 13 23.5 billion US dollars globally. 35 with total estimated catches in West Africa 40% higher than reported 36 Developing countries are most at risk, has an important role to play in terms of job creation as well as serving as an important provider of stable protein source for African people. 2 Institutionalized Overfishing: Exploitation Under African Flags catches. The total loss from IUU fishing in Sub-Saharan African EEZs is estimated to be 937 million USD. Such estimates tend to be based The African Union Assembly declared the 2015-2025 decade as the on scarce, incomplete data or extrapolations and have to be treated "Decade of African Seas and Oceans”, and the date of 25 July as with caution. Because much of IUU fishing still remains undetected, the African Day of Seas and Oceans. The Assembly invited Regional its real extent and impacts are unknown and most probably largely Economic Communities and regional mechanisms to develop and underestimated. adopt a regional strategy against piracy, armed robbery and other 37 illegal activities committed at sea, consistent with the 2050 African In 2015, African governments will join the international community in Integrated Maritime (AIM) Strategy. 38 adopting post-2015 international development goals. One of those goals will be the eradication of poverty by 2030, and the fisheries sector The depletion of fisheries resources is increasingly provoking hostility their own fishing capacity by absorbing other States’ excess capacity. It on the part of local fishermen toward foreign DWF operators and the is unfortunately not as profitable as it seems, and often not sustainable. untenable competition for vital fish resources. However, foreign interests have found new ways to circumvent the mounting opposition. The West African countries list conditions to transfer and reflag vessels and establishment of joint ventures has become a common practice by set up joint ventures. However, ambiguous terms, special authorizations foreign fishing companies operating in West Africa to get around local and exemptions allow foreign fishing companies to use joint ventures resentment. mostly for their own benefit instead of being a truly shared venture. By setting up a joint venture with a local company/local representative, Such a “nationalization” process tends to undermine fisheries originally foreign flagged vessels are reflagged to coastal States, management as, often, coastal States lack the means to efficiently therefore considered as “local”, and often allowed to operate with less control these fleets. or looser restrictions than under the original flag, further fuelling the 1 West African Seas: Crisis In A Fishermen’s Paradise overfishing problem. The original flag State and country of beneficial ownership can transfer its fishing capacity overseas which becomes “local”, regardless of whether this contributes to overfishing, while foreign interests retain West African waters have been a traditional fishermen’s paradise within total reported nominal catches increased almost twelve-fold from about the rich Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem, which extends from 300,000 tonnes in 1950 to 3,600,000 tonnes in 2009. northwest Africa to Guinea Bissau. 39 Loopholes in Senegalese Joint Venture regulations 42 Although Senegalese legislation specifies that Senegalese-flagged The region is heavily dependent on fisheries in terms of people’s livelihood, employment as well as food As a result of such intense fishing, local artisanal fishermen have been security. FAO estimates that fish has been an important commodity in complaining about shrinking catches and rising costs and workload. local economies of many West African coastal countries for centuries. They are forced to travel further to catch fish and often have to compete 40 vessels above 100 GT must carry observers, reportedly not strictly applied. a revised Fisheries Code risk of deaths at sea. Regardless, West African countries continue to sell fishing rights as a South Korea, Russia, Spain, France, Italy, China, etc. Between 1950 source of revenue. However, due to the lack of sustainable management and 2009, more than 250 species or groups of species were reported and efficient controls, the consequences are IUU and overfishing. is ambiguous in that it specifies an is the fine applied for unauthorized fishing: for foreign vessels it resources in West African waters being overfished. Despite this, more industrial fishing vessels are granted access, coming from Japan, Moreover, the latest proposal for on board, but not the Senegal-flagged vessels. Another example 41 build its historical track record of fish catches as the basis for future quota allocation and/or attracting further investments or selling fishing rights. this provision is obligation for foreign-flagged fishing vessels to have an observer for space with industrial trawlers in dangerous waters, increasing the But decades of intense exploitation has resulted in over 50% of fisheries 45 44 43 beneficial ownership of vessels. Meanwhile, the coastal State hopes to ranges from 0.5 billion to 1 billion CFA francs but only 40 million to 50 million CFA francs for Senegalese vessels. A number of joint ventures have been criticized for the lack of transparency regarding the process of their creation and its consequences: 46 no added value in terms of local employment, income, food security or supporting sustainable livelihoods, and even causing a further deterioration of fish resources and marine ecosystems. And last but not least, joint ventures also present a problem in terms of determining the actual fishing effort and impact in regions like West Africa given the limited control capacity of the coastal States. While it in fish landings taken by coastal States and 47 DWF nations, and the Joint ventures are widely promoted as a model of investment that allows shared profit and expertise between the hosting coastal States, local entrepreneurs and foreign fishing companies. It is also presented as a is easier to blame foreign fishing vessels for overfishing, the impact caused by foreign fishing capacities transferred under joint ventures has been largely ignored. “win-win” arrangement whereby coastal developing States can develop 35 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570; http://transparentsea.co/images/5/58/Illegal-fishing-mrag-report.pdf 36 Ibid 37 37 http://transparentsea.co/images/5/58/Illegal-fishing-mrag-report.pdf, pg 100 38 http://summits.au.int/en/22ndsummit/events/22nd-ordinary-session-african-union-assembly-concludes-summary-key-decisions-0 39 Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO, 2011, P14. The Western and Eastern Central Atlantic had the highest proportion of overfished stocks, about 54 percent in 2009 40 http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en. For example, FAO estimated that the proportion of protein that comes from fish is extremely high among these WA countries: 47 percent in Senegal, 62 percent in Gambia and 63 percent in Sierra Leone and Ghana 41 Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO, 2011, P14. The Western and Eastern Central Atlantic had the highest proportion of overfished stocks, about 54 percent in 2009 42 Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO, 2011, P67 14 43 Arrêté n° 1008 du 16 février 1999 fixant les modalités d’embarquement des observateurs à bord des navires sénégalais 44 Observers are only taken on board a few foreign vessels, but not on board national vessels (USAID/COMFISH, unpub.) 45 46 Draft text - revision of the Code de la pêche maritime - Loi n°98-32 du 14 avril 1998 (version April 2014). There is a contradiction between the draft Fisheries Code currently under revision by the Senegalese government (according to the latest draft available to Greenpeace) and the existing Decree nr 1008 which states that Senegalese-flagged vessels of 100GT or more must have an observer and vessels of 500GT or more must have 2 observers on board http://lesoleil.sn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26433:beatrice-gorez-coordinatrice-de-la-coalition-pour-des-accords-de-peche-equitables-cape-lla-peche-artisanale-est-le-modele-davenir-en-afrique-r&catid=51:economy&Itemid=6 3 15 3 Chinese DWF Expansion In West Africa West Africa’s waters have a unique standing in the history of Chinese A large part of these cases were documented by the Surveillance DWF development as these fleets’ first port of call back in 1985, and Operations Coordination Unit (SOCU) of the Sub-Regional Fisheries where, over the past three decades, China has continued expanding its Commission (SRFC), a programme funded by Luxemburg from 1995 to fishing operations. Today about one fifth of China's distant water fishing 2004 and the European Union from 2010 to 2013. The SOCU organised vessels are concentrated in African waters. joint surveillance operations with staff and assets from different States members of the SRFC. Additional cases were compiled from By the end of 2013, there were 23 Chinese DWF companies operating Greenpeace's own at-sea documentation in 2000 and 2006, in various African countries, with a total of 462 DWF vessels, producing as from official lists from coastal States in West Africa. 205,000 tonnes of fish, with a net value of 2.68 billion RMB. 47 49 as well 50 Out of these, over 400 Chinese DWF vessels were fishing along the West Out of these documented cases, 41% were for fishing in prohibited Coast of Africa. The majority of these vessels are equipped with one of areas, 38% for fishing without a valid licence, and 14% for illegal mesh the most destructive fishing gears in the modern industrial fishing history size. Out of this, around 31% of the vessels were involved in IUU fishing – the bottom trawl. activities more than twice during these periods. In addition, 60 of these Transshipment between CNFC reefer Hai Feng 830 and Jiu Yuan 812 In 2006, Guinean fishery inspector arrested Lian Run 14, for fishing illegally © Pierre Gleizes / Greenpeace © Pierre Gleizes / Greenpeace cases (or 33% of the total documented Chinese IUU fishing cases) were from the same company -- CNFC, China’s biggest DWF Company. Chinese DWF companies’ performances in West Africa are tainted with irregularities. IUU fishing cases have been documented for a long time, involving companies ranging from the big and well-established Stated- However, as many West African countries lack sufficient resources owned to the small and medium private Chinese companies. or sometimes political will to monitor and patrol their waters, the documented IUU fishing cases are most probably only the tip of the iceberg and not representative of the actual deplorable situation. A non-exhaustive list of documented IUU fishing cases by Chinese companies in six West Africa countries alone (Gambia, Guinea, GuineaBissau, Mauritania, Senegal and Sierra Leone) shows that a total of These abuses have provoked resentment on the part of West African 183 cases involving 114 Chinese flagged and/or owned vessels have been reported during the period of 2000 to 2006 and 2011 to 2013. stakeholders, especially by local artisanal fishermen who can be quite 48 influential in local politics. Long Way 008 found fishing without license in 2000 in EEZ of Guinea. Continue fishing in 2001 with name Lian Run 12 Bycatch on board CNFC 24 © Kate Davison/ Greenpeace © Pierre Gleizes / Greenpeace In March 2014, the then-Senegalese Minister of Fisheries, Haïdar el Ali, in an interview with a French magazine, expressed strong opinions regarding Chinese DWF’s illegal activities and unsustainable practices in Africa: “China targets everything that moves in the sea: fish, birds and even sea horses for export. China is one of the 04 leading players in illegal pirate fishing! Chinese industrial vessels are actively involved in we are denouncing. China never discloses the real figures for its catches and predation to international bodies and West African countries. China is now doing what European countries have done for decades. China claims to cooperate with West African countries but is increasing their debt and poverty. China practices a suspicious conception of “development assistance. The greatest cynicism is 51 predominant in the current globalization; each country pursuing its own interests despite the nice declarations on sustainable development”. FISHY OPERATIONS: CHINESE DWF IN WEST AFRICA In 2013, the Mauritanian government revoked an agreement negotiated with a Chinese fishing company that provided 25 years of fishing rights and extensive tax breaks. That agreement was fiercely opposed by local artisanal fishing groups and international non-governmental organisations. 52 47 Report of the development of Chinese distant water fishery 2014 (2014 中国远洋渔业发展报告 ), Fishery Bureau of MoA, China, 2014 48 See APPENDIX 3 for the detailed compilation of the documented IUU cases by Chinese DWF in West Africa for the period 2000 to 2006 and 2011 – 2013 49 http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2001/10/witnessing-the-plunder-a-repo.pdf; http://www.imcsnet.org/imcs/docs/ greenpeace_report_fisheries_west_africa_2006.pdf 50 See Appendix 3 of the full report for the complete list of documented IUU cases involving Chinese DWF companies in West Africa (2000-2006, 2011-2013) 51 http://www.marine-oceans.com/geopolitique/7379-entretien-avec-haidar-el-ali-ministre-senegalais-de-la-peche 52 Mauritania-Poly Hondone Pelagic Fishery Co. agreement: press release of the FNP 16 At the same time as the Chinese government was pouring resources to fight the epidemic. To make things worse, some of these companies help African nations to fight the Ebola outbreak, sadly, some Chinese were in fact frequent offenders with past IUU fishing records, which DWF companies operating in West Africa were stealing fish from the demonstrates that penalties imposed by MoA and/or by the coastal same affected countries whose attention and energy were diverted to States fail to deter further crimes. June 14, 2011; http://www.cape-cffa.org/ 17 Observations And IUU Cases Documented 1 Greenpeace 2014 At-Sea Documentation Of Iuu Fishing In West Africa IUU Fishing From 26 October to 21 November 2014, while the Greenpeace ship MY by Chinese DWF companies: fishing in prohibited areas. Esperanza was sailing through the EEZs of Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and of common infractions, such as the wrong mesh size or gear, wrong Guinea, Greenpeace Africa and Greenpeace East Asia documented target species or by-catch could not be documented without boarding illegal and destructive fishing activities while African nations like Guinea vessels. 53 Other types During 26 days of documentation at sea, 134 different vessels were Guinea, 6 to Comoros, 4 to Korea, 2 to Morocco, 1 to Panama (owned sighted in the EEZs of Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea, out of which by CNFC), and 10 unknown (9 possibly flagged to Guinea and 1 79 were flagged to China, 28 to Senegal (13 vessels were spotted in possibly flagged to China).122 fishing vessels, 7 reefers (refrigerated Senegal’s EEZ with 11 owned by CNFC through a joint venture), 4 to transport vessels), 2 supply vessels, 2 patrol boats and 1 oil tanker. 