Use and Market Profile for Asbestos June 2017 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch Chemistry, Economics & Sustainable Strategies Division Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC 20460 Acknowledgment EPA acknowledges the research and analytical support of Abt Associates Inc. of Cambridge, Massachusetts in the preparation of this report, provided under Contract Number EP-W-16-009. Notice Mention of the names of specific companies, organizations, or entities does not constitute an endorsement by EPA. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1-1 Background..................................................................................................................... 1-1 Methods for CAS Registry Number search .................................................................... 1-3 Uses ........................................................................................................................................... 2-1 Methods for Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos ............................................. 2-1 Imports ................................................................................................................................... 3-24 References ................................................................................................................................ 4-1 Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Introduction The purpose of this report is to discuss the evidence for current uses of asbestos and products containing asbestos by the consumer, commercial, and industrial sectors within the U.S. The current uses are determined by synthesizing information that is publically available. The primary sources include chemical databases, government reports, Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) or Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDSs), and manufacturer and distributor websites. The remainder of this section provides a brief background of regulated asbestiform minerals and their use domestically. Section 2 describes the method for compiling asbestos uses and determining which uses may be ongoing. Section 3 presents information concerning the import values of asbestos and asbestos products. Background Pursuant to 40 FR §763.83, the definition of asbestos includes the asbestiform varieties of six different naturally-occurring fibrous minerals: chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. These minerals fall into two main groups, the serpentine group, which includes chrysotile, and the amphibole group, which includes the other five minerals (ASTDR 2001). “Asbestiform” refers to mineral fibers with high tensile strength and flexibility (40 FR §763.83), and not all minerals with this quality fit the legal definition of asbestos. For example, the mineral talc can grow in an asbestiform variety, but is not included in the definition of asbestos (40 FR §763.83; IARC 2012). In addition, the minerals tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite occur in both asbestiform and non-asbestiform habits, which is why the definition of asbestos must specify the “asbestiform” varieties (IARC 2012). Unmanufactured asbestos fiber consumption in the United States has decreased over the past 30 years (See Figure 1; Flanagan 2017). There have also been large changes in the structure of the market. In 2000, asbestos was primarily used for roofing products and gaskets, 62 percent and 21 percent of the market, respectively. By 2010, the proportion of asbestos used by the chloralkali industry had reached about 35 percent of U.S. consumption, and by 2016 it reached about 100 percent (See ; Flanagan 2016a; Flanagan 2017). The chloralkali industry uses asbestos to manufacture semipermeable diaphragms used in the production of chlorine (Flanagan 2016a). There was insufficient data to identify additional markets (Flanagan 2017). Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Introduction ▌pg. 1-1 Figure 1. Domestic and Total Uses of Asbestos, 1975-2016 700,000 600,000 Metric tons 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 1975 1980 1985 Asbestos cement pipe Flooring products Insulation, thermal Plastics Other 1990 1995 2000 Asbestos cement sheet Friction products Packing and gaskets Roofing products Unknown 2005 2010 2015 Coatings and compounds Insulation, electrical Paper products Textiles Chloralkali Source(s): USGS (2016) Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Introduction ▌pg. 1-2 Figure 2. Domestic and Total Uses of Asbestos, 2005-2016 3,000 Metric tons 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 2005 2010 Coatings and compounds Roofing products 2015 Other Chloralkali Source(s): USGS (2016) The last U.S. producer of asbestos ended production in 2002 due to decline in the U.S. and global markets associated with health and liability concerns (Flanagan 2017). Therefore, the U.S. is dependent on imports to meet manufacturing needs. In 2016, the United States imported 340 metric tons of chrysotile, essentially equivalent to 2015 imports of 343 metric tons (Flanagan 2017). According to the USGS, all about 95 percent of asbestos mineral imports originated from Brazil, with the remainder originating from Russia (Flanagan 2017). The United States imported $4.63 million of manufactured products that contain asbestos in 2015. Flanagan (2016a) reported imports of asbestos products from countries that have banned asbestos, which is attributed to countries including some non-asbestos products under asbestos Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS). If the countries that have banned asbestos allow asbestos products to be re-exported (this is permitted in the U.S.), this would also explain why these countries are exporting regulated asbestos products. Methods for CAS Registry Number search Each of the six mineral forms of asbestos has multiple Chemical Abstract Service Registry Numbers (CAS RNs) (see note in Table 1-1). A list of CAS RNs for asbestos was compiled by searching the National Library of Medicine’s ChemIDPlus (2016) database for the types of asbestos defined in 40 FR §763.83. If the record in ChemIDPlus confirmed an asbestiform variety of the mineral, the CAS RN(s) were included in Table 1-1. The list of CAS RNs was cross-referenced with the Chemical and Product Categories (CPCat) Database, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) chemical sampling information site, the International Agency for Research on Cancer’s Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Introduction ▌pg. 1-3 (IARC) Monograph on asbestos, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ASTDR) Toxicological Profile for Asbestos (Dionisio et al. 2015; OSHA2012; IARC 2012; ASTDR 2001). These additional sources provided confirmation for many of the CAS RNs in Table 1-1. Table 1-1: Asbestos CAS Registry Numbers CAS RN1 Name(s)2 1332-21-43 Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos 12413-45-5 329202-13-3 77641-59-9 Serpentine group 12001-29-5 61076-97-9 132207-32-0 Amphibole group 12001-28-4 132207-34-2 132207-35-3 132207-33-1 53799-46-5 61105-31-5 12172-73-5 77536-67-5 17068-78-9 37229-03-1 61180-72-1 77536-66-4 77536-68-6 14567-73-8 60649-53-8 65452-00-8 Chrysotile asbestos Chrysotile asbestos Asbestos, Chrysotile Asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, crocidolite Amosite asbestos; grunerite Asbestos, anthophyllite Anthophyllite Anthophyllite Anthophyllite Asbestos, actinolite Asbestos, tremolite Tremolite asbestos Tremolite asbestos Tremolite asbestos Note(s): 1 Different mineral forms of asbestos have different crystal structures, and therefore may be assigned different CAS RNs for the different structures. It is also possible that a CAS RN for a given mineral has changed, and that some historic CAS RNs are captured in this table. 2 Names appear as they are listed in ChemIDPlus. 3 Reported to 2012 CDR (EPA 2014b). Source(s): 40 FR §763.83; ASTDR (2001); Dionisio et al. (2015); IARC (2012); OSHA2012; NLM (2016) Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Introduction ▌pg. 1-4 Uses This section describes the method for compiling known uses of asbestos and for determining whether or not the use is ongoing. Several uses have declined or ceased in the U.S. due to both voluntary phaseouts and regulations. Table 2-2 provides a list of uses of asbestos, organized by category of use. Table 2-3 presents products distributed and, in many cases manufactured, domestically that correspond to the uses identified in Table 2-2. This is the primary method used to determine if a particular use was ongoing. Methods for Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos In order to construct Table 2-2, known applications of asbestos were reviewed for relevant use/process information regarding asbestos to determine whether the use and manufacturing status was ongoing, historic, or unknown. In addition, specific product information was added to Table 2-3. The CPCat search results for a given CAS RN may have a section on “Use Information,” which includes a use or process only and/or a section on “Product Information” that lists specific products with company information and a link to the SDS. The CPCat was searched for the asbestos CAS RNs listed in Table 1-1, first for “Use Information” to augment Table 2-2, and then for “Product Information” to augment Table 2-3. Table 2-1 presents the CAS RNs identified in the CPCat and the number of products associated with the chemical. Only eleven of the CAS RNs presented in Table 1-1 were found in the CPCat (see Table 2-1). The CPCat did not include any products associated with two CAS RNs, 132207-32-0 and 132207-33-1. Table 2-1: Chemical and Product Categories Database CAS RN 12001-29-5 1332-21-4 14567-73-8 17068-78-9 12172-73-5 12001-28-4 77536-68-6 77536-67-5 77536-66-4 132207-32-0 132207-33-1 Number of Products 2,607 435 46 28 9 5 5 4 4 0 0 For CAS RN 12001-29-5, 1,549 of the products were listed as defense procurement with unknown manufacturer, and therefore excluded from analysis. A random sample was drawn (using Google’s random number generator) accounting for 10 percent of the remaining 1,057 products. Using 10 percent is reasonable for a representative sample because the current number of unique uses associated with products containing asbestos is likely to be low. A search of the product name and/or company name listed on the SDS was conducted for each product in the sample of 12001-29-5, and for every single product in the remaining 8 CAS RNs with product lists, to determine the product’s use, whether the product was still being sold, and whether the product still contained asbestos. The Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Uses ▌pg. 2-1 majority of products could not be found for sale online. If the use associated with the product was one that had not been previously identified, the use was added to Table 2-2. The “Use or Process Status” was categorized as “Unknown” if a product currently being sold could not be paired with the use category and as “Ongoing” if a product currently being sold could be paired with the use category. The “Use or Process Status” is designated as “Manufacturing” or “Use” to indicate whether individuals in the U.S. appear to be using asbestos to manufacture the product, or using the product. For example, if a use category said “Ongoing (Manufacturing)”, then asbestos is currently being used to manufacture products associated with the use category. Ongoing use is determined if an SDS published since 2015 was located. Older SDSs were considered as proof of ongoing use if the SDS was currently linked on the manufacturer’s website, or the product was available for sale from a distributor and more recent SDSs were not located. It is assumed the presence of an SDS on a distributor’s website indicates that the product is potentially still available for purchase. However, it is also possible that product is no longer being sold but the SDS has not been removed from the website. The “Use or Process Status” was categorized as “Historic” when the use was banned by a federal regulation or phased out of the marketplace. Typically, the use and manufacturing statuses are the same for any given application category; however, there are some instances in which they differ. For example, in the use category “non-roofing adhesives, sealants and coatings”, the product was not found on the manufacturer’s website, but it was found for sale by a distributor. It is unknown whether the product is still manufactured, but it is still available for purchase. Therefore, the use category “non-roofing adhesives, sealants and coatings” is designated as “Unknown (Manufacturing); Ongoing (Use)”. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Uses ▌pg. 2-2 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Asbestos Friction Materials Asbestos friction materials were used in a variety of industrial and commercial machinery as braking and gear-changing components. This included agricultural equipment such as combines, mining and oil-well-drilling equipment, construction equipment such as cranes and hoists, heavy equipment used in various manufacturing industries, military equipment, marine engine transmissions, elevators, chain saws, and consumer appliances such as lawn mowers, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners (EPA 1989). In 2015, the Environmental Council of the States (ECOS) and motor vehicle industry signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with EPA to phase out friction materials with greater than 0.10 percent asbestos by weight (EPA 2015a) , although the MOU includes exemptions for friction materials used in motorcycles, military vehicles, race cars and other off-road vehicles, collector vehicles, etc. U.S. manufacturers have phased out asbestos use in brake friction materials, but these products were still being imported and sold in the U.S. as recently as 2015 (MEMA 2016; USDOC and USITC 2016). EPA (1989); Mid America International Trading (2016a) Unknown (Manufacturing) An automatic transmission consists of 5 to 15 friction clutches, which are housed, Unknown (Use) along with gears, in a metal band called the transmission band. Each friction clutch is Manufacture, import, processing, Automatic Transmission covered with a thin friction clutch plate which is made from a friction paper that Commercial and distribution are allowed in the Friction Components contains asbestos or some other friction material. In addition, a lining, also made U.S. (EPA 2016). However, there from this friction paper, is bonded to the inside of the transmission band. These is no evidence of ongoing automatic transmission friction components – friction clutch plates and transmission production. band linings – are immersed in a fluid environment which dissipates much of the heat generated when gears are changed (EPA 1989). Unknown (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) EPA (1989); Howard Supply Company (2016) Consumer, Howard Supply Company (Howard Commercial, Brake Blocks Brake blocks are brake linings used on the drum brakes of heavy vehicles such as Supply Company 2016) lists Industrial heavy trucks, buses, and off-road vehicles (EPA 1989). asbestos-containing brake blocks as current inventory. EPA (1989) Clutch Facings Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Consumer, Commercial Clutch facings are made of molded or woven friction materials. Molded facings are used more widely than the woven. Woven clutch facings are used in luxury automobiles and high-performance vehicles. They may also be used in off-road vehicles, such as agricultural tractors and earth-moving equipment, where improved service life is important (EPA 1989). Uses ▌pg. 2-3 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Disc Brake Pads Manufacture, import, processing, and distribution is allowed in the U.S. (EPA 2016). However, there is no evidence of ongoing production. EPA (1989) Consumer, Commercial Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Drum Brake Linings and Brake Shoes Manufacture, import, processing, and distribution is allowed in the U.S. (EPA 2016). However, there is no evidence of ongoing production. Description of Use or Process and References Disc brake pads are similar to disk brake linings. However, secondary processing of disc brake pads may have increased exposure to commercial workers in the auto maintenance industry. Activities included installation of pads into new brake assemblies, repackaging for sale to the aftermarket, and retrofitting worn brake pads with new pads for resale (EPA 1989). EPA (1989) Consumer, Commercial Asbestos drum brake linings were used to line the outside of the metal “shoes” in a drum brake (EPA 1989). Asbestos Paper, Board, and Felt Asbestos papers were used to prevent against fire, heat, and corrosion in a variety of consumer, commercial, and industrial applications (EPA 1989). Some types of asbestos paper, board, and felt, including corrugated paper, rollboard, commercial paper, specialty paper, and flooring felt, were banned in the U.S. under TSCA, in the revision to the final 1989 rule (59 FR 33208 1994). Other types of paper, millboard, and felt are not banned (EPA 2016) and may continue to be produced or imported (USDOC and USITC 2016). Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Commercial Paper Manufacture, import, processing, and distribution are banned in the U.S. under TSCA (59 FR 33208). However, there is an exception for imports with the sole purpose of being shipped outside of the country (59 FR 33208). Asbestos paper, millboard, and/or felt (HTS code 6812920000) were imported from China, Germany, Switzerland, the UK, and/or Japan from 2012 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of commercial paper cannot be determined. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos EPA (1989); USDOC and USITC (2016) Industrial Asbestos insulation paper was used in a variety of industries, such as the steel and aluminum industries. It was used as insulation in furnaces, trough linings, the smelting process, and against hot metal and drippings of molten metal. The glass and ceramic industry used asbestos paper for kiln insulation, as mold liners in foundries, and in the electrical parts and appliance industry for electrical insulation (EPA 1989). Uses ▌pg. 2-4 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Corrugated Paper Manufacture, import, processing, and distribution are banned in the U.S. under TSCA (59 FR 33208). However, there is an exception for imports with the sole purpose of being shipped outside of the country (59 FR 33208). Asbestos paper, millboard, and/or felt (HTS code 6812920000) were imported from China, Germany, Switzerland, the UK, and/or Japan from 2012 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of corrugated paper cannot be determined. EPA (1989); USDOC and USITC (2016) Commercial Corrugated asbestos paper was used as thermal insulation for pipe coverings and as block insulation. The paper was also used as an insulator in appliance, hot-water and low-pressure steam pipes, and process lines (EPA 1989). Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) High-Grade Electrical Paper Specialty Paper Asbestos paper, millboard, and/or felt (HTS code 6812920000) were imported from China, Germany, Switzerland, the UK, and/or Japan from 2012 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of high-grade electrical paper cannot be determined. EPA (1989); USDOC and USITC (2016) Commercial, Industrial Asbestos electrical paper was used as insulation for high temperature, low voltage applications such as in motors, generators, transformers, switch gears, and other heavy electrical apparatuses (EPA 1989). Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) ASTDR (2001); EPA (1989) Cooling tower fill application was forced out of market due to inexpensive substitutes (EPA 1989). Manufacture, import, processing, and distribution are banned in the U.S. under TSCA (59 FR 33208 1994). Asbestos specialty papers include beverage and pharmaceutical filters and cooling tower fill. Asbestos was used in filters for the purification and clarification of liquids. In the beer, wine, and liquor distilling industries asbestos filters were used to remove yeast cells and other microorganisms. Asbestos filters were also used for filtration of some fruit juices (e.g., apple juice) and for special applications in the cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries (EPA 1989). Use of asbestos filters in preparation of food or pharmaceuticals has been discontinued (ASTDR 2001). Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Commercial, Industrial Uses ▌pg. 2-5 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Millboard Manufacture, import, processing and distribution of asbestos-containing millboard are allowed in the U.S. (EPA 2016). Asbestos paper, millboard, and/or felt (HTS code 6812920000) were imported from China, Germany, Switzerland, the UK, and/or Japan from 2012 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of millboard cannot be determined. Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Rollboard Manufacture, import, processing, and distribution are banned in the U.S. under TSCA (59 FR 33208). Use and Market Profile for Asbestos EPA (1989); USDOC and USITC (2016) Commercial, Industrial Asbestos millboard is a heavy cardboard used for gasketing, insulation, fireproofing, and resistance against corrosion and rot (EPA 1989). EPA (1989); USDOC and USITC (2016) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Rollboard is a thin and flexible material composed of two sheets of paper laminated together with sodium silicate. It was used as a gasket and as a fire-proofing agent for security boxes, safes, and files. Commercial uses included office partitioning and garage paneling. Residential uses included linings for stoves and electric switch boxes (EPA 1989). Uses ▌pg. 2-6 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Flooring Felt Roofing Felt Manufacture, import, processing, and distribution are banned in the U.S. under TSCA (59 FR 33208 1994). However, there is an exception for imports with the sole purpose of being shipped outside of the country (59 FR 33208). Asbestos paper, millboard, and/or felt were imported (HTS code 6812920000) from China, Germany, Switzerland, the UK and Japan from 2012 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of flooring felt cannot be determined. Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Asbestos paper, millboard, and/or felt (HTS code 6812920000) were imported from China, Germany, Switzerland, the UK, and/or Japan from 2012 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of roofing felt cannot be determined. According to Flanagan (2016b), in 2015 roofing products represented part of U.S. asbestos consumption, however, it is not known whether this included roofing felt. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial EPA (1989); USDOC and USITC (2016) Asbestos flooring felt is a paper product which was used as a backing for vinyl sheet floor products (EPA 1989). EPA (1989); Flanagan (2016b); USDOC and USITC (2016) Asbestos roofing felt was used for built-up roofing (EPA 1989). Uses ▌pg. 2-7 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Asbestos Cement Materials In cement materials, such as Portland cement, asbestos was used as a loose fibrous mixture that helped materials bond together (IARC 2012). In 1975, during the peak world production of asbestos, asbestos cement products such as pipes and cement flat sheet, accounted for about 66% of world asbestos consumption (IARC 2012). EPA (1989) Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Asbestos-cement flat sheet was used for construction/utility applications and can be Asbestos Cement Flat Manufacture, import, processing broken down into two categories: ebonized and non-ebonized. Ebonized flat sheet, or Commercial Sheet and distribution of asbestos cement asphalt-impregnated flat asbestos-cement sheet (no longer being produced in the flat sheet are allowed in the U.S. U.S.), was once used as a mounting/insulating board for low to medium temperature, (EPA 2016). high voltage electrical apparatus. Non-ebonized asbestos-cement sheet was used for low voltage applications with no moisture (EPA 1989). EPA (1989); Grant (2014); Tuyaux Logard Inc. (2005) Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Asbestos-Cement (aka Transite or Fibrocement) Pipes and Fittings According to Grant (2014), products associated with this use are manufactured in Mexico and may be used in Canada and/or the United States. Commercial, Industrial Asbestos-cement pipe was used for pressure pipe (water mains) and non-pressure pipe (sewer line) applications. A small amount of asbestos-cement pipe has been used as conduits for electrical and telephone cables and for laterals from street mains to consumers (EPA 1989). Asbestos-containing pipes were also used in hospitals, high-rise buildings and condos because they were inexpensive, flame retardant and masked the sound of flowing water (Grant 2014). Asbestos-cement is manufactured by laminating a paste of cement and asbestos fibers on a metal spindle. Then, pipe is cured until cement is hydrated, forming a strong, non-porous matrix (Tuyaux Logard Inc. 2005).There is some risk in exposure from cutting the pipes during installation, and later during maintenance (Grant 2014). Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Blind Nailing Cement Cement Color Blind nailing cement products containing asbestos were sold in the U.S. in the 1980s (Kol-Tar Inc. 1988; Monsey Products Co. 1989; Dionisio et al. 2015). There is no evidence of current products containing asbestos. Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Kol-Tar Inc. (1988); Monsey Products Co. (1989); United Asphalt Company (2013) Blind nailing cement is a cold-press adhesive used in the laying of roofing paper (United Asphalt Company 2013). Precision Packing Inc. (2015) Colored cement that is mostly composed of limestone and about 30% asbestos, has been produced in the U.S. as of 2015 (Precision Packing Inc. 2015). Uses ▌pg. 2-8 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Unknown (Manufacture) Unknown (Use) Corrugated Asbestos-Cement Sheet Manufacture, import, processing and distribution of corrugated asbestos-cement sheet are allowed in the U.S. (EPA 2016). Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References EPA (1989) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Corrugated asbestos-cement sheet has been used as siding and roofing in factories and warehouses. It has also been used as a lining for waterways, such as water slides in amusement parks and bulkheads in canals, or to keep water away from coastal homes, and for special applications in cooling towers (EPA 1989). Plastic Cement Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Commercial, Industrial DISSCO (2002d); Fields Coatings & Mastics (2003a) Plastic Asphalt Cement Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Commercial, Industrial Fields Coatings & Mastics (2003b) Plastic Tile Cement Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Commercial, Industrial Fields Coatings & Mastics (2003c) Asbestos Paints, Coatings, Sealants, and Adhesives The main uses of asbestos-containing paints, coatings, sealants, and adhesives were in the building construction, automobile, and aerospace industries (EPA 1989). Block filler paints containing asbestos were used as a coating on stone surfaces, and texture paints containing asbestos were used for patterned or textured surfaces on interior walls and ceilings. Coatings containing asbestos were used in construction to prevent corrosion in underground pipes and structural steel. Asbestos-containing sealants were used in construction for water and sound-proofing, and in the automobile industry for corrosion protection on welds. Asbestos-containing adhesives functioned to bond materials, such as brick, lumber, and glass in the construction industry, and specialized applications, such as bonding hood braces in automobiles (EPA 1989). Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Paints and Enamels There were reported emissions of asbestos in the paints and enamels sector in the 2014 NEI (EPA 2014a). Many companies that previously manufactured asbestos-containing patching compounds (banned in 1977 by the Consumer Product Safety Commission) had also produced asbestos-containing paints. It is likely that these companies removed asbestos from all products at once, and that most asbestos paints have been phased out (EPA 1989). Use and Market Profile for Asbestos EPA (2014a) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Dow Texas Chemicals and Texas Operations chemical plants were primary reporters of this use in the 2014 NEI (EPA 2014a), however, it is possible that releases were due to removal of asbestos. Therefore, it is unclear whether paints and enamels containing asbestos are still being used or manufactured. Uses ▌pg. 2-9 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Automotive Paints Home Paints Many companies that previously manufactured asbestos-containing patching compounds (banned in 1977 by the Consumer Product Safety Commission) had also produced asbestos-containing paints. It is likely that these companies removed asbestos from all products at once, and that most asbestos paints have been phased out (EPA 1989). Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Many companies that previously manufactured asbestos-containing patching compounds (banned in 1977 by the Consumer Product Safety Commission) had also produced asbestos-containing paints. It is likely that these companies removed asbestos from all products at once, and that most asbestos paints have been phased out (EPA 1989). Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Dionisio et al. (2015) Industrial According to the CPCat (Dionisio et al. 2015), tremolite asbestos (CAS 14567-73-8) has been used in automotive paint. Dionisio et al. (2015) Consumer According to the CPCat (Dionisio et al. 2015), tremolite asbestos (CAS 14567-73-8) and anthophyllite asbestos (17068-78-9) have been used in consumer paints and primers. Uses ▌pg. 2-10 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Other Paints, Lacquers, Stains, and Varnishes Asphalt Coating and Adhesive Culvert Coating Fibered Foundation Coating Many companies that previously manufactured asbestos-containing patching compounds (banned in 1977 by the Consumer Product Safety Commission) had also produced asbestos-containing paints. It is likely that these companies removed asbestos from all products at once, and that most asbestos paints have been phased out (EPA 1989). Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Dionisio et al. (2015) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial According to the CPCat (Dionisio et al. 2015), tremolite asbestos (CAS 14567-73-8) and anthophyllite asbestos (CAS 17068-78-9) have been used in paints, lacquers, and varnishes. This may have been or continue to be a use outside the U.S., as the source given for the data is the Substances Prepared in Nordic Countries (SPIN) database. According to Flanagan (2016b), in 2015 coatings and compounds represented part of U.S. asbestos consumption. The specific amount of asphalt coating is not indicated. Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Commercial, Industrial Fields Coatings & Mastics (2003a); Flanagan (2016b) According to Flanagan (2016b), in 2015 coatings represented part of U.S. asbestos consumption. The specific amount of culvert coating is not indicated. Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Commercial, Industrial DISSCO (2002e); Flanagan (2016b) According to Flanagan (2016b), in 2015 coatings represented part of U.S. asbestos consumption. The specific amount of fibered foundation coating is not indicated. Commercial, Industrial DISSCO (2002a); Flanagan (2016b); Mid America International Trading (2016a) Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Uses ▌pg. 2-11 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Fibered Roof Coating Non-roofing Adhesives, Sealants and Coatings According to Flanagan (2016b), in 2015, roof products represented part of U.S. asbestos consumption. The specific amount of fibered roof coating is not indicated. Unknown (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) According to Flanagan (2016b), in 2015 coatings and compounds represented part of U.S. asbestos consumption. The specific amount of non-roofing adhesive, sealants, and coatings is not indicated. Description of Use or Process and References DISSCO (2002c); EPA (1989) Commercial, Industrial Roof coatings are cold-applied liquids which may be brushed or sprayed on roofs or foundations to perform a variety of functions such as waterproofing, weather resistance, and surface rejuvenation (EPA 1989). EPA (1989); JACO Areospace & Industrial (2017) Industrial, Commercial The construction and automobile industries were at one time the largest consumers of asbestos containing adhesives, sealants, and coatings. However, the automobile industry has found substitutes for most uses, and the potential remaining uses of asbestos in this industry are limited to specialized products (EPA 1989). EPA (1989) Extruded Sealant Tape Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Firewall Sealant Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Consumer Patching Compounds Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Consumer patching compounds containing asbestos were banned in 1977 by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Asbestos tape can act as a gasket for sealing building windows, automotive windshields, and mobile home windows. It has also been also used in the manufacture of parts for the aerospace industry and in the manufacture of insulated glass (EPA 1989). 3M (2016); D Aircraft Products Inc. (2004); Dionisio et al. (2015); Stabond Corporation (1985) Firewall sealants maintain a fireproof seal in interior building applications, as well as construction and repair of aircraft (3M 2016; D Aircraft Products Inc. 2004). CPSC (1977) Consumer Consumer patching compounds were available in dry form (to be mixed with water by the user) or in a ready-mix paste form and were used to cover, seal or mask cracks, joints, holes and similar openings in the trim, walls and ceilings of building interiors (CPSC 1977). Uses ▌pg. 2-12 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Hercules Inc. (1990); MG Chemicals (2016) Potting Compound Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Commercial, Industrial Potting compounds are used in electronic devices to protect interior components from water and other chemicals, and hold them in place, preventing physical damage. Potting compounds generally seek to maximize thermal conductivity while meeting flame retardant requirements (MG Chemicals 2016). Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use) Commercial, According to Flanagan (2016b), in DISSCO (2002b); Flanagan (2016b) Industrial 2015 coatings and compounds represented part of U.S. asbestos consumption. Asbestos Gaskets, Pipeline Wraps, Fillers, Packing, and other Industrial Process Components Asbestos-containing materials have been used in many industrial processes. Gaskets are materials used to seal different components in movable applications, such as engines (EPA 1989). Asbestos gaskets were used mainly to seal connections and prevent fluid leakage. Asbestos packings had a variety of applications including valves and pumps in the electric power, petrochemical, and pulp and paper industries. Other industrial process components identified include clamps for jet engines and electrical brush holders used in motors. Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Waterproofing Compound Beater-Add Gaskets Asbestos gaskets, packing and/or seals (HTS code 6812990020) were imported from Japan, Israel, Mexico, China, Germany, Taiwan, Spain, Finland, Italy, the UK, France, Greece, Ireland, Singapore, Korea, and/or Canada from 2011 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of beater-add gaskets cannot be determined. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos EPA (1989) Commercial, Industrial Gasketing paper is used to fabricate gaskets of customer-specified sizes and dimensions (EPA 1989). Uses ▌pg. 2-13 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Gaskets and Bearing Linings Asbestos gaskets, packing and/or seals (HTS code 6812990020) were imported from Japan, Israel, Mexico, China, Germany, Taiwan, Spain, Finland, Italy, the UK, France, Greece, Ireland, Singapore, Korea, and/or Canada from 2011 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of gaskets and bearing linings cannot be determined. Dionisio et al. (2015) Commercial, Industrial According to the CPCat (Dionisio et al. 2015), chrysotile (CAS 12001-29-5) is used as an automotive component in gaskets and bearing linings. This may have been or continue to be a use outside the U.S., as the source given for the use is the Substances Prepared in Nordic Countries (SPIN) database. Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Gaskets for Fuel Engines Asbestos gaskets, packing and/or seals (HTS code 6812990020) were imported from Japan, Israel, Mexico, China, Germany, Taiwan, Spain, Finland, Italy, the UK, France, Greece, Ireland, Singapore, Korea, and/or Canada from 2011 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of gaskets for fuel engines cannot be determined. Dionisio et al. (2015) Commercial, Industrial According to the CPCat (Dionisio et al. 2015), chrysotile (CAS 12001-29-5) is used as an automotive component in gaskets for fuel engines. This may have been or continue to be a use outside the U.S., as the source given for the use is the Substances Prepared in Nordic Countries (SPIN) database. Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Sheet Gaskets Asbestos gaskets, packing and/or seals (HTS code 6812990020) were imported from Japan, Israel, Mexico, China, Germany, Taiwan, Spain, Finland, Italy, the UK, France, Greece, Ireland, Singapore, Korea, and/or Canada from 2011 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of sheet gaskets cannot be determined. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Dionisio et al. (2015); EPA (1989); USDOC and USITC (2016); Virta (2006) Commercial, Industrial Asbestos gaskets were used to seal and prevent the leakage of fluids between solid non-moving surfaces (EPA 1989). Latex asbestos paper can be densified and used for gasketing, but most sheet-packing material is made through a calendaring process on a sheeter machine (Virta 2006). Uses ▌pg. 2-14 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Spiral Wound Gaskets Asbestos gaskets, packing and/or seals (HTS code 6812990020) were imported from Japan, Israel, Mexico, China, Germany, Taiwan, Spain, Finland, Italy, the UK, France, Greece, Ireland, Singapore, Korea, and/or Canada from 2011 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of spiral wound gaskets cannot be determined. Description of Use or Process and References Dionisio et al. (2015); Mercer Gasket & Shim (2017) Commercial, Industrial Spiral wound gaskets are composed of a steel outer ring, a spiral wound sealing strip, and an inner ring also made of steel (Mercer Gasket & Shim 2017). EPA (1989) Asbestos Pipeline Wrap Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Industrial Filler for Acetylene Cylinders Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Asbestos Packings Asbestos gaskets, packing and/or seals (HTS code 6812990020) were imported from Japan, Israel, Mexico, China, Germany, Taiwan, Spain, Finland, Italy, the UK, France, Greece, Ireland, Singapore, Korea, and/or Canada from 2011 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). The quantity of asbestos packings cannot be determined. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Industrial Pipeline wrap is used by the oil and gas industry for coating its pipelines. The chemical industry uses it for underground hot water and steam piping. Pipeline wrap is occasionally used in above-ground applications, such as for special piping in cooling towers (EPA 1989). EPA (1989) Asbestos was used to produce filler that is placed in acetylene cylinders. The filler holds the liquefied acetylene gas (acetone) in suspension in the steel cylinder and pulls the acetone up through the tank as the gas is released through the oxyacetylene torch (EPA 1989). EPA (1989); USDOC and USITC (2016); Virta (2006) Asbestos packings differ from asbestos gaskets in that they are designated to be dynamic. These packings are used to seal fluids in devices where motion is necessary. Example instances where these have been used are in pumps, valves, compressors, mixers, and hydraulic (piston-type) cylinders. Some of the major areas in which asbestos-containing packing materials have been used are valves and pumps employed in the electric power, petroleum refinery, petrochemical, chemical, nuclear power, and pulp and paper industries (EPA 1989). Packings can be made with loose fibers, which are made of asbestos and binders and then woven into braided products, and made using asbestos yarns (Virta 2006). Uses ▌pg. 2-15 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Expected Users2 Use or Process Status1 Description of Use or Process and References Dionisio et al. (2015) Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Clamps for Jet Engines Electrical Brush Holder Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Industrial Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Commercial, Industrial Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Industrial According to the CPCat (Dionisio et al. 2015), tremolite (CAS 14567-73-8) and anthophyllite (CAS 17068-78-9) are used in the manufacture of transportation equipment. This may have been or continue to be a use outside the U.S., as the source given for the use is the Substances Prepared in Nordic Countries (SPIN) database. Calport Aviation Co. (2016); Mlynarek and Van Orden (2012); Morgan Advanced Materials (2013) Jet engines have historically contained various components, such as gaskets, clamps, o-rings, and insulation that contain asbestos (Mlynarek & Van Orden 2012). Crestwood Technology Group (2015); Dionisio et al. (2015); Morgan Advanced Materials (2013) A carbon brush is used in a rotating machine to transfer an electrical current from a moving device to a stationary point. A carbon brush sits in a brush holder that keeps it in position and allows the brush to run on the surface of the commutator in a motor (Morgan Advanced Materials 2013). Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Industry American Chemistry Council (2017); EPA (1989); EPA (2012); EPA (2015b); Flanagan (2017) Ongoing (Manufacturing) Ongoing (Use)3 Asbestos Diaphragm Manufacturing According to Flanagan (2016a), the chloralkali industry – which manufactures asbestos diaphragms – accounted for 95% of U.S. asbestos consumption in 2015. CDR 2012 reported use for CAS 1332-21-4 (EPA 2012). Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Asbestos Diaphragms (semipermeable membranes) are employed in the chloralkali industry for the production of chlorine and other primary products such as caustic soda (EPA 1989). Industrial Westlake Chemical/Axiall Corporation, formerly known as Georgia Gulf Corporation (Business Wire 2013; Axiall Corporation 2016) in Plaquemine, LA reported importing asbestos (CAS RN 1332-21-4) in the 2012 CDR. Since about 100% of asbestos consumption in 2016 was in the chloralkali industry, the company is most likely involved in asbestos diaphragm manufacturing. Occidental Petroleum Corporation and Olin Corporation are also consumers of asbestos for this use (EPA 2015b). Uses ▌pg. 2-16 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Asbestos Fibers (Crude, Textiles, Clothing, and Accessories) Asbestos textiles have been used in a wide range of products, but many of the traditional products are no longer in production due to various substitute fibers out-competing them. The products that continued to be made in significant quantities using asbestos textiles until at least the 1980s were: woven friction materials, packings and gaskets, and specialty products (EPA 1989). Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Crudes Virta (2006) notes that by the late 1980s demand for crude fibers had begun to diminish, and relatively little crude asbestos is currently sold. Crude chrysotile asbestos fibers were imported from Brazil, China, and/or Hong Kong as recently as 2015 (USITC 2015). USITC (2015); Virta (2006) Industrial Crude asbestos fibers were used to produce long fibers for textile work. These fibers, which are flexible and soft, were used as felts in laminates, with resins, to form strong molded sheets that could be used in airplanes and boats (Virta 2006). Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Asbestos Clothing/Accessories Manufacture, import, processing and distribution of clothing containing asbestos are allowed in the U.S. (EPA 2016). Asbestos clothing and accessories were imported from China, Taiwan, the Netherlands, Austria, Brazil, and/or Germany from 2011 to 2015 (USDOC and USITC 2016). Commercial, Industrial EPA (1989) Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Asbestos Protective Clothing Manufacture, import, processing and distribution of clothing containing asbestos are allowed in the U.S. (EPA 2016). Use and Market Profile for Asbestos USDOC and USITC (2016) Commercial, Industrial Asbestos protective clothing, such as gloves, mittens, coats and overalls, has been widespread in laboratories, steel mills, and glass blowing and welding shops. Fully covering asbestos suits have been used to protect workers in very hazardous environments, such as oilwell firemen, steel furnace workers, race car drivers, military aircraft pilots, and astronauts (EPA 1989). Uses ▌pg. 2-17 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Commercial, Industrial USDOC and USITC (2016) Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Asbestos Footwear Asbestos footwear was imported from Italy, China, and/or Hong Kong from 2013 to 2014 (USDOC and USITC 2016). Miscellaneous Applications Artificial Ash Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Artificial ash containing asbestos was banned in 1977 by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. CPSC (1977) Consumer Decorative components of household artificial gas-powered fireplaces (CPSC 1977). EPA (1989) Asbestos Arc Chutes Asbestos Reinforced Plastics Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Industrial Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) According to Flanagan (2016b) in 2015 plastics represented part of U.S. asbestos consumption. Industrial Ceramic arc chutes containing asbestos were produced by General Electric and were used to guide electric arcs in motor starter units in electric generating plants (EPA 1989). EPA (1989); Virta (2006) Asbestos-reinforced plastics were used for electro-mechanical parts in the automotive and appliance industries and as high-performance plastics for the aerospace industry. More recently, asbestos was only used in plastics when the presence of the asbestos-imparted reinforcing properties is critical to the performance of the plastic (EPA 1989). Asbestos can be in the form of a mat, paper or cloth, to form laminates with resins like polyesters, phenolics, thermosetting silicones, melamines, and furanes (Virta 2006). EPA (1989) Asbestos Separators in Fuel Cells and Batteries Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Industrial In very specialized aerospace applications, asbestos functioned as an insulator and separator between the negative and positive terminals of a fuel cell/battery (EPA 1989). Uses ▌pg. 2-18 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Use or Process Status1 Expected Users2 Description of Use or Process and References Diem (1987) Thermal Batteries Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Military Vinyl-Asbestos Floor Tile Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Ceramics Additive Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Commercial, Industrial Crayons Papier Mache Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Voluntarily removed from market; not formally banned (CPSC 2000). Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Voluntarily removed from market; not formally banned (CPSC 1983). Thermal (heat-activated) batteries are used in various weapons and other military-related items. Some thermal batteries with calcium/calcium chromate electrochemistry contained asbestos in the form of a tight, nonfriable paper (Diem 1987). EPA (1989) Vinyl-asbestos floor tile was used in commercial, residential, and institutional buildings. It was often used in heavy traffic areas such as supermarkets, department stores, commercial plants, and kitchens (EPA 1989). Trademarks 411 (1984) Additive for ceramic mixtures (Trademarks 411 1984) CPSC (2000) Consumer Wax-based drawing implement (CPSC 2000). CPSC (1983) Consumer Modeling clay meant for school art programs (CPSC 1983). ASTDR (2001); Dionisio et al. (2015); FDA (2014); IARC (2012) Food Additive Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Industrial According to the CPCat (Dionisio et al. 2015), crocidolite asbestos (CAS 12001-28-4), chrysotile (CAS 12001-29-5), and asbestos (CAS 1332-21-4) have been used in food additives. FDA allows for asbestos use in indirect food additives such as adhesives and components of coatings, polymers, and phenolic resins in molded articles (ASTDR 2001). In addition, asbestos may be listed as a food additive due to its mineral deposit proximity, and therefore potential to contaminate talc, which is an intentional additive to foods such as rice and chewing gum (FDA 2014; IARC 2012). Uses ▌pg. 2-19 Table 2-2: Known Applications of Asbestos Use or Process Hair Dryers Heat Guns Use or Process Status1 Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Voluntarily removed from market; not formally banned (CPSC 1979). Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Heat guns containing asbestos were recalled by the (CPSC 1980). Expected Users2 Consumer, Commercial Description of Use or Process and References CPSC (1979) Both household and salon quality hair dryers (CPSC 1979). CPSC (1980) Consumer Primarily used by model aircraft enthusiasts (CPSC 1980). EPA (1989) Missile Liner Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) Industrial Historic (Manufacturing) Historic (Use) Pesticide Tent Grommet Not formally banned, but no federally registered pesticide products contain asbestos CAS RNs in Table 1-1 (National Pesticide Information Retrieval System 2016; EPA 2017). Unknown (Manufacturing) Unknown (Use) The U.S. Defense Logistics Agency procured an asbestos grommet product from Kidde Technologies, Inc. as recently as 2009 (GovTribe Inc. 2017). Missile liner is an asbestos-rubber compound which was used to coat the interior of rocket motors (EPA 1989). Dionisio et al. (2015); National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (2016) Consumer According to the CPCat (Dionisio et al. 2015), tremolite asbestos (CAS 14567-73-8) and anthophyllite asbestos (CAS 17068-78-9) were used in pesticides related to pet flea and tick removal, and asbestos (CAS 1332-21-4) was a pesticide inert ingredient. No federally registered pesticide products currently contain asbestos as an active ingredient (National Pesticide Information Retrieval System 2016) or inert ingredient (EPA 2017). Jones (1897); R M Engineered Products Inc. (1992) Military Asbestos grommets were invented for use in military tents. The grommet is inserted in the roof of the tent, and the stove pipe passes through it. Asbestos was used in this context due to its fire resistance and flexibility (Jones 1897). Note(s): 1 For manufacturing status: Historic means the manufacturing of products for this use is either banned or phased out; Ongoing means there is a current product in Table 2-3 and the manufacturer is located in the U.S.; Unknown means there is some evidence that the manufacturing status is ongoing or historic, but not enough to confirm. For use status: Historic means the manufacture, import, processing and/or distribution of products for this use is either banned or phased out; Ongoing means there is a current product in Table 2-3; Unknown means there is some evidence that the use is ongoing or historic, but not enough to confirm. 2 Determination of the Expected Users associated with a use or process is based on EPA’s best judgement if the users are not explicitly defined in the resource(s) cited. 3 Although the study team did not find an SDS for the asbestos diaphragms use category, EPA designated this use as “ongoing” because the American Chemistry Council submitted a public comment to the Asbestos TSCA Review and Scoping docket (Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0736) indicating this use to be ongoing (American Chemistry Council 2017). Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Uses ▌pg. 2-20 Table 2-3: Sample of Products that Contain Asbestos Use Expected Users Product Percent Concentration Location/ Ownership1 Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details EPA (1989) Brake Blocks Asbestos-cement (aka Transite or Fibrocement) Pipes and Fittings Plastic Cement Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Silverline “SP” Brake Blocks Commercial, Industrial Type 1 15-25% (Virta Asbestos-cement 2006) pipe Commercial Industrial DISSCO 560 Plastic Cement Commercial Industrial C200 RoofBond Plastic Asphalt Cement 4-12% (Fields Coatings & Mastics 2003b) U.S./U.S. (Fields Coatings & Mastics 2016) C240 TileBond Plastic Tile Cement 4-12% (Fields Coatings & Mastics 2003c) U.S./U.S. (Fields Coatings & Mastics 2016) <30.1%8 U.S./U.S. 1-5% (Fields Coatings & Mastics 2003a) U.S./U.S. (Fields Coatings & Mastics 2016) Unknown U.S./ U.S. Manufacturer: Stewart and Stevenson http://www.stewartandstevenson.com/ Distributor: Howard Supply Company https://www.howard-supply.com/ 10-15% (DISSCO 2002d) Manufacturer: Unknown Mexico/Canada (distributor) U.S./ U.S. (DISSCO 2016) Distributor for Canadian Sales: Tuyaux Logard Inc. http://www.logard.com/ Brake blocks are brake linings used on the drum brakes of heavy vehicles heavy trucks, buses, and heavy off-road vehicles (EPA 1989) Grant (2014); Tuyaux Logard Inc. (2005) Pipes are used in hospitals, high-rise buildings and condos (Grant 2014). Manufacturer: Denver Industrial Sales & Service Company http://www.dissco.net/ Distributor: Unknown Plastic Asphalt Cement Plastic Tile Cement Commercial Industrial Cement Color Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Asphalt Coating & Adhesive Commercial Industrial Cement Color Color-Paks Kolor Enhancer C100 RoofCoat Asphalt Coating & Adhesive Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Manufacturer: Fields Coatings & Mastics http://fieldscorp.com/ Distributor: Unknown Manufacturer: Fields Coatings & Mastics http://fieldscorp.com/ Distributor: Unknown Manufacturer: Ash Grove Cement Company7 Distributor: Brock White Construction https://www.brockwhite.com/ Manufacturer: Fields Coatings & Mastics http://fieldscorp.com/ Distributor: Unknown Uses ▌pg. 2-21 Table 2-3: Sample of Products that Contain Asbestos Use Expected Users Product Percent Concentration Location/ Ownership1 Manufacturer and Distributor Information Culvert Coating Commercial Industrial DISSCO 590 Culvert Coating 5-12% (DISSCO 2002e) U.S./ U.S. (DISSCO 2016) Manufacturer: Denver Industrial Sales & Service Company http://www.dissco.net/ U.S./ U.S. (DISSCO 2016) Distributor: Unknown Manufacturer: Denver Industrial Sales & Service Company http://www.dissco.net/ U.S./ U.S. (DISSCO 2016) Distributor: Unknown Manufacturer: Denver Industrial Sales & Service Company http://www.dissco.net/ Fibered Foundation Coating Fibered Roof Coating Commercial, Industrial Commercial Industrial DISSCO 520 Fibered Foundation Coating 5 – 10% (DISSCO 2002a) DISSCO 550 Fibered Roof Coating 8-15% (DISSCO 2002c) Details Distributor: Unknown Non-roofing Adhesives, Sealants and Coatings Commercial, Industrial Waterproofing Compound Commercial, Industrial Reliabond r-398 DISSCO 540 Mastic Waterproofing Compound Use and Market Profile for Asbestos 3.5% (CIBA GEIGY Composite Materials 1985) U.S./ U.S.2 5-12% (DISSCO 2002b) U.S./ U.S. (DISSCO 2016) Manufacturer: Hexcel (formerly CIBA GEIGY Composite Materials) http://www.hexcel.com/Resources/DataS heets/Adhesive Distributor: JACO Aerospace & Industrial http://www.e-aircraftsupply.com/ CIBA GEIGY Composite Materials (1985); Mid America International Trading (2016a) Asbestos composite adhesive (Mid America International Trading 2016a) Manufacturer: Denver Industrial Sales & Service Company http://www.dissco.net/ Distributor: Unknown Uses ▌pg. 2-22 Table 2-3: Sample of Products that Contain Asbestos Use Expected Users Product Percent Concentration Gaskets6 Commercial, Industrial DURA GEN II “Asbestos content varies depending on the use, with higher fiber levels associated with higher-temperature applications” (Virta 2006). Thermal Batteries Military5 Thermal (THR) Battery <1% Location/ Ownership1 Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Mid America International Trading (2016b) Manufacturer: Unknown Not found4 Unknown3 Distributor: Mid America International Trading http://midamericainternationaltrading.co m/ DURA GEN II is a compressed gasket material made of chrysotile fibers with synthetic and natural elastomers acting as the binders (Mid America International Trading 2016b). Manufacturer and date unidentified Note(s): 1 Unless otherwise specified, Hoover’s database of proprietary business information is the source for the Location/Ownership determination (Dun & Bradstreet 2016). 2 According to Hexcel company website, Ciba Geigy was acquired by Hexcel in 1996 (Hexcel 2016). Hexcel is based in the U.S. However, Reliabond r-398 is not on their website. The product is available through an industrial distributor: JACO Aerospace & Industrial (JACO Areospace & Industrial 2017). 3 The information found on the thermal battery indicates that the military is the main user. The SDS, which is distributed by the military, does not include the manufacturer’s name or an SDS publishing date. The study team has found no additional information concerning the location and ownership of the manufacturer. The study team could not confirm the current use of this product because there is not enough publically available information to determine if this product’s use by the military is current or historic. Because the SDS is missing information and is distributed by the military, it is possible that its use is confidential. 4 Since capturing pdfs of this product website, the website has been inaccessible. Additional research has not helped to determine the location and ownership of this product’s manufacturer. 5 The study team only found SDS and use descriptions for this product by the military. While SDS and descriptions of this use were old, the study team was not able to find publically available data concerning the military’s current use of asbestos thermal batteries. However, the study team did not find thermal batteries containing asbestos available for purchase online. 6 Based on the limited product information, the study team was not able to determine which specific use category applied to this product. The manufacturer’s website is no longer available. 7 Precision Packaging Inc. (located in Little Rock, AR) is the preparer of this SDS. Precisions Packaging Inc. does not have an independent website; they are a branch of Ash Grove Materials Corporation, which is a subsidiary of Ash Grove Cement Company (Dun & Bradstreet 2016).. However, Kolor Enhancer is not on their website. The SDS for the product is available on the website of an industrial distributor: Brock White Construction. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Uses ▌pg. 2-23 Imports Asbestos is imported to the U.S. as a raw material and as part of various articles. These import categories are represented by HTS codes that provide broad categories for different types of articles that contain asbestos. HTS codes also define certain product types that are similar to asbestos-containing articles, but without the asbestos. U.S. imports for consumption of products composed largely of asbestos have been included in Table 3-1. Only asbestos articles are included in this table. Raw asbestos imports are not included. Table 3-1. U.S. Imports for Consumption of Products with Basis of Asbestos in 2016 HTS Code Category 6812.80.10.00 Crocidolite footwear Articles of crocidolite not elsewhere specified Asbestos clothing, accessories and headgear exc. footwear Asbestos paper, millboard and felt Compressed asbestos fiber jointing, in sheets or rolls Asbestos yarn and thread Asbestos cords and string, including plaited Asbestos woven or knitted fabric Asbestos articles for use in civil aircraft Asbestos gaskets, packing and seals Asbestos articles not elsewhere specified Brake linings and pads for use in civil aircraft Brake linings and pads of asbestos Friction material and articles for use in civil aircraft Friction materials and articles 6812.80.90.00 6812.91.90.00 6812.92.00.00 6812.93.00.00 6812.99.00.02 6812.99.00.03 6812.99.00.04 6812.99.00.10 6812.99.00.20 6812.99.00.55 6813.20.00.10 6813.20.00.15 6813.20.00.20 6813.20.00.25 Value1 Quantity (kilograms) Major sources Percent of category total $2,825 12 Italy3 100% of weight $89,384 178,240 China 100% of weight $15,814 250 Mexico 100% of weight $75,024 N/A Japan3 90% of value $51,830 N/A China 76% of value $18,945 266 Spain3 96% of weight $12,287 213 China 100% of weight $19,064 183 Italy3, United Kingdom3 100% of weight $8,531 N/A China $258,202 15,868 $93,877 N/A Canada 70% of value $144,983 N/A France 48% of value $1,661,074 N/A China, Germany3 44% of value $4,602,813 N/A Japan3 99.5% of value $857,251 N/A China 71% of value 76% of value China, Israel3, Japan3 85% of weight Source(s): United States International Trade Commission 2017 Note(s): 1 U.S. customs declared value 2 Percentage contribution of major import sources, by weight or value 3 Country has imposed ban on asbestos. Material may have been misclassified as asbestos or transshipped. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Imports ▌pg. 3-24 Using HTS data, a number of non-asbestos products were found that have an equivalent HTS code for asbestos-containing products. The HTS code equivalencies are listed in Table 3-2 below. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Imports ▌pg. 3-25 Table 3-2. Non-Asbestos HTS Code Equivalencies HTS Code Category Non-Asbestos Equivalent HTS Code/Category 6811.40.00.00 Asbestos-cement products 6812.93.90.00a Compressed asbestos fiber jointing, in sheets or rolls 6812.99.00.20a Gaskets, packing, and seals Same list as for 6812.93.90.00 6813.20.00.10 Brake linings and pads, civil aircraft 6813.81.10.00 Brake linings and pads (civil aircraft) 6813.20.00.15 Brake lining sand pads, other 6813.81.50.00 Brake linings and pads (other) 6813.20.00.20 Other friction materials, civil aircraft 6813.89.10.00 Other friction materials (civil aircraft) 6813.20.00.25 Other friction materials 6813.89.50.00 Other friction materials 6811.81.00.00 Corrugated sheets 6811.82.00.00 Other sheets, panels, tiles and similar articles 6811.89.10.00 Tubes, pipes and tube or pipe fittings 6811.89.90.00 Other articles 4823.90.60.00 Gaskets, washers and other seals of coated paper or cardboard 4823.90.80.00 Gaskets, washers and other seals of uncoated paper or paperboard or of webs of cellulose fiber 5911.90.00.40 Cords, braids and the like of a kind used in industry as packing or lubricating material 8484.00.00.00 Gaskets and similar joints of metal sheeting combined with other material or of two or more layers of metal; sets or assortments of gaskets and similar joints, dissimilar in composition, put up in pouches, envelopes or similar packings; mechanical seals Source(s): United States International Trade Commission (2017) Note(s): a Non-asbestos equivalent HTS codes for this category are speculative, and not explicitly defined as being related within the HTS codex. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Imports ▌pg. 3-26 In addition to the HTS codes above, there are numerous other HTS codes related to asbestos, outlined in Table 3-1. However, those codes not included in Table 3-2 do not have readily apparent nonasbestos equivalencies, making an assessment of asbestos to non-asbestos imports ratios impractical. Table 3-3 presents the dollar import values for the above HTS codes, the corresponding non-asbestos HTS codes, and the percent value of asbestos products compared to the combined value of the asbestos HTS code imports and corresponding non-asbestos HTS codes(s) imports. Note that the HTS codes for asbestos-cement and gaskets, washers and seals each have four corresponding non-asbestos HTS codes. A breakdown of the non-asbestos import values for these codes is presented in Table 3-4 and Table 3-5. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Imports ▌pg. 3-27 Table 3-3: Asbestos and Non-Asbestos Equivalent Articles’ Import Values: 2012-2016 (USD)a Asbestos HTS Code (Non-asbestos) Category 6811.40.00.00b (6811.81.00.00; 6811.82.00.00; 6811.89.10.00; 6811.89.90.00) Cement products 6812.93.00.00c (4823.90.60.00; 4823.90.80.00; 5911.90.00.40; 8484.00.00.00) Compressed asbestos fiber jointing, in sheets or rolls 6812.99.00.20c (Same as 6812.93.00.00) Data description Asbestos imports 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 $582,413 $990,532 $689,187 $122,787 $0 $60,560,242 $71,822,753 $88,395,161 $82,946,285 $112,250,053 0.96% 1.38% 0.78% 0.15% 0.00% $365,023 $46,286 $40,785 $59,401 $51,830 $267,196,823 $279,214,863 $298,477,269 $291,480,270 $271,342,038 % asbestos of combined imports 0.14% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% Gaskets, packing, and seals Asbestos imports Non-asbestos imports % asbestos of combined imports $154,800 $267,196,823 0.06% $140,290 $279,214,863 0.05% $285,039 $298,477,269 0.10% $191,152 $291,480,270 0.07% $258,202 $271,342,038 0.10% 6813.20.00.10 (6813.81.00.10) Brake Linings and pads, civil aircraft Asbestos imports Non-asbestos imports % asbestos of combined imports $306,563 $6,061,675 4.81% $410,292 $8,855,562 4.43% $495,845 $6,905,782 6.70% $105,750 $12,438,425 0.84% $144,983 $10,141,886 1.41% 6813.20.00.15 (6813.81.00.50) Brake lining sand pads, other Asbestos imports Non-asbestos imports % asbestos of combined imports $1,709,638 $150,089,133 1.13% $1,378,664 $148,781,560 0.92% $1,796,951 $161,988,695 1.10% $1,413,008 $206,360,035 0.68% $1,618,527 $193,455,888 0.83% 6813.20.00.20 (6813.89.00.10) Other friction materials, civil aircraft Asbestos imports Non-asbestos imports % asbestos of combined imports $25,919 $251,078 9.36% $106,524 $166,356 39.04% $160,475 $910,217 14.99% $317,416 $5,486,011 5.47% $4,602,813 $5,720,129 44.59% 6813.20.00.25 (6813.89.00.50) Other friction materials Asbestos imports Non-asbestos imports % asbestos of combined imports $1,155,834 $31,162,024 3.58% $663,120 $31,012,797 2.09% $811,560 $31,668,491 2.50% $1,757,114 $21,050,092 7.70% $857,251 $14,533,184 5.57% $4,300,190 $515,320,975 0.83% $3,735,708 $539,853,891 0.69% $4,279,842 $588,345,615 0.72% $3,966,628d $619,761,118 0.64% $7,533,606 $607,443,178 1.23% Non-asbestos imports % asbestos of combined imports TOTAL Asbestos imports Non-asbestos imports Source(s): United States International Trade Commission (2017) Note(s): a Actual dollars b The asbestos code 6811.40.00.00 has four non-asbestos equivalent HTS codes. The breakdown of the non-asbestos imports is presented in Table 3-4. c The asbestos codes 6812.93.00.00 and 6812.99.00.20 have four non-asbestos equivalent HTS codes. The breakdown of the non-asbestos imports is presented in Table 3-5. Since the same equivalent codes are listed for both of these codes, they are only considered once when calculating the totals for non-asbestos codes. d The value presented in this table of total asbestos imports for 2015 is $3.7 million. While Flanagan (2016a), (quoted in Section 1.1) estimates the total value of imported products that contain asbestos in 2015 to be $4.63 million. This discrepancy is due to that fact that Flanagan (2016a) presents the imports of all of the products containing asbestos while this table does not include the value of products containing asbestos that are classified in an HTS code for which it was ambiguous which non-asbestos HTS code(s) were equivalent. Thus, for example, the table does not include categories such as products for use in civil aircraft; woven or knitted fabric; paper, millboard and felt; yarn and thread; and cord and string. Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Imports ▌pg. 3-28 Table 3-4: Non-Asbestos HTS Code Import Values for Cement Products (USD)a Non-Asbestos HTS Code 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 6811.81.00.00 – Corrugated sheets 6811.82.00.00 – Other sheets, panels, tiles and similar articles 6811.89.10.00 – Tube, pipes and tube or pipe fittings 6811.89.90.00 – Other articles TOTAL $177,873 $52,307,338 $462,813 $7,612,218 $60,560,242 $246,888 $63,688,459 $123,970 $7,763,436 $71,822,753 $67,932 $77,913,646 $137,065 $10,276,518 $88,395,161 $64,988 $71,060,900 $702,998 $11,117,399 $82,946,285 $205,482 $102,970,038 $920,624 $8,153,909 $112,250,053 Source(s): United States International Trade Commission (2017) Note(s): a Actual dollars Table 3-5: Non-Asbestos HTS Code Import Values for Gaskets, Washers, Seals, and Compressed Fiber Jointing (USD)a Non-Asbestos HTS Code 4823.90.60.00 – Gaskets, washers and other seals of coated paper or cardboard 4823.90.80.00 – Gaskets, washers and other seals of uncoated paper or paperboard or of webs of cellulose fiber 5911.90.00.40 – Cords, braids and the like of a kind used in industry as packing or lubricating material 8484.00.00.00 – Gaskets and similar joints of metal sheeting combined with other material or of two or more layers of metal; sets or assortments of gaskets and similar joints, dissimilar in composition, put up in pouches, envelopes or similar packings; mechanical seals TOTAL 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 $2,230,393 $1,791,569 $2,215,572 $1,682,719 $2,028,114 $2,831,082 $3,131,945 $3,233,295 $2,917,152 $2,938,005 $3,428,277 $4,629,037 $4,866,892 $5,292,020 $6,020,012 $258,707,071 $269,662,312 $288,161,510 $281,588,379 $260,355,907 $267,196,823 $279,214,863 $298,477,269 $291,480,270 $271,342,038 Source(s): United States International Trade Commission (2017) Note(s): a Actual dollars Use and Market Profile for Asbestos Imports ▌pg. 3-29 References 3M. 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Use and Market Profile for Asbestos References ▌pg. 4-5 Use and Market Profile for 1-Bromopropane Contract # EP-W-16-009 June 2017 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC 20460 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Use and Market Profile for 1-Bromopropane Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1 2. Producers, Production, Import Volume, and Prices ........................................................................ 2-1 3. 4. 5. 2.1 US Producers and Importers ................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 US Production Volume ......................................................................................................... 2-3 2.3 Import Volume ...................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.4 Prices ..................................................................................................................................... 2-3 Use Information and Market Trends ............................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Use in Vapor Degreasers....................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Use in Spray Adhesives ........................................................................................................ 3-1 3.3 Use in Aerosol Solvents ........................................................................................................ 3-1 3.4 Use in Dry Cleaning .............................................................................................................. 3-2 3.5 Other Uses ............................................................................................................................. 3-2 Market Trends ................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1 Vapor Degreasers .................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Spray Adhesives .................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.3 Aerosol Solvents ................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.4 Dry Cleaning Solvents .......................................................................................................... 4-2 References ....................................................................................................................................... 5-1 June 2017 i List of Tables Table 1-1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CAS Number ....................................................................... 1-2 Table 2-1: 2016 CDR Manufacturers and Importers of 1-BP .................................................................... 2-1 Table 2-2: Production Volume Data for 1-BP from 1986 – 2015 (Pounds) .............................................. 2-3 Table 3-1: 2016 CDR Industrial Use Data for 1-BP .................................................................................. 3-3 Table 3-2: 2016 Commercial and Consumer Use Data for 1-BP............................................................... 3-4 June 2017 ii Contributors The EPA subject matter expert responsible for this report is Albert Monroe of the Economic and Policy Analysis Branch; Economics, Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Analytical and draft preparation support was provided by Abt Associates, Inc. under EPA Contract No. EP-W-16-009. June 2017 iii 1. Introduction 1-Bromopropane (1-BP) is a colorless, sweet-scented organic solvent. It is typically manufactured by reacting n-propyl alcohol with hydrogen bromide or by dehydrating propanol with bromine or hydrogen bromide in the presence of a catalyst (NTP, 2003). 1-BP is used primarily as a solvent cleaner in vapor, immersion, and aerosol degreasing operations to clean optics, electronics, and metals (NTP, 2016). 1-BP is also used as a dry cleaning solvent and as a solvent for aerosol-applied adhesives in industries such as foam cushion manufacturing (NTP, 2016). 1-BP also has other minor uses where a nonflammable fastdrying solvent is desired as a cleaner or vehicle (e.g. flame retardant, refrigerant flush). 1-BP use has increased in recent years because it is a substitute for ozone-depleting chemicals and suspect carcinogens (NTP, 2016). 1-BP in the dry-cleaning industry started in response to states considering and pursuing actions to ban the use of perchloroethylene (perc) (Blando et al., 2010). In fact, some 1-BP dry cleaning solvents have been marketed and sold as “green” or “environmentally responsible” drop-in substitutes to perc in dry cleaning applications (Davig’s Custom Cleaners, n.d.; Enviro Tech, 2013a). In the past, 1-BP was used as a solvent for fats, waxes, or resins and as an intermediate in pharmaceutical, insecticide, quaternary ammonium compound, flavor, and fragrance synthesis (NTP, 2016). Despite its uses in a variety of applications, this use and market profile focuses primarily on 1-BP use in vapor degreasing, spray adhesive, aerosol solvent applications, and as a solvent in the dry cleaning industry. A selection of other minor uses is also briefly addressed. 1-BP is now reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals (NTP, 2016). Therefore, EPA has selected 1-BP as one of the first ten chemicals to be evaluated under the Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, which amended the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and was passed in 2016. 1-BP is also considered a reproductive toxicant that causes sterility and harms developing fetuses. Other health effects include nerve damage, weakness, pain, numbness, and paralysis (CARB, 2009). 