63 16 IUU illegal fishing cases committed by 12 Chinese-flagged and/or -owned vessels have been documented in the waters of Guinea: were struggling to combat the Ebola outbreak and had no means to monitor their waters. IUU The legislation applicable at the time of observation to the types of No. Name of vessel 01 Bo Yuan 9 19th Nov 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 02 Lian Run 26 7th Nov 2014 Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fishery Corp. 03 Bo Yuan 1 28th Oct 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 04 Bo Yuan 2 28th Oct 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 05 Bo Yuan 5 16th Nov 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 06 Bo Yuan 6 28th Oct 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 07 Bo Yuan 6 18th Nov 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 08 Bo Yuan 6 19th Nov 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 09 Bo Yuan 7 28th Oct 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 10 Bo Yuan 8 28th Oct 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 11 Bo Yuan 9 28th Oct 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 12 Liao Pu Yu 15095 28th Oct 2014 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. Fishing inside the 12 nm zone (prohibited zone for industrial fishing vessels) activities above differs in the three countries concerned. In particular: During that period, GP observed primarily one type of serious infraction Industrial Fishing: In Guinea-Bissau: prohibited inside the territorial sea (12 nautical miles from the base line); 54 Fishing inside the 20m isobath zone (prohibited zone for industrial fishing vessels) In Guinea: prohibited inside 12 nm from the base line and the 20 meter isobath; 55 In Senegal: certain categories of industrial vessels are authorized to fish up to 6 nm from the coast.56 Transshipment At Sea: In Guinea-Bissau allowed under certain conditions; 57 In Guinea prohibited as a general rule since at least 2004 until 2013. In July 2013, 58 a Presidential Decree established a clear prohibition of transshipment at sea 59 which was replaced, in January 2014, by another Decree. The latter, referred to 60 in the 2014 management plan, prohibits transshipment at sea but implies that it can be authorized under certain conditions; 61 In Senegal, prohibited except in case of force majeure. 62 weaker provisions such as those concerning by-catch percentage, primarily bilateral governmental access agreements, tend to take transshipment conditions, vessel position monitoring, etc. precedence over national legislation, sometimes establishing Company/Owner 13 Lian Run 26 19th Nov 2014 Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fishery Corp. 14 Lian Run 33 19th Nov 2014 Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fishery Corp. 15 Lian Run 37 18th Nov 2014 Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fishery Corp. 16 Lian Run 38 19th Nov 2014 Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fishery Corp. Based on the cases above, up to 12 different Chinese vessels This is further complicated by the fact that international agreements, Date observed or vessels – such as illegal mesh size, which is among recent IUU fishing almost 23% of the 52 Chinese vessels observed in the waters of Guinea activities by CNFC detected in Senegalese waters. 65 The investigation were involved in IUU fishing. In total, in just 26 days of Greenpeace at- and documentation conducted by official bodies as well as civil society sea documentation, an average of one new Chinese IUU fishing case organizations for more than a decade, combined with the numerous was discovered every two days. testimonies of those who are the first victims of these activities, the 64 local fishing communities, all point to the continuous and unscrupulous These IUU fishing cases are most probably only the tip of the iceberg behaviour by Chinese DWF companies. as some infractions can only be documented on board the fishing 53 Fishing zones reserved to small-scale fishing and ecologically sensitive areas 58 Arrêté N°A/2013/10611/MPA/CAB/SGG Para. XIV 54 Decreto Lei n.º 10/2011 of 7 June 2011 Art 24 59 Décret D/2013/128/PRG/SGG of 29 July 2013 Art 1 §1 55 Arrêté № A/2014/019 MPA/CAB/SGG Para I (scope) 60 Décret D/008/PRG/SGG of 6th January 2014 Art 2.1 56 Décret N° 98-498 Art 44 61 Arrêté № A/2014/019 MPA/CAB/SGG Para XIV 57 Decreto Lei n.º 10/2011 of 7 June 2011 Art 35 62 Loi n°98-32 of 14 April 1998 Art 32 18 63 64 65 Greenpeace West Africa at-sea documentation (26 October to 21 November 2014) can be downloaded from the following URL: http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/ publications/reports/oceans/2015/Africas-fisheries-paradise-at-a-crossroads/ The ships Lian Run 26 and Bo Yuan 9 were observed committing two different types of infraction at two different times, while Bo Yuan 6 was observed committing the same infraction at three different times See APPENDIX 3 of this report for details 19 Transshipment At Sea AIS has become a widely used source of data on ship activity for safety purposes, it is therefore a publicly available data stream worldwide, allowing information on vessels identity and movement to be with weak security mechanisms, making it prone to manipulation as visible to each other and to land-based systems. As AIS was designed highlighted above. Transfer of fish between fishing and transport vessels at sea has long to the exact origin, the legality and quantity of fish is undermining been identified as a regulatory loophole, an operation often used to fisheries management. Greenpeace has documented such operations launder illegally-caught fish and a weak link in traceability and catch and exposed illegal cases in West Africa since 2001. It is therefore no documentation systems. It also deprives coastal States from important surprise that the FAO advises coastal States to consider requiring that data and revenue and must be prohibited. Incorrect information as all transshipments take place in port. 66 Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) Failing To Stop IUU Fishing Three transshipments were documented, all in the waters of Guinea- Based on available information, it is not possible to determine whether A fishing vessel monitoring system (VMS) is a cost-effective tool for Of paramount importance are the types of data communicated through Bissau: these operations were duly authorized and conducted according to the monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) of fishing and related the satellite tracking system, such as vessel identification, geographical legal requirements. But, although Guinea-Bissau law provides for the activities. In theory, VMS provides a fisheries control agency with position, date, time, course and speed as well as the interval between authorization of transshipment at sea under certain conditions, given the accurate and timely information about the location and activity of signals transmitted by the vessel system. The longer the time interval lack of monitoring and control capacity, some transshipment operations fishing vessels. Nevertheless, VMS systems are also vulnerable to between reported positions, the easier it is for a vessel to enter a are bound to escape supervision. tampering, providing false data to control authorities to conceal IUU prohibited area and leave before the next signal is sent. This is fishing operations. Unlike AIS, VMS data is not accessible to the public, especially relevant in the area surveyed by Greenpeace off Guinea and and are predominantly shared between governmental agencies of the Guinea-Bissau where fishing in prohibited areas appears to happen coastal States and the flag States and/or with the fishing companies. regularly. In addition to receiving data sent automatically from the – between Hai Feng 895 and CNFC 9305, on 13 November; – between Hai Feng 896 and CNFC 9308, on 13 November; – between Hai Feng 895 and CNFC 9510, on 14 November; Automatic Identification System (AIS) Inconsistencies vessels, the control authorities should also be able to log into the system 74 out of 92 Chinese fishing vessels observed by Greenpeace MY AIS turned on, at least 10 of these vessels had their name, Maritime Esperanza crew in the area had their Automatic Identification System Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) number and/or position wrongly (AIS) devices either switched off or not installed. Of the 18 that had their reported. Vessel name Bo Yuan 11 Company Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. 67 Greenpeace observation 1. The location shown on AIS and that observed from our helicopter did not match. The AIS reported the longitude in East but it was actually West, resulting in the vessel appearing to be on land in the AIS system Under the fisheries legislation of Senegal, 68 Guinea-Bissau 69 and to check specific vessels (called polling). Guinea,70 industrial fishing vessels operating in their EEZs must be equipped with VMS systems and data reported to the relevant In 2012, China's MoA, in its efforts to combat IUU activities by its DWF authorities. However, the current lack of capacity of these States to fleet, introduced its own compulsory VMS reporting system, followed operate their own monitoring centres means they have to either use by stricter measures in October 2014. an external service provider 73 However, the effectiveness of or rely on the flag States to forward these new measures has yet to be demonstrated conclusively as these information received from their vessels, as provided for instance under 12 Chinese vessels continued to fish in the prohibited zones, seemingly the bilateral fisheries agreement between Senegal and the European undisrupted. At the time of the final edit of this report, there is still no Union. indication that the owners of these vessels have been investigated by 71 72 the relevant Chinese authorities. 2. The ship was reporting its name as Min Dong Yu 61745 on AIS 3. It was reporting its MMSI number as 412447093 on AIS but the MMSI number 412209032 was painted on the ship Fu Yuan Yu 360, Fu Yuan Yu 361, Fu Yuan Yu 362, Fu Yuan Yu 363, Fu Yuan Yu 366 66 20 Fujian Pingtan Hengli Fishery Co., Ltd. The ships were reporting false positions of around 100º West longitude, resulting in the vessels appearing to be in Mexican waters in the AIS system. Fu Yuan Yu 381 Fujian Pingtan Hengli Fishery Co., Ltd. The ship was reporting MMSI number 412440272 on AIS while MMSI number 4124402381 was painted on the ship Fu Yuan Yu 380 Fujian Pingtan Hengli Fishery Co., Ltd. The ship was reporting MMSI number 412440271 on AIS while MMSI number 4124402380 was painted on the ship Bo Yuan 9 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. The ship was reporting a name “0” on AIS Liao Pu Yu 15096 Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. The ship was reporting the name Onwa487 on AIS http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y3554E/y3554e01.htm 2 Another Form Of IUU Fishing - Vessel GT Fraud One of the conditions to get a fishing licence from West African The vessel’s GT can also determine the fishing zone where the vessel States is that all industrial fishing vessels must declare their technical can operate. For instance in Senegal, the bigger the tonnage of the specifications, including GT, to the relevant authorities. The fishing industrial fishing vessel, the further it has to fish from the coast, to avoid licence fees are based on the vessel tonnage and are an important competition with local artisanal fishermen whose livelihood depends on source of income for local governments. fisheries resources closer to shore. Hence if a DWF company cheats 67 VMS is a satellite tracking system primarily used to monitor the location and movement of commercial fishing vessels 68 Arrêté n° 7958 of 5 December 2005 69 Decreto Lei n.º 10/2011 Article 43 70 Arrêté n° 1629/MPA/2009/SGG  71 Such as CLS http://www.cls.fr/en/ 72 Protocol Annex, Chapter IV, Section 4 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:22014A1023%2801%29&from=EN 73 See section 5.2 of this report for more detailed explanation 21 on their vessel tonnage declaration, not only will they pay less for the CNFC vessels' actual fishing capacity exceed the authorized limit by fishing license, but most importantly, their vessels may gain access to 61%. 75 ecologically sensitive areas closer to the coast. 3 Laws And Regulations Allegedly Violated By Chinese DWF Companies Greenpeace Africa research also shows that from 2000 to 2014, A recent investigation by Greenpeace Africa revealed that CNFC had 12 CNFC vessels that operated in Senegal, though its joint venture, grossly falsified their fishing vessels' GT declared to local authorities in Senegal Armement S.A., had on average under-declared their actual GT Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea. In 2014 alone, out of the 59 CNFC by 43%, and avoided paying at least 371,404,800 CFA Francs (566,203 vessels fishing in the waters of these three countries, evidence was EURO) found showing that the GT of 44 CNFC vessels was under-declared and represented a fraud of 1742, GT, the equivalent of six destructive the GT of 2 others was inconsistently reported. A total, GT of 6757.7 has trawlers of 300GT each competing with Senegalese artisanal fishermen. been “hidden” from coastal States which represents approximately the In addition to the loss of revenue for the States concerned, one needs equivalent of adding 22 destructive trawlers of 300 GT into these West to consider the ecosystem damage caused and the fish illegally caught African waters. For example, according to the terms and conditions by CNFC in these past years in Senegal by gaining unfair access to provided by a fisheries agreement signed between CNFC and Guinea- coastal fishing grounds. Bissau on 28 June 2010, 74 76 in licence fees to Senegal. In 2014, CNFC’s under-declaration In conclusion, four Chinese companies have violated relevant Chinese as well as the respective coastal States’ rules and regulations by engaging in IUU fishing operations and other fisheries related fraud. Company name Implicated vessels China National Fisheries Corporation (CNFC) it appears that, in the first half of 2014 alone, Dalian Bo Yuan Overseas Fishery Corp. (Bo Yuan Other Chinese DWF companies were also found to have engaged in similar GT fraud: 77 Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fishery Corp. (Lian Run) For Dalian Lian Run Overseas Fishery Corp. (LianRun): There were inconsistencies in GT declared by this company to local authorities for 19 of its 24 vessels operating in Guinea in 2013 and 2014. In 2014, the company transferred six of these 19 vessels from Guinea to GuineaBissau where it declared a different GT than had been declared in Guinea. In addition, for 13 of the LianRun vessels that continued to fish in Guinea in 2014, the company declared a different GT than in 2013. Despite the scarcity of available data and the lack of transparency, Under-declaring of GT constitutes an infraction under the laws of these further investigation may reveal that even more cases of GT fraud are three countries as well as of China. Thus, under-declaring the vessel being committed by Chinese companies operating in other West African GT falls within the definition of illegal fishing in the FAO International nations. For example, Shandong Overseas Fisheries Development Co. Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Ltd. (Shandong Overseas) was found to have under-declared the GT of Unregulated (IUU) Fishing.78 one of its vessels in Ghana in 2013. IUU fishing and GT fraud cases 44 vessels 44 cases of under-declared GT in Senegal, Guinea Bissau and Guinea 2 vessels 2 cases of inconsistent GT declared to Guinea Bissau’s authorities 8 vessels 11 cases of fishing illegally in a prohibited zone in Guinea’s waters 19 vessels 19 cases of inconsistent GT declared to Guinea Bissau and Guinea’s authorities 4 out of these 19 vessels 5 cases of fishing illegally in a prohibited zone in Guinea’s waters Shandong Overseas Fisheries Development Co. Ltd. 1 vessels 1 case of under-declared GT to Ghana authorities Sub total 74 vessels 61 cases of IUU fishing; 21 cases of GT fraud In total, 74 fishing vessels owned and/or operated by these companies Note that the laws and regulations referred to are those in force at the are implicated in 82 cases of IUU fishing activities and GT fraud in time of observation and available from official sources. Translation of the Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Ghana. Most cases occurred legal texts cited is by the authors. between 2000 and 2014, with the oldest case dating as far back as 1988. Alleged IUU activities Laws and regulations violated 1 1.1 Vessel tonnage fraud Fishing in prohibited zone Chinese laws, regulations and regulative legal documents 79 The Fishery Law of the Article 23: Fishing operations under the jurisdiction of other PRC (revised December countries shall be subjected to the approval of the State 2013) Council’s administrative department of fisheries affairs, and 80 must comply with the treaties and legal agreements ratified 74 http://www.minpesca-gw.org/protocolo%20acordo%20gb%20e%20china%20national%20f.corporation.pdf 75 For more details, see Greenpeace Africa report, accessible at URL: http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/Global/africa/graphics/Amigo/Scam%20on%20the%20 African%20Coast%20FINAL%20PROOF(1).pdf 76 1 Euro= 655.957 CFA Francs 77 Ibid 75 78 22 Section II, 3.1 Illegal fishing refers to activities: 3.1.1 conducted by national or foreign vessels in waters under the jurisdiction of a State, without the permission of that State, or in contravention of its laws and regulations. by or in which the Chinese government participates, as well as laws and regulations of the hosting country. 79 Law 法律法规 80 http://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2005-08/05/content_20812.htm 23 1.2 81 Provisions for the Administration of Pelagic Fishery (June 2003) 远洋 渔业管理规定 (2003) 82 Fishing vessel inspection regulation of the P.R.C. (2003) 83 State Council's notice on foreign fisheries management (2004; No 65) 85 State Council’s opinions to promote the sustainable and healthy 1.3 84 development of ocean fishery (March, 2013; No11) 86 MoA’s “Opinions regarding promoting the sustainable development of distant water fishery” 87 （2012, No. 30） MoA’s “Opinions on the implementation of “State Council’s opinions to promote the sustainable and healthy development of ocean fishery” (July, 2013) 88 MoA’s “Notice on enhanced management o f DWF c o m p a n i e s management” (12th Feb,, 2014) 89 2 Article 29 (2): Depending on the severity and impact of cheating in the application or during the execution of the approved distant water fishing project, the Ministry of Agriculture shall suspend or cancel the distant water fishing qualification of the implicated enterprise. Senegalese laws, regulations and regulative legal documents Art 20 Vessel registry: The registry contains all the information required, including notably on the characteristics of vessels 2.1 Article 19 (3): Fishing operations under the jurisdiction of other countries must comply with the treaties and legal agreements ratified by or in which the Chinese government participates, as well as laws and regulations of the hosting country. Fisheries Code 98-32 90 Art 86 (f) Serious infractions: False declarations of the technical specifications of vessels and notably those concerning the gross tonnage of vessels authorized to operate in waters under Senegal’s jurisdiction Article 34 (3): Unauthorized modification of the fishing vessel tonnage, load line, main engine power, personnel quota and airworthiness region Art 18 Each request for a licence must be accompanied by Fisheries Decree 98-498 Article 2(2): All enterprises and personnel involved in distant water fishing activities must strictly abide by relevant laws and regulations, and the international treaties 91 the following information b) Technical specifications of the vessel, including: date of construction, overall length, width, draught, gross and 2.2 net tonnage, engine power, catch preservation system Gross and net tonnage are verified based on copies of that China has ratified or acceded to; as well as to reduce and prevent overseas violations. certificates delivered by classification societies accredited by the ministry in charge of maritime fisheries Art 44 2.1/2.2/ 2.3 Fishing zones based on vessel tonnage Article 17 of Section 6: Strengthen distant water fisheries management. Deepen bilateral and multilateral fisheries cooperation and actively participate in the formulation of international fisheries treaties, agreements and standards. Establish and improve international fisheries management rules and adapt to ocean fisheries management system, improve the management level of distant water fishery. Fishermen and fishing enterprises to strengthen education and management, and strict compliance with relevant laws and regulations and international treaties. 3 Guinea-Bissau laws and regulations Art 12 Fishing vessel registry The fishing vessel registry shall specify all the information and data necessary namely: a) Vessels, notably, the name, the port and registration number, technical specifications or characteristics, the owner and any information considered useful Article 7: Improve the management of distant water fishing. (13) Prohibit illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Improve the ability to implement international fisheries conventions and agreements. Art 14.1 Access agreements a) Specify the number and technical specifications of the fishing vessels operating under the framework of the Article 12: Strengthen distant water fisheries management. Establish a holistic distant water fisheries management system in line with international fisheries management rules. Strict compliance with relevant laws and regulations and international treaties. Engage in fisheries production in accordance with relevant international organizations and other coastal States’ fisheries management rules. 3.1 Decreto Lei nº 10/2011 92 fishing agreement or contract, as well as the type of fishing, species and catch authorized Art 64 (g) Serious infractions The presentation of false information, data, and documents on the technical specifications of the fishing vessels authorized to operate in the waters under the national Article 4: Enhance the enterprise’s responsibility. Every DWF enterprise must conduct fishing operations according to the approved fishing area, type and species. Strictly prohibit fishing across the permitted boundary and illegal fishing. jurisdiction, notably the gross tonnage Art 24 Industrial fishing prohibited inside the territorial sea 81 Rule and regulation 规章、条例 86 http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-06/25/content_2433577.htm 82 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2004/content_62790.htm 87 http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201211/t20121122_3069037.htm 83 http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2005-08/06/content_21046.htm 88 http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201307/t20130710_3518356.htm 90 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/SN/Leg_SN_1998_LOI-00032.pdf 84 Ministry notice. measure & by-law 政策通知 89 http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/YYJ/201409/t20140905_4048028.htm 91 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/SN/Leg_SN_1998_DCR-00498.pdf 85 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2004/content_62925.htm 92 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/GBIS/nouveau/LEG_GB_2011_DCR-LEI-00010.pdf 24 25 4 Guinea laws and regulations Arrêté № A/2014/019/ MPA/CAB/SGG Fisheries management plan 2014 93 4.1 5 Ghana laws and regulations Article 21: Tonnage Regulations I (scope) the limits for industrial trawling in Guinean waters are maintained at 12 nm and/or the 20 metre isobath (2) The Minister shall in making the Tonnage Regulations, incorporate the International Convention on Tonnage VI – maritime fishing zones Measurement of Ships, 1969 including amendments to it. Fishing zones authorized per fishing category are as follows : Article 22 --Beyond 12 nautical miles, in waters deeper than 20m for demersal fishery for fish and cephalopods. (2) The tonnage of a ship once ascertained shall be entered in --Beyond 12 nautical miles, trawling is not authorized if the water depth is less than 20m. 5.1 Act 645 Ghana Shipping Act, 2003 --Beyond 30 nautical miles for shrimpers 97 every subsequent registration of that ship unless (a) an alteration is made in the size or capacity of the ship, or (b) it is discovered that the tonnage of the ship has been erroneously determined, and in each case the ship shall be 4.2 Fisheries Code L/95/13/ Article 12. 1 International agreements and other CTRN arrangements for the access of foreign fishing vessels: 94 remeasured Article 34. Registration of alterations of tonnage a) Specify the number or the capacity of vessels whose (5) The owner of a ship commits an offence where there operations are authorized as well as the type of fishing and is default in registering a new a ship that has been species authorized to be caught altered and is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred penalty units or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding two years or to both the fine Article 15. 2 Vessel registry The registry will contain all the and the imprisonment and in addition is liable to a fine of information requested, including on the specifications of 4.3 vessels and their operations in Guinea maritime waters one hundred penalty units for each day during which the Decree D 97/227/PRG/ Article 7 (1) License The minister in charge of fisheries can SGG General Regulation request information that can be reasonably considered as Application for registration, Licencing of Local industrial on the implementation of relevant such as: the Fisheries Code 95 offence continues after the conviction. and semi-industrial fishing vessels Article 2(l): International Tonnage Certificate --Technical specifications concerning the gross tonnage measurements accepted by the relevant service of the fisheries ministry Registration and identity of fishing vessels --A solemn declaration testifying the accuracy of the Article 3(2): An application for registration of a fishing demand or the information provided 5.2 Fisheries Regulations 2009 4.4 Decree 027 on fines and penalties for fineries infractions of 1 March 2012 96 98 vessel shall be as in Form A of the Schedule to these Regulations and shall be submitted to the Commission. Article 6: Falsification of documents a) fishing in prohibited zones Article 74. (1) A person shall not falsify or unlawfully alter, Article 7: destroy, erase or obliterate any declaration, certificate or l) False declarations on the technical specifications of other document made or issued under these Regulations. vessels and notably those concerning the gross tonnage of (2) A person who acts contrary to subregulation (1) vessels authorized to operate in the maritime waters of the commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to Republic of Guinea a fine not exceeding fifty penalty units or to imprisonment for a term of not more than three months. 93 Document available upon request 94 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/GUI/nouveau/Leg_GUI_1995_LOI-00013.pdf 95 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/GUI/nouveau/Leg_GUI_1997_DCR-00227.pdf 96 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/GUI/nouveau/Leg_GUI_2012_DCR-00027.pdf 26 97 http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/gha93388.pdf 98 http://www.mofad.gov.gh/sites/default/files/file%20uploads/Fisheries%20Regulations%202010.pdf 27 05 PROBLEMS WITH CHINESE DWF COMPANIES’ EXPANSION IN AFRICA to expand without limit because Chinese DWF policies and regulations governments and the Chinese government, and possibly the DWF lack strict sustainability and precautionary principles,100 and have no clear companies. The lack of will or resources to impose an environmentally management objectives and strategies to guide its fisheries operations in and socially sustainable fisheries management system directly results international waters and other countries’ EEZs. in the depletion of marine resources and the destruction of local coastal communities’ livelihood. By contrast, China’s new domestic fisheries 101 management framework has already incorporated specific criteria, objectives and strategy to Under the Chinese State Council`s “Opinions to promote the sustainable address the acute overfishing problem in its domestic fisheries. The and healthy development of ocean fishery” 106 and MoA’s fisheries 12th strengthening of the sustainability elements in China's domestic fisheries 5 years plan for China DWF development, fleets continue to get a green legal framework was in response to the depletion of domestic fisheries light for rapid expansion on the assumption that the world fisheries resources. China could prevent the same tragedy from happening to resources are still abundant. Chinese DWF companies normally submit African fisheries resources by learning from its painful experience at applications for fishing operation to MoA on a case-by-case basis. home. At a minimum, the higher management standards which apply Information required by MoA’s for approval is focused on regulations and to domestic fisheries should also apply to distant water fisheries. China legislation applicable in the fishing area, target species and current status should also adopt the best international management standards such of species and fishing area, including “mitigation plan” and feasibility as those contained in the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement. Currently, to deal with restrictions imposed on fishing gear type/ fishing quota for China’s DWF policy and regulations predominantly focus only on requiring fishing activities in international waters (that fall under the remit of different compliance with coastal States' and/or RFMOs’ regulations 103 regardless RFMOs), but there is no requirement for independent scientific review on of the management measures adequacy and the capacity of relevant sustainability of the fishing project. 107 102 management authorities or bodies. As a result, the development plan for Chinese DWF is mainly based on CNFC fishing vessel Soleil 11 trawling in the EEZ of Senegal. CNFC have been underreporting the gross tonnage of this vessel since 1988 104 © Jiri Rezac / Greenpeace Over 1055 Chinese vessels are fishing in other countries' EEZs. Out of the expansion of fishing fleets. In African EEZs, the number of Chinese these, 462 vessels were fishing in Africa’s waters in 2013, the biggest DWF vessels has increased from 13 vessels back in 1985 to 462 vessels foreign-flagged and/or -owned industrial fishing fleet in Africa. Without in almost 30 years. a strong regional fisheries management body to adopt and implement 105 Problems caused by Chinese companies' IUU fishing activities in Africa over-expand, increasing the difficulty for the responsible authorities to are multi-faceted. The recurring problems are first due to the fundamental manage individual companies’ aggressive business expansion. failings of the existing regulatory framework that guides the development same time, weaknesses in the existing Chinese monitoring, control and of Chinese DWF industry. The lack of sustainability principles and a surveillance (MCS) mechanism for its massive DWF vessel fleet have precautionary approach, management objectives and strategies gives provided individual companies with opportunities to engage in IUU fishing a relatively free hand for the overly zealous Chinese DWF companies to activities whenever external factors allowed. 99 conservation and management measures, the decision whether or not Key problems identified in Chinese distant water fishing policies that to adopt a sustainable fisheries model rests entirely with West African could potentially fuel global overfishing are listed below.108 At the 100 [Provisions for the Administration of Pelagic Fisheries] Article 1 [State Council's notice on Foreign fisheries management] No.2 [State Council on promoting the sustainable and healthy development of marine fisheries] No. 17 [State Council’s notice on Strengthening safe fishery production] No.19 1 Aggressive Expansion Guided By Outdated Fisheries Policies, Without Sustainability Principles And A Precautionary Approach [State Council on promoting the sustainable and healthy development of marine fisheries] 101 The world is in the midst of a global overfishing crisis and therefore it subject to strict and effective policies that ensure it operates legally and is extremely worrying that one of the world’s largest DWF fleets is not sustainably. That means that Chinese DWF companies are relatively free 99 28 “State Council’s opinion on promoting the sustainable and healthy development of marine fisheries”, “China`s Fishery Law” and “Distant water fishery regulation”. These opinion and law/regulation do not contain management principles, objectives and strategies applying to distant water fishing toward sustainable and equitable exploitation of marine resources in the long term For example, the objective for China domestic fisheries is to ensure that the number of coastal fishing vessels and fishing intensity are adapted to reproductive ability of fish, and with a very clear principle that catches shall be below the growth of the fish stock 102 http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_fish_stocks.htm 103 [State Council's notice on Foreign fisheries management] No.2 104 Out of 2,159 Chinese DWF vessels operating globally in 2013, 1055 Chinese vessels were fishing in other countries EEZs, while the remaining 1044 vessels were fishing predominantly in international waters. 105 Apart from the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), there is no regional management body with decision-making power 106 http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-06/25/content_2433577.htm 107 Refer to [Provisions for the Administration of Pelagic Fishery] ( 远洋渔业管理规定 ) Article 4, 5, 6 and 7 and [Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture to further strengthen offshore fishing enterprise management] Point 2 108 Refer to Greenpeace East Asia “Comprehensive Chinese DWF Policy Advice” (in Chinese) for detailed elaboration. Draft English summary is available upon request 29 Key areas of Chinese DWF policies Major loopholes Management principle - Management principles such as ensuring “active and stable development 109 of overseas and distant water fisheries” and ensuring a “sustainable and healthy development of the industry” are sometimes contradictory. - Other important principles such as precautionary, ecosystem-based approaches and long term perspective planning are lacking. - Chinese Companies are asked to comply with the legislation of coastal States regardless if Chinese regulations provide for higher sustainability standards. Management objective and strategy - No objectives and strategy toward sustainable and equitable development of the DWF sector in the long term. 110 Various international and multilateral conventions and action plans exist its DWF vessels. that introduce the most advanced criteria for sustainable and responsible also updated its legal framework for control, enforcement and the fight Just prior to this reform, in 2008 and 2009, the EU had fisheries which China should adopt and implement as soon as possible to against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. 111 While the EU become a truly responsible stakeholder. These are not unattainable goals can and must still further improve the implementation and enforcement or standards, many of them have been ratified and implemented by many of these rules, the new CFP and IUU legislation provide a solid legal countries. The European Union has recently reformed its EU Common basis, which can and should serve as an example to China in terms of Fisheries Policy (CFP) and has, in the process, updated most of its improvements needed in the DWF management. policies, management standards and tools to manage its fleet, including 2 China’s previous failed domestic fisheries model transferred to Africa - Lack of management guidance on preferable vessel types and fishing gear types, as well as lack of management of fishing capacity both quantitative and qualitative (vessels, gears, practices) – especially for DWF projects with individual coastal States outside of RFMOs management. - No clear objective/strategy to cooperate with coastal States to improve local fisheries management standards such as provided for in international instruments to ensure environmentally and socially sustainable fisheries. Management tools and measures - The approval of a company's DWF project is not based on principles and objectives for sustainable and equitable exploitation of marine resource in the long term. Instead, the approval is merely based on administrative matters. - Lack of independent scientific evaluation of the status of fish stocks and the impact of fishing operations in project feasibility study. Feedback System - No independent feedback system to assist the evaluation by the relevant Chinese authorities of the DWF companies’ performance in the annual renewal process of their The Chinese companies DWF expansion into Africa is a classic example mistake. In the six important West Africa Coastal States where China of double standards and the rush to the bottom in pursuit of short-term DWF companies fleets operate, interests. The 462 Chinese DWF vessels fishing in African waters in 2013 of low-impact fishing methods, and bottom trawling is still the main fishing were predominantly bottom trawlers, one of the most destructive fishing method used by Chinese vessels. In the absence of strict fisheries methods in the modern fishing industry. 112 management in many West Africa countries, Chinese DWF operators toward sustainable and equitable exploitation of global marine resource in the long term. Control and Enforcement there are no access criteria in favour apply much lower standards than they would have to under China's After decades of extreme overfishing, fish stocks in three of the four domestic fisheries regulations. main Chinese domestic fishing grounds have collapsed due to the use of destructive fishing methods, pollution, as well as the failure of the Fisheries are an important sector in many West African countries fisheries management system to rectify the situation. In response, China especially in terms of food security. The activities of Chinese DWF has improved the sustainability provisions in the legislation applying to its companies exporting the destructive fishing model that destroyed China’s domestic fisheries. Though with limited success, the Chinese government own fisheries and environment to Africa does not fit with the mutually- is taking steps to eliminate some of the most destructive fishing methods beneficial partnership 115 strongly advocated by its government based such as bottom trawlers from its own EEZ, including a new regulation on the understanding that China`s development should not be at the to strictly limit the construction of new bottom trawlers, as well as other expense of others. 116 incentives to undertake fleet capacity reduction. 113 DWF permits. - No comprehensive impact assessment of the performance of the DWF companies 114 Today, the majority of Chinese coastal fishermen are relying on a state Unfortunately, the painful lesson learned from overfishing China’s own fuel subsidy to sustain their fishing activity, without which they would not EEZ has not been taken on board by the Chinese DWF companies be able to survive. If African fisheries were to collapse due to overfishing, in their overseas expansion. Their investment and operation model in African coastal States' populations do not have many alternative Africa shows no improvement or innovation to avoid repeating the same livelihoods, if at all. - Chinese fishing vessels coordinates are reported through VMS. However, without proactive and real-time verification, including enforcement at sea, anecdotal evidence shows that Chinese DWF companies are able to avoid detection and sanctions. 110 [Regulation No.1380/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE CONCIL on the common Fisheries Policy] 2 - Compliance with the majority of the laws/regulations requires voluntarily self-regulated 111 Council Regulation (EC) No 1005/2008 of 29 September 2008; Commission Regulation (EC) No 1010/2009 of 22 October 2009 112 See Discards in the World's Marine Fisheries, An Update http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5936e/y5936e00.htm conduct by the company (eg submission of the vessel’s fishing log book; fishing operation in line with coastal State’s laws/regulations), thus is prone to manipulation. This also reflects the a posteriori status of the fisheries management system. 113 Since 1987, controls of the vessel numbers and fishing capacity are two major measures introduced by Chinese government to address overfishing problem in China's own waters. In 2003 MoA published its first notice on the “implement opinions of fishing vessels number and capacity control” http://www.moa.gov.cn/ govpublic/YYJ/201006/t20100606_1538270.htm. However by the end of 2010, although vessels numbers had dropped by 9.1%, vessels’ fishing capacity increased by 5.3% during the period. Recognizing the new problem ahead, MoA released a new notice at the beginning of China Fishery 12th 5 year plan, this time with the objective to cap the growth of vessel numbers and fishing capacity at the baseline of 2010. After 3 years of implementation, the results are mixed. Although the total vessel numbers had decreased by 3.7% from 2010 baseline; nevertheless, net vessels’ fishing capacity continued to increase by 4.4% by 2013 114 Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mauritania, Senegal, Sierra Lone 115 http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2010-11/19/content_1748530.htm; http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2012/0711/c1001-18488885.html; http://www.focac.org/chn/zfgx/zfgxdfzc/t1154184.htm. - Greenpeace Africa's and Greenpeace East Asia’s documentation in 2014 shows that Chinese DWF vessels fish inside prohibited zones, possibly undetected by the VMS system. At the time of the final edit of this report, there is still no indication that the owners of these vessels have been investigated by the relevant Chinese authorities. 