1-BP is a volatile organic compound (VOC) and human exposure to 1-BP occurs most frequently in occupational settings through inhalation or dermal exposure (NTP, 2016). This market profile summarizes information about the use of 1-BP in vapor degreasing, spray adhesives, aerosol solvents, dry cleaning, and other uses with a focus on recent trends and forecasted growth. Information on 1-BP’s producers, production, and import was retrieved from EPA’s non-confidential 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database. Abt Associates reviewed potential sources provided by EPA’s subject matter expert to analyze the trends and growth of 1-BP use. These sources were supplemented with data from solvents, adhesive, dry cleaning and laundry trade associations including the Halogenated Solvents Industry Association (HSIA), the Association of the European Adhesive and Sealant Industry (FEICA), American Drycleaner, and Laundry and Cleaning News International. Academic and government reports, such as the Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI)’s Assessment of Alternatives to Perchloroethylene for the Dry Cleaning Industry and the National Toxicology Program (NTP)’s Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition for 1-Bromopropane, were also used to help profile the 1-BP market. Abt Associates did not directly contact any trade associations or manufacturers, as this was not part of the technical direction. June 2017 1-1 Table 1-1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CAS Number CAS RN 106-94-5 Synonyms 1-BP; Propyl bromide; n-propyl bromide (nPB); Propane, 1-bromo-; normal propyl bromide Molecular Formula C3H7Br Structure Trade Names Dry Cleaning Solvent Degreasers Spray Adhesives DrySolv®; Fabrisolv™ XL ZEP POWERSOLV 5000; NU TRI CLEAN; EnSolv® K-Grip 503 Spray Adhesive; Normac® 900R 1 Source: NTP, 2013; TURI, 2012; EPA, 2017a June 2017 1-2 2. Producers, Production, Import Volume, and Prices 2.1 US Producers and Importers The most recently-collected EPA production information, the 2016 CDR data, indicates that there are two companies that manufacture, six that import 1-BP in the United States, and one that did not disclose its activities (EPA, 2017c). Table 2-1 contains a list of U.S. 1-BP manufacturers and importers. For the 2016 CDR cycle, manufacturers of certain chemicals were required to report information about those chemicals manufactured in amounts of 25,000 pounds or more at each of their sites during calendar years 20122015. Table 2-1: 2016 CDR Manufacturers and Importers of 1-BP Company City State Manufacture Import Albemarle Corporation Magnolia AR Yes No CBI CBI CBI No Yes CBI CBI CBI No Yes Chemtura Corporation El Dorado AR Yes No Custom Synthesis, LLC Anderson SC No Yes ICL-IP America Inc. St. Louis MO CBI CBI MC International, LLC Miami FL No Yes Phoenix Chemical Company Calhoun GA No Yes Superior Oil Company, Inc. Indianapolis IN ND ND Wego Chemical and Mineral Corp. Great Neck NY No Yes ND = No Data; the company did not provide the requested information. CBI = Confidential business information Source: EPA, 2017c The Hazardous Substances Data Bank also lists Diaz Chemical Corporation as a possible manufacturer of the chemical (NLM, 2009). Companies that have or are marketing 1-BP solvent blends and other products include (EPA, 2017a and EPA, 2017c):            ACL, Inc. Albatross USA, Inc. Albemarle Corporation American Industries, Inc. American Polywater Corporation Amity International ATCO International Blair Rubber Company Chemtura Corporation Choice Brand Adhesives CRC Industries June 2017 2-1                                 Custom Synthesis, LLC DiversiTech Corporation Dow Chemical Company Ecolink Enviro Tech International Flexbar Machine Corporation ICL-IP America ITW Maple Leaf Sales II, Inc. MC International, LLC MicroCare MRO Solutions L.L.C. NewStar Adhesives Omega Industrial Supply OMEGA Engineering Osborn/ Jason Incorporated Parts Cleaning Technologies Pettyjohn’s Solutions Phoenix Chemical Company PLZ Aeroscience QuestSpecialty Corporation Reliance Specialty Products Satellite City, Inc. Sherwin-Williams Company Slide Products, Inc. Technical Chemical Company United Laboratories, Inc. Vantage Specialty Chemicals, Inc. Wego Chemical and Mineral Corp. West Penetone Inc. Wolff Industries, Inc. Zep Inc. While 1-BP has recently been listed as a chemical required to be reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), reports have not yet been submitted and data are not available. According to the final rule that added 1-BP to the TRI, EPA expects 140 facilities to report under 23 different industrial sectors (EPA, 2017a). June 2017 2-2 2.2 US Production Volume Table 2-2 presents the production volume data for 1-BP reported to the EPA over the past 30 years. While the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 25,000 pounds starting with the 2006 IUR, the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 10,000 pounds from 1986 to 2002. Table 2-2: Production Volume Data for 1-BP from 1986 – 2015 (Pounds) Chemical 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2011 2015 1-BP 10K<500K 10K<500K 500K<1M 1M<10M 1M<10M 1M<10M 15,348,727 25,887,235 Source: EPA, No Date; EPA, 2010b; EPA, 2013b; EPA, 2017a 1-BP has seen a tremendous and steady increase in production volume from 1986 to 2015. 1-BP’s use may have recently increased in many industrial applications because the chemical is used as an alternative to chlorinated solvents. 1-BP was reported as used as a solvent for cleaning or degreasing for the 2016 CDR (EPA, 2017c). 2.3 Import Volume Import volumes for 1-BP reported to the 2016 CDR were claimed confidential and are therefore not publically available. Import data for the chemical from other sources indicate that 9.2 million pounds of brominated derivatives of acyclic hydrocarbons were imported into the U.S. in 2013 (NTP, 2013). Import data for 1-BP alone were not located, and therefore the category “brominated derivatives of acyclic hydrocarbons” includes import volumes for chemicals other than 1-BP. In 2013, 15.6 million pounds of brominated derivatives of acyclic hydrocarbons were imported into the U.S. (NTP, 2016). 2.4 Prices An industry estimate of the price of 1-BP ranges from $40/gallon (Raccon, 2010 as cited in TURI, 2012) to $64/gallon (NEFA, 2011 as cited in TURI, 2012). A more recent investigation of the price of 1-BP estimates that the cost of ultra –pure and laboratory grade 1-BP ranges from approximately $59/gallon to $267/gallon (or $77.80/5000ml to $352.26/5000ml) (EPA, 2017a). There are other costs associated with 1-BP use in dry cleaning apart from purchasing the raw material. To use 1-BP as a dry cleaning solvent, a new machine specifically for 1-BP use can be purchased, or maintenance can be done on existing perc equipment to convert it for 1-BP use. Otherwise, the 1-BP solvent can be used in a perc dry cleaning machine that is 3rd generation or higher that has been modified with a secondary vapor control (CARB, 2009; TURI, 2012). There are currently five generations of dry cleaning machines, which evolved as new safety technologies were introduced to help minimize the negative effects of dry cleaning solvents on human health and the environment (CDC/NIOSH, 1997; ECSA, 2016). The secondary vapor control reduces the amount of residual solvent in the machine cylinder at the end of the dry cycle, thus minimizing worker exposure to dry cleaning solvents. The cost of a new dry cleaning machine that is manufactured exclusively for 1-BP use ranges from $40,000 to $60,000, while the estimated cost of converting existing equipment from perc to 1-BP ranges from $1,500 to $5,000 (Raccon, 2010 as cited in TURI, 2012). A more recent estimate of the cost of retrofitting existing perc machinery for 1-BP use is $2,000 to $3,000 depending on the condition of the equipment according to a technical and product development manager for DrySolv® (WFI, 2011). June 2017 2-3 3. Use Information and Market Trends Table 3-1and Table 3-2 present the industrial and consumer use data reported under the 2016 CDR for 1BP (EPA, 2017c). 1-BP is reported to have commercial uses in electrical and electronic products, cleaning and furnishing care products, non-pesticidal agricultural products, metal products, and adhesive and sealant products. Industrial uses include cleaning or degreasing, chemical intermediates, and as nonpesticidal agricultural products. 3.1 Use in Vapor Degreasers 1-BP is primarily used as a vapor degreaser for cleaning optics electronics, plastics, and metals (NTP, 2016 and CDC, 2013). Its prevalence is partly due to its ability to thoroughly clean difficult soils from many substrates, compatibility with many metals, low tendency to cause corrosion, and ability to be used in most modern vapor degreasing equipment (ICF, 2004; UNEP, 2001; Williams et al., 2016). Enviro Tech International manufactures the EnSolv® and Tech Kleen® brands, which are 1-BP-based solvents used in a variety of cleaning applications, including vapor degreasing (Enviro Tech, 2017a). Other 1-BP-based vapor degreaser manufacturers include Albemarle Corporation (ABZOL®), Amity International (Leksol), Vantage Specialty Chemicals (LENIUM), and Reliance Specialty Products (EnTron™ and GenTech™) (Albemarle, 2012; EPA, 2017a). 3.2 Use in Spray Adhesives 1-BP adhesives are primarily used in foam cushion manufacturing and for laminates, to a lesser degree (NTP, 2016 and HSIA, 2010). Several years ago, approximately one-third of all foam cushion manufacturers used 1-BP-based glues (Urbina, 2013). Some workers suffered severe nerve damage from this use of 1-BP (Urbina, 2013), and conversations with industry have suggested that the use of 1-BP in spray adhesives has therefore declined (Enviro Tech, 2017b). 1-BP adhesive manufacturers in the U.S. include, Maple Leaf Sales II (K-Grip 503 Premium Adhesive), Blair Rubber Company (Normac® 900RNPB), Choice Brand Adhesives (CBA-751G), ITW (STA’-PUT® SP4H), Satellite City (NCF Accelerator), and New Star Adhesives (EverStrong™ ES38 and ES138) (EPA, 2017a). 3.3 Use in Aerosol Solvents 1-BP aerosol solvents are often used to spot-clean electrical or electronic equipment, aircraft maintenance, or synthetic fiber production (FR, 2007 as cited in NTP, 2013). American Polywater Corporation manufactures Type TR™ Cleaner/Degreaser Aerosol (TR-16), which is composed of 95% 1-BP by weight (American Polywater Corporation, n.d.). Zep manufactures both Power Solv 5000 Degreaser and NU TRI CLEAN, two other1-BP based aerosol solvent degreasers (Zep, Inc. 2017a and Zep, Inc. 2017b). Their applications include use on brake parts, diesel and internal combustion engines, marine motors and power tools, circuit boards and electrical contacts, and refrigeration and air conditioning equipment (Zep, Inc. 2017a and Zep, Inc. 2017b). Other 1-BP aerosol solvent manufacturers include CRC Industries (Super Degreaser™ and Cable Clean® Degreaser), ITW (LPS® Instant Super Degreaser), QuestSpecialty Corporation (5020 Quick Solv Solvent Degreaser and 5489 PCA II), ACL (Precision Rinse NS), American Industries (Solv), DiversiTech Corporation (CBC II June 2017 3-1 Contact Cleaner), MRO Solutions (525 Contact Cleaner), Omega Industrial Supply (Enviro-Tac and Mega Safe), Sherwin-Williams (Sprayon® EL2846 Non-Chlorinated Electrical Degreaser), and PLZ Aeroscience (Sprayway® N-Propyl Bromide Safety Solvent) (EPA, 2017a). 3.4 Use in Dry Cleaning One of the most commonly used 1-BP products in dry cleaning is DrySolv®. DrySolv® is a mixture of 1BP (>87% by weight) and nitromethane and 1,2-butylene oxide (<5%) (Enviro Tech, 2013b). The product is manufactured by Enviro Tech International, a small company with an estimated 10-49 employees and sales of $5 to $9.9 million (InsideView, 2013; ThomasNet, 2013). DrySolv® evolved from EnSolv®, a 1BP degreasing and cleaning solvent used in various industries including aerospace, precision engineering, medical equipment, and electronics (Childers, 2008). 1-BP is also used as a spot cleaner for dry cleaning, fabrics, and textiles with manufacturers including Albatross USA (Everblum Gold Cleaning Fluid and S.P.I.F. II Ink Remover) and Pettyjohn’s Solutions® (Homerun Cleaning Fluid) (EPA, 2017a). 3.5 Other Uses In addition to the primary uses listed above, 1-BP is used in a number of smaller applications. These applications include: non-pesticidal agricultural products, insulation, lubricants/cutting oils, mold cleaning and release agents, refrigerant flush, temperature indicators, asphalt production, and use as a chemical intermediate (EPA, 2017a). Products include THERMAX XARMOR™ insulation from the Dow Chemical Company; Cutting Oil, NFC Mold Cleaner, Resin Remover, Thermoset Mold Release, Quick Paintable Mold Release, and Quick Silicone Mold Release from Slide Products; Silicone Mold Release from CRC Industries; Johnsen’s ® Premium A/C Flush Non-Flammable; and OmegaLaq® Green (EPA, 2017a). June 2017 3-2 Table 3-1: 2016 CDR Industrial Use Data for 1-BP Manufacturing Site Industrial Use Data Type of Processing Sector Industrial Use % of Prod. Vol. Processing as a reactant All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Intermediates 1 Processing - incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 41 Processing - repackaging All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 40 Use - non-incorporative activities Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 41 CBI Processing - incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting Agricultural chemicals (non pesticidal) 100 CBI ND ND ND ND Custom Synthesis, LLC Processing - incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 100 Processing as a reactant All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Intermediates 50 Processing as a reactant Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Intermediates 25 Processing - incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 25 Processing - incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 100 Processing - incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Adhesive Manufacturing Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) 100 Processing - incorporation into article Construction Solvents (which become 100 Albemarle Corporation (South Plant) Chemtura Corporation (Great Lakes Chemical – Central) ICL-IP America Inc. MC International, LLC June 2017 3-3 Manufacturing Site Industrial Use Data Type of Processing Sector Industrial Use % of Prod. Vol. part of product formulation or mixture) Phoenix Chemical Company Processing - repackaging NKRA NKRA 100 Processing - incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Services Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 100 Superior Oil Company, Inc. Wego Chemical and Mineral Corp. ND = No Data; the company did not provide the requested information; NKRA = Not known or reasonably ascertainable. Source: EPA, 2017c Table 3-2: 2016 Commercial and Consumer Use Data for 1-BP Manufacturing Site Commercial and Consumer Use Data Commercial or Consumer Use CDR Product Category % of Prod. Vol. Albemarle Corporation (South Plant) N/A N/A N/A CBI NKRA Agricultural products (non pesticidal) 100 CBI Commercial Other (industrial cleaning solvent) 100 Custom Synthesis, LLC Commercial Electrical and electronic products 50 Commercial Metal products not covered elsewhere 50 Chemtura Corporation (Great Lakes Chemical – Central) N/A N/A N/A ICL-IP America Inc. Commercial Electrical and electronic products 100 MC International, LLC Both Adhesives and sealants NKRA Phoenix Chemical Company N/A N/A N/A Superior Oil Company, Inc. N/A N/A N/A Wego Chemical and Mineral Corp. Commercial Cleaning and Furniture Care Products 100 N/A = Not applicable; NKRA = Not known or reasonably ascertainable. Source: EPA, 2017c June 2017 3-4 4. Market Trends In July 2013, U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) issued a hazard alert to urge employers that use 1-BP to take appropriate steps to protect workers from exposure (DOL, 2013). According to OSHA reports, 1-bromopropane usage has increased over the past 20 years due to new industrial applications involving its use as a substitute for ozone-depleting chemicals or suspect carcinogens (NTP, 2016; OSHA, 2013). However, it is not clear from these reports which industrial sectors are seeing increases in 1-BP uses. For example, these increases may be in the dry-cleaning industry in response to states considering and pursuing actions to ban the use of tetrachloroethylene (Perc) (NTP, 2013 and DOD, 2013). 1-BP use may also be increasing as a result of regulations on trichloroethylene (TCE) (NY Times, 2013 and DOD, 2013), as 1-BP is an effective drop in substitute for TCE is solvent and vapor degreasing applications (TURI, 2011). The sections below discuss the available market data for 1-BP use in vapor degreasers, spray adhesives, and aerosol solvents. 4.1 Vapor Degreasers In the 1980s and early 1990s, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (also known as methyl chloroform or TCA), methylene chloride, and CFC-113 were the dominant solvents used in vapor degreasing (TURI, 1996). However, both methyl chloroform and CFC-113 were phased-out in 1996 to comply with the Montreal Protocol. Furthermore, methylene chloride is a suspected carcinogen and is considered a hazardous air pollutant under the 1991 Clean Air Act Amendments (TURI, 1996). As part of EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program, EPA issued a final rule in 2007 determining 1-BP to be an acceptable substitute to methyl chloroform and CFC-113 in the solvent cleaning sector in industrial equipment for metals cleaning, electronics cleaning, or precision cleaning (EPA, 2013a). 1-BP is a dropin substitute for TCA and TCE in vapor degreasing and therefore regulatory restrictions on those two chemicals could lead to a significant increase in the use of 1-BP in vapor degreasing. 4.2 Spray Adhesives Global demand volume for adhesives and sealants increased by 2.8% in 2012 and was expected to grow at a rate of 3.5-4% through 2013 (FEICA, 2013). Approximately 100 to 280 businesses in the adhesives, coatings, and ink sector used 1-BP-based products in 2002 (EPA, 2007). Users of 1-BP adhesives tend to be small businesses, as they often do not possess the resources to undergo fire-proofing to accompany cheaper but flammable adhesive alternatives (EPA, 2007). Volume estimates of 1-BP adhesives ranged from less than 1.5 million pounds to 2 million pounds per year (Tattersall, 2005 as cited in EPA, 2007; Kenyon, 2001 as cited in EPA, 2007). Note that these estimates do not necessarily pertain to solely spray adhesives. TCA had been the dominant adhesive before being phased out by the Montreal Protocol in 1990 (Adams, 2008). Alternatives to TCA include water-based adhesives and methylene chloride. However, water-based adhesives perform poorly and methylene chloride is subject to strict OSHA TWA exposure limits (Adams, 2008). 1-BP gained popularity as an alternative to both of these options because it is nonflammable, fast-drying, and works well in foam-fabricating formulations (Adams, 2008). In 2007, EPA proposed to list 1-BP as an unacceptable alternative to CFC-113 and TCA for adhesive solvents (EPA, 2013a). Furthermore, many in the industry have voluntarily halted use of 1-BP, including June 2017 4-1 Protonique, Great Lakes, and Atofina (Urbina, 2013). Current production and use data for 1-BP spray adhesives could not be found. 4.3 Aerosol Solvents An estimated 1,000 to 5,000 businesses used 1-BP-based aerosol solvents in 2002 (EPA, 2007). The Consumer Specialty Products Association (CSPA) conducted a survey of 29 member businesses that use 1-BP-based aerosol solvent products and estimated that 690,900 pounds of aerosol solvents were sold by 8 companies per year (CSPA, 2007). CSPA acknowledged that although this figure did not represent the entire market, it did capture a significant portion of 1-BP industrial aerosol products (CSPA, 2007). This figure was consistent with EPA estimates of 0.5-2 million pounds of 1-BP aerosols sold per year (Tattersall, 2005 as cited in EPA, 2007; Kenyon, 2001 as cited in EPA, 2007). The Halogenated Solvents Industry Association estimated in 2010 that 1-BP solvents in the U.S. were growing at a rate of 15-20% per year (HSIA, 2010). Note that it is unclear whether this estimate refers to just aerosol solvents, or all cleaning solvents. CFC-113 has historically been the dominant cleaning solvent (ICF, 2004). However, CFCs were phased out in 1996 under the Montreal Protocol (EPA, 2010a). In 2007, EPA proposed to list 1-BP as an unacceptable substitute for ozone-depleting substances, including CFC-113, in aerosol solvent applications (EPA, 2013a). Many industry members have also voluntarily discontinued use of 1-BP as an aerosol solvent due to potential health risks, including Atofina, Great Lakes Chemical, and Honeywell (EIA, 2003). Current production and use of 1-BP aerosol solvents is unclear; in 2017 Enviro Tech estimated that yearly use of 1-BP in solvent uses was less than 1.8 million pounds per year (Enviro Tech, 2017b). 4.4 Dry Cleaning Solvents 1-BP is considered a drop-in replacement for perc in existing dry cleaning machinery (TURI, 2012). Perc has historically been the standard dry cleaning solvent due to its effectiveness, ease of use, and relatively low cost (TURI, 2012). However, perc is a toxic chemical and its use is associated with human health and environmental concerns. The chemical is a likely human carcinogen and causes reproductive, developmental, and neurological effects in humans. As a result of these factors, many states have taken action to manage perc’s use in dry cleaning (EPA, 2012). It is likely that these regulations have helped drive the switch to 1-BP for many dry cleaners, which has led to increased use of the chemical. At the end of 2007, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) passed the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Emissions of Perchloroethylene (Perc) from Dry Cleaning Operations (Dry Cleaning ATCM) into law. The Dry Cleaning ATCM requires all perc dry cleaning facilities in California with machines at co-residential facilities to be removed by January 1, 2023 (CARB, 2009). The law also requires perc dry cleaning machines that are 15 years or older to be removed by 2023 beginning July 1, 2010. Literature provided to affected dry cleaning facilities by CARB listed 1-BP as one of the seven available perc alternatives (CARB, 2009). Although California is the only state with a perc ban currently in place, other states have taken action to restrict the use of perc in dry cleaning operations. Illinois is currently considering an amendment to its Environmental Protection Act to eliminate perc dry cleaning machines by 2030. The bill was passed by the Illinois State Senate in 2011 and is now being debated in the House (Illinois General Assembly, June 2017 4-2 2012). Perc bans have also been proposed in New Jersey and New York. In 2007, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection proposed an amendment to the Control and Prohibition of Air Pollution and Toxic Substances to eliminate the use of perc by 2021 (NJ DEP, 2007). New York also announced legislation in 2007 to ban perc use in dry cleaning (Smith, 2007). However, the legislation in both of these states has not proceeded since the initial announcements. Although only some states have passed or proposed perc bans, many states have tightened requirements pertaining to perc dry cleaning, such as stricter reporting and inspection standards and increased fees for perc purchases. On the national level, the use of perc in co-residential dry cleaning facilities is being phased out by 2020 as a result of the National Perchloroethylene Air Emission Standards for Dry Cleaning Facilities issued in 2006 (EPA, 2006). Information on recent 1-BP market trends was located in literature distributed by the dry cleaning industry. Articles published by American Drycleaner as well as Laundry and Cleaning News International were utilized to help profile the industry’s current climate on 1-BP use. Abt Associates did not directly contact trade associations or manufacturers to retrieve market information, as we wanted technical direction from EPA before doing so. It is likely that very few dry cleaning establishments in the United States use 1-BP as a dry cleaning solvent. According to figures from the Drycleaning and Laundry Institute (DLI) cited in 2009, only about 50 dry cleaning systems in the United States are using DrySolv® compared to 70% of the market that still uses perc, 27% using hydrocarbon, and 2% using GreenEarth (Vince, 2009).1 In a recent comment, Enviro Tech (the maker of DrySolv®) estimated that fourteen or less dry cleaning establishments use 1BP as dry cleaning solvent (Enviro Tech, 2017b). State level dry cleaning trends of 1-BP use are captured under the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)’s Environmental Results Program. From 2008 to 2011, it was reported that 13 of the 51 cleaners under the program indicated that they have eliminated the use of perc and have switched to 1-BP (TURI, 2012). Findings from a survey conducted by AmericanDrycleaner.com about dry cleaning solvent systems in 2014 found that no respondents used DrySolv (Beggs, 2012). The other solvents reported as used by respondents were perc (69.9%), high-flash point hydrocarbon (23.7%), GreenEarth (6.5%), liquid CO2 (2.2%), Solvair (1.1%), and other (15.1%) (Beggs, 2012). A previous survey in 2012 by AmerianDrycleaner.com indicated that 1.1% of respondents used DrySolv® (Beggs, 2012). Note that the survey is not necessarily representative of the entire dry cleaning industry because many dry cleaners speak English as a second language and therefore neither read nor are surveyed by English-language publications.2 1 In a 2017 comment, DLI estimated that 60% of the dry cleaning market used perc as a dry cleaning solvent. Use of 1-BP as dry cleaning solvent was not mentioned and is likely very low (DLI/NCA, 2017). 2 In a survey of King County (Seattle), WA dry cleaners, Whittaker and Johanson found that over 80% of dry cleaners in King County were Korean (Whittaker and Johanson, 2011) June 2017 4-3 5. References Adams, S. 2008. Spray Adhesive Solvent Update. 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Smith Announces New Legislation Banning the Use of PERC in New York State.” Available at: http://www.nysenate.gov/news/senator-malcolm-smithannounces-new-legislation-banning-use-perc-new-york-state (Accessed September 5, 2013). ThomasNet. 2013. “Enviro Tech International, Inc.” Available at: http://www.thomasnet.com/profile/30239626/enviro-tech-internationalinc.html?cov=NA&WTZO=Company+Profile (Accessed August 30, 2013). Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI). 1996. Evaluation of Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvents for Metal Cleaning. Technical Report No. 46. Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI). 2011. TCE Facts: Alternatives. Available at http://www.turi.org/About/Library/TURI_Publications/Massachusetts_Chemical_Fact_Sheets/Trichlo roethylene_TCE_Fact_Sheet/TCE_Facts/Alternatives (Accessed September 26, 2013) Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI). 2012. Assessment of Alternatives to Perchloroethylene for the Dry Cleaning Industry. Methods and Policy Report No. 27. June 2012. Urbina, I. 2013. “As OSHA Emphasizes Safety, Long-Term Health Risks Fester.” The New York Times. March 30, 2013. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/31/us/osha-emphasizes-safetyhealth-risks-fester.html (Accessed September 12, 2013). UNEP. 2001. Report on the Geographic Market Potential and Estimated Emissions of n-Propyl Bromide. Technological and Economic Assessment Panel. April 2001. Vince, Tony. 2009. “Finding a future-proof cleaning system.” Available at: http://www.laundryandcleaningnews.com/features/featurefinding-a-future-proof-cleaning-system/ (Accessed September 4, 2013). Whittaker, Stephen G. and Chantrelle A. Johanson. 2011. Public Health Seattle & King County. Final Report: A Profile of the Dry Cleaning Industry in King County, Washington. Available at: http://www.hazwastehelp.org/publications/index.aspx (Accessed May 15, 2017). Williams, Darren L.; Fecco, John; Perry, Jacob; Thompson, Nathan. 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June 2017 5-5 Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride Contract # EP-W-16-009 WA #2-01 April 26th, 2017 Prepared for: Eliane Catilina Economics and Policy Analysis Branch Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20460 Submitted by: Abt Associates, Inc. 4550 Montgomery Avenue Suite 800 North Bethesda, MD 20814 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of Carbon Tetrachloride .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Historical Use of Carbon Tetrachloride ................................................................................... 1 1.3 Existing Regulations ................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Montreal Protocol .................................................................................................................... 4 Production and Producers ............................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Current U.S. Production Volume ............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Historical U.S. Production Volume ......................................................................................... 5 2.3 U.S. Facility and Company-Level Production Data................................................................. 5 2.3.1 Chemical Data Reporting ........................................................................................... 5 2.3.2 Toxics Release Inventory ........................................................................................... 6 2.3.3 Other Facilities That May Produce Carbon Tetrachloride ......................................... 7 Use Information and Market Trends.............................................................................................. 9 3.1 Historical Use........................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Use Information from 2012 CDR .......................................................................................... 10 4. Toxic Release Inventory ................................................................................................................. 14 5. National Emissions Inventory........................................................................................................ 22 6. References ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Appendix 1: Reported Activities and Uses on TRI Form R .................................................................. 25 Abt Associates, Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. ii List of Tables and Appendices Table 1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CASRN...................................................................................... 1 Table 2: Federal Regulations and Guidelines Concerning Carbon Tetrachloride ........................................ 3 Table 3: U.S. Production of Carbon Tetrachloride (million lb) .................. 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Table 4: National Production Volume Data for Carbon Tetrachloride from 1986-2012 (pounds)............... 5 Table 6: 2012 CDR Production Volume Data for Carbon Tetrachloride (Pounds) ...................................... 6 Table 7: 2014 Select TRI Manufacturers and Importers of Carbon Tetrachloride ....................................... 7 Table 8: 2012 CDR Use and Production Data for Carbon Tetrachloride ................................................... 11 Table 9: Facilities Manufacturing Carbon Tetrachloride Derivatives (2012 CDR).................................... 13 Table 11: Summary of 2014 TRI Activity or Use by Number of Facilities for Carbon Tetrachloride ....... 15 Table 12: Summary of 2014 NAICS Codes Associated with Carbon Tetrachloride .................................. 15 Table 13: Detailed 2014 TRI Activity or Use for Carbon Tetrachloride by Facility .................................. 17 Table 14: Summary of 2014 NEI Carbon Tetrachloride Emissions Including Top Industry Sectors and Facilities ................................................................................................................................. 22 Abt Associates, Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. iii Contributors The EPA subject matter expert responsible for this report is Eliane Catilina of the Economics and Policy Analysis Branch; Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Analytical and draft preparation support was provided by Abt Associates, Inc. analysts Erik Edgar and Deanna Badger under EPA Contract No. EP-W-16-009. Abt Associates, Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. iv 1. Introduction Carbon tetrachloride is the subject of this use and market profile. This report provides an overview (Section 1), U.S. producers, production, and import volume (Section 2), use information and market trends (Section 3), and Toxic Release Inventory data (Section 4) for this chemical. 1.1 Overview of Carbon Tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a colorless, sweet-smelling organic compound that is primarily used as a feedstock to manufacture hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerants, including HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc (UNEP, 2016a) and HFO-1234yf/ze (IHS Chemical, 2016a). Carbon tetrachloride has minor laboratory, petroleum refining, and pharmaceutical manufacturing applications (NTP, 2016). Key identification details of carbon tetrachloride are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CASRN CAS RN Synonyms Molecular Formula 56-23-5 Benziform, Carbon chloride, Carbon tet, Methane tetrachloride, Methane, tetrachloro-, Methyl tetrachloride, Perchloromethane, Tetrachloromethane (IUPAC) CCl4 Structure Trade Names Benzinoform, Carbona, Fasciolin, Flukoids, Freon 10, Halon 1040, Necotorina, Necatorine, R 10 (refrigerant), Tetrafinol, Tetraform, Tetrasol, Univerm, Vermoestricid Source: NLM (n.d.) 1.2 Historical Use of Carbon Tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride was first synthesized in 1839 by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault in the reaction of chloroform with chlorine in sunlight. Large scale production in the U.S. began by Warner Chemical and Dow Chemical in 1908.Its first major industrial or commercial uses were as a fire extinguisher fluid and dry-cleaning solvent. Carbon tetrachloride served as a metal degreaser and solvent in the production of rubber as well (Doherty, 2000; Holbrook, 2000). In the 1950s, the most important use of carbon tetrachloride became as a feedstock in the production of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants (Doherty, 2000). Other historical uses included as a grain fumigant, anti-knock agent in gasoline, hookworm treatment, anesthetic, insecticide component, and industrial solvent (Hall, 1921; Hardin, 1954; Daft, 1991; Doherty, 2000). Due to its potential to cause adverse health effects, carbon tetrachloride and mixtures containing it were banned from consumer products by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in 1970 (Holbrook, 2000). Production of carbon tetrachloride continued to decline with the implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) through the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments, which banned carbon tetrachloride’s emissive uses and phased out CFCs for all but explicitly permitted uses Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 1 (Doherty, 2000). Figure 1 summarizes key events associated with carbon tetrachloride and its uses over time. Figure 1: Carbon Tetrachloride Timeline Source: Doherty (2000); Holbrook (2000) Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 2 1.3 Existing Regulations on Carbon Tetrachloride Many U.S. Federal agencies have issued regulations or guidelines concerning carbon tetrachloride. Table 2 summarizes these regulations as of 2016. Table 2: Federal Regulations and Guidelines Concerning Carbon Tetrachloride Agency or Regulation Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Department of Transportation (DOT) Clean Air Act (EPA) Clean Water Act (EPA) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (EPA) Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Description of Regulation or Guideline Minimum requirements have been established for safe transport of carbon tetrachloride on ships and barges. Carbon tetrachloride and mixtures containing it (with the exception of chemicals containing unavoidable residues of carbon tetrachloride that do not result in atmospheric concentrations of carbon tetrachloride greater than 10 ppm) are banned from consumer products. Carbon tetrachloride is considered a hazardous material and marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Listed as a hazardous air pollutant. New Source Performance Standards: Manufacture of carbon tetrachloride is subject to certain provisions for the control of volatile organic compound emissions. Urban Air Toxics Strategy: Identified as one of 33 hazardous air pollutants that present the greatest threat to public health in urban areas. Carbon tetrachloride is regulated as a Class I substance for stratospheric ozone protection. Effluent Guidelines: Listed as a toxic pollutant. Water Quality Criteria: Based on fish or shellfish and water consumption = 0.4 μg/L; based on fish or shellfish consumption only = 5 μg/L. Designated a hazardous substance. Reportable quantity (RQ) = 10 lb. Toxics Release Inventory: Listed substance subject to reporting requirements. All registrations for use as a pesticide have been cancelled. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (EPA) Characteristic Hazardous Waste: Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) threshold = 0.5 mg/L. Listed Hazardous Waste: : Waste codes for which the listing is based wholly or partly on the presence of carbon tetrachloride = U211, F001, F024, F025, K016, K019, K020, K021, K073, K116, K150, K151,K157. Listed as a hazardous constituent of waste. Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA) Maximum contaminant level (MCL) = 0.005 mg/L. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 3 Agency or Regulation Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Description of Regulation or Guideline Maximum permissible level in bottled water = 0.005 mg/L. All medical devices containing or manufactured with carbon tetrachloride must contain a warning statement that the compound may destroy ozone in the atmosphere. Mine Safety and Health Administration Carbon tetrachloride use is banned in metal and non-metal surface and underground mines. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) While this section accurately identifies OSHA’s legally enforceable PELs for this substance in 2010, specific PELs may not reflect the more current studies and may not adequately protect workers. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) = 10 ppm. Ceiling concentration = 25 ppm. Acceptable peak exposure = 200 ppm (maximum duration = 5 min in any 4 h). Carbon tetrachloride cannot be used as a fire extinguishing agent where employees may be exposed. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold limit value – time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) = 5 ppm. Threshold limit value – short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) = 10 ppm. Potential for dermal absorption. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Short-term exposure limit (STEL) = 2 ppm (12.6 mg/m3) (60-min exposure). Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) limit = 200 ppm. Listed as a potential occupational carcinogen. Source: NTP (2016) 1.4 Montreal Protocol Carbon tetrachloride is also regulated under the Montreal Protocol because of its classification as an ozone-depleting substance (ODS). Enacted in 1987, this international treaty aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ODS. Member countries, including the U.S., were required to have a100 percent reduction in the production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride by January 1, 1996, with possible exemptions (UNEP, 2016b). Exemptions may include use as a feedstock, used substances (recovered and reclaimed), essential uses, and others listed in the Handbook on Data Reporting under the Montreal Protocol (1999). Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 4 2. Production and Producers This section examines current and historical U.S. production volume of carbon tetrachloride and facility level data for manufacturers of carbon tetrachloride. 2.1 U.S. Production Volume In the U.S., large-scale production of carbon tetrachloride began in 1908 (Doherty, 2000). By 1914, almost 10 million pounds were being produced annually (Doherty, 2000). Production is reported to have peaked in 1970 at 458.7 million pounds (Holbrook, 2000). The subsections below provide historical and recent U.S. Production volume from publically available data from the 1986-2006 Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and the 2012 Chemical Data Reportign (CDR) (reflecting 2011 production data). 2.1.1 IUR and CDR Table 3 presents the historic U.S. production volume data for carbon tetrachloride submitted by companies under the non-confidential 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and the 2012 CDR (reflecting 2011 production data). While the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 25,000 pounds for the 2006 IUR and 2012 CDR, the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 10,000 pounds from 1986 to 2002. Table 3: CDR U.S. Production Volume Data for Carbon Tetrachloride from 1986-2012 (lb) 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2011 >500M – 1B >500M – 1B >100M – 500M >100M – 500M >100M – 500M 100M<500M 149,927,241 Source: U.S. EPA (n.d.); U.S. EPA (2010); U.S. EPA (2014a) 2.2 U.S. Import and Export Data Imports of carbon tetrachloride fell from 242 million pounds in 1989 to 0 in 1996. On the export side, U.S. exports decreased from 116 million pounds in 1989 to 3.8 million pounds in 2008 (NTP, 2016). Specific companies identified as importers of carbon tetrachloride include Dow Chemical Co, Enterprise Products (U.S. EPA, 2014b), and INEOS USA (U.S. EPA, 2014a). 2.3 U.S. Facility and Company-Level Production Data 2.3.1 Chemical Data Reporting U.S. production volume data for carbon tetrachloride reported in the 2012 CDR is presented in Table 6 by producer for the years 2011 and 2010 (past). For the 2012 CDR, represented by the year 2011, nine facilities reported production volumes of carbon tetrachloride, three of which withheld their facility identity as confidential business information (CBI). Note that other sites may manufacture or import carbon tetrachloride but are not listed in the public CDR database because they claimed their production as CBI. Other sites might not be listed due to having had production volumes below the 25,000 lb annual Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 5 reporting threshold. CDR also provides exemption due to manufacturing carbon tetrachloride as an impurity with no commercial purpose and for non-isolated intermediates. Table 4: 2012 CDR Production Volume Data for Carbon Tetrachloride (Pounds) Company Location Manufactured Volume Imported Volume Past Production Volume (2010) INEOS USA, LLC Shin-Etsu Syngenta Corp The Dow Chemical Co Wilmington, DE Plaquemine, LA Saint Gabriel, LA* Freeport, TX* 0 2,480,599 CBI CBI 763,400 0 0 0 92,400 1,293,461 CBI CBI The Dow Chemical Co The Dow Chemical Co CBI CBI CBI Pittsburg, CA* Plaquemine, LA* CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI 0 0 CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI = confidential business information * = reported to import or manufacture carbon tetrachloride to TRI in RY2014 Source: U.S. EPA (2014a) 2.3.2 Toxics Release Inventory In total, 27 U.S. facilities reported manufacturing or importing carbon tetrachloride to the TRI for Reporting Year (RY) 2014. A full list of all TRI reporters is provided in Table 13. Like CDR, TRI facilities must report manufacture of carbon tetrachloride above 25,000 lb per year (along with release and waste management data); however, TRI does not have an exemption for manufacture as an impurity or non-isolated intermediate. A select list of TRI facilities that report producing or importing carbon tetrachloride is given in Table 7. These facilities are either matched to a CDR facility reporting carbon tetrachloride (in italics) or indicate a deliberate use on-site of carbon tetrachloride. These deliberate uses include: • Processing as a reactant; • Processing as a formulation component; • Processing as repackaging for further distribution; • On-site use as a chemical processing aid; or • On-site use as a manufacturing aid. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 6 Table 5: 2014 Select TRI Manufacturers and Importers of Carbon Tetrachloride (Facilities in italics are matched to 2012 CDR reporting for carbon tetrachloride) Facility1 Occidental Chemical Holding Corp - Geismar Plant Occidental Chemical Holding Corp Geismar, LA 70734 Dow Chemical Co The Dow Chemical Co Pittsburg, CA 94565 Occidental Chemical Corp Occidental Chemical Holding Corp Wichita, KS 67215 Maximum Amount On-Site (lb) 50,000,00099,999,999 10,000,00049,999,999 1,000,0009,999,999 Manufacturing Activities Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Byproduct Produce, Used Processed, Byproduct Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Manufacture Impurity Processing and Otherwise Use Reactant, Manufacture Aid Reactant, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid Repackaging, Ancillary The Dow Chemical Co - Louisiana Operations The Dow Chemical Co Plaquemine, LA 70764 1,000,0009,999,999 Westlake Vinyls Inc Westlake Chemical Corp Calvert City, KY 42029 1,000,0009,999,999 Produce, Used Processed Reactant, Ancillary Dow Chemical Co Freeport Facility The Dow Chemical Co Freeport, TX 77541 1,000,0009,999,999 Produce, Imported, Byproduct, Manufacture Impurity Reactant, Process Impurity, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100,000999,999 Imported, Used Processed Chemical Processing Aid 100,000999,999 Produce, Used Processed, Manufacture Impurity Formulation Component, Process Impurity 100,000999,999 Produce, Byproduct Chemical Processing Aid 100,000999,999 Produce, Manufacture Impurity Manufacture Aid 10,00099,999 Produce, Byproduct Reactant, Manufacture Aid 1,0009,999 Produce, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Manufacture Impurity Enterprise Products Operating LLC Enterprise Products Operating LLC Mont Belvieu, TX 77580 Formosa Plastics Corp Texas Formosa Plastics Corp USA Point Comfort, TX 77978 Syngenta Crop Protection LLC Saint Gabriel Facility Syngenta Corp Saint Gabriel, LA 70776 Dover Chemical Corp ICC Industries Inc Dover, OH 44622 Oxy Vinyls LP La Porte VCM Plant Occidental Chemical Holding Corp La Porte, TX 77571 Westlake Vinyls Co Westlake Chemical Corp Geismar, LA 70734 2.3.3 Reactant, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary Other Facilities That May Produce Carbon Tetrachloride While facilities are able to claim CBI to withhold their identity for public releases of CDR data, other publicly available resources may be used to identify facilities that deliberately manufacture and use or sell Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 7 chemicals. For example, such a facility may be identified using TRI data if they have reported significant maximum amounts of on-site quantities and/or deliberate uses including: • • • manufacture for sale or distribution; processing as a reactant; or repackaging for distribution into commerce. Company publications, such as sustainability reports, safety data sheets (SDS), and product details, may also indicate manufacture or sale of a chemical. This section explores other facilities that are not identified through the public CDR data.. Occidental Chemical Holding Corp Three facilities owned by Occidental Chemical Holding reported manufacturing carbon tetrachloride to TRI in 2014 but were not matched to any 2012 CDR facilities publicly reporting carbon tetrachloride: • • • Occidental Chemical Holding Corp - Geismar Plant; Geismar, LA 70734 o Maximum amount on-site: 50,000,000 - 99,999,999 lb o Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Reactant, Manufacture Aid Occidental Chemical Corp; Wichita, KS 67215 o Maximum amount on-site: 1,000,000 - 9,999,999 lb o Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Repackaging, Ancillary Oxy Vinyls LP La Porte VCM Plant; La Porte, TX 77571 o Maximum amount on-site: 10,000 - 99,999 lb o Produce, Byproduct , Reactant, Manufacture Aid Company publications strongly support that Occidental Chemical Holding Corp is a primary producer and supplier of carbon tetrachloride. • • “OxyChem produces one grade of carbon tetrachloride as Technical Grade manufactured at both Wichita, KS and Geismar, LA facilities”(OxyChem, 2014). “OxyChem manufactures carbon tetrachloride at facilities in Geismar, Louisiana and Wichita, Kansas” (OxyChem, 2013). Based on TRI and company publications, the Geismar Plant and Wichita facility appear to be primary manufacturers of carbon tetrachloride. Formosa Plastics Corp USA One facility owned by Formosa Plastics Corp USA reported manufacturing carbon tetrachloride in 2012 but was not matched a 2012 CDR facility publicly reporting carbon tetrachloride: • Formosa Plastics Corp Texas; Point Comfort, TX 77978 o Maximum amount on-site: 100,000 - 999,999 lb o Produce, Used Processed, Manufacture Impurity, Formulation Component, Process Impurity An MSDS for ‘light ends, wet’ indicates that carbon tetrachloride is present at a 10-20% concentration in a mixture manufactured by this facility (Formosa Plastics Corporation, 2007). Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 8 Westlake Chemical Corp Two facilities owned by Westlake Chemical Corp reported manufacturing carbon tetrachloride to TRI in 2014, but were not matched to any 2012 CDR facilities reporting carbon tetrachloride: • • Westlake Vinyls Inc; Calvert City, KY 42029 o Maximum amount on-site: 1,000,000- 9,999,999 o Produce, Used Processed, Reactant, Ancillary Westlake Vinyls Co; Geismar, LA 70734 o Maximum amount on-site: 1,000 - 9,999 o Produce, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Manufacture Impurity An MSDS describes an EDC (ethylene dichloride) intermediate feedstock that contains 2-50% carbon tetrachloride (Westlake Chemical, 2015). TRI reporting indicates that carbon tetrachloride is produced for sale and distribution by the Geismar facility; however, no secondary sources confirm that Westlake Chemical Corp supplies carbon tetrachloride. Thus, it is possible that one or both of the Westlake Chemical Corp facilities are listed as CBI in 2012 CDR. ICC Industries/Dover Chemical Corp One facility owned by ICC Industries reported manufacturing carbon tetrachloride in 2012 but was not matched to a 2012 CDR facility publicly reporting carbon tetrachloride: • Dover Chemical Corp; Dover, OH 44622 o Maximum amount on-site: 100,000- 999,999 o Produce, Manufacture Impurity Manufacture Aid In 2014, the Dover Chemical Corp plant released “heavy chlorinated wax material that contains carbon tetrachloride as a byproduct” (Mizer, 2014). Further, a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit for the facility allows for loading of carbon tetrachloride (Ohio EPA, 2015). Given that the facility reports use as a manufacturing aid, it is unlikely that ICC Industries supplies carbon tetrachloride. 3. Use Information and Market Trends The primary use of carbon tetrachloride is as a chemical feedstock for the production of chlorinated and fluorinated compounds. Other minor known uses include use as an industrial solvent and in pharmaceutical manufacturing, agrochemical processes, petroleum refining, laboratory applications, and fats, oils, and rubber processing (OxyChem, 2013; NTP, 2016). 3.1 Historical Use In the 1950s, the percentage use of carbon tetrachloride by sector was as follows: CFC production (50%), metal cleaning (15%), grain fumigation (7%), dry-cleaning (5%), and other uses (23%). CFC production took over more of the market once the use of carbon tetrachloride in consumer products and grain fumigants was banned. By the 1990s, CFC production accounted for 98% of the total demand of carbon tetrachloride (Doherty, 2000). With the enactment of the Montreal Protocol, production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride were expected to be virtually eliminated. However, carbon tetrachloride is now being used as a feedstock to Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 9 make new types of refrigerants that do not deplete the ozone layer, such as HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc, and HFO-1234y. As previously mentioned, the use of ODS as a feedstock may be permitted under the Montreal Protocol, assuming the ODS are totally transformed in the process. In 2014, carbon tetrachloride made up 18.3% of ozone-depleting substances used as feedstock by countries that are part of the Montreal Protocol (UNEP, 2016a). 3.2 Use Information from 2012 CDR Table 8 shows the industrial uses of carbon tetrachloride from 2012 CDR data (U.S. EPA, 2014a). Types of processing and industrial uses include: • • Processing as a reactant: o Intermediates o Process regulators Use-non-incorporative activities: o Processing aids, not otherwise listed o Not known or reasonably ascertainable o Laboratory chemicals Reported sectors processing or using carbon tetrachloride include: • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing; • All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing; and • Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing. No consumer uses are listed in the CDR, in line with the prohibition of carbon tetrachloride in products intended for home use (HSDB, 2014). Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 10 Table 6: 2012 CDR Use and Production Data for Carbon Tetrachloride Industrial Use Data Manufacturing Site Type of Processing Sector Dow Chemical Co Freeport Facility The Dow Chemical Co 2301 N Brazosport Blvd Freeport, TX 77541 All Other Basic Use-non-incorporative Organic Chemical activities Manufacturing All Other Basic Processing as a Organic Chemical reactant Manufacturing Dow Chemical Co The Dow Chemical Co 901 Loveridge Rd Pittsburg, CA 94565 Processing as a reactant The Dow Chemical Co Louisiana Operations The Dow Chemical Co 21255 La Hwy 1 S Plaquemine, LA 70764 All Other Basic Use-non-incorporative Organic Chemical activities Manufacturing INEOS USA, LLC 2036 Foulk Rd Suite 204 Wilmington, DE 19810 Processing as a reactant Shin-Etsu 26270 Highway 405, River Rd South Plaquemine, LA 70764 Syngenta Crop Protection LLC Saint Gabriel Facility Syngenta Corp 3905 Hwy 75 Saint Gabriel, LA 70776 Industrial Use Percent of Production Volume Processing aids, not otherwise listed 1 Intermediates 100 Intermediates 100 Processing aids, not otherwise listed 100 All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Intermediates 100 All Other Chemical Use-non-incorporative Product and activities Preparation Manufacturing Not known or reasonably ascertainable 100 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Processing aids, Use-non-incorporative Agricultural not otherwise activities Chemical listed Manufacturing 100 CBI Processing as a reactant CBI Intermediates CBI CBI Processing as a reactant All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Intermediates 100 Laboratory chemicals CBI Use-non-incorporative CBI activities CBI Processing as a reactant CBI Process regulators CBI CBI Intermediates CBI Source: U.S. EPA (2014a) Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 11 3.3 Use as Feedstock 3.3.1 Derivatives Manufactured The primary use of carbon tetrachloride is as a feedstock in the production of fluorinated compounds. Approximately 98% of carbon tetrachloride was used for CFCs production in the 1990s (Doherty, 2000) but it is now primarily used for the production of HFCs (IHS Chemical, 2016a). No evidence was found to suggest that more than 2% is currently being used for non-reactant uses. Carbon tetrachloride may be used as a feedstock for making the following derivative chemicals. Note that alternate reaction pathways may be available for some, if not all, of these chemicals. • HFC-245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, CAS: 460-73-1) (UNEP, 2016a); • HFC-365mfc (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, CAS: 406-58-6) (UNEP, 2016a); • HFC-236fa (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, CAS: 690-39-1) (UNEP, 2016a); • HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, CAS: 754-12-1) (IHS Chemical, 2016a); • HFO-1234ze ((1E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, CAS: 29118-24-9) (IHS Chemical, 2016a); and • Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethene, CAS: 127-18-4) (UNEP, 2016a). Although CFC-11 and CFC-12 were also identified as directly manufactured from carbon tetrachloride, they are now only manufactured in China for use as aerosol in metered dose inhalers. HFC and HFO derivatives are primarily used as refrigerants or foam propellants (IHS Chemical, 2016a). 3.3.2 Facilities Manufacturing Derivatives All U.S. facilities reporting manufacture of known carbon tetrachloride derivatives are listed in Table 9. Numerous reaction routes are possible for some if not all chemicals above, so not all facilities manufacturing these chemicals will necessarily use carbon tetrachloride as a feedstock. Processing as a reactant was reported by seven TRI facilities (see Table 11) for RY2014; however, only three facilities of these seven facilities are identified in Table 9. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 12 Table 7: Facilities Manufacturing Carbon Tetrachloride Derivatives (2012 CDR) Company Manufactured Volume (lb) HFC-245a (CAS: 460-73-1) Location Imported Volume Honeywell International Inc Geismar, LA 45,395,380 0 Rubicon Geismar, LA 0 CBI CBI CBI Buffalo, NY 97,680 0 Danville, IL 0 29,080 0 CBI 1,726,730 0 HFC-365mfc (CAS:406-58-6) Solvay America Inc Houston, TX HFO-1234yf (CAS: 754-12-1) Honeywell International Inc Honeywell International Inc HFC-236fa (CAS: 690-39-1) E I Du Pont De Nemours & Co Wilmington, DE HFO-1234ze (CAS: 29118-24-9) Honeywell International Inc Buffalo, NY Perchloroethylene (CAS: 127-18-4) Solvchem Inc Pearland, TX 508,284 0 Shin Etsu Plaquemine, LA 339,297 0 Trinternational Inc Seattle, WA Lord Corp CBI PPG Industries Inc Lake Charles, LA The Dow Chemical Co The Dow Chemical Co Freeport, TX* Midland, MI* LA* 0 29,100 CBI CBI CBI 0 CBI 0 0 CBI CBI 0 The Dow Chemical Co Plaquemine, CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI * Facilities reporting ‘processing as a reactant’ for carbon tetrachloride activities to TRI in RY2014. 3.4 Other Uses Carbon tetrachloride has limited other uses for which little information is available. Carbon tetrachloride is believed to be used as a solvent or processing aid. Use as a chemical or mechanical processing aid was reported by TRI facilities in the following sectors (see Table 12 and Table 13 for detailed information): • Natural Gas Liquid Extraction (NAICS 211112) • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing (NAICS 325199) • Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing (NAICS 325320) • All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing (NAICS 325998) Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 13 Use as an article component was reported by one facility in Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal (NAICS 562211). Given the reporting facility disposes of hazardous waste, the reported activity likely is related to its waste treatment or disposal rather than indicating a deliberate use of carbon tetrachloride. Use as a formulation component was reported by one facility in Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing (NAICS 325211). However, the facility also indicated it was manufactured and processed as an impurity, so this use does not appear deliberate. Small amounts of carbon tetrachloride are used in laboratory and analytical settings. Members of the Montreal Protocol voted to allow the production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride for these purposes in 1997 (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2003; U.S. EPA, 2016). 4. Toxic Release Inventory Facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using carbon tetrachloride are required to report releases to EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). For Reporting Year (RY) 2014, 41 facilities reported carbon tetrachloride, 40 using TRI Form R and 1 using TRI Form A 1. A summary of the RY 2014 on-site activities and uses reported for carbon tetrachloride on TRI Form Rs is provided in Table 11. These data describe the manufacturing, processing, and otherwise use activities occurring at a facility with the chemical. Waste management quantities of carbon tetrachloride in RY2014 totaled 25.3 million lb (U.S. EPA, 2014b), including: • 131,424 lb released to the environment; • 4,057,035 lb used for energy recovery; • 5,106,905 lb recycled; and • 16,063,528 lb treated for destruction. Appendix 1: Reported Activities and Uses on TRI Form R provides detail on the information reported on this section. A summary of facilities reporting carbon tetrachloride by NAICS sector and their on-site activities and uses is provided in Table 12. Carbon tetrachloride was reported by 17 unique NAICS sectors, with the most common being All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing (325199) and Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal (562211) with nine facilities reporting in each sector. Table 13 lists each RY 2014 TRI facility reporting carbon tetrachloride, the maximum amount of the chemical present at the facility per year, and the reported on-site activities and uses of carbon tetrachloride. The ‘Facility’ column is hyperlinked the corresponding RY 2014 report. 1 The TRI Form R is the standard TRI reporting form that includes full details about releases, waste management, and on-site activities and uses. The TRI Form A is a shorted certification statement where reporters certify that total waste management including releases did not exceed 500 lb and does not include the same release, waste management or on-site activities and uses data. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 14 Table 8: Summary of 2014 TRI Activity or Use by Number of Facilities for Carbon Tetrachloride Produce Number of Facilities Reporting 26 Imported 2 Used Processed 8 Sale Distribution 4 Byproduct 18 Manufacture Impurity 9 Reactant 7 Article Component 1 Formulation Component 1 Repackaging 2 Process Impurity 3 Chemical Processing Aid 5 Manufacture Aid 4 Ancillary 18 Activity Manufacture Process Otherwise Use Category Source: U.S. EPA (2014b) Table 9: Summary of 2014 NAICS Codes Associated with Carbon Tetrachloride NAICS Code NAICS Description Number of TRI Facilities Facilities Reporting OnSite Activities 211112 Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 1 Imported: 1 Used Processed: 1 Chemical Processing Aid: 1 212393 Other Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining 1 Produce: 1 Manufacture Impurity: 1 321219 Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 1 Produce: 1 Byproduct: 1 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing 1 Produce: 1 Used Processed: 1 Byproduct: 1 325120 Industrial Gas Manufacturing 1 Reactant: 1 Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 15 NAICS Code Number of TRI Facilities NAICS Description Facilities Reporting OnSite Activities 325180 Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 2 Produce: 2 Used Processed: 1 Sale Distribution: 1 Byproduct: 1 Repackaging: 1 Ancillary: 1 325194 Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing 1 Produce: 1 Byproduct: 1 9 Produce: 9 Imported: 1 Used Processed: 3 Sale Distribution: 2 Byproduct: 8 Manufacture Impurity: 2 Reactant: 5 Process Impurity: 1 Chemical Processing Aid: 2 Manufacture Aid: 2 Ancillary: 5 6 Produce: 6 Used Processed: 1 Sale Distribution: 1 Byproduct: 3 Manufacture Impurity: 4 Formulation Component: 1 Process Impurity: 2 Ancillary: 1 325199 325211 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325320 Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 3 Produce: 3 Used Processed: 1 Byproduct: 2 Manufacture Impurity: 1 Reactant: 1 Chemical Processing Aid: 2 Manufacture Aid: 1 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 1 Produce: 1 Manufacture Impurity: 1 Manufacture Aid: 1 327310 Cement Manufacturing 1 Ancillary: 1 327992 Ground or Treated Mineral and Earth Manufacturing 1 Ancillary: 1 331410 Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 1 Produce: 1 Byproduct: 1 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 1 Not Reported (Form A) Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 16 NAICS Code NAICS Description Number of TRI Facilities Facilities Reporting OnSite Activities 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 9 Article Component: 1 Repackaging: 1 Ancillary: 8 562213 Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 1 Ancillary: 1 Source: U.S. EPA (2014b); NAICS Association (2016) Table 10: Detailed 2014 TRI Activity or Use for Carbon Tetrachloride by Facility Maximum Amount On-Site (lb) Facility1 Axiall LLC Axiall Corp 26100 Hwy 405 S Plaquemine, LA 70764 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Eagle Us 2 LLC Axiall Corp 1300 PPG Dr Westlake, LA 70669 325180 Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Georgia Gulf Lake Charles LLC Axiall Corp 1600 VCM Plant Rd Westlake, LA 70669 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing BASF Corp BASF Corp 8404 Hwy 75 Geismar, LA 70734 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Solvents Inc--Denison Facility Chemical Solvents Inc 1010 Old Denison Ave Cleveland, OH 44109 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Chemtron Corp 35850 Schneider Ct Avon, OH 44011 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Shintech Plaquemine Plant C-K Tech Inc 26270 Hwy 405 Plaquemine, LA 70764 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Clean Harbors Aragonite LLC Clean Harbors Inc 11600 North Aptus Rd Grantsville, UT 84029 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Abt Associates Inc. Activity or Use 100,000 999,999 Produce, Byproduct 100,000 999,999 Produce, Byproduct 10,000 99,999 Produce, Used Processed, Byproduct 1,000 9,999 Produce, Byproduct 10,000 99,999 Ancillary 1,000 9,999 Ancillary 1,000,000 9,999,999 Produce, Byproduct 100,000 999,999 Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 17 Maximum Amount On-Site (lb) Facility1 Clean Harbors Deer Park LLC Clean Harbors Inc 2027 Independence Parkway South La Porte, TX 77571 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Clean Harbors El Dorado LLC Clean Harbors Inc 309 American Cir Union El Dorado, AR 71730 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Clean Harbors Environmental Services Inc Clean Harbors Inc 2247 S Hwy 71 Kimball, NE 69145 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Enterprise Products Operating LLC Enterprise Products Operating LLC 10207 FM 1942 Mont Belvieu, TX 77580 211112 Natural Gas Liquid Extraction Formosa Plastics Corp Louisiana Formosa Plastics Corp USA Gulf States Rd Baton Rouge, LA 70805 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Formosa Plastics Corp Texas Formosa Plastics Corp USA 201 Formosa Dr Point Comfort, TX 77978 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Giant Cement Co Giant Cement Holding Inc Hwy 453 & I-26 (654 Judge St) Harleyville, SC 29448 327310 Cement Manufacturing Heritage Thermal Services Heritage-WTI LLC 1250 St George St East Liverpool, OH 43920 562213 Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators Dover Chemical Corp ICC Industries Inc 3676 Davis Rd Dover, OH 44622 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Occidental Chemical Corp Occidental Chemical Holding Corp 4133 Hwy 361 Gregory, TX 78359 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Abt Associates Inc. Activity or Use 100,000 999,999 Article Component 10,000 99,999 Repackaging, Ancillary 10,000 99,999 Ancillary 100,000 999,999 Imported, Used Processed, Chemical Processing Aid 100,000 999,999 Produce, Manufacturer Impurity, Ancillary 100,000 999,999 Produce, Used Processed, Manufacturer Impurity, Formula Component, Process Impurity 10,000 99,999 Ancillary 10,000 99,999 Ancillary 100,000 999,999 Produce, Manufacturer Impurity, Manufacturer Aid 10,000 99,999 Produce, Byproduct, Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 18 Maximum Amount On-Site (lb) Facility1 Occidental Chemical Corp Occidental Chemical Holding Corp 6200 S Ridge Rd Wichita, KS 67215 325180 Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 1,000,000 9,999,999 Occidental Chemical Holding Corp - Geismar Plant Occidental Chemical Holding Corp 8318 Ashland Rd Geismar, LA 70734 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 50,000,000 99,999,999 Oxy Vinyls LP Deer Park-VCM Plant Occidental Chemical Holding Corp 5900 Hwy 225 Gate 8A Deer Park, TX 77536 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Oxy Vinyls LP La Porte VCM Plant Occidental Chemical Holding Corp 2400 Miller Cutoff Rd La Porte, TX 77571 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Ross Incineration Services Inc Ri Technologies Inc 36790 Giles Rd Grafton, OH 44044 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Rubicon LLC 9156 Highway 75 Geismar, LA 70734 325194 Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing Sabic Innovative Plastics US LLC Sabic US Holdings LP One Plastics Dr Burkville, AL 36752 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing GB Biosciences Corp Syngenta Corp 2239 Haden Rd Houston, TX 77015 325320 Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Syngenta Crop Protection LLC Saint Gabriel Facility Syngenta Corp 3905 Hwy 75 Saint Gabriel, LA 70776 325320 Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Abt Associates Inc. Activity or Use Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Repackaging, Ancillary Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Reactant, Manufacturer Aid 10,000 99,999 Produce, Byproduct, Ancillary 10,000 99,999 Produce, Byproduct, Reactant, Manufacturer Aid 10,000 99,999 Ancillary 100 - 999 Produce, Byproduct 10,000 99,999 Produce, Manufacturer Impurity, Process Impurity 1,000 9,999 Produce, Manufacturer Impurity 100,000 999,999 Produce, Byproduct, Chemical Processing Aid Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 19 Maximum Amount On-Site (lb) Facility1 Chemours Belle Plant The Chemours Co Fc LLC 901 W Dupont Ave Belle, WV 25015 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Chemours El Dorado The Chemours Co Fc LLC 322 Southfield Cutoff Rd El Dorado, AR 71730 325120 Industrial Gas Manufacturing 0 - 99 Produce, Byproduct 100,000 999,999 Reactant Dow Chemical Co Freeport Facility The Dow Chemical Co 2301 N Brazosport Blvd Freeport, TX 77541 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 1,000,000 9,999,999 Dow Chemical Co The Dow Chemical Co 901 Loveridge Rd Pittsburg, CA 94565 325320 Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 10,000,000 49,999,999 The Dow Chemical Co - Louisiana Operations The Dow Chemical Co 21255 La Hwy 1 S Plaquemine, LA 70764 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 1,000,000 9,999,999 The Dow Chemical Co Grand Bayou Operations The Dow Chemical Co Louisiana Hwy 70 Paincourtville, LA 70391 212393 Other Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining US Magnesium LLC The Renco Group Inc 12819 N Skull Valley Rd Grantsville, UT 84029 331410 Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining Norlite LLC Tradebe Treatment & Recycling LLC 628 S Saratoga St Cohoes, NY 12047 327992 Ground or Treated Mineral and Earth Manufacturing Abt Associates Inc. Activity or Use Produce, Imported, Byproduct, Manufacturer Impurity, Reactant, Process Impurity, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary Produce, Used Processed, Byproduct, Reactant, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacturer Aid Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Manufacturer Impurity, Reactant, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 0 - 99 Produce, Manufacturer Impurity 10,000 99,999 Produce, Byproduct 100 - 999 Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 20 Maximum Amount On-Site (lb) Facility1 Unilin US MDF 149 Homanit USA Rd Mount Gilead, NC 27306 321219 Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Univar USA Inc Kansas City Univar USA Inc 2000 Guinotte Ave Kansas City, MO 64120 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC Port Arthur Facility Veolia Environmental Services Hwy 73 3.5 Miles W of Taylor Bayou Port Arthur, TX 77640 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC Veolia Environmental Services 7 Mobile Ave Sauget, IL 62201 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Westlake Vinyls Co Westlake Chemical Corp 36045 Hwy 30 Geismar, LA 70734 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Westlake Vinyls Inc Westlake Chemical Corp 2468 Ind US Trial Pkwy Calvert City, KY 42029 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Activity or Use 0 - 99 Produce, Byproduct NA NA 10,00099,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Produce, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Manufacturer Impurity 1,000,0009,999,999 Produce, Used Processed, Reactant, Ancillary Source: U.S. EPA (2014b) 1 The ‘Facility’ column is hyperlinked to the corresponding RY 2014 report hosted on EPA’s Envirofacts server. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 21 5. National Emissions Inventory The National Emissions Inventory (NEI) estimates the total air emissions of criteria pollutants, criteria precursors, and hazardous air pollutants in the United States. The tri-annual NEI datasets are compiled by EPA using data collected by state, local and tribal air agencies. The most recent NEI dataset was released in December 2016 based on emissions estimated for calendar year 2014. A summary of the carbon tetrachloride emissions in the 2014 NEI is provided in Table 14. This table is grouped by NAICS code sectors at the 4-digit level and is limited to industry sectors with at least 1,000 pounds of carbon tetrachloride emissions. Of the 11 NAICS-4 industry sectors shown, Basic Chemical Manufacturing (3251) is the highest emitter of carbon tetrachloride followed by Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Mills (3221). The top emitting facilities are also presented in the table, limited to facilities with least 1,000 pounds of carbon tetrachloride emissions. In total, 3,246 facilities were listed in the NEI with data for carbon tetrachloride emissions. Many facilities, however, had near zero emissions; 2,204 facilities had less than below 1 lb released. Table 11: Summary of 2014 NEI Carbon Tetrachloride Emissions Including Top Industry Sectors and Facilities NAICS Code and Description / Facility Name and Location 3251 - Basic Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Tetrachloride Emissions (lb) 89,961 Rubicon LLC - Geismar Plant (Geismar, LA) 27,800 Occidental Chemical Corporation - Geismar Plant (Geismar, LA) 16,526 OxyChem - Wichita (Wichita, KS) 12,262 The Dow Chemical Co - Louisiana Operations (Plaquemine, LA) 6,179 Texas Operations (Eastman Chemical Company) (Longview, TX) 4,755 Dover Chemical Corp (Dover, OH) 3,863 BASF Corp - Geismar Site (Geismar, LA) 2,895 Cabot Corp (Tuscola, IL) 2,540 Dow Texas Operations Freeport (Clute, TX) 2,489 Honeywell International Inc - Baton Rouge Plant (Baton Rouge, LA) 2,441 Eagle US 2 LLC - Lake Charles Complex (Westlake, LA) 2,206 Greens Bayou Plant (Houston, TX) 1,992 Westlake Vinyls Co LP (Geismar, LA) 1,156 All Other Facilities (30) 2,856 3221 - Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills 49,024 Rayonier Performance Fibers, LLC (Fernandina Beach, FL) 8,892 Domtar Paper Co LLC - Hawesville Operations (Hawesville, KY) 3,863 International Paper Company (Cantonment, FL) 3,599 Westrock CP LLC (Florence, SC) 3,011 Domtar Paper Co LLC Marlboro Mill (Bennettsville, SC) 2,718 IP Valliant Paper Mill (Valliant, OK) 2,686 Georgia-Pacific LLC-Crossett Paper Oper (Crossett, AR) 2,430 Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 22 NAICS Code and Description / Facility Name and Location Evergreen Packaging - Pine Bluff (Pine Bluff, AR) Carbon Tetrachloride Emissions (lb) 2,203 Georgia Pacific (Pennington, AL) 1,411 International Paper Georgetown Mill (Georgetown, SC) 1,282 Resolute FP US INC (Catawba, SC) 1,267 Verso Paper – Androscoggin Mill (Jay, ME) All Other Facilities (95) 3252 - Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing Formosa Plastics Corp Louisiana (Baton Rouge, LA) 1,157 14,504 5,350 2,315 Shintech Louisiana LLC - Shintech Plaquemine Plant (Plaquemine, LA) 1,913 All Other Facilities (12) 1,123 2211 - Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution (154 facilities) 5,118 3253 - Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 5,071 Dow Chemical Company (Pittsburg, CA) 3,471 Syngenta Crop Protection LLC - St Gabriel Plant (St. Gabriel, LA) 1,600 All Other Facilities (3) 0 3211 - Sawmills and Wood Preservation (126 facilities) 2,963 2213 - Water, Sewage and Other Systems (501 facilities) 2,816 3259 - Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 2,647 Westlake Vinyls Inc (Calvert City, KY) 2,646 All Other Facilities (5) 3212 - Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing (85 facilities) 4862 - Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas (156 facilities) 2,524 5622 - Waste Treatment and Disposal (597 facilities) 1,098 All Other Industries (1,452 facilities) 6,280 Total (3,246 facilities) 0 2,007 174,859 Source: U.S. EPA (2016) Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 23 6. References Daft, J. L. (1991). "Fumigants and Related Chemicals in Foods: Review of Residue Findings, Contamination Sources, and Analytical Methods." Sci Total Environ 100: 501-518. Doherty, R. E. (2000). "A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1 - Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene " Journal of Environmental Forensics 1: 6981. Formosa Plastics Corporation. (2007). "Material Safety Data Sheet: Light Ends, Wet." from http://formosa.msdssoftware.com/imagedir/i01213BE.pdf. Hall, M. C. (1921). "The Use of Carbon Tetrachloride for the Removal of Hookworms." Jour Am Med Assn 77(21): 1641-1643. Hardin, B. L. (1954). "Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning; A Review." Ind Med Surg 23(3): 93-105. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) (2014). Carbon Tetrachloride, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Holbrook, M. T. (2000). Carbon Tetrachloride. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. IHS Chemical. (2016a). "Chlorinated Methanes (Publicly available preview)." Chemical Economics Handbook, from https://www.ihs.com/products/chlorinatedmethanes-chemical-economicshandbook.html. Mizer, J. (2014). Spill at Dover Chemical Corp. Plant. TimesReporter.com. Ohio. NAICS Association (2016). NAICS Keyword Search. National Library of Medicine (NLM) (n.d.). ChemIDplus Lite. Nordic Council of Ministers (2003). "Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories." NTP (2016). Carbon Tetrachloride. Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition. Research Triangle Park, NC, Department of Health and Human Services. Ohio EPA (2015). "Director's Final Findings and Orders in the Matter of Dover Chemical Corporation." OxyChem (2013). "Product Stewardship Summary: Carbon Tetrachloride." OxyChem (2014). "Chlorinated Organics Handbook." U.S. EPA (2010). Non-confidential 2006 IUR Company/Chemical Records. U.S. EPA (2014a). Non-Confidential 2012 CDR Database, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. U.S. EPA (2014b). Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) National Analysis. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 24 U.S. EPA (2016). 2014 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) Data. U.S. EPA (2016). "Exemptions for Laboratory and Analytical Uses." U.S. EPA (n.d.). CPCat: Chemical and Product Categories CASRN: 56-23-5. UNEP (1999). "Handbook on Data Reporting under the Montreal Protocol." UNEP (2016a). Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Volume 1: Progress Report. Report of the UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel. UNEP (2016b). "Annex B - Group II: Carbon Tetrachloride." Westlake Chemical (2015). "Safety Data Sheet: EDC Intermediate Feedstock." Appendix 1: Reported Activities and Uses on TRI Form R Table 11, Table 12, and Table 13 include data derived from TRI Form R, Part II, Section 3: Activities and Uses of the EPCRA Section 313 Chemical at the Facility. These data qualitatively indicate the manufacture, processing, or otherwise use activities of the chemical at the reporting facility. The list below provides definitions for the activities listed in these tables. Manufacture (Section 3.1) • • • • • • “Produce” indicates the toxic chemical was created by the facility. A toxic chemical is considered manufactured even if the toxic chemical is created unintentionally or exists only for a short period of time. (Section 3.1a) “Imported” indicates that the chemical is imported by the facility into the Customs Territory of the United States. (Section 3.1b) “Sale Distribution” indicates that the chemical is produced or imported specifically for sale or distribution outside the manufacturing facility. (Section 3.1c) “Used Processed” indicates that the chemical is produced or imported and then further processed or otherwise used at the same facility. (Section 3.1d) “Byproduct” indicates the toxic chemical is produced coincidentally during the manufacture, process, or otherwise use of another chemical substance or mixture and, following its production, is separated from that other chemical substance or mixture. This includes toxic chemicals that may be created as the result of waste management. (Section 3.1e) “Manufacture Impurity” indicates the facility produces the reported chemical as a result of the manufacture, processing, or otherwise use of another chemical, but does not separate the chemical, and it remains primarily in the mixture or product with that other chemical. (Section 3.1f) Process (Section 3.1) • • “Reactant” indicates the toxic chemical is used in chemical reactions to create another chemical substance or product that is then sold or otherwise distributed to other facilities. Some examples of reactants include feedstocks, raw materials, intermediates, and initiators. (Section 3.2a) “Formulation Component” indicates the toxic chemical is used as an ingredient in a product mixture to enhance performance of the product during its use, such as dyes in ink, solvents in Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 25 • • • paint, additions, reaction diluents, initiators, inhibitors, emulsifiers, surfactants, lubricants, flame retardants, and rheological modifiers. (Section 3.2b) “Article Component” indicates the toxic chemical becomes an integral part of an article distributed into commerce, such as copper in wire or resins in a plastic pen or the pigment components of paint applied to a chair that is sold. (Section 3.2c) “Repackaging” indicates the toxic chemical has been received by the facility and subsequently prepared for distribution into commerce in a different form, state, or quantity than it was received, such as petroleum being transferred from a storage tank to tanker trucks. (Section 3.2d) “Process Impurity” indicates the facility processed the reported chemical but did not separate it, and it remains as an impurity in the primary mixture or trade name product. (Section 3.2e) Otherwise Use (Section 3.1) • • • “Chemical Processing Aid” indicates the toxic chemical is used to aid in the manufacture or synthesis of another chemical substance such that it comes into contact with the product during manufacture, but is not intended to remain with or become part of the final product or mixture. Some examples of chemical processing aids are process solvents, catalysts, solution buffers, inhibitors, and reaction terminators. (Section 3.3a) “Manufacture Aid” indicates the toxic chemical is used to aid in the manufacturing process but does not come into contact with the product during manufacture. Some examples include valve lubricants, refrigerants, metalworking fluids, coolants, and hydraulic fluids. (Section 3.3b) “Ancillary” indicates that the chemical is used at the facility for purposes other than aiding chemical processing or manufacturing. (Section 3.3c) Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride ▌pg. 26 Use and Market Profile for 1,4-Dioxane Contract # EP-W-16-009 June 2017 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC 20460 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Use and Market Profile for 1,4 Dioxane Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Producers, Production and Import Volume................................................................................... 2 3. 2.1 US Producers and Importers .................................................................................................... 2 2.2 US Production Volume ............................................................................................................ 2 Use Information and Market Trends.............................................................................................. 5 3.1 1,4-Dioxane Use....................................................................................................................... 5 3.1.1 Occupational vs. Consumer Uses ............................................................................... 5 3.2 1,4-Dioxane as a Byproduct in Consumer Products .............................................................. 12 3.3 Use a Stabilizer with 1,1,1-Trichloroethane........................................................................... 13 3.4 Summary of All Uses ............................................................................................................. 13 3.5 Comparison with EU data ...................................................................................................... 17 4. Toxics Release Inventory Data ...................................................................................................... 19 5. References ....................................................................................................................................... 27 June 2017 i List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CAS Number ............................................................................. 1 Table 2: 2016 CDR Production Volume Data for 1,4-Dioxane (123-91-1) (lb/yr) ...................................... 3 Table 3: 1986-2016 National Production Volume Data for 1,4-Dioxane (Millions of Pounds) ................... 4 Table 4: Industrial Process and Product Uses for 1,4-Dioxane Identified by EPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 2006 ................................................................................................................... 6 Table 5: 2016 CDR Industrial Use Data ....................................................................................................... 7 Table 6: 2016 CDR Consumer Use Data ...................................................................................................... 7 Table 7: BASF Tradename Product Groups and Example Trade Name Products containing 1,4-dioxane .. 8 Table 8: Amount of 1,4-dioxane as an Impurity in Consumer Products..................................................... 13 Table 9: Summary of All Uses.................................................................................................................... 14 Table 10: Comparison with EU Data .......................................................................................................... 17 Table 11: 2015 TRI Activity and Use for 1,4-Dioxane (CAS 123-91-1), by Facility ................................ 19 Table 12: Number of 2015 TRI Facilities Reporting 1,4-Dioxane, by Activity or Use.............................. 25 Table 13: Production-Related Waste and Number of Facilities Reporting 1,4-Dioxane to TRI in 2015, by Industry ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 1: The Formation of 1,4-Dioxane Through Ethoxylation ................................................................ 12 June 2017 ii Contributors The EPA subject matter expert responsible for this report is Albert Monroe of the Economic and Policy Analysis Branch; Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Analytical and draft preparation support was provided by Abt Associates, Inc. under EPA Contract No. EP-W-16-009. June 2017 iii 1. Introduction 1,4-dioxane is a clear liquid solvent with a faint pleasant odor (ATSDR, 2012). It is used primarily as a solvent in the manufacture of other chemicals, but is also produced as a byproduct in chemicals used in cosmetics, detergents, and shampoos (ATSDR, 2012). The chemical is also used in a variety of other applications, including as an extraction medium for animal and vegetable oils, as a chemical intermediate, and as a part of a catalyst in the production of plastics (ECHA, 2002). In the past, 1,4-dioxane was used extensively as a stabilizer in 1,1,1-trichloroethane. However, the prevalence of the chemical is steadily decreasing due to the phase-out of 1,1,1-trichloroethane under the 1995 Montreal Protocol (ECHA, 2002). 1,4-dioxane is considered a probable carcinogen based on cancer studies in experimental animals. Various forms of cancers were observed in rats and mice exposed to drinking water containing 1,4-dioxane (NTP, 2011). Short-term exposure effects include eye and nose irritation, as well as kidney and liver effects at high exposure levels (ATSDR, 2012). Long-term exposure may lead to nasal cavity, liver, or kidney damage (ATSDR, 2012). Table 1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CAS Number CAS RN 123-91-1 Synonyms 1,4-dioxacyclohexane; diethylene dioxide; diethylene ether; diethylene1,4-dioxide; dioxane; dioxyethylene ether; glycolethylene ether; NE 220; p-dioxane; tetrahydro-1,4-dioxane; tetrahydro-p-dioxane Molecular Formula C4H8O2 Structure Source: ECHA, 2002 June 2017 1 2. Producers, Production and Import Volume 2.1 US Producers and Importers Public data from the 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule indicate that four sites manufacture or import 1,4-dioxane in the United States (EPA, 2017a). BASF Corporation indicated one site in Louisiana as a manufacturer of 1,4 dioxane and another site in Ohio did not report their activity. While another firm, Tedia Company reported both the manufacture and import of the chemical and a possible third firm (claimed as confidential business information (CBI)) reported as an importer (EPA, 2017a). The 2006 Hazardous Substances Data Bank also listed Ferro Corporation as a possible manufacturer of the chemical; however, Ferro sold its fine chemical business to Novolyte, in 2008, and therefore it is likely that Novolyte took over Ferro’s production of 1,4-dioxane (Ferro, 2014; NLM, 2006). In turn, Novolyte was acquired by BASF in 2012 (BASF, 2012; BASF, 2017). 2.2 US Production Volume The four public reporting sites withheld their 2015 production volumes for 1,4-dioxane in the public 2016 CDR database for CBI reasons (See Table 2; EPA, 2017a). Tedia Company reported an export volume of about 80,900 pounds per year, while the other three sites either claimed the information as CBI or did not report it (EPA, 2017a). BASF provided a public comment indicating that it is the only “intentional manufacturer” of 1,4-dioxane in the U.S. (BASF, 2017). It also is possible that other sites manufacture or import the chemical but may have production volumes below the 25,000 pound reporting threshold for CDR reporting, and therefore are not included in the public database. Production volumes of specific end products containing 1,4-dioxane were not found. The inability to locate this information is likely due to the limited existing information about the concentration of 1,4-dioxane in end products that contain the chemical. June 2017 2 Table 2: 2016 CDR Production Volume Data for 1,4-Dioxane (123-91-1) (lb/yr) Manufacturing Site Parent Company Activity (Domestically Manufactured or Imported) Manufacture Volume Import Volume Total Production Volume Export Volume 2012 2013 2014 2015 BASF Corp 111 W Irene Rd Zachary, LA 70791 BASF Corp Manufactured Withheld Withheld CBI Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld BASF Corp 5000 Estecreek Dr Cincinnati, OH 45232 BASF Corp NDR Withheld Withheld CBI Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld CBI CBI Imported Withheld Withheld NDR Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Tedia Company Inc (1409030683) 1000 Tedia Way Fairfield, OH 45014 Tedia Company Inc. Both Withheld Withheld 80,893 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Source(s): EPA, 2017a Notes(s): CBI = Confidential business information NDR = No data reported Withheld = “Withheld” in the CDR public database indicates that the total production volume of a chemical was unable to be aggregated in order to protect to CBI claims. June 2017 3 Despite claims of CBI, BASF provided the following annual production volumes for 1,4-dioxane from the Zachary, Louisiana site and notes that it supplies approximately 30-40 customers in the U.S. (BASF, 2017):      2012: 673,600 lbs 2013: 854,430 lbs 2014: 289,600 lbs 2015: 908,700 lbs 2016: 438,000 lbs Table 3 presents the national production volume of 1,4-dioxane submitted by companies under the nonconfidential 1986, 1994, 1998, and 2002 Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and the 2012 and 2016 CDR. Table 3: 1986-2016 National Production Volume Data for 1,4-Dioxane (Millions of Pounds) 1986 IUR 1990 IUR 1994 IUR 1998 IUR 2002 IUR 2006 IUR 2012 CDR 2016 CDR 10-50 10-50 1-10 1-10 1-10 1-10 Withheld 1-10 Source(s): EPA, 2002; EPA, 2006a; EPA, 2012a; EPA, 2017a June 2017 4 3. Use Information and Market Trends 3.1 1,4-Dioxane Use 1,4-dioxane is used for a variety of applications, including as a solvent for chemical processing, as a laboratory reagent, a chemical intermediate, an extraction medium for fats and oils, and as part of a polymerization catalyst (ATSDR, 2012). As a solvent 1,4-dioxane is capable of solubilizing most organic compounds, water in all proportions, and many inorganic compounds (Ullman’s 2012 and EPA, 2014). Additionally, it is used as a solvent mainly in the production of waxes, fat, lacquers, varnishes, cleaning and detergent preparations, adhesives, cosmetics, deodorant fumigants, emulsions and polishing compositions, and the pulping of wood (ECHA, 2002). Other uses as a solvent include in laboratory histological preparations, in scintillation counters (radiation detectors), dye baths paints ,varnishes, stains, printing compositions, and paint and varnish removers (EPA, 2006b). Beyond 1,4-dioxane’s use as a solvent, 1,4-dioxane can be used as a wetting and dispersing agent in textile processing, as a degreasing agent, surface treating agent, and a dehydrating agent (NTP, 2011; EPA, 2013a; EPA, 2014, EPA, 2006b). It may also be used as a chemical intermediate and as part of a catalyst in the polymerization of plastics (ECHA, 2002). 1,4-dioxane is also used in the production process of products such as pharmaceuticals, PET plastic, rubber, insecticides, herbicides, cements, deodorant fumigants, magnetic tape, and adhesives (NTP, 2011; ATSDR, 2012). 3.1.1 Occupational vs. Consumer Uses The most common occupational use of 1,4-dioxane is in the extraction and purification of pharmaceuticals. Additional occupational uses of the chemical include its use as a              Wetting and dispersing agent in textile processing (Ferro Corporation, 2006; ECHA, 2002) Dye baths and stain in printing compositions (Ferro Corporation, 2006) Some cleaning and detergent preparations, adhesives, cosmetics, deodorants, fumigants, emulsions, and polishing agents (Ferro Corporation, 2006; ECHA, 2002) Some lacquers, paints, varnishes, and paint and varnish removers (Ferro Corporation, 2006; ECHA, 2002) Solvent for fats oils, waxes, resins, and adhesives (Ferro Corporation, 2006; Mohr, 2010) Reaction media in various organic synthesis reactions (Ferro Corporation, 2006) Stabilizer for chlorinated solvents (Ferro Corporation, 2006) Photosensitive resins and magnetic tape production (ECHA, 2002; Mohr, 2010) Mobile phase in liquid chromatography Cellulose acetate membrane production (Mohr, 2010) Liquid scintillation cocktails (Mohr, 2010) Tissue preservative (Mohr, 2010) Flame retardant production (Mohr, 2010) Under the 2016 CDR, the chemical is reported to be used as a processing aid for industrial activities and pharmaceutical medicine manufacturing, and as a laboratory chemical, (EPA, 2017a). According to the Aerospace Industries Association, which is a trade association representing over 330 manufacturers and suppliers, aerospace defense products may contain 1,4-dioxane in production formations for adhesives (both structural and non-structural); alkaline, aqueous, and emulsion cleaners; marking inks; solders; lubricants; coolants, aerosols; laboratory reagents and photo resists (as an impurity or in trace amounts); June 2017 5 sol-gel conversion coatings; conformal coatings for printed wiring assemblies; resins; primers; and as critical elements required for non-destructive testing such as for fluorescent penetrant (metallic articles) or ultrasonic inspection (usually for composite components) (AIA, 2017). No consumer uses of 1,4-dioxane were reported for the 2016 CDR (EPA, 2017a). However, 1,4-dioxane is an unintentional impurity in consumer cosmetics/toiletries, household detergents, pharmaceuticals, foods, agricultural and veterinary products, and ethylene glycol-based antifreeze coolants, because it is a byproduct of certain ethoxylated substances (see Section 3.2 for more information). Table 4 contains a list of industrial process uses and consumer and commercial product uses as identified by EPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (EPA, 2006b). Table 5 presents industrial use data and Table 6 presents commercial use data for 1,4-dioxane from the 2016 public CDR database. Table 7 presents example BASF products containing 1,4-dioxane. Table 4: Industrial Process and Product Uses for 1,4-Dioxane Identified by EPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 2006 Uses Industrial Process Uses Solvent for specific applications in biological procedures (histology) Solvent used in impregnating cellulose acetate membranes used as filters Reaction medium solvent in organic chemical manufacturing Solvent used in microscopy Wetting and dispersing agent in textile process By-product formed during esterification of polyester Uses in Commercial Products Solvent in paints, lacquer, and varnish remover Solvent in stain and printing compositions Solvent in liquid scintillation counters (radiation detectors/counters) Solvent in resins, oils, rubber chemicals, sealants, adhesives, waxes, and cements Surface treating agent for artificial leather “Inert” ingredient in pesticides and fumigants Purifying agent in pharmaceuticals Impurity in antifreeze, including aircraft de-icing fluid formulations Impurity in some consumer products (such as deodorants, shampoos, and cosmetics) that incorporate ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulfates Source: EPA, 2006b June 2017 6 Table 5: 2016 CDR Industrial Use Data Parent Company BASF Corporation Manufacturing Site BASF Corp 111 W Irene Rd Zachary, LA 70791 Sector Function Category Industrial Use Percent of Production Volume Wholesale and retail trade Other (specify) Processing— repackaging CBI All other basic organic chemical manufacturing Processing aids, not otherwise listed Use—nonincorporative activities CBI Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing Processing aids, not otherwise listed Use—nonincorporative activities CBI BASF Corporation BASF Corp 5000 Estecreek Dr Cincinnati, OH 45232 NDR NDR NDR NDR CBI CBI NDR NDR NDR NDR Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing Functional fluids (closed systems) NKRA 100 Wholesale and retail trade Laboratory chemicals NKRA 100 Services Laboratory chemicals NKRA 100 Tedia Company Inc. Tedia Company Inc (1409030683) 1000 Tedia Way Fairfield, OH 45014 Source(s): EPA, 2017a Note(s): CBI= Confidential business information; NDR = No data reported; NKRA = Not known or reasonably ascertainable Table 6: 2016 CDR Consumer Use Data Parent Company Manufacturing Site Consumer Use Product Category Commercial or Consumer Use Percent of Production Volume BASF Corporation BASF Corp 111 W Irene Rd Zachary, LA 70791 NKRA NKRA CBI BASF Corporation BASF Corp 5000 Estecreek Dr Cincinnati, OH 45232 NDR NDR NDR CBI CBI Other Commercial 100 Tedia Company Inc. Tedia Company Inc (1409030683) 1000 Tedia Way Fairfield, OH 45014 NKRA NKRA 100 Source(s): EPA, 2017a Note(s): CBI = Confidential business information; NDR = No data reported; NKRA = Not known or reasonably ascertainable June 2017 7 Table 7: BASF Tradename Product Groups and Example Trade Name Products containing 1,4-dioxane Example Trade Name Product Pluriol E 400 Pluronic F 68 Tetronic 904 Lutensol TDA 6 June 2017 1, 4 dioxane levels (ppm) Function <25, many <5 Polyetheylene glycols (MW=200-8,000). The Pluriol E types are water-soluble polyether alcohols. Solubilizers, lubricants, dispersants and mold release agents in a variety of applications. Can also be used to modify the viscosity of liquids, and can be used as heat-transfer and hydraulic fluids. Also used as intermediates in organic syntheses. Commercial and consumer laundry, dish wash, hard surface, and I&I cleaning. Industrial applications as a lubricant, ink solvent, paintball fill, foam reducer in processing, ceramic binder. Anti-foamer in food, skin cream base, personal lubricant, laxative bas, excipient in pharmaceutical products. Typically, less than 5%, up to 10% <25, many <5 Block copolymers, using ethylene and propylene oxide as monomers Wetting, emulsification, cleaning, gel formation, detergency, foaming, defoaming, solubilization, and dispersion stabilizing. Antifreeze, cutting and grinding fluids, industrial processing, latex paints, spray cleaners, automatic dish wash, metal cleaning, water treatment, fermentation, paper processing, household and industrial detergents. Typically, less than 5%, up to 10% <25, many <5 Nonionic tetra functional block copolymers, using amine based reactants and largely ethylene oxide and propylene oxide Wetting, emulsification, cleaning, gel formation, detergency, foaming, defoaming, solubilization, and dispersion stabilizing. Cutting and grinding fluids, asphalt systems, emulsifiable concentrate pesticide formulas, high emulsions, emulsion polymerization processes, skin care products. Typically, less than 5%, up to 10% Nonionic alcohol based ethoxylates Emulsifiers, wetting agents, dispersants, synthestic latex stabilizers and detergents in formulating cleaning products. Some dually suited for textile scouring and dyeing, industrial and institutional and specialties. The lower ethoxylate members of the series are also used as chemical intermediates for conversion to anionic phosphate, sulfate and carboxylate surfactants. Also widely used as primary emulsifiers for acrylic and vinyl emulsion polymerization and Main area of application is in detergents and cleaners for household, industrial and institutional use. Typically, less than 5%, up to 10% <25, many <5 8 Potential End Use Typical use levels (%) Product Group Example Trade Name Product 1, 4 dioxane levels (ppm) Product Group Function Potential End Use Typical use levels (%) for asphalt emulsion systems. Plurafac LF 221 Standapol ES 2 Texapon N 70 June 2017 <25, many <5 <25 1M 10M 1990 No Reports >1M 10M 1994 No Reports >10M 50M Year 1998 10K 500K >10M 50M 2002 10K 500K >10M 50M 2006 No Reports 10M - < 50M 2011 2015 CBI 1M-10M CBI 1M-10M Notes: The total volume (domestically manufactured and imported) of the chemical used at the reporting site. This number represents the volume of the chemical that did not leave the manufacturing site. Sources: EPA, n.d.; EPA, 2006; EPA, 2012a; and EPA, 2017 2.2 Manufacturers and Importers of HBCD Six firms, comprised of nine sites are identified by the 2016 CDR as manufacturers or importers of HBCD: Albemarle Corporation, BASF Corporation, Campine nv, Chemtura Corporation, The Dow Chemical Company, and Styropek USA, Inc (EPA, 2017). Albemarle manufactured HBCD flame retardants under the Saytex®HP-900 trade name (Albemarle, 2000). No trade literature has indicated the trade names of BASF or Dow Chemical’s product. HBCD is also produced by ICL-IP 4 and Chemtura under the trade names FR-1206 and CD-75PM™ (ICL-IP, 2014; Chemtura 2013). For more detailed 4 ICL-IP did not report the manufacture or import of HBCD in the 2016 CDR. Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 5 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) information on manufacturers of HBCD who reported for the 2016 CDR collection period, see Table 3. International and domestic manufacturers of HBCD, as reported in the Directory of World Chemical Producers, are summarized in Table A- 1 (Chemical Information Services, 2015). Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 6 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Table 3: 2016 CDR Production Data CAS RN Manufacturing Site Activity (Domestically Manufactured or Imported Volume Exported (lb) Volume Used on the Site 1 (lb) 2012 Total Production Volume (lb/yr) 2013 Total Production Volume (lb/yr) 2014 National Production Volume (lb/yr) 2015 Total Production Volume (lb/yr) BASF Corporation 100 Park Ave Florham Park, NJ 07932 Imported CBI CBI Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Chemtura Corporation 199 Benson Road Middlebury, CT 06762-3218 ND CBI CBI Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Chemtura Corporation 324 Southfield Cutoff El Dorado, AR 71730 Manufactured CBI CBI Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Styropek USA, Inc 16945 Northchase Dr Houston, TX 77060 Imported 0 0 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Albemarle Corp. West Plant 1550 Hwy. 371 W. Magnolia, AR 71753 Manufactured CBI CBI Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Albemarle Corporation 451 Florida Street Baton Rouge, LA 70801-1765 ND CBI CBI Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Campine nv, Durr Marketing Associates Inc. 211 Huff Ave Greensburg, PA 15601 Imported 333,517 0 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Campine nv 172 Pactiv Way Winchester, VA 22603 Imported 0 202,647 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld The Dow Chemical Company 2020 Dow Center Midland, MI 48674 Imported 0 0 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld 25637-99-4 3194-55-6 Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 7 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 1 The total volume (domestically manufactured and imported) of the chemical used at the reporting site. This number represents the volume of the chemical that did not leave the manufacturing site. ND = No Data; the company did not provide the requested information. N/A = Not Applicable; the imported chemical was never physically at the site “Withheld” in the CDR public database indicates that the national production volume of a chemical was unable to be aggregated in order to protect to CBI claims. Source: EPA, 2017 Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 8 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 2.3 Recent Developments for HBCD Manufacturers Four of the six companies reporting to the 2016 CDR have indicated either partial or complete replacement of HBCD in their product lines. No direct data were available to quantify these changes, however, personal communications and press releases summarizing these actions for each company are noted in the subsections below. Two companies, Campine nv and Styropek USA did not report the manufacture or import of HBCD in the 2012 CDR, but did report in the 2016 CDR. The Dow Chemical Company Dow Chemical Company has developed an HBCD alternative and has licensed it to other HBCD users and producers. o Dow developed and licensed the “’BLUEDGE technology [that] is incorporated in Emerald Innovation 3000™ marketed by the Chemtura Corporation, FR-122P marketed by ICL and GreenCrest™ marketed by the Albemarle Corporation.” 5 BASF is also using the replacement Dow technology. 6 Dow Chemical imported HBCD (based on the CDR data) in 2011 and used it in XPS manufacture. However, Dow expects to provide an HBCD-free XPS insulation in the near future. o “By 2018, extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation will be available in North America without the extremely toxic flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). [On November 16, 2016], Dow Chemical announced plans to construct a new manufacturing plant in Burley, Idaho, which will produce XPS insulation with its own [HBCDalternative] flame retardant.” 7 BASF BASF reports it would “switch its entire [HBCD] portfolio to the new flame retardant by the end of 2014” 8. In 2015, “BASF and Alpek swapped polymer businesses in the Americas, with BASF acquiring the polyurethane business of Polioles - a joint venture of BASF and Alpek - and Alpek getting BASF's EPS business in the Americas.” 9 Albemarle “Albemarle Corporation … is discontinuing production of its hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)-based flame retardants so that it can focus on supplying GreenCrest® polymeric fire safety solutions, a sustainable alternative to HBCD. GreenCrest, which is based on technology licensed from Dow Global Technologies LLC, is commercially available in both powder and compacted grades for use in expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrene foam applications. Albemarle first began supplying commercial 5 http://building.dow.com/en-us/newsroom/2016/20161117a (November 17, 2016) 6 http://www.plasticstoday.com/content/basf-switches-greener-polyfr-flame-retardant-ps-insulation-foamportfolio/9557530021539 (November 25, 2014) 7 https://www.pharosproject.net/blog/show/224/hbcd-free-at-last (July 8, 2016) 8 http://www.chemanager-online.com/en/news-opinions/headlines/basf-opposes-extension-hbcd-flame-retardants (June 20, 2014) 9 https://www.icis.com/resources/news/2015/04/02/9873260/largest-eps-producer-in-the-americas-now-namedstyropek-usa/ Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 9 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) quantities of GreenCrest to the market in Q1 2013.” 10 In a recent phone conversation with EPA, Albemarle Corporation confirmed they stopped manufacturing HBCD between 2014 and 2016 (Albemarle Corporation, 2017). Chemtura Chemtura is discontinuing all HBCD manufacture. “Chemtura will permanently discontinue production of HBCD-based flame retardants during, or prior to, the fourth quarter of 2015. Sales of HBCD will continue until inventories are depleted.” 11 Campine nv Campine nv is a Belgian company specializing in: o Lead Recycling: Recycling of spent lead batteries and waste into high quality bullion, antimonial and soft lead, and special alloys; o Antimony: Production of antimony oxides as synergists in the flame retardancy of plastics and as catalyst in PET production; and o Plastics: Production of flame-retardant concentrates, masterbatches and compounds, mainly for the electrical & electronic, cable, automotive and packaging industries.” 12 No specific information was available concerning the use of HBCD in their plastics applications. Styropek USA In 2015, Mexican petrochemical producer, Alpek acquired BASF’s EPS business in North and South America. Under the new name, Styropek USA, the company is the largest producer of EPS in the Americas, as of April 2015. “Styropek USA, based in Houston, now operates the 165,000 tonne/year EPS plant in Altamira, Mexico, formerly run by Polioles. In addition to the plant in Mexico, Styropek also operates three EPS units in South America - in Brazil, Argentina and Chile - that adds up to 230,000 tonnes/year in total capacity, the company said. Other large EPS producers include NOVA Chemicals at 126,500 tonnes/year, Flint Hills Resources at 120,000 tonnes/year and Styrochem at 76,680 tonnes/year, according to ICIS plants and projects.” 13 2.4 Price Obtaining accurate bulk chemical prices can be difficult. Suppliers often require registration and other information before providing price quotes. Chemical prices may be volatile and quotes for the same chemical vary greatly depending on factors such as manufacturer, location, quantity, grade, delivery mode, time of year, and other variables. In addition, chemical purchasers frequently enter into long term contracts with suppliers, and these contracts may have much lower prices than spot prices. While, many 10 http://finance.yahoo.com/news/albemarle-discontinue-production-hbcd-based-210500597.html (May 4, 2016) 11 http://investor.chemtura.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=936673 (October 14, 2015) 12 http://www.campine.biz/index.php/homepage/our-group 13 https://www.icis.com/resources/news/2015/04/02/9873260/largest-eps-producer-in-the-americas-now-namedstyropek-usa/ (April 02, 2015) Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 10 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) lab supply companies provide online price quotes for small volumes of chemicals, these prices tend to be significantly higher than bulk prices. Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 11 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 3. Uses of HBCD HBCD has several current and historic uses as a flame retardant in polystyrene foam, textiles, and high impact polystyrene. The chemical has been in production since the 1960’s, but historic market data of products containing HBCD are not available (Climate and Pollution Agency, 2010). TSCA defines the conditions of use as ‘‘the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance is intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in commerce, used, or disposed of’’ (TSCA § 3). EPA identified the conditions of use through a limited search of readily available data sources, including but not limited to: information collected under the 2016 CDR rule, information from Agency databases, other U.S. Government agencies, publicly available information from states, and published literature and scientific journals. A public meeting was held February 14, 2017 for stakeholders to provide information on the conditions of use for the first 10 chemicals and EPA has also held over 40 outreach meetings with stakeholders to collect information on conditions of use. 3.1 Use in Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS) and Extruded Polystyrene Foam (XPS) HBCD is used as a flame retardant in expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) and extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) (Weil and Levchik, 2009; UNEP, 2010). Use in EPS and XPS accounted for 95% of all HBCD applications in the past decade (UNEP, 2010; EPA, 2014). The building and construction industry uses EPS and XPS in thermal insulation boards and laminates for sheathing products. EPS prevents freezing, provides a stable fill material, and creates high-strength composites in construction applications. XPS foam board is used mainly for roofing applications and architectural molding. HBCD is used in both types of foams because it is highly effective at low use level and, therefore, maintains the insulation properties of EPS and XPS (Morose, 2006). EPS boards contain approximately 0.5% HBCD by weight in the final product, and XPS boards contain 0.5-1% HBCD by weight (Morose, 2006; Extruded Polystyrene Foam Association, 2011 via EPA, 2014). Through the impact of international bans, and the availability of alternatives, and reported industry use statements, use of HBCD in EPS and XPS is declining or no longer occurring in the U.S. The XPS Association (XPSA) highlights that three main U.S. manufacturers of XPS have announced their intention to discontinue manufacturing HBCD: Israel Chemicals Ltd., Albemarle, and Chemtura (XPSA, 2017). The status of the use of HBCD in XPS is unknown. The EPS Industry Alliance, which represents all major North American manufacturers of EPS, reports that its members have phased out HBCD in the production of EPS resins (EPS Industry Alliance, 2017). An estimated 80-85% of EPS rigid foam insulation manufactured in the U.S. is supplied by EPS Industry Alliance members (EPS Industry Alliance, 2017). Furthermore, according to the American Chemistry Council, EPS resin manufacturers no longer have supplies of HBCD, except for importation (Reiter, 2017). 3.2 Use in Textiles In the U.S., HBCD was historically used as a flame retardant in the back coating of textiles. Information gathered from research, industry, and consumer product organizations, however, has lead EPA to believe that HBCD is no longer used in consumer textile applications outside of the auto industry. EPA received information from a group of textile formulators that the end uses of HBCD-containing textiles are for Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 12 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) military, institutional, and aviation applications, such as durable carpet tiles for hospitals or prisons (Friddle, 2011 and EPA, 2012b). Use in this application is quite small; in 2005 only 1 percent of HBCD was used in textiles in the U.S. (EPA, 2012b). Within the U.S. auto industry, EPA found that a small amount of HBCD is used in floor mats, headliners, and possibly other interior fabrics in automobiles made or imported to the U.S. (EPA, 2012b). However, in 2017, EPA received a public comment from the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers stating that HBCD is no longer used in automobile manufacturing (2017). HBCD may still be used in coatings of certain components, such as dashboards and headliners and in solder paste in interior circuits. This chemical may also be present adhesives and foams (Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, 2017). Members of the Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association report that HBCD is not used in the manufacturing process of any automotive components (2017). As of 2015, members had “nearly phased out completely the use of HBCD” (Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association, 2017). 3.3 Use in High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) In both the U.S. and Europe, HBCD is used as a flame retardant in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) for electrical and electronic appliances, such as audio-visual equipment, refrigerator lining, and some wire and cable applications (Morose, 2006 and ECHA, 2009). Use in television sets is the predominant application of HIPS (Weil and Levchik, 2009). 3.4 Other Identified Uses Review of the Chemical and Product Categories database 14 shows two historical use of HBCD not previously identified: • • Use in “INTERLITE FIRE RETARDANT WB WHITE (HF 4510H/4509H),” produced by International Paint and Courtaulds Coatings. This product is a flame resistant paint coating containing HBCD. The most recent available MSDS for the product is from 1992 15, suggesting that it is not currently in the market place. Use in “rubber and plastic products”. The specific identity of this product is unknown at this time. From June 2012 to March 2017, the use of HBCD in children’s clothing, car seats, blankets, toys, and toy vehicles was reported 48 times to Washington State under state law (Toxic-Free Future, 2017). Other consumer products contain HBCD as well. An EPS insulation product sold by major retailers, contains HBCD, according to its SDS (Carlisle Construction Materials, 2015). The Australian Department of Health and Aging also reports that minimal amounts of HBCD are imported into the country already incorporated into various articles, such as inkjet printers, projectors, scanners, ventilation units for offices, compact fluorescent lights, and LCD digital audiovisual systems (ADHA, 2012). There is no data to indicate that HBCD is used in the U.S. for these purposes. 14 https://actor.epa.gov/cpcat/faces/search.xhtml 15 http://siri.org/msds/f2/cbb/cbbpl.html Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 13 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 3.5 Summary of All Uses Table 4 provides a summary of the percent HBCD found in commercial and consumer products. Table 4: Percent HBCD in Commercial and Consumer Products Use Percent HBCD by Weight EPS Insulation 0.5 XPS Insulation 0.5-1 Textile Back Coatings 10-25 HIPS 1-7 Source: Morose, 2006; EPA, 2013b; EC, 2008 Table 5 provides a summary of HBCD uses and potential end products as presented in the EU risk assessment report (EC, 2008). Although the EU market and industry for HBCD are considered to be similar to those in the U.S., differences do exist in building technologies, climate, and consumption patterns, limiting the comparison of the two markets. The 2016 CDR data for industrial uses of HBCD are presented in and consumer and commercial uses are presented in Table 7. Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 14 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Table 5: Uses of HBCD 1 Material Use/ 1 Function Percent of HBCD Production 2 Volume 1 End Products Construction, insulation boards,(packaging material) Packaging material (minor use and not in food packaging) EPS Insulation 45% Insulation boards (against cold or warm) of transport vehicles e.g. lorries and caravans Insulation boards in building constructions e.g. houses’ walls, cellars and indoor ceilings and ”inverted roofs” (outdoor) Insulation boards against frost heaves of road and railway embankments Construction, insulation boards XPS Insulation HIPS Electrical and electronic parts 51% Insulation boards (against cold or warm) of transport vehicles e.g. lorries and caravans Insulation boards in building constructions e.g. houses’ walls, cellars and indoor ceilings and ”inverted roofs” (outdoor) Insulation boards against frost heaves of road and railway embankments Electric housings for VCR 2% Use and Market Profile for HBCD Electrical and electronic equipment e.g. distribution boxes for electrical lines Video cassette housings Ongoing Use in the United States Yes; based on use in construction 2 insulation boards in 2016 CDR data Unknown; it is unclear if packaging is treated with flame retardants in the 3 United States Possibly; based on use in insulation 2 boards in 2016 CDR data Yes; based on use in construction 2 insulation boards in 2016 CDR data Possibly; based on use in insulation 2 boards in 2016 CDR data Yes; based on use in construction 2 insulation boards in 2016 CDR data Possibly; based on use in insulation 2 boards in 2016 CDR data Yes; based on use in construction 2 insulation boards in 2016 CDR data Possibly; based on use in insulation 2 boards in 2016 CDR data Possibly, based on use in electronic 2 plastics in 2016 CDR Possibly, based on use in electronic 2 plastics in 2016 CDR Possibly, based on use in electronic 2 plastics in 2016 CDR ▌pg. 15 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 1 Material Polymer dispersion on cotton or cotton/ synthetic blends Use/ 1 Function Textile coating agent Percent of HBCD Production 2 Volume 1 End Products Upholstery fabric Bed mattress ticking Flat and pile upholstered furniture (residential and commercial furniture) Ongoing Use in the United States 4 Historic Use in the United States 4 Historic Use in the United States Historic Use in the United States 4 Possibly, based industry response to 2 SNUR 4 Draperies, and wall coverings Historic Use in the United States 4 Interior textiles e.g. roller blinds Historic Use in the United States Possibly, based industry response to Automobile interior textiles 2 SNUR Note: The uses in this table describe recorded HBCD applications for both the U.S. and other countries. Given that HBCD will be phase-out internationally under REACH and the Stockholm Convention, it is unclear to what extent HBCD is currently used in these applications outside of the U.S. Sources: 1) EC, 2008 2) EPA, 2017 3) EPA, 2013b 4) EPA, 2012b 2% Use and Market Profile for HBCD Upholstery seatings in transportation ▌pg. 16 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Table 6: 2016 CDR Industrial Use Data Chemical Manufacturing/ Importing Company BASF Corporation 25637-99-4 Chemtura Corporation Site State Industrial Function Category Type of Processing or Use Other (specify) Processing—incorporation into article Construction CBI CT NDR NDR NDR Plastic material and resin manufacturing Construction Plastic material and resin manufacturing Construction Plastics product manufacturing Construction NDR Construction 1 Construction 1 Processing—incorporation into article AR Flame retardants TX Flame retardants Albemarle Corporation Campine nv The Dow Chemical Company Source, EPA, 2017 Use and Market Profile for HBCD Processing—incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 50 50 50 50 14 86 AR Flame retardants Processing—incorporation into article Processing—incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product AR Intermediates Processing as a reactant All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing 6 LA NDR NDR NDR NDR PA Flame retardants Processing—incorporation into article Construction 100 VA Flame retardants Processing—incorporation into article Construction 100 MI Flame retardants Processing—incorporation into article Construction 100 Albemarle Corp. 3194-55-6 Percent of Production Volume NJ Processing—incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Styropek USA, Inc Industrial Sectors ▌pg. 17 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Table 7: 2016 CDR Consumer and Commercial Use Data Manufacturing/Importing Company BASF Corporation Site State NJ CT Chemtura Corporation Styropek USA, Inc Albemarle Corp. Albemarle Corporation Campine nv The Dow Chemical Company AR TX AR Product Category Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere NDR Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere Electrical and electronic products Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere Consumer/Commercial Use Used in Product(s) Intended for Children Percent of Production Volume Commercial No CBI Both No CBI NDR NDR NDR Commercial No 100 Commercial No 86 Commercial No 14 Consumer No 1 Commercial No 1 LA NDR NDR NDR NDR PA NDR NDR NDR NDR VA NDR NDR NDR NDR MI NDR NDR NDR NDR Notes: 1) Building and construction materials with district consumer/commercial categories in the CDR data include: Building/construction materials - wood and engineered wood products Source, EPA, 2017 Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 18 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 4. Substitutes 4.1 Flame Retardant in Polystyrene Foam 4.1.1 Chemical Substitutes In 2014, EPA’s Design for the Environment (DfE) program published an Alternatives Assessment for HBCD (EPA, 2014). In this analysis, three flame retardants were identified as being potentially commercially viable alternatives to HBCD in extruded polystyrene (XPS) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) building insulation: butadiene styrene brominated copolymer (CASRN 1195978-93-8), TBBPAbis-brominated ether derivative (CASRN 97416-84-7), and TBBPA bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether (TBBPA-DBPE) (CASRN 21850-44-2). Although other chemicals were considered for inclusion in the alternatives assessment, they were ultimately excluded because they either did not allow EPS and/or XPS to meet flammability standards or they could not be integrated into the EPS and/or XPS manufacturing process. In 2011 The Dow Chemical Company introduced a line of butadiene styrene copolymer (Polymeric Flame Retardants) for use in extruded polystyrene (XPS) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam insulation (Dow, 2011).The chemical is marketed as a drop-in replacement for HBCD with comparable flammability performance (Esposito, 2013; Chemtura, 2012). Chemtura has already begun production of the polymeric flame retardant under the trade name Emerald™3000 (Chemtura, 2012). Dow Chemical has also licensed the polymeric flame retardant technology to ICL-IP (trade name FR-122P) and Albemarle (trade name GreenCrest™), which are scheduled to begin production in 2014 (Esposito, 2013; Chemical Watch, 2013; Albemarle 2012). With the additional production capacity of ICL-IP and Albemarle, it is anticipated that the polymeric flame retardants have the potential to replace HBCD in XPS and EPS foams in three to five years (EPA, 2014). Both ICL-IP and Great Lakes Solutions anticipate that production volumes of FR-122P and Emerald™3000 will each reach 10,000 tonnes per year at the end of 2014 (Chemical Watch, 2013). Manufacturers are varied in their projections of how this new chemical will affect the cost competitiveness of the EPS and XPS market, and the impact on the price of XPS and EPS will likely be unclear until the polymeric flame retardants are more integrated in the market (EPA, 2014). Dow predicts, however, that production of all polymeric flame retardants will reach 20,000 tonnes per year by the end of 2014 and that production capacity will meet demand for flame retardants resulting from the EU phase-out of HBCD beginning 2015 (Chemical Watch, 2013). Because the chemical is a polymer, manufacturers are not required to report production or use data for the CDR (EPA, 2014). The TBBPA-bis-brominated ether derivative is produced under the trade name Pyroguard SR-130 (EPA, 2014). However, it is unclear how commercially viable the product is. 2016 CDR data are not available for this chemical, possibly due to its recent entry into the market (EPA, 2014). Further details on the EPA Alternatives Assessment chemicals are listed in Table 8. TBBPA-DBPE is produced under the trade names Pyroguard SR 720 and Saytex HP-800 (EPA, 2014). The 2017 CDR identifies 7 sites that manufacture or import TBBPA-DBPE and a national production volume of 10 – 50 million pounds per year (EPA, 2017). Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 19 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Table 8: Potential Alternatives to HBCD in EPS and XPS identified in 2014 DfE Alternatives Assessment Preferred Chemical Abstract Index Name Common Names b and Acronyms Molecular Formula 1195978-93-8 Butadiene styrene brominated copolymer Emerald Innovation™3000; FR122P; GreenCrest™ (C8H9)x(C4H6B 2)y(C4H6Br2)z 97416-84-7 TBBPA-bis brominated ether derivative TBBPA; Pyroguard SR130; SR-130 C23H24B8O2 21850-44-2 TBBPA bis (2,3dibromopropyl) ether TBBPA-DBPE; Pyroguard SR 720; SAYTEX HP800 CAS RN Structure Br Br Br C21H20Br8O2 Br Br O O Br Br Br Source: EPA, 2014 Additionally, in his report Morose identified some commercially available bromide flame retardants which may be used in EPS foam. But, Morose did not assess the effectiveness of these chemicals in this application when compared with HBCD (Morose, 2006). Therefore, it is unknown if these chemicals are drop-in chemical substitutes for HBCD in EPS foam. These chemicals are: • • • tetrabromo-cyclooctane (CAS 31454-48-5) dibromoethyldibromo- cyclohexane (CAS 3322-93-8) TBBPA (CAS 79-94-7) Weil and Levchik (2009) indicate that both tetrabromo-cyclooctane and dibromoethyldibromocyclohexane have limited applications in styrene foam, indicating that they may not be used in the same applications as HBCD. Tetrabromo-cyclooctane and dibromoethyldibromo-cyclohexane were not included in the final EPA Alternatives Assessment for HBCD because the thermal stabilities of the chemicals are incompatible with the operating temperature requirements of XPS foam manufacture. Furthermore, dibromoethyldibromo-cyclohexane has been noted as a persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemical by polystyrene manufacturers (EPA, 2014). In the updated literature search, another alternative was discovered, DOW BLUEDGE™ Polymeric Flame Retardant Technology. DOW BLUEDGE is a “stable, high molecular weight, non-hazardous polymer” with an improved environment, health, and safety profile compared to other alternatives. It is intended for use in XPS and EPS foams. 4.1.2 Product Substitutes Alternative materials may be used in place of XPS and EPS foam to insulate buildings. Polyester and polyether polyols may be used to produce insulation boardstock from rigid foam. These products are not treated with bromide flame retardants, but rather other chemicals; tris monochloropropyl phosphate (CAS 26248-87-3), tris chloroethyl phosphate (CAS 115-96-8), and RB-79 (diol made from tetrabromo phthalic Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 20 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) anhydride) (CAS 20566-35-2) (Morose, 2006). Phenolic foam, which is produced by combining formaldehyde and phenol, may also be used (Morose, 2006). When using this alternative insulation a thermal barrier must be used (Morose, 2006). Thermal barriers are fire resistant coatings and coverings that separate the insulation material from the building, materials used as thermal barriers include, gypsum boards, plasters, and coatings, cement plasters, perlites board, cellulose or mineral fiber coatings, and select plywoods (ECHA, 2009). Intumescent systems may also be used. Intumescent systems combine various compounds that react together, in the event of a fire, to form a carbon foam (ECHA, 2009). The foam is thicker than the original coating, and has a low thermal conductivity (ECHA, 2009). Although combining non-flame retardant-treated foam with an appropriate thermal barrier will often sufficiently meet building code or flammability standards, U.S. manufacturers typically only sell flame retardanttreated building insulation foam (EPA, 2014). Polyisocyanurate foams may also be used as an alternative to XPS or EPS foam in building insulation. These foams are typically available as spray foam or board insulation and contain 5-14% of the flame retardant tris(chlorpropyl)phosphate (TCPP) (EPA, 2014). Although it is most frequently used in roof insulation, polyisocyanurate foams are also used in cavity walls and sheathing (EPA, 2014). However, it should be noted that the isocyanate group is currently identified as an EPA Action Plan chemical and may cause adverse human health effects (EPA, 2014). Materials such as perlite and mineral wool/rockwook may also be used as alternative rigid board insulation (EPA, 2014). Other substitutes include alternative insulation types such as, blanket, foamed-in-place, loose-fill, and reflective insulation (EPA, 2014). 4.2 Flame Retardant in Textiles Several chemicals may be used as alternatives for HBCD in textile applications. For textile backing these include: • • • • • • • deca-BDE (CAS 1163-19-5) (ECHA, 2009) chloroparaffins (CAS 63449-39-8; 85535-85-9) (ECHA, 2009) ammonium polyphosphate (CAS 68333-79-9; 14728-39-9) (ECHA, 2009) diammonium phosphate (Posner, 2006) intumescent systems (Posner, 2006) nitrogen-based organic flame retardants (UNECE, 2010) reactive phosphorus constituents (ECHA, 2009) While intumescent systems are considered a commercial alternative to HBCD in textile backing, they do not prevent ignition and flame spread. Most of the commercially available intumescent systems are water soluble and are consequently removed during soaking prior to flame testing (Posner, 2006). The costs of deca-BDE and cholorinated paraffins are expected to be comparable or slightly lower than that for HBCD (ECHA, 2009). However, these substitutes also have significant health and environmental concerns. 4.3 Flame Retardant in High-Impact Polystyrene (HIPs) There are several alternatives to HBCD for use in HIPs. Deca-BDE (CAS 1163-19-5) is currently the most widely used flame retardant in HIPS (Weil and Levchik, 2009) and is also used in electronic wire insulation. Other chemicals used in HIPs include both halogenated flame retardants used in conjunction Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 21 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with antimony trioxide (ATO) and organic aryl phosphorus compounds (ECHA, 2009). Halogenated flame retardants used with ATO include: • • • Deca-BDE/ATO (CAS 1163-19-5) Decabromo Dipheyl Ethane (TDE) /ATO (CAS 84852-53-9) Ethylene bistetrabromo-phthalimide (EBTPI) /ATO (CAS 32588-76-4) The organic aryl phosphorus compounds are: • • • • • Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) (CAS 115-86-6) Resorcinol bis diphenylphosphate (RDP) (CAS 125997-21-9; 57583-54-7) Bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BAPP) (CAS 1181028-79-5) Diethylphosphinic acid, aluminium salt (CAS 225789-38-8) Diphenyl cresyl phosphate (CAS 26444-49-5) Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 22 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 5. Waste Management 5.1 Recycling EPS and XPS To date, little is known by EPA about the recycling of products containing HBCD. Schlummer et al. (2016) describes that EPS and XPS in construction insulation materials is rarely recycled for numerous reasons, including that insulation waste is typically not separated from mixed waste stream and most insulation containing HBCD is still in place. Schlummer et al. (2016) describes technologies available at the laboratory and small scale to separate HBCD and recycle polystyrene. However, reuse and recycling is available in the US for consumers through removal of insulation during re-roofing projects. Two companies were identified that directly reuse (e.g., reuse without reforming) XPS and EPS insulation, and recycle (e.g., melting and inserting into the manufacturing process) is available: • • Green Insulation Group: http://www.greeninsulationgroup.com/products/ Nationwide Foam Recycling: http://nationwidefoam.com/what-you-can-recycle.cfm According to a conversation with Nationwide Foam Recycling, which is owned by Conigliaro Industries, Inc., their plant recycles all EPS insulation and reuses all XPS insulation. Once processed, their recycled EPS roofing insulation is taken to polystyrene product manufacturers, notably picture frame manufacturers, mostly in China but also in domestic markets. The company also delivers recycled roofing material to other local EPS recycling plants that may use different processes. The company reuses XPS roofing material due the special equipment needed to recycle XPS and indicated that XPS is rarely recycled in the U.S. It was estimated that the majority (>50%) of XPS roofing material is sent to landfills or waste energy plants. Nationwide Foam Recycling processes 90,000 pounds/year of EPS standard packaging and 10,000 pounds/year of EPS roofing material and estimated that 10-20% of EPS roofing material is recycled nationally. Processing estimates for XPS material were not provided (Nationwide Foam Recycling, 2017). Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 23 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) References Albemarle Corporation. 2000. Saytex® HP-900 Flame Retardant. Available at http://7577748.s21d7.faiusrd.com/61/ABUIABA9GAAg8I6TuwUowI-V4gE.pdf. Albemarle Corporation. 2012. 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Chemical and Engineering News (C&EN). 2013. “Global Ban For Flame Retardant.” Volume 91 Issue 19, p.6. Available at http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i19/Global-Ban-Flame-Retardant.html (Accessed January 7, 2014). Chemical Information Services. 2015. Directory of World Chemical Producers. Chemical Watch. 2013. End in sight for flame retardant HBCD? September 2013. Accessed January 23, 2014. Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 24 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Chemtura. 2012. Emerald Innovation™3000. Available at: http://www.greatlakes.com/deployedfiles/ChemturaV8/GreatLakes/Flame%20Retardants/FR%20Product s/EmeraldInnovation_3000_Final_Web.pdf (Accessed January 9, 2014). Chemtura. 2013. Great Lakes CD-75PC™ Safety Data Sheet. Revised September 17, 2013. Chrysler. 2006. Environmental, Health, and Occupational Safety Requirements for Regulated Substances or Processes and Product Recycling Reporting Requirements. CS-9003. Daimler Chrysler. Revised March 9, 2006. 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Proposed Risk Management Measure for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). October 2012. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). n.d. Chemical and Product Categories (CPCat) Database. Available at https://actor.epa.gov/cpcat/faces/search.xhtml. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). n.d. “Non-confidential IUR Production Volume Information.” Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006. Non-confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2012a. Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database. Available at: http://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2012b. Significant New Use Rule for Hexabromocyclododecane and 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane. 77 FR 17386-17394. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013a. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Action Plan Summary. Last updated 10/30/2013. Available at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html (Accessed 1/7/2014). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014. Flame Retardant Alternatives for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Final Version, June 2014. Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-06/documents/hbcd_report.pdf Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 25 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Non-confidential 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting. EPS Industry Alliance. 2017. Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: Cyclic Aliphatic Bromide Cluster (HBCD). OCSPP. Public comment. EPA-HQ-OPPT2016-0735-0026. Esposito, F. 2013. Dow Chemical licenses polymeric flame retardant technology. Plastics News. July 22, 2013. 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Restricted and Reportable Substances for Parts. Worldwide Engineering Standards. Material Specification General. GMW3059. General Motors Corporation. October 2008. Hirschler, M. 2010. Regulations, Codes, and Standards Relevant to Fire Issues in the United States. In Wilkie and Morgan (Eds.), Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, 2nd Edition. ICL-IP. 2014. FR-1206. Available at: http://icl-ip.com/?products=fr-1206-2 (Accessed January 23, 2014). Lowell Center for Sustainable Production. 2005. Decabromodiphenylether: An Investigation of NonHalogen Substitutes in Electronic Enclosure and Textile Applications. University of Massachusetts Lowell. http://www.sustainableproduction.org/downloads/DecaBDESubstitutesFinal4-15-05.pdf Morose, 2006. Gregory Morose. “An Overview of Alternatives to Tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) and Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)”. March, 2006. Available at http://www.chemicalspolicy.org/downloads/AternativestoTBBPAandHBCD.pdf Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association. 2017. Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: Cyclic Aliphatic Bromide Cluster (HBCD). OCSPP. Public comment. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0735-0014. Nationwide Foam Recycling. 2017. Personal communication with Abt Associates, Inc. April 11, 2017. Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 26 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Posner. 2006. Survey and technical assessment of alternatives to TBBPA and HBCDD. Kemi PM. January 2006. Reiter, W. 2017. Notes from EPA Meeting with American Chemistry Council on HBCD Use. Washington, D.C. Schlummer, M; Maurer; A.; Wagner, S.; Berrang, A.; Siebert, T. & Knappich, F. Recycling of flame retarded waste polystyrene foams (EPS and XPS) to PS granules free of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). Available at http://www.synbratechnology.com/media/11693/fraunhoferwebsite_creasolvprocessing-of-hbcd-containing-polystyrene-from-construction-eps-1.pdf Stockholm Convention. 2008. Status of Ratification. Available at http://chm.pops.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesandSignatories/tabid/252/Default.aspx Stokstad, E. 2013. U.N. Convention Bans Flame Retardants. American Association for the Advancement of Science. May 13, 2013. Available at: http://news.sciencemag.org/climate/2013/05/u.n.-conventionbans-flame-retardant Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI). 2013. “Stockholm Convention (POPs).” Available at http://www.kemi.se/en/Content/International/Conventions-and-agreements/-Stockholm-ConventionPOPs/ (Accessed January 7, 2014). Toxic-Free Future. 2017. Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: Cyclic Aliphatic Bromide Cluster (HBCD). OCSPP. Public comment. EPA-HQ-OPPT-20160735-0022. UL IDES. n.d. UL 94 Flame Rating. http://www.ides.com/property_descriptions/UL94.asp Underwriters Laboratories (UL). 2013. UL 94, the Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances testing. http://www.ul.com/global/eng/pages/solutions/standards/accessstandards/catalogofstandards/standard/?id =94_6 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2010. Exploration of management options for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). August 18, 2010. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2010. Hexabromocyclododecane Draft Risk Profile. April 2010. Weil and Levchik. 2009. Edward D. Wiel and Sergei V. Levchik. Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles Practical Applications. Cincinnati 2009. Use and Market Profile for HBCD ▌pg. 27 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Appendix Table A- 1 provides a list of domestic and international manufacturers of HBCD as of 2015 (Chemical Information Services, 2015). Table A- 1. Worldwide Manufacturers of HBCD Country Canada China Company Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. 2 Brisbane Road North York, ON M3J 2J8 Yuanping Changyuan Chemicals Co., Ltd. Room 1309, Wufeng Building, 11 Zhenxing Street National Hi-Tech Industrial Zone Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030006 Weifang Changda Chemical Industry Co., Ltd (Qingdao Office) R.M.20, B Shenye Building, 9 Shandong Road Qingdao, 266071 Shandong Moris Chemical Co., Ltd. Room 1608, 360 Synotower Building Weifang City, Shandong Province 261041 Hunan Yixiang Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. (Liuyang Chemical Corp.) Changsha National Biomedical Industrial Base 410329 Xinjin Sensen Metal Powder Factory Penliuzuo Town, Xinji City Hebei Province 052360 Shuyanshi Huatai Chemical Factory Zaxia Chemical Zone Shuyang 223600 Oceanchem Group Room 819-821, Jinjang Building 5608, Xinhua Road Weifang, Shandong 261041 Shandong Dadi Salt Chemical Group Ltd. Chahe Village, Hou Town Shouguang City, Shandong Province 262725 Use and Market Profile for HBCD CAS RN Website 3194-55-6 www.trc-canada.comy 3194-55-9 www.yuanpingint.com 3194-55-10 3194-55-11 www.morischem.com 3194-55-12 www.hnyxchem.com.cn 3194-55-13 www.lead-nitrate.com 3194-55-14 www.huatai-chem.com 3194-55-15 www.oceanchem-group.com 3194-55-16 ▌pg. 28 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Country Netherlands Brazil U.S. Company Shanghai Luojin Chemicals Co., Ltd. RM2103, Charity Plaza, 88 Caoxi Road (N) Shanghai 200030 Shandong WNN Industrial Co., Ltd. Room 511, Finance Service Center, Jiankang East Street Weifang, Shandong 261041 Weifang Brother Chemical Co., Ltd. Weifang Ocean Chemical Development Zone Weifang, 262737 Jiangyin Haida Fine Chemical Plant Huashi Town Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province 214421 Weifang Haihua Yuanda Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. Binhai Development Weifang City, Shandong Lianyungang Marine Chemical Co., Ltd. Banqiao Industrial Park Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province ICL-IP Europe Fosfaatweg 48 1013 BM Amsterdam ICL-IP Terneuzen B.V. Postbus 318 4530 AH Terneuzen Chemtura Industria Quimica do Brasil Ltda. Avenida Brasil 5333, Distrito Industrial 13505-600 Rio Claro (SP) APAC Pharmaceutical, LLC 6851 Oak Hall Lane, Suite 101 Columbia, MD 21045 Sarchem Laboratories, Inc. 5012 Industrial Road Farmingdale, NJ, 07727 Great Lakes Solutions 1801 US Highway 52 West West Lafayette, IN 47906 Chemtura Corporation (Formerly Great Lakes Chemical Corp) 1801 US Highway 52 West West Lafayette, IN 47906 Source: Chemical Information Services, 2015 Use and Market Profile for HBCD CAS RN Website 3194-55-17 3194-55-18 www.wnncn.com 3194-55-19 www.oceanchemical.com 3194-55-20 www.haidachem.com 3194-55-21 25637-99-7 www.seabr.com 3194-55-22 www.icl-industrial.com 25637-99-8 25637-99-4 3194-55-7 www.apacpharma.com 3194-55-8 www.sarchemlabs.com 25637-99-5 www.greatlakes.com 25637-99-6 www.chemtura.com ▌pg. 29 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride Contract # EP-W-16-009 WA #2-01 May 11, 2017 Prepared for: Economic and Policy Analysis Branch Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20460 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 2. Overview of Methylene Chloride............................................................................................. 1 Chemical Databases: CDR and TRI ............................................................................................... 3 2.1 2.2 Chemical Data Reporting ......................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 CDR Information – Major Manufacturers and/or Importers ...................................... 3 2.1.2 CDR Information – Industrial Processing and Use Information ................................ 4 2.1.3 CDR Information – Consumer and Commercial Use Information ............................ 7 2.1.4 Historical U.S. Production Volume............................................................................ 9 Toxics Release Inventory ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 3. Total Number of Methylene Chloride Facilities Reporting to TRI .......................... 10 Use Information and Market Trends............................................................................................ 12 3.1 Uses of Methylene Chloride .................................................................................................. 12 3.2 Products.................................................................................................................................. 16 3.3 Methylene Chloride Market Trends ....................................................................................... 61 References .................................................................................................................................................. 62 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. ii List of Tables Table 1-1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CASRN for Methylene Chloride ............................................ 2 Table 2-1. Methylene Chloride Manufacturers and Importers...................................................................... 3 Table 2-2. Methylene Chloride Industrial Use Information.......................................................................... 5 Table 2-3. Methylene Chloride Consumer and Commercial Use Information ............................................. 8 Table 2-4. National Production Volume Data for Methylene Chloride from 1986-2012 (lbs.).................... 9 Table 2-5: Summary of 2015 Activity or Use by Number of Facilities for Methylene Chloride ............... 10 Table 2-6: TRI Activity and Use Definitions.............................................................................................. 11 Table 3-1 Known Applications of Methylene Chloride .............................................................................. 13 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride .............................................................. 