116 109 30 Based on the contextual interpretation of China Fishery 12th 5 year plan and MoA’s “Opinions on the implementation of “State Council’s opinions to promote the sustainable and healthy development of ocean fishery”, the term “development” here could be understood as referring to “expansion” See http://cppcc.people.com.cn/GB/12655414.html. “China`s pursuit of its development should not be at the expense of others” has been a major principle since China`s “Going Out” strategy was developed. Many Chinese top leaders have described this principle in many international forums, especially in the field of foreign affairs. For example, in March 2014, President Xi Jinping repeated this emphasis during his visit in Germany http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/03-29/6007557. shtml, former Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Jiechi also reiterated this principle in the China Development Forum 2010 31 3 Companies’ Short-Term Economic Interests Undermine China’s Desire For A Mutually-Beneficial Partnership For Africa the equipment to transmit a false position (see section 4.1 of this report) is example, Lian Run’s IUU fishing case penalized by MoA in 2013 was the length of the interval between the transmissions of the vessel position first detected by Guinean authorities and then reported by the European coordinates which makes it difficult to tell where a fishing vessel was Commission to the Chinese government. during the interval and if it was engaging in IUU fishing or not. clearly that the existing VMS system managed by MoA is not effective 123 This concrete example shows enough to deter IUU fishing by Chinese DWF vessels. As outlined above, the outdated Chinese legal framework gives its DWF underscores the challenges facing the responsible ministry for Chinese industry a “free” hand in expanding its business overseas as a purely DWF – MoA, and the lack of sufficient means to control China’s large economic venture. However, the unique standing of fisheries as a sector expanding fishing fleet in Africa. essential to African people food security and sovereignty means that it cannot be treated purely from an economic investment perspective. Despite the whole DWF industry contributing less than 0.1% of China's overall overseas investments, 118 they jeopardize the mutually-beneficial Anecdotal evidence shows that the aggressive expansion by Chinese partnership advocated by the Chinese government for Sino-African DWF companies has already created local dissatisfaction. What is worse, relations by engaging in illegal fishing and simply repeating the same Chinese companies do not only plunder Africa’s decreasing fisheries mistakes that devastated China’s own marine resources in Africa. resources legally, some bad players were found to have engaged in IUU fishing activities, despite the huge fuel and other subsidies granted Artisanal fishermen are increasingly important stakeholders in local by their government, giving them a competitive edge over other fishing politics in many West Africa countries. This is a classic example of one players. particular type of overseas investment, mostly by Chinese private entities, allowed to operate on a short-sighted and purely mercantilist pursuit of Chinese companies stealing fish from African countries while its economic interests in Africa. If Chinese DWF companies are allowed government is launching its biggest overseas humanitarian aid to continue to operate out of control, local resentment toward Chinese program to help affected African countries to combat Ebola outbreak, 117 overseas investments will inevitably increase. MoA published its first “Distant water fishing vessels position surveillance (temporary) administrative measures” in early 2012, requiring all Chinese In addition, many documented Chinese IUU fishing cases in Africa such DWF vessels “to report their location at least 2 times a day, and that each as illegal mesh size can only be detected through inspection on board vessel’s VMS system needs to be switched on 24 hours/day”.120 Less the fishing vessels, requiring human and financial resources that many than 2 years after this temporary measure was introduced, MoA updated West African countries lack. It is obvious that the Chinese government the administrative measure in October 2014, requiring all Chinese DWF efforts to combat IUU fishing activities should not be limited to requesting vessels to “report the vessel’s location every 4 hours, and the VMS more frequent vessel’s position reporting, but should also be focused system must be switched on 24hours/day”. on establishing and contributing to a comprehensive control system, 121 With this latest amendment, the VMS regulation has become stricter, yet IUU fishing by Chinese including but not limited to VMS, wherever Chinese vessels operate. vessels continues as recently documented by Greenpeace Africa and Greenpeace East Asia in West Africa. Clearly, the monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) and enforcement mechanism under MoA’s responsibility is lagging behind the “creativity” Even with the introduction of the compulsory VMS reporting in 2012, and of Chinese companies who cheat whenever external conditions permit. the revised VMS reporting measures in October 2014, the three IUU In order to effectively deter IUU fishing, the responsible ministry must fishing cases penalized by MoA so far were in response to complaints impose strict supervision and control rather than merely request from other governments and not based on its own VMS monitoring. companies to comply with hosting countries` laws and regulations. 122 For 3 Predatory Companies Circumvent Government Measures Monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) is a key component of a sufficient. fisheries management system, especially to counter IUU fishing. Illegal globally, MCS-related rules and regulations introduced by MoA are fishing has long been recognized as one of the main threats to marine inadequate and insufficient. 119 Compared to the massive Chinese DWF fleets operating ecosystems and the African communities which depend on them. Various regulations as well as the compulsory installation of VMS do The various measures introduced by MoA to regulate Chinese DWF not seem to be able to effectively deter Chinese DWF companies from players and prevent them from engaging in IUU activities are far from engaging in IUU fishing. One of the reasons, apart from tampering with 117 As of January 2015, Chinese government has provided over 750 million RMB worth of humanitarian aid to assist affected African countries to combat Ebola outbreak, and has sent over 1000 medical workers and experts. For more details, see http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/t1227252.shtml 118 According to 2014 Report of the development of Chinese distant water fishery, Fishery Bureau of MoA, China, 2014, by the end of 2013, Chinese DWF companies’ overseas investment totaled 470 million USD. On the other hand, according to 2013 China's foreign direct investment statistical bulletin (http://www.mof.gov.cn/ mofhome/mof/zhengwuxinxi/caijingshidian/zyzfmhwz/201409/t20140911_1137908.html), by the end of 2013, China’s total overseas investment ( 直接投资累计净额 / 存量 ) was about 660.48 billion USD. So the proportion of DWF in the whole overseas investment equals about 0.47/660.48= less than 0.1% 119 32 In 2012, MoA released the opinions regarding promoting the sustainable development of distant water fishery. In this published “Opinions”, MoA advises Chinese DWF operators to adhere to international IUU regulation and fishery legislation management, implying that the conduct by Chinese DWF operators is far from ideal. http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201211/t20121122_3069037.htm 120 http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/YYJ/201201/t20120131_2471663.htm 121 Distant water fishing vessels position surveillance administrative measures (2014-58) 农业部办公厅关于印发《远洋渔船船位监测管理办法》的通知（农办渔 2014 第 58 号）http://www.cndwf.com/upload_files/article/150/1_20141030101052_umwmi.pdf 122 See IUU penalized cases published at MoA website at URL: http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/# 123 For more detailed of this case,see http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/YYJ/201308/t20130828_3589507.htm 33 06 1 Fisheries Management Policies Need Strengthening PROBLEMS WITH WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES' FISHERIES GOVERNANCE Since UNCLOS, international fisheries law has evolved to establish Senegal is close to completion and is expected to provide the country certain fundamental principles such as the precautionary approach which with a more progressive legislation. Hopefully, with the involvement of aims to prevent overexploitation before it occurs and ecosystem-based civil society and artisanal fishing, the revised legislation will establish management which takes into account the impact of fishing activities on more efficient management systems to ensure sustainable and equitable the marine environment as a whole rather than only the target species. exploitation of marine resources. The 1995 UN Agreement 127 provides for an operational definition of and guidelines for the application of the precautionary approach which can be The main failings in current management systems in many West African widely applied to other fisheries. The global fight against IUU fishing has countries are the lack of: also led to the adoption of new measures and mechanisms to reinforce control over fishing fleets. operational definitions of precautionary and ecosystem-based approaches and clear management objectives; Such requirements must urgently be implemented through national legislation. For various reasons, certain West African States are in the process of revising and updating their fisheries legislation to adapt it to new economic or regulatory requirements. For instance, Guinea is revising its legislation in response to their identification by the EU as Fish Market in Senegal failing to take measures against IUU fishing. The reform process in management of fishing capacity (vessels, gears, practices); allocation mechanism based on equitable and transparent environmental and social criteria, rewarding those operators who comply the most with those environmental and social criteria; strict and efficient monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement system. 2 Too Many Industrial And Destructive Vessels © Gordon Welters/ Greenpeace Overcapacity has been identified as one of the major problems afflicting of the stakeholders and raises the question of who should have priority to fisheries worldwide as it impedes achieving sustainable exploitation of exploit and benefit from available marine resources. resources and damages the economic performance of the fishing sector. Expansion of fishing fleets is often planned without knowing precisely how Increasingly, West African countries are asserting their right to exploit especially in the areas of financial and technical assistance, technology It is in that context that many West African countries are putting in much fishing capacity is actually deployed and its environmental and and better benefit from marine resources, a right emphasized in various transfer, training and scientific cooperation and in enhancing their ability place policies and mechanisms to increase or develop their fishing social impacts. At the same time, stocks assessments are unreliable or international instruments. 124 However, it is important to remember that to develop their own fisheries as well as to participate in high seas capacity, including by encouraging the transfer of/flagging in of industrial even non-existent due to poor catch and fishing effort data. All too often, rights imply responsibilities and obligations with respect to fishing fisheries, including access to such fisheries.” 125 The FAO International fishing vessels or the creation of joint ventures which are supported by investments and subsidies result in large‑scale fisheries development at activities. Developing States must ensure that they do not only exercise Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity also requires that DWF nations and operators but are not necessarily conducive to an the expense of dependent fishing communities, especially in developing their rights but that they are in a position to fulfil their obligations. The its implementation “be based on the Code of Conduct, particularly Article environmentally sustainable and socially equitable exploitation. countries, as well as the long term sustainability of the fisheries and the exploitation of available resources should not be at the expense of long- 5, in relation to enhancing the ability of developing countries, to develop term environmental sustainability, food security or the livelihoods of their own fisheries as well as to participate in high seas fisheries, including dependent local communities. access to such fisheries, in accordance with their legitimate rights and environment. Although many West African governments purport to support sustainable, small-scale, artisanal fishing, and to ensure local food security and the Capacity assessment and management plans must be put in place. livelihood of dependent local communities, foreign investments are Existing fishing capacity must be measured and evaluated. Such plans The FAO Code of Conduct calls on States, relevant intergovernmental encouraged and facilitated and special treatment and conditions or should include not only vessel number, size and engine power but also and non-governmental organizations and financial institutions to “work for even exemptions from regulations are granted to industrial operators. For major capacity characteristics by gear type and the impact of various the adoption of measures to address the needs of developing countries, instance, until now, the Code for Maritime Fisheries in Senegal provided types of vessels and gears on fish stocks and the marine environment. for the development of the artisanal fishing sector. But the proposed new They should also provide the socio-economic profile of the various fleets draft legislation includes support for the development of the industrial deployed, thereby demonstrating or clarifying the relative importance fishing sector. In a situation of fully or even over-exploited resources, of various sectors or fleet segments for food security and livelihood of importing or developing new fishing capacity will inevitably affect some dependent fishing communities. their obligations under international law.” 126 124 See UNCLOS, 1995 UN agreement on straddling and highly migratory fish stocks, FAO Code of Conduct and International Plans of Action, etc 125 Article 5 126 Paragraph 10 127 34 Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks (Article 6 & Annex II) 35 3 Big Operators Are Pushing Small-Scale Fishing Out Guinea and Senegal and complement traditional MCS systems, are still not and the vessel goes back to fishing even in cases of repeated serious integrated or adequately supported by governments or aid agencies. infractions. The fishing licence is extremely rarely cancelled, if at all. Low 134 fines in comparison to the value of the catch simply become part of the The question of capacity management is directly linked to the issue of Marine resources are and should remain a common patrimony exploited allocation of available fish resources. As overcapacity is a major driver of sustainably for the benefit of populations, and not allocated, leased or IUU fishing, so is inequitable access to and allocation of marine resources. sold to those who can afford to pay rather than to those who fish in the most environmentally sustainable and socially equitable manner. In Various forms of access arrangements are being used by African governments to grant fishing rights: bilateral agreements, joint ventures, chartering arrangements, or even property rights, to the detriment of the vast majority of people in developing countries. Property rights, under various various parts of the world, property or quasi property rights have been shown to lead to the concentration of the right of access in the hands of economically and politically powerful operators and the exclusion of dependent coastal communities. guises, are increasingly presented as the “solution” to the race for fish. But possessing adequate MCS means and capacity (equipment, personnel and operational budgets) is not sufficient. Fisheries legislation must ensure their efficient use. For instance, as explained in section 4.1, vessel satellite heavily subsidized but do not apply minimum safety and social standards. Moreover, sanctions and fines are subject to negotiations or transactions. tracking systems (Vessel Monitoring Systems – VMS) cannot be considered as the panacea and even less trusted blindly. VMS Systems are too easily Cooperation and exchange of information is still lacking among coastal tampered with and wrong data sent to control authorities. States and with relevant flag and port States regarding vessels authorized to fish in their waters or under their flag, as well as vessels involved in Considering the continued occurrence of IUU fishing and the numerous repeated offenders operating in the region, the probability for perpetrators to be caught is obviously too low and sanctions are not sufficiently dissuasive. Too often, when IUU operators are caught, a fine is paid 4 Failure to stop IUU fishing operational costs. This is especially true for operators who are not only IUU fishing (including name of operator/owners, flag, type of infraction, etc). Vessels and companies with a history of IUU fishing use the lack of cooperation to move between coastal States EEZs and avoid potential sanctions or black-listing as could be the case under the EU IUU regulation.135 5 Lack Of Transparency Lack of transparency benefits unscrupulous operators and prevents Hopefully, the recent Nouakchott Declaration meaningful participation by relevant stakeholders and civil society 2014 during the high-level International Conference on "Transparency and organisations. West Africa coastal States have long pledged to more Sustainable Development in Africa" will lead to the adoption of concrete transparency regarding fishing activities and interests in their waters. measures to ensure greater transparency. The problem of IUU and overfishing is directly linked to a lack of oversight in prohibited zone, using the wrong mesh size, false declaration of vessel and control over fishing fleets. When granting their flag to foreign vessels, characteristics (Article 12). Article 13 provided that for repeat offenders for developing coastal States accept the burden of control and become one or several infractions listed in article 12 in at least two SRFC member responsible for these vessels’ activities as their flag State. And even without States, the vessel should be prohibited from fishing in all the waters under flagging vessels, coastal States have responsibilities to conserve marine the jurisdiction of the member States However, much information and data are still not publicly available. In September 2001, the Nouakchott Declaration on Illegal, Unreported and 6 Double Standards Are Undermining Conservation Measures adopted on 20 January 136 resources 128 and should do so for the benefit of their populations and dependent local fishing communities in particular. Unregulated Fishing adopted by the Conference of Ministers of the SRFC However, many West Africa coastal States lack the means and capacity, called for the use of all means at its disposal to fight against IUU fishing and sometimes political will, to manage and control those fishing fleets. The activities in the EEZs of its member States, better cooperation, stricter efficiency of MCS systems varies considerably among West African coastal control, the implementation of the FAO International Plan of Action.132 States. Unscrupulous fishers take advantage of weaker systems and the waters of coastal States where there is little or no control become a refuge for those involved in IUU fishing, including many repeat offenders. The example of Guinea with rampant IUU fishing which led to its identification by the EU as non-cooperating State shows the challenge facing West Africa coastal States and regional bodies. Many commitments to address the problem have been made, but, to date, few have been concretised. Already in 1993, the States member of the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) 129 adopted a Convention on conditions of access and exploitation of marine resources in their waters 130 in which they committed to a number of measures against IUU fishing 131 such as the withdrawal of the fishing licence for repeat offenders, among others in case of fishing In 2012, SRFC member States adopted a revised Convention on conditions of access 133 which provides for the establishment of a sub-regional data base on fishing activities in the sub-region (Article 19). Article 32.1 requires that repeat offenders in one of the member States be prohibited from fishing in all waters under the jurisdiction of member States for a period of one year. Obviously, a lot remains to be done to implement those commitments. And while MCS programmes can be costly, the loss to IUU fishing is considerable. Moreover, low-cost low-tech participatory surveillance programmes involving local small-scale fishermen, which have Based on documentation collected, DWF companies seem to have found adequate control of catches can take place. This was reinforced by a creative ways to by-pass fisheries management measures introduced by presidential decree adopted on 29 July 2013. coastal States through negotiating and signing private agreements that adopted a new law on transshipment allow much lower standards than provided in the national legislation. where such operations can take place. Hopefully, the Guinean fisheries law 138 139 But in 2014, Guinea which is much more ambiguous on currently being revised will once and for all clearly establish a prohibition of Although agreements negotiated by China with third countries are transshipment at sea. extremely rarely publicly available, certain aspects have been documented that show that Chinese fishing vessels benefit from special conditions However, according to the agreement signed on 8 December 2009 for a 2 which exempt them from abiding by the local legislation. year period between the Guinean Ministry for fisheries and aquaculture and China’s MoA, For example, until 2013 the Guinean legislation strictly prohibited transshipment at sea in Guinea’s EEZ and specified that transshipments must take place in port or anchorage of Conakry or Kamsar 137 140 CNFC benefitted from an exemption from the legislation in force to transship at sea. Greenpeace Africa confirmed that such “Special authorisations” to transship at sea have been granted to Chinese vessels. so that demonstrated their efficiency in certain West Africa coastal States such as 134 Participatory surveillance has been recognized by the United Nations Resolution on Sustainable Fisheries of 9 December paragraph 70: “Acknowledges the development of participatory surveillance activities at sea involving fishing communities in West Africa as a cost-effective way of detecting illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing;” 2013 http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N13/443/71/PDF/N1344371.pdf?OpenElement 128 See UNCLOS 135 http://www.spcsrp.org/ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1408984470270&uri=CELEX:02008R1005-20110309 129 136 http://conferencetransparence.mauritanie2015.org/eng/ 130 http://www.spcsrp.org/Documents/Documents+harmonisation+des+politiques+et+des+legislations 137 See Arrêté N°A/2013/10611/MPA/CAB/SGG Article XIV http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/Leg/GUI/LEG_GUI_2013_ARR-10611.pdf 131 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/documents/CSRP-2001-Decl_Nouakchott.pdf 138 Decree D/2013/123/PRG/SGG 132 http://www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-iuu/en 139 Décret n° 008/PRG/SGG du 07/01/2014 133 http://www.spcsrp.org/medias/csrp/documents/csrp2012/csrp-CMA_version_originale_juin_2012_fr.pdf 140 Article 9 of the Agreement grants authorization to transship catches at sea for free inside the limits of maritime waters under sovereignty or jurisdiction of Guinea 36 37 07 1 Chinese DWF Companies RECOMMENDATIONS CNFC, Dalian Lian Run, Dalian Boyuan, and Shandong Overseas should immediately halt all illegal fishing practices, and cooperate with investigations by the coastal States and Chinese government into illegal practices; CNFC, Dalian Lian Run, Dalian Boyuan, and Shandong Overseas must ensure full compliance with the strictest regulations; All coastal States' fisheries laws and regulations: Chinese laws, regulations and policies: Fishery Law of the PRC (July 1986, revised October 2000, August 2004, August 2009 and December 2013) Provisions for the Administration of Pelagic Fishery (June 2003) Fishing vessel inspection regulations of PRC (August 2003) State Council's notice on foreign fisheries management (2004; No 65) State Council’s opinions to promote the sustainable and healthy development of ocean fishery (March, 2013; No-11) MoA’s “Opinions regarding promoting the sustainable development of distant water fishery”（2012, No. 30） Pirogue Fishing Boats in Dakar MoA’s opinions on the implementation of “State Council’s opinions to promote the sustainable and healthy development of ocean fishery” (July, 2013) © Christian Aslund/ Greenpeace MoA’s “Notice on enhanced management of DWF companies management” (12th February, 2014) 2 Chinese Government 2015 is an important year for Africa where the post-2015 development in helping their African counterparts to develop a sustainable model of agenda will be discussed. Fisheries is one of the main pillars of fisheries, taking into account the hard lessons learned by China from the employment and livelihood in many West African countries, and an collapse of its own domestic fisheries. important source of protein for the local population. 2015 is also an China, as flag State and/or State of beneficial ownership, should strengthen its MCS and sanction system to force these companies and fleets to abide by the rules: important milestone for Sino-Africa relationships as the 6th Sino-African However, expecting these companies to take the lead unilaterally on Forum is scheduled to be held in South Africa. Moreover, the African this would be unrealistic without a strong and adequate guidance from Union Assembly has declared 2015-2025 as the "Decade of African Seas the Chinese government. In this regard, the review of China’s DWF and Oceans”, and the date of 25 July as the African Day of Seas and fisheries regulation led by MoA that started in 2014 and is expected to be Oceans. The Assembly invited Regional Economic Communities and concluded in 2015 is a golden opportunity for the Chinese government regional mechanisms to develop and adopt a regional strategy against to bring its distant water fishing industry under proper control. Failing to piracy, armed robbery and other illegal activities committed at sea, do so, companies like CNFC, Dalian Lian Run and Dalian Boyuan, will consistent with the 2050 African Integrated Maritime (AIM). Strategy. 141 continue to operate on the assumption that China will not enforce their fisheries obligations, with the consequence that the Chinese government As Chinese DWF fleets are becoming the largest industrial fleets in Zero tolerance on IUU fishing will continue to be embarrassed by the conduct of its DWF fleets. Africa, Chinese DWF companies therefore have an important role to play Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) should immediately carry out a comprehensive investigation into IUU fishing practices as well as other forms of IUU fraud (eg GT fraud) by Chinese distant water fishing companies in West Africa and the wider African continent; Apply dissuasive sanctions. Suspend all policy support, financial support and subsidies currently given to these Chinese distant water fishing companies until a comprehensive investigation is undertaken into IUU fishing and recommendations for corrective actions are formulated. MoA should immediately upgrade its legislation and close all the loopholes used by companies involved in IUU fishing to evade monitoring of their activities; 141 38 http://summits.au.int/en/22ndsummit/events/22nd-ordinary-session-african-union-assembly-concludes-summary-key-decisions-0 39 Adopt stronger DWF regulatory framework based on stricter sustainability principles and objectives Be a truly responsible fishing country MoA should immediately put a stop to the continuing trend among Chinese DWF companies to increase their fishing capacities. MFA and MoA should actively participate in the Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic (CECAF), to increase China's All construction of new DWF vessels should be stopped until a comprehensive assessment of the DWF fleet capacity can be cooperation and exchanges with West Africa and other participating countries in the collective efforts to establish the basis for conducted and their actual environmental and socio-economic impacts are evaluated and corrective measures are adopted sustainable fisheries in the region; 143 and implemented. Less destructive fishing methods should replace the older methods; MFA and MoA should lead the process to: MoA should review existing subsidies for all its DWF fleets regardless of their fishing gear types with the final goal of elimination of excess fishing capacity, and a transition to environmentally sustainable practices/gears. Ratify/accede to all relevant international legal instruments to act as a responsible fisheries stakeholder, namely: As a transition, comprehensive criteria should be developed so that allocation of subsidies is decided based on the The 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement; 144 particular fishing vessel’s environmental impact. Fishers using less destructive fishing methods should be given priority access; (Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish MoA should incorporate higher standards and stricter requirements in the current revision of China DWF regulations: Stocks) As a start, fishing outside of China should achieve the same sustainable and responsible level as in China's domestic FAO Agreement To Promote Compliance With International Conservation And Management Measures By Fishing fisheries. The next step would be for MoA to adopt all the strictest principles contained in international law, 142 such as the Vessels On The High Seas; precautionary and ecosystem-based approaches, into its legislation for domestic as well as for distant water fisheries; FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing; The Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) should be defined by the best scientific advice based on the core principles Implement: mentioned above, and establish the appropriate fishing mortality and capacity/effort in order to maintain stocks well above levels capable of producing MSY. Where there is no reliable scientific basis, the calculation of MSY and appropriately 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries; 145 conservative levels of fishing mortality and capacity/effort need to follow strictly the precautionary principle. An evaluation IPOA-IUU (International Plan Of Action To Prevent, Deter And Eliminate Illegal, Unreported And Unregulated Fishing); system is needed to give timely feedback to the management authorities to enable them to take any necessary preventive International Plan Of Action For The Management Of Fishing Capacity. or corrective measures; Transparency: scientific evaluations, impact assessments, partnership/cooperation agreements with third countries, bilateral private agreements, annual authorization lists of companies and projects, lists of vessels involved in illegal fishing, infractions, sanctions, fines, or any follow-up should be made public; Sustainable partnership and cooperation framework agreements between China and other governments should be in 3 West African Governments place before fishing projects by companies are approved. Individual companies’ fishing projects should be approved by the government, and Chinese companies should not be Zero tolerance on IUU fishing allowed to negotiate private fisheries agreements with third countries' governments. Immediately carry out a comprehensive investigation into the illegal fishing practices as well as other forms of IUU fishing (such as GT fraud) by all industrial fishing companies operating in West Africa; Better alignment of Chinese DWF operations in Africa with Sino-Africa mutually-beneficial Partnership Urgently investigate potential malpractice in its own governance that encourages IUU fishing by unscrupulous DWF operators, which further undermine their own laws and regulations; Urgently implement the relevant provisions of the 2012 Convention for the Minimal condition for Access (CMA) (SRFC member MFA and MoA should act in accordance with their government's stated policy towards states); Africa and take the lead in ensuring that: Strengthen the transparency and strict implementation of fisheries management framework; Fishing and related activities by Chinese fleets and interests respect the applicable rules; Fisheries in Africa are environmentally sustainable and socially equitable; Bilateral fisheries agreement with West African coastal States should include financial support for, inter alia, scientific fish stock assessments, local artisanal fishing communities, MCS including funds to combat IUU fishing 142 40 In particular the 1995 UN Agreement on the management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks which tends to be applied more widely than its specific remit and is increasingly considered international customary law 143 see http://www.fao.org/fishery/rfb/cecaf/en (CECAF has no management decision power but is the only regional organisation for non-tuna species where coastal States and DWF States as well as countries engaged in scientific and other cooperation programmes are present and where compiled scientific data and evaluations can be available 144 http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/fish_stocks_agreement/CONF164_37.htm 145 http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/v9878e/v9878e00.htm 41 Adopt and implement national and regional plans of action to combat and deter IUU fishing following the FAO IPOA on IUU environmental impact: level of bycatch, damage caused to the marine and coastal environment; fishing; vessel/company history of compliance with applicable rules; Strengthen monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement mechanisms, including a reliable and efficient vessel monitoring quantity and quality of data provided; system and participatory surveillance programmes; consumption of energy per unit of catch; Strictly impose effectively dissuasive, non-discriminatory and non-negotiable sanctions and penalties; quality of fish landed and placed on the market; Review their fisheries agreements with the Chinese government, including enhancement of MCS cooperation, such as vessel monitoring (VMS/AIS) and information-sharing in order to eliminate loopholes and fraud. socio-economic benefits, in particular for coastal communities. Stop negotiating and phase-out existing agreements with companies, Strict and efficient monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement mechanisms including the necessary technical capacity to receive electronic data in real time, including vessel tracking, catch data, etc and supported by dissuasive and non-discriminatory sanctions and penalties; Transparency and access to information. At a minimum, the following information must be made public: Adopt a stricter fisheries regulatory framework based on sustainability principles and objectives 146 the status of resources as well as statistics on catches and landings by fleet segment, gear type, etc.; the list and characteristics of fishing vessels authorized to fish in its waters, or operating under its flag in international In order to ensure an exploitation of marine resources that is both environmentally sustainable and socially equitable, African waters or the waters of third countries, as well as the conditions of their fishing licences and authorizations; coastal States should adopt fisheries legislation based on a long term vision and the following fundamental principles: infringements, arrests, fines and other sanctions imposed and other follow-up; The precautionary approach and the ecosystem-based approach, bilateral agreements, chartering agreements, joint ventures, etc. The participation and consultation of all stakeholders and civil society; Transparency. And provides for: Objectives which are clear and quantifiable, such as stock biomass, which must be maintained at levels well above those capable of producing the Maximum Sustainable Yield; It is important to note that the FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Securing developing countries” and that “The Guidelines are comprehensive and Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and deal, in one instrument, with all significant aspects of small-scale fisheries Poverty Eradication were endorsed by the Committee on Fisheries and fishing communities within a human rights perspective. These in June 2014 as a complement to the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Guidelines will support the visibility, recognition and enhancement of Responsible Fisheries. The negotiations involved the participation of small-scale fisheries and fishing communities in the context of eradicating small-scale fishing communities and civil society organizations from hunger and poverty. The Guidelines will contribute significantly to around the world. In a declaration, they stated that: “The new instrument effectively addressing numerous challenges and constraints facing small- is global in scope, and applies to small-scale fisheries in all contexts, but scale fishing communities around the world.” 149 150 A mechanism to evaluate the success of management measures which ensures that corrective measures are adopted in a timely manner to cease or prevent over-exploitation and fleet over-capacity and to ensure that fishing effort does not reach a level that is incompatible with the sustainable exploitation of marine resources; 147 with a specific focus on the needs of small-scale fishing communities in Management of fishing capacity ensuring the appropriate amount and type of fishing capacity (vessels, gears, practices) to exploit target stocks and maintain them at levels above those capable of producing MSY and conserve associated and dependent species and the marine environment. An independent and transparent assessment of fishing fleets authorized to fish in WA waters should be conducted urgently; An allocation mechanism based on transparent and equitable environmental and social criteria, 148 granting preferential access to those operators who fish in the most environmentally and socially beneficial and equitable manner. Those criteria should include: 146 Rather than transferring industrial fishing capacity to developing coastal States, local artisanal fisheries should be supported and/or developed, based on fishing techniques which are more environmentally sustainable and suitable for use by local coastal communities, offer greater and better employment opportunities and greater returns to the region, local populations and fishing communities 147 Art. 5(h) of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks 148 42 http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/reports/citeria-sustainable-fisheries/ 149 http://www.fao.org/cofi/42011-0d2bdfc444f14130c4c13ecb44218c4d6.pdf 150 http://igssf.icsf.net/en/page/1053-FAO%20SSF%20Guidelines%20Adopted.html http://www.icsf.net/images/ssf/SSF_BROCHURE_English.pdf 43 APPENDIX 1: CHINESE DWF VESSEL NUMBERS AND CATCH OVER TIME (1985 TO 2013) Year Number of DWF vessels included vessels fishing in DPR Korea’s eastern waters* 44 excluded vessels fishing in DPR Korea’s eastern waters* Catch (1000 tonnes) included vessels fishing in DPR Korea’s eastern waters* excluded vessels fishing in DPR Korea’s eastern waters* Number of DWF companies Notes: In 2014, there were 2460 Chinese DWF vessels, produced Distant Water Fishery (an annual report began publishing in 2011), 2,030,000 tonnes of fish. These latest figures disclosed by Chinese China Fisheries Yearbook (an annual report began publishing in 2000) government did not specify if they include the vessels fishing in the and the China Fishery Statistical Yearbook (an annual report began Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPR Korea) eastern waters. publishing in 1979). The first choice is the Report of The Development of 151 Chinese Distant Water Fishery as it is specialized on distant water fishery. Because of changes to the statistical methods and specifications, the The second choice is the Fishery Year Book because this is the more data in this table was compiled from a number of different sources. comprehensive than Fishery Statistical Year Book. 1985 N/A 13b N/A 4.7a N/A 1986 N/A 25a N/A 19.9a N/A 1987 N/A 61a N/A 63.9a N/A 1988 N/A 87a N/A 96.4a N/A a. Data comes from the China Fishery Statistical Yearbook; 1989 N/A 129a N/A 107.1a N/A b. Data comes from China Fisheries Yearbook; 1990 N/A 189a N/A 179.1a N/A c. Data comes from Report of The Development of Chinese Distant Water Fishery 1991 N/A 276a N/A 323.5a N/A d. http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/YYJ/201105/t20110510_1988661.htm 1992 N/A 447 N/A 464.3 a N/A e. Since the number of DWF companies has not been collected consistently, this was taken from the sources listed below: 1993 N/A 869 a N/A 562.2 a N/A 1994 N/A 948a N/A 688.3a N/A For the year 2006: We sourced the number of enterprises from the Ministry of Agriculture's list of DWF Industry enterprises. 1995 N/A 1311 a N/A 856.8 a N/A For the year 2011: http://www.moa.gov.cn/sjzz/yzjzw/yyyyyzj/zhyyyy/201202/t20120208_2722943.htm 1996 N/A 1381a N/A 926.5a N/A 1997 N/A 1302a N/A 1037.0a N/A 1998 N/A 1262a N/A 913.1a N/A 1999 N/A 1652a N/A 899.1a N/A 2000 N/A 1482b N/A 804b N/A a 2001 N/A 1610b N/A 630b N/A 2002 N/A 1720b N/A 770b N/A 2003 N/A 1628b N/A 1100b 78b 2004 N/A 1780b N/A 1250b 88b 2005 1796b 1621b 1224b 1198b 80e 2006 1599b 1571b 1090b 1083b 99e 2007 1495b 1359b 1070b Unknown Unknow 2008 1457b 1409b 1160b Unknown 105b 2009 1456b 1456b 980b 980b 108b 2010 1989b 1533b 1116b 993b 111b 2011 2232a,d 1628a,c 1147.8a,c 1067.8a,b,c 118e 2012 2434c 1830c 1223c 1154c 120c 2013 2159c 2159c 1352c 1352c 133c Data is largely derived from the Report of The Development of Chinese For the year 2005: http://www.moa.gov.cn/sjzz/yzjzw/yyyyyzj/qyzgyyyy/200505/t20050530_2647138.htm *In 2004, DPR Korea opened its eastern sea access for Chinese fishing because the catch data in these statistics usually include catches from vessels. Since 2005, China official statistics began to record the numbers DPR Korea’s eastern waters and in some years it was impossible to of Chinese vessels fishing in DPR Korea’s eastern waters. Considering separate them, in the Appendix 1 table we also provide the total vessel that the fishing vessels in that area are distant water fishing vessels number and the total catch of both including and excluding vessels in converted from coastal fishing vessels and the numbers fluctuate greatly DPR Korea’s eastern waters for better reference. each year – Greenpeace East Asia has decided to exclude them from the total Chinese distant water fishing vessels’ number to better reflect the overall situation in China's global distant water fishing industry. However, 151 http://www.yyj.moa.gov.cn/gdxwyzj/201503/t20150331_4466751.htm 45 APPENDIX 2: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHINESE DWF OPERATIONS Species 2013 Catch 2013 Vessel (10,000 tonne) number 42.7 Squid Tuna 25.3 Various Targets 31.6 20.5 Various Targets, including octopus, squid, cuttlefish, shrimp and fish Area Mainly located in the North Pacific (250 vessels, 55,000 tonne catch), the Southeast Pacific (254 vessels, 264,000 tonne catch) and the Southwest Atlantic (151 vessels, 108,000 tonne catch). 569 488 563 462 APPENDIX 3: Documented IUU cases of Chinese DWF companies in West Africa (2000-2006, 2011-2013) Vessel type Squid jigger mainly located in the Pacific (435 vessels, 240,000 tonne catch), the Atlantic (17 vessels, 3000 tonne) and the Indian Ocean (36 vessels, 10,000 tonne) Mainly Long liner and purse seiner EEZs of Asian neighboring countries (except for Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and DPR Korea): mainly located in the waters around Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Sri Lanka, Yemen, Oman and Thailand Mainly trawlers EEZs of African countries, and mainly located in West Africa: Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, GuineaBissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Angola, Gabon, Liberia and Cameroon, Madagascar and Mozambique. Mainly trawlers 2.9 30 South America, including Argentina, Suriname and Uruguay Mainly trawlers Saury 2.3 20 North Pacific Saury fishing vessels Chilean Jack Mackerel 0.8 2 The Southeast Pacific Factory trawlers Antarctic Ice fish and squid 2.5 4 The Southwest Atlantic Factory trawlers Mackerel 1.7 3 The Faroe Islands and Greenland waters Factory trawlers Unknown 0.48 3 Russia EEZ Factory trawlers Antarctica krill 3.2 3 The Southern ocean Factory trawlers 1.2 15 Mainly located in the West Pacific and the North Pacific Ocean Pelagic purse seiner Squid, Sardine, etc. 0.2 12 Mainly located in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean Pelagic trawler Total 135.2 Squid, Shrimps, etc. Various Targets Including mackerel, hairtail, sardine, saury, etc 152 2159 153 No Year Vessel name Company Location Source 01 1995 SOLEIL 8 02/03/1995 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Senegal SRFC 02 1995 SOLEIL 8 15/09/1995 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Senegal SRFC 03 1996 SOLEIL 12 05/03/1996 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Senegal SRFC 04 1996 SOLEIL 8 05/03/1996 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Senegal SRFC 05 1996 SOLEIL 8 20/12/1996 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Senegal SRFC 06 1997 SOLEIL 8 21/06/1997 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Senegal SRFC 07 1997 SOLEIL 8 30/11/1997 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Senegal SRFC 08 2000 C.P.M.C.12 ( EX. HUYU 736) 23/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Mauritania SRFC 09 2000 C.P.M.C.2 ( EX. HUYU 850) 23/02/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Mauritania SRFC 10 2000 C.P.M.C.3 ( EX. HUYU 851) 23/02/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Mauritania SRFC 11 2000 CNFC9310 10/10/2000 No valid license CNFC Gambia SRFC 12 2000 CNFC9314 10/10/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Gambia SRFC 13 2000 DEEGO 1 14/06/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Gambia SRFC 14 2000 DEEGO 1 28/06/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Gambia SRFC 15 2000 DEEGO 2 28/06/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Gambia SRFC 16 2000 HU 1547 23/11/2000 No valid license Shang Hai Dier Gambia SRFC 17 2000 HU 1398 06/05/2000 No valid license Shang Hai Dier Gambia SRFC 18 2000 ISMAIL 10 (EX. ZHO.SH.9407 ) 23/02/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 19 2000 ISMAIL 10 (EX. ZHO.SH.9407 ) 23/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 20 2000 ISMAIL 11 (EX. ZHO.SHU.9408) 21/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 21 2000 ISMAIL 11 (EX. ZHO.SHU.9408) 23/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 22 2000 ISMAIL 4 (EX. JING YU 805 ) 12/01/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 23 2000 ISMAIL 4 (EX. JING YU 805 ) 10/02/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 24 2000 ISMAIL 4 (EX. JING YU 805 ) 23/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC Reference: China Fishery Year Books. 2014 Report of the development of Chinese distant water fishery (2014 中国远洋渔业发展报告 ), Fishery Bureau of MoA, China, 2014 152 http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/zwdt/201409/t20140901_4042971.htm 153 As some vessels can fish in several areas for different species, the total number may not be a sum of different vessel groups. 46 Date of infraction IUU type 47 25 ISMAIL 4 (EX. JING YU 805 ) 28/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 26 2000 ISMAIL 5 (EX.YAN YU 805) 21/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 26 2000 ISMAIL 5 (EX.YAN YU 805) 21/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 27 2000 ISMAIL 5 (EX. YAN YU 805) 23/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 28 2000 ISMAIL 6 (EX. JING YU 806) 23/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 29 2000 ISMAIL 8 (EX. ZHO.SH.9405) 21/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 2000 ISMAIL 8 (EX. ZHO.SH.9405) 23/03/2000 31 2000 ISMAIL 9 (EX. ZHO. SH. 9406) 23/03/2000 32 2000 LIAN RUM 11 18/02/2000 33 2000 LIAN RUM 8 34 2000 35 30 48 2000 Fishing in prohibited area CNFC Mauritania SRFC 54 2000 LONG WAY 22 24/02/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 55 2000 LONG WAY 27 14/03/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 56 2000 LONG WAY 4 22/04/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 57 2000 LONG WAY 605 14/03/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 58 2000 LONG WAY 7 22/04/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 59 2000 LONG WAY 8 14/03/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 60 2000 LONG WAY 8 29/04/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 61 2000 LONG-WAY 004 12/03/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 62 2000 OKFISH 1 29/04/2000 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 63 2000 OKFISH 1 29/04/2000 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 64 2000 OKFISH 1 28/01/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 65 2000 OKFISH 1 31/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 66 2000 OKFISH 10 15/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 67 2000 OKFISH 11 15/02/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC CNFC Mauritania SRFC No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 24.02/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 68 2000 OKFISH 11 15/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC LIAN YU 1 24.02/2000 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 69 2000 OKFISH 11 31/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 2000 LIAN YU 1 14/03/2000 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 70 2000 OKFISH 11 16/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 36 2000 LIAN YU 2 22/04/2000 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 71 2000 OKFISH 12 28/01/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 37 2000 LIAN YU 3 14/03/2000 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 72 2000 OKFISH 14 31/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 38 2000 LIAO JIN YU 1 12/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 73 2000 OKFISH 15 31/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 39 2000 LIAO JIN 5 22/04/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 74 2000 OKFISH 16 31/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 40 2000 LIAO JIN YU 1 13/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 75 2000 OKFISH 16 16/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 41 2000 LIAO JIN YU 2 13/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 76 2000 OKFISH 17 07/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 42 2000 LIAO JIN YU 3 12/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 77 2000 OKFISH 17 08/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 43 2000 LIAO JIN YU 3 13/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 78 2000 OKFISH 17 15/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 44 2000 LIAO JIN YU 4 19/04/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 79 2000 OKFISH 17 16/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 45 2000 LIAO JIN YU 5 12/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 80 2000 OKFISH 19 16/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 46 2000 LIAO JIN YU 5 13/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 81 2000 OKFISH 2 07/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 47 2000 LIAO JIN YU 6 13/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 82 2000 OKFISH 2 15/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 48 2000 LIAO JIN YU 8 12/01/2000 No valid license Guinea SRFC 83 2000 OKFISH 20 31/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 49 2000 LIAO JIN-YU 02/04/2000 Prohibited mesh size Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Guinea SRFC 84 2000 OKFISH 20 17/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 50 2000 LONG WAY 29/04/2000 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 85 2000 OKFISH 3 28/01/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 51 2000 LONG WAY 1 12/01/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 86 2000 OKFISH 3 16/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 52 2000 LONG WAY 10 14/03/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 87 2000 OKFISH 4 28/01/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 53 2000 LONG WAY 21 22/04/2000 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 88 2000 OKFISH 4 15/02/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC Fishing in prohibited area Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries Liaonin JinLun Pelagic Fisheries 49 50 89 2000 OKFISH 4 07/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 125 2002 OKFISH 8 25/01/2002 Fishing in prohibited area 不详 Sierra Leone SRFC 90 2000 OKFISH 4 31/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 126 2002 SOLEIL 12 28/05/2002 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Senegal SRFC 91 2000 OKFISH 7 15/02/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 127 2002 SOLEIL 8 01/08/2002 Juvenile catch CNFC Senegal SRFC 92 2000 OKFISH 7 17/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 128 2002 YUAN YU 812 12/12/2002 No valid license CNFC Guinea SRFC 93 2000 OKFISH 9 15/03/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 129 2002 YUE YUAN YU 7 12/12/2002 No valid license CNFC Guinea SRFC 94 2000 OKFISH 9 16/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 130 2002 YUE YUAN YU 8 12/12/2002 No valid license CNFC Guinea SRFC 95 2000 OKFISH 9 17/11/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 131 2003 LIAN RUN 13 19/10/2003 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 96 2000 YAN YU ？ 11/10/2000 Wrong mark on the ship CNFC Guinea Bissau SRFC 132 2003 LIAN RUN 7 19/10/2003 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Senegal SRFC 97 2000 YANMING 6827 16/01/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Mauritania SRFC 133 2003 LIAN RUN 8 19/07/2003 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 98 2000 YANMING 6827 18/04/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Mauritania SRFC 134 2003 LIAN RUN 8 19/07/2003 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 99 2000 YANMING 6827 15/05/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Mauritania SRFC 135 2003 OKFISH 8 29/07/2003 Prohibited mesh size Unknown Guinea SRFC 100 2000 YANMING 6828 16/01/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Mauritania SRFC 136 2003 OKFISH 8 29/07/2003 Prohibited mesh size Unknown Guinea SRFC 101 2000 YANMING 6828 13/04/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Mauritania SRFC 137 2003 OKFISH 8 07/05/2003 No valid license Unknown Senegal SRFC 102 2000 YANMING 6828 15/05/2000 Fishing in prohibited area Mauritania SRFC 138 2003 SOLEIL 12 01/04/2003 No valid license CNFC Guinea SRFC 103 2000 ZONG YU YANG 7 22/04/2000 Unknown Guinea SRFC 139 2003 SOLEIL 12 01/04/2003 No valid license CNFC Senegal SRFC 104 2001 CHINESE VESSEL 06/01/2001 Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 140 2003 SOLEIL 8 09/05/2003 CNFC Senegal SRFC 105 2001 LIAN RUN 12 13/09/2001 No valid license Unknown Guinea Greenpeace 2001 141 2003 SOLEIL 8 01/04/2003 No valid license CNFC Senegal SRFC 106 2001 LIAN RUN 9 13/09/2001 No valid license Unknown Guinea Greenpeace 2001 142 2003 SOLEIL 8 01/04/2003 No valid license CNFC Senegal SRFC 107 2001 LONG WAY 008 13/09/2001 No valid license Unknown Guinea Greenpeace 2001 143 2003 YAN YUN 625 21/20/2003 No valid license CNFC Mauritania SRFC 108 2001 LONG WAY 009/ LIAN RUN 7 13/09/2001 No valid license Unknown Guinea Greenpeace 2001 144 2004 CNFC 9311 20/10/2004 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Guinea SRFC 109 2001 LONG WAY 27 01-06-2001 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 145 2004 DEEGO 2 24/07/2004 Prohibited mesh size Unknown GAMBIA SRFC 110 2001 LONG WAY 28 N/A No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 146 2004 DEEGO 2 25/03/2004 Prohibited mesh size Unknown GAMBIA SRFC 111 2001 OKFISH 14 11/01/2001 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 147 2004 DEEGO 2 25/03/2004 Prohibited mesh size Unknown GAMBIA SRFC 112 2001 OKFISH 17 06/01/2001 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 148 2004 LIAN RUN 12 12/05/2004 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 113 2001 OKFISH 9 06/01/2001 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 149 2004 OKFISH 14/05/2004 Prohibited mesh size Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 114 2001 SOLEIL 5 24/04/2001 CNFC Gambia SRFC 150 2004 OKFISH 12 14/05/2004 Prohibited mesh size Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC 115 2001 SOLEIL 8 21/02/2001 CNFC Senegal SRFC 151 2004 SOLEIL 12 01/09/2004 CNFC Senegal 116 2001 13/03/2001 CNFC Guinea Bissau SRFC SRFC YAN YU 625 False declaration of gross tonnage 117 2002 CHANG HAI 5 05/04/2002 Unknown Guinea SRFC 152 2005 LIAN RUN 13 03/02/2005 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 118 2002 CHANG HAI 5 05/04/2002 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 153 2005 LIAN RUN 15 03/02/2005 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 119 2002 LIAO YU B02 05/04/2002 No valid license Unknown Guinea SRFC 154 2005 MIN YU 701 30/04/2005 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Guinea SRFC 120 2002 MIN YU 701 12/12/2002 No valid license CNFC Guinea SRFC 155 2005 MIN YU 701 18/02/2005 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Guinea SRFC 121 2002 MIN YU 701 12/12/2002 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Guinea SRFC 156 2005 YUAN YU 630 03/02/2005 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Guinea SRFC 122 2002 OKFISH 2 25/01/2002 Prohibited mesh size Unknown EEZ Sierra Leone SRFC 157 2006 LIAN RUN 14 28/03/2006 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea Greenpeace 2006 123 2002 OKFISH 2 05/04/2002 Fishing in prohibited area Unknown EEZ Sierra Leone SRFC 158 2006 Yuan Yu 17 2006 No valid license CNFC Guinea Greenpeace 2006 124 2002 OKFISH 4 25/01/2002 Unknown EEZ Sierra Leone SRFC 159 2006 Yue Yuan 812 2006 No valid license CNFC Guinea Greenpeace 2006 No valid license Fishing in prohibited area No valid license Fishing in prohibited area No valid license Fishing in prohibited area No valid license Qingzhou Long Da Fisheries Qingzhou Long Da Fisheries Qingzhou Long Da Fisheries Qingzhou Long Da Fisheries Qingzhou Long Da Fisheries Qingzhou Long Da Fisheries Prohibited species: hake 51 160 2006 Zhang Yuan Yu 18 19/07/2011 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea Greenpeace 2006 161 2006 Zhang Yuan Yu 7 19/07/2011 No valid license Dalian Lian Run Guinea Greenpeace 2006 162 2011 Lian Run 18 19/07/2011 Prohibited mesh size Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 163 2011 Lian Run 22 19/07/2011 Prohibited mesh size Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 164 2011 Lian Run 28 19/07/2011 No observer on board Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 165 2011 Soleil 09 13/07/2011 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Senegal SRFC 166 2012 CNFC 24 09/11/2012 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Guinea SRFC 167 2012 Soleil 11 04/02/2012 No valid license CNFC Senegal SRFC 168 2012 Soleil 66 04/02/2012 No valid license CNFC Senegal SRFC 169 2012 Soleil 68 03/02/2012 Refusal to comply CNFC Senegal SRFC 170 2012 Soleil 7 26/12/2012 Prohibited mesh size CNFC Senegal SRFC 171 2013 CNFC 9314 09/12/2013 N/A CNFC Guinea SRFC 172 2013 kai-li 08/05/2013 Shang Hai Kai Chuang Guinea SRFC 173 2013 lian run 21 09/12/2013 N/A Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 174 2013 Lian Run 23 23/03/2013 Prohibited mesh size Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 175 2013 lian Run 24 2013/5/22 AM12:00:00 Fishing in prohibited area Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 176 2013 Lian Run 35 04/09/2013 Prohibited mesh size Dalian Lian Run Guinea SRFC 177 2013 Soleil 11 03/02/2013 Prohibited species: hake CNFC Senegal SRFC 178 2013 Soleil 67 DAK 1196 02/02/2013 Juvenile catch CNFC Senegal SRFC 179 2013 ZHong SHUI 9417 01/09/2013 CNFC Guinea SRFC zong shui 9418 2013/12/9 AM12:00:00 mistreatment of the observer 180 52 2013 zong Shui 9419 Fishing in prohibited area N/A CNFC Guinea SRFC 2013/12/9 AM12:00:00 N/A CNFC Guinea SRFC 181 2013 182 N/A MINYU 701 N/A Prohibited mesh size CNFC Guinea SRFC 183 N/A OKFISH 12 05/05/N/A Prohibited mesh size Unknown Sierra Leone SRFC Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning organist that acts to change attitudes and behavior, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace 2015 May Greenpeace East Asia Greenpeace Africa Room 303A, Tower B, Jiachengyoushu Office Building, No. A 25, Dongsishitiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing China Postal Code: 100007 2, Avenue Hassan II, 6ème Etage, Dakar, Senegal www.greenpeace.org.cn www.greenpeaceafrica.org