17 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. iii Contributors The EPA subject matter expert responsible for this report is Judith Brown of the Economic and Policy Analysis Branch; Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Analytical and draft preparation support was provided by Alice Tome, and other employees of Abt Associates, Inc. under EPA Contract No. EP-W-16-009. Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. iv 1. Introduction Methylene chloride is the subject of this use and market profile. Under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), EPA recently proposed a Section 6 rulemaking for the use of methylene chloride in paint and coating removal by industrial users, commercial outdoor users, commercial users in residences, and consumer users. This report details historic and current uses of methylene chloride. Section 1 provides an overview of methylene chloride, Section 2 details U.S. producers, production, and import volumes, and Section 3 presents use information and market trends. 1.1 Overview of Methylene Chloride Methylene chloride, also commonly known as dichloromethane or DCM, is a volatile, colorless liquid with a sweet odor (ATSDR, 2000). It is used as a solvent in paint strippers and removers, as a process solvent in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and film coatings, as a metal cleaning and finishing solvent, as an agent in urethane foam blowing, and as a propellant in aerosols for paints, insect sprays, and automotive products (EPA, 2000). Methylene chloride has also had applications as an extraction solvent for spice oleoresins and hops, as a postharvest fumigant for grains and strawberries, and as a degreening agent for citrus fruits (EPA, 2000). Methylene chloride is no longer an active ingredient in any registered pesticide products, according to the National Library of Medicine’s Hazardous Substance Data Bank; however, it may be used as an inert ingredient in pesticide products with applications in growing crops (HSDB, 2015). Acute exposure to methylene chloride is associated with adverse nervous system effects, such as decreased visual, auditory, and motor functions. Animals chronically exposed to methylene chloride experience liver, kidney, and cardiovascular system damage. EPA classifies methylene chloride as a probable carcinogen (EPA, 2000). Because paint and coating removal make up the highest human exposures to methylene chloride, EPA recently conducted a risk assessment to evaluate health risks to consumers and workers using methylene chloride in paint removers, as well as bystanders in the workplace and in homes where these products are used. The Agency found that acute exposures to workers, consumers, and bystanders can result in neurotoxicity and harmful effects to the central nervous system. Chronic exposure can lead to liver toxicity, liver cancer, and lung cancer (EPA, 2015a). Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 1 Table 1-1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CASRN for Methylene Chloride Chemical Name CASRN Synonyms Trade Name(s)* Molecular Formula Methylene chloride 75-09-2 4-01-00-00035 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); AI3-01773; BRN 1730800; Caswell No. 568; CCRIS 392; DCM; Dichloromethane; EC 200-838-9; EINECS 200-838-9; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042004; F 30 (chlorocarbon); HCC 30; HSDB 66; Methane dichloride; Methane, dichloro-; Methylene bichloride; Methylene chloride; Methylene dichloride; NCI-C50102; NSC 406122; R 30 (refrigerant); RCRA waste number U080; UN 1593; UNII-588X2YUY0A Aerothene MM; Freon 30; Khladon 30; Metaclen; Narkotil; Solaesthin; Soleana VDA; Solmethine CH2Cl2 Structure *Not a complete list Source: NLM (2016) Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 2 2. Chemical Databases: CDR and TRI 2.1 Chemical Data Reporting The Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) Rule under TSCA requires U.S. manufacturers and importers to provide EPA with information on the chemicals they manufacture or import into the United States. For the 2012 CDR cycle, data collected per chemical include the company name, volume of each chemical manufactured/imported, the number of workers at each site, and information on whether the chemical is used in the Commercial, Industrial, and/or consumer sector. However, only companies that manufactured or imported 25,000 pounds or more at each of their sites during the 2011 calendar year were required to report information under the CDR rule (EPA, 2014). 2.1.1 CDR Information – Major Manufacturers and/or Importers The 2012 non-confidential CDR includes nine manufacturers and importers of methylene chloride (see Table 2-1). Some information, including two company records, is claimed as CBI—one is an importer and one claims CBI for both manufacturing and importing information. Of the seven non-CBI companies, four are importers, one is a manufacturer, and two both import and manufacture methylene chloride. The 2012 national production volume of methylene chloride is 261,469,894 pounds per year (EPA, 2014). Table 2-1. Methylene Chloride Manufacturers and Importers Volume (used at site; lb./yr.) Concentration Number of Workers 0 90% + 50 - 99 YES N/A < 1% NR CBI YES N/A 90% + NKRA CBI 0 NR CBI 90% + NR 325211 CBI 0 NR CBI 90% + NKRA FL 424690 0 CBI CBI N/A 90% + NKRA Henkel Corp NC 325613 0 51,096 NO 51,096 90% + 25 - 49 Occidental Chemical Holding Corporation LA 213112 CBI 0 NR CBI CBI < 10 KS 213112 CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI 50 - 99 SolvChem Inc. TX 424690 945,900 0 NR 945,900 90% + 100 - 499 CBI CBI CBI 0 18,878,000 YES N/A 90% + 500 - 999 CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI 90% + NKRA Site State NAICS Code Manufacture (lb./yr.) Colonial Group Inc. GA 424710 0 139,292 NO Dimmid Inc. NY 424690 0 1,378,080 MI 325211 0 CA 325211 TX Greenchem Industries LLC. Company Dow Chemical Company Import (lb./yr.) Never at Site? Source: Dunn & Bradstreet (2015); EPA (2014) Notes: CBI = Confidential Business Information N/A= Not Applicable NKRA= Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable NR= Not Reported Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 3 2.1.2 CDR Information – Industrial Processing and Use Information Table 2-2 presents the industrial processing and use information for U.S. manufacturers and importers of methylene chloride, according to the 2012 CDR. Methylene chloride is used as a solvent for cleaning and degreasing, as a propellant and blowing agent, and as a processing agent in a wide variety of sectors including the petrochemical manufacturing, adhesive manufacturing, and chemical manufacturing sectors. Some data were claimed as confidential business information in the 2012 CDR (EPA, 2014). Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 4 Table 2-2. Methylene Chloride Industrial Use Information Manufacturing/ Importing Company Colonial Group Inc. Dimmid Inc. Dow Chemical Company Dow Chemical Company Dow Chemical Company Greenchem Industries LLC Henkel Corp Occidental Chemical Holding Corporation Occidental Chemical Holding Corporation Site Name and Address Colonial Chemical Solutions, Inc. 916 W Lathrop Savannah, GA 31402 Dimmid Inc. 4635 Bedford Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11235 The Dow Chemical Company 901 Loveridge Rd Pittsburg, CA 94565 The Dow Chemical Company 2020 Dow Center Midland, MI 48674 The Dow Chemical Company - Freeport 2310 N Brasoport Blvd Freeport, TX 77541 Greenchem Industries LLC 222 Clematis St. Suite 207 West Palm Beach, FL 33401 Henkel Corp 485 Cedar Springs Rd Salisbury, NC 28147 Occidental Chemical Corp Geismar Plant 8318 Ashland Rd Geismar, LA 70734-3513 Occidental Chemical Corporation 6200 S. Ridge Rd Wichita, KS 67215 NAICS code Industrial Function Category Industrial Sector Type of Process Percent of Production Volume Number of Sites Number of Workers 424710 Processing-incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Petrochemical Manufacturing Processing aids, not otherwise listed 100 < 10 50 - 99 424690 NR NR NR NR NR NR 325211 NR NR NR NR NR NR 325211 Processing-incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 10 NKRA NKRA 325211 Processing-incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 10 NKRA NKRA 424690 NKRA NKRA NKRA 90 NKRA NKRA 325613 Use-non-incorporative activities Adhesive Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 100 < 10 25 - 49 213112 Use-non-incorporative activities CBI Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) CBI < 10 < 10 213112 Use-non-incorporative activities CBI Processing aids, specific to petroleum production CBI < 10 50 - 99 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 5 Table 2-2. Methylene Chloride Industrial Use Information Manufacturing/ Importing Company Site Name and Address NAICS code Type of Process SolvChem Inc. Solvents & Chemicals 4704 Shank Rd Pearland, TX 77581 424690 Processing-incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product CBI CBI CBI NKRA CBI CBI CBI Processing-incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Industrial Function Category Industrial Sector All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing NKRA All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) NKRA Propellants and blowing agents Percent of Production Volume Number of Sites Number of Workers 100 < 10 100 - 499 100 NKRA NKRA 30 250 - 999 500 - 999 Source: Dunn & Bradstreet (2015); EPA (2014) Notes: CBI = Confidential Business Information N/A= Not Applicable NKRA= Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable NR= Not Reported Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 6 2.1.3 CDR Information – Consumer and Commercial Use Information Table 2-3 presents the consumer and commercial uses of methylene chloride as reported to the 2012 CDR. Much of the information is claimed as confidential, not reported, or denoted as “not known or reasonably ascertainable.” The 2012 CDR indicates that methylene chloride has known applications in the following product categories: adhesives and sealants, automotive care, paints and coatings, and metal products. No CDR records indicate that methylene chloride is used in products intended for use by children (EPA, 2014). Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 7 Table 2-3. Methylene Chloride Consumer and Commercial Use Information Manufacturing /Importing Company Site State Commercial/ Consumer Use Used in Children Products Product Category Percent of Production Volume Concentration Number of Workers CBI CBI NR NR NR NR NR NR CBI CBI Consumer No Paints and Coatings 20 1% - < 30% 25 - 49 Colonial Group Inc GA NR NR NR NR NR NR Dimmid Inc NY NR NR NR NR NR NR CA NR NR NR NR NR NR MI NR NR NR NR NR NR TX NR NR NR NR NR NR Greenchem Industries LLC FL NKRA No NKRA 90 NKRA NKRA FL Both NKRA Adhesives and Sealants 10 NKRA NKRA Henkel Corp NC NR NR NR NR NR LA Commercial No CBI 60% - < 90% NKRA LA Both No NR Metal Products not covered elsewhere Paints and Coatings CBI 30% - < 60% NKRA KS Both No CBI 30% - < 60% NKRA KS Commercial No CBI 60% - < 90% NKRA KS Both No Paints and Coatings Metal Products not covered elsewhere Automotive Care Products CBI 60% - < 90% NKRA TX NR NR NR NR NR NR Dow Chemical Co Occidental Chemical Holding Corporation SolvChem Inc. Sources: Dunn & Bradstreet (2015); EPA (2014) Notes: CBI = Confidential Business Information N/A= Not Applicable NKRA= Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable NR= Not Reported Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 8 2.1.4 Historical U.S. Production Volume Table 2-4 presents historic U.S. production volume data for methylene chloride submitted by companies under the non-confidential 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and the 2012 CDR. While the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 25,000 pounds for the 2006 IUR and 2012 CDR, the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 10,000 pounds from 1986 to 2002. Table 2-4. National Production Volume Data for Methylene Chloride from 1986-2012 (lbs.) 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2012 >500M - 1B >500M - 1B >100M - 500M >100M - 500M >100M - 500M 100M -<500M 261,469,894 Source: EPA (n.d.-a); EPA (2010); EPA (2014) Note: M = Million; B = Billion Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 9 2.2 Toxics Release Inventory Facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using methylene chloride are required to report releases to EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). Included in the TRI data is the maximum amount of chemical present at each facility each year and the activity or use of the chemical at each facility. Table 2-6 presents the definitions for activity and use according to EPA’s TRI Program. 2.2.1 Total Number of Methylene Chloride Facilities Reporting to TRI In 2015, 274 sites reported releasing quantities of methylene chloride at their facilities. Table 2-5 presents a summary of the reported activities and uses, aggregated from all the sites manufacturing, processing, and otherwise using methylene chloride. The data presented in Table 2-5 suggest that methylene chloride is primarily used as an ancillary chemical, a chemical processing aid, and as a formulation component. Note that twenty-one facilities reported releasing quantities of methylene chloride at their facilities in 2015 but did not report the associated activity or use (EPA, 2015b). Appendix A presents maximum amount of chemicals per facility and reported activities or uses for facilities reporting to TRI in 2015. Note that facilities may report more than one activity or use. Table 2-5: Summary of 2015 Activity or Use by Number of Facilities for Methylene Chloride Activity or Use Number of Facilities Ancillary 92 Chemical Processing Aid 80 Formulation Component 63 Repackaging 50 Manufacture Aid 30 Produce 21 Reactant 15 Byproduct 12 Process Impurity 12 Imported 8 Manufacture Impurity 8 Sale Distribution 8 Used Processed 8 Article Component 6 Not Reported 21 Source: EPA (2015c) Note: Facilities may report more than one activity or use; therefore the sum of the number of facilities reporting each activity/use will be greater than the total number of facilities reporting methylene chloride releases. Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 10 Table 2-6: TRI Activity and Use Definitions Activity or Use Ancillary Article Component Byproduct Chemical Processing Aid Formulation Component Imported Manufacture Aid Manufacture Impurity Process Impurity Produce Reactant Repackaging Sale Distribution Used Processed TRI Definition Indicates that the chemical is used at the facility for purposes other than aiding chemical processing or manufacturing Indicates the toxic chemical becomes an integral part of an article distributed into commerce, such as copper in wire or resins in a plastic pen, or the pigment components of paint applied to a chair that is sold Indicates the toxic chemical is produced coincidentally during the manufacture, process, or otherwise use of another chemical substance or mixture and, following its production, is separated from that other chemical substance or mixture. This includes toxic chemicals that may be created as the result of waste management Indicates the toxic chemical is used to aid in the manufacture or synthesis of another chemical substance such that it comes into contact with the product during manufacture, but is not intended to remain with or become part of the final product or mixture. Some examples of chemical processing aids are process solvents, catalysts, solution buffers, inhibitors, and reaction terminators Indicates the toxic chemical is used as an ingredient in a product mixture to enhance performance of the product during its use, such as dyes in ink, solvents in paint, additions, reaction diluents, initiators, inhibitors, emulsifiers, surfactants, lubricants, flame retardants, and rheological modifiers Indicates that the chemical is imported by the facility into the Customs Territory of the United States Indicates the toxic chemical is used to aid in the manufacturing process but does not come into contact with the product during manufacture. Some examples, Include valve lubricants, refrigerants, metalworking fluids, coolants, and hydraulic fluids Indicates whether the facility produces the reported chemical as a result of the manufacture, processing, or otherwise use of another chemical, but does not separate the chemical and it remains primarily in the mixture or product with that other chemical Indicates whether the facility processed the reported chemical but did not separate it and it remains as an impurity in the primary mixture or trade name product Indicates the toxic chemical was created by the facility. A toxic chemical is considered manufactured even if the toxic chemical is created unintentionally or exists only for a short period of time Indicates the toxic chemical is used in chemical reactions to create another chemical substance or product that is then sold or otherwise distributed to other facilities. Some examples of reactants, Include feedstocks, raw materials, intermediates, and initiators Indicates the toxic chemical has been received by the facility and subsequently prepared for distribution into commerce in a different form, state, or quantity than it was received, such as petroleum being transferred from a storage tank to tanker trucks Indicates that the chemical is produced or imported specifically for sale or distribution outside the manufacturing facility Indicates that the chemical is produced or imported and then further processed or otherwise used at the same facility Source: EPA (n.d.-b) Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 11 3. Use Information and Market Trends Methylene chloride has a wide-range of uses, including in sealants, automotive products, and paint removers. EPA has thoroughly investigated paint removers containing methylene chloride in previous work, thus while this is a significant use, it will not be discussed in depth in this use and market profile. Section 3.1 describes the uses of methylene chloride, while Section 3.2 lists specific products that contain this chemical. Market trends are discussed in Section 3.3. Use information, market trends, and products for methylene chloride were primarily compiled using the EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention’s Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: Methylene Chloride (EPA, 2017) and EPA’s Market Profile and Use Analysis of Methylene Chloride (EPA, 2012). 3.1 Uses of Methylene Chloride Methylene chloride has known applications as a process solvent in paint removers and the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and film coatings. It is used as an agent in urethane foam blowing and in the manufacture of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, such as HFC-32. It can also be found in aerosol propellants and in solvents for electronics manufacturing, metal cleaning and degreasing, and furniture finishing. Additionally, it has been used for agricultural and food processing purposes such as an extraction solvent for spice oleoresins, hops, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee, a degreening agent for citrus fruits, and a postharvest fumigant for grains and strawberries (Processing Magazine, 2015; EPA, 2000). In 2005, the use percentages of methylene chloride by sector were as follows: paint stripping and removal (30%), adhesives (22%), pharmaceuticals (11%), metal cleaning (8%), aerosols (8%), chemical processing (8%), flexible polyurethane foam (5%), and miscellaneous (8%) (ICIS Chemical Business, 2005). Today, the leading application for methylene chloride is as a solvent in the production of pharmaceuticals and polymers. An estimated 35 percent of consumption is attributable to pharmaceuticals and chemical processing, with pharmaceutical production accounting for roughly 30 percent of methylene chloride’s use. Other applications include metal cleaning, production of HFC-32, and as an ingredient in adhesives and paint removers. Foam blowing is a minor use of methylene chloride (IHS Markit, 2016). Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 12 Table 3-1 Known Applications of Methylene Chloride Use or Process Adhesivesc Use or Process Statusa Ongoing Expected Usersb Source/ Comment Number Consumer, Commercial, Industrial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0033 Product found (see Table 3-2d) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Adhesive remover Ongoing Aerosol propellant Unknown Automotive air conditioner leak sealer Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Automotive air conditioner treatment Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Automotive parts cleaner Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Automotive aftermarket productse Ongoing Consumer, Commercial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0005 Batteries (nickelcadmium)f Ongoing Consumer, Commercial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0035 Brush cleaner Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Carbon remover Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Chemical intermediateg Ongoing Industrial (EPA, 2017); EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0008 Chemical processor for polycarbonate resins and cellulose triacetate (photographic film) Unknown Industrial (EPA, 2012); (EPA, 2017) Cleaner and degreaser Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial (EPA, 2012); (EPA, 2017) Coil cleaner Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Cold pipe insulation spray Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Unknownh Consumer, Industrial 21 C.F.R. § 173.255(c); (HHS, 2000) Unknown Industrial (EPA, 2012); EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0019; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0023 Unknown Consumer, Industrial (EPA, 2012) Formulated products Unknown Industrial (EPA, 2012) Furniture refinisher Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Herbicide Unknown Consumer (EPA, 2017) Laboratory chemical Ongoing Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Leather tanning Unknown Industrial (EPA, 2017) Lubricant Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Metal products Unknown Consumer, Commercial (EPA, 2014) Extraction solvent for oils, waxes, fats, spices, coffee, and hops Feedstock in the production of fluorocarbons, such as the refrigerant HFC-32 (Hydrofluorocarbon-32) Flexible polyurethane foam manufacturing Product found (see Table 3-2) (EPA, 2012) Product found (see Table 3-2) Product found (see Table 3-2) Product found (see Table 3-2) Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 13 Table 3-1 Known Applications of Methylene Chloride Use or Process Use or Process Statusa Expected Usersb Source/ Comment Number Novelty item Ongoing Consumer Product found (see Table 3-2) Paints and coatingsi Unknown Paint removerj Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Pharmaceuticals (tablet coatings, etc.) Unknown Consumer, Industrial (EPA, 2012) Plastic processing Unknown Commercial, Industrial (EPA, 2017) Primerk Ongoing Consumer, Commercial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0009 Printed circuit boards Ongoing Commercial, Industrial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0017 Printing (press lubricant and cleaner) Ongoing Commercial, Industrial (EPA, 2017); Product found (see Table 3-2) Processing aid Unknown Industrial (EPA, 2014) Propellant and blowing agentl Unknown Industrial (EPA, 2014) Repackaging Unknown Industrial (EPA, 2017) Sealant Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Shoe polish Unknownm Consumer, Commercial (NRDC, 2010) Solvent, carrier (textile industry) Unknown Industrial (EPA, 2017) Solvent (other)n Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0036 Taxidermy Unknown Commercial (EPA, 2017) Textile treatment Ongoing Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Toys, playground and sporting equipment Unknown Consumer (EPA, 2017) Water repellant Unknownm Consumer, Commercial (NRDC, 2010) Weld spatter protectant Ongoing Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Wood stains and other wood working uses Unknowno Consumer, Commercial (EPA, 2017) EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0742-0025 Product found (see Table 3-2) Notes: a Unless otherwise noted, Ongoing uses were determined based on current products and their applications (see Table 3-2). Unknown uses were identified from EPA’s 2012 Market Profile and Use Analysis of Methylene chloride (EPA, 2012). b Determination of the Expected Users associated with a use or process is based on the study team’s best judgement if the users are not explicitly defined in the resource(s) cited. c Industrial adhesives have applications in variety of industries. According to a public comment submitted by ITW Polymers Sealants, methylene chloride may be used in products designed to bond decorative laminate, wood, particle board, metal, plywood, rubber, molded fiber glass, galvanized steel, cork, glass, or rigid plastics. Additionally, the firm reports selling a product used as a pressure sensitive adhesive in the furniture upholstery industry. d Table 3-2 is a reference to the methylene chloride product table found in Draft: Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride and NMP delivered to EPA March 1, 2017. e According to a public comment submitted by Motor & Equipment Manufacturers Association (MEMA), automotive aftermarket products may include: rust preventers, anti-spatters, degreasers, adhesives, acrylic additives, and sealants. f According to a public comment submitted by Saft America Incorporated, nickel-cadmium batteries have applications for aviation, telecommunications, railway, and stand-by power. Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 14 g According to a public comment submitted by the Vinyl Institute (VI), the company produces about two pounds of mixed chlorinated organic liquids (a portion of which is methylene chloride) for every 100 pounds of vinyl chloride produced. VI also indicated that it does not attempt to isolate methylene chloride in any of the intermediary processes for commercial use or as an intermediate feedstock for other processes. h According to a 2000 Health and Human Services report, methylene chloride has been used as an extraction solvent for spices oleoresins, hops, and in the removal of caffeine from coffee. However, this use is reportedly no longer active due to health concerns (HHS, 2000). According to 21 C.F.R. § 173.255(c), methylene chloride is still permissible in small quantities in certain foods. i According to a public comment submitted by the American Coatings Association, its members (which represent over 90% of total domestic production of paints and coatings in the U.S.) are phasing methylene chloride out of all consumer products. Historically, methylene chloride was an ingredient in the production of consumer and commercial paints and coatings. Almost all of the coating products that intentionally contain methylene chloride are formulated for industrial use only. j Denotes uses currently being considered for Section 6 actions under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). k According to a public comment submitted by Jowat Corporation, this firm imports primer from their parent company for distribution in the U.S. l The 2012 CDR indicates that methylene chloride is used as a processing aid in a wide variety of sectors including the petrochemical manufacturing, adhesive manufacturing, and chemical manufacturing sectors. m According to the National Resources Defense Council, methylene chloride may have had applications as a water repellant and shoe polish spray (NRDC, 2010). These uses have not been confirmed. n According to a public comment submitted by the Dow Chemical Company, methylene chloride solvents may be used in a range of applications, including industrial catalyst products to pesticide products. o Methylene chloride may be used in wood stains, however this use has not been confirmed with current products (EPA, 2017). Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 15 3.2 Products In addition to paint removers, which will not be discussed in detail in this profile, many other products intended for consumer, commercial, and industrial use contain methylene chloride. Three main categories of products that contain methylene chloride are adhesives, lubricants, and automotive cleaners. Table 3-2 provides representative examples of products containing methylene chloride identified through review of a previous EPA market profile (EPA, 2012). This product list is just a sample and is not comprehensive. Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 16 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Expected Usersa Industrial Industrial Consumer, Commercial Product HMSb 3M™ HiStrength NonFlammable 98NF Bulk Adhesive, Red 3M™ Foam Fast 74NF Cylinder Spray Adhesive, Clear Percent Conc. 40-70 60-85 Form Liquid Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: 3M Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: 3M http://m.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/mAdhes ives/Tapes/Products/~/3M-Hi-Strength-NonFlammable-98-NF-Red-55-gal-54-Drum-1-percaseBulk?N=5396314+3291638463+4294871362&rt =d Example Distributor: Able Industrial Products, Inc. http://able123.com/index.php?main_page=produ ct_info&cPath=5_159_161&products_id=22116 &zenid=5c12135fb9623d7efccc77578cc22f9d& psrid=225765002 40-70 Liquid Description Manufacturer: 3M http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/A dhesives/Tapes/Products/~/3M-Foam-Fast-74SprayAdhesive?N=5396314+3291638463+329324244 9&rt=rud Industrial adhesive for use in high pressure laminate for countertops, edge banding, specialty vehicle flooring, wood furniture, and trade show displays Bonds foam and fabric Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/3M-74-SprayAdhesive-Clear/dp/B000WSH5EO Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 17 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Expected Usersa Industrial Product 3M™ HiStrength NonFlammable 98NF Cylinder Spray Adhesive, Clear Percent Conc. 55-75 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: 3M http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/A dhesives/Tapes/Products/~/3M-Hi-StrengthNon-Flammable-98-NF-Cylinder-SprayAdhesive-Clear-Large-Cylinder-Net-Wt-37-lbs1-per-case-NOT-FOR-CONSUMER-RETAILSALE-ORUSE?N=5396314+3291638463+4294871254&rt =rud Description Typically used in construction, woodworking, RVs, manufactured housing, and specialty vehicle applications Example Distributor: EIS Inc. http://www.eisinc.com/suppliers/productdetail.asp?prod_nbr=3 MA98NFCLG Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Camie 313B Upholstery Adhesive Manufacturer: Camie-Campbell, Inc. http://www.camie.com/content/fast-tackupholstery-adhesive-bulk 80-90 Liquid Example Distributor: Industrial Tape & Supply Company https://industrialtape.com/catalog/product/1511camie-313-b-fast-tack-upholstery-adhesive.html Formulated to bond foam to foam, as well as foam to fabric, wood, particle board, cardboard, metal, and fiberglass Manufacturer: Design Polymerics http://designpoly.com/products/ Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Closed Cell Spray Foam Adhesive (DP 2595) 40-50 Liquid Example Distributor: General Insulation Company http://www.generalinsulation.com/products/insul ation-products/mastics-coatings/designpolymerics-dp-2595-closed-cell-foam-sprayadhesive/ Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 18 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Design Polymerics http://designpoly.com/products/ Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Duct Liner Spray Adhesive (DP 2590/DP 2590 CA) GP1-40BL Adhesive (DIV01001) QuickStick™ 30-60 Liquid Example Distributor: General Insulation Company http://www.generalinsulation.com/products/insul ation-products/mastics-coatings/designpolymerics-dp-2502-water-based-duct-lineradhesive/ Manufacturer: DiversiTech http://www.diversitech.com/Product?id=01t8000 0002s7g2AAA 45-55 40-70 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Baker Distributing, Inc. https://www.bakerdist.com/diversitech-gp140bl-pro-air-spray-adhesive-38-pounddisposable-cylinder-divgp140bl-16862 Manufacturer: Ductmate Industries http://ductmate.com/product.aspx?id=30 Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Commercial QuickStick™ High Strength Spray Adhesive Elgen AE-77 40-70 Liquid Manufacturer: Ductmate Industries http://ductmate.com/product.aspx?id=31 Example Distributor: None found 40-70 Liquid Manufacturer: Elgen Manufacturing http://www.elgenmfg.com/m8/128--ae-77.html Designed for bonding fiberglass duct liner to metal ductwork Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 19 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Product NauticGripTM HM Canister Percent Conc. 40-50 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/Na uticGrip/PI/NG%20HM%20PIaero_cani.pdf Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial NorthStar Chemicals NS925 Canister NorthStar NS 980N Bulk NorthStar NS975 Bulk 40-50 Aerosol Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/N orthsStar/PI/NS925%20PIaero_cani.pdf Example Distributor: None found 50-65 65-75 Liquid Liquid Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/N orthsStar/PI/NS980N%20BULK%20PI%20.pdf Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/N orthsStar/PI/NS975%20%20bulk%20PI.pdf Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial NS 925N Canister 60-70 Aerosol Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/N orthsStar/PI/NS925N%20canister%20PI.pdf Example Distributor: None found Description Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass, and plastics Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass, and plastics Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass, and plastics Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass, and plastics Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass, and plastics Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 20 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Product NS 980N Canister Percent Conc. 60-70 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/N orthsStar/PI/NS%20980N%20Canister%20PI.pd f Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial NS920 Canister 40-50 Aerosol Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/N orthsStar/PI/NS920-PI032014.pdf Description Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass, and plastics Designed for bonding laminates and veneers with a minimum thickness of 10 mm to particleboard Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial PB920 Canister 40-50 Aerosol Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/Pr emier/PI/PB920-HPLV-Canister%20PI.pdf Designed for bonding laminates and veneers with a minimum thickness of 10 mm to particleboard Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Premier Bond PB925 High Strength/High Temperature Aerosol Premier BondTM PB980N Bulk 40-50 Aerosol Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/Pr emier/PI/PB925%20aerosolcan%20new%20PI.pdf Example Distributor: None found 50-65 Liquid Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/Pr emier/PI/PB980N%20BULK_PI.pdf Example Distributor: None found Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass and plastics Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass and plastics Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 21 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Product Premier PB975 Bulk Percent Conc. 65-75 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/Pr emier/PI/PB975-bulk-PI.pdf Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial PremierTM PB925N Canister 60-70 Aerosol Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/Pr emier/PI/PB925N%20aerosol%20canister%20PI .pdf Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - Northstar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/products/ss_ aerosol.html Adhesive Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial StarStuk™ HM Canister StarStuk™ HNF 80 Canister 40-50 60-70 Liquid Aerosol Example Distributor: Wurth Louis and Company https://www.wurthlac.com/storefront/adhesiveslubricants/adhesives/contact-adhesives/starstukhm-high-strength-contactadhesive/prodNRCHMR.html Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/St arStuk/PI/HNF%2080%20Canister%20PI.pdf Example Distributor: None found Description Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass and plastics Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass and plastics Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass and plastics Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass and mirrors, cork, tile, fiberglass and plastics Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 22 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Product StarStuk™ HPLV Canister Percent Conc. 40-50 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc. - NorthStar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/St arStuk/PI/SS_HPLV%20Canister%20PI%20.pdf Description Designed for bonding laminates and veneers with a minimum thickness of 10 mm to particleboard Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial PremierTM PB924N Canister 60-70 Aerosol Manufacturer: GTA-NHT, Inc.- Northstar http://www.northstarchemicals.com/literature/Pr emier/PI/PB924N%20canister-aerosol%20PI.pdf Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial STA'-PUT 1535 Contact Adhesive 55-75 Liquid Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/nonflammable-contact-adhesives/c1535 Designed for bonding decorative laminates to particleboard but may also be used on a variety of other substrates including veneers, fabrics, upholstery, foam, headliners, glass, cork, fiberglass and plastics Formulated to bond urethane foam to wood or fabrics Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial STA'-PUT S100 Contact Adhesive 55-75 Liquid Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/nonflammable-contact-adhesives/s100/ Formulated for use in bonding decorative laminates, plywood, particleboard, and rigid plastics Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial STA'-PUT S120 Contact Adhesive 75-90 Liquid Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/nonflammable-contact-adhesives/s120/ Example Distributor: None found Suitable for bonding decorative laminate, wood, particleboard, metal, rubber, hardboard, and plywood Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 23 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Adhesive Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Product STA'-PUT S170/S171 Contact Adhesive STA'-PUT S200 Aerosol Adhesive Percent Conc. 45-70 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/nonflammable-contact-adhesives/s170-s171/ Example Distributor: None found 45-70 Aerosol Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/flammablecontact-adhesives/s200/ Description Formulated for bonding decorative laminates, plywood, particleboard polyurethane foam, and rigid plastics Bonds high pressure laminates to various substrates Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial STA'-PUT SPH Aerosol Adhesive 35-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/flammablecontact-adhesives/sph-aerosol-canister/ Bonds decorative laminate, wood products, molded fiberglass, galvanized steel, cork, and glass Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial STA'-PUT SPH Canister Adhesive 35-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/flammablecontact-adhesives/sph-aerosol-canister/ Bonds decorative laminate, wood products, molded fiberglass, galvanized steel, cork, and glass Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial STA'-PUT SPH Contact Adhesive 65-80 Liquid Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/nonflammable-contact-adhesives/sph / Bonds decorative laminate, wood products, molded fiberglass, galvanized steel, cork, and glass Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 24 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Expected Usersa Product Commercial, Industrial STA'-PUT SPHS Canister Adhesive Percent Conc. 55-75 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/nonflammable-contact-adhesives/sphs/ Description Bonds laminate, wood products, most metals, urethane foams, and particleboard Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Commercial, Industrial STA'-PUT SPM Aerosol Adhesive 45-70 Aerosol Manufacturer: ITW Polymers Sealants North America http://itwstaput.com/products/flammablecontact-adhesives/spm/ Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial EverStrong ES800 Contact Adhesive Bulk EverStrong ES130 Contact Adhesive - Air Assist Canister EverStrong ES30 Contact Adhesive Aerosol and Canister 65-80 Liquid Manufacturer: NewStar Adhesives Inc http://www.newstaradhesivesusa.com/everstrong -es800 Bonds decorative laminates and veneers, fiberglass, glass, cork, particle board, and foam Example Distributor: None found 80-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: NewStar Adhesives, Inc. http://www.newstaradhesivesusa.com/es-130 Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: NewStar Adhesives, Inc. http://www.newstaradhesivesusa.com/es-30canister 40-50 Aerosol Example Distributor: Spokane Hardware Supply, Inc. https://www.thehardwarehut.com/catalogproduct.php?p_ref=327856 Bonds decorative laminates and veneers, fiberglass, glass, upholstery, fabrics, foam, auto headliners, cork, and particle board Bonds decorative laminates and veneers, fiberglass, glass, upholstery, fabrics, foam, auto headliners, cork, and particle board Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 25 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Product EverStrong ES35 Contact Adhesive Aerosol and Canister Tensorgrip A20 Plasticizer Resistant Crosslinking Contact Adhesive Tensorgrip A40N NonFlam Low Profile Contact Adhesive Tensorgrip F30N NonFlam Pressure Sensitive Foam & Fabric Adhesive Tensorgrip F70N NonFlam Aggressive Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Percent Conc. 60-70 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: NewStar Adhesives, Inc. http://www.newstaradhesivesusa.com/es-35 Example Distributor: None found 30-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=3&subcat=49&productid=40 Description Bonds decorative laminates and veneers, fiberglass, glass, upholstery, fabrics, foam, auto headliners, cork, and particle board Formulated for bonding vinyl, rubber, and plastics Example Distributor: None found 60-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=3&subcat=43&productid=3 Formulated for bonding aircraft synthetic leather (i.e. ultra leather) and thin fabrics Example Distributor: None found 60-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=6&subcat=30&productid=187 For temporary or permanent bonds to porous or non-porous substrates Example Distributor: None found 60-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=6&subcat=29&productid=188 For pressure-sensitive bonding of porous substrates Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 26 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Expected Usersa Product Commercial, Industrial Tensorgrip H20N NonFlam Duct Liner Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Tensorgrip L10 High Temp Contact Adhesive Tensorgrip L10N NonFlam High Temp Contact Adhesive Tensorgrip L71 Plasticizer Resistant Crosslinking Contact Adhesive Tensorgrip L72N Percent Conc. 60-100 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=5&subcat=26&productid=8 Description Formulated to bond a wide variety of insulation to the interior and exterior of ductwork Example Distributor: None found 30-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=7&subcat=54&productid=9 Formulated for bonding laminate on porous or tough-to-bond materials Example Distributor: None found 60-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=7&subcat=31&productid=10 Formulated for bonding decorative HPL (high pressure laminate) to a variety of substrates Example Distributor: None found 30-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=7&subcat=54&productid=63 Formulated for bonding vinyl, rubber, and plastics Example Distributor: None found 30-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=7&subcat=54&productid=134 Formulated for bonding vinyl, rubber, and plastics Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 27 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Product Tensorgrip M80N Percent Conc. 60-100 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=2&subcat=48&productid=128 Description Formulated for a variety of marine applications and interior boat outfitting Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Tensorgrip P302 NonFlam High Temp Contact Adhesive Tensorgrip P305 NonFlam Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tensorgrip P309 NonFlam PressureSensitive Adhesive Tensorgrip P310 Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tensorgrip P311 NonFlam Pressure Sensitive Adhesive 60-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=69&subcat=70&productid=29 Adhesive for use with foam, insulation, and laminate Example Distributor: None found 30-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=69&subcat=70&productid=137 Example Distributor: None found 60-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=69&subcat=70&productid=18 9 Example Distributor: None found 30-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=69&subcat=70&productid=176 Example Distributor: None found 60-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=69&subcat=70&productid=177 For temporary or low-stress permanent bonds Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 28 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Adhesive Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Product Tensorgrip P801 Plasticizer Resistant Crosslinking Contact Adhesive Tensorgrip P807 Snowflake Single-Sided Crosslinking Contact Adhesive Percent Conc. 30-60 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=69&subcat=70&productid=135 Description Formulated for bonding vinyl, plastics, and other substrates susceptible to plasticizer migration Example Distributor: None found 30-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: Quin Globalc http://www.tensorglobal.com/usa/products/?cate gory=69&subcat=70&productid=132 Formulated to bond vinyl and rubber without causing plasticizer migration Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: Rema Tip Top - North America Adhesive Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial UT-R20 Hardener Parabond M363 Seam Sealer 60-75 Liquid Example Distributor: Motion Industries https://www.motionindustries.com/productDetail .jsp?sku=02588934 Manufacturer: Royal Coatings and Specialty Polymers http://www.royaladhesives.com/products.asp?di vision_id=8&products_id=487 50-100 Liquid Example Distributor: Floorz-N-More http://floorz-nmore.com/index.php?main_page=product_info& products_id=7172 Hardens cements and adhesives Recommended for seaming various types of carpet in a direct glue down installation, double glue down applications, and stretch-in installation involving synthetic backings Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 29 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Adhesive Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Commercial, Industrial Product SCIGRIP® 3 Solvent Cement for Acrylic SCIGRIP® 4 Solvent Cement for Acrylic Percent Conc. 75-90 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: SCIGRIP Smarter Adhesive Solutions http://scigrip.com/products/search?q=3+solvent &go=GO Description Cement for bonding acrylic Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/SCIGRIP-10799Acrylic-Solvent-Water-thin/dp/B00466V8F0 30-60 Liquid Manufacturer: SCIGRIP Smarter Adhesive Solutions http://scigrip.com/products/search?q=4+solvent &go=GO Cement for bonding acrylic Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/SCIGRIP-AcrylicSolvent-Cement-Water-thin/dp/B000KZUTEM SCIGRIP® 16 Solvent Cement for Acrylic 30-60 FiberWeld Not Specified Liquid Manufacturer: SCIGRIP Smarter Adhesive Solutions http://www.scigrip.com/products/search?q=SCI GRIP+16+%E2%80%93+Acrylic+Cement&go= GO Cement for bonding acrylic Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/SCIGRIP-10319Acrylic-Cement-Low-VOC/dp/B0046768VS Aerosol Manufacturer: Westech Aerosol Corporation http://www.ok2spray.com/fiberweld.php Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 30 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Expected Usersa Adhesive Commercial, Industrial Product HPC-15-38C Percent Conc. Not Specified Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Westech Aerosol Corporation http://www.ok2spray.com/wt-hp15.php Example Distributor: None found Adhesive remover Adhesive remover Commercial Consumer, Commercial Crown SoluStrip Adhesive Remover Zinsser Adhesive Remover Manufacturer: Packaging Service Co., Inc. http://www.packserv.com/products/crown/remov ers/ 80-90 Liquid Example Distributor: Cox Hardware http://www.coxhardware.com/p-15693-solustrip-semi-paste-adhesive-remover-gallon.aspx Manufacturer: Rust-Oleum Corp. https://www.rustoleum.com/productcatalog/consumer-brands/zinsser/paint-strippersand-graffiti-removers/adhesive-remover 50-75 Liquid Example Distributor: Menard’s https://www.menards.com/main/paint/cleanersthinners-removers/paint-stain-cleaners/strippersremovers/zinsser-reg-adhesive-remover-1-gal/p1444452994440.htm Removes hardened mastic and adhesives Manufacturer: The Cleaner Image Adhesive remover Commercial, Industrial Hel-Gel Orange <8 Liquid Example Distributor: VacAway https://store.vacaway.com/hel-gel-orange-quartsp78.aspx Removes gum, tape residue, and other adhesives Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 31 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Automotive air conditioner leak sealer Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/mrl-3-ac-prosuper-seal/ Consumer, Commercial IDQ MRL-3 <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: AutoZone http://www.autozone.com/a-c-charging-andrefrigerant-freon/a-c-stop-leak/quest-r-134asuper-seal-kit/298542_0_0 Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/acp-100-ac-pro/ Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Consumer, Commercial IDQ ACP-100 <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/ACP-100Professional-Synthetic-ConditioningRefrigerant/dp/B007USCM7E Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/acp-100ca-ac-pro/ Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Consumer, Commercial IDQ ACP100CA <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/ACP-100CAProfessional-Formula-SolutionRefrigerant/dp/B007USCMD8 Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/acp-101-ac-pro-r134a/ Consumer, Commercial IDQ ACP-101 <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/ACP-101Professional-Synthetic-ConditioningRefrigerant/dp/B009TC9PG0 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 32 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/acp-102-ac-pro-r134a/ Consumer, Commercial IDQ ACP-102 <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/ACP-102Professional-Synthetic-ConditioningRefrigerant/dp/B007USCMJM Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/acp-102ca-ac-pror-134a/ Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial IDQ ACP102CA <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/ACP-102CAProfessional-Formula-R-134aRefrigerant/dp/B007USCMSI Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/acp-105-ac-prowith-advanced-stop-leak/ IDQ ACP-105 <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: MID Hardware http://midhardware.com/hardware/product_info. php/products_id/831024 Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/acp110_recharge_retrofit_kit/ IDQ ACP-110 <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/ACP-110-R134aRecharge-Retrofit-Kit/dp/B00LTKF35W Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 33 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/acp-307-ac-prohigh-mileage-refrigerant-134a/ Automotive air conditioner refrigerant Automotive air conditioner treatment Automotive air conditioner treatment Automotive parts cleaner Consumer, Commercial IDQ ACP-307 Consumer, Commercial A/C Pro® Rejuvenator A/C System Treatment Consumer, Commercial A/C Pro® Accu-Cool A/C Recharging Kit Commercial B-00002 BTS BRAKE PARTS & METAL CLEANER <1 Aerosol Example Distributor: AutoZone http://www.autozone.com/a-c-charging-andrefrigerant-freon/a-c-systemcleaner/interdynamics-12-oz-a-c-pro-highmileage/823743_0_0 Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/17899-ac-prorejuvenator-ac-system-treatment/ <3 <3 Aerosol Aerosol Example Distributor: AutoZone http://www.autozone.com/a-c-charging-andrefrigerant-freon/r134a-refrigerant/a-c-pro-cpro-a-c-treatment-system/819967_0_0 Manufacturer: IDQ Operating, Inc. http://acprocold.com/product/18018-ac-proaccu-cool-ac-system-recharge-kit/ Eliminates A/C system impurities, seals and helps prevent rubber leaks, and boosts cooling capacity Replaces lost R-134a refrigerant and oil in automotive A/C systems Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: Apex International Group, Inc. http://www.btsindustries.com/productsCleaners. php 25-35 Aerosol Example Distributor: Dodge Packaging Specialties, Inc. https://www.dodgepackaging.net/index.php/prod uct/bts-brake-parts-cleaner-non-flamable/ Brake cleaner Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 34 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Automotive parts cleaner Automotive parts cleaner Automotive parts cleaner Expected Usersa Product Commercial Berryman Brake Parts Cleaner (1401, 1405, and 1455) Commercial Consumer, Commercial Berryman Brake Parts Cleaner (1420) Brake & Contact Cleaner (Bulk) Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Berryman Products, Inc. https://www.berrymanproducts.com/products/cle aning-degreasing/berryman-brake-cleaner/ 60-70 Liquid Brake cleaner Example Distributor: O'Reilly Auto Parts http://www.oreillyauto.com/site/c/detail/BRY0/1 401.oap Manufacturer: Berryman Products, Inc. https://www.berrymanproducts.com/products/cle aning-degreasing/berryman-brake-cleaner/ 60-70 Aerosol Brake cleaner Example Distributor: O'Reilly Auto Parts http://www.oreillyauto.com/site/c/detail/BRY0/1 420.oap?pt=N0450 30-60 Aerosol Manufacturer: BG Products Inc. https://www.bgprod.com/catalog/brakes/bg-402brake-contact-cleaner/ Brake cleaner Example Distributor: None found Automotive parts cleaner Consumer, Commercial High Performance Brake Clean Free (80-928) 10-20 Aerosol Manufacturer: Kimball-Midwest http://catalog.kimballmidwest.com/guide/kimbal l-midwest-product-catalog/80-22.php Brake cleaner Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 35 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Automotive parts cleaner Automotive parts cleaner Automotive parts cleaner Automotive parts cleaner Expected Usersa Product Consumer, Commercial Gunk Carburetor Parts Cleaner – Chlorinated (M4814H) Consumer, Commercial Gunk Brake Parts Cleaner – Chlorinated (M720) Consumer, Commercial Gunk Carb Medic Carburetor Cleaner (M4814/M482 4) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Sprayway Industrial Gasket Remover No. 719 Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: RSC Chemical Solutions http://www.gunk.com/products/cat_det.asp 20 - <30 Aerosol Example Distributor: Shamrock Supply Co. https://www.shamrocksupply.com/itemDetailFilt erPH.action?RFP=IFD&IDP=Y&codeId=10258 359 Manufacturer: RSC Chemical Solutions http://www.gunk.com/products/cat_det.asp 40 - <50 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Gunk-M720Chlorinated-Brake-Cleaner/dp/B000ABGA0I Manufacturer: RSC Chemical Solutions http://www.gunk.com/products/DET_M4814.AS P 60 - <70 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Gunk-M4824-CarbMedic-Carburetor-Cleaner/dp/B002008O7O Manufacturer: Sprayway, Inc. http://www.spraywayinc.com/sites/default/files/ downloads/SW-industrial-MRO-black.pdf 60-80 Aerosol Example Distributor: Engman-Taylor https://www.engman-taylor.com/SpraywaySW719/PD1075320 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 36 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://midamericainternationaltrading.com/ Brush cleaner Brush cleaner Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Jasco Brush Cleaner Klean Strip Brush Cleaner <1 Liquid Example Distributor: Lowe's https://www.lowes.com/pd/Jasco-BrushCleaner-1-Quart/50298107 Description Removes hardened latex and oilbased paint, enamel, vanish, shellac, lacquer, and polyurethane Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/brushcleaner <1 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Klean-Strip-1-galBrush-Cleaner-GBC12/100269885 Manufacturer: Champion Chemical Company Carbon remover Carbon remover Commercial, Industrial Sokoff Commercial, Industrial Carbon Off Dip Tank Solution (10102DTS1) 60-65 60-100 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Central Restaurant Products http://www.centralrestaurant.com/Heavy-DutyCarbon-Remover---One-Quart-c101p11210.html Manufacturer: Quest Specialty Corporation http://questspecialty.com/techsheets/Foodservice/Carbon-Off%20tech_AllQS.pdf For use on stoves and grills Designed for repeated treatment of multiple utensils, including waffle bakers, woks, popcorn kettles, and deep fryers Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 37 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Carbon remover Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Product Carbon Off (10619000120AR) Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Quest Specialty Corporation http://www.questspecialty.com/products/106190 001-20AR-Carbon-Off-Heavy-Duty-CarbonRemover.html 40-70 Aerosol Example Distributor: Jendco Safety Supply https://www.jendcosafety.com/carbon-offheavy-duty-carbon-remover-20-oz-aerosol106190001/ Description Dissolves carbon buildup from metal surfaces Manufacturer: Zep Inc. http://www.apmengineparts.com/036236.html Carbon remover Carbon remover Coil cleaner Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial Zepresto Zep Automotive Carb Spray Cal-Blast™ (4132-20) >30-<50 Liquid Example Distributor: Associated Fuel Systems, Inc. https://associatedfuelsystems.com/product/zepre sto-two-phase-small-parts-cleaner/ Manufacturer: Zep Inc. http://www.zepautomotive.com/product/CarbCleaner >50-<70 Aerosol Example Distributor: Blain Supply, Inc. https://www.farmandfleet.com/products/910694zep-automotive-carb-cleaner.html Used to clean, degrease, and strip metal parts Removes dirt, gum, and varnish deposits from engine carburetors Manufacturer: Nu-Calgon http://www.nucalgon.com/products/aerosols/coil -cleaners/cal-blast 60-100 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Aerosol-Cal-BlastCondenser-Coil-Cleaner/dp/B01FBXMI1O Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 38 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Expected Usersa Percent Conc. Product Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Vapco Products Inc. http://www.vapcoproducts.com/products/BLO1-Blowout-Aerosol-Coil-Cleaner.html Coil cleaner Commercial Blowout 60-100 Aerosol Example Distributor: TopJet Sales http://www.topjetsales.com/vapco-blowout-coilcleaner Cold pipe insulation spray Cold pipe insulation spray Degreaser Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial No Sweat (5880) Surround (5880) Manufacturer: Quest Specialty Corporation http://questspecialty.com/products/5880-NoSweat-Cold-Pipe-Insulation-Spray.html 30-60 Aerosol Example Distributor: Aerosol Store http://www.aerosolstore.com/no-sweat-coldpipe-insulation-spray.html Manufacturer: Quest Specialty Corporation http://www.questspecialty.com/products/5880Surround-Cold-Pipe-Insulation-Spray.html 30-60 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Quest-ChemicalSurround-Insulation-Spray/dp/B007A1E7AQ Manufacturer: The Rector Seal Corp. http://www.rectorseal.com/zipp/ Zipp 5 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Rectorseal-82642-14Ounce-Aerosol-Degreaser/dp/B005E0LR0I Removes oil and grease from electrical equipment and small mechanical parts Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 39 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Zep Inc. Degreaser Furniture refinisher Furniture refinisher Laboratory chemical Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Zep Formula 300 >10 - <20 Liquid Example Distributor: Associated Fuel Systems, Inc. https://associatedfuelsystems.com/product/zepformula-300-1case/ Description For cleaning electric motors, generators, switches, office machinery, process and production equipment and machinery, tools, automotive electrical components, PC boards, and other water-sensitive damaged parts Manufacturer: Savogran http://www.savogran.com/removers.html Kutzit Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Klean Strip Klean Kutter Industrial GC - MS Semi-Vol Analyzer Checkout Mix, Part Number 5190-0473 20-25 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Savogran-KutzitPaint-Varnish-Remover/dp/B001CESJLK Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/klean-kutterrefinisher 25-35 Liquid Example Distributor: Ace Hardware http://www.acehardware.com/product/index.jsp? productId=53177186 For refinishing fine furniture and antiques Dissolves and removes most clear finishes such as varnish, lacquer, polyurethane, and shellac from all types of wood Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies, Inc. http://www.agilent.com/store/productDetail.jsp? catalogId=5190-0473 >90 Liquid Used in gas chromatogram Example Distributor: BGB http://www.bgbinfo.com/product.php?productid=1124544 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 40 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Laboratory chemical Laboratory chemical Laboratory chemical Laboratory chemical Expected Usersa Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Product GC EU PAH Std 250 μg/mL, Part Number 5190-0487 HPLC Flushing Solvent, Part Number G1969-85026 GC/MS Pesticide Analyzer Internal Standard, Part Number 51900472 PAH Mixture, Part Number 8500-5963 Percent Conc. >25 - <45 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies, Inc. http://www.agilent.com/store/productDetail.jsp? catalogId=5190-0487 Description Used in gas chromatogram Example Distributor: None found >10 - <25 Liquid Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies, Inc. http://www.agilent.com/store/en_US/ProdG1969-85026/G1969-85026 Used in high performance liquid chromatography Example Distributor: None found >90 Liquid Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies, Inc. http://www.agilent.com/store/en_US/Prod-51900472/51900472?navAction=push&catId=SubCat2ECS_324 99&pCatName=Standards&navCount=2 Used in gas chromatogram Example Distributor: None found >90 Liquid Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies, Inc. http://www.agilent.com/store/productDetail.jsp? catalogId=8500-5963 Example Distributor: None found Laboratory chemical Industrial Residual Solvent Revised Method 467 Class 2A, Part Number 51900492 <0.3 Liquid Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies, Inc. http://www.agilent.com/store/productDetail.jsp? catalogId=5190-0492 Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 41 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Laboratory chemical Laboratory chemical Laboratory chemical Laboratory chemical Expected Usersa Industrial Product Semi-Volatiles GCMS Tuning Standard, Part Number 85005995 Industrial Test Standard DB-624 CapillaryMegabore, Part Number 2000113 Industrial Dichlorometha ne (5275, H572, H570, H485, H077, 4884, 4883, 4881, 4879) Commercial, Industrial Composite Unleaded Gasoline Solution Percent Conc. >90 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies, Inc. http://www.agilent.com/store/productDetail.jsp? catalogId=8500-5995 Description Used in gas chromatogram Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: Agilent Technologies, Inc. http://www.agilent.com/store/productDetail.jsp? catalogId=200-0113 >90 99-100 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Thomas Scientific http://www.thomassci.com/LaboratorySupplies/Chromatography-Standards/_/J-and-WGC-Column-Test-Standards Used in gas chromatogram Manufacturer: Avantor Performance Materials, Inc. https://www.avantormaterials.com/commerce/pr oduct.aspx?id=4295018440 Example Distributor: None found 90-100 Liquid Manufacturer: Chem Service, Inc. https://www.chemservice.com/store/solutions/co mposite-unleaded-gasoline-solution-s-csrgo6061ml.html Example Distributor: None found Lubricant Commercial, Industrial Foremost 606ES Dry Moly Proprietary Aerosol Manufacturer: Delta Foremost Chemical Corporation http://www.deltaforemost.com/search/FM%2060 6-ES%20Dry%20Moly%20-%20Brochure.pdf Lubricates cables and chains and prevents rust Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 42 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Lubricant Expected Usersa Product Commercial, Industrial Foremost 607ES Hi-Temp Anti-Seize Copper Base Aerosol Percent Conc. Proprietary Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Delta Foremost Chemical Corporation http://www.deltaforemost.com/search/FM%2060 7-ES%20High-Temp%20Anti-Seize%20%20Brochure.pdf Description Protects metal parts in diesel and gasoline engines, metal molding and plastic extruding equipment, and marine engines Example Distributor: None found Lubricant Lubricant Consumer, Commercial Multi-Purpose Lubricant Commercial Liquid MoliGuard (6002) Manufacturer: Fehr Bros Industries, Inc. http://www.fehr.com/fehr-multi-purpose-lubeblue-x-12-cans-l6970 30-60 Aerosol Door and operator lubricant Example Distributor: Endurance Hardware http://www.endurancehardware.com/l6970x1.ht ml 60-100 Liquid Manufacturer: Quest Specialty Corporation http://www.questspecialty.com/products/6002Moli-Guard-Dry-Film-Lubricant.html Dry film lubricant Example Distributor: None found Lubricant Lubricant Commercial Commercial MoliGuard (5440/54410/5 4490) Lubri Dry A Manufacturer: Quest Specialty Corporation http://www.questspecialty.com/products/5440Moli-Guard-Dry-Moly-Lubricant.html 60-100 Aerosol Dry film lubricant Example Distributor: Aerosol Store http://www.aerosolstore.com/moli-guard-drylubricant-spray.html 60-100 Aerosol Manufacturer: Superco Specialty Products http://supercoproducts.com/Products-SpecialtyLubricants.htm Adheres well to all metals, most plastics, glass and rubber Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 43 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: C&H Solutions Novelty item Paint remover Paint remover Consumer Consumer, Commercial Industrial Red Retro Happy Dippy Drinking Bird AST Paint and Varnish Remover B17 Industrial Paint Remover Not Specified Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Famous-LuckyDrinking-BirdMagic/dp/B00L9ICV8Q/ref=sr_1_216?ie=UTF8 &qid=1484589250&sr=8216&keywords=methylene+chloride Manufacturer: Anti-Seize Technology http://www.antiseize.com/ast-pvr-heavy-dutypaint-and-varnish-remover 44-78 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/ANTI-SEIZETECHNOLOGY-17052-AST-PVRVarnish/dp/B00LM8YYWE Using thermodynamics, the bird constantly bobs. Glass tube contains methylene chloride. Dissolves cements, carbon deposits, dried oils, and greases and strips paint, varnish, and decals Manufacturer: Benco Sales, Inc. https://www.bencosales.com/powder-coatingand-aircraft-strippers/b17-powder-coatingstripper 55-65 Liquid Example Distributor: MIT Powder Coatings http://www.mitpowdercoatings.com/benco-b17industrial-paint-powder-coating-stripper-55gallons-shipping-included/ Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 44 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Expected Usersa Product Consumer, Commercial Husky 1229 Vandalism Mark & Stain Remover Consumer, Commercial Commercial, Industrial Vandalism Mark & Stain Remover Foremost 550 Strip-Spray Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Canberra Corp http://canberracorp.com/products/husky-1229 40-60 Aerosol Example Distributor: Dalton & Co. https://daltonandco.com/product/husky-aerosolvandalism-mark-stain-remover-1-can/ Manufacturer: Claire Manufacturing http://clairemfg.com/content/vandalism-markstain-remover 40-60 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Claire-C-870Vandalism-Remover-Aerosol/dp/B005R4JRBW Proprietary Aerosol Manufacturer: Delta Foremost Chemical Corporation http://www.deltaforemost.com/search/FM%2055 0%20Strip-Spray%20-%20Brochure.pdf Paint stripper formulated for easy removal of defective automotive topcoats Example Distributor: None found Paint remover Commercial, Industrial Foremost 1011 Tuf-Strip Proprietary Liquid Manufacturer: Delta Foremost Chemical Corporation http://www.deltaforemost.com/search/FM%2010 11%20Tuf-Strip%20-%20Brochure.pdf Used to remove paint, varnish, grime, and asphalt deposits from all metals Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 45 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Product Foremost 2154-ES XMark Remover Percent Conc. Proprietary Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Delta Foremost Chemical Corporation http://www.deltaforemost.com/search/FM%2021 54-ES%20X-Mark%20Remover%20%20Brochure.pdf Description Removes lipstick, crayon, stencil inks, ball point and marker inks, scotch tape and residue, pencil, and scuff marks Example Distributor: None found Paint remover Consumer, Commercial Permatex Paint Stripper 40-70 Aerosol Manufacturer: ITW Permatex https://www.permatex.com/products/cleanersdegreasers/specialty-cleaners-cleanersdegreasers/permatex-paint-stripper/ Removes decals, stickers, and paint Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Permatex-80577Decal-Stripper-Aerosol/dp/B000HBI9RI Paint remover Commercial Crown HandiStrip Liquid 45-55 Liquid Manufacturer: Packaging Service Co., Inc. http://www.packserv.com/products/crown/remov ers/ Example Distributor: None found Paint remover Consumer, Commercial Crown HandiStrip SemiPaste Remover Manufacturer: Packaging Service Co., Inc. http://www.packserv.com/products/crown/remov ers/ 35-40 Liquid Example Distributor: Lowe’s https://www.lowes.com/pd/Crown-32-fl-ozSemi-Paste-Multi-Surface-PaintRemover/3029985 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 46 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Paint remover Expected Usersa Commercial Commercial, Industrial Product Crown TuffStrip SemiPaste Remover Eldorado PR3500 Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Packaging Service Co., Inc. http://www.packserv.com/products/crown/remov ers/ 65-75 >50 - <75 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Cox Hardware http://www.coxhardware.com/p-5846-tuff-stripsemi-paste-heavy-duty-paint-remover-18oz.aspx Manufacturer: PPG Aerospace http://www.ppgaerospace.com/Products/Coating s-Removers-Cleaners/SurfaceSolutions/Solvents-Cleaners/Eldorado-PR-3500Paint-Remover,-Epoxy-Systems.aspx Used to strip aircraft primers, epoxy, polyurethane, and other organic coatings from metal surfaces Example Distributor: Pilots HQ LLC http://pilotshq.com/prc-desoto-eldorado-3500paint-remover-pr3500gl-p-10541.html Paint remover Commercial, Industrial Ruthless (6030) 60-100 Liquid Manufacturer: Quest Specialty Corporation http://questspecialty.com/products/6030Ruthless-Paint-Varnish-Remover.html Example Distributor: None found Paint remover Consumer, Commercial Ruthless (5580/5590) Manufacturer: Quest Specialty Corporation http://www.questspecialty.com/products/5580Ruthless-Paint-Remover.html 40-70 Aerosol Example Distributor: Aerosol Store http://www.aerosolstore.com/ruthless-paintremover.html Intended for use on metal, brick, terrazzo, ceramic, and wood surfaces to remove paint, lacquer, enamel, varnish, labels, silicone, and carbon deposits Removes paint, decals and labels from all surfaces Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 47 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Product Zinsser Brush & Roller Wash Percent Conc. 50-100 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Rust-Oleum Corp. https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search? q=cache:zjgBwfP_DAwJ:https://www.rustoleum .com/product-catalog/consumerbrands/zinsser/paint-strippers-and-graffitiremovers/brush-and-rollerwash+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Zinsser-1-qtBrush-and-Roller-Wash-6-Pack42094/205163872 Manufacturer: Rust-Oleum Corp. https://www.rustoleum.com/productcatalog/consumer-brands/zinsser/paint-strippersand-graffiti-removers/power-stripper Paint remover Paint remover Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Zinsser Power Stripper Prepaint Deglosser 50-75 Aerosol Example Distributor: Menard's https://www.menards.com/main/paint/cleanersthinners-removers/paint-stain-cleaners/strippersremovers/zinsser-reg-stripfast-power-stripperspray-18-oz/p-1444452990252.htm Manufacturer: Savogran http://www.savogran.com/heavy-dutycleaning.html 35-40 Liquid Example Distributor: Jamestown Distributors https://www.jamestowndistributors.com/userport al/show_product.do?pid=63902 Removes paint, stain, lacquer, varnish epoxy, and polyurethane from wood, metal, masonry, and marine surfaces Cleans oil, grease, and paint remover sludge from wood and metal, and heel marks, dirt, and pencil marks from new wood Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 48 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Savogran http://www.savogran.com/removers.html 5F5 65-70 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/SAVOGRAN-50001Gallon-Paint-Remover/dp/B0031KI18O Paint and varnish remover for industrial, marine, and consumer use Manufacturer: Savogran http://www.savogran.com/removers.html Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial Strypeeze Original 25-30 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Savogran-01102Strypeeze-Semi-PasteStripper/dp/B001003UEM Recommended for removing latex and oil-based paints, varnish, and lacquers Manufacturer: Savogran http://www.savogran.com/removers.html SuperStrip 39913 Urethane Bumper Stripper 80-85 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Savogran-01132SuperStrip-Stripper-Varnish/dp/B002OTNSIG Manufacturer: SEM Products, Inc. https://www.semproducts.com/refinish-paintstrippers/urethane-bumper-stripper 70-100 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/SEM-39913Urethane-Bumper-Stripper/dp/B000I1NWGA For stripping concrete workshop floors or removing tile mastic Removes refinish materials from flexible parts Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 49 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Expected Usersa Product Consumer, Commercial 77713 Urethane Bumper Stripper (XXX Bumper Stripper) Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial SP™615 Heavy Duty Paint Remover Aerosol Paint Stripper Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: SEM Products, Inc. https://www.semproducts.com/refinish-paintstrippers/xxx-bumper-stripper-77713 70-100 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/SEM-77713-XXXBumper-Stripper/dp/B003TQH91A 62.04 Aerosol Manufacturer: Sprayon Products http://www.sprayon.com/productcategories/industrial-specialty-products/heavyduty-paint-remover-with-methylene-chlorideaerosol-sp615 Description Removes refinish materials from flexible parts Removes paint finishes, urethanes, varnish, and shellac Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Sprayon-SP615REMOVER-AerosolS00615000/dp/B00DRHTHUC 60-80 Aerosol Manufacturer: Sprayway Inc. http://www.spraywayinc.com/content/paintstripper Use on brick, tile, steel, brass, chrome, porcelain, and many other surfaces Example Distributor: None found Paint remover Commercial Super Strip A 40-70 Aerosol Manufacturer: Superco Specialty Products http://supercoproducts.com/Products-SpecialtyStrippers.htm Paint and varnish remover; removes graffiti from brick and concrete Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 50 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Product Zar Paint and Varnish Remover Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: United Gilsonite Laboratories http://cleaningandmaintenance.ugl.com/?page_id =12# 60-100 Paste/ Gel Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/ZAR-1-pt-Paintand-Varnish-Remover-2-Pack209112/203887497 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://midamericainternationaltrading.com/ Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Jasco Premium Remover Goof Off All Purpose Paint Stripper Goof Off Pro Paint Stripper Aerosol 88 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Jasco-BixEJBP00206-PremiumRemover/dp/B000BZTFQY For use on wood, metal, concrete, and masonry Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.goofoffproducts.com/product/paintremovers-strippers 30-40 Liquid Example Distributor: Lowe's https://www.lowes.com/pd/Goof-Off-1-QuartSemi-Paste-Multi-SurfacePaintRemover/50298089 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.goofoffproducts.com/product/paintremovers-strippers 70-95 Aerosol Example Distributor: Lowe's https://www.lowes.com/pd/Goof-Off-18-ozSpray-Multi-Surface-Paint-Remover/50298103 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 51 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Product Jasco Premium Paint and Epoxy Remover Consumer, Commercial Klean-Strip Peeler Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Klean Strip Heavy Bodied Metal & Masonry Paint Remover Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Klean-Strip Naked Gun Spray Gun Paint Remover Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.jascohelp.com/product/premium-paint-epoxy-remover 60-100 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Jasco-1-qtPremium-Paint-and-Epoxy-RemoverQJBP00202/202247418 Description Removes paint, varnish, lacquer, shellac, epoxy, urethane, latex or any synthetic coating. Can be used on wood, metal, concrete, and masonry. Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/aircraftpeeler 60-100 Aerosol For use on aircraft Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Kleanstrip-EFS459Aircraft-Peeler-Basecoat/dp/B0015DSJWW Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/metalmasonry-paint-remover 75-85 Liquid Example Distributor: MSC Industrial https://www.mscdirect.com/webapp/wcs/stores/s ervlet/browse/tnpla/70250642 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/naked-gunspray-gun-paint-remover 30-60 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Remover-Paint-SprayNaked-Gun-2pack/dp/B00WS7ZP6M Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 52 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial Product Klean Strip Adhesive Remover / Klean Strip Premium Stripper Klean Strip Premium Sprayable Stripper Klean-Strip Color Change Stripper Premium Stripper (Aerosol) Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/premiumstripper 60-100 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Klean-Strip-1-galKS-3-Premium-Stripper-GKS3/100144685 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/premiumsprayable-stripper 60-100 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Klean-Strip-1-qtPremium-Sprayable-StripperQKS221/100187054 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/premiumcolor-change-stripper 40-60 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Klean-Strip-1-galColor-Change-Stripper-GKCC00326/100406365 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/premiumstripper-aerosol 70-95 Aerosol Example Distributor: Walmart https://www.walmart.com/ip/Klean-StripPremium-Paint-Stripper/17208799 Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 53 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Product Klean-Strip Strip X Stripper Klean Strip Aircraft Low Odor Paint Remover Klean Strip Aircraft Paint Remover (Aerosol) Klean Strip Aircraft Paint Remover (Liquid) Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/strip-xstripper 30-40 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Klean-Strip-1-qtStrip-X-Stripper-QSX6/100179578 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.wmbarr.com/product.aspx?catid=82 &prodid=239 80-90 Liquid Example Distributor: Coastal Tool Supply http://www.coastaltoolsupply.com/product/KLEGAR777.html?gclid=CJXP07yHhNICFcGLswo dAXMMZA Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.wmbarr.com/product.aspx?catid=82 &prodid=135 60-100 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Klean-Strip-EAR322Aerosol-Aircraft-18-Ounce/dp/B000VI13L6 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.wmbarr.com/product.aspx?catid=82 &prodid=136 60-100 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/GAR343-KLEANSTRIP-Aircraft-StripperGallon/dp/B004Y1KX9E Removes a wide range of finishes from the metal surfaces of automobiles, trucks, and cycles Removes a wide range of finishes from the metal surfaces of automobiles, trucks, and cycles Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 54 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Paint remover Expected Usersa Product Commercial, Industrial Klean Strip Aircraft Paint Remover for Flexible Plastic Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Klean-Strip Fiberglass Paint Remover Percent Conc. 60-100 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.wmbarr.com/product.aspx?catid=82 &prodid=45 Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Kleanstrip-EUP367Aircraft-Remover-Plastic-2c/dp/B002GUPA16 Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.wmbarr.com/product.aspx?catid=82 &prodid=113 10-30 Liquid For use on aircraft Example Distributor: Auto Body Toolmart http://www.autobodytoolmart.com/klean-stripfiberglass-paint-stripper-gaf354-p-14857.aspx Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.wmbarr.com/product.aspx?catid=15 &prodid=60 Paint remover Paint remover Consumer, Commercial Commercial, Industrial KWIK Liquid No Wash KWIK Marine Paint & Varnish Remover 20-30 Liquid Example Distributor: Castle Wholesalers http://www.castlewholesalers.com/KWIKLIQUID-NO-WASH-CLN-950-Paint-VarnishRemover-5-Gal.html Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.wmbarr.com/product.aspx?catid=15 &prodid=59 60-100 Liquid Example Distributor: Merritt Supply https://www.merrittsupply.com/product/kwikmarine-paint-varnish-remover-gallon-pn-kwik01/ Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 55 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Product Goof Off Liquid Stripper Zep Automotive Paint Remover Spray Zep Paint Remover Spray Gel Percent Conc. 60-100 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.goofoffproducts.com/product/paintremovers-strippers Example Distributor: Lowe's https://www.lowes.com/pd/Goof-Off-1-GallonLiquid-Multi-Surface-Paint-Remover/50298101 Manufacturer: Zep Inc. http://www.zepautomotive.com/product/PaintRemover >50 - <70 Aerosol Example Distributor: Advance Auto Parts http://shop.advanceautoparts.com/p/zepautomotive-paint-remover-sprayzaa7299/10668017-P Manufacturer: Zep Inc. http://www.zepdistribution.com/product/zepprof essional/aerosol-paint-remover >50 - <70 Aerosol Example Distributor: HomElectrical http://www.homelectrical.com/zep-professionalpaint-remover-spray-gel-20-oz.zppr18201.1.html Manufacturer: Allied Pressroom Products http://www.alliedchem.com/index.php/offsetprinting/offset-pressroom-aids/smash Printing lubricant Commercial, Industrial Smash Description 30-60 Liquid Example Distributor: FUJIFILM North America Corp. https://www.fujifilmdirect.com/index.php/offsetprinting/pressroom-1/smash-blanket-fix-8ounce-can.html Used in the printing industry as a lubricant. This product is used to even out the surface of the blanket of a printing press. Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 56 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Hurst Chemical Company https://www.hurstchemical.com/downloads/Hurs t_Product_Guide_2017.pdf Printing lubricant Sealant Textile treatment Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial Commercial, Industrial No. 14 Blanket Saver Permatex Copper SprayA-Gasket Everblum Special Cleaning Fluid (1005, 1006, and 1008) 65-85 10-30 Liquid Aerosol Example Distributor: Printing Equipment & Supply http://stores.printingequipmentandsupply.com/h urst-blanket-saver/ Description Used in the printing industry as a lubricant. This product is used to even out the surface of the blanket of a printing press. Manufacturer: ITW Permatex https://www.permatex.com/products/gasketing/g asket-sealants/permatex-copper-spray-a-gaskethi-temp-sealant/ Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Permatex-80697Gasket-Hi-Temp-Adhesive/dp/B000HBNUDQ 35-45 Liquid Manufacturer: Albatross USA Inc. http://albatrossusa.com/everblumcleaningfluid.aspx Removes oil, grease, pencil, chalk, dirt, crayon, adhesive, cosmetic, and food stains from fabrics Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: Albatross USA Inc. http://albatrossusa.com/superkleenspifcuredinkremover.aspx Textile treatment Commercial, Industrial AlbaChem Superkleen S.P.I.F. 85-95 Liquid Example Distributor: ScreenPrintingSupply.com https://www.screenprintingsupply.com/Albatross -SuperKleen-SPIF-Spot-RemoverFluid_p_15376.html Removes plastisol and water-based inks, flock lettering, and adhesives from all textiles Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 57 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Textile treatment Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Product ALLOPAR® Spot Lifter 2 Percent Conc. 40-50 Form Aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Allopar LLC http://www.allopar.com/2015/05/14/alloparspot-lifter-2/ Description Spot remover for textiles Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: Tekmar http://tekmarltd.com/products/spot-cleaning/tsvlr/ Textile treatment Commercial, Industrial TS-VLR 72-86 Liquid Example Distributor: Tech Support Screen Printing Supplies, LLC https://store.techsupportsps.com/collections/tek mar-chemicals Manufacturer: Tekmar http://tekmarltd.com/products/spotcleaning/chemicals/formula-ts-3/ Textile treatment Commercial, Industrial TS-3 70 - <90 Liquid Example Distributor: ScreenPrintingSupply.com https://www.screenprintingsupply.com/TekmarTS-3-Spot-Removal-Fluid_p_6287.html Vinyl letter remover Removes cured plastisol, waterbased, puff, flock adhesives, and many other ink types from fabrics Manufacturer: Tekmar http://tekmarltd.com/products/spotcleaning/chemicals/formula-ts-1/ Textile treatment Commercial, Industrial TS-1 72 - <90 Liquid Example Distributor: ScreenPrintingSupply.com https://www.screenprintingsupply.com/TekmarTS-1-Texstyle-Formula-Spot-CleaningFluid_p_15443.html Removes grease, oil, dirt, marking pencil, lipstick, cosmetics, and other soils from fabrics Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 58 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain Methylene Chloride Use Weld spatter protectant Weld spatter protectant Weld spatter protectant Weld spatter protectant Expected Usersa Product Commercial, Industrial Radnor Solvent Based AntiSpatter Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial WL™541 Dry Weld Spatter Protectant Aerosol WL™542 Wet Weld Spatter Protectant Aerosol Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Description Manufacturer: Radnor >90 89.4 Aerosol Aerosol Example Distributor: Airgas Inc. https://www.airgas.com/p/RAD64000100 Prevents spatter build up in welding operations Manufacturer: Sprayon Products http://www.sprayon.com/productcategories/industrial-welding-products/dry-weldspatter-protectant-with-methylene-chlorideaerosol-wl541 Example Distributor: Applied Industrial Technologies https://www.applied.com/csprayon-s00541000/p/101529401 Manufacturer: Sprayon Products https://www.applied.com/c-sprayons00542000/p/101532288 94.4 Aerosol Example Distributor: MHS Industrial Supply http://www.mhsindustrial.com/WL542-WETWELD-SPATTER-PROTECTANT_p_175674.html Manufacturer: Weld-Aid Products http://www.weldaid.com/nozzle-kleen-2/ Nozzle Kleen #2 Aerosol >90 Aerosol Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Weld-Aid-NozzleKleen-Anti-Spatter-Liquid-16/dp/B008RA5DYI Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 59 Notes: a Determination of the expected users associated with a use or process is based on EPA’s best judgement if the users are not explicitly defined in the resource(s) cited. b HMS was not found on 3M’s website or for purchase online. However, because the SDS was updated on 2/21/2017, the product is presumably still available. c Quin Global manufactures a variety of spray adhesives for sale in the US, UK, and Australia. All Quin Global products in this table are ones that Quin Global indicates are available in the US. However, for the most part, the distributors they link to from their site do not appear to currently have the products available for purchase. Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 60 3.3 Methylene Chloride Market Trends In addition to its use in paint strippers and removers, which are not discussed in this report, methylene chloride is widely used as a solvent in the production of pharmaceuticals and chemical processing, as well as metal cleaning and the production of HFC-32 (IHS Markit, 2016). Due to increasing government regulations and environmental and human health concerns, the use of methylene chloride has been declining in the U.S. (ICIS Chemical Business, 2005). Consumption of methylene chloride decreased from a high of approximately 540 million pounds in the mid-1980s (EPA, n.d.-a) to about 261 million pounds in 2011 (EPA, 2014). However, greater production of the non-ozone depleting refrigerant HFC-32 is expected to offer increased global demand for methylene chloride in the future (Processing Magazine, 2015). Global consumption of all chlorinated methanes, including methylene chloride, is anticipated to grow by 2.0 percent annually from 2016 to 2021 (IHS Markit, 2016). By 2020, the global methylene chloride market is projected to reach a value of $892.9 million (Processing Magazine, 2015). Much of this predicted growth is associated with Asian countries as a result of increased demand for solvents from end-users in pharmaceutical, HFC32, and chemical processing industries (Processing Magazine, 2015). Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 61 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2000). "Toxicological Profile for Methylene Chloride." Available at: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp14.pdf Dunn & Bradstreet. (2015). "NMP and DCM Manufacturers." Hoovers Database, Available at: http://www.hoovers.com/. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). (2015). "Dichloromethane." ToxNet: Toxicology Data Network Retrieved February 16, 2017, Available at: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+75-09-2. Health and Human Services (HHS) (2000). "Toxicological Profile for Methylene Chloride." ICIS Chemical Business. (2005). "Methylene Chloride." Available at: https://www.icis.com/resources/news/2005/12/02/580954/chemical-profile-methylene-chloride/. IHS Markit. (2016). "Chemical Economics Handbook: Chlorinated Methanes [Publicly available preview]." Available at: https://www.ihs.com/products/chlorinatedmethanes-chemicaleconomics-handbook.html. National Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2010). "Congress Must Expand Protections against Widely Used Harmful Chemicals: Methylene Chloride." Available at: https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/methyleneChloride.pdf. Processing Magazine (2015). "Global Methylene Chloride Market Value to Reach $892.9M by 2020." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2000). "Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane)." Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/methylenechloride.pdf. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2010). Non-Confidential 2006 IUR Company/Chemical Records. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2012). "Market Profile and Use Analysis of Methylene Chloride- (Contains proporitary information)." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2014). Non-Confidential 2012 CDR Database. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2015a). "Fact Sheet: Methylene Chloride or Dichloromethane (DCM)." Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/201509/documents/dcmfaq.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2015b). "Form R & A Download- 2015 Release Data." Toxic Release Inventory Retrieved February 8,, 2017, Available at: https://www3.epa.gov/enviro/facts/tri/form_ra_download.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2017). Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: Methylene Chloride. Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 62 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.-a). "Non-Confidential IUR Production Volume Information." Available at: http://www.epa.gov/cdr/tools/data/2002-vol.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (n.d.-b). Section 3. Activities and Uses of the EPCRA Section 313 Chemical at the Facility (Form R). Toxic Release Inventory - Reporting Forms & Instructions. U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) (2016). ChemIDplus, A TOXNET Database. Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 63 Appendix A : Detailed TRI data Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility 3M Cottage Grove Center 10746 Innovation Rd Cottage Grove, MN 55016 3V Sigma USA 888 Woodstock St Georgetown, SC 29440 AbbVie - North Chicago Facility 1401 Sheridan Rd North Chicago, IL 60064 Agilent Technologies Boulder 5555 Airport Blvd Boulder, CO 80301 Agilent Technologies Inc. 91 Blue Ravine Rd Folsom, CA 95630 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Electronics Specialty Materials 357 Marian Ave Tamaqua, PA 18252 Albemarle Corp 2858 Back Vail Rd Tyrone, PA 16686 Albemarle Corp South Plant 2270 Hwy 79 S Magnolia, AR 71753 Alcami Corp (Formerly Cambridge Major Laboratories) W132 N10550 Grant Dr Germantown, WI 53022 Alcore Inc - Lakeside 1502 Quarry Dr Edgewood, MD 21040 Aldrich Chemical Co LLC 5485 County Rd V Sheboygan Falls, WI 53085 Alza Corp 700 Eubanks Drive Vacaville, CA 95688 AMC International 310 Brookhollow Ind Blvd Dalton, GA 30721 American Jetway Corp 34136 Myrtle Wayne, MI 48184 Ampac Fine Chemicals LLC Hwy 50 & Hazel Rd Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 Amri Rensselaer Inc. 33 Riverside Ave Rensselaer, NY 12144 Amvac Chemical Co 12650 Hwy 43 N Axis, AL 36505 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Reactant, Formulation Component, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Produce, Byproduct, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000,000-9,999,999 Reactant 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Repackaging, Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid NR NR Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 64 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Amylin Ohio LLC 8814 Trade Port Dr West Chester, OH 45071 Anatrace 434 W D US Sel Dr Maumee, OH 43537 Applied Biosystems LLC 6055 Sunol Blvd Pleasanton, CA 94566 Arkema Inc. 4444 Ind US Trial Pkwy Calvert City, KY 42029 Arrow Cryogenics 1671 93rd Ln NE Blaine, MN 55449 Ash Grove Cement Co 4343 Hwy 108 Foreman, AR 71836 Ash Grove Cement Co 1801 N Santa Fe Chanute, KS 66720 Astro Chemicals Inc. 126 Memorial Dr Springfield, MA 01104 ATK-Allegany Ballistics Lab (Nirop) 210 WV State Rt 956 Rocket Center, WV 26726 Augusta Fiberglass Coatings Inc. 86 Lake Cynthia Rd Blackville, SC 29817 Avantor Performance Materials 7001 Martin Luther King Blvd Paris, KY 40361 Axiall LLC 26100 Hwy 405 S Plaquemine, LA 70764 Bachem Americas Inc. 1271 Avenida Chelsea Vista, CA 92081 Bachem Americas Inc. 3132 Kashiwa St Torrance, CA 90505 Bell Laboratories Inc. 3699 Kinsman Blvd Madison, WI 53704 Benco Sales Inc. 123 Stout Dr Crossville, TN 38555 Berg Lacquer Co 3150 E Pico Blvd Los Angeles, CA 900233632 Berryman Products Inc. 3800 E Randol Mill Rd Arlington, TX 76011 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000,000-9,999,999 Reactant 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Produce, Byproduct 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000,000-9,999,999 Article Component 0-99 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 65 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Bimax Inc. 158 Industrial Rd Glen Rock, PA 17327 Boulder Scientific Co Mead Facility 598 Third St Mead, CO 80542 Braxton Manufacturing Co Inc. 858 Echo Lake Rd Watertown, CT 06795 Brenntag Great Lakes LLC 14765 W Bobolink Ave Menomonee Falls, WI 53051 Brenntag Mid-South 2000 E Pettigrew St Durham, NC 27703 Brenntag Mid-South Inc. 3200 Moon Station Rd Kennesaw, GA 30144 Brenntag Northeast Inc. 81 W Huller Ln Reading, PA 19605 Brenntag Southwest Inc. Lancaster 704 E Wintergreen Rd Lancaster, TX 75134 Buckman Laboratories Inc. 1256 N McLean Blvd Memphis, TN 38108 Buzzi Unicem USA - Cape Girardeau 2524 S Sprigg St Cape Girardeau, MO 63703 Buzzi Unicem USA - Greencastle Plant 3301 S County Rd 150 W Greencastle, IN 46135 C S Bio Co 20 Kelly Ct Menlo Park, CA 94025 Calgon Carbon Corp 15024 US 23 Catlettsburg, KY 41129 Callahan Chemical Co 18 Industrial Rd Walpole, MA 02081 Cambrex Charles City Inc. 1205 11th St Charles City, IA 50616 Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc. 50 Frontage Rd Andover, MA 01810 Carestream Health Inc. - ISC B-14 1669 Lake Ave Eastman Business Park Building 14 Rochester, NY 14615 Cayman Chemical Co Inc. 1180 E Ellsworth Rd Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Ancillary NR NR NR NR NR NR 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Produce, Manufacture Impurity, Process Impurity 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Repackaging, Process Impurity, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Produce, Manufacture Impurity, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Reactant, Article Component, Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Reactant, Formulation Component Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 66 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Cedarburg Pharmaceuticals Inc. 870 Badger Cir Grafton, WI 53024 Celanese Acetate LLC - Celco Plant 3520 Virginia Ave Narrows, VA 24124 Central Plains Cement Co 2609 N 145th E Ave Tulsa, OK 74116 ChemDesign Products Inc. 2 Stanton St Marinette, WI 54143 Chemical Solvents Inc. Denison Facility 1010 Old Denison Ave Cleveland, OH 44109 Chemical Solvents Jennings Rd Facility 3751 Jennings Rd Cleveland, OH 44109 Chemical Waste Management of the Northwest Inc. 17629 Cedar Springs Ln Arlington, OR 97812 Chemisphere Corp 2101 Clifton Ave Saint Louis, MO 63139 Chemours Co - Fayetteville Works 22828 NC Hwy 87 W Fayetteville, NC 28306 Chemsolv Inc. 1140 Industry Ave Se Roanoke, VA 24013 Chemtron Corp 35850 Schneider Ct Avon, OH 44011 Cherokee Pharmaceuticals LLC 100 Avenue C Riverside, PA 17868 CLCM-St Francis (Formerly Masd & Kitzinger) 3950 S Pennsylvania Ave Saint Francis, WI 53235 Clean Harbors Aragonite LLC 11600 North Aptus Rd Grantsville, UT 84029 Clean Harbors Deer Park LLC 2027 Independence Parkway South La Porte, TX 77571 Clean Harbors El Dorado LLC 309 American Cir Union El Dorado, AR 71730 Clean Harbors Environmental Services Inc. 2247 S Hwy 71 Kimball, NE 69145 Clean Harbors Recycling Services of Chicago LLC 1445 W 42nd Chicago, IL 60609 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR 10,000-99,999 Reactant 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Article Component 1,000,000-9,999,999 Produce, Byproduct, Repackaging, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Process Impurity Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 67 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Clean Harbors Recycling Services of Ohio LLC 581 Milliken Dr SE Hebron, OH 43025 Colstrip Steam Electric Station Willow Ave Colstrip, MT 59323 Comcast Urethane 425 Leggitt Rd Marshall, MI 49068 Commerce Industrial Chemicals Inc. 3420 W Mill Rd Milwaukee, WI 53209 Continental Cement Co LLC 10107 Hwy 79 Hannibal, MO 63401 Corden Pharma Colorado Inc. 2075 N 55th St Boulder, CO 80301 CORPAK MedSystems 1001 Asbury Dr Buffalo Grove, IL 60089 Covidien LP 195 McDermott Rd North Haven, CT 06473 CR Bard 428 Power House Rd Moncks Corner, SC 29461 Cytec Industrial Materials 5350 S 129th E Ave Tulsa, OK 74134 Dap Products Inc. 875 N Third St Tipp City, OH 45371 Dapco Industries 2500 Bishop Cir E Dexter, MI 48130 Daubert Chemical Co 4700 S Central Ave Chicago, IL 60638 Demenno/Kerdoon Inc. 2000 North Alameda Street Compton, CA 90222 Doremus Terminal LLC 128 Doremus Ave Newark, NJ 07105 Dow Chemical Co 901 Loveridge Rd Pittsburg, CA 94565 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 100,000-999,999 Imported, Used Processed, Formulation Component, Ancillary 0-99 Produce, Byproduct, Ancillary NR NR 1,000-9,999 Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Article Component, Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 100-999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Repackaging, Process Impurity, Ancillary NR NR 100,000-999,999 Dow Chemical Co Freeport Facility 2301 N Brazosport Blvd Freeport, TX 77541-3257 10,000,000-49,999,999 DSM Nutritional Products 1000 County Rd 227A Freeport, TX 77541 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Chemical Processing Aid, Produce, Imported, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Manufacture Impurity, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary Chemical Processing Aid Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 68 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Duna USA Inc. 4210 FM 1405 Baytown, TX 77523 DuPont Pontchartrain Works 586 Hwy 44 La Place, LA 70068 DuPont Sabine River Works Farm Rd 1006 Orange, TX 77630 E R Squibb & Sons LLC One Squibb Dr North Brunswick, NJ 08902 Eagle Chemicals Inc. 2550 Bobmeyer Rd Hamilton, OH 45015 Eastman Chemical Co Texas Operations 300 Kodak Blvd Longview, TX 75602 Ebonite International Inc. 1813 W 7th St Hopkinsville, KY 42240 EMCO Chemical Distributors Inc. 2100 Commonwealth Ave North Chicago, IL 60064 EMCO Chemical Distributors Inc. 8601 95th St Pleasant Prairie, WI 53158 EMD Millipore Corp 11 Prescott Rd Jaffrey, NH 03452 EMD Millipore Corp 2909 Highland Ave Cincinnati, OH 45212 Emerald Performance Materials LLC 1550 County Rd 1450 N Henry, IL 61537 Emerald Services Inc. 1825 E Alexander Ave Tacoma, WA 98421 Ensign-Bickford Aerospace & Defense Co State Rt 175 PO Box 219 Graham, KY 42344 Essroc Cement Corp State Rd 25 South 3084 W Cr 225 S Logansport, IN 46947 Eurofins MWG Operon Inc. 2211 Seminole Dr Huntsville, AL 35805 Euticals Inc 2460 W Bennett St Springfield, MO 65807 Evonik Corp Tippecanoe Laboratories 1650 Lilly Rd Lafayette, IN 47909 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid NR NR 1,000-9,999 Produce, Manufacture Impurity 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 100,000-999,999 Imported, Used Processed, Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Process Impurity 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 69 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Fenwal International Inc. Rd 122 Km 0.5 San German, PR 683 Fisher Scientific Co LLC 1 Reagent Ln Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 Fisher Scientific Co LLC 755 Rt 202 Bridgewater, NJ 08807 Foley Cellulose LLC 1 Buckeye Dr Perry, FL 32348 Four Star Chemical 3137 E. 26th St Vernon, CA 90058 G & M Manufacturing Corp 111 S Main St Crystal Lake, IL 60014 GBC Metals LLC Somers Thin Strip 215 Piedmont St Waterbury, CT 06706 General Dynamics Ordnance & Tactical Systems Inc. I Area 6658 Rt 148 Marion, IL 62959 General Plastics Manufacturing Co 4910 Burlington Way Tacoma, WA 98409 Great Lakes Chemical - Central 2226 Haynesville Hwy El Dorado, AR 71730 GTA-NHT Inc. 19 Smiley Ingram Rd Cartersville, GA 30121 Hampford Research Inc. 54 Veterans Blvd Stratford, CT 06615 Harris Paints Corp 25 C Street Minillas Industrial Park Bayamon Pr Bayamon, PR 959 Helmitin Inc. 11110 Airport Rd Olive Branch, MS 38654 Henkel Corp 825 Cedar Springs Rd Salisbury, NC 28147 Heraeus Precious Metals NA Daychem LLC 970 Ind Us Trial Park Dr Vandalia, OH 45377 Heritage Thermal Services 1250 St George St East Liverpool, OH 43920 Hexcel Corp 5400 S 6800 W West Valley City, UT 84119 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 1,000,000-9,999,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Ancillary NR NR 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Article Component 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Reactant, Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid NR NR 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 70 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Holcim (US) Inc. Holly Hill Plant 2173 Gardner Blvd Holly Hill, SC 29059 Honeywell Burdick & Jackson 1953 S Harvey St Muskegon, MI 49442 Hospira Boulder Inc. - A Pfizer Co 4884 Sterling Dr Boulder, CO 80301 Hubbard-Hall Inc. 589 S Leonard St Waterbury, CT 06708 Idex Health & Science LLC 110 Halcyon Dr Bristol, CT 06010 IDQ Operating Inc. 2901 Kingsley Rd Garland, TX 75041 Illumina 5200 Illumina Way San Diego, CA 92122 Indianhead Plating Inc. 1610 Palmer St Chippewa Falls, WI 54729 Industrial Chemicals Corp 4711 W 58th Ave Arvada, CO 80002 Interstate Chemical Co Inc. 2797 Freedland Rd Hermitage, PA 16148 IPS Corp 17109 S Main St Gardena, CA 90248 ITW Polymers Sealants NA 56 Air Station Industrial Park Rockland, MA 02370 Johnson Matthey 2001 Nolte Dr West Deptford, NJ 08066 Johnson Matthey Inc. 900 Schuylkill River Rd Conshohocken, PA 19428 Johnson Matthey Pharma Services 25 Patton Rd Devens, MA 01434 Johnson Matthey Pharma Services 70 Flagship Dr North Andover, MA 01845 Kemper System America Inc. 1200 N America Dr West Seneca, NY 14224 Keystone Cement Co Rt 329 Bath, PA 18014 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Ancillary 100-999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary NR NR 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Process Impurity, Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Imported, Used Processed, Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 71 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility King Systems Corp 15011 Herriman Blvd Noblesville, IN 46060 Kitchenman Terminal Co 180 Canal Rd Fairless Hills, PA 19030 KKSP Precision Machining LLC 10790 Green Bay Rd Pleasant Prairie, WI 53158 KKSP Precision Machining 650 Hathaway St East China, MI 48054 K-SOLV LP 1007 Lakeside Dr Channelview, TX 77530 LaFarge NA (Including Systech Env Corp) 11435 County Rd 176 Paulding, OH 45879 Lanco Manufacturing Corp Urb Aponte # 5 San Lorenzo, PR 754 Lear Corp 1110 Woodmere Ave Traverse City, MI 49686 Lone Star Specialties LLC 6412 Us Hwy 259 S Lone Star, TX 75668 Lord Corp 601 South St Saegertown, PA 16433 Mallinckrodt LLC 3600 N 2nd St Saint Louis, MO 63147 McGean-Rohco Inc. 38521 Schoolcraft Ave Livonia, MI 48150 McLaughlin Gormley King 4001 Peavey Rd Chaska, MN 55318 Montana Silversmiths 1 Sterling Ln Columbus, MT 59019 NCH Corp Mohawk Labs Div 7401 E 33rd St Indianapolis, IN 46226 NCH Corp Mohawk Labs Div 2730 Carl Rd Irving, TX 75062 Nektar Therapeutics 1112 Church St Huntsville, AL 35801 Nexeo Solutions LLC 8500 S Willow Springs Rd Willow Springs, IL 60480 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary NR NR 10,000-99,999 Process Impurity, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Ancillary NR NR 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100-999 Manufacture Aid NR NR 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Repackaging Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 72 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Nexeo Solutions LLC 2011 Turner St Lansing, MI 48906 Nexeo Solutions LLC 3930 Glenwood Dr Charlotte, NC 28208 Nexeo Solutions LLC 3930 Glenwood Dr Charlotte, NC 28208 Nexeo Solutions LLC - Doraville 4550 Ne Expressway Doraville, GA 30340 Nitto Denko Avecia 8560 Reading Rd Cincinnati, OH 45215 Noramco Inc 500 Swedes Landing Rd Wilmington, DE 19801 Norlite LLC 628 S Saratoga St Cohoes, NY 12047 Nov Fiber Glass Systems - Burkburnett 1004 Ameron Rd Burkburnett, TX 76354 Occidental Chemical Corp 6200 S Ridge Rd Wichita, KS 67215 Occidental Chemical Holding Corp - Geismar Plant 8318 Ashland Rd Geismar, LA 70734 Oldcastle Precast Inc. 801 S Pine St Madera, CA 93637 Olin Blue Cube Freeport TX 2301 N Brazosport Blvd. Freeport, TX 77541 Oxy Vinyls LP Deer Park - VCM Plant 5900 Hwy 225 Gate 8a Deer Park, TX 77536 Pacira Pharmaceuticals Inc. 10450 Science Center Dr San Diego, CA 92121 Packaging Services Co Inc. (Pearland Facility) 1904 Mykawa Rd Pearland, TX 77581 Patheon 101 Technology Pl Florence, SC 29501 Patheon API Manufacturing Inc. 309 Delaware St Greenville, SC 29605 Patheon Puerto Rico Inc. State Rd 670 Km 2.7 Manati, PR 674 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Produce, Sale Distribution 50,000,000-99,999,999 Produce, Sale Distribution 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 10,000,000-49,999,999 Produce, Imported, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Manufacture Impurity, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100-999 Produce, Byproduct 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 100,000-999,999 Produce, Sale Distribution, Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Manufacture Aid, Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 73 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility PCI Synthesis 9 Opportunity Way Newburyport, MA 01950 Penn Fishing Tackle Manufacturing Co 3028 W Hunting Park Ave Philadelphia, PA 19132 Pfizer Pharmaceuticals LLC Hwy #2 Km 58.2 Barceloneta, PR 617 Pharmacia & Upjohn Co LLC A Subsidiary Of Pfizer Inc 7171 Portage Rd Kalamazoo, MI 49001 Pharmco Products 58 Vale Rd Brookfield, CT 06804 Phoenix Chemical Co 202 Gee Rd Calhoun, GA 30701 Plaze Inc. 1000 Integram Dr Pacific, MO 63069 Plaze Inc. 105 Bolte Ln Saint Clair, MO 63077 Plaze Inc. 113 Bolte Ln Saint Clair, MO 63077 Polypeptide Laboratories Inc. 365 Maple Ave Torrance, CA 90503 Polypeptide Laboratories San Diego 9395 Cabot Dr San Diego, CA 92126 Precision Tube Co LLC 287 Wissahickon Ave North Wales, PA 19454 Pregis Innovative Packaging Inc. 300 Harris Rd Wurtland, KY 41144 Pride Solvent & Chemical Co of NY Inc. 6 Long Island Ave Holtsville, NY 11742 Pride Solvents & Chemical Co of New Jersey 211 Randolph Ave Avenel, NJ 07001 Promega Biosciences LLC 277 Granada Dr San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 Quadrant Chemical Corp 200 Industrial Blvd McKinney, TX 75069 Quaker City Chemicals 7360 Milnor St Philadelphia, PA 19136 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 100-999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Reactant, Chemical Processing Aid 1,000,000-9,999,999 Produce, Imported, Used Processed, Byproduct, Repackaging, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Repackaging NR NR 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Repackaging NR NR 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component NR NR Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 74 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility QuestSpecialty Corp 2001 E Tom Green St Brenham, TX 77833 QuestVapco Corp 401 Marshall Rd Valley Park, MO 63088-1898 Radiator Specialty Co 600 Radiator Rd Indian Trail, NC 28079 Ramcel Engineering Co 2926 Macarthur Blvd Northbrook, IL 60062 Regis Technologies Inc. 8210 N Austin Ave Morton Grove, IL 60053 Rhodes Technologies 498 Washington St Coventry, RI 02816 Roche Carolina Inc. 6173 E Old Marion Hwy Building 806 Florence, SC 29506 Roche Molecular Systems Inc. 1080 US Hwy 202 S Branchburg, NJ 08876 Rochester Precision Optics LLC 850 John St West Henrietta, NY 14586 Ross Incineration Services Inc. 36790 Giles Rd Grafton, OH 44044 Rubicon LLC 9156 Highway 75 Geismar, LA 70734 Rustoleum Corp 7850 Ohio River Rd Lesage, WV 25537 Sabic Innovative Plastics Mt Vernon LLC 1 Lexan Ln Mount Vernon, IN 47620 Sabic Innovative Plastics US LLC One Plastics Dr Burkville, AL 36752 SAFC Inc 1101 Kettle Moraine Trail Verona, WI 53593 Safc Inc. 645 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711 Safety Coatings Inc. 20180 Safety Ln Foley, AL 36535 Sartorius Stedim Filters Inc. Pr # 128 Int Pr # 372 Barriada Lluveras Yauco, PR 698 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100-999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Produce, Manufacture Impurity 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 1,000,000-9,999,999 Produce, Byproduct, Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 75 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility Savogran Co 259 Lenox St Norwood, MA 02062 Shield Packaging Co Inc. 50 Oxford Ave Dudley, MA 01571 SI Group Inc. 725 Cannon Bridge Rd Orangeburg, SC 29115 Siegfried USA LLC 33 Industrial Park Rd Pennsville, NJ 08070 Sigma Life Sciences 9186 Six Pines Suite 100 The Woodlands, TX 77380 Sigma-Aldrich Manufacturing LLC 3300 S Second St Saint Louis, MO 63118 Sigma-Tau Pharmasource Inc. 6925 Guion Rd Indianapolis, IN 46268 Slocum Adhesives Corp 1409 Buchanan St Lynchburg, VA 24501 Sunnyside Corp 225 Carpenter Ave Wheeling, IL 60090 Superior Fiberglass & Resins 1030 All Pro Dr Elkhart, IN 46514 Superior Oil Co Inc. 400 W Regent St Indianapolis, IN 46225 Superior Solvents & Chemicals 3023 Arnold Tenbrook Rd Arnold, MO 63010 Superior Solvents & Chemicals 320 Northpointe Dr Fairfield, OH 45014 Superior Solvents & Chemicals 518 Swinging Bridge Rd Old Hickory, TN 37138 Supreme Lake Manufacturing Inc. 455 Atwater St Plantsville, CT 06479 Systech Environmental Corp 1420 S Cement Plant Rd Fredonia, KS 66736 Teva Pharmaceuticals USA 5000 Snyder Dr Mexico, MO 65265 The Dow Chemical Co 1790 Building Midland, MI 48667 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Article Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Reactant 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component 100,000,000499,999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging NR NR 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging NR NR 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Process Impurity, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Reactant, Process Impurity, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 76 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility The Dow Chemical Co - Louisiana Operations 21255 LA Hwy 1 S Plaquemine, LA 70764 The Dow Chemical Co Grand Bayou Operations Louisiana Hwy 70 Paincourtville, LA 70391 Thermo Fisher Scientific Milwaukee LLC 2202 N Bartlett Ave Milwaukee, WI 53202 Tiarco Chemical 315 Echelon Rd Greenville, SC 29605 Tier Environmental LLC 7013 Krick Rd Bedford, OH 44146 TM Deer Park Services LP 2525 Battleground Rd Deer Park, TX 77536 Total Petrochemicals & Refining USA Inc. 1818 Independence Pkwy S La Porte, TX 77571 Tradebe Treatment & Recycling LLC 4343 Kennedy Ave East Chicago, IN 46312 Trelleborg Offshore US Inc. 13827 W Hardy Rd Houston, TX 77060 U.S. Naval Air Station North Island Mc Cain Blvd San Diego, CA 92135 United Gilsonite Laboratories 1396 Jefferson Ave Dunmore, PA 18509 Unither Manufacturing LLC 755 Jefferson Rd Rochester, NY 14623 Univar USA Inc. 7050 W 71st St Bedford Park, IL 60638 Univar USA Inc. 8500 W 68th St Bedford Park, IL 60501 Univar USA Inc. - San Jose 2256 Junction Ave San Jose, CA 95131 Univar USA Spartanburg Facility 2750 Southport Rd Spartanburg, SC 29302 UPM Pharmaceuticals Inc. 501 5th St Bristol, TN 37620 US DOD USAF Hill AFB 6044 Dogwood Ave Hill AFB, UT 84056 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Produce, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Reactant, Formulation Component, Process Impurity, Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 0-99 Process Impurity, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, 10,000-99,999 Reactant 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 0-99 Ancillary 100-999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Produce, Imported, Manufacture Impurity, Repackaging, Process Impurity, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 100,000-999,999 Repackaging NR NR 1,000,000-9,999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 100,000-999,999 Produce, Byproduct, Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 77 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility US DOD USAF Robins AFB 775 Macon St Building 1555 Robins AFB, GA 31098 Vandemark Chemical Inc. 1 N Transit Rd Lockport, NY 14094 Vanderbilt Chemicals LLC-Murray Div 396 Pella Way Murray, KY 42071 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 1704 W 1st St Azusa, CA 91702 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 9131 E 96th Ave Henderson, CO 80640 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 7 Mobile Ave Sauget, IL 62201 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 125 Factory Ln Middlesex, NJ 08846 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 4301 Infirmary Rd West Carrollton, OH 45449 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC Port Arthur Facility Hwy 73 3.5 Miles W of Taylor Bayou Port Arthur, TX 77640 Vertrauen Chemie Solutions Inc. 2170 Buoy Street Memphis, TN 38113 Volunteer Adhesive Corp 570 Industrial Dr Lafayette, TN 37083 Webb Chemical Service Corp 2708 Jarman Muskegon Heights, MI 49444 Western Bonded Products Inc. Flex Foam 617 N 21st Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85009 Westlake Vinyls Co 36045 Hwy 30 Geismar, LA 70734 Westlake Vinyls Inc. 2468 Ind US Trial Pkwy Calvert City, KY 42029 Weylchem US Inc. 2114 Larry Jeffers Rd Elgin, SC 29045 WM Barr & Co Inc. 2105 Channel Ave Memphis, TN 38109 WM Steinen Manufacturing Co 29 E Halsey Rd Parsippany, NJ 07054 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Reactant, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Reactant 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Imported, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100-999 Produce, Sale Distribution, Byproduct, Manufacture Impurity 1,000-9,999 Produce, Used Processed, Reactant, 0-99 Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 78 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Methylene Chloride by Facility Facility WRR Environmental Services Co Inc. 5200 Ryder Rd Eau Claire, WI 54701 Wyeth 64 Maple St Rouses Point, NY 12979 Xerox Corp 800 Phillips Rd Webster, NY 14580 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid Source: EPA (2015b) Note: NR = Not Reported Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride ▌pg. 79 Use and Market Profile for Nmethylpyrrolidone (NMP) Contract # EP-W-16-009 WA #2-01 May 11, 2017 Prepared for: Economic and Policy Analysis Branch Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20460 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 2. Overview of NMP .................................................................................................................... 1 Chemical Databases: CDR and TRI ............................................................................................... 2 2.1 2.2 Chemical Data Reporting ......................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 CDR Information – Major Manufacturers and/or Importers ...................................... 2 2.1.2 CDR Information – Industrial Processing and Use Information ................................ 4 2.1.3 CDR Information – Consumer and Commercial Use Information ............................ 8 2.1.4 Historical U.S. Production Volume.......................................................................... 10 Toxics Release Inventory ....................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 3. Total Number of NMP Facilities Reporting to TRI ................................................. 11 Use Information and Market Trends............................................................................................ 13 3.1 Uses of NMP .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Products.................................................................................................................................. 17 3.3 NMP Market Trends .............................................................................................................. 40 References .................................................................................................................................................. 42 Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. ii List of Tables Table 1-1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CASRN for NMP ................................................................... 1 Table 2-1: NMP Manufacturers and Importers ............................................................................................. 2 Table 2-2: NMP Industrial Use Information ................................................................................................. 5 Table 2-3: NMP Consumer and Commercial Use Information .................................................................... 9 Table 2-4. National Production Volume Data for NMP from 1986-2012 (lbs.) ......................................... 10 Table 2-5: Summary of 2015 Activity or Use by Number of Facilities for NMP ...................................... 11 Table 2-6: TRI Activity and Use Definitions.............................................................................................. 12 Table 3-1 Known Applications of NMP ..................................................................................................... 14 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP...................................................................................... 18 Table 3-3: U.S. Supply/Demand for 1-Methylpyrrolidone (thousands of metric tons) ....Error! Bookmark not defined. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. iii Contributors The EPA subject matter expert responsible for this report is Judith Brown of the Economic and Policy Analysis Branch; Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Analytical and draft preparation support was provided by Alice Tome, and other employees of Abt Associates, Inc. under EPA Contract No. EP-W-16-009. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. iv 1. Introduction N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is the subject of this use and market profile. Under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), EPA recently proposed a Section 6 rulemaking for the use of NMP in paint and coating removal by industrial users, commercial outdoor users, commercial users in residences, and consumer users. This report details historic and current uses of NMP. Section 1 provides an overview of NMP, Section 2 details U.S. producers, production, and import volumes, and Section 3 presents use information and market trends. 1.1 Overview of NMP NMP is a basic compound with a mild amine odor (WHO, 2001). NMP is used in many applications, including paint and coating removal, petrochemical processing, engineering plastic coatings, agricultural chemicals, electronic cleaning, and industrial/domestic cleaning (EPA, 2015a). NMP is also used in the manufacture of some pigments, cosmetics, drugs, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides (WHO, 2001). Acute exposure to NMP can result in skin and eye irritation, while prolonged or repeated skin contact is associated with dermatitis. NMP may have toxic effects on human reproduction; additionally, inhalation and dermal exposure may result in both developmental and male reproductive toxicity. Rats exposed to NMP in inhalation and dermal studies experienced increased preimplantation losses and other adverse reproductive effects. NMP is not considered a carcinogen and has only weak mutagenic potential (WHO, 2001). Humans are primarily exposed to NMP through paint and coating removal products. In 2015, EPA conducted a risk assessment to evaluate health risks to consumers and workers exposed to NMP from these products. Pregnant women and women of childbearing age were identified as particularly sensitive subpopulations (EPA, 2015a). Table 1-1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CASRN for NMP Chemical Name CASRN Synonyms Trade Name(s)* Molecular Formula NMP 872-50-4 NMP; 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone; 1-Methyl-5-pyrrolidinone; 1-Methylazacyclopentan-2-one; 1-Methylpyrrolidinone; 1-Methylpyrrolidone 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-; AI3-23116; CCRIS 1633; EC 212-828-1; EINECS 212-828-1; HSDB 5022; M-Pyrol; Methylpyrrolidone; N-Methyl-2pyrrolidinone; N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone; N-Methyl-gamma-butyrolactam; NMethylpyrrolidinone; N-Methylpyrrolidone; NMP; NSC 4594; UNII-JR9CE63FPM Agsolex 1 C5H9NO Structure *Not a complete list Sources: NLM (2016); NCBI (n.d.) Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 1 2. Chemical Databases: CDR and TRI 2.1 Chemical Data Reporting The Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) Rule under TSCA requires U.S. manufacturers and importers to provide EPA with information on the chemicals they manufacture or import into the United States. For the 2012 CDR cycle, data collected per chemical include the company name, volume of each chemical manufactured/imported, the number of workers at each site, and information on whether the chemical is used in the commercial, industrial, and/or consumer sector. However, only companies that manufactured or imported 25,000 pounds or more at each of their sites during the 2011 calendar year were required to report information under the CDR rule (EPA, 2014). 2.1.1 CDR Information – Major Manufacturers and/or Importers The 2012 non-confidential CDR includes twenty U.S. manufacturers and importers of NMP (see Table 2-1). Three companies claimed CBI. Of the non-CBI companies, eleven are importers, four are manufacturers, one company both manufactures and imports, and the last company claims both manufacture and import status as confidential. The 2012 national production volume of NMP is 184,703,045 pounds per year (EPA, 2014). Table 2-1: NMP Manufacturers and Importers Company Altana Ashland Inc. BASF Corp Site State NAICS Code Manufacture (lb/yr) Import (lb/yr) Never at Site? Volume (used at site; lb/yr) Concentration Number of Workers CT 325998 0 CBI NO 0 MO 325998 0 176,370 NO 176,370 60% - < 90% 90% + TX 325998 CBI 0 NR CBI 90% + 100-499 LA 325199 CBI 0 NR CBI 90% + 100-499 NJ 325199 0 CBI YES CBI 1% - < 30% <10 PA 325211 0 CBI YES N/A CBI <10 <10 50-99 Bayer Group Cytec Industries, Inc. DSM NJ 325211 0 37,873 YES N/A 1% - < 30% <10 MA 325311 0 39,862 NO 0 90% + 10-24 Henkel Corp NC 325613 0 36,209 NO 0 90% + 25-49 NY 424310 0 44,313 YES N/A 90% + <10 MI 335911 0 314,808 NO 314,808 90% + 100-499 TX 325199 CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI TX 325212 CBI 0 NR 0 90% + <10 OM Group Inc. MN 551112 114,048 0 NR 114,048 Stahl USA MA 325520 0 44,571 YES N/A Superior Essex Inc. IN 335921 0 32,303 NO 16,598 Itochu International Inc. Johnson Controls Advanced Power Solutions Lyondell Chemical Company Nova Molecular Technologies Inc. 60% - < 90% 90% + 60% - < 90% 10-24 <10 10-24 Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 2 Table 2-1: NMP Manufacturers and Importers Company Taminco Global Chemical Corp Toray Holding (USA) Inc. Vinmar Overseas Ltd. CBI Site State NAICS Code Manufacture (lb/yr) Import (lb/yr) Never at Site? Volume (used at site; lb/yr) Concentration Number of Workers PA 325199 0 CBI YES N/A 90% + 25-49 WA 325211 587,000 0 NR 587,000 90% + 100-499 TX 424690 0 1a NO 1a 90% + <10 CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI <10 CBI CBI CBI 0 116,402 NO 116,402 CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI 90% + 60% - < 90% CBI <10 CBI Source: Dunn & Bradstreet (2015); EPA (2014) Notes: CBI = Confidential Business Information N/A= Not Applicable NKRA= Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable NR= Not Reported a. The Vinmar Overseas Ltd. import volume appears to be misreported. It is presented here as it appears in the database. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 3 2.1.2 CDR Information – Industrial Processing and Use Information Table 2-2 presents the industrial processing and use information for U.S. manufactures and importers of NMP according to the 2012 CDR. NMP has a wide variety of uses in various industrial sectors. NMP has applications as a solvent, a paint additive, a plating agent, an adhesive and sealant chemical, and for other processing uses. NMP is used in a variety of industry sectors including paint and coating manufacturing, transportation equipment manufacturing, agricultural chemical manufacturing, computer and electrical equipment manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and other chemical manufacturing sectors (EPA, 2014). Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 4 Table 2-2: NMP Industrial Use Information Manufacturing/ Importing Company Site Name and Address Altana BYK - Chemie USA 524 South Cherry St Wallingford, CT 064924455 Altana Elantas PDG Inc. 5200 N. Second St Saint Louis, MO 631473122 Ashland Inc. ISP Technologies Inc. 4501 Attwater Ave Texas City, TX 77590 BASF Corp BASF Corp 8404 River Rd Highway 75 Geismar, LA 70734 BASF Corp Bayer Group Cytec Industries Inc. DSM BASF Corp 100 Campus Dr Florham Park, NJ 079321089 Bayer Material Science 100 Bayer Rd Pittsburgh, PA 15205-9741 Cytec Industries Inc. 5 Garret Mountain Plaza West Paterson, NJ 07424 DSM Neoresins 730 Main Street Wilmington, MA 018873366 NAICS code Type of Process Industrial Function Category Industrial Sector Percent of Production Volume Number of Sites Number of Workers 325998 Processingincorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Adhesives Manufacturing Adhesives and sealant chemicals 11 10 - 24 NKRA 325998 Processingincorporation into article Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing Other (specify) 100 < 10 100 - 499 325998 Processingincorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) 5 25 - 99 NKRA 325199 Use-nonincorporative activities Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Processing aids, not otherwise listed CBI 10 - 24 100 - 499 325199 Processingincorporation into article Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories CBI < 10 50 - 99 325211 NR NR NR NR NR NR 325211 NR NR NR NR NR NR 325311 NR NR NR NR NR NR Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 5 Table 2-2: NMP Industrial Use Information Manufacturing/ Importing Company Henkel Corp Itochu International Inc. Site Name and Address Henkel Corp 485 Cedar Springs Rd Salisbury, NC 28147 Itochu Chemicals America Inc. (Head Office ) 360 Hamilton Avenue, 6th Floor White Plains, New York, NY 10601-1811 Johnson Controls Advanced Power Solutions Johnson Controls APS Production, Inc. 70 West 48th St Holland, MI 49423 Lyondell Chemical Company Lyondell Channelview Facility Lyondell Chemical Company Channelview, TX 775302681 Nova Molecular Technologies Inc. Nova Molecular Technologies Inc. 10200 Bay Area Boulevard Pasadena, TX 77507-1852 OM Group Inc. Stahl USA OMG Electronic Chemicals Inc. 5630 Pioneer Creek Dr. Maple Plain, MN 553599002 Permuthane - Div of Stahl USA 13 Corwin St. Peabody, MA 01960 NAICS code Type of Process Industrial Function Category Industrial Sector Percent of Production Volume Number of Sites Number of Workers 325613 NR NR NR NR NR NR 424310 NR NR NR NR NR NR 35911 Processingincorporation into article Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) 100 < 10 100 - 499 325199 Processingincorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) 1 < 10 100 - 499 All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 100 < 10 25 - 49 All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Plating agents and surface treating agents 100 < 10 10 - 24 NR NR NR NR NR 325212 551112 325520 Processingincorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Processingincorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product NR Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 6 Table 2-2: NMP Industrial Use Information Manufacturing/ Importing Company Superior Essex Inc. Taminco Global Chemical Corp Toray Holding (USA) Inc. Vinmar Overseas Ltd. CBI Site Name and Address Essex Group, Inc. 1601 Wall Street Divisional Office Fort Wayne, IN 46802 Taminco Inc. 7540 Windsor Dr Allentown, PA 18106 Toray Composites America 19002 50th Avenue East Tacoma, WA 98446-3752 Vinmar International, Ltd. 16800 Imperial Valley Drive Houston, TX 77060-3159 CBI NAICS code Type of Process Industrial Function Category Percent of Production Volume Number of Sites NR NR NR NR Other (specify) 90 < 10 10 - 24 Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) 100 < 10 100 - 499 Industrial Sector 335921 NR 325199 Processing as a reactant 325211 Use-nonincorporative activities Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing Transportation Equipment Manufacturing 424690 NR NR NR NR NR NR CBI NKRA Processingincorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product NR NKRA NKRA 100 NKRA NKRA Paint and Coating Manufacturing Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories 100 < 10 < 10 NR NR NR NR NR CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI NR Number of Workers Sources: Dunn & Bradstreet (2015); EPA (2014) Notes: CBI = Confidential Business Information N/A= Not Applicable NKRA= Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable NR= Not Reported Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 7 2.1.3 CDR Information – Consumer and Commercial Use Information Table 2-3 presents the 2012 CDR records of consumer and commercial uses of NMP. Most information is not reported, claimed as confidential business information, or denoted as “not known or reasonably ascertainable.” The 2012 CDR indicates that NMP is used in various consumer and commercial products including: adhesives and sealants, batteries, electrical and electronic products, paints and coatings, fabric, textile, leather, and metal products. No CDR records indicate that NMP is used in products intended for use by children (EPA, 2014). Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 8 Table 2-3: NMP Consumer and Commercial Use Information Percent of Production Volume Concentration Number of Workers Paints and Coatings 5 < 1% NKRA 0 < 1% NKRA 7 60% - < 90% 25 - 49 90 30% - < 60% 100 - 499 No Paints and Coatings Metal Products not covered elsewhere Electrical and Electronic Products Adhesives and Sealants 3 60% - < 90% 10 - 24 NR NR NR NR NR NR LA NR NR NR NR NR NR NJ NR NR NR NR NR NR Bayer Group PA NR NR NR NR NR NR CBI CBI NKRA NKRA NKRA 100 NKRA NKRA CBI CBI NR NR NR NR NR NR CBI CBI NR NR NR NR NR NR Cytec Industries Inc. NJ NR NR NR NR NR NR DSM MA NR NR NR NR NR NR Henkel Corp NC NR NR NR NR NR NR Itochu International Inc. Johnson Controls Advanced Power Solutions Lyondell Chemical Company Nova Molecular Technologies Inc. NY NR NR NR NR NR NR MI Both No Batteries 100 90% + 100 - 499 TX NKRA NKRA NKRA NKRA NKRA NKRA TX NR NR NR NR NR NR OM Group Inc. MN Commercial NKRA 100 30% - < 60% 1000 - 9999 Stahl USA MA NR NR Electrical and Electronic Products NR NR NR NR Superior Essex Inc. IN NR NR NR NR NR NR Taminco Global Chemical Corp PA NR NR NR NR NR NR Manufacturing /Importing Company Altana Ashland Inc. BASF Corp Site State Commercial/ Consumer Use Used in Children Products CT Commercial No CT Consumer NKRA MO Commercial No MO Commercial No MO Commercial TX Product Category Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 9 Table 2-3: NMP Consumer and Commercial Use Information Site State Commercial/ Consumer Use Used in Children Products Toray Holding (USA) Inc. WA Commercial No Vinmar Overseas Ltd. TX NR NR Manufacturing /Importing Company Product Category Fabric, Textile, and Leather Products not covered elsewhere NR Percent of Production Volume Concentration Number of Workers 100 < 1% NKRA NR NR NR Source: Dunn & Bradstreet (2015); EPA (2014) Notes: CBI = Confidential Business Information N/A= Not Applicable NKRA= Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable NR= Not Reported 2.1.4 Historical U.S. Production Volume Table 2-4 presents historic U.S. production volume data for NMP submitted by companies under the non-confidential 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and the 2012 CDR. While the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 25,000 pounds for the 2006 IUR and 2012 CDR, the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 10,000 pounds from 1986 to 2002. Table 2-4. National Production Volume Data for NMP from 1986-2012 (lbs.) 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2012 >10M - 50M >50M - 100M >50M - 100M >100M - 500M >100M - 500M 100M -<500M 184,703,045 Source: EPA (n.d.-a); EPA (2010); EPA (2014) Note: M = Million; B = Billion Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 10 2.2 Toxics Release Inventory Facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using NMP are required to report releases to EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). Included in the TRI data is the maximum amount of chemical present at each facility each year and the activity or use of the chemical at each facility. Table 2-6 presents the definitions for activity and use according to EPA’s TRI Program. 2.2.1 Total Number of NMP Facilities Reporting to TRI In 2015, 391 sites reported releasing quantities of NMP at their facilities. Table 2-5 presents a summary of the reported activities and uses, aggregated from all the sites manufacturing processing and otherwise using NMP. The data presented in Table 2-5 suggest that NMP is primarily used as an ancillary chemical, a formulation component, and a chemical processing aid. Note that sixty-six facilities reported releasing quantities of NMP at their facilities in 2015 but did not report the associated activity or use (EPA, 2015b). Appendix A presents the maximum amount of chemicals per facility and reported activities or uses for facilities reporting to TRI in 2015. Table 2-5: Summary of 2015 Activity or Use by Number of Facilities for NMP Activity or Use Number of Facilities Ancillary 133 Formulation Component 94 Chemical Processing Aid 89 Manufacture Aid 57 Repackaging 36 Sale Distribution 10 Article Component 9 Produce 8 Process Impurity 8 Imported 7 Reactant 6 Used Processed 6 Byproduct 1 Manufacture Impurity 1 Not Reported 66 Source: EPA (2015c) Note: Facilities may report more than one activity or use; therefore the sum of the number of facilities reporting each activity/use will be greater than the total number of facilities reporting NMP releases. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 11 Table 2-6: TRI Activity and Use Definitions Activity or Use Ancillary Article Component Byproduct Chemical Processing Aid Formulation Component Imported Manufacture Aid Manufacture Impurity Process Impurity Produce Reactant Repackaging Sale Distribution Used Processed TRI Definition Indicates that the chemical is used at the facility for purposes other than aiding chemical processing or manufacturing Indicates the toxic chemical becomes an integral part of an article distributed into commerce, such as copper in wire or resins in a plastic pen, or the pigment components of paint applied to a chair that is sold Indicates the toxic chemical is produced coincidentally during the manufacture, process, or otherwise use of another chemical substance or mixture and, following its production, is separated from that other chemical substance or mixture. This includes toxic chemicals that may be created as the result of waste management Indicates the toxic chemical is used to aid in the manufacture or synthesis of another chemical substance such that it comes into contact with the product during manufacture, but is not intended to remain with or become part of the final product or mixture. Some examples of chemical processing aids are process solvents, catalysts, solution buffers, inhibitors, and reaction terminators Indicates the toxic chemical is used as an ingredient in a product mixture to enhance performance of the product during its use, such as dyes in ink, solvents in paint, additions, reaction diluents, initiators, inhibitors, emulsifiers, surfactants, lubricants, flame retardants, and rheological modifiers Indicates that the chemical is imported by the facility into the Customs Territory of the United States Indicates the toxic chemical is used to aid in the manufacturing process but does not come into contact with the product during manufacture. Some examples, Include valve lubricants, refrigerants, metalworking fluids, coolants, and hydraulic fluids Indicates whether the facility produces the reported chemical as a result of the manufacture, processing, or otherwise use of another chemical, but does not separate the chemical and it remains primarily in the mixture or product with that other chemical Indicates whether the facility processed the reported chemical but did not separate it and it remains as an impurity in the primary mixture or trade name product Indicates the toxic chemical was created by the facility. A toxic chemical is considered manufactured even if the toxic chemical is created unintentionally or exists only for a short period of time Indicates the toxic chemical is used in chemical reactions to create another chemical substance or product that is then sold or otherwise distributed to other facilities. Some examples of reactants, Include feedstocks, raw materials, intermediates, and initiators Indicates the toxic chemical has been received by the facility and subsequently prepared for distribution into commerce in a different form, state, or quantity than it was received, such as petroleum being transferred from a storage tank to tanker trucks Indicates that the chemical is produced or imported specifically for sale or distribution outside the manufacturing facility Indicates that the chemical is produced or imported and then further processed or otherwise used at the same facility Source: EPA (n.d.-b) Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 12 3. Use Information and Market Trends NMP has a wide-range of uses, including in sealants, automotive products, and paint removers. EPA has thoroughly investigated paint removers containing NMP in previous work, thus while it is a significant application, it will not be discussed in depth in this use and market profile. Section 3.1 describes the uses of NMP, while Section 3.2 lists specific products that contain this chemical. Market trends are discussed in Section 3.3. Use information, market trends, and products for NMP were primarily complied using EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention’s (OCSPP) Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (2017) and EPA’s Market Profile and Use Analysis of 1-Methylpyrrolidone (2012). 3.1 Uses of NMP NMP’s primary commercial use is in paints and paint/coating/adhesive strippers. It has other minor commercial uses in pesticides, solvents, cleaners, reagents, sealers, adhesives, and grouts. However, there is also substantial use of NMP as a solvent for semiconductor fabrication and lithium ion battery manufacturing. Table 3-1 includes uses from the 2012 CDR (EPA, 2014), the 2017 EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP’s) Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: NMethylpyrrolidone (2017), and the 33 public comments available as of April 18th, 2017. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 13 Table 3-1 Known Applications of NMP Use or Process Use or Process Statusa Expected Usersb Source/ Comment Number Additives Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2c) Adhesive removers Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Adhesives Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Agrochemical/fertilizer manufacturing Ongoing Commercial, Industrial (EPA, 2015a); EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430010; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430031; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430029 Automotive cleaning Ongoing Consumer, Commercial (EPA, 2017) Binding agents Ongoing Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Bone grafts Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Cast materials Ongoing Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Chemical extraction Ongoing Industrial (EPA, 2017) Cleaner/degreasers Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Cleaners (electronics) Ongoing Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Cleaning wipes Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Coating removers Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Cosmetics Ongoing Consumer Product found (see Table 3-2) Ongoing Industrial (EPA, 2014) Ongoing Industrial (EPA, 2015a) Ongoing Consumer, Commercial (EPA, 2014); (EPA, 2017) Gasket removers Ongoing Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Glazing materials Ongoing Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Grouts Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Hair sprays and air fresheners Historic Consumer, Commercial Hydraulic fracking Ongoing Industrial Hydrophilic coatings Ongoing Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Industrial and laboratory solvents Ongoing Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Inks and dyes Ongoing Commercial, Industrial, Product found (see Table 3-2) Consumer, Commercial (EPA, 2012); EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430029 Electronic products: semiconductors, computer components Engineering plastic coatings Fabrics, textiles, and clothing Laundry spot removal Ongoing EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430031 (EPA, 2017); EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430029 Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 14 Table 3-1 Known Applications of NMP Use or Process Use or Process Statusa Expected Usersb Source/ Comment Number Leather cleaners/maintenance Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Lithium ion batteries Ongoing Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Lubricant adhesives Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Metal fatigue determination Ongoing Industrial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430028; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430029 Metal finishing Ongoing Industrial (EPA, 2017) Nail polish removers/solvents Optical plastic lens manufacturing Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Ongoing Industrial (EPA, 2017) Paint removersd Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Paints, stains, and coatings Pesticides, fungicides, herbicides Petrochemical processing Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Ongoing Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Pharmaceuticals Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial (EPA, 2014); EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430031; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430029 Plating agent Ongoing Industrial, Commercial (EPA, 2014) Polymer manufacturing Ongoing Industrial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430010; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430031; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430015; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430027; EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430017; Reagents Ongoing Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Resin removers Ongoing Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Resins Ongoing Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Sealers and sealants Ongoing Consumer, Commercial Product found (see Table 3-2) Soldering materials Ongoing Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Solvents Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Spinning agent for PVC and PV Ongoing Industrial (EPA, 2017) Surface Preparation Ongoing Commercial, Industrial Product found (see Table 3-2) Textiles and clothing Ongoing Commercial EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430029 Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 15 Table 3-1 Known Applications of NMP Use or Process Statusa Expected Usersb Source/ Comment Number Ongoing Industrial (EPA, 2014) Ongoing Industrial Wood finish and floor coatings Ongoing Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Wood preservatives Ongoing Commercial, Industrial Use or Process Transportation equipment manufacturing Wire enamel manufacturing EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430027 (EPA, 2012); EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-07430038 Product found (see Table 3-2) Notes: a Unless otherwise noted, Ongoing uses were determined based on current products and their applications (see Table 3-2). Unknown uses were identified from EPA’s 2012 Market Profile and Use Analysis of NMP (EPA, 2012) and CCD’s Use Dossier for NMP(EPA, 2017). Historic uses were determined based on confirmation from a public comment that a chemical no long has certain applications in an industry. b Determination of the Expected Users associated with a use or process is based on the study team’s best judgement if the users are not explicitly defined in the resource(s) cited. c d Table 3-3 is a reference to the NMP product table found in Draft: Use and Market Profile for Methylene Chloride and NMP, delivered to EPA March 1, 2017. Denotes uses currently being considered for Section 6 actions under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 16 3.2 Products In addition to paint removers, which will not be discussed in detail in this profile, many other products intended for consumer, commercial, and industrial use contain NMP. Three main categories of products that contain NMP are textile spot removers, sealants, and automotive cleaners. Table 3-2 provides representative examples of products containing NMP identified through review of a previous EPA market profile (EPA, 2017). This product list is just a sample and is not comprehensive. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 17 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Additive Expected Usersa Commercial Product BYK-410 Percent Conc. 48 - 49 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer/Distributor: BYK Additives & Instruments https://www.byk.com/en/additives/additives-byname/byk-d-410.php Details Rheology additive, coating thickener Manufacturer: Azek Adhesive Products Adhesive Adhesive Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial Azek Adhesive D9100, D9100SW, D9180 >85 <0.3 Liquid Polyureth ane film Example Distributor: Lowes https://www.lowes.com/pd/AZEK-AZEKAdhesive/50414654 Manufacturer: Berry Plastics http://catalog.berryplastics.com/products/adhesiv/ moisture-barrier-tape/adhesiv352d9100 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Example Distributor: None found Adhesive Consumer, Commercial THERMOSET MA-511 1 Solid, Paste Manufacturer: LORD http://www.lord.com/products-andsolutions/electronic-materials/thermoset-ma-511epoxy-adhesivesealant Example Distributor: None found Adhesive remover Consumer Goof Off Super Glue Remover 19.7 Liquid Manufacturer: Goof Off Products http://www.goofoffproducts.com/product/prostrenght-super-glue-remover Super Glue removal Example Distributor: Grainger https://www.grainger.com/product/40CP09 Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 18 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: W.M. Barr http://www.citristrip.com/product/adhesiveremover Adhesive remover Binding agent Consumer Industrial Citristrip Low VOC Adhesive Remover ALBERDINGK U 801 1-10 5-6 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Citri-StripQCAR30397-Adhesive-Remover-1Quart/dp/B001PA4TSS Manufacturer: AlberdingK http://www.alberdingkusa.com/products/characteri stics.html Example Distributor: None found Bone graft Commercial easy-graft CLASSIC (biolinker portion) 85 Liquid Manufacturer: Sunstar Degradable Solutions AG http://www.degradablesolutions.com/products/eas y-graft.html Dental bone graft substitute Example Distributor: None found Bone graft Consumer, Commercial, Industrial easy-graft CLASSIC (biolinker portion) 85 Liquid Manufacturer: Sunstar Guidor http://us.guidor.com/guidorr-easy-graftr-classicalloplastic-bone-grafting-system.html Example Distributor: None found. Cast materials Industrial Nycast Type 6 Cast Nylon and Type 12 Cast Nylon <5 Solid Manufacturer: Cast Nylons Limited http://www.castnylon.com/cast-nylon-standardgrades-nycast-6-PA.html Example Distributor: None found Lightweight material that has high compression strength and impact resistance. It is easy to machine and has a wide variety of applications particularly as a bearing material. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 19 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Cast Nylons Limited http://www.castnylon.com/cast-nylon-standardgrades-nycast-6-PA-MoS2.html Cast materials Industrial Cast Nylon (industrial use) <5 Solid Example Distributor: US Plastic http://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemi d=23726&catid=668 Cast materials Commercial, Industrial Polyurethane Curative WC-788 Part B-180 0.13 Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: BJB Enterprises https://bjbenterprises.com/index.php/wc-788-a-b/ Polyurethane curative Cleaner (electronics) Commercial, Industrial CircuitWorks Conformal Coating Remover Pen 5-7 Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Allied Electronics http://www.alliedelec.com/chemtronicscw9400/70219346/?mkwid=sd800CQTe&pcrid=3 0980760979&gclid=COHJtOPxqNICFYyLswod7 AwIeA Cleaner/degreaser Consumer, Commercial BORE CLEANING FOAM, BCF-3 4.50 Aerosol Manufacturer/Distributor: Midway USA http://ads.midwayusa.com/product/272019/breakfree-foaming-bore-cleaning-solvent-3-oz-aerosol Cleaner/degreaser Consumer CR-10 Gun Barrel Cleaner Not Specified Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Midway USA http://ads.midwayusa.com/product/179403/barnescr-10-copper-bore-cleaning-solvent Gun barrel cleaner Cleaner/degreaser Commercial, Industrial Gunk HydroSeal II Heavy Duty Parts Cleaner 2 Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: RSC Chemical Solutions http://www.gunk.com/products/cat_det.asp Parts cleaner Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 20 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Cleaner/degreaser Cleaner/degreaser Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Industrial Product B.G. Air Intake System Cleaner CHEM-CREST 121 Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: BG Products https://www.bgprod.com/catalog/gasoline-fuelsystem/bg-air-intake-system-cleaner/ 15-40 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/BG-Air-Intake-SystemCleaner/dp/B01DD22OSM/ref=sr_1_1 90-95 Liquid Details Air intake system cleaner Manufacturer: Crest Ultrasonics http://www.crest-ultrasonics.com/chem-crest-121/ Example Distributor: None found Cleaner/degreaser Consumer, Commercial Manufacturer: Dayton Superior http://www.daytonsuperior.com/products/chemical s?name=green-bean-cleanGreen Bean Clean 25-50 Liquid Example Distributor: Runyon Surface Prep http://www.runyonsurfaceprep.com/Green-BeanClean.item Cleaner/degreaser Consumer, Commercial RaLex Oven Cleaner Cleaner/degreaser Consumer, Commercial Foam & Resin Cleaner TLS 77 1-5 41 Liquid Liquid Manufacturer: Prestige 2007 http://www.prestige2007.com/en/product.php?id= 30 Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: T&L Specialty Chemicals http://www.tlspecialty.com/cleaners.html Foam and resin cleaner Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 21 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Cleaner/degreaser Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Product OIL - BASED STAINLESS STEEL CLEANER & POLISH Percent Conc. 1-5 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: US Chemicals http://www.uschemical.com/productcategory/products/ Details Stainless steel cleaner Example Distributor: None found Cleaning wipes Coating Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Commercial Manufacturer: Sprayway http://www.spraywayinc.com/content/industrialstrength-cleaner-wipes Sprayway Cleaner Wipes Hydrophilic Coating Formula B 15-25 <2.5 Solid Liquid Example Distributor: Walmart https://www.walmart.com/ip/Sprayway-963Industrial-Strength-Cleaner-Pre-moistened-Wipes9.5-x-12-in-Tub-40-wipes/49678894 Manufacturer: Coatings2Go http://coatings2go.com/c2g_products/hydrophilicproducts/ Industrial strength cleaning wipes Hydrophilic coating Example Distributor: None found Coating Consumer, Commercial Marine Instant Galvanize <0.3 Liquid, aerosol Manufacturer: CRC Industries http://www.crcindustries.com/products/marineinstant-galvanize-13-wt-oz-06054.html Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/CRC-06039-MarineInstant-Galvanize/dp/B000M8IG06 Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 22 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Coating Expected Usersa Commercial Product Bright Zinc-It® Instant Cold Galvanize Percent Conc. <0.3 Form Liquid, aerosol Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: CRC Industries http://www.crcindustries.com/products/brightzinc-it-174-light-duty-instant-cold-galvanize-13wt-oz-18414.html Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/CRC-18414-BrightInstant-Galvanize/dp/B000M8NZ2U Coating Commercial Isolflex 760 Lockcoat Aromatic Part A 3 Liquid Manufacturer: LymTal International http://www.lymtal.com/doc_lists/docMembraneCo atingSystem.html Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: Dynaloy http://www.dynaloy.com/products/dynasolve-cu-6 Coating remover Consumer, Commercial Dynasolve CU-6 Coating remover Consumer, Commercial 3M SkyRestore by Elixair Cured Sealant Remover 40-60 Liquid 20-30 Liquid, Gel Example Distributor: Spray Poly Parts http://www.spraypolyparts.com/Dynasolve-CU6_SOLVENT.html Manufacturer: Elixair http://www.elixair.com/products/skyrestore Polyurethane remover Sealant remover Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: MicroChem http://microchem.com/pdf/removerpg.pdf Coating remover Commercial, Industrial Remover PG >99 Liquid Example Distributor: Fischer Scientific https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/microche m-remover-pg-4l/nc9893682 Designed to remove PMGI, PMMA, Su-8 and others from various substrates including Si, SiO2, and GaAs. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 23 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Cosmetic Film remover Fungicide Expected Usersa Consumer Consumer, Commercial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product Cargo Texaslash Mascara, Black Epoxy Grout Film Remover Percent Conc. Not Specified 30-60 Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Cargo Cosmetics http://www.cargocosmetics.com/makeup/eyes/mas cara/texaslash-mascara.html Liquid Example Distributor: Dermstore http://www.dermstore.com/product_TexasLash_13 347.htm Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Miracle Sealants Company http://miraclesealants.com/index.php?option=com _virtuemart&view=productdetails&virtuemart_pro duct_id=62&Itemid=224 Manufacturer: Syngenta http://www.greencastonline.com/product/subduegr-fungicide/labels-sds/turf SUBDUE GR <5 Solid Granular fungicide Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Subdue-GR-GranularFungicide-lbs/dp/B00HQ1JMP0 Manufacturer: CRC Industries http://www.crcindustries.com/products/gasketremover-12-wt-oz-05021.html Gasket remover Commercial Gasket Remover 10-20 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/CRC-05021-TechnicianGasket-Remover/dp/B000M8IE6W Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 24 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Faux FX http://www.fauxfx.com/Pages/A_AquacremePage. html Glazing material Herbicide Commercial Commercial, Industrial AQUACREME MATADOR 2.10 Not Specified Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Faux Marketplace https://fauxmarketplace.netlousecure.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id =580 Manufacturer: Loveland Products http://www.lovelandproducts.com/product/matado r-0 Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: Zep Inc. http://www.zepdistribution.com/product/enforcer/f ormula-777-e-c-weed-killer Herbicide Ink and dyes Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Enforcer Formula 777 E.C. Weed Killer CN816Series 1-5 <5 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Clean It Supply https://www.cleanitsupply.com/p100815/enforcer-formula-777-ec-weed-killer-noncropland-5-gal-pail-amr1048551.aspx Manufacturer: HP http://h22235.www2.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizens hip/environment/productdata/lfmsdsuseng.html Weed killer Ink thinner Example Distributor: None found Inks and dyes Consumer, Commercial ALL-WEATHER Plastic Ear Tag Marker Manufacturer: Markal http://www.markal.com/ink-markers/all-weatherplastic-tag-marker/ 10-20 Solid Example Distributor: JD Industrial Supply http://www.jdindustrialsupply.com/laco-livestockplastic-ear-tag-marker.html Weather-resistant marker for polyurethane tags Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 25 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Inks and dyes Inks and dyes Inks and dyes Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. LEATHER FINISH BLACK W-3000 2-5 Industrial FR-1 RED CONCENTRATE 97-98 Silver Conductive Ink Standard Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Suede Products http://www.suedeproducts.com/SprayProducts.htm Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial Form Liquid Leather dye Example Distributor: Suede Products http://www.suedeproducts.com/OrderForm.htm Manufacturer: United Initiatorsb Liquid Dye Example Distributor: None found <15 Liquid Manufacturer: Voxel8 http://support.voxel8.co/hc/enus/articles/208004096-Working-with-theConductive-Silver-Ink-Solvent Silver conductive ink for 3D printable electronics Example Distributor: None found Leather cleaner/ maintenance Consumer, Commercial Filler 4 Liquid Manufacturer: https://leathermagic.com/individual-items-3/ Leather repair compound Example Distributor: None found Leather cleaner/ maintenance Consumer Mothers Leather Cleaner 06412 0.1-1 Liquid Manufacturer: Mothers: Polishes Waxes Cleaners https://store.mothers.com/shop/productline/mothers-classic/leather-cleaner/ Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Mothers-06412-LeatherCleaner-oz/dp/B0007RDVGQ/ref=sr_1_1 Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 26 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Leather cleaner/ maintenance Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial Product Mothers Leather Cleaner Percent Conc. <1 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Mothers: Polishes Waxes Cleaners http://www.mothers.com/02_products/06412_d.ht ml#&slider1=10 Example Distributor: None found Lithium ion battery Lithium ion battery Lithium ion battery Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Manufacturer: Lenmar http://batterycentral.lenmar.com/BF/ResultList?id =4&manu=Lenmar&model=DLC511&serId=0&ss erId=0&catId=2 Lenmar DLCR511 0-1 Solid Example Distributor: Walmart https://www.walmart.com/ip/Lenmar-DLC511Replacement-Battery-for-Canon-BP511A/24547575#about-item Manufacturer: Lenmar http://batterycentral.lenmar.com/BF/BrowseModel s?id=4&manu=Lenmar&serId=0&sserId=0 Lenmar DLKA5 0-1 Solid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Lenmar-ReplacementEasyShare-Replaces-KLIC5001/dp/B0002RPROU Manufacturer: Lenmar http://batterycentral.lenmar.com/BF/BrowseModel s?id=4&manu=Lenmar&serId=0&sserId=0 Lenmar DLO40B 0-1 Solid Example Distributor: Office Depot http://www.officedepot.com/a/products/469830/Le nmar-Battery-For-Olympus-LI-40B/ Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 27 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Expected Usersa Product Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Lenmar DLCR123 Adhesive Consumer, Commercial DSB 1520 Adhesive Lubricant Paint Paint Consumer Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Lenmar http://batterycentral.lenmar.com/BF/BrowseModel s?id=4&manu=Lenmar&serId=0&sserId=0 Lithium ion battery Nail polish remover/solvent Percent Conc. 0-1 Solid Example Distributor: Office Depot http://www.officedepot.com/a/products/573660/Le nmar-CR123-Digital-Camera-Battery-For/ All or 1 Artificial Nail Remover - Various (Lemon, Orange, Lemon Extracts, Orange Oil) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Staticide Premium ESD Paint Industrial MIL-DTL-64159B Type II/III Component B, Catalyst Not Specified Not Specified Liquid Not Specified Manufacturer/Distributor: D.S. Brown http://store.dsbrown.com/dsb-1520-lubeadhesive.html Lubricant adhesive Manufacturer: Kiss USA http://www.kissusa.com/nails/gluestools/removers/all-or-one-artificial-nail-removerby-kiss Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Kiss-Artificial-NailRemover-00086/dp/B00G5P77PU Manufacturer: ACL Staticide http://www.aclstaticide.com/staticide_premium_es d_paint.html 4-7 Liquid Paint for concrete Example Distributor: Digi-Key http://www.digikey.com/products/en?keywords=5 700W1 1-5 Liquid Manufacturer: MILSPRAY Military Technology http://www.milspray.com/products-services/touchup-paint-coatings/usar/sds Touch-up military paint Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 28 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Petit Marine Paint http://www.pettitpaint.com/product.asp?id=14 Paint Consumer, Commercial, Industrial PETTIT VIVID GREEN 1361 Not Specified Liquid Example Distributor: West Marine https://www.westmarine.com/buy/pettit-paints-vivid-bright-colored-hybrid-antifouling-paint-P004_121_001_520?recordNum=10 Manufacturer: Petit Marine Paint http://www.pettitpaint.com/product.asp?id=14 Paint Paint Paint remover Consumer, Commercial Consumer Commercial, Industrial Pettit Vivid Green 1361 Sherwin-Williams Wood Classics Interior Waterborne Polyurethane Varnish, Gloss Not Specified Liquid Example Distributor: Boater’s Land http://www.boatersland.com/petvividggrn.html?gclid=CNmZz52RsdICFY1XDQodox0K XQ Marine boat paint Manufacturer: Sherwin-Williams https://www.sherwinwilliams.com/homeowners/products/woodclassics-waterborne-polyurethane-varnish 2 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Citristrip-17-ozSafer-Paint-and-Varnish-StripperECG73807/100164441 Manufacturer: Brulin http://brulin.com/productdetails.aspx?pid=143&ci d=44 Safety Strip 5896B <80 Liquid Example Distributor: SkyGeek http://www.skygeek.com/brulin-safety-strip5896b-aerospace-specification-stripper.html Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 29 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Citristrip http://www.citristrip.com/product/strippingaerosol Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Paint remover Consumer Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial Consumer Citristrip Paint & Varnish Remover-old product 20-40 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Citristrip-17-ozSafer-Paint-and-Varnish-StripperECG73807/100164441 Manufacturer: Dumond Chemicals Inc. https://www.dumondchemicals.com/pro-peelaway-5.html Peel Away 5 Soy Based 25-30 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/PEEL-IndustrialStrength-Coating-Remover/dp/B00552GRNC Jasco Green Paint Brush Cleaner Klean-Strip Graffiti Remover Manufacturer: Jasco http://www.jasco-help.com/product/jasco-greenbrush-cleaner <5 Liquid Paint Brush Cleaner Example Distributor: Lowes https://www.lowes.com/pd/Jasco-Green-BrushCleaner-1-Quart/50298115 Manufacturer: Klean Strip http://www.kleanstrip.com/product/graffitiremoverekgr16698 40-60 Liquid Example Distributor: Walmart https://www.walmart.com/ip/Klean-StripPremium-Paint-Stripper/17208799 Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 30 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Rust-Oleum https://www.rustoleum.com Paint remover Consumer Zinsser Magic Strip Paint & Varnish Remover 9 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Zinsser-1-2-galMagic-Strip-Paint-and-Varnish-Remover-Case-of4-42072/205163867 Manufacturer: The Savogran Company http://www.savogran.com/removers.html Paint remover Consumer Savogran Biodegradable Strypeeze 40-45 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Savogran-02603-2GALGRN-Strypeeze/dp/B000BZX1IW Manufacturer: The Savogran Company http://www.savogran.com/removers.html Paint remover Consumer Spray Graffiti Remover 25-30 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000VB7ZWY Paints, stains, and coatings Consumer, Commercial Gloss Topcoat Concentrate/TC-1 9-10 Paints, stains, and coatings Commercial, Industrial HPS-108AE1 High Performance Silver Ink 0-5 Paints, stains, and coatings Commercial, Industrial JP-K81 Printing Ink 1-5 Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Advanced Leather Solutions http://advleather.com/professionalproducts.html#to pcoats Top-coating Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Novacentrix http://store.novacentrix.com/product_p/hps108ae1.htm Commercial ink (nano) Liquid Manufacturer: Hitachi America http://www.hitachi.com.sg/ice/products/inkjet_prin ters/ink/specs2.html Printing ink Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 31 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Paints, stains, and coatings Paints, stains, and coatings Pesticide Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial Commercial, Industrial Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Nazdar Ink Technologiesb Thinner 2732 30-60 Liquid Ink thinner Example Distributor: None found DUPLI-COLOR® Clear Truck Bed Coating (Aerosol) Prentox CFT Legumine Fish Toxicant Manufacturer: Dupli-Color https://duplicolor.com/product/clear-truck-bedcoating 0.28 10 Liquid, aerosol Liquid Example Distributor: AutoZone http://www.autozone.com/paint-and-body/truckbed-coating/dupli-color-16-5-oz-clear-truck-bedcoating/812686_0_0 Manufacturer: Central Garden & Pet: Zoecon division http://www.zoecon.com/products/residuals/cftlegumine-fish-toxicant Piscicide Example Distributor: None found Pesticide Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Manufacturer: Control Solutions Inc. https://www.controlsolutionsinc.com/products/tek ko-pro/ Tekko Pro 20 Liquid Insect growth regulator Example Distributor: EPest Supply http://www.epestsupply.com/product/811120/Tekk o-Pro-Insect-Growth-Regulator/#.WLWTk2_yuCg Manufacturer: Merial http://thelongrangelook.com/ Pesticide Commercial, Industrial LongRange 30 Liquid Example Distributor: Valley Vet https://www.valleyvet.com/ct_detail.html?pgguid= b5f8fd3b-e12a-42c8-b8cf-87cc4fe73202 Parasiticide Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 32 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Pesticide Coating Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Industrial Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Sergeants (PetArmor) https://www.petarmor.com/for-dogs/ Sergeants PetArmor Plus IGR HD 8820 20-40 <1 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Pet-Armor-Plus-FleaTopical/dp/B00JU0KEIO Manufacturer: HD MicroSystems http://www.hdmicrosystems.com/ec/liquidpolyimides-and-pbo-precursors/products/subproducts/hd-8800-series.html Flea and tick treatment for dogs Polyimide coating for semi-conductor industry Example Distributor: None found Manufacturer: F-Ball http://www.f-ball.com/en/product/stopgap-f76/ Resin Resin Commercial, Industrial Commercial STOPGAP F76 RESIN United Coatings Kymax Coating <1 1-5 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Internet Flooring Supplies https://internetflooringsupplies.co.uk/one-coatsurface-membrane-154.html Manufacturer: GAF https://www.gaf.com/Roofing/Commercial/Produc ts/Liquid_Applied_Roofing/Roof_Coating/UC_Ky max_Coating Component of epoxy resin based system PVDF fluoropolymer Example Distributor: None found Resin Industrial Skybond® 705 Polyimide Resin 60-63 Liquid Manufacturer: Industrial Summit Technology http://www.istusa.com/skybond/ Polyimide resin Example Distributor: None found Resin remover Consumer, Commercial Slide Resin Remover Aerosol 35-40 Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Slide Products http://www.slideproducts.com/resin-removermold-cleaner-no-41914.html Aerosol resin remover Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 33 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Expected Usersa Product Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Resin remover Commercial Slide Bulk Resin Remover 30-50 Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Slide Products http://www.slideproducts.com/resin-removermold-cleaner-no-41914.html Rust inhibitor for steel Commercial, Industrial Formgard TJ 450 Not Specified Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Nox-crete http://www.nox-crete.com/products/formgard-tj/ Details Resin remover and mold cleaner Manufacturer: Hillyard https://b2b.hillyard.com/productdetail/index/grid/ wwsa/C~11789,PL~11821,PD~HIL0049200 Sealant Sealant Commercial, Industrial Commercial, Industrial MT Concrete Seal Enviroseal Acrylic Sealer; # FL-2126-D 1-<3 0.1 - <1 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Sanitary Supply https://www.sanitarysupplycorp.com/p-2590hillyard-concrete-seal-mt-dries-clear-5-gallon-pailhil0049207-sold-as-1-pail.aspx Manufacturer: PEN Products http://www.in.gov/idoc/penproducts/files/Chemica l_Products_REV_AUG142015.pdf Concrete floor coating Floor sealant Example Distributor: None found Sealer Commercial MSP Seam Sealer <1 Proprietary Solid, Paste Manufacturer: 3M http://3mcollision.com/products/sounddeadening/3m-msp-seam-sealer-08369white.html#moreInfoDetails Automotive seam sealer Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/3M-08369-UltraproSealer-Flexpack/dp/B00063X29W Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 34 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Sealer Expected Usersa Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product Leak Seal-Clear Percent Conc. 0.1-1 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Rust-oleum http://www.rustoleum.com/productcatalog/industrial-brands/specialty/v2100-systemleakseal-aerosol Solvent Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial Aerosol leak sealer Example Distributor: Zoro https://www.zoro.com/rust-oleum-leak-seal-1375oz-clear-aerosol-can-267453/i/G5180271/ Manufacturer: Kester http://www.kester.com/products/product/tsf-6522 Soldering material Details TSF 6522 TACKY SOLDERING FLUX LOCTITE SF 75326 CLEAN UP 1 -2.5 60-100 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Digi-Key http://www.digikey.com/products/en?mpart=3004 03&v=117 Tack soldering flux is formulated to be used with a rotating disc, a doctor blade, or a drum fluxer Manufacturer: Acklands Grainger https://www.acklandsgrainger.com/en/product/LO CTITE-SF-75326-CLEAN-UP-SOLV-753/_/RLCT75326 Example Distributor: None found Solvent Commercial, Industrial S-6032A Immersion Cleaner 60-80 Liquid Manufacturer: Superior Oil Company http://www.superioroil.com/Solvents_and_Chemic als/3/ Example Distributor: None found Solvent Consumer, Commercial Manufacturer: U.N. X. Incorporatedb Power Charge 30-40 Liquid Example Distributor: None found Solvent laundry detergent Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 35 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Solvent Expected Usersa Industrial Product Reclaimed NMP Percent Conc. 99.50 Form Liquid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Veolia http://www.veolianorthamerica.com/en/ourservices/waste-services/n-methylpyrrolidone-sale Example Distributor: None found Coating Wood finish Commercial, Industrial Commercial LIQUID 2 POWDER BonaSport Super Sport <1 <5 Liquid Liquid Manufacturer/Distributor: Power Buy the Pound https://www.powderbuythepound.com/liquid_2_po wder_-1_pint.html Manufacturer: BonaKemi USA Inc https://www.bona.com/en-US/BonaProfessional/Sport/Waterborne-Finishes-Sealers/Bona-SuperSport-Finish/ Powder coating surface preparation Wood gym floor finish Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Bona-SuperSportFinish-Gloss-Gallon/dp/B00OTRWB7A Wood finish Commercial Buckeye Equity <1 Liquid Manufacturer: Buckeye International https://www.buckeyeinternational.com/products/fl oor-finishes/equity Floor finish enhancer Example Distributor: None found Wood finish Consumer, Commercial Buckeye Arena 200 1-5 Liquid Manufacturer: Buckeye International https://www.buckeyeinternational.com/products/re flections-wood-floor-care/arena-200#/programinfo Wood floor coating Example Distributor: None found Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 36 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Wood finish Wood finish Wood finish Wood finish Expected Usersa Consumer Consumer Consumer Consumer Product Cabot Interior Waterbased Gloss Floor Finish: Product Code: Valspar 144.0008070.007 Cabot Interior Waterbased Satin Floor Finish; Product Code: 144.0008072.007 Cabot Interior Waterbone Gloss Polyurethane: Product Code: 144.0008080 Cabot Interior Waterbased Semi-Gloss Floor Finish; Product Code: 144.0008077.007 Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Cabot Premium Woodcare http://www.cabotstain.com/products/product/Wate r-borne-Polyurethane.html 5-10 Liquid Example Distributor: Essential Hardware http://www.essentialhardware.com/valspar144.0008070.007-water-based-floor-finish-gloss158441.html Manufacturer: Cabot Premium Woodcare http://www.cabotstain.com/products/product/Wate r-borne-Polyurethane.html 5-10 Liquid Example Distributor: Hardware World https://www.hardwareworld.com/p38h1vd/SatinFloor-Finish-Water-Borne-Clear-Gallon Manufacturer: Cabot Premium Woodcare http://www.cabotstain.com/products/product/Wate r-borne-Polyurethane.html 5-10 Liquid Example Distributor: Essential Hardware http://www.essentialhardware.com/valspar144.0008080.005-water-base-polyurethane-clear157850.html Manufacturer: Cabot Premium Woodcare http://www.cabotstain.com/products/product/Wate r-borne-Polyurethane.html 5-10 Liquid Example Distributor: Tools Chest http://www.toolschest.com/jnsn45834.html?utm_ medium=CPA&utm_campaign=commissionjuncti on&utm_source=affiliate Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 37 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Wood finish Wood finish Expected Usersa Consumer Consumer, Commercial Product Cabot Interior Waterbased Semi-Gloss Polyurethane; Product Code: 144.0008087 Clear Gloss Protective Finish Percent Conc. Form Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Cabot Premium Woodcare http://www.cabotstain.com/products/product/Wate r-borne-Polyurethane.html 5-10 1.71 Liquid Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.ca/Water-BornePolyurethane-8087-1GSemigloss/dp/B000OI9AVS Manufacturer: Minwax http://www.minwax.com/wood-products/clearprotective-finishes/interior/minwax-polycrylicprotective-finish Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Minwax-1-qt-GlossPolycrylic-Protective-Finish-65555444/202061479 Manufacturer: Rust-Oleum http://www.rustoleum.com/ Wood finish Consumer, Commercial Vara HD Spar Varnish Semi-Gloss VA 1-2.5 Liquid Example Distributor: Home Depot http://www.homedepot.com/p/Varathane-1-qtClear-Semi-Gloss-Water-Based-Exterior-SparVarnish-Case-of-2-266321/203368887 Top coat/varnish Manufacturer: United Gilsonite Laboratories http://www.ugl.com/sitemap.php Wood finish Consumer, Commercial Zar Exterior Water Based Polyurethane - All Gloss Levelsb 3-7 Liquid Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/United-Gilsonite-WaterBased-ExteriorPolyurethane/dp/B003KILYHM#feature-bulletsbtf Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 38 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain NMP Use Wood preservative Expected Usersa Commercial, Industrial Product MP400-EXT Percent Conc. <1 Form Solid Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Osmose http://www.osmose.com/documents/MP400EXT%20product%20information%20bulletin.pdf Details Wood preservative for utility poles Example Distributor: Poles.com http://poles.com/External/MP400ext/4gallonbox a Determination of the expected users associated with a use or process is based on EPA’s best judgement if the users are not explicitly defined in the resource(s) cited. not confirm continued manufacture. Product SDSs are from 2015 or December of 2014. b Could Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 39 3.3 NMP Market Trends NMP is used heavily in paint removers, as a solvent/reagent in the electronics and pharmaceutical industries, as a solvent for hydrocarbon recovery in the petrochemical processing industry, and for desulfurization of natural gas (Future Market Insights, 2015; Global Newswire, 2016). It is also used in pesticides, solvents, cleaners, reagents, sealers, adhesives, and grouts (See Table 3-2). While paint removers represent a large product category for NMP, they are not covered in this report, as this use is covered in detail in previous reports (EPA, 2015c). This market trends section will focus on the use of NMP in the electronics, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemical industries. NMP is a key cleaning component in the manufacture of semiconductors used in electronics, and in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. As the demand for consumer electronics rises, especially in the Asia Pacific region, the global NMP market is expected to grow as well. While this rise in demand is primarily concentrated in the Asia Pacific region, this increase in use is likely to be mirrored in other regions to a lesser degree (Grand View Research, 2016). Figure 1. Global NMP Market Share, by region 2015 (%) Source: Grand View Research (2016) U.S. NMP market revenue is expected to increase over the next ten years. Despite variations in the oil and gas industry, NMP is primarily used in downstream processes, allowing it to be more resilient to market volatility in this sector. Electronic- and pharmaceutical-related revenue is also expected to grow (Grand View Research, 2016). Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 40 Figure 2. U.S. NMP Market Revenue, by application, 2013-2025 (million USD) Source: Grand View Research (2016) Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 41 References Dunn & Bradstreet. (2015). "NMP and DCM Manufacturers." Hoovers Database, Available at: http://www.hoovers.com/. Future Market Insights. (2015). "N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) Market: Demand for Electronics Industry in Asia Pacific Anticipated to Fuel the Market." Retrieved February 14, 2017, Available at: http://www.futuremarketinsights.com/press-release/n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-market. Global Newswire. (2016). "Global Pyrrolidone Market Poised to Surge from USD 1.75 Billion in 2014 to USD 2.50 Billion by 2020." Retrieved February 14, 2017, Available at: https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/03/10/818576/0/en/Global-Pyrrolidone-MarketPoised-to-Surge-from-USD-1-75-Billion-in-2014-to-USD-2-50-Billion-by-2020MarketResearchStore-Com.html. Grand View Research. (2016). "N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) Market Analysis by Application (Oil & gas [Butadiene Recovery, BTX Extraction], Pharmaceuticals [Solvent, Penetration Enhancer], Electronics, Paints & Coatings, Agrochemicals), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2013 2025." Retrieved February 15, 2017, Available at: http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industryanalysis/n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-nmp-market. National Center for Biotechnology Information. (n.d.). "PubChem Compound Database; CID=13387." Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/13387 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2010). Non-Confidential 2006 IUR Company/Chemical Records. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2014). Non-Confidential 2012 CDR Database. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2015a). "Fact Sheet: N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP)." Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/nmpfaq.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2015b). "Form R & A Download- 2015 Release Data." Toxic Release Inventory Retrieved February 8,, 2017, Available at: https://www3.epa.gov/enviro/facts/tri/form_ra_download.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2015c). TSCA Work Plan Chemical Risk Assessment: NMethylpyrrolidone. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2017). Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.-a). "Non-Confidential IUR Production Volume Information." Available at: http://www.epa.gov/cdr/tools/data/2002-vol.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (n.d.-b). Section 3. Activities and Uses of the EPCRA Section 313 Chemical at the Facility (Form R). Toxic Release Inventory - Reporting Forms & Instructions. Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 42 U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) (2016). ChemIDplus, A TOXNET Database. World Health Organization (WHO). (2001). "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 35: N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone." Available at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad35.pdf Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 43 Appendix A : Detailed TRI Data Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility 3M Co - Brownwood 4501 Hwy 377 S Brownwood, TX 76801 3M Co - Nevada 2120 E Austin Blvd Nevada, MO 64772 3M Co - Greenville 1400 Perimeter Rd Greenville, SC 29605 3M Co - Hutchinson 905/915 Adams St SE Hutchinson, MN 55350 3M Cottage Grove Center 10746 Innovation Rd Cottage Grove, MN 55016 Absolute Coatings Inc. 38 Portman Rd New Rochelle, NY 10801 Adjuvants Unlimited LLC 3633 Charles Page Blvd Tulsa, OK 74127 Advanced Polymer Technology 109 Conica Ln Harmony, PA 16037 Air Liquide Advanced Separations 305 Water St Newport, DE 19804 Air Products 11444 Lackland Rd Saint Louis, MO 63146 Albaugh Inc. 4900 Stockyards Expressway Saint Joseph, MO 64504 Albemarle Corp 2858 Back Vail Rd Tyrone, PA 16686 Alberdingk Boley Inc. 6008 West Gate City Boulevard Greensboro, NC 27407 Aldrich Chemical Co LLC 5485 County Rd V Sheboygan Falls, WI 53085 Allcoat Technology Inc. 100 Eames St Wilmington, MA 01887 Allied Tube & Conduit Corp 16100 S Lathrop Ave Harvey, IL 60426 American & Efird LLC Plant 05 & 15 601 American St Mount Holly, NC 28120 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid NR NR 1,000,000-9,999,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid NR NR 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 44 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility American Polymers Corp DBA Polycoat Products 14722 Spring Ave Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670 American Refining Group Inc. 77 N Kendall Ave Bradford, PA 16701 Ampac Fine Chemicals LLC Hwy 50 & Hazel Rd Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 Amri Rensselaer Inc. 33 Riverside Ave Rensselaer, NY 12144 Anadigics Inc. 141 Mount Bethel Rd Warren, NJ 07059 Arlon Electronic Materials 9433 Hyssop Dr Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730 Armstrong Flooring Inc. Lancaster Plant 1067 Dillerville Rd Lancaster, PA 17603 Arrow Adhesives Co 5457 Spalding Dr Norcross, GA 30092 Ashland Inc. 410 Old Pelzer Rd Piedmont, SC 29673 Ask Chemicals LP 2191 W 110th St Cleveland, OH 44102 Avago Technologies Inc.4380 Ziegler Rd Fort Collins, CO 80525 Avantor Performance Materials 7001 Martin Luther King Blvd Paris, KY 40361 Avery Dennison Information & Brand Management Div 524 Rt 303 Orangeburg, NY 10962 Axalta Coating Systems LLC - Fort Madison Plant 803 35th St Fort Madison, IA 52627 Axalta Coating Systems LLC - Mount Clemens Plant 400 Groesbeck Hwy Mount Clemens, MI 48043 Bachem Americas Inc. 1271 Avenida Chelsea Vista, CA 92081 Bachem Americas Inc. 3132 Kashiwa St Torrance, CA 90505 Baker Petrolite Corp 16950 Wallisville Rd Houston, TX 77049 Barton Solvents Inc. El Dorado Branch 2601 Pioneer Drive El Dorado, KS 67042 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NR NR 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary NR NR 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component NR NR 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Manufacture Aid 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 100-999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 45 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Barton Solvents Inc. Kansas City 901 S 66th Terrace Kansas City, KS 66111 BASF Corp 205 S James St Newport, DE 19804 BASF Corp 8404 Hwy 75 Geismar, LA 70734 BASF Corp 1609 Biddle Ave Wyandotte, MI 48192-3729 BASF Corp 1175 Martin St Greenville, OH 45331 BASF Total Petrochemicals LLC NE of Intersection of Hwy 73 & Hwy 366 Port Arthur, TX 77642 Baxalta US Inc. - GA 505 Baxalta Pkwy Social Circle, GA 30025 Bayer Crop Science 8400 Hawthorn Rd Kansas City, MO 64120 Bemis Films 2251/2450/2451 Badger Ave Oshkosh, WI 54904 Bemis Wisconsin LLC 718 High St New London, WI 54961 Betco Corp 1001 Brown Ave Toledo, OH 43607 BG Products El Dorado Manufacturing Facility 2415 Pioneer Dr El Dorado, KS 67042 BG Products Inc. 701 S Wichita Wichita, KS 67213 Boeing Commercial Airplanes - Everett 3003 W Casino Rd Everett, WA 98204 Brady Worldwide Inc. 2230 W Florist Ave Glendale, WI 53209 Brenntag Great Lakes LLC 14765 W Bobolink Ave Menomonee Falls, WI 53051 Brenntag Northeast Inc. 81 W Huller Ln Reading, PA 19605 Buckeye International Inc. 2700 Wagner Pl Maryland Heights, MO 63043 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Produce, Sale Distribution, Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000,000-9,999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 0-99 Manufacture Aid NR NR 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component NR NR NR NR 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR NR NR NR NR Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 46 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Buzzi Unicem USA - Greencastle Plant 3301 S County Rd 150 W Greencastle, IN 46135 BYK USA Inc. 524 S Cherry St Wallingford, CT 06492 Callahan Chemical Co 18 Industrial Rd Walpole, MA 02081 Calsonic Kansei NA Inc. 201 Garrett Pkwy Lewisburg, TN 37091 Cambrex Charles City Inc. 1205 11th St Charles City, IA 50616 Caterpillar Inc. Mapleton Plant 8826 W Rt 24 Mapleton, IL 61547 CCL Container - Aerosol Div One Llodio Dr Hermitage, PA 16148 CCL Label Inc. 29485 Hwy 76 E Clinton, SC 29325 Central Plains Cement Co 2609 N 145th E Ave Tulsa, OK 74116 Chemetall US Inc. 1100 Technology Dr Jackson, MI 49201 Chemical Solvents Inc. -Denison Facility 1010 Old Denison Ave Cleveland, OH 44109 Chemical Solvents Jennings Rd Facility 3751 Jennings Rd Cleveland, OH 44109 Chemisphere Corp 2101 Clifton Ave Saint Louis, MO 63139 Chemsolv Inc. 1140 Industry Ave SE Roanoke, VA 24013 Chemtura Corp 1000 Convery Blvd Perth Amboy, NJ 08861 Chevron Phillips Chemical Co LP Borger Plant Spur 119 E Borger, TX 790070968 Chromaflo Technologies Corp 2600 Michigan Ave Ashtabula, OH 44004 CJB Industries Inc. CS Plant 2114 Cypress St Valdosta, GA 31601 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 100-999 Repackaging, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Imported, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid NR NR 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary NR NR NR NR 10,000-99,999 Reactant 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 47 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility CJB Industries Inc. Gh Plant 701 Gil Harbin Industrial Blvd Valdosta, GA 31601 Cl Hauthaway & Sons Corp 638 Summer St Lynn, MA 01905 Clean Harbors Aragonite LLC 11600 North Aptus Rd Grantsville, UT 84029 Clean Harbors Deer Park LLC 2027 Independence Parkway South La Porte, TX 77571 Clean Harbors El Dorado LLC 309 American Cir Union El Dorado, AR 71730 Clean Harbors Environmental Services Inc. 2247 S Hwy 71 Kimball, NE 69145 Clean Harbors Recycling Services of Chicago LLC 1445 W 42nd Chicago, IL 60609 Clean Harbors Recycling Services of Ohio LLC 581 Milliken Dr Se Hebron, OH 43025 Commercial Merchandising Corp 1337 J Wood Branch Dr Charlotte, NC 28273 Commonwealth Laminating & Coating Inc. 345 Beaver Creek Dr Martinsville, VA 24112 Continental Cement Co LLC 10107 Hwy 79 Hannibal, MO 63401 Contract Packaging Inc. 13100 Independence Dr Covington, GA 30014 Control Solutions Inc. 5903 Genoa Red Bluff Rd Pasadena, TX 77507 Corden Pharma Colorado Inc. 2075 N 55th St Boulder, CO 80301 Core Molding Technologies 800 Manor Park Dr Columbus, OH 43228 CPFilms - Plant II 4129 The Great Rd Fieldale, VA 24089 CPFilms Inc.-Axton Facility 47 Brenda Dr Axton, VA 24054 Cree Inc. 4600 Silicon Dr Durham, NC 27703 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Article Component 100,000-999,999 Repackaging, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Process Impurity 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 100-999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component NR NR 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 48 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Cree Research Triangle Park 3026 Cornwallis Rd Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Cytec Olean Inc. 1405 Buffalo St Olean, NY 14760 Cytec Solvay Composite Materials 4300 Jackson St Greenville, TX 75402 Dap Products Inc. 875 N Third St Tipp City, OH 45371 Daubert Chemical Co 4700 S Central Ave Chicago, IL 60638 Denka Performance Elastomer LLC 560 Highway 44 La Place, LA 70068 Diodes Inc. FabTech 777 N W Blue Pkwy Suite 350 Lees Summit, MO 64086 DMI - Columbus LLC 1600 Northside Ind US Trial Blvd Columbus, GA 31904 Dow Chemical Co 901 Loveridge Rd Pittsburg, CA 94565 Dpix LLC 1635 Aeroplaza Dr Colorado Springs, CO 80916 DSM Coating Resins Inc. 730 Main St Wilmington, MA 01887 DuBois Chemicals 1329 W 400 N Fairland Rd Shelbyville, IN 46176 DuBois Chemicals 476 Clay St Chilton, WI 53014 DuBois Chemicals Inc. 3630 E Kemper Rd Sharonville, OH 45241 DuPont EKC Technology 2520 Barrington Ct Hayward, CA 94545 DuPont Electronic Polymers 1515 Nicholas Rd Dayton, OH 45417 DuPont Parlin Plant Cheesequake Rd Parlin, NJ 08859 DuPont Pontchartrain Works 586 Hwy 44 La Place, LA 70068 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 49 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility DuPont Sabine River Works Farm Rd 1006 Orange, TX 77630 DuPont Spruance Plant U.S. Hwy 1 At Cogbill Rd Richmond, VA 23234 DuPont Towanda Plant 192 Patterson Blvd Towanda, PA 18848 Dynaloy LLC 6445 Olivia Ln Indianapolis, IN 46226 Eau Claire Co - Operative Oil Co 4970 Kane Rd Eau Claire, WI 54703 Eco-Services Operations 1301 Airline Hwy Baton Rouge, LA 70805 Eden Custom Processing LLC 328 Summit Rd Eden, NC 27288 EI LLC 2865 N Cannon Blvd Kannapolis, NC 28083 Elantas Pdg Inc. 5200 N Second St Saint Louis, MO 63147 Elektrisola Inc. 126 High St Boscawen, NH 03303 Elpaco Coatings Corp 1378 Kingsland Ave Pagedale, MO 63133 Emagin Corp Hudson Valley Research Park 2070 Rt 52 Bldg 334 Hopewell Junction, NY 12533 EMD Millipore Corp 80 Ashby Rd Bedford, MA 01730 EMD Performance Materials Corp 50-70 Meister Ave Somerville, NJ 08876 Emerald Services Inc. 1825 E Alexander Ave Tacoma, WA 98421 Engineered Polymer Solutions Inc. DBA Valspar Coatings 90 Carson Rd Birmingham, AL 35215 Engineered Polymer Solutions Inc. 1400 N State St Marengo, IL 60152 Entegris Inc. 706 Ho Us Ton Clinton Dr Burnet, TX 78611 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, NR NR 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 1,000,000-9,999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 100-999 Article Component, Formulation Component 0-99 Repackaging, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Process Impurity 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 50 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility EQ Detroit Inc. 1923 Frederick Detroit, MI 48211 EQ Florida Inc. 2002 Orient Rd Tampa, FL 33619 EQ Resource Recovery Inc. 36345 Van Born Rd Romulus, MI 48174 Essential Industries Inc. 28391 Essential Rd Merton, WI 53056 Essex Group Inc. 3200 Essex Dr Franklin, IN 46131 Essex Group Inc. 800 W Mitchell St Kendallville, IN 46755 Essex Group Inc. 120 Se Pkwy Franklin, TN 37064 Essex Group Inc. Chemical Processing Plant 1601 Wall St Fort Wayne, IN 46802 Essex Group Inc. Chemical Processing Plant 1601 Wall St Fort Wayne, IN 46802 Exal Corp 1 Performance Pl Youngstown, OH 44502 ExxonMobil Baytown Chemical Plant 5000 Bayway Dr Baytown, TX 77520 ExxonMobil Chemical Co Baytown Olefins Plant 3525 Decker Dr Baytown, TX 77520 ExxonMobil Refining & Supply Baton Rouge Refinery (Part) 4045 Scenic Hwy Baton Rouge, LA 70805 ExxonMobil Refining & Supply Baytown Refinery 2800 Decker Dr Baytown, TX 775202099 Faurecia Interior Systems Saline LLC 7700 Michigan Ave Saline, MI 48176 Faurecia Interior Systems - Fraser Plant 17801 E 14 Mile Rd Fraser, MI 48026 FCA US Toledo Assembly Complex 4400 Chrysler Dr Toledo, OH 43608 Fisher Scientific Co LLC 755 Rt 202 Bridgewater, NJ 08807 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Process Impurity 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component NR NR 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Imported, Sale Distribution, Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100-999 Ancillary 0-99 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Produce, Byproduct, Process Impurity, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 100-999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Repackaging Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 51 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Flint Group NA Corp 104 National Dr Anniston, AL 36207 FlipChip International LLC 3701 E. University Drive Phoenix, AZ 85034 FMC Corp Hwy 17 E Wyoming, IL 61491 Ford Motor Co Dearborn Truck Plant 3001 Miller Rd Dearborn, MI 48120 Ford Motor Co Kentucky Truck Plant 3001 Chamberlain Ln Louisville, KY 40241 Ford Motor Company Kansas City Assembly Plant 8121 E US Hwy 69 Claycomo, MO 64119 Fortron Industries LLC 4600 Hwy 421 North Wilmington, NC 28401 Franklin International 2020 Bruck St Columbus, OH 43207 Freescale Semiconductor - Chandler 1300 N Alma School Rd Ch404 Chandler, AZ 85224 Freescale Semiconductor - Ed Bluestein Facility 3501 Ed Bluestein Blvd Austin, TX 78721 Freescale Semiconductor Oak Hill Facility 6501 William Cannon Dr W Austin, TX 78735 Fujifilm Electronic Materials USA Inc. 80 Circuit Dr North Kingstown, RI 02852 Fujifilm Hunt Chemicals USA Inc. 411 Manufacturer's Rd Dayton, TN 37321 Fujifilm Manufacturing USA Inc. 20 W 14th Ave North Kansas City, MO 64116 Fujifilm Ultra Pure Solutions 1200 W Jackson Rd Carrollton, TX 75006 GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp 14 Walkup Dr Westborough, MA 01581 GE Osmonics 760 Shadowridge Drive Vista, CA 92083 Ge Osmonics Inc. 5951 Clearwater Dr Minnetonka, MN 55343 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR 1,000-9,999 Article Component, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Article Component, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Reactant, Chemical Processing Aid, 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 52 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility General Motors LLC Bowling Green Assembly Plant 600 Corvette Dr Bowling Green, KY 42101 Global Communication Semiconductor LLC 23155 Kashiwa Ct Torrance, CA 90505 GlobalFoundries US 2 LLC E Fishkill Facility 2070 Rt 52 Hopewell Junction, NY 12533 GlobalFoundries US 2 LLC - Vermont Facility 1000 River St Essex Junction, VT 05452 GM Orion Assembly Center 4555 Giddings Rd Lake Orion, MI 48359 GM Truck Group Flint Assembly Plant G-3100 Van Slyke Rd Flint, MI 48551 GM Truck Group Flint Assembly Plant G-3100 Van Slyke Rd Flint, MI 48551 GM Truck Group Flint Assembly Plant G-3100 Van Slyke Rd Flint, MI 48551 GMC Truck Group Arlington Assembly Plant 2525 E Abrams St Arlington, TX 76010 GVS NA 125 Flanders Rd Westborough, MA 01581 Haartz Corp 87 Hayward Rd Acton, MA 01720 Harrells Inc. 720 Kraft Rd Lakeland, FL 33815 HD Microsystems LLC 250 Cheesequake Rd C/O DuPont Building 424 Parlin, NJ 08859 Headway Technologies Inc. 497 S. Hillview Drive Milpitas, CA 95035 Helena Industries Inc. 434 Fenn Rd Cordele, GA 31015 Helena Industries Inc. 3525 Vandalia Rd Des Moines, IA 50317 Henkel Corp 1345 Gasket Dr Elgin, IL 60120 Henkel Corp 825 Cedar Springs Rd Salisbury, NC 28147 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Repackaging, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 0-99 Ancillary 0-99 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR NR NR NR NR 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 53 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Henkel Corp 167 Batchelder Rd Seabrook, NH 03874 Henkel Corp 421 London Rd Delaware, OH 43015 Hexcel Corp 1214 W Hwy 84 Casa Grande, AZ 85122 Hexcel Corp 31815 Great Western Drive Windsor, CO 80550 Hexcel Corp 5400 S 6800 W West Valley City, UT 84119 Hexion Inc. 6200 Campground Rd Louisville, KY 40216 HGST Inc. 5601 Great Oaks Parkway San Jose, CA 95119 Holcim (US) Inc. Holly Hill Plant 2173 Gardner Blvd Holly Hill, SC 29059 Honda Of America Manufacturing Inc. 11000 State Rt 347 East Liberty, OH 43319 Honda Of America Manufacturing Inc. 24000 Honda Pkwy Marysville, OH 430409251 Honeywell Electronic Chemicals LLC 6760 W Chicago St Chandler, AZ 85226 Hubbard-Hall Inc. 1101 Compton Bridge Rd Inman, SC 29349 Huntsman Advanced Materials Americas Inc. 555 Huntsman Rd McIntosh, AL 36553 Hutchinson Technology Inc. 2435 Alpine Rd Eau Claire, WI 54703 Hydranautics 401 Jones Rd Oceanside, CA 920581216 Hydrite Chemical Co 114 N Main St Cottage Grove, WI 53527 Hydrite Chemical Co 7300 W Bradley Rd Milwaukee, WI 53223 Infineon Technologies Americas Corp 41915 Business Park Dr Temecula, CA 92590 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NR NR 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100-999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Repackaging NR NR 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging NR NR 100-999 Chemical Processing Aid Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 54 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Infinera Corp 1322 Bordeaux Dr Sunnyvale, CA 94089 Infrared Products - L-3 3414 Herrmann Dr Garland, TX 75041 Innovative Micro Technology 75 Robin Hill Rd Goleta, CA 93117 Intel Corp 4500 S Dobson Rd Mail Stop: Oc4-005 Chandler, AZ 85248 Intel Corp 4100 Sara Rd M S Rr5-491 Rio Rancho, NM 87124 Intel Corp - Aloha Campus 3585 SW 198th Ave Aloha, OR 97007 Intel Corp - Ronler Acres Campus 2501 NW 229th St Hillsboro, OR 97124 Intel Massachusetts Inc. 75 Reed Rd Hudson, MA 01749 Intersil Corp 1650 Robert J. Conlan Blvd Palm Bay, FL 32905 Inteva Products - Adrian Operations 1450 E Beecher St Adrian, MI 49221 ISP Technologies Inc. 4501 Attwater Ave Texas City, TX 77590 IST (USA) Corp 250 Cheesequake Rd Parlin, NJ 08859 IWG High Performance Conductor Inc. 13230 N Main St Trenton, GA 30752 Jacam Manufacturing 2013 LLC North Plant 1656 Ave Q Sterling, KS 67579 JH Rhodes Co Inc. 10 Ward St Vernon, NY 13476 Johnson Controls Aps Production Inc. 70 West 48th St Holland, MI 49423 KMG Electronic Chemicals Inc. 2340 Bert Dr Hollister, CA 95023 Knox Fertilizer Co Inc. 2660 E 100 S Knox, IN 46534 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Reactant, Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary NR NR 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, NR NR Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 55 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Koch Agronomic Services LLC 39 Bremen Ave Saint Louis, MO 63147 Koch Membrane Systems Inc. 850 Main St Wilmington, MA 01887 Koppers Performance Chemicals 3450 Fite Rd Millington, TN 38053 K-Solv LP 1007 Lakeside Dr Channelview, TX 77530 Lacamas Laboratories Inc, 3625 N Suttle Rd Portland, OR 97217 LA-CO Industries Inc, 1201 Pratt Blvd Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 Lafarge Na (Including Systech Env Corp) 11435 County Rd 176 Paulding, OH 45879 Lexmark International Inc. 6555 Monarch Rd Longmont, CO 80503 LG Chem Michigan Inc. 1 LG Way Holland, MI 49423 Loveland Products Inc. - Billings (Formerly Transbas) 1525 Lockwood Rd Billings, MT 59101 Lubrizol Advanced Materials 550 Moore Rd Avon Lake, OH 44012 Lubrizol Corp Painesville Plant 155 Freedom Rd Painesville, OH 44077 Lyondell Chemical Co 2502 Sheldon Rd Channelview, TX 77530 M/A-Com Technology Solutions 100 Chelmsford St Lowell, MA 01851 MacDermid Inc. 1221 Farrow Ave Ferndale, MI 48220 Material Sciences Corp 2300 E Pratt Blvd Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 Maxim Fab North 14320 SW Jenkins Rd Beaverton, OR 97005 Maxim Integrated Products 4350 S Beltwood Pkwy Dallas, TX 75244 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, NR NR NR NR 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid NR NR 10,000-99,999 Process Impurity, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Imported, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Article Component NR NR 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Produce, Sale Distribution 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Imported, Used Processed, Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 56 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Mcadoo & Allen Div Quaker Color Div Mcadoo & Allen Div 201 S Hellertown Ave Quakertown, PA 18951 Medsource Trenton LLC (DBA Lake Region Medical) 13024 N Main St Trenton, GA 30752 Mercedes-Benz US International Inc. 1 Mercedes Dr Vance, AL 35490 Micrel LLC 1849 Fortune Drive San Jose, CA 95131 Micron Technology Inc. 8000 S Federal Way Boise, ID 83716 MOC Products Co Inc. 12306 Montague St Pacoima, CA 91331 Mondi Jackson LLC 14591 State Hwy. 177 Jackson, MO 63755 Monument Chemical Kentucky LLC 2450 Olin Rd Brandenburg, KY 40108 Motiva - Port Arthur Refinery 2555 Savannah Ave Port Arthur, TX 77640 Multi-Color Corp 2281 S Us 31 Scottsburg, IN 47170 Multi-Color Corp - Norwood 4500 Beech St Cincinnati, OH 45212 Nation Ford Chemical Co 2300 Banks St Fort Mill, SC 29715 NB Coatings Inc. 3000 E 170th St Lansing, IL 60438 Nexeo Solutions LLC 20915 S Wilmington Ave Carson, CA 90810 Nexeo Solutions LLC 2461 Crocker Circle Fairfield, CA 94533 Nexeo Solutions LLC 5125 W Hanna Ave Tampa, FL 33634 Nexeo Solutions LLC 8500 S Willow Springs Rd Willow Springs, IL 60480 Nexeo Solutions LLC 3930 Glenwood Dr Charlotte, NC 28208 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Article Component, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 100-999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Article Component, Manufacture Aid, Ancillary NR NR 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 100,000-999,999 Repackaging NR NR 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Repackaging 10,000-99,999 Repackaging Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 57 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Nexeo Solutions LLC 3930 Glenwood Dr Charlotte, NC 28208 Nexeo Solutions LLC 1842 Enterprise Pkwy Twinsburg, OH 44087 Nexeo Solutions LLC 2788 Glendale-Milford Rd Evendale, OH 45241 Nexeo Solutions LLC 8901 Old Galveston Rd Houston, TX 77034 Nexeo Solutions LLC - Carteret 350 Roosevelt Ave Carteret, NJ 07008 Nexeo Solutions LLC - Doraville 4550 Ne Expressway Doraville, GA 30340 Nissan NA Inc. Smyrna Manufacturing Plant 983 Nissan Dr Smyrna, TN 37167 Niteo Products LLC 720 Vaiden Dr Hernando, MS 38632 Norlite LLC 628 S Saratoga St Cohoes, NY 12047 Nufarm Americas Inc. - Alsip 11901 South Austin Avenue Alsip, IL 60803 Nufarm Americas Inc (Dba Riverdale Chemical) 220 E 17th St Chicago Heights, IL 60411 Omnium Blytheville 400 Terra Rd Blytheville, AR 72315 Oracle Flexible Packaging Liberty/Freedom Complex 220 Polo Rd Winston Salem, NC 27105 O'Sullivan Films Inc. 1944 Valley Ave Winchester, VA 22601 Owosso Graphic Arts 151 N Delaney Rd Owosso, MI 48867 Pall Corp 8780 Ely Rd Pensacola, FL 32514 Pall Filtration & Separations Group Inc. 4116 Sorrento Valley Blvd San Diego, CA 92121 Parker Hannifin Corp 2340 Eastman Ave Oxnard, CA 93030 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 100,000-999,999 Repackaging NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid NR NR 100-999 Ancillary NR NR 10,000-99,999 Produce, Used Processed, Sale Distribution, Reactant, Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 58 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility PerkinElmer Medical Imaging 2175 Mission College Blvd Santa Clara, CA 95054 Perry Foam Products 2335 S 30th St Lafayette, IN 47909 Pico Chemical Corp 400 E 16th St Chicago Heights, IL 60411 Plastic Omnium Auto Exteriors LLC - Anderson 5100 Old Pearman Dairy Rd Anderson, SC 29625 Platte Chemical Co 917 Platte Rd Greenville, MS 38704 Polar Semiconductor LLC 2800 E Old Shakopee Rd Bloomington, MN 55425 Polynt Composites USA Inc. 920 E 14th Ave North Kansas City, MO 64116 Porcelen Ltd Ct LLC 129 Leeder Hill Dr Hamden, CT 06517 PPG Industries Inc. - Oak Creek 10800 S 13th St Oak Creek, WI 53154 PPG Industries Ohio Inc. 3800 W 143 St Cleveland, OH 44111 Premold Corp 5657 Frontier Rd Oconomowoc, WI 53066 Qorvo Florida Inc. 1818 S Hwy 441 Apopka, FL 32703 Qorvo US Inc. 7908 Piedmont Triad Pkwy Greensboro, NC 27409 Quadrant EPP USA Inc. 2120 Fairmont Ave Reading, PA 19605 Qualcomm Mems Technologies 2581 Junction Ave San Jose, CA 95134 Raytheon Co 350 - 362 Lowell St Andover, MA 01810 Rea Magnet Wire Co 2800 Concord Rd Lafayette, IN 47909 Rea Magnet Wire Co 4300 New Haven Ave Fort Wayne, IN 46803 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 100-999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 0-99 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid, 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 100-999 Manufacture Aid, 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 59 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Reclaimed Energy Div Superior Oil Co Inc. 1500 Western Ave Connersville, IN 47331 Red Wing Shoe Co One Red Wing Dr Potosi, MO 63664 Red Wing Shoe Plant 2 135 Cannon River Dr Red Wing, MN 55066 Reichhold LLC 2 6350 E Collins Rd Morris, IL 60450 Rho Chemical Co Inc. 30 Industry Ave Joliet, IL 60435 Rogers Corporation - Woodstock 245 Woodstock Rd Woodstock, CT 06281 Rohm & Haas Electronic Materials LLC 455 Forest St Marlborough, MA 01752 Rohm & Haas Electronic Materials CMP Inc. - B5 B6 351 Bellevue Rd Newark, DE 19713 Rohm & Haas Electronic Materials CMP Inc. B7 B15 50 Bellevue Rd Newark, DE 19713 Ross Incineration Services Inc. 36790 Giles Rd Grafton, OH 44044 Rustoleum Corp 7850 Ohio River Rd Lesage, WV 25537 S & S Plating Co 5614 Nunn St Houston, TX 77087 Safety-Kleen Systems Inc. 1200 Sylvan St Linden, NJ 07036 Saft America 13575 Waterworks St Jacksonville, FL 32221 Saginaw Metal Casting Operations 1629 N Washington St Saginaw, MI 48601 Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics 386 Metacom Ave Bristol, RI 02809 Samsung Austin Semiconductor 12100 Samsung Blvd Austin, TX 78754 Schirm USA Inc. 2801 Oak Grove Rd Ennis, TX 75119 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid, 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid, 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary NR NR 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Produce, Sale Distribution, Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Article Component, Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary NR NR Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 60 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Scotts Co 563 S Crown Hill Rd Orrville, OH 44667 Seagate Technology 7801 Computer Ave Bloomington, MN 55435 Sensient Colors LLC 2515 N Jefferson Ave Saint Louis, MO 63106 Sherwin-Williams Co 14 Industrial Park Flora, IL 62839 Sherwin-Williams Co 630 E 13th Andover, KS 67002 Sherwin-Williams Co 2121 New World Dr Columbus, OH 43207 Shintech Inc. 5618 Hwy 332 E Freeport, TX 77541 Skyworks Solutions Inc . 2427 W Hillcrest Dr Newbury Park, CA 91320 Skyworks Solutions Inc. 20 Sylvan Rd Woburn, MA 01801 Solvay Specialty Polymers USA Spur 119E Borger, TX 79008 Solvay Specialty Polymers USA LLC 50 Akron Dr Greenville, SC 29605 Sonoco Flexible Packaging 6502 S US Hwy 31 Edinburgh, IN 46124 Southwestern Plating Co Inc. 1312 Halpern Houston, TX 77009 Specialty Services Complex 233 Hoyt Rd Waxahachie, TX 75167 Spectrolab Inc. 12500 Gladstone Ave Sylmar, CA 91342 Strongwell - Chatfield Div 1610 Hwy 52 S Chatfield, MN 55923 Subaru Of Indiana Automotive Inc. 5500 State Rd 38e Lafayette, IN 47905 Sumco Southwest Corp 19801 N Tatum Blvd Phoenix, AZ 85050 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component 1,000-9,999 Formulation Component NR NR 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000,000-9,999,999 Manufacture Aid 100,000-999,999 Reactant, Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary NR NR 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Ancillary Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 61 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Sunnyside Corp 225 Carpenter Ave Wheeling, IL 60090 Superior Fiberglass & Resins 1030 All Pro Dr Elkhart, IN 46514 Superior Oil Co Inc. 400 W Regent St Indianapolis, IN 46225 Superior Solvents & Chemicals 4211 Bramers Ln Louisville, KY 40216 Superior Solvents & Chemicals 2055 E Blaine St Springfield, MO 65803 Superior Solvents & Chemicals 320 Northpointe Dr Fairfield, OH 45014 Superior Solvents & Chemicals 518 Swinging Bridge Rd Old Hickory, TN 37138 Symrise Inc. 1636 B Us Hy Park Rd Goose Creek, SC 29445 Syngenta Crop Protection LLC Saint Gabriel Facility 3905 Hwy 75 Saint Gabriel, LA 70776 Syngenta Crop Protection LLC Omaha Plant 4111 Gibson Rd Omaha, NE 68107 Systech Environmental Corp 1420 S Cement Plant Rd Fredonia, KS 66736 Tarr Acquisition LLC 4115 W Turney Ave Phoenix, AZ 85019 Tem-Tex Solvents Corp 4208 S General Bruce Dr Temple, TX 76502 Tessenderlo Kerley Inc. Fresno Plant 5427 E Central Ave Fresno, CA 93725 Texas Instruments 6412 Us Hwy 75 S Sherman, TX 75090 Texas Instruments Inc. 13500 N Central Expressway Dallas, TX 75243 The Dow Chemical Co 1790 Building Midland, MI 48667 TM Deer Park Services LP 2525 Battleground Rd Deer Park, TX 77536 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid NR NR 1,000-9,999 Process Impurity, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging NR NR 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Produce, Sale Distribution, Manufacture Aid, 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Chemical Processing Aid, Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 62 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Toray Composites (America) 19002 50th Ave E Tacoma, WA 98446 Toyota Industries Compressor Parts America Co 500 Valentine Ind US Trial Pkwy Pendergrass, GA 30567 TPC Group 2102 Spur 136 Port Neches, TX 77651 Tradebe Treatment & Recycling LLC 4343 Kennedy Ave East Chicago, IN 46312 Trelleborg Coated Systems US Inc. -DBA Uretek Po Box 326 New Haven, CT 06513 Triquint Semiconductor Texas LP 500 W Renner Rd Richardson, TX 75080 TSE Industries Inc. 5260 113th Ave N Clearwater, FL 33760 TTM Technologies Inc. 234 Cashman Dr Chippewa Falls, WI 54729 Turf Care Supply Corp 422 Webster Turn Dr Sebring, FL 33870 Turf Care Supply Corp 100 Picoma Rd Martins Ferry, OH 43935 TXI Operations LP 245 Ward Rd Midlothian, TX 76065 Ultra Pure Solutions 11225 Commercial Pkwy Castroville, CA 95012 Union Specialties Inc. 3 Malcolm Hoyt Dr Newburyport, MA 01950 United Initiators Inc. 334 Phillips 311 Rd Helena, AR 72342 United Paint & Chemical 24671 Telegraph Rd Southfield, MI 48033 Univar USA Inc. 2600 S Garfield Ave Commerce, CA 90040 Univar USA Inc. 8500 W 68th St Bedford Park, IL 60501 Univar USA Inc. Providence Branch Harborside Blvd Providence, RI 02905 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Imported, Used Processed 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 100-999 Produce, Imported, Manufacturing, Process Impurity, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Manufacture Aid NR NR NR NR 100,000-999,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, 10,000-99,999 Reactant NR NR 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component NR NR NR NR NR NR Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 63 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Univar USA Inc. Morrisville Branch 200 Dean Sievers Pl Morrisville, PA 19067 Univar USA Inc. Norcross Facility 2145 Skyland Ct Norcross, GA 30071 Univar USA Inc. Romulus Branch 13395 Huron River Dr Romulus, MI 48174 UOP LLC 2100 E Orangethrope Ave Anaheim, CA 92806 US DOD USAF Robins AFB 775 Macon St Building 1555 Robins AFB, GA 31098 US Navy NAS Whidbey Island Ault Field 1115 W Lexington St B103 Oak Harbor, WA 982783500 US Navy Naval Air Station Corpus Christi 8851 Ocean Dr Corpus Christi, TX 78419 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 1704 W 1st St Azusa, CA 91702 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 9131 E 96th Ave Henderson, CO 80640 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 7 Mobile Ave Sauget, IL 62201 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 125 Factory Ln Middlesex, NJ 08846 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC 4301 Infirmary Rd West Carrollton, OH 45449 Veolia ES Technical Solutions LLC Port Arthur Facility Hwy 73 3.5 Miles W of Taylor Bayou Port Arthur, TX 77640 Vertrauen Chemie Solutions Inc. 2170 Buoy Street Memphis, TN 38113 Vibration Control Technologies 1496 Gerber St Ligonier, IN 46767 Volkswagen Group of America Chattanooga Operations LLC 8001 Volkswagen Drive Chattanooga, TN 37416 Von Roll Austral Inc. 1055 Shadix Industrial Way Douglasville, GA 30134 W L Gore & Associates Inc. 501 Vieves Way Elkton, MD 21921 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NR NR NR NR NR NR 10,000-99,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Repackaging 1,000,000-9,999,999 Repackaging 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Repackaging, Ancillary 1,000,000-9,999,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Ancillary NR NR 10,000-99,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Article Component, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Process Impurity 100,000-999,999 Ancillary Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 64 Table A - 1: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for NMP by Facility Facility Wacker Chemical Corp Polymers Div 854 North Main Street Calvert City, KY 42029 Wafertech LLC 5509 NW Parker St Camas, WA 98607 Webb Chemical Service Corp 2708 Jarman Muskegon Heights, MI 49444 Wego Chemical & Mineral Corp 239 Great Neck Rd Great Neck, NY 11021 Western Digital Fremont 44100 Osgood Rd Fremont, CA 94539 Whitford Corp 47 Park Ave Elverson, PA 19520 Winnebago Industries Inc. 605 W Crystal Lake Rd Forest City, IA 50436 Worthen Industries Inc. Upaco Div 3 E Spitbrook Rd Nashua, NH 03060 WRR Environmental Services Co Inc. 5200 Ryder Rd Eau Claire, WI 54701 XALT Energy LLC 2700 South Saginaw Rd Midland, MI 48640 Yanfeng Automotive Interiors PMSC & CW Southview 1600 S Washington Ave Holland, MI 49423 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NR NR 1,000-9,999 Ancillary NR NR 100,000-999,999 Imported, Sale Distribution 100,000-999,999 Manufacture Aid 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 1,000-9,999 Ancillary 10,000-99,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Formulation Component, Ancillary 100,000-999,999 Chemical Processing Aid 1,000-9,999 Chemical Processing Aid Source: EPA (2015b) Note: NR = Not Reported Use and Market Profile for NMP ▌pg. 65 Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene Contract # EP-W-16-009 June 2017 Prepared for: Albert Monroe Economic and Policy Analysis Branch Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20460 Submitted by: Abt Associates Inc. 4550 Montgomery Avenue Suite 800 North Bethesda, MD 20814 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of Tetrachloroethylene ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Existing Regulations ................................................................................................................ 2 Producers, Production, and Import Volume.................................................................................. 3 2.1 US Producers and Importers .................................................................................................... 4 2.2 US Production Volume ............................................................................................................ 5 Use Information and Market Trends.............................................................................................. 9 3.1 Use in Chemical Intermediates ................................................................................................ 9 3.2 Use in Dry Cleaning ................................................................................................................. 9 3.3 Use in Metal Cleaning and Vapor Degreasing ....................................................................... 10 3.4 Use Information from 2016 CDR .......................................................................................... 10 3.5 Comparison with EU Data ..................................................................................................... 16 4. Supply Chain and End-Products .................................................................................................. 16 5. Toxics Release Inventory Data ...................................................................................................... 17 6. References ....................................................................................................................................... 39 Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. ii List of Tables Table 1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CASRN for Tetrachloroethylene ............................................... 1 Table 2: Federal Regulations and Guidelines Concerning Tetrachloroethylene (as of 2014) ...................... 2 Table 3: 2016 CDR Manufacturers and Importers of Tetrachloroethylene .................................................. 4 Table 4: 2016 CDR Production Volume Data for Tetrachloroethylene........................................................ 6 Table 5: National Production Volume Data for Tetrachloroethylene from 1986-2015 (Pounds)................. 9 Table 6: 2016 CDR Industrial Use and Production Data for Tetrachloroethylene ..................................... 11 Table 7: 2016 CDR Consumer and Commercial Use and Production Data for Tetrachloroethylene ......... 14 Table 8: Tetrachloroethylene Uses in the US vs. the EU ............................................................................ 16 Table 9: Summary of Sectors and Uses from End-Products Containing Tetrachloroethylene ................... 16 Table 10: Summary of 2015 TRI Activity or Use by Number of Facilities for Tetrachloroethylene ......... 17 Table 11: Production-Related Waste and Number of Facilities Reporting Tetrachloroethylene to TRI in 2015, by Industry ................................................................................................................... 18 Table 12: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Tetrachloroethylene by Facility .................................... 19 Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. iii Contributors The EPA subject matter expert responsible for this report is Albert Monroe of the Economic and Policy Analysis Branch; Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Analytical and draft preparation support was provided by Abt Associates, Inc. under EPA Contract No. EP-W-16-009. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. iv 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene (or Perc) is a colorless, nonflammable organic solvent used in a variety of applications, including cleaning textiles in dry cleaning facilities, degreasing metal parts, and serving as a process solvent for desulfurizing coal (Hickman, 2000). Perc was also used extensively as an intermediate in the manufacture of chloroflurocarbon (CFC) refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned production of CFCs for all but explicitly permitted uses in 1995 (Mannsville Chemical Products Corp., 1999). Its primary use now is a chemical intermediate, specifically as the raw material for the production of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a, which has replaced CFCs (ICIS, 2011). It is also used in the production of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 123 and 124, as well as HFC 125 (ICIS, 2011). Perc is usually produced as a co-product along trichloroethylene or carbon tetrachloride from hydrocarbons, partially chlorinated hydrocarbons, and chlorine (Hickman, 2000). Perc is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on results from experimental animal studies (NTP, 2014). Rats and mice dosed with Perc orally or via inhalation exposure had increased incidences of kidney, liver, and lymphoid tumors. Human studies have suggested an association between Perc exposure from drinking water and cancer, but uncertainties exist in these data. In the short-term, exposure to Perc can irritate the skin, eyes, and upper respiratory tract. Headache, dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia, and mood changes have been reported from acute inhalation exposure to Perc. At higher levels of exposure, coma and seizures have occurred. Dry cleaning workers exposed to 8-15 ppm Perc had deficits in short-term memory tests for visual designs, reaction times, perceptual function, attention, and intellectual function. Long-term exposure to Perc may damage the liver and kidneys (NTP, 2014; ATSDR, 2014). EPA conducted an Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) assessment on Perc which was last revised in February 2012 (U.S. EPA, 2012). Table 1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CASRN for Tetrachloroethylene CAS RN 127-18-4 Synonyms Perchloroethylene (perc); 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene; 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene; 401-00-00715 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); AI3-01860; BRN 1361721; Carbon bichloride; Carbon dichloride; Caswell No. 827; CCRIS 579; Czterochloroetylen; Dilatin PT; EC 204-825-9; EINECS 204-825-9; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078501; Ethene, tetrachloro-; Ethylene tetrachloride; Ethylene, tetrachloro-; HSDB 124; NCI-C04580; NSC 9777; PCE; Perawin; Perchloorethyleen, per; Perchlor; Perchloraethylen, per; Perchlorethylene, per; Percloroetilene; PERK; RCRA waste number U210; Tetrachlooretheen; Tetrachloraethen; Tetrachlorethylene; Tetrachloroethene; Tetrachloroethylene; Tetrachloroethylene (IUPAC); Tetracloroetene; UN 1897; UNII-TJ904HH8SN Molecular Formula C2Cl4 Structure Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 1 Trade Names Ankilostin; Antisal 1; Dee-Solve; Didakene; Dowper; ENT 1860; Fedal-Un; Nema; Perclene; Percosolv; Perklone; PerSec; Tetlen; Tetracap; Tetraleno; Tetravec; Tetroguer; Tetropil; Perawin; Tetralex; Dowclene EC Source: ATSDR, 2014; National Library of Medicine (NLM) n.d. 1.2 Existing Regulations As of 2014, a number of U.S. Federal agencies have issued regulations or guidelines concerning Perc as described in Table 2. Table 2: Federal Regulations and Guidelines Concerning Tetrachloroethylene (as of 2014) Agency or Regulation Description of Regulation or Guideline Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security Minimum requirements have been established for safe transport of tetrachloroethylene on ships and barges. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Visual novelty devices containing tetrachloroethylene have labeling requirements. Department of Transportation (DOT) Tetrachloroethylene is considered a hazardous material and a marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material, including transporting it in tank cars. Clean Air Act (EPA) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Listed as a hazardous air pollutant. New Source Performance Standards: Manufacture of tetrachloroethylene is subject to certain provisions for the control of volatile organic compound emissions. Urban Air Toxics Strategy: Identified as one of 33 hazardous air pollutants that present the greatest threat to public health in urban areas Clean Water Act (EPA) Effluent guidelines: Listed as a toxic pollutant. Water quality criteria: Based on fish or shellfish and water consumption = 0.69 μg/L; based on fish or shellfish consumption only = 3.3 μg/L. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (EPA) Reportable quantity (RQ) = 100 lb. Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory: Listed substance subject to reporting requirements. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (EPA) Characteristic Hazardous Waste: Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) threshold = 0.7 mg/L. Listed Hazardous Waste: Waste codes for which the listing is based wholly or partly on the presence of tetrachloroethylene = U210, F001, F002, F024, F025, K016, K019, K020, K073, K116, K150, K151. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 2 Agency or Regulation Description of Regulation or Guideline Listed as a hazardous constituent of waste. Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA) Maximum contaminant level (MCL) = 0.005 mg/L. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Maximum permissible level in bottled water = 0.005 mg/L. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible exposure limit (PEL) = 100 ppm. Ceiling concentration = 200 ppm (5 min in any 3 h). Acceptable peak exposure = 300 ppm. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold limit value – time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) = 25 ppm. Threshold limit value – short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) = 100 ppm. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommends that workplace exposure levels of substance be minimized. Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) limit= 150 ppm. Listed as a potential occupational carcinogen. Source: NTP, 2014 The state of California’s Air Resources Board (ARB) identified Perc as a toxic air contaminant in 1991 and in response, adopted the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Emissions of Perc from Dry Cleaning Operations (Dry Cleaning ATCM) to reduce emissions (ARB, 2016). Though emissions had been reduced by about 70%, the ARB passed an amendment in 2007 that mandates the phase-out of Perc from all dry cleaning machines and related equipment by January 1, 2023 (ARB, 2016). A $10,000 grant is available to individual dry cleaning facilities to switch from Perc dry cleaning systems to non-toxic and non-smog forming systems such as water-based and CO2 cleaning systems (ARB, 2007). Outside the U.S., the Canadian government has created regulations to prevent Perc spills, manage the way residues and wastewater containing Perc are collected and disposed of, and require the use of dry cleaning machines that recover more Perc (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2015). Canada has also created an allowance system that sets limits on the quantities of Perc that can be used each year in degreasing operations based on historical uses (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2016). The European Union (EU) conducted a risk assessment on Perc but has not yet made regulatory decisions regarding the chemical (ECHA, n.d.). This memo provides an overview of the U.S. producers, production, and import volume of Perc (Section 2), use information and market trends (Section 3), supply chain and end-product information (Section 4) and Toxic Release Inventory data (Section 5). 2. Producers, Production, and Import Volume Perc was first prepared in 1821 with U.S. commercial production beginning in 1925. U.S. production quickly rose to 1.1 million pounds in 1941 and peaked in 1980 at 763 million pounds. While annual production declined by 60% from 1980 to 1993, U.S. demand grew from 280 million pounds to 318 million pounds from 1996 to 1999 (NTP, 2014). Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 3 As of 2009, Perc was manufactured by 15 companies worldwide including 3 in the U.S. and was distributed by 115 suppliers including 43 in the U.S. U.S. imports have ranged from 140 million pounds in 1985, about 75 million pounds in 1990, and only 26.5 million pounds in 2012. U.S. exports have increased from 22 million pounds in 1985 to an average of 50 million pounds from 1998 to 2008 to 83.8 million pounds in 2012 (NTP, 2014; ATSDR, 2014). 2.1 US Producers and Importers Table 3 contains U.S. manufacturers and importers for Perc as listed in the public 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) data (U.S. EPA, 2017a). For the 2016 CDR cycle, manufacturers of certain chemicals were required to report information about those chemicals manufactured (including imported) in amounts of 25,000 pounds or more at each of their sites during calendar year 2015. The 2016 CDR indicates that 22 sites manufactured or imported Perc in the U.S. in 2015 (U.S. EPA, 2017a). Table 3: 2016 CDR Manufacturers and Importers of Tetrachloroethylene Company City State Manufacture Import Allchem Industries Holding Corp Gainesville FL No Yes Axiall Corporation Westlake LA Yes No LORD Corporation Cary NC No Yes MAK Chemicals Inc. Passaic NJ NDR NDR Olin Corporation Clayton MO NDR NDR Olin Corporation Freeport TX Yes No Olin Corporation Plaquemine LA Yes No Sempre Avant LLC Pearland TX Yes No Solvay USA Inc Princeton NJ No Yes Superior Oil Company, Inc Indianapolis IN NDR NDR Tarr LLC Portland OR No Yes Transchem, Inc. Carlsbad CA No Yes United Refining Company Warren PA No Yes Univar INC. Redmond WA NDR NDR Wego Chemical Group Great Neck NY No Yes CBI CBI CBI No Yes CBI (Site: Occidental Chemical Corp) Geismar LA CBI CBI CBI (Site: Tricon International, LTD) Houston TX No Yes CBI (Site: Geon Oxy Vinyl) Laporte TX CBI CBI CBI (Site: TRInternationa Inc) Seattle WA No Yes CBI (Site: CRC Industries) Warminster PA NDR NDR CBI (Site: Greenchem) West Palm Beach FL CBI CBI Notes: CBI = confidential business information; NDR = no data reported Source: U.S. EPA, 2017a Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 4 2.2 US Production Volume Table 4 presents the 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 production volume data by producer, as reported in the public 2016 CDR. It is possible that other sites manufacture or import the chemicals, but are not listed in the public CDR database, because they may have claimed their production as CBI or had production volumes below the 25,000-pound annual reporting threshold. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 5 Table 4: 2016 CDR Production Volume Data for Tetrachloroethylene Company Site Manufactured Volume Imported Volume 2012 Total Production Volume 2013 Total Production Volume 2014 Total Production Volume 2015 Total Production Volumea Allchem Industries Holding Corp Allchem Industries Industrial Chemicals Group, Inc 6010 NW 1st Pl Gainesville, FL 32607 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Axiall Corporation Axiall Corporation 1300 Ppg Drive Westlake, LA 70669 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld LORD Corporation LORD Corporation 111 Lord Dr Cary, NC 27511 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld MAK Chemicals Inc. MAK Chemicals Inc 90 Dayton Ave Passaic, NJ 07055 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Olin Corporation Blue Cube Operations LLC 21255 Highway 1 S Plaquemine, LA 707650150 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Olin Corporation Olin Blue Cube 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd. Freeport, TX 77541 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Olin Corporation Olin Corporation 190 Carondelet Plz Clayton, MO 63105 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Sempre Avant LLC Solvents & Chemicals 4704 Shank Rd. Pearland, TX 77581 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 6 Company Site Manufactured Volume Imported Volume 2012 Total Production Volume 2013 Total Production Volume 2014 Total Production Volume 2015 Total Production Volumea Solvay USA Inc Solvay USA Inc 504 Carnegie Ctr Princeton, NJ 08540 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Superior Oil Company, Inc Superior Oil Company, Inc. 1402 N. Capitol Ave. Indianapolis, IN 46202 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Tarr LLC Tarr Incorporated 2429 N. Borthwick Portland, OR 97227-1704 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Transchem, Inc. Transchem Corporate 2141 Palomar Airport Rd Carlsbad, CA 92011 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld United Refining Company United Refining Company 15 Bradley Street Warren, PA 16365 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Univar Inc. Univar USA Inc 17411 Ne Union Hill Rd. Redmond, WA 98052 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Wego Chemical Group Wego Chemical & Mineral Corp 239 Great Neck Road Great Neck, NY 11021-3301 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld CBI CBI Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld CBI CRC Industries Inc 885 Louis Drive Warminster, PA 18974-2869 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 7 Company Site Manufactured Volume Imported Volume 2012 Total Production Volume 2013 Total Production Volume 2014 Total Production Volume 2015 Total Production Volumea CBI Geon Oxy Vinyl Laporte Plant 2400 Miller Cutoff Road Laporte, TX 77571-9759 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld CBI Greenchem 222 Clematis St West Palm Beach, FL 33401 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld CBI Occidental Chemical Corp Geismar Plant 8318 Ashland Road Geismar, LA 70734-3513 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld CBI Tricon International, Ltd 777 Post Oak Blvd, Suite 550 Houston, TX 77056 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld CBI TRInternational Inc 600 Stewart Street Seattle, WA 98101 Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Withheld Note: The 2015 total production volume (domestically manufactured and imported) of the chemical used at the reporting site represents the volume of the chemical that did not leave the manufacturing site. “Withheld” in the CDR public database indicates that the national production volume of a chemical was unable to be aggregated in order to protect to CBI claims. Source: U.S. EPA, 2017a Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 8 Table 5 presents the historic U.S. production volume data for tetrachloroethylene submitted by companies under the non-confidential 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and the 2012 and 2016 CDR. While the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 25,000 pounds starting with the 2006 IUR, the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 10,000 pounds from 1986 to 2002. Table 5: National Production Volume Data for Tetrachloroethylene from 1986-2015 (Pounds) 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2011 2015 >500M – 1B >500M – 1B >100M – 500M >100M – 500M >100M – 500M 500M<1B 420,694,838 324,240,744 Source: U.S. EPA, n.d.; U.S. EPA 2010; U.S. EPA, 2014; U.S. EPA, 2017b 3. Use Information and Market Trends Tetrachloroethylene has a variety of applications. Its known uses include: solvent for dry cleaning, vapor degreasing, cleaning/degreasing metals, fats, greases, waxes, rubbers, gums, decaffeinating coffee; extraction solvent (oils, fat); flotation solvent (coal separation); heat exchange fluid; in copying machines; vermifuge; drying agent; scouring agent, sizing agent, and desizing agent in textiles; intermediate in manufacturing of trichloroacetic acid, fluorocarbons, paint removers, printing inks; blowing agent adjuvant in food-contact foamed PS; in food packaging adhesives; and antihelmintic drug (veterinary medicine) (Synapse Information Resources, Inc., 2009). In the 1970s, Perc was used domestically for dry cleaning and textile processing (58%), metal cleaning (18%), chemical intermediates (12%), and other uses (12%). Perc use in the dry cleaning industry declined in the 1990s due to government regulation concerning workplace exposure. Currently, Perc is primarily used as a chemical intermediate (65%) and as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning (15%) and metal cleaning (10%) (NTP, 2014). Demand for Perc peaked in the 1980s due to its use as a feedstock in the phase-out of CFCs under the Montreal Protocol and tighter equipment and solvent recovery in the dry cleaning and metal cleaning industries so these industries used less solvent (Hickman, 2000). 3.1 Use in Chemical Intermediates Perc’s largest use is as a chemical intermediate in the production of fluorinated compounds. It is the raw material for producing hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants (134a and 125), which are alternatives to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). It is also used in the production of HCFCs 123 and 124 (ICIS, 2011). Perc was heavily used to manufacture trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC113) until CFC-113 was drastically reduced in the U.S. by the Montreal Protocol (Mannsville Chemical Products Corp., 1999). Perc is still used to make smaller quantities of CFC-113 for Montreal Protocolexempt uses (Honeywell, 2017). 3.2 Use in Dry Cleaning Beginning in the 1930s, perc became the dominant solvent used in dry cleaning facilities. Perc is nonflammable and effectively dissolves fats, greases, waxes, and oils without harming natural or humanmade fibers. These properties enabled it to replace traditional petroleum solvents. (Dow, 2008; ATSDR, 2014; Tirsell, 2000). The demand for perc dry cleaning solvents has steadily declined as a result of the Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 9 improved efficiency of dry cleaning equipment, increased chemical recycling, the popularity of wash-andwear fabrics that eliminate the need for dry cleaning (ATSDR, 2014). Approximately 60% of dry cleaning machines now use perc as a solvent (DLI/NCA, 2017). In recent years, there is some evidence of a significant shift away from perc in dry cleaning. In 1991, EPA estimated that 83% of all dry cleaning facilities used perc as solvent (EPA, 1991). In 2008, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Association (HSIA) estimated that 70% of dry cleaners used perc as dry cleaning solvent (HSIA, 2008). Similarly, in 2011, King County, WA conducted a profile of the dry cleaning industry and found that 69% of respondents (105 of the 152 respondents) used perc in their primary machine (Whittaker and Johanson, 2011). According to the dry cleaning industry, a majority of new perc dry cleaning machines are sold in locations where local fire codes preclude the use of Class III combustible alternative solvents or where the nature of the dry cleaning operation requires the use of perc. (DLI/NCA, 2017). In 2006, EPA issued an air toxics regulation under the Clean Air Act mandating that dry cleaners reduce their emissions of perc and facilities located in residential buildings phase out its use by 2020 (ATSDR, 2014; U.S. EPA, 2016a). To support California’s phase-out of Perc in dry cleaning systems by 2023, ARB identified a number of alternative dry cleaning solvents including: Water-based cleaning, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbon solvent (DF-2000™ Fluid, EcoSolv® , and Shell Sol 140 HT), GreenEarth® solvent (composed of volatile methyl siloxane), Propylene glycol ether (Rynex™ or Rynex3), Stoddard solvent, and PureDry® solvent (a blend of hydrocarbon and chemical additive) (ARB, 2007). 3.3 Use in Metal Cleaning and Vapor Degreasing Perc is also used as a vapor and liquid degreasing agent. It can be used to dissolve many organic compounds, select inorganic compounds and high-melting pitches and waxes making it ideal for cleaning contaminated metal parts and other fabricated materials (ATSDR, 2014). It is a very good solvent for greases, fats, waxes, oils, bitumen, tar and many natural and synthetic resins for use in chemical cleaning systems, degreasing light and heavy metals, degreasing pelts and leather (tanning), extraction of animal and vegetable fats and oils, and textile dyeing (solvent for dye baths) (Stoye, 2000). 3.4 Use Information from 2016 CDR Table 6 indicates the industrial uses of Perc from 2016 CDR data including in basic organic chemical manufacturing of intermediates and solvents (for cleaning or degreasing); petroleum refineries; paint and coating manufacturing; pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing; petrochemical manufacturing; adhesive manufacturing; fabricated metal production; soap cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing; and industrial gas manufacturing (U.S. EPA, 2017a). Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 10 Table 6: 2016 CDR Industrial Use and Production Data for Tetrachloroethylene Manufacturing Site Allchem Industries Holding Corp. 6010 NW 1st Pl Gainesville, FL 32607 Sector Function Category Type of Processing or Use Percent of Production Volume Fabricated metal product manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Use—nonincorporative activities NKRA All other basic organic chemical manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Processing— repackaging CBI Industrial gas manufacturing Functional fluids (closed systems) Processing as a reactant CBI Petroleum refineries Intermediates Processing as a reactant CBI Wholesale and retail trade Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Processing as a reactant CBI CRC Industries Inc1 885 Louis Drive Warminster, PA 189742869 NDR NDR NDR NDR Geon Oxy Vinyl Laporte Plant1 2400 Miller Cutoff Road Laporte, TX 77571-9759 All other basic organic chemical manufacturing Intermediates Processing as a reactant 100 NKRA NKRA NKRA 40 Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 60 Adhesive manufacturing Adhesives and sealant chemicals Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 100 Wholesale and retail trade Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) Processing as a reactant 100 CBI Intermediates Processing as a reactant CBI CBI Intermediates Processing as a reactant CBI Axiall Corporation 1300 Ppg Drive Westlake, LA 70669 Greenchem1 222 Clematis St West Palm Beach, FL 33401 LORD Corporation 111 Lord Dr Cary, NC 27511 MAK Chemicals Inc. 90 Dayton Ave Passaic, NJ 07055 Occidental Chemical Corp1 8318 Ashland Road Geismar, LA 70734-3513 Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 11 Function Category Type of Processing or Use CBI Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product CBI CBI Intermediates Processing— repackaging CBI All other basic organic chemical manufacturing Intermediates Processing as a reactant 80 All other basic organic chemical manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Use—nonincorporative activities 10 Paint and coating manufacturing Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 2 Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing Processing aids, not otherwise listed Use—nonincorporative activities 4 Petrochemical manufacturing Processing aids, specific to petroleum production Use—nonincorporative activities 4 NDR NDR NDR NDR All other basic organic chemical manufacturing Intermediates Processing as a reactant 80 All other basic organic chemical manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Use—nonincorporative activities 10 Paint and coating manufacturing Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 2 Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing Processing aids, not otherwise listed Use—nonincorporative activities 4 Manufacturing Site Olin Corporation 21255 Highway 1 S Plaquemine, LA 707650150 Olin Corporation 190 Carondelet Plz Clayton, MO 63105 Olin Corporation 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd. Freeport, TX 77541 Abt Associates Inc. Sector Percent of Production Volume Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 12 Manufacturing Site Sector Function Category Type of Processing or Use Percent of Production Volume Petrochemical manufacturing Processing aids, specific to petroleum production Use—nonincorporative activities 4 Sempre Avant LLC 4704 Shank Rd. Pearland, TX 77581 All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 100 Solvay USA Inc 504 Carnegie Ctr Princeton, NJ 08540 Fabricated metal product manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 100 Superior Oil Company, Inc. 1402 N. Capitol Ave. Indianapolis, IN 46202 NDR NDR NDR NDR Tarr LLC 2429 N. Borthwick Portland, OR 97227-1704 NKRA NKRA NKRA 100 Transchem, Inc. 2141 Palomar Airport Rd Carlsbad, CA 92011 NDR NDR NDR NDR CBI Tricon International, Ltd1 777 Post Oak Blvd, Suite 550 Houston, TX 77056 Wholesale and retail trade CBI Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product TRInternational Inc 600 Stewart Street Seattle, WA 98101 NKRA NKRA NKRA NKRA United Refining Company 15 Bradley Street Warren, PA 16365 Petroleum refineries Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 100 Univar Inc. 17411 Ne Union Hill Rd. Redmond, WA 98052 NDR NDR NDR NDR Wego Chemical & Mineral Group 239 Great Neck Road Great Neck, NY 110213301 Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing) Processing— incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 100 CBI NDR NDR NDR NDR Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 13 Manufacturing Site Type of Processing or Use Function Category Sector Percent of Production Volume Notes: 1. Parent company names are presented in the first column expect in the cases when the company claims their name as CBI, but reports the site name. In these cases, the site name is presented in the first column. CBI = confidential business information; NDR = no data reported; NKRA= not known or reasonably ascertainable Source: U.S. EPA, 2017a Table 7 contains consumer and commercial use data for Perc from the 2016 CDR database. Only nine of the 22 manufacturing sites reported consumer and commercial product categories including automotive care products, cleaning and furnishing care products, and lubricants and greases (U.S. EPA, 2017a). Table 7: 2016 CDR Consumer and Commercial Use and Production Data for Tetrachloroethylene Manufacturing Site Consumer Use Product Category Commercial or Consumer Use Percent of Production Volume Cleaning and furnishing care products Commercial 60 NKRA NKRA 40 Commercial Use Product Category Allchem Industries Holding Corp 6010 NW 1st Pl Gainesville, FL 32607 NDR Axiall Corporation 1300 Ppg Drive Westlake, LA 70669 NDR CRC Industries Inc1 885 Louis Drive Warminster, PA 18974-2869 NDR Geon Oxy Vinyl Laporte Plant1 2400 Miller Cutoff Road Laporte, TX 77571-9759 NDR Greenchem1 222 Clematis St West Palm Beach, FL 33401 NDR LORD Corporation 111 Lord Dr Cary, NC 27511 NDR MAK Chemicals Inc. 90 Dayton Ave Passaic, NJ 07055 NDR Other Commercial 100 Occidental Chemical Corp1 Geismar Plant 8318 Ashland Road Geismar, LA 70734-3513 Automotive care products Automotive care products Both CBI Olin Corporation 190 Carondelet Plz Abt Associates Inc. NDR Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 14 Manufacturing Site Consumer Use Product Category Commercial Use Product Category Commercial or Consumer Use Percent of Production Volume Clayton, MO 63105 Olin Corporation 21255 Highway 1 S Plaquemine, LA 707650150 NDR Cleaning and furnishing care products Commercial 10 Olin Corporation 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd. Freeport, TX 77541 NDR Cleaning and furnishing care products Commercial 10 Sempre Avant LLC 4704 Shank Rd. Pearland, TX 77581 NDR Solvay USA Inc 504 Carnegie Ctr Princeton, NJ 08540 NDR Superior Oil Company, Inc 1402 N. Capitol Ave. Indianapolis, IN 46202 NDR Tarr LLC 2429 N. Borthwick Portland, OR 97227-1704 NKRA Transchem, Inc. 2141 Palomar Airport Rd Carlsbad, CA 92011 NDR Lubricants and greases Commercial 100 Tricon International, Ltd1 777 Post Oak Blvd, Suite 550 Houston, TX 77056 CBI CBI CBI CBI Commercial 100 TRInternational Inc1 600 Stewart Street Seattle, WA 98101 United Refining Company 15 Bradley Street Warren, PA 16365 NKRA NDR Lubricants and greases Univar Inc. 17411 Ne Union Hill Rd. Redmond, WA 98052 NDR Wego Chemical Group 239 Great Neck Road Great Neck, NY 11021-3301 NDR Cleaning and furnishing care products Commercial 100 CBI NDR Other Commercial 100 Notes: CBI = confidential business information; NDR = no data reported; NKRA = not known or reasonably ascertainable; N/A = non-applicable 1. Parent company names are presented in the first column expect in the cases when the company claims their name as CBI, but reports the site name. In these cases, the site name is presented in the first column. Source: U.S. EPA, 2017a Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 15 3.5 Comparison with EU Data Table 8 presents a comparison of the use and production volume information identified in the EU’s Risk Assessment Report Tetrachloroethylene (ECHA, 2005) and the uses identified in the U.S. Table 8: Tetrachloroethylene Uses in the US vs. the EU Percentage of Production Volume US EU Use Chemical Intermediate 60 18 Dry Cleaning 18 38 Surface Preparation/Cleaning 18 9 Oil Refining Catalyst 2 0 Export 0 34 Other 2 1 Total 100 100 Source: ECHA, 2005; Dow, 2008 4. Supply Chain and End-Products Perc’s supply chain is influenced by manufacturers and importers of the chemical, and the end products in which it is used. Table 9 presents an overview of the industry sectors and uses for the end-products containing Perc identified in this analysis. A more detailed spreadsheet with information on specific products containing Perc is attached as a separate file. While not a complete list, this information provides a glimpse of the manufacturers, importers, and end-products containing Perc as identified by EPA CPCat data, the National Institute for Health’s (NIH) Household Product Database, the State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners, and other resources including Google searches for which Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) could be readily found. EPA CPCat data included over 700 products manufactured by over 400 companies. The Household Product Database contained 37 products from the categories of arts and crafts, auto products, commercial/institutional, home maintenance, and inside the home. Table 9: Summary of Sectors and Uses from End-Products Containing Tetrachloroethylene Sectors End-Product Uses Arts and Crafts Adhesives Automotive and Marine Brake cleaners; engine degreasers; lubricants for brakes, engines, and other metal parts; penetrating oils; tire inflator and sealers; marine cleaner and degreasers; gasket removers Carpet Cleaning Spotting and stain removers Dry Cleaning Solvents; detergents; additives; spotting agents Equipment Degreasing and Cleaning Cleaners and degreasers for cables, motors, and other metal parts Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 16 Sectors End-Product Uses Fabrics and Textiles Water and stain repellants; textile inks; fabric protectors; ink removers; suede protectors; shoe waterproofing and adhesives Electronic and Optics Electronic and component cleaners; specialty cleaners Vapor Degreasing and General Cleaning Vapor degreasers; general purpose cleaners and degreasers; mold cleaners; polishing agents (wood, stone, metal); wood cleaners Paints and Coatings Vandal mark removers; masking papers; coatings; paint strippers; spray snow; sealants Petroleum Oil refining catalysts Guns Gun oil or lubricants; ammunition sealants; gun cleaners Laboratories Laboratory applications (evaluation tests; calibration) Source: EPA CPCat, NIH Household Product Database, State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners, and other resources including Google searches; U.S. EPA, 2017b. 5. Toxics Release Inventory Data Facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using tetrachloroethylene are required to report releases to EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). Under the most recent TRI for the year 2015, 216 sites reported releasing quantities of tetrachloroethylene at their facilities. Table 12 presents each reporting facility, the maximum amount of the chemical present at the facility per year, and how tetrachloroethylene is produced or used at the facility. A key to the activities and uses is provided at the bottom of the table. A summary of the activity or use of tetrachloroethylene by number of facilities is provided in Table 10 and a summary of industries with facilities reporting tetrachloroethylene is provided in Table 11. Table 10: Summary of 2015 TRI Activity or Use by Number of Facilities for Tetrachloroethylene Activity or Use Ancillary Article Component 3 Byproduct 15 Chemical Processing Aid 74 Formulation Component 30 Imported Manufacture Aid Manufacture Impurity Abt Associates Inc. Number of Facilities 73 6 22 5 Process Impurity 12 Produce 21 Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 17 Reactant 17 Repackaging 28 Sale Distribution 7 Used Processed 10 Source: U.S. EPA, 2015 Table 11: Production-Related Waste and Number of Facilities Reporting Tetrachloroethylene to TRI in 2015, by Industry Number of Facilities NAICS Industry Code 325180 Other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing ProductionRelated Waste (lb) 3 34,043,947 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336411 Aircraft Manufacturing 15 9,643,014 7 6,951,921 3 4,464,186 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 16 2,791,757 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 5 2,299,181 11 1,813,750 562920 Materials Recovery Facilities 2 940,551 325520 Adhesive Manufacturing 5 722,136 562213 Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 314999 All Other Miscellaneous Textile Product Mills 1 364,255 13 172,286 24 140,860 1 112,960 324191 Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing 3 91,633 327992 Ground or Treated Mineral and Earth Manufacturing 1 91,426 325120 Industrial Gas Manufacturing 2 54,305 928110 National Security 1 52,948 68 45,256 336214 Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing 332119 Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 336412 Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 1 37,845 1 28,468 1 22,783 562219 Other Nonhazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 1 22,571 332813 Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring 2 21,254 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing 332215 Metal kitchen cookware, utensil, cutlery, and flatware (except precious) manufacturing 332999 All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 325611 Soap and Other Detergent Manufacturing 6 18,740 1 16,050 1 14,486 3 12,387 327310 Cement Manufacturing 324110 Petroleum Refineries Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 18 Number of Facilities NAICS Industry Code ProductionRelated Waste (lb) 339992 Musical Instrument Manufacturing 1 11,749 332992 Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 332812 Metal coating, engraving (except jewelry and silverware), and allied services to manufacturers 335991 Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 1 11,544 1 11,237 1 10,485 332721 Precision Turned Product Manufacturing 1 6,603 325510 Paint and Coating Manufacturing 2 4,633 325612 Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing 3 1,163 333992 Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 1 1,007 336611 Ship Building and Repairing 1 365 221112 Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 1 4 212393 Other Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining 1 * 325311 Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 541712 Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) 326150 Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 424710 Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 1 * 1 * 1 * 1 * 216 65,049,746 Total Source: U.S. EPA, 2015 Note: *No quantities reported Table 12: Detailed 2015 TRI Activity or Use for Tetrachloroethylene by Facility Facility THE DOW CHEMICAL CO GRAND BAYOU OPERATIONS LOUISIANA HWY 70 PAINCOURTVILLE, LA 70391 PHIFER INC 4400 KAULOOSA AVE TUSCALOOSA, AL 35401 PHILLIPS 66 CO-BAYWAY REFINERY 1400 PARK AVE LINDEN, NJ 7036 PAULSBORO REFINING CO LLC 800 BILLINGSPORT RD PAULSBORO, NJ 8066 UNITED REFINING CO 15 BRADLEY ST WARREN, PA 16365 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 0 - 99 Produce Byproduct Ancillary 212393 Other Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 314999 All Other Miscellaneous Textile Product Mills 10,000 - 99,999 1,000 - 9,999 * Imported Used Processed Chem Processing Aid Chem Processing Aid Ancillary * 324110 Petroleum Refineries 324110 Petroleum Refineries 324110 Petroleum Refineries Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 19 Facility MONROE ENERGY LLCTRAINER REFINERY 4101 POST RD TRAINER, PA 19061 PHILADELPHIA ENERGY SOLUTIONS REFINING PHILADELPHIA REFINERY 3144 PASSYUNK AVE PHILADELPHIA, PA 19145 DELAWARE CITY REFINERY 4550 WRANGLE HILL RD DELAWARE CITY, DE 19706 VALERO REFINING CO TENNESSEE LLC 2385 RIVERPORT ROAD MEMPHIS, TN 38109 CHEVRON PRODUCTS CO PASCAGOULA REFINERY 250 IND US TRIAL RD PASCAGOULA, MS 39581 CATLETTSBURG REFINING LLC 11631 US RT 23 CATLETTSBURG, KY 41129 LIMA REFINING CO 1150 S METCALF ST LIMA, OH 45804 BP PRODUCTS NORTH AMERICA WHITING BUSINESS UNIT 2815 INDIANAPOLIS BLVD WHITING, IN 46394 COUNTRYMARK REFINING & LOGISTICS LLC 1200 REFINERY RD MOUNT VERNON, IN 47620 MARATHON PETROLEUM CO LP - MICHIGAN REFINING DIV 1300 S FORT ST HES DEPT DETROIT, MI 48217 ST PAUL PARK REFINING CO LLC 301 ST PAUL PARK RD SAINT PAUL PARK, MN 55071 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 10,000 - 99,999 Imported Used Processed Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100,000,000 499,999,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 0 - 99 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Repackaging Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Process Impurity Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Manufacture Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 0 - 99 Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 20 Facility FLINT HILLS RESOURCES PINE BEND LLC 13775 CLARK RD ROSEMOUNT, MN 55068 TESORO MANDAN REFINERY 900 OLD RED TRAIL NE MANDAN, ND 58554 CHS INC LAUREL REFINERY 803 HWY 212 S LAUREL, MT 59044 PHILLIPS 66 CO BILLINGS REFINERY 401 S 23RD ST BILLINGS, MT 59101 EXXONMOBIL OIL CORP JOL IET REFINERY INTERSTATE 55 & ARSENAL RD EAST CHANNAHON, IL 60410 WOOD RIVER REFINERY 900 S CENTRAL AVE ROXANA, IL 62084 MARATHON PETROLEUM CO LP ILLINOIS REFINING DIV 100 MARATHON AVE ROBINSON, IL 62454 HOLLYFRONTIER EL DORADO REFINING LLC 1401 S DOUGLAS RD EL DORADO, KS 67042 COFFEYVILLE RESOURCES REFINING & MARKETING 400 N LINDEN COFFEYVILLE, KS 67337 CHS MCPHERSON REFINERY 2000 S MAIN ST MCPHERSON, KS 67460 PHILLIPS 66 - ALLIANCE REFINERY 15551 HIGHWAY 23 BELLE CHASSE, LA 70037 VALERO REFINING - NEW ORLEANS LLC 14902 RIVER RD NORCO, LA 70079 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 100,000 - 999,999 Reactant Manufacture Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Manufacture Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100,000 - 999,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Produce Used Processed Article Component Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100 - 999 Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 21 Facility MARATHON PETROLEUM CO LP 4663 W AIRLINE HWY GARYVILLE, LA 70051 VALERO REFINING - MERAUX LLC MERAUX REFINERY 2500 E ST BERNARD HWY MERAUX, LA 70075 MOTIVA ENTERPRISES LLC NORCO REFINERY 15536 RIVER RD NORCO, LA 70079 CHALMETTE REFINING LLC 500 W ST BERNARD HWY CHALMETTE, LA 70043 CITGO PETROLEUM CORP 1601 HWY 108 E SULPHUR, LA 70665 PHILLIPS 66 LAKE CHARLES REFINERY 2200 OLD SPANISH TRAIL WESTLAKE, LA 70669 ALON REFINING KROTZ SPRINGS INC HWY 105 S KROTZ SPRINGS, LA 70750 EXXONMOBIL REFINING & SUPPLY BATON ROUGE REFINERY (PART) 4045 SCENIC HWY BATON ROUGE, LA 70805 CALUMET LUBRICANTS & WAXES LLC 3333 MIDWAY ST SHREVEPORT, LA 71109 LION OIL CO 1,000 MCHENRY AVE EL DORADO, AR 71730 WYNNEWOOD REFINING CO 906 S POWELL AVE WYNNEWOOD, OK 73098 VALERO REFINING CO OKLAHOMA VALERO ARDMORE REFINERY ONE VALERO WAY ARDMORE, OK 73401 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 100 - 999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Chem Processing Aid Manufacture Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100,000 - 999,999 Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Reactant 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Formulation Component Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries * * 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid Manufacture Aid Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 22 Facility HOLLYFRONTIER TULSA REFINING LLC EAST FACILITY 902 W 25TH ST TULSA, OK 74107 PHILLIPS 66 PONCA CITY SITE 1,000 S PINE ST PONCA CITY, OK 746017501 PHILLIPS 66 CO SWEENY REFINERY COMPLEX 8189 OLD FM 524 OLD OCEAN, TX 77463 EXXONMOBIL REFINING & SUPPLY BAYTOWN REFINERY 2800 DECKER DR BAYTOWN, TX 775202099 DEER PARK REFINING LP 5900 HWY 225 EAST DEER PARK, TX 77536 MARATHON PETROLEUM CO LP 502 10TH ST S TEXAS CITY, TX 77590 VALERO REFINING-TEXAS LP 1301 LOOP 197 S TEXAS CITY, TX 77590 BLANCHARD REFINING CO LLC 2401 5TH AVE S TEXAS CITY, TX 77590 BLANCHARD REFINING CO LLC 2401 5TH AVE S TEXAS CITY, TX 77590 PREMCOR REFINING GROUP INC PORT ARTHUR 1801 S GULFWAY DR PORT ARTHUR, TX 77640 MOTIVA-PORT ARTHUR REFINERY 2555 SAVANNAH AVE PORT ARTHUR, TX 77640 EXXONMOBIL OIL BEAUMONT REFINERY E END OF BURT ST BEAUMONT, TX 77701 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 1,000 - 9,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Reactant Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100 - 999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 0 - 99 Article Component 324110 Petroleum Refineries 0 - 99 Reactant Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 23 Facility FLINT HILLS RESOURCES CORPUS CHRISTI LLC - WEST PLANT 2825 SUNTIDE RD CORPUS CHRISTI, TX 78409 VALERO REFINING-TEXAS LP CORPUS CHRISTI WEST PLANT 5900 UP RIVER RD CORPUS CHRISTI, TX 78407 PHILLLIPS 66 CO BORGER REFINERY STATE HWY SPUR 119 N BORGER, TX 790070271 WESTERN EL PASO REFINERY 6500 TROWBRIDGE DR EL PASO, TX 79905 SUNCOR ENERGY COMMERCE CITY REFINERY 5801 BRIGHTON BLVD COMMERCE CITY, CO 80022 HOLLYFRONTIER CHEYENNE REFINING LLC 2700 E. 5TH STREET CHEYENNE, WY 82007 BIG WEST OIL LLC 333 W CENTER ST NORTH SALT LAKE, UT 84054 CHEVRON PRODUCTS CO SALT LAKE REFINERY 2351 NORTH 1100 WEST SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84116 CHEVRON PRODUCTS CO DIV OF CHEVRON USA INC 324 W EL SEGUNDO BLVD EL SEGUNDO, CA 90245 PHILLIPS 66 LOS ANGELES REFINERY WILMINGTON PLANT 1660 W ANAHEIM ST WILMINGTON, CA 90744 ULTRAMAR INC WILMINGTON REFINERY 2402 E. ANAHEIM STREET WILMINGTON, CA 90744 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 10,000 - 99,999 Produce Byproduct Reactant Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100,000 - 999,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100 - 999 Process Impurity Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100,000 - 999,999 Process Impurity Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100 - 999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Reactant Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 24 Facility TESORO LOS ANGELES REFINERY-CARSON OPERATIONS 2350 E 223RD ST CARSON, CA 90810 VALERO REFINING CO-CALI FORNIA BENICIA REFINERY 3400 E SECOND ST BENICIA, CA 94510 SHELL OIL PRODUCTS USMARTINEZ REFINERY 3485 PACHECO BLVD MARTINEZ, CA 94553 CHEVRON PRODUCTS CO RICHMOND REFINERY 841 CHEVRON WAY RICHMOND, CA 94801 CHEVRON PRODUCTS COHAWAII REFINERY 91-480 MALAKOLE ST KAPOLEI, HI 96707 TESORO REFINING & MARKETING CO LLC W MARCH POINT RD ANACORTES, WA 98221 PHILLIPS 66 FERNDALE REFINERY 3901 UNICK RD FERNDALE, WA 98248 BP CHERRY POINT REFINERY 4519 GRANDVIEW RD BLAINE, WA 98230 SAFETY-KLEEN SYSTEMS INC 601 RILEY RD EAST CHICAGO, IN 46312 CHAMPION BRANDS LLC 1001 GOLDEN DR CLINTON, MO 64735 BG PRODUCTS EL DORADO MANUFACTURING FACILITY 2415 PIONEER DR EL DORADO, KS 67042 DUPONT PONTCHARTRAIN WORKS 586 HWY 44 LA PLACE, LA 70068 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Manufacture Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100 - 999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 100,000 - 999,999 Chem Processing Aid 324110 Petroleum Refineries 1,000 - 9,999 Process Impurity 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary * * 324191 Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Formulation Component 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing 324191 Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing 324191 Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 25 Facility GEORGIA GULF LAKE CHARLES LLC 1600 VCM PLANT RD WESTLAKE, LA 70669 EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL BATON ROUGE CHEMICAL PLANT (PART) 4999 SCENIC HWY BATON ROUGE, LA 70805 EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL CO BAYTOWN OLEFINS PLANT 3525 DECKER DR BAYTOWN, TX 77520 EXXONMOBIL BAYTOWN CHEMICAL PLANT 5000 BAYWAY DR BAYTOWN, TX 77520 EXXONMOBIL OIL CORP BEAUMONT CHEMICAL PLANT 2775 GULF STATES RD BEAUMONT, TX 77701 HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC GEISMAR PLANT 5525 HWY 3115 CARVILLE, LA 70721 THE CHEMOURS CO FC LLC HWY 361 GREGORY, TX 78359 OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP NIAGARA PLANT 4700 BUFFALO AVE NIAGARA FALLS, NY 14304 EAGLE US 2 LLC 1300 PPG DR WESTLAKE, LA 70669 ECO-SERVICES OPERATIONS 1301 AIRLINE HWY BATON ROUGE, LA 70805 EASTERN COLOR & CHEMICAL CO 35 LIVINGSTON ST PROVIDENCE, RI 2904 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 10,000 - 99,999 Produce Byproduct Ancillary 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Ancillary 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing 100 - 999 Process Impurity Ancillary 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing 0 - 99 Ancillary 325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Reactant 325120 Industrial Gas Manufacturing 10,000,000 49,999,999 Reactant 325120 Industrial Gas Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 325180 Other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing 10,000,000 49,999,999 Produce Used Processed Sale Distribution Byproduct Reactant Ancillary 325180 Other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 325180 Other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing Repackaging 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 100 - 999 Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 26 Facility APOLLO TECHNOLOGIES 1850 S COBB INDUSTRIAL BLVD SMYRNA, GA 30082 AVANTOR PERFORMANCE MATERIALS 7001 MARTIN LUTHER KING BLVD PARIS, KY 40361 WESTLAKE VINYLS INC 2468 IND US TRIAL PKWY CALVERT CITY, KY 42029 THE DOW CHEMICAL CO 1790 BUILDING MIDLAND, MI 48667 OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL HOLDING CORP - GEISMAR PLANT 8318 ASHLAND RD GEISMAR, LA 70734 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use * * 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Repackaging 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 100,000 - 999,999 50000000 99,999,999 THE DOW CHEMICAL CO LOUISIANA OPERATIONS 21255 LA HWY 1 S PLAQUEMINE, LA 70764 10,000,000 49,999,999 BLUE CUBE OPERATIONS LLC PLAQUEMINE SITE 21255 HIGHWAY 1 S PLAQUEMINE, LA 70765 10,000,000 49,999,999 HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC-BATON ROUGE PLANT CORNER OF LUPINE & ONTARIO STR EETS BATON ROUGE, LA 70805 OXY VINYLS LP DEER PARKVCM PLANT 5900 HWY 225 GATE 8A DEER PARK, TX 77536 Abt Associates Inc. NAICS Industry Code Produce Used Processed Reactant Produce Byproduct Chem Processing Aid Ancillary Produce Sale Distribution Produce Used Processed Sale Distribution Byproduct Reactant Chem Processing Aid Ancillary Produce Used Processed Sale Distribution Byproduct Reactant Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 10,000,000 49,999,999 Reactant 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Produce Byproduct Ancillary 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 27 Facility Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) DOW CHEMICAL CO FREEPORT FACILITY 2301 N BRAZOSPORT BLVD FREEPORT, TX 775413257 10,000,000 49,999,999 OLIN BLUE CUBE FREEPORT TX 2301 N. BRAZOSPORT BLVD. FREEPORT, TX 77541 10,000,000 49,999,999 OXY VINYLS LP LA PORTE VCM PLANT 2400 MILLER CUTOFF RD LA PORTE, TX 77571 OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP 4133 HWY 361 GREGORY, TX 78359 DOW CHEMICAL CO 901 LOVERIDGE RD PITTSBURG, CA 94565 WESTLAKE VINYLS CO 36045 HWY 30 GEISMAR, LA 70734 SHINTECH PLAQUEMINE PLANT 26270 HWY 405 PLAQUEMINE, LA 70764 Abt Associates Inc. 100,000 - 999,999 10,000 - 99,999 100,000 - 999,999 1,000 - 9,999 100,000 - 999,999 Activity or Use Produce Imported Byproduct Manufacture Impurity Reactant Repackaging Process Impurity Chem Processing Aid Manufacture Aid Ancillary Produce Imported Byproduct Manufacture Impurity Reactant Repackaging Process Impurity Chem Processing Aid Manufacture Aid Ancillary NAICS Industry Code 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Produce Byproduct Reactant 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Produce Byproduct Ancillary Formulation Component Repackaging Chem Processing Aid Manufacture Aid Produce Sale Distribution Byproduct Manufacture Impurity 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Produce Byproduct 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 28 Facility AXIALL LLC 26100 HWY 405 S PLAQUEMINE, LA 70764 FORMOSA PLASTICS CORP LOUISIANA GULF STATES RD BATON ROUGE, LA 70805 FORMOSA PLASTICS CORP TEXAS 201 FORMOSA DR POINT COMFORT, TX 77978 COFFEYVILLE RESOURCES NITROGEN FERTILIZERS LLC 701 E MARTIN ST COFFEYVILLE, KS 67337 SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO 26300 FARGO AVE BEDFORD HEIGHTS, OH 44146 TRINKOTE INDUSTRAIL FINISHES INC 800 HUGHIE LONG RD CRESSON, TX 76035 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Produce Byproduct Repackaging 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 1,000,000 9,999,999 Produce Manufacture Impurity 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 0 - 99 Produce Used Processed Sale Distribution Manufacture Impurity Reactant Process Impurity Ancillary Produce Used Processed Article Component Chem Processing Aid 325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 325311 Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component 325510 Paint and Coating Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component 325510 Paint and Coating Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 ROHM & HAAS CHEMICALS LLC 10 S ELECTRIC ST WEST ALEXANDRIA, OH 45381 100,000 - 999,999 Abt Associates Inc. NAICS Industry Code 100,000 - 999,999 LORD CORP 601 SOUTH ST SAEGERTOWN, PA 16433 SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO 2504 MARINA DR ELKHART, IN 46514 ROYAL ADHESIVES & SEALANTS 2001 W WASHINGTON ST SOUTH BEND, IN 46628 Activity or Use Formulation Component Chem Processing Aid Formulation Component Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 325520 Adhesive Manufacturing 325520 Adhesive Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Formulation Component 325520 Adhesive Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component 325520 Adhesive Manufacturing Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 29 Facility ECLECTIC PRODUCTS INC 4507 WILLAMETTE BLVD PINEVILLE, LA 71360 COMSTAR INTERNATIONAL INC 20-45 128 ST COLLEGE POINT, NY 11356 WAUSAU CHEMICAL CORP 2001 N RIVER DR WAUSAU, WI 54403 QUESTSPECIALTY CORP 2001 E TOM GREEN ST BRENHAM, TX 77833 SHIELD PACKAGING CO INC 50 OXFORD AVE DUDLEY, MA 1571 RR STREET & CO INC 2353 S BLUE ISLAND AVE CHICAGO, IL 60608 NCH CORP MOHAWK LABS DIV 2730 CARL RD IRVING, TX 75062 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 100,000 - 999,999 Imported Used Processed Formulation Component Ancillary 325520 Adhesive Manufacturing 0 - 99 Imported Sale Distribution 325611 Soap and Other Detergent Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Repackaging 325611 Soap and Other Detergent Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 100,000 - 999,999 Formulation Component Ancillary Formulation Component Ancillary 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component 1,000,000 9,999,999 Formulation Component Repackaging 100,000 - 999,999 Formulation Component Repackaging ANIMAL HEALTH & SCIENCES 100 CHRIS CALLIS PARKWAY THOMASTON, GA 30286 * * AMC INTERNATIONAL 310 BROOKHOLLOW IND BLVD DALTON, GA 30721 * * MOBILE SOLVENT & SUPPLY 5750 K US HLA MCLEOD RD EIGHT MILE, AL 36613 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary NITEO PRODUCTS LLC 720 VAIDEN DR HERNANDO, MS 38632 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component CRC INDUSTRIES INC 885 LOUIS DR WARMINSTER, PA 18974 RADIATOR SPECIALTY CO 600 RADIATOR RD INDIAN TRAIL, NC 28079 Abt Associates Inc. 325611 Soap and Other Detergent Manufacturing 325612 Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing 325612 Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing 325612 Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 30 Facility AMERICAN JETWAY CORP 34136 MYRTLE WAYNE, MI 48184 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 326150 Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Formulation Component 3M COTTAGE GROVE CENTER 10746 INNOVATION RD COTTAGE GROVE, MN 55016 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary PENRAY COS INC 440 DENNISTON CT WHEELING, IL 60090 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component Repackaging PLAZE INC 1,000 INTEGRAM DR PACIFIC, MO 63069 100 - 999 Formulation Component 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component 1,000,000 9,999,999 Formulation Component 100 - 999 Chem Processing Aid * * 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing 100 - 999 Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Process Impurity Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing BERRYMAN PRODUCTS INC 3800 E RANDOL MILL RD ARLINGTON, TX 76011 TECHNICAL CHEMICAL CO 3327 PIPELINE RD CLEBURNE, TX 76033 BIO-RAD LABORATORIES INC 3110 REGATTA BLVD RICHMOND, CA 94804 GACO WESTERN 1245 CHAPMAN DRIVE WAUKESHA, WI 53186 KEYSTONE CEMENT CO RT 329 BATH, PA 18014 HOLCIM (US) INC HOLLY HILL PLANT 2173 GARDNER BLVD HOLLY HILL, SC 29059 GIANT CEMENT CO HWY 453 & I-26 (654 JUDGE ST) HARLEYVILLE, SC 29448 LAFARGE NA (INCLUDING SYSTECH ENV CORP) 11435 COUNTY RD 176 PAULDING, OH 45879 Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 31 Facility BUZZI UNICEM USAGREENCASTLE PLANT 3301 S COUNTY RD 150 W GREENCASTLE, IN 46135 ESSROC CEMENT CORP STATE RD 25 SOUTH 3084 W CR. 225 S LOGANSPORT, IN 46947 CONTINENTAL CEMENT CO LLC 10107 HWY 79 HANNIBAL, MO 63401 BUZZI UNICEM USA-CAPE GIRARDEAU 2524 S SPRIGG ST CAPE GIRARDEAU, MO 63703 ASH GROVE CEMENT CO 1801 N SANTA FE CHANUTE, KS 66720 ASH GROVE CEMENT CO 4343 HWY 108 FOREMAN, AR 71836 CENTRAL PLAINS CEMENT CO 2609 N 145TH E AVE TULSA, OK 74116 NORLITE LLC 628 S SARATOGA ST COHOES, NY 12047 Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 1,000 - 9,999 Repackaging Process Impurity Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 327310 Cement Manufacturing * * 327310 Cement Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary HINES PRECISION INC 5680 OLD KY 54 PHILPOT, KY 42366 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary VITA CRAFT CORP 11100 W 58TH ST SHAWNEE, KS 66203 10,000 - 99,999 Manufacture Aid 1,000 - 9,999 Manufacture Aid FRAEN MACHINING CORP 324 NEW BOSTON ST WOBURN, MA 1801 TECH MET INC 15 ALLEGHENY SQUARE GLASSPORT, PA 15045 FOUNTAIN PLATING CO INC 492 PROSPECT AVE WEST SPRINGFIELD, MA 1089 Abt Associates Inc. 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 327992 Ground or Treated Mineral and Earth Manufacturing 332119 Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive) 332215 Metal kitchen cookware, utensil, cutlery, and flatware (except precious) manufacturing 332721 Precision Turned Product Manufacturing 332812 Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufactur.. 332813 Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 32 Facility MAGELLAN AEROSPACE PROCESSING, LONG ISLAND INC. 165 FIELD ST WEST BABYLON, NY 11704 SIERRA BULLETS LLC 1400 W HENRY ST SEDALIA, MO 65301 METAL IMPACT LLC 1501 OAKTON ST ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007 ARCOS INDUSTRIES LLC 394 ARCOS DR MOUNT CARMEL, PA 17851 METAULLICS SYSTEMS A DIV OF PYROTEK-INC 2040 CORY RD SANBORN, NY 14132 JAYCO INC 903 S MAIN ST MIDDLEBURY, IN 46540 SPIRIT AEROSYSTEMS INC 3801 S OLIVER WICHITA, KS 67210 NORDAM I&S DIV 6910 N WHIRLPOOL DR TULSA, OK 74117 BELL HELICOPTER PLANT 5 1700 N HWY 360 GRAND PRAIRIE, TX 75050 ROLLS-ROYCE CORP-PLANTS 5 &8 2355 & 2001 S TIBBS AVE INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46241 TRIUMPH FABRICATIONS HOT SPRINGS 1923 CENTRAL AVE HOT SPRINGS, AR 71901 WEATHERFORD AEROSPACE LLC 1020 E COLUMBIA ST WEATHERFORD, TX 76086 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 332813 Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring 1,000 - 9,999 Manufacture Aid 332992 Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 1,000 - 9,999 Manufacture Aid 332999 All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 333992 Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Manufacture Aid 335991 Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Manufacture Aid 336214 Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Formulation Component Chem Processing Aid Manufacture Aid Ancillary 336411 Aircraft Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Chem Processing Aid 336411 Aircraft Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 336411 Aircraft Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 336412 Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Manufacture Aid 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Formulation Component 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 33 Facility WEATHERFORD AEROSPACE LLC 610 W THIRD ST WEATHERFORD, TX 76086 PRECISION AEROSPACE CORP 11155 JERSEY BLVD SUITE A RANCHO CUCAMONGA, CA 91730 DUCOMMUN AEROSTRUCTURES 4001 EL MIRAGE RD EL MIRAGE, CA 92301 DUCOMMUN AEROSTRUCTURES INC ORANGE FACILITY 1885 N BATAVIA ST ORANGE, CA 92865 BOEING CO OF PORTLAND 19000 NE SANDY BLVD GRESHAM, OR 97230 TEXAS BARGE & BOAT INC 4115 E FLOODGATE FREEPORT, TX 77541 GETZEN CO INC 530 S HWY H ELKHORN, WI 53121 HUBBARD-HALL INC 589 S LEONARD ST WATERBURY, CT 6708 PRIDE SOLVENT & CHEMICAL CO OF NY INC 6 LONG ISLAND AVE HOLTSVILLE, NY 11742 INTERSTATE CHEMICAL CO INC 2797 FREEDLAND RD HERMITAGE, PA 16148 BRENNTAG NORTHEAST INC 81 W HULLER LN READING, PA 19605 NEXEO SOLUTIONS LLCDORAVILLE 4550 NE EXPRESSWAY DORAVILLE, GA 30340 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS INC 1125 ROBERTS IND US TRIAL DR BIRMINGHAM, AL 35208 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 100,000 - 999,999 Chem Processing Aid Manufacture Aid 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Manufacture Aid 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 100,000 - 999,999 Chem Processing Aid Manufacture Aid 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 1,000 - 9,999 Manufacture Aid 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 10,000 - 99,999 Repackaging 336611 Ship Building and Repairing 10,000 - 99,999 Manufacture Aid 339992 Musical Instrument Manufacturing * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 1,000 - 9,999 Formulation Component Repackaging * * * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 34 Facility SUPERIOR OIL CO INC 400 W REGENT ST INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46225 SUPERIOR FIBERGLASS & RESINS 1030 ALL PRO DR ELKHART, IN 46514 BRENNTAG GREAT LAKES LLC 14765 W BOBOLINK AVE MENOMONEE FALLS, WI 53051 INTERSTATE CHEMICAL CO INC 23247 W EAMES ST CHANNAHON, IL 60410 UNIVAR USA INC 7050 W 71ST ST BEDFORD PARK, IL 60638 SUPERIOR SOLVENTS & CHEMICALS 2055 E BLAINE ST SPRINGFIELD, MO 65803 UNIVAR USA INC GEISMAR 34200 DISTRIBUTION LN GEISMAR, LA 70734 BRENNTAG SOUTHWEST INC ST GABRIEL 7200 HWY 74 SAINT GABRIEL, LA 70776 UNIVAR USA INC OKLAHOMA CITY 3320 S COUNCIL RD OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73179 NEXEO SOLUTIONS LLC 9733 MEADOR RD CONROE, TX 77303 VALLEY SOLVENTS & CHEMICALS 8215 UP RIVER RD CORPUS CHRISTI, TX 78409 UNIVAR USA INC BORGER 601 S LOCUST ST BORGER, TX 79007 UNIVAR USA INC HOUSTON 7777 BRISBANE ST HOUSTON, TX 77061 UNIVAR USA INC 2600 S GARFIELD AVE COMMERCE, CA 90040 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component Repackaging 1,000,000 9,999,999 Repackaging * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 10,000 - 99,999 Repackaging 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 100,000 - 999,999 Repackaging 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 100,000 - 999,999 Repackaging 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 35 Facility BRENNTAG PACIFIC INC 10747 PATTERSON PL SANTA FE SPRINGS, CA 90670 AMBER CHEMICAL INC 5201 BOYLAN ST BAKERSFIELD, CA 93308 UNIVAR USA INC - SAN JOSE 2256 JUNCTION AVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 UNIVAR USA INC 8201 S 212 TH KENT, WA 98032 K-SOLV LP 1007 LAKESIDE DR CHANNELVIEW, TX 77530 CHEVRON RICHMOND TECHNOLOGY CENTER 100 CHEVRON WAY RICHMOND, CA 94801 SAFETY-KLEEN SYSTEMS INC 167 MILL ST CRANSTON, RI 2905 EVOQUA WATER TECNOLOGIES DARLINGTON FACILITY 118 PARK RD DARLINGTON, PA 16115 SAFETY-KLEEN SYSTEMS INC 3700 LAGRANGE RD SMITHFIELD, KY 40068 CHEMTRON CORP 35850 SCHNEIDER CT AVON, OH 44011 ROSS INCINERATION SERVICES INC 36790 GILES RD GRAFTON, OH 44044 CHEMICAL SOLVENTS INC-DENISON FACILITY 1010 OLD DENISON AVE CLEVELAND, OH 44109 TIER ENVIRONMENTAL LLC 7013 KRICK RD BEDFORD, OH 44146 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * * * 1,000,000 9,999,999 Formulation Component Repackaging Ancillary 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers * * 424710 Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 0 - 99 Ancillary 541712 Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences (except Biotechnol.. 10,000 - 99,999 Formulation Component Repackaging 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 100,000 - 999,999 Repackaging 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 36 Facility VEOLIA ES TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS LLC 7 MOBILE AVE SAUGET, IL 62201 SYSTECH ENVIRONMENTAL CORP 1420 S CEMENT PLANT RD FREDONIA, KS 66736 CLEAN HARBORS EL DORADO LLC 309 AMERICAN CIR UNION EL DORADO, AR 71730 CLEAN HARBORS DEER PARK LLC 2027 INDEPENDENCE PARKWAY SOUTH LA PORTE, TX 77571 VEOLIA ES TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS LLC PORT ARTHUR FACILITY HWY 73, 3.5 MILES W OF TAYLOR BAYOU PORT ARTHUR, TX 77640 BERG LACQUER CO 3150 E PICO BLVD LOS ANGELES, CA 900233632 VEOLIA ES TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS LLC 1704 W 1ST ST AZUSA, CA 91702 CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT OF THE NORTHWEST INC 17629 CEDAR SPRINGS LN ARLINGTON, OR 97812 EMERALD SERVICES INC 1825 E ALEXANDER AVE TACOMA, WA 98421 HERITAGE THERMAL SERVICES 1250 ST GEORGE ST EAST LIVERPOOL, OH 43920 Abt Associates Inc. Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code 1,000 - 9,999 Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 1,000 - 9,999 Process Impurity Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 100,000 - 999,999 Repackaging Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 100,000 - 999,999 Repackaging 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 0 - 99 Formulation Component Repackaging Chem Processing Aid Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 10,000 - 99,999 Repackaging 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 100 - 999 Process Impurity 562211 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 10,000 - 99,999 Ancillary 562213 Solid Waste Combustors and Incinerators Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 37 Facility Maximum Amount of Chemical (lbs.) CLEAN HARBORS PPM LLC 2474 HWY 169 N INDUSTRIAL 10,000 - 99,999 PARK COFFEYVILLE, KS 67337 SAFETY-KLEEN SYSTEMS INC 130 A FRONTAGE RD 10,000 - 99,999 LEXINGTON, SC 29073 CLEAN HARBORS RECYCLING SERVICES OF OHIO LLC 10,000 - 99,999 581 MILLIKEN DR SE HEBRON, OH 43025 US DOD USAF ROBINS AFB 775 MACON ST BUILDING 1555 10,000 - 99,999 ROBINS AFB, GA 31098 Source: U.S. EPA, 2015 Notes: *No quantity or use data reported Abt Associates Inc. Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code Repackaging 562219 Other Nonhazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Repackaging 562920 Materials Recovery Facilities Formulation Component Ancillary 562920 Materials Recovery Facilities Ancillary 928110 National Security Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 38 Maximum Amount of Activity or Use NAICS Industry Code Chemical (lbs.) “Ancillary” indicates that the chemical is used at the facility for purposes other than aiding chemical processing or manufacturing “Article Component” indicates the toxic chemical becomes an integral part of an article distributed into commerce, such as copper in wire or resins in a plastic pen, or the pigment components of paint applied to a chair that is sold “Byproduct” indicates the toxic chemical is produced coincidentally during the manufacture, process, or otherwise use of another chemical substance or mixture and, following its production, is separated from that other chemical substance or mixture. This, Includes toxic chemicals that may be created as the result of waste management “Chemical Processing Aid” indicates the toxic chemical is used to aid in the manufacture or synthesis of another chemical substance such that it comes into contact with the product during manufacture, but is not intended to remain with or become part of the final product or mixture. Some examples of chemical processing aids are process solvents, catalysts, solution buffers, inhibitors, and reaction terminators “Formulation Component” indicates the toxic chemical is used as an ingredient in a product mixture to enhance performance of the product during its use, such as dyes in ink, solvents in paint, additions, reaction diluents, initiators, inhibitors, emulsifiers, surfactants, lubricants, flame retardants, and rheological modifiers “Imported” indicates that the chemical is imported by the facility into the Customs Territory of the United States “Manufacture Aid” indicates the toxic chemical is used to aid in the manufacturing process but does not come into contact with the product during manufacture. Some examples, Include valve lubricants, refrigerants, metalworking fluids, coolants, and hydraulic fluids “Manufacture Impurity” indicates whether the facility produces the reported chemical as a result of the manufacture, processing, or otherwise use of another chemical, but does not separate the chemical and it remains primarily in the mixture or product with that other chemical “Process Impurity” indicates whether the facility processed the reported chemical but did not separate it and it remains as an impurity in the primary mixture or trade name product “Produce” indicates the toxic chemical was created by the facility. A toxic chemical is considered manufactured even if the toxic chemical is created unintentionally or exists only for a short period of time “Reactant” indicates the toxic chemical is used in chemical reactions to create another chemical substance or product that is then sold or otherwise distributed to other facilities. Some examples of reactants, Include feedstocks, raw materials, intermediates, and initiators “Repackaging” indicates the toxic chemical has been received by the facility and subsequently prepared for distribution into commerce in a different form, state, or quantity than it was received, such as petroleum being transferred from a storage tank to tanker trucks “Sale Distribution” indicates that the chemical is produced or imported specifically for sale or distribution outside the manufacturing facility “Used Processed” indicates that the chemical is produced or imported and then further processed or otherwise used at the same facility Facility 6. References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2014. Draft Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. Available at https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp18.pdf (Accessed July 7, 2016). Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 39 California Air Resources Board (ARB). 2007. Fact Sheet: Amended Dry Cleaning ATCM Requirements. Available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/dryclean/factsheetmarch2007.pdf (Accessed July 19, 2016). California Air Resources Board (ARB). 2016. Dry Cleaning Program. Available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/dryclean/dryclean.htm (Accessed July 19, 2016). Dry Cleaning & Laundry Institute International (DLI) and National Cleaners Association (NCA). 2017. Comments on the use of Tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning, Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-20160732. Dow. 2008. Product Safety Assessment: Perchloroethylene. Available at http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0148/0901b80380148ca6.pdf?filepath =productsafety/pdfs/noreg/233-00398.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc (Accessed July 21, 2016). Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2015. Dry Cleaning Regulations. Available at http://www.ec.gc.ca/regs-tetra/ (Accessed July 19, 2016). Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2016. Solvent Degreasing Regulations. Available at http://www.ec.gc.ca/rsd-sdr/default.asp?lang=En&n=79569749-1 (Accessed July 19, 2016). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). No Date. Information from the Existing Substances Regulation (ESR): Tetrachloroethylene. Available at https://echa.europa.eu (Accessed July 19, 2016). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2005. European Union Risk Assessment Report: Tetrachloroethylene. Part 1 – Environment. Available at http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/130bc4f2-68a8-45d8-88d7-e6db88f76a98 (Accessed July 19, 2016). Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance (HSIA). 2008. Perchloroethylene. Available at http://hsia.org/backgrounders/perc%20wp%202008.pdf Hickman, J. C. 2000. Tetrachloroethylene. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.\ Honeywell. 2017, March 9. Personal communication with U.S. EPA. 2017. International Chemical Information Services. 2011. US chemical profile: Perchloroethylene. Available at http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2011/04/25/9454665/us-chemical-profile-perchloroethylene/ (Accessed July 29, 2016). Mannsville Chemical Products Corporation. 1999. Perchloroethylene. National Institute of Health (NIH). 2015. NIH Household Products Database Results for Tetrachloroethylene. Available at https://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/household/brands?tbl=chem&id=141&query=tetrachloroethylene&searchas=TblChe micals (Accessed July 21, 2016). National Library of Medicine (NLM). (n.d.). "ChemIDplus Lite." Available at http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ (Accessed July 26, 2016). Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 40 NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2014. “Tetrachloroethylene.” Report on Carcinogens, Thirteenth Edition. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/tetrachloroethylene.pdf (Accessed July 29, 2016). Stoye, Dieter. 2000. “Solvents.” Ulmann’s Encyclopedia of Industry Chemistry. Synapse Information Resources, Inc. 2009. “Tetrachloroethylene.” Specialty Chemicals Source Book, 4th edition. Tirsell, David. 2000. “Dry Cleaning.” Ulmann’s Encyclopedia of Industry Chemistry. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). No Date. “CPCat: Chemical and Product Categories CASRN: 127-18-4.” Available at: https://actor.epa.gov/cpcat/faces/chemicalUse.xhtml?casrn=12718-4 (Accessed July 29, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). No Date. “Non-confidential IUR Production Volume Information.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/cdr/tools/data/2002- vol.html (Accessed July 7, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1991. Economic Impact Analysis of Regulatory Controls in the Dry Cleaning Industry. Final. (EPA-450/3-91-021). Office of Air Quality, Planning and Standards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2010. “Non-confidential 2006 IUR Company/Chemical Records.” Available at https://www.epa.gov/chemical-datareporting/downloadable-2006-iur-public-database (Accessed July 7, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2012. “IRIS Toxicological Review of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene).” Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/toxreviews/0106tr.pdf (Accessed July 29, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2014. “Non-Confidential 2012 CDR Database.” Updated June 2014. Available at: https://java.epa.gov/chemview (Accessed July 7, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 2015. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) National Analysis. (Accessed May, 2017). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 2016a. Dry Cleaning Emissions Standards. Available at https://www3.epa.gov/drycleaningrule/index.html. (Accessed July 30, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2017a. “Non-Confidential 2016 CDR Database.” Available at: https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting. (Accessed June 13, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2017b. Preliminary Information on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution, Use, and Disposal: Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene). Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. Support document for Docket EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0732. Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 41 Whittaker, Stephen G. and Chantrelle A. Johanson. 2011. “A Profile of the Dry Cleaning Industry in King County, Washington, Final Report.” Available at: http://www.hazwastehelp.org/publications/publications_detail.aspx?DocID=Oh73%2fQilg9Q%3d Abt Associates Inc. Use and Market Profile for Tetrachloroethylene ▌pg. 42 Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29 CAS RN: 81 -33-4 .0 May 5, 2017 Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of Pigment Violet 29 ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 U.S. and International Regulations Affecting Pigment Violet 29 ............................................ 2 Producers, Production and Import Volume................................................................................... 3 2.1 U.S. Producers and Importers .................................................................................................. 3 2.2 U.S. Production Volume by Producer ...................................................................................... 3 2.3 U.S. Historic Production Volume ............................................................................................ 4 Use Information and Market Trends.............................................................................................. 4 3.1 Uses of Pigment Violet 29 Reported in the IUR and CDR ...................................................... 4 3.2 Uses of Pigment Violet 29 Reported by the European Chemicals Agency ............................. 5 3.3 Uses of Pigment Violet 29 on Alibaba.com ............................................................................. 5 3.4 Uses of Pigment Violet 29 Reported in Scientific Literature................................................... 6 3.5 Use Percentages of Pigment Violet 29 by Sector..................................................................... 6 3.6 Products Containing Pigment Violet 29 ................................................................................... 6 3.7 End Uses of Plastics Containing Pigment Violet 29 .............................................................. 12 3.8 Market Trends ........................................................................................................................ 13 4. Other Resources Considered ......................................................................................................... 14 5. References ....................................................................................................................................... 15 6. Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. i List of Tables Table 1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CAS RN ..................................................................................... 2 Table 2: Federal Regulations and Guidelines Concerning Pigment Violet 29 ............................................. 2 Table 3: 2012 CDR Manufacturers and Importers of Pigment Violet 29 ..................................................... 3 Table 4: 2012 CDR Production Volume Data for Pigment Violet 29 (Pounds) ........................................... 3 Table 5: National Production Volume Data for Pigment Violet 29 from 1986-2012 (Pounds) ................... 4 Table 6: 2012 CDR Industrial Use and Production Data for Pigment Violet 29 .......................................... 5 Table 7: 2012 CDR Consumer and Commercial Use and Production Data for Pigment Violet 29 ............. 5 Table 8: Pigment Violet 29 Use Percentages by Sector in the U.S............................................................... 6 Table 9: Products That Contain Pigment Violet 29 ...................................................................................... 8 Table 10: Products That Contain Pigment Violet 29 According to the Society of Dyers and Colourists (2016) .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Table 11: End Uses of Plastics That May Contain Pigment Violet 29 ....................................................... 12 Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. ii Contributors The EPA subject matter expert responsible for this report is Lynne Blake-Hedges of the Economic and Policy Analysis Branch; Chemistry, Economics, and Sustainable Strategies Division; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Analytical and draft preparation support was provided by Abt Associates Inc. under EPA Contract No. EP-W-16-009. Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. iii 1. Introduction A pigment is an insoluble black, white, or colored crystal or particulate solid that improves the appearance of or gives color to media through selective absorption and/or by scattering of light (BASF, 2013). Pigments are physically and chemically unaffected by the vehicle or substrate in which they are incorporated, while dyes are soluble and/or go through an application process which, at least temporarily, alters their physical or chemical structure (Society of Dyers and Colourists, n.d.-a). The same compound can be used as a pigment or dye, depending on the type of media in which it is added. Each pigment is designated by a generic name and chemical constitution as assigned by the Colour Index (CI), published by The Society of Dyers and Colourists (of the United Kingdom) and The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (Society of Dyers and Colourists, n.d.-b). Commercial organic pigments can be classified into the following major categories: Azo, Phthalocyanine, Condensation acid, Quinacridone, and Perylene (Herbst and Hunger, 2004). Pigment Violet 29 (PV29), the subject of this report, is a perylene pigment. This group of high-performance pigments is characterized by high color strength, weather fastness, and heat stability (Greene, 2001). This report provides an overview (Section 1), U.S. producers, production, and import volume (Section 2), and market and use information (Section 3) of PV29. 1.1 Overview of Pigment Violet 29 PV29, perylene pigment, is a maroon-colored shade. Perylenes were used exclusively as vat dyes until the 1950s when investigations by Harmon Colors led to the conversion of vat dyes to pigments (Herbst and Hunger, 2004). PV29 is now used in metallic finishes and textile printing and as a colorant for plastics processed at high temperatures (Herbst and Hunger, 2004; LANSCO COLORS, 2011). It also has applications in polyester spin dyeing (Herbst and Hunger, 2004). However, commercial use of PV29 is limited due to it tending to be a dull color with full shades being brown to almost black (Herbst and Hunger, 2004). Identification characteristics of PV29 are summarized in Table 1. Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 1 Table 1: Chemical Name, Synonyms, and CAS RN Chemical Name CAS RN Anthra(2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-tetrone 81-33-4 C.I. Pigment Violet 29; C.I. 71129; Perylimid; 3,4,9,10Perylenetetracarboxylic diimide; 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide; NSC 16842; UNII-63NLI8842L; EINECS 201-344-6; 3,4,9,10Perylenetetracarboxylic 3,4:9,10-diimide (8CI); Perylene-3,4:9,10tetracarboxydiimide Perrindo® Violet 29 (Sun Chemical Company); PALIOGEN® REDVIOLET K 5011 (BASF-old product), Paliogen® Red Violet K 5411 (BASF), Perylene Violet B (Hangzhou Epsilon Chemical Co., Ltd); 1029 Perylene Violet 29 (LANSCO COLORS) C24-H10-N2-O4 Synonyms Trade Names1 Molecular Formula Structure Note: 1 Not a complete list Sources: NLM (n.d.); Sun Chemical Company (n.d.); BASF (1998); BASF (2015); LANSCO COLORS (2017) 1.2 U.S. and International Regulations Affecting Pigment Violet 29 In the U.S., only one Federal agency appears to have a regulation specific to PV29, described in Table 2. This regulation was found by searching the regulations.gov website for the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number assigned to PV29, 81-33-4. Table 2: Federal Regulations and Guidelines Concerning Pigment Violet 29 Agency Description of Regulation Food and Drug Administration (FDA) May be safely used as a colorant in the manufacture of articles or components of articles intended for use in producing, manufacturing, packing, processing, preparing, treating, packaging, transporting, or holding food, but level of use is not to exceed 1% by weight of polymers. Source: FDA (2016) Laws concerning PV29 were not found in other countries. Broad internet searches for “pigment violet 29,” “perylene pigments,” or “81-33-4” and “regulations” or “laws” did not yield relevant results, and nor did conducting site-specific searches of the websites for environmental agencies in Australia, Canada, or Japan. In the European Union, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) reports that no hazards have been classified for PV29 (2016). Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 2 2. Producers, Production and Import Volume 2.1 U.S. Producers and Importers Table 3 contains the sole U.S. manufacturer for PV29 as listed in the public 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) data (U.S. EPA, 2014). For the 2012 CDR cycle, manufacturers of certain chemicals were required to report information about those chemicals manufactured in amounts of 25,000 pounds or more at each of their sites during calendar year 2011. It is possible that other sites manufacture or import PV29 but are not listed in the public CDR database because they claimed their production as CBI or had production volumes below the 25,000 pound reporting threshold. Table 3: 2012 CDR Manufacturers and Importers of Pigment Violet 29 Company City State Manufacture Import DIC Americas, Inc. (Sun Chemical) Goose Creek SC Yes No Source: U.S. EPA (2014) In a meeting between U.S. EPA and the Color Pigments Manufacturers Association (CPMA), Sun Chemical was confirmed as the only U.S. producer of PV29. Sun Chemical sells PV29 to between eighteen and twenty companies. Lanco Color has been identified as an importer of PV29 (U.S. EPA, 2017). In addition, Greene (2001) reports that Bayer, Ciba, and Clariant produce perylene pigments. However, Bayer sold its organic pigments business in the U.S. to Sun Chemical in 2002, and BASF bought Ciba in 2008 (Bayer Corporation, 2002; DEALBOOK, 2008). Clariant continues to manufacture perylene pigments in its Hostaperm series of automotive coatings, but PV29 or products containing PV29 were not found on the company’s website (Clariant, 2016). 2.2 U.S. Production Volume by Producer Table 4 presents the 2012 CDR production data available for the company that reported manufacturing of PV29. The facility did not recycle PV29, and it was manufactured as a dry powder and wet solid (U.S. EPA, 2014). Table 4: 2012 CDR Production Volume Data for Pigment Violet 29 (Pounds) Company DIC Americas, Inc. Site Sun Chemical Bushy Park Facility 1506 Bushy Park Rd Goose Creek, SC 29454 2011 Manufactured Volume 2011 Imported Volume 2010 Production Volume 520,916 0 395,108 Source: U.S. EPA (2014) Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 3 2.3 U.S. Historic Production Volume Table 5 presents the historic U.S. production volume data for PV29 submitted by companies under the non-confidential 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) rule and the 2012 CDR. While the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 25,000 pounds for the 2006 IUR and 2012 CDR, the reporting threshold for manufacturing information was 10,000 pounds from 1986 to 2002. Table 5: National Production Volume Data for Pigment Violet 29 from 1986-2012 (Pounds) 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2012 >500K - 1M >500K - 1M 10K - 500K >1M - 10M 10K - 500K <500K 520,916 Source: U.S. EPA (n.d.); U.S. EPA (2010); U.S. EPA (2014) 3. Use Information and Market Trends Pigments are primarily used as colorants and extenders with functional applications, such as providing reinforcement, corrosion, stain, or heat resistance (The Rohm and Haas Paint Quality Institute, n.d.). Printing inks are a major end-use for organic color pigments, as well as paints and coatings, plastics, pigmented fibers and rubber, and other uses, including for paper and textiles (Heucotech Ltd., 2015; Organic Dyes and Pigments, 2015). Perylene pigments are frequently used in conjunction with other pigments in end-products. In automotive coatings, quinacridone pigments are often added to a perylene base to improve coloristic properties. Coatings, resins, synthetic fibers, and textile printing are common applications of perylene pigments (Greene, 2001). PV29 in particular is used as a colorant in polyester spin dyeing (Herbst and Hunger, 2004). PV29 can also be used in plastics, such as polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR), polystyrene (PS), styrene butadiene (SB), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) and other polymers, as well as for automotive and industrial coatings, including metallic finishes (BASF, 1998; LANSCO COLORS, 2011). 3.1 Uses of Pigment Violet 29 Reported in the IUR and CDR As shown in Table 6 and Table 7, the 2012 CDR reported use of PV29 in the industrial sectors of paint and coating and plastic products manufacturing, as well as commercial use in paints and coatings and plastic and rubber products (U.S. EPA, 2014). In the 2006 IUR, PV29 was reported to be used in synthetic dye and pigment manufacturing with commercial or consumer use in paints and coatings, rubber and plastic products, and other (U.S. EPA, 2010). The 2012 CDR did not indicate use of PV29 in products intended for children. Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 4 Table 6: 2012 CDR Industrial Use and Production Data for Pigment Violet 29 Manufacturing Site DIC Americas, Inc. (Sun Chemical Corporation) Industrial Function Category Type of Processing or Use Industrial Sectors Pigments Processing-incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product Paint and Coating Manufacturing Plastics Product Manufacturing Percent of Production Volume 50 50 Source: U.S. EPA (2014a) Table 7: 2012 CDR Consumer and Commercial Use and Production Data for Pigment Violet 29 Manufacturing Site DIC Americas, Inc. (Sun Chemical Corporation) Product Category Consumer Use Commercial Use Used in Product(s) Intended for Children Percent of Production Volume Paints and Coatings No Yes No 50 Plastic and Rubber Products Not Covered Elsewhere No Yes No 50 Source: U.S. EPA (2014a) 3.2 Uses of Pigment Violet 29 Reported by the European Chemicals Agency According to the ECHA, PV29 is used in printing and recorded media reproduction, formulation of mixtures and/or repackaging, and construction work. It may be a component of products with material based on metal (e.g., cutlery, pots, toys, jewelry), wood (e.g., floors, furniture, toys), paper (e.g., tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), and plastic (e.g., toys, mobile phones, food packaging and storage). On the industrial side, PV29 may be released into the environment in the production of articles, formulation in materials, and formulation of mixtures. Indoor and outdoor release of PV29 is likely to occur from coatings or adhesives used on vehicles, buildings, ships, and wooden products and treated textiles and fabrics (ECHA, 2016). 3.3 Uses of Pigment Violet 29 on Alibaba.com A search for “Pigment Violet 29” on Alibaba.com, a website representing a Chinese e-commerce company, resulted in 90 hits. One company from Zhejiang, China (Alibaba, 2016a), sells PV29 for use in offset printing inks, solvent inks, water-based inks, plastics, rubbers, stationery, textile printing, pigment printing, coatings, paints, and leather. The price is not displayed. Another seller (Alibaba, 2016b), based in Guangdong, China, advertises that PVB (polyvinylbutyral) pigment chip-C.I. Pigment Violet 29, Mauve is suitable for use in printing ink on food, tea, and cigarette packaging, as well as offset print ink, gravure ink, silk-screen ink, flexographic printing ink, embossing ink, thermal transfer ink, white board marker ink, marking pen ink, and stationery ink. It additionally may be used in metal decoration paint and as a colorant in plastic and polyester fiber. The cost of this product is $8 to $18 per kilogram. Pigment violet 29 (Fast Bordeaux B) from Shandong, China, is sold for $1 to $50 per kilogram for use mainly in Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 5 metallic varnish and terylene stock dyeing (Alibaba, 2016c). The CAS number displayed online with each of these product descriptions matches that of PV29. The other products displayed on Alibaba.com appear to be sold for similar uses, particularly in coatings, paints, plastics, rubber, and solvent-based inks. 3.4 Uses of Pigment Violet 29 Reported in Scientific Literature Using Google Scholar and excluding citations and patents, two searches for PV29 were conducted for the years 2000 through 2017. The first search, “pigment violet 29,” uncovered only 21 results, none of which had titles related to potential uses of PV29. The second search, “perylene pigments,” resulted in 567 articles. The first two pages of search results suggested the potential use of perylene pigments in solar cells. Kozma and Catellani report that perylenes make up “one of the most promising” classes of electron accepting materials, making them attractive options for photovoltaic applications (2013). However, PV29 is not specifically mentioned in this article. 3.5 Use Percentages of Pigment Violet 29 by Sector In a recent meeting between the U.S. EPA and the CPMA, Sun Chemical representatives stated that about 80 percent of the PV29 the company produces is consumed on-site and never leaves the facility, 13 percent is sold in the U.S., and 7 percent leaves North America. Of the 13 percent that is sold in the U.S., 50 percent goes into automobile paint and refinish, 41 percent goes into high-performance plastics, such as automobile carpeting and upholstery, and 1 percent goes into merchant ink for banners or branding. The use of the remaining 8 percent was not described (Sun Chemical, recorded in U.S. EPA, 2017). Table 8: Pigment Violet 29 Use Percentages by Sector in the U.S. Sector Percentage Automobile paint and refinish 50% High-performance plastics (e.g., automobile carpeting and upholstery) 41% Other 8% Merchant ink 1% Source: Sun Chemical, recorded in U.S. EPA (2017) 3.6 Products Containing Pigment Violet 29 The Chemical Product Categories (CPCat) database (Dionisio et al., 2015) and Household Products Database (HPD) (NLM, 2016a) do not list products containing PV29, but broad internet searches for PV29 safety data sheets (SDS) revealed products or formulations containing PV29. Specifically, searches were conducted for “pigment violet 29” or “81-33-4” and “SDS” with all pages of results reviewed. Table 9 describes these products or formulations. Note that this list includes international manufacturers. Some of the SDS for products containing PV29 represent laboratory chemicals. Although the SDS states that they are intended for use in laboratories, specific applications are not detailed. Kozma and Catellani (2013) describe that perylene pigments have been investigated for use in biochemical applications for Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 6 living cell staining, in fingermark detection, and in electronic devices, including sensors and lightemitting diodes. Again, the authors do not mention PV29 but discuss perylenes in general. See the Appendix for additional companies selling PV29 in laboratory quantities, as reported by ChemicalBook (2016). Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 7 Table 9: Products That Contain Pigment Violet 29 Company AK Scientific, Inc. Alfa Aeser Trade Name L419, 3,4,9,10Perylenetetraca rboxylic diimide, 99% (HPLC) 44098, 3,4,9,10Perylenetetraca rboxylic diimide Use % by Weight of Chemical Price Notes and Link to SDS and Other Information For laboratory research use; not for drug or household use 99% $22.95/5 g Company Website: https://aksci.com/index.php Price: https://aksci.com/item_list.php?search=81-33-4 SDS: http://aksci.com/sds/L419_SDS.pdf Scientific research and development Not available $25/5 g Company Website: https://www.alfa.com/en/ Price: https://www.alfa.com/en/catalog/044098/ SDS: https://www.alfa.com/en/content/msds/USA/44098.pdf Coating for professional use; transportation industry – light and commercial vehicles Axalta Coating Systems, LLC. Various coatings BASF Luprofil® Violet 50-1105 C4 Industrial usepotentially including uses such as motors, generators, vehicle components, sporting goods, appliances, architectural uses, agricultural equipment, oil and gas pipelines. Pigment preparation for mass-dyeing of polypropylene yarns and fibers Not available Not available 40% Not available Company Website: http://www.axaltacs.com/corporate/en_US.html SDS: http://www.color.tc/US_SDS/SDS/US_EN_1250007862_CRMX.pdf Note: This SDS is listed as an example and may not contain PV29; all of the SDS for coatings in this series seem to cite PV29 in Section 12. Ecological Information for completeness (View a full list of results by completing the following Google search: site: http://www.color.tc/ "81-33-4"). Company Website: https://www.basf.com/us/en.html SDS: http://www.col9.com/portal/streamer?fid=422243 Note: May be old product; not found on company website. Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 8 Table 9: Products That Contain Pigment Violet 29 Company BASF BASF Trade Name Use Palamid™ Violet 50-1105 Pigment preparation for spin-dyeing of polyamide yarns and fibers Paliogen® Red Violet K 5011 Colorant; plastics processing industry – suitable for PVC-p, PVC-u, PUR, LD-PE, HD-PE, PP, PS, SB, SAN, PMMA, CA/CAB, and UP and under certain conditions for ABS/ASA, PC, PA, and PETP % by Weight of Chemical 25% Not available Price Notes and Link to SDS and Other Information Not available Company Website: https://www.basf.com/us/en.html Technical Data Sheet (TDS): http://www.xymara.com/portal/streamer?fid=422244 Note: May be old product; not found on company website. Not available Company Website: https://www.basf.com/us/en.html TDS: http://www2.basf.us/additives/pdfs/Paliogen_Redviolet_K5011.pdf Notes: May be old product; not found on company website. It appears to have been replaced by Paliogen® Red Violet K 5411. See Table 11 for end uses of the types of plastic in which this product may be used. BASF Paliogen® Red Violet K 5411 Colorant; plastics processing industry 75-80% Not available ColArt International SA Winsor & Newton Professional Acrylic Perylene Violet Fine art painting- acrylic Not available $21.99/60 mL Company Website: http://worldaccount.basf.com/wa/NAFTA~en_US/Catalog/Pigments/pi/BASF/Br and/paliogen SDS: http://worldaccount.basf.com/wa/NAFTA~en_US/Catalog/Pigments/doc4/BASF/ PRD/30048503/.pdf?asset_type=msds/pdf&language=EN&validArea=US&urn= urn:documentum:ProductBase_EU:09007af880393a3e.pdf Company Website: http://www.winsornewton.com/na/ Price: http://www.winsornewton.com/na/shop/acrylic-colour/professionalacrylic?colourid=094376990669 SDS: http://d4of2brjuv1jo.cloudfront.net/assetfiles/95d92f4a-b5be-4366-832021be2477ce65SAFETY%20DATA%20SHEET-12532-1-1.pdf Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 9 Table 9: Products That Contain Pigment Violet 29 Company Trade Name Daniel Smith, Inc. Perylene Violet (PV29) Daniel Smith Extra Fine Watercolors Watercolor Anthraquinone Violet Pigment dispersion for making paints: see http://www.guer rapaint.com/PD F/HowTos/Simp le_Paintmaking_ Instructions.pdf Perrindo Violet Pigment dispersion for making paints: see http://www.guer rapaint.com/PD F/HowTos/Simp le_Paintmaking_ Instructions.pdf Perylene Violet B Metal decorative paints, plastics, polyester spinning, rubbers, solvent based inks, offset inks, industrial paints, and automotive and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) paints Guerra Paint and Pigment Corp. Guerra Paint and Pigment Corp. Hangzhou Epsilon Chemical Co., Ltd. (China) Use % by Weight of Chemical Price Notes and Link to SDS and Other Information $15.68/15 mL Company Website: http://www.danielsmith.com Price: http://www.danielsmith.com/Item--i-284-600-201 SDS: http://www.danielsmith.com/ItemFiles/MSDS/MSDS_US00144_284-600201_03192014.PDF $29.25/4 oz. Company Website: https://www.guerrapaint.com/ Price: http://www.guerrapaint.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=145_10 1_105&products_id=218 d Notes: SDS not found and product contents verified by name only, not CAS number. Aqueous pigment concentrate ground from dry pigment into water and surfactant. Not available $29/4 oz. Company Website: https://www.guerrapaint.com/ Price: http://www.guerrapaint.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=145_10 1_105&products_id=215 Notes: SDS not found and product contents verified by name only, not CAS number. Aqueous pigment concentrate ground from dry pigment into water and surfactant. Not available Not available Company Website: http://epsilonpigments.com/organic-pigments/PigmentViolet-29-ECV02901.html SDS: http://www.epsilonpigments.com/pdf/SDS%20-%20ECV02901.pdf Not available Not available Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 10 Table 9: Products That Contain Pigment Violet 29 Company Trade Name Use % by Weight of Chemical Price Notes and Link to SDS and Other Information Jetcolour Industries Co.,Ltd. (China) Nano pigments Car coating Not available Not available Company Website: http://www.jetcolour.com/carcoatings/ Note: SDS not found and product contents verified by name only, not CAS number. MP Biomedicals, LLC. Perylene3,4,9,10tetracarboxylic diimide For research use only Not available $43.65/5 g Sun Chemical 229-4050 Perrindo® Violet 29 Automotive coating Not available Not available TCI America P0984, 3,4,9,10Perylenetetracarboxylic diimide For laboratory research use; not for drug or household use ≥95% $62/25 g Company Website: http://www.tcichemicals.com/en/us/index.html Price: http://www.tcichemicals.com/eshop/en/us/commodity/P0984/ SDS: http://www.chemblink.com/MSDS/MSDSFiles/81-33-4_TCI.pdf $10.99/14 mL Company Website: http://www.utrechtart.com/ Price: http://www.utrechtart.com/Utrecht-Artists--Watercolor-Paint--PermanentViolet-MP-01766-033i1001249.utrecht?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cse&utm_term=017666922&country=US¤cy=USD&gclid=CjwKEAiArfDBRDeyOybg8jd2U4SJAAoE5XqwFYezI2lG2SihLZMdLczwQ9xOm5p4Xnp cshoeO5PhBoCzjjw_wcB SDS: http://cdn.dick-blick.com/msds/DBH_SDS_01766XXXX.pdf Utrecht Manufacturing, LLC. Permanent Violet Watercolor Not available Company Website: http://www.mpbio.com/?country=223 Price: http://www.mpbio.com/search.php?q=81-33-4&s=Search SDS: http://www.mpbio.com/includes/msds/05216511/MP_MSDS_216511_US_EN.p df Company Website: http://www.sunchemical.com/ Brochure: http://melrob.com/wpcontent/uploads/coatings_brochure_0520111.pdf Note: SDS not found and product contents verified by name only, not CAS number. Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 11 Products reported to contain PV29 by the Society of Dyers and Colourists that were not found in the online search are listed in Table 10 (2016). Table 10: Products That Contain Pigment Violet 29 According to the Society of Dyers and Colourists (2016) Company Liaoning LianGang Pigment and Dyestuff Chemicals Co., Ltd. (China) Color Pigments Manufacturers Association, Inc. (CPMA) Sun Chemical 3.7 Trade Name Use Perylene Violet S-0855 Metallic varnish, terylene stock solution dyeing Pigment Violet 29 Provided by one or more CPMA member companies Sunfast Violet 29 (2299029) Perylene violet with ultra-transparency for automotive metallic and pearlescent coatings End Uses of Plastics Containing Pigment Violet 29 Based on the TDS found for Paliogen® Red Violet K 5011, PV29 could be used in sixteen types of plastics (BASF, 1998). Potential end uses of these plastics are summarized in Table 11. Table 11: End Uses of Plastics That May Contain Pigment Violet 29 Plastic Cellulose acetate/cellulose acetate butyrate (CA/CAB) High-density polyethylene (HD-PE) Low-density polyethylene (LD-PE) Uses Printing inks; heat seal adhesives; coatings for leather, cloth, wood, and automobiles; lacquers for paper, wood, and automobiles; nail polish and other nail care products (Eastman Chemical Company, 2017a; Eastman Chemical Company, 2017b) Containers for milk, motor oil, shampoos, conditioners, soaps, detergents, bleaches, and toys (Tooley, 2017) Cling wrap; sandwich bags; squeezable bottles; plastic grocery bags (Tooley, 2017) Plasticized PVC (PVC-p) Cable and wire insulation; plugs; cable jackets; sockets; sable heads; distributors; swimming bath linings; floor and wall coverings; roofing; doorstops; seals for windows and doors; inhalation masks; surgical and examination gloves; blood storage bags and drainage tubes; car body seals, dashboard skins, artificial leather, and sun visors (SpecialChem, 2017a) Poly(acrylonitrile butadiene acrylate)/poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (ABS/ASA) Car instrument panels, pillar trim, dashboard components, door liners and handles, seat backs, and seatbelt components; electronics control panels and housings; refrigerator liners (SpecialChem, 2017b) Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Polyacrylate (PA) Polycarbonate (PC) Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Sunglasses, watch glasses, and diffuser panels; windows, port-holes, and domes; blood sample tubes and diagnostic dishes; toothbrushes; car rear light indicators and dashboard covers; plates; pens; salad bowls (SpecialChem, 2017c) Coatings and paints; textiles; leather finishing; printing inks; automotive products; tape adhesives; oil-resistant and high-temperature-resistant elastomers (Polymer Properties Database, 2015) Baby bottles; large water bottles; compact discs; medical storage containers (Tooley, 2017) Beverage bottles; peanut butter jars; rope; combs; clothing; bean bags (Tooley, 2017) Plastic diapers; Tupperware; margarine containers; yogurt boxes; syrup bottles; prescription bottles; bottle caps (Tooley, 2017) Disposable coffee cups; plastic food boxes and cutlery; packing foam (Tooley, 2017) Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 12 Table 11: End Uses of Plastics That May Contain Pigment Violet 29 Plastic Polyurethane (PUR) Rigid PVC (PVC-u) Styrene butadiene (SB) Styrene-acrylonitrile resin (SAN) Unsaturated polyester (UP) 3.8 Uses Building, refrigerator, and freezer insulation; coatings and adhesives; elastomers and sealants; car seats, armrests, and headrests; footwear; furniture; bedding (ISOPA, 2017) Drainage, pressure, brewery, and water service pipes; pipe fittings and connections; grating covers; fencing; decking; siding; roofing sheets; sanitary installations; window profiles; insulation pipes; jacketing; electricity distribution boxes; switches; plug housings; battery terminals; disposable pots, spice and cream containers; ball point pen casings; trifolds; bottles for vegetable, oil and juices; cosmetic containers (SpecialChem, 2017d) Car and light truck tires and truck tire retread compounds; brake and clutch pads; V-belts; flooring; military tank pads; hard rubber battery box cases; extruded gaskets; cable insulation and jacketing; pharmaceutical, surgical, and sanitary products; houseware mats; drain board trays; shoe soles and heels; chewing gum; food container sealants; conveyor belts; sponge articles; adhesives and caulks; automobile mats; rubber toys (AZoM, 2003) Kitchen mixing bowls and basins; fittings for refrigerators; thermally insulated jugs; tableware and cutlery; coffee filters; jars and beakers; storage containers for foods; toothbrushes; bathroom fittings; cosmetic packaging; outer covers of printers, calculators, instruments, and lamps; scales; battery housings; winding cores; writing and drawing equipment; cylindrical impellers for airconditioners (British Plastics Federation, 2017a) Coatings; buttons; structural parts in building and sanitary wares; cladding panels; sheeting for pre-fabricated buildings; roofing tiles; pipes, baths and shower trays in bathrooms; bumper beams, body panels, sunroof frames, catalytic converter heat shields, dashboard carriers, seat structures, battery supports, and spring systems in airplanes, trucks, and buses; railroad cars and shipping containers; boat hulls (British Plastics Federation, 2017b) Market Trends The U.S. and European organic pigment markets are expected to grow by around 1-2% per year on average between 2014 and 2019. Much of the pigments business is migrating to Asia, particularly to India and China, the world’s largest organic pigment producer. Recently, pigment supplies from China have been disrupted due to the Chinese government removing many subsidies on exports and putting smaller producers out of business by penalizing polluters (IHS Markit, 2015). Competition from the internet is decreasing the demand for printing inks used for newspapers and publications, although the demand for colored inks for advertising leaflets and catalogs and packaging is expected to expand somewhat. The demand for organic pigments used in automotive coatings is also increasing with vehicle production on the rise (IHS Markit, 2015). Other key market trends include the increasing demand for high performance, special effect, and heat management pigment solutions. These organic and inorganic specialty pigments are used in the automotive, architecture, fiber, nylon, specialties and niche markets, which are expected to grow. Their use in the packaging market is also expected to grow as consumers continue to purchase more products globally. The demand for heat management pigments is expected to increase due to the need for solar management solutions within architectural and construction applications (Pianoforte, 2012). With respect to perylene pigments in particular, the largest global suppliers of high-performance perylene pigments were Sun Chemical and BASF in 2001. The median price of perylene pigments was $40 per pound (Greene, 2001). Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 13 4. Other Resources Considered In addition to the resources previously described, several other data sources were reviewed. The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) tracks the annual release of 595 toxic chemicals into the environment by U.S. industries. Facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using PV29 are not required to report releases to TRI, so no information is available on this pigment (U.S. EPA, 2016a). The National Emissions Inventory (NEI) provides estimates of air emissions of criteria pollutants, criteria precursors, and hazardous air pollutants from air emissions sources. As PV29 is not one of these precursors or pollutants, it is not included in the dataset (U.S. EPA, 2016b). PubChem, an open chemistry database, offers information about PV29 under “Perylimid,” as confirmed by matching the CAS number. Names and identifiers, 2D structure, 3D conformer, chemical and physical properties, related records, chemical vendors, use and manufacturing, literature, patents, classification, and information sources are included in the database. The use and manufacturing details are taken from the 2012 CDR, and though there are 468 patents related to PV29, it is difficult to determine how PV29 is involved in the processes or compositions without looking up the patents individually. Therefore, this resource was not further investigated (NLM, 2016b). Another database, Substances in Preparation in Nordic Countries (SPIN), lists use categories of PV29 from product registries of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. These applications reinforce those mentioned earlier, such as the use of PV29 in automotive paints (SPIN, 2017). Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 14 5. References Alibaba. 2016a. Pigment Violet 29, Sold by Hangzhou Colorcom Impex Co., Ltd. Available at https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Pigment-Violet-29_60103781444.html. Alibaba. 2016b. PVB pigment chip-C.I. Pigment Violet 29, Mauve, Sold by Dongguan City Jifeng Plasticization Material Company Ltd. Available at https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/PVBpigment-chip-C-I-Pigment_570756132.html. Alibaba. 2016c. pigment violet 29 (Fast Bordeaux B), Sold by Qingdao Sanhuan Colorchem Co., Ltd. Available at https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/pigment-violet-29-Fast-Bordeaux-B_457063283.html. AZoM. 2003. Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (E-SBR) - Applications of Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber. Available at http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1847. BASF. 1998. PALIOGEN® REDVIOLET K 5011. Available at http://www2.basf.us/additives/pdfs/Paliogen_Redviolet_K5011.pdf. BASF. 2013. Pigments. Available at https://www.dispersionspigments.basf.com/portal/basf/ien/dt.jsp?setCursor=1_561069. BASF. 2015. Safety Data Sheet: Paliogen® Red Violet K 5411. Available at http://worldaccount.basf.com/wa/NAFTA~en_US/Catalog/Pigments/doc4/BASF/PRD/30048503/ .pdf?asset_type=msds/pdf&language=EN&validArea=US&urn=urn:documentum:ProductBase_E U:09007af880393a3e.pdf. Bayer Corporation. 2002. Bayer Corporation Sells Organic Pigments Business Located at Bushy Park To Sun Chemical Corporation. PR Newswire. Pittsburgh. British Plastics Federation. 2017a. Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) & Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA). Available at http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/SAN.aspx. British Plastics Federation. 2017b. Unsaturated Polyester UP. Available at http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/Unsaturated_Polyester.aspx. ChemicalBook. 2016. 81-33-4. Available at http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProdSupplierGNCB0746461_EN.htm. Clariant. 2016. Hostaperm. Available at http://www.clariant.com/en/BusinessUnits/Pigments/Coatings/Automotive--Coatings/Hostaperm. DEALBOOK. 2008. BASF Swallows Ciba for $5.5 Billion. The New York Times. Dionisio, K. L., A. M. Frame, et al. 2015. Exploring consumer exposure pathways and patterns of use for chemicals in the environment. Toxicology Reports 2: 228-237. Eastman Chemical Company. 2017a. Eastman™ Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB-381-0.5). Available at http://www.eastman.com/Brands/Eastman_Cellulose_Esters/Pages/ProductHome.aspx?product=7 1001227. Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 15 Eastman Chemical Company. 2017b. Eastman™ Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB-381-20). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2016. Substance Information: Perylene-3,4:9,10tetracarboxydiimide. Available at https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information//substanceinfo/100.001.223. European Diisocyanate and Polyol Producers Association (ISOPA). 2017. Applications and Uses of Polyurethanes. Available at http://polyurethanes.org/en/where-is-it. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2016. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 178. Greene, M. 2001. Perylene Pigments. High Performance Pigments. H. M. Smith. Weinhem, Wiley. Herbst, W. and K. Hunger. 2004. Industrial Organic Pigments. Production, Properties, Applications. Weinhem, Wiley. Heucotech Ltd. 2015. High Performance Pigments: Organic Pigments. Available at http://www.heubachcolor.de/fileadmin/downloads/brochures/Organic_Pigments_US.pdf. IHS Markit. 2015. Chemical Economics Handbook: Color Pigments, Organic [Online Preview]. Available at https://www.ihs.com/products/organic-color-chemical-economics-handbook.html. Kozma, E. and M. Catellani. 2013. Perylene Diimides Based Materials for Organic Solar Cells. Dyes and Pigments 98: 160-179. LANSCO COLORS. 2011. 1029 PERYLENE VIOLET 29. Available at http://www.pigments.com/pdf/1029.pdf. LANSCO COLORS. 2017. Organic Pigments: 1029 Perylene Violet 29. National Library of Medicine (NLM). 2016a. Household Products Database (HPD). Available. National Library of Medicine (NLM). 2016b. PubChem: Perylimid. Available at https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/81-33-4#section=Top. National Library of Medicine (NLM). n.d. ChemIDplusLite. Organic Dyes and Pigments. 2015. Textile Dyes and Pigments. Available at http://www.organicdye.com/industries/textile-dyes/. Pianoforte, K. 2012. Pigments Market Update. Coatings World, Available at http://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2012-01/view_features/pigments-market-update-211040/. Polymer Properties Database. 2015. Polyacrylates. Available at http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20classes/Polyacrylate%20type.html. Society of Dyers and Colourists. 2016. Pigment Violet 29. Society of Dyers and Colourists. n.d.-a. Definition of a Dye and a Pigment. Available at http://colourindex.com/definitions-of-a-dye-and-a-pigment. Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 16 Society of Dyers and Colourists. n.d.-b. Colour Index: Fourth Edition Online Leaflet. Available at http://colour-index.com/assets/files/upl/CI_leaflet.pdf. SpecialChem. 2017a. Technology Profile: Plasticized PVC. Available at http://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/pvc-plasticized/plasticized-pvcapplications#content. SpecialChem. 2017b. Technology Profile: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. Available at http://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene/applications#content. SpecialChem. 2017c. Technology Profile: Polymethyl methacrylate (Acrylic). Available at http://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polymethylmethacrylate-acrylic/applicationsand-key-features. SpecialChem. 2017d. Technology Profile: Rigid PVC. Available at http://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/pvc-rigid/applications-and-key-features-of-pvcrigid#content. Substances in Preparation in Nordic Countries (SPIN). 2017. ANTHRA(2,1,9-DEF:6,5,10D'E'F')DIISOQUINOLINE-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-TETRONE. Available at http://www.spin2000.net/spinmyphp/?pid=81334. Sun Chemical Company. n.d. Color and Effects for Coatings. Available at http://melrob.com/wpcontent/uploads/coatings_brochure_0520111.pdf. The Rohm and Haas Paint Quality Institute. n.d. The Ingredients of Paint and Their Impact on Paint Properties. Available at http://www.industrialpaintquality.com/pdfs/ingredientsofpaint.pdf. Tooley, J. 2017. Quality Logo Products, Inc.: The Different Types of Plastics and Their Classifications. Available at https://www.qualitylogoproducts.com/lib/different-types-of-plastic.htm. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010. Non-confidential 2006 IUR Company/Chemical Records. Available at http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014. Non-Confidential 2012 CDR Data. Available at http://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016a. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program. Available at https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016b. Air Emissions Inventories: National Emissions Inventory (NEI). Available at https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/national-emissionsinventory-nei. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. EPA & Color Pigments Manufacturers Association (CPMA) Meeting on Pigment Violet 29 [Meeting Minutes]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). n.d. Non-confidential IUR Production Volume Information. Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 17 6. Appendix The Chinese-based ChemicalBook provides basic information about chemicals as well as companies that supply chemicals in laboratory quantities. For PV29, looked up by CAS number, the website lists 48 Chinese suppliers, 15 American suppliers, and 9 suppliers from other countries (ChemicalBook, 2016). However, some of the Chinese suppliers were listed twice, bringing the total number of suppliers from China to 41. Table A- 1 provides an overview of these suppliers. Table A- 1: Suppliers of Pigment Violet 29 Listed in ChemicalBook (2016) Company Location Website 360 Reagent China www.360reagent.com 3600Chem China www.3600chem.com China No website provided United States www.3bsc.com Germany www.abcr.de United States www.aceto.com China www.tansoole.com China www.aikonchem.com AK Scientific, Inc. United States www.aksci.com Alfa Aesar China www.alfachina.cn Alfa Aesar, Avocado, Lancaster United States www.alfa.com Alfa Chemistry United States www.alfa-chemistry.com AlliChem, LLC United States www.allichemllc.com China www.hifichem.com China www.huifengchem.com United States www.apacpharma.com United States www.asdi.net China www.isomersyn.com China www.zs-ht.com China www.yunbangchem.com United Kingdom www.carbonesci.com 3B Pharmachem (Wuhan) International Co., Ltd. 3B Scientific Corporation ABCR GmbH & Co. KG Aceto Corporation Adamas Reagent, Ltd. Aikon International Limited Anshan Hifi Chemicals Co., Ltd. Anshan Huifeng Chemicals Co., Ltd. APAC Pharmaceutical, LLC ASDI Incorporated Beijing Isomersyn Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing three Shing TOUCH DOWN Technology Ltd. Beijing Yunbang Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Carbone Scientific Co., Ltd. Notes Product with SDS found for this supplier Product with SDS found for this supplier Listed twice in ChemicalBook Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 18 Table A- 1: Suppliers of Pigment Violet 29 Listed in ChemicalBook (2016) Company Location Website China www.banhetec.com United States www.chempacific.com United States www.chemservice.com China www.micxy.com China www.hx-r.com China www.langchem.com United States www.citychemical.com China www.codow.com.cn China www.colorantpigment.com China www.albiya.com Energy Chemical China www.energy-chemical.com Eurolabs Limited United Kingdom www.eurolabs.co.uk China www.jhechem.com China www.xcolorpigment.com China www.hanshangchem.com China www.hubeijusheng.com China www.jkchemical.com China www.jadechem-colours.com China www.jl-oled.com United Kingdom www.leancare.co.uk China www.lyliangangdyes.com China www.meryer.com MP Biomedicals, Inc. United States www.mpbio.com Ningbo BlueHill Chemicals Co., Ltd. China www.bluehillchem.com Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc. United States www.pfaltzandbauer.com Changchun Banhe Technology Co., Ltd. ChemPacific Corporation ChemService Inc. Cheng Du Micxy Chemical Co., Ltd. Chengdu HuaXia Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd China Langchem Inc. City Chemicals Corporation Codow Chemical Co., Ltd. Colorant Pigment Chemicals Co., Ltd. Dongguan Albiya Energy Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Hangzhou J&H Chemical Co., Ltd. Hangzhou Xcolor Imp. & Exp. Co., Ltd. Hanshang Chemical Scientific Limited Hubei Jusheng Technology Co., Ltd. J & K Scientific Ltd. JadeChem International Co., Ltd. Jilin OLED Material Tech Co., Ltd. Leancare Ltd. Liaoyang Liangang Dyes Chemical Co., Ltd. Meryer (Shanghai) Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. Notes Listed twice in ChemicalBook Listed twice in ChemicalBook Listed twice in ChemicalBook Product with SDS found for this supplier Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 19 Table A- 1: Suppliers of Pigment Violet 29 Listed in ChemicalBook (2016) Company Location Website Quzhou Mingfeng Chemical Co., Ltd. China www.mfchem.net Service Chemical, Inc. Germany www.chemos-group.com China www.xiyashiji.com China www.aladdin-e.com China www.jonln.com China www.macklin.cn China www.chemofchina.com China www.shyuanye.com TCI America United States www.tcichemicals.com/en/us/index .html TCI (Shanghai) Development Co., Ltd. China www.tcichemicals.com TCI Europe Europe www.tcichemicals.com/de/de/index .html TCI Japan Japan www.tcichemicals.com/ja/jp/index. html Tokyo Chemical Industry UK Ltd. United Kingdom www.tci-uk.co.uk VWR International United Kingdom www.vwr.com United States www.waterstonetech.com China www.win-chemical.com China www.zhk-bio.com China www.farchem.com China www.zeyachem.com Shandong XiYa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. Shanghai JONLN Reagent Co., Ltd. Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Shanghai Orgchem Co., Ltd. Shanghai YuanYe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Waterstone Technology, LLC Winchem Industrial Co., Ltd. Wuxi Zhongkun Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. XiaoGan ShenYuan ChemPharm Co., Ltd. Zeya Chemicals (Haimen) Co., Ltd. Notes Affiliated with ABCR GmbH & Co. KG Product with SDS found for this supplier Listed twice in ChemicalBook Listed twice in ChemicalBook Use and Market Profile for Pigment Violet 29▌pg. 20 Trichloroethylene Market and Use Report May 12, 2017 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch Chemistry, Economics & Sustainable Strategies Division Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC 20460 Trichloroethylene Market and Use Report Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1-1 TCE Market Profile ................................................................................................................ 2-1 Chemical Data Reporting ............................................................................................... 2-1 Toxics Release Inventory ............................................................................................... 2-5 National Emissions Inventory ...................................................................................... 2-15 Uses of Trichloroethylene ....................................................................................................... 3-1 References ................................................................................................................................ 4-1 Contents ▌pg. i Introduction TCE is a volatile organic compound (VOC) that is classified as a human carcinogen. EPA recently proposed to prohibit its use in vapor degreasing, dry cleaning spot removers, and aerosol degreasers under Section 6 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). U.S. EPA is also proposing a significant new use rule (SNUR) for non-aerosol spray degreasers. Additionally, under section 5(a)(2) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), EPA is finalizing a significant new use rule (SNUR) for TCE at 40 CFR §721.10851 by designating manufacturing (including import) or processing of TCE for use in a consumer product, with an exception for use in cleaners and solvent degreasers, film cleaners, hoof polishes, lubricants, mirror edge sealants, and pepper spray. This report details all of the uses of TCE, including those that have been discontinued. In 2014, the U.S. accounted for 24 percent of global demand, second only to China which accounted for 52 percent of global demand (IHS 2014). Currently, EPA (2014) reports that 83.6 percent of TCE is used as an intermediate in the production of the refrigerant HFC-134a, an alternative to the banned refrigerant CFC-12. Another 14.7 percent of TCE is used as a degreaser for metal parts (EPA2014). The remaining 1.7 percent is attributable to other uses, including as a spot-removal solvent in dry cleaning, as a modifier in PVC polymerization, and in consumer household aerosol products (EPA 2014). The uses of TCE by percentage presented in EPA (2014) are summarized in Table 1-1. Table 1-1. Uses of Trichloroethylene by Percentage Use Chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerant HFC-134a Degreaser for metal parts Other uses, including solvent for spot-removal in dry cleaning, modifier in PVC polymerization, and degreaser in consumer aerosols Total Percentage 83.6 14.7 1.7 100 Source(s): EPA (2014) The remainder of this report is organized as follows: Section 2 presents summaries of data taken from the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database, the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), and the National Emissions Inventory (NEI); Section 3 presents a table describing uses of TCE and a complementary table that identifies products currently being sold with TCE that correspond to the uses; and Section 4 presents references used in this report. Introduction ▌pg. 1-1 TCE Market Profile This section presents a summary of the market information available on TCE. The section is divided into three subsections based on the three critical data sources. Sections 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 summarize the available industry data on TCE from the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database, the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) database, and the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) database, respectively. Chemical Data Reporting The Chemical Data Reporting Rule under TSCA requires manufactures (including importers) to provide information to EPA on the chemicals they manufacture or import into the United States. Data collected per chemical include the company name, volume of each chemical manufactured/imported, the number of workers at each site, and information on whether the chemical is used in the industrial, commercial, and/or consumer sector. According to the 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) results, the U.S. produced (including imports) 225 million pounds of TCE in 2011 (EPA 2012a). Title 40 CFR 711.8 (a) states that any person who manufactured (including imported) for commercial purposes 25,000 lb (11,340 kilogram (kg)) or more of a chemical substance described in §711.5 at any single site owned or controlled by that person during the principal reporting year (i.e., calendar year 2011) is subject to reporting. A person is not subject to CDR reporting requirements if that person qualifies as a small manufacturer as that term is defined in Title 40 CFR 704.3 unless that person manufactures a chemical substance that is the subject of a rule proposed or promulgated under TSCA section 4, 5(b)(4), or 6, or is the subject of an order in effect under TSCA section 5(e), or is the subject of relief that has been granted under a civil action under TSCA section 5 or 7. The 2012 CDR non-confidential database includes nine manufacturers and/or importers of TCE (see Table 2-1; EPA 2012b). Both Dow Chemical Co. and PPG Industries, Inc. have recently undergone mergers with or have sold off their TCE capacity to Olin Corporation and Axiall Corporation, respectively (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 2012; The DOW Chemical Company 2015). CDR Information - Major Manufacturers and/or Importers The CDR lists nine major manufacturers and/or importers of TCE, with two of them anonymized as confidential business information (CBI; see Table 2-1). TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-1 Table 2-1. Manufacturers and Importers Company Dow Chemical Co Greenchem Industries LLC PPG Industries Inc Shin Etsu Solvchem Inc TRInternational Inc Vinmar Overseas Ltd CBI CBI Import (lb/yr) Volume (used in site; lb/yr) Number of workers NAICS code State Manufacture (lb/yr) 325211 MI CBI 0 0 90% + 25 - 49 424690 FL 0 CBI N/A 90% + < 10 325510 PA CBI 0 CBI 90% + 50 - 99 325199 424690 LA TX 140,810 109,116 0 0 106,446 109,116 < 1% 90% + 500 - 999 100 - 499 424690 WA 0 209,780 N/A 90% + < 10 424690 TX 0 91,359 91,359 90% + < 10 CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI CBI 90% + CBI < 10 CBI Concentration Source(s): EPA (2012b) CDR Use Information Table 2-2 and Table 2-3 present use information reported in the 2012 CDR for the industrial and commercial/consumer sectors, respectively. Industrial uses of TCE, as reported in the 2012 CDR, are primarily repackaging and processing TCE for use in another industrial process such as repackaging TCE as a solvent for parts cleaning/degreasing or processing TCE to be used as an intermediate in the production of another chemical (see Table 2-2). Only one commercial/consumer product category is identified in the 2012 CDR, Adhesives and Sealants (see Table 2-3). According to the 2012 CDR, the Adhesive and Sealant products produced by Dow Chemical Co. are not included in products used by children. Note that Table 2-2 and Table 2-3 present the information returned from the database query. Thus, blank cells in those tables signify blank cells returned from the database query. TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-2 Table 2-2. Industrial Use Information Manufacturing/ Importing Site Dow Chemical Co Type of Process NAICS code Processing-incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product 325211 Processing as a reactant 325211 Processing-repackaging 325211 Greenchem Industries LLC Solvchem Inc TRInternational Inc Percent of Production Volume Number of Sites Number of Workers Primary Metal Manufacturing 2 < 10 N/A All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 90 < 10 N/A 2 N/A N/A CBI < 10 N/A CBI < 10 N/A CBI 10 - 24 N/A CBI < 10 N/A 100 < 10 500 - 999 100 < 10 100 - 499 100 N/A N/A N/A 100 N/A N/A Intermediates 100 < 10 100 - 499 Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) Intermediates N/A 424690 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting Processing-repackaging 325510 Processing as a reactant 325510 Processing as a reactant 325510 Wholesale and Retail Trade Processing as a reactant 325510 Industrial Gas Manufacturing 325199 All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 424690 All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing 424690 N/A PPG Industries Inc Shin Etsu Industrial Function Category Industrial Sector Use-non-incorporative activities Processing-incorporation into formulation, mixture, or reaction product N/A Vinmar Overseas Ltd Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal) Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) Functional fluids (closed systems) N/A Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture) N/A 424690 CBI N/A CBI CBI Processing as a reactant CBI N/A All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Source(s): EPA (2012b) TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-3 Table 2-3. Consumer and Commercial Use Information Manufacturing /Importing Site Commercial/ Consumer Use Used in Children Products Product Category Percent of Production Volume Concentration Number of Workers Dow Chemical Co Both No Adhesives and Sealants 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 100 N/A N/A Greenchem Industries LLC PPG Industries Inc Shin Etsu Solvchem Inc TRInternational Inc Vinmar Overseas Ltd CBI CBI Source(s): EPA (2012b) TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-4 Toxics Release Inventory The TRI Program tracks the management of toxic chemicals that may pose a threat to human health and the environment. Facilities in certain industry sectors report annually the volume of toxic chemicals managed as waste (recycled, treated or burned for energy recovery), as well as disposed of or otherwise released into the environment. This section presents information derived from the 2015 TRI database. Total Number of Facilities TRI provides data on 172 facilities. The sectors with the highest frequency of TCE facilities are chemicals, fabricated metals, chemical wholesale, and hazardous waste (see Table 2-4). Table 2-4. TRI Facilities Industry type Number of Facilities Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total 20 45 1 4 35 17 5 1 10 2 9 10 1 10 2 172 Source(s): EPA (2015) Manufacturing Facilities Table 2-5 highlights the manufacturing of TCE across different industries. As illustrated in the table, the greatest number of facilities that manufactured or imported TCE is associated with the chemicals industry. TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-5 Table 2-5. TRI Manufacturing Facilities Industry type Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total Manufacturing – Number of Facilities Produced Imported Total 0 16 0 2 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 20 Source(s): EPA (2015) Table 2-6 presents the number of facilities in each industrial sector by four manufacturing subcategories:  For on-site use/processing  For sale/distribution  As a byproduct  As an impurity. . TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-6 Table 2-6. TRI Sub-Categories of Manufacturing Facilities Sub-Categories of Manufacturing – Number of Facilities Industry type Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total For on-site use/processing For sale/distribution As a byproduct As an impurity Total 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 32 Source(s): EPA (2015) TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-7 Processing Facilities Table 2-7 presents the number of facilities in each industrial sector by five processing subcategories:  As a reactant  As a formulation component  As an article component  Repacking  As an impurity. TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-8 Table 2-7. TRI Sub-Categories of Processing Facilities Categories of Processing – Number of Facilities Industry type Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total As a reactant As a formulation component As an article component Repacking As an impurity Total 0 11 4 13 0 0 6 6 0 1 10 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 13 0 0 2 0 1 0 22 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 2 3 0 1 0 58 Source(s): EPA (2015) TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-9 Other Uses TCE is also used as a chemical processing aid, as a manufacturing aid, in an ancillary manner, or for some other use. Table 2-8 presents the number of facilities in each industrial sector by other uses. Table 2-8. TRI Sub-Categories for Otherwise Use Categories of Otherwise use – Number of Facilities Industry type Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total As a chemical processing aid As a manufacturing aid Ancillary or other use Total 0 1 0 1 0 15 0 17 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 8 0 2 2 27 13 2 4 36 13 5 0 0 1 1 0 0 9 9 0 1 1 0 0 3 2 0 2 2 8 1 2 6 11 1 1 4 7 12 0 0 0 0 7 21 90 118 Source(s): EPA (2015) TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-10 Trends Table 2-9 details the waste management of TCE related to production from 2013 to 2015. In each of the years, the majority of waste-managed TCE was associated with the chemicals industry. Table 2-10 details onsite and offsite recycling of TCE from 2013 to 2015. TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-11 Table 2-9. TRI Reporting Trends Production-Related Waste Managed 2014 2013 Industry type Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Textiles Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total Produced # of facilitie Pounds s Imported # of facilitie Pounds s Produced # of facilitie Pounds s Imported # of facilitie Pounds s 2015 Produced # of facilitie Pounds s Imported # of facilitie Pounds s 1 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 2,059,78 9 1 766,513 14 2,687,00 1 1 1,220,30 8 16 4,107,06 7 2 2,538,67 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 13,191 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 168,835 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7,471 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 93,977 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 23,181 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 99,311 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 2,073,23 5 4 935,348 15 2,694,47 2 3 1,314,28 5 17 4,130,24 8 3 2,637,98 4 Source(s): EPA (2015) TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-12 Table 2-10. Onsite and Offsite Chemical Recycling Industry type Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Textiles Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total Industry type Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total 2013 Onsite Number of Pounds facilities 0 7 0 1 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 1 33 0 3,800,804 0 471,750 21,350,566 359,990 0 0 0 0 0 12,095,671 41,630,661 0 0 13,870 79,723,312 2014 Onsite Number of Pounds facilities 0 8 0 0 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 28 0 4,746,610 0 0 20,568,639 200,165 0 0 0 0 0 17,820,606 58,336,030 0 0 101,672,050 Offsite Number of Pounds facilities 1 6 2 3 23 2 4 2 1 0 0 2 5 0 1 4 56 210 15,094 28,003 43,788 157,880 23,150 31,160 7,611 4 0 0 15,000 87,891 0 23,285 24,990 458,066 Offsite Number of Pounds facilities 0 4 2 2 22 3 4 1 1 0 1 4 5 0 4 53 0 13,599 40,553 52,903 132,801 41 34,160 3,219 14 0 9,528 37,829 42,471 0 73,733 440,851 TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-13 Table 2-10. Onsite and Offsite Chemical Recycling 2015 Industry type Chemical Wholesalers Chemicals Computers and Electronic Products Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metals Hazardous Waste Machinery Miscellaneous Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Product Petroleum Plastics and Rubber Primary Metals Textile Product Transportation Equipment Petroleum Bulk Terminals Total Onsite Number of Pounds facilities 0 9 0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 30 0 4,188,585 0 0 22,546,455 250,055 0 0 0 0 0 18,850,666 29,900,987 0 0 75,736,748 Offsite Number of Pounds facilities 0 3 1 1 15 3 3 1 1 0 0 2 5 0 4 39 0 3,716 10,311 32,870 110,680 477 30,748 2,122 4 0 0 2,714 88,656 0 71,374 353,673 Source(s): EPA (2015) TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-14 National Emissions Inventory The National Emissions Inventory (NEI) is a comprehensive and detailed estimate of air emissions of criteria pollutants, criteria precursors, and hazardous air pollutants from air emissions sources. Table 2-11 details the number of facilities across different industries that release TCE into the atmosphere, according to the 2014 NEI database. Table 2-11. NEI Facilities Count and Emissions SCC Level Two type Chemical Manufacturing Commercial/Institutional Cooling Tower Electric Generation Electrical Equipment Fabricated Metal Products Food and Agriculture Industrial In-process Fuel Use Machinery, Miscellaneous Mineral Products Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Oil and Gas Production Organic Chemical Storage Organic Chemical Transportation Organic Solvent Evaporation Petroleum Industry Petroleum Liquids Storage (non-Refinery) Petroleum Product Storage at Refineries Photo Equip/Health Care/Labs/Air Condit/SwimPools Photographic Film Manufacturing Primary Metal Production Printing/Publishing Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Secondary Metal Production Site Remediation Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Solid Waste Disposal - Government Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Space Heaters Surface Coating Operations Textile Products Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Transportation Equipment Vinyl-based Resins Total Facility Count 2014 Emissions (lb/yr) 208 248 4 323 3 8 8 619 16 1 135 194 1 73 7 240 141 1 15 175 1 10 10 666 73 25 55 165 1239 114 2 89 2 13 3 2 4,889 90,489 3,262 174 4,936 332 12,400 224 11,196 1,005 0 1,368 257,483 0 13,901 125 1,152,320 9,810 30 101 119 36 87 19,873 58,583 519,653 117,013 23,359 19,308 142,700 4,521 14 83,446 11 157 2,746 27 2,550,809 Source(s): EPA (2012b) TCE Market Profile ▌pg. 2-15 Uses of Trichloroethylene To develop a list of historic and ongoing uses of TCE, EPA reviewed published papers and a chapter in a book focused on the history and use of TCE (Doherty 2000; Bakke et al. 2007; Doherty 2014). EPA also considered uses reported in the Economic Analysis of the Proposed Significant New Use Rule for Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Non-Aerosol Spray Degreasers. To supplement uses found in this initial review, EPA searched the Chemical Product Categories (CPCat) database for TCE. CPCat compiles information from publically available sources to provide a list of uses for more than 43,000 chemicals, as well as a database of products. The CPCat includes three hundred and ninety-eight products containing TCE (Dionisio et al. 2015). EPA also accessed the Household Products Database (HPD) to find products containing TCE and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to research additional uses that are or may become authorized. The HPD lists thirteen arts and crafts, automotive, home maintenance, home office, and commercial/institutional products that contain TCE (2016). After compiling the initial list of uses, EPA conducted internet searches to find products containing TCE that fit the use categories. The associated MSDS/SDS was used to confirm whether or not the products found contained TCE. Product names and manufacturer information in the CPCat and HPD provided starting points for these searches. EPA also conducted general internet searches for each use, such as “adhesive” + “Trichloroethylene” + MSDS. Each use was classified as “Historic,” “Ongoing,” or “Unknown.” If a use had an end date, as reported in the literature reviewed, EPA considered its status “Historic.” This marked the passage of legislation requiring the phase out of TCE or a decline in the use so as to be considered negligible. Ongoing use was determined if the study team found a product containing TCE with an SDS published in 2015 or more recently. If the use did not have an end date or an available product that contained TCE, its status was classified as “Unknown.” Each use was classified by expected use sectors: consumer, commercial, and/or industrial. If the use was clearly a process (i.e., a raw form of TCE was expected to be incorporated into the production process), such as the decaffeination of coffee beans, the use sector was classified as industrial. EPA determined consumer and/or commercial use by reviewing the product manufacturer’s website, distributor’s website, and/or other websites. If the information on the manufacturer’s website indicated a specific commercial use or sector and indicated the product was only available through a distributor, EPA considered the product commercial. Use in homes or by homeowners and availability for purchase at retail locations, such as Amazon, led to classification as consumer use. Some products were both (e.g., pepper spray intended for use by law enforcement agencies and consumers). Some uses were general enough that expected users were reasonably ascertained (e.g., degreasing solvent is assumed to be primarily used in the industrial sector, with some use in the commercial sector). It should be noted that many industrial processes were classified as “Unknown” because no products could be found. Manufacturers could be purchasing a raw form of TCE and incorporating it into processes onsite, but this cannot be determined without more information. The overall list of known uses of TCE produced using the methods described is given in Table 3-1. Products representative of different use categories are presented in Table 3-2. Blank rows in Table 3-2 indicate that no product containing TCE could be found to support that the use was ongoing. This Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-1 list of products is not exhaustive. EPA attempted to find at least one product for each use category. Of the 398 products listed in the CPCat, EPA was able to research approximately 170 products, or 42 percent of the total list. Approximately 94 percent of the products reviewed in the CPCat were either reformulated without TCE or a duplicate of a product already represented in Table 3-2. Thus, it is unlikely that reviewing the remaining products would result in a significant number of additional products not already included in Table 3-2. Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-2 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process Dry Cleaning and Dyeing and Other Fabric Cleaning (Rugs and Fur) Historic Dry cleaning: batch process cleaning TCE’s use as a dry cleaning solvent lasted from the 1930s to the 1950s, when it was found to attack cellulose acetate dyes (Doherty 2014). Bakke et al. (2007) Commercial There are two different batch process cleaning methods. One method is to use one piece of equipment for all of the cleaning: agitating, extracting and drying. Another method requires a manual trans of the textile between the washer –extractor and the dryer. Beyond textiles, TCE has also been used for cleaning fur, rugs and wool (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Spot cleaning involve selectively applying a variety of chemicals to areas of the textile requiring specific treatment. The treatment is left to soak before it is removed with a steam gun (Bakke et al. 2007). Ongoing Textile spot remover2 Textile spot remover for combined oil and water stains2 Product found see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial Ongoing Product found see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial In the 1950s and 1960s, reported average personal and area air levels combined from dry cleaning spot remover were (95 ppm, n = 99; 35 ppm, n = 6, respectively). The study team found levels were lower in the 1970s and 1980s (Bakke et al. 2007). Textile plants may use (unspecified) solvents for textile spot removal. TCE has also been used in the apparel industry for cleaning. In the 1990s, personal and area air levels from spot removal in the apparel industry in ranged from 0-22 ppm (n=18) (Bakke et al. 2007). TCE is used in dry cleaning products to remove combination water and oil-based stains (see product MSDS) Doherty (2014); Product MSDS Ongoing Textile spot remover for dry-side spotting2 Product found see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-3 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Thermopatch (2017) Ongoing Ink and ribbons for dry cleaning and laundry use Product found see Table 3-2 Description of Use or Process Commercial, Industrial Ink cassettes and ribbons are designed to withstand the laundromat and dry cleaner processes (Thermopatch 2017) Textile Mill Products and Apparel Unknown Textile scouring (e.g., wool and cotton scouring) TCE was the main solvent identified for wool cleaning in a 1979 (Bakke et al. 2007). About 70% of textile plants use (unspecified) solvents for textile spot removal (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Industrial Solvent scouring involves the removal of dirt, waxes, pectins, and lubricants generated during the coning and knitting processes. Scouring maybe done in a batch or continuous process. In batch operations, textiles are washed in drums and dried with hot air. Continuous process scouring involves feeding fabric into the scouring equipment on rollers and then dipping in or spraying with cold solvent or immersing in hot vaporous solvent. (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Textile sizing Unknown Industrial Soap solution ingredient Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Unknown Industrial Unknown Industrial Swelling agent in the disperse dyeing of polyesters Solvent in waterless dyeing and finishing operations The use in dye manufacturing was probably rare in the 1970s (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Dye fixative and mordant TCE used for textile sizing is less than 4% of the total amount of TCE in production (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Industrial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-4 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Impregnating artificial fabrics Unknown Industrial Degreasing fibers (organic fibers, asbestos, glass, carbon, or silicon carbide fibers prior to bonding or lamination) Unknown Commercial, Industrial Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process Bakke et al. (2007) TCE has been used in the impregnating and dressing of artificial fabrics (rayon, silk, glass fibers, and cotton-polyester materials) (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.) Resin extractor and purifier in the dying process Dyed cloth resin remover Unknown Unknown Unknown Remove fat from hides in the processing of leather Until the 1960s, TCE was used in leather processing to remove fat from hides (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial TCE has been reportedly used in Europe as a solvent in industrial batik cloth-dying to remove and recover the resin from water used to rinse the cloth. Resin, which acts as a resist during the initial dying is removed initially through a combination of mechanical force and water. TCE has been used to remove and recover the resin from this rinse water, dissolving the resin, but not the impurities (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). In 2015 The European Commission approved the application of TCE for this use. The review period expires in April 2028 (decision reference: C(2015) 8093) (EUR-Lex n.d.). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.) TCE has been reportedly in Europe used as a solvent in industrial batik cloth-dying technique to remove and recover the resin used to create the design. TCE is used to Industrial remove the resin from the cloth in a closed system at sub-atmospherics pressure. After distillation, the resin is reusable (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). In 2015 The European Commission approved the application of TCE for this use. The review period expires in April 2028 (decision reference: C(2015) 8093) (EURLex n.d.). Leather and Leather Products Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Industrial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-5 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Animal hide and skin disinfectant Until the 1960s, TCE was used in leather processing to disinfect hides and skins (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Leather glue4 Crepe sole rubber cement additive Chlorinated solvents may have been used in the leather glue as early as the 1930s (Bakke et al. 2007). Unknown Description of Use or Process Commercial, Industrial Industrial Chlorinated solvents have been used as leather glue (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Recover fat-free glue in tanneries Unknown Industrial Impregnation of leather Unknown Industrial, Commercial Ongoing TCE was used in tanneries to recover fat-free glue from residues of glue boilers (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) In the 1990s, a study in Portugal reported average exposure levels of 18-33 ppm (n=330) during waxing, coloring, and cleaning/polishing of leather shoes (Bakke et al. 2007). Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Product found see Table 3-2 Adhesives for industrial products Since the early 1930s, TCE has been used as a rubber solvent although in a limited capacity in the 1930s. TCE use continued in this industry in the 1970s, but was likely rare (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-6 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Unknown Antioxidant for tire manufacturing Use of TCE as an antioxidant has decreased (Bakke et al., 2007) Description of Use or Process Bakke et al. (2007) Industrial TCE had applications as processing solvent in the production of an antioxidant for tire manufacturing. This use has decreased (Bakke et al., 2007) Ongoing Tire repair Product found see Table 3-2 Bakke et al. (2007) Commercial TCE is used in the tire repair industry (Bakke et al. 2007). Ongoing Tire Buffer and Cleaner Product found see Table 3-2 TCE is used in the tire repair industry (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Commercial Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Foam blowing agent TCE was one of the most commonly used chlorinated solvents used as blowing agents in the foam industry (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Foam blowing agents are used to create a porous or cellular structure (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Solvent in the manufacture of large, rigid plastic products TCE was used as a solvent in the manufacture of large, rigid plastic products (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial TCE was used as a solvent to bond foam and polystyrene in the manufacture of large, rigid plastic products (Bakke et al. 2007). In the rubber and plastics industry, area and personal concentrations from adhesive operations were generally below 1 ppm (n=18) (Bakke et al. 2007). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-7 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Plastic cements (to bond foam and polystyrene) TCE was used to bond foam and polystyrene in the manufacturing of plastic cements (Bakke et al. 2007). Description of Use or Process Industrial In the rubber and plastics industry, area and personal concentrations from adhesive operations were generally below 1 ppm (n=18) (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Cement mixing Unknown Bonding and vulcanizing agent in conveyor belts in underground hard coal mining Unknown Commercial Hard coal mines in Germany use vulcanizing and bonding agents containing Trichloroethylene (TCE) for underground splicing and repairing of endless transportation belts(European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). The European Commission authorized this application of TCE in November of 2016 (decision reference: C(2016) 7607) (EUR-Lex n.d.). Agricultural Production and Agricultural Chemicals Bakke et al. (2007); National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (2016) Industrial Historic Insecticides TCE was used as a solvent in aerosolized insecticides in the early 1930s until at least the 1970s (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial, Commercial, Consumer Chlorinated solvents were used in Finland in herbicide (chlorophenols and phenoxy) formulation (Bakke et al. 2007).6 Limited information was found on its use in insecticides, but it is not used as an inert compound. In the 1990s in Italy, 1% or less of insecticides contained TCE (Bakke et al. 2007). TCE is currently not an active ingredient in any federally registered pesticide. As a result, it is also unlikely to be used as an active ingredient in any state registered pesticides (National Pesticide Information Retrieval System 2016). Bakke et al. (2007) Historic Herbicides (chlorophenols and phenoxy) In the rubber and plastics industry, area and personal concentrations from adhesive operations were generally below 1 ppm (n=18) (Bakke et al. 2007). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.); EPA (2012b) Industrial, Commercial, Consumer Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-8 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007) Historic Fungicides In the 1960s and 1970s, TCE was used in fungicides (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial, Commercial Consumer TCE was used as a grain fumigant (Bakke et al. 2007). TCE was used in fungicides such as difolatan (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Historic Grain fumigant in agriculture Description of Use or Process Industrial, Commercial Food and Kindred Products Bakke et al. (2007); Doherty (2014) Unknown 3 TCE was used in the decaffeination of coffee since as early as 1900 (Bakke et al. 2007). Decaffeination of coffee (as an extractant) In 1975, the FDA limited TCE concentrations to 10 ppm in decaffeinated instant coffee and 25 ppm in decaffeinated ground coffee. A ban on using TCE in direct or indirect food processing was proposed in 1977, but it was not enacted. The 1975 residual concentration limits remained in effect as of 2012, with the current allowable TCE residual in modified hop extract used in beers set at 150 ppm (Doherty 2014). Industrial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-9 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Unknown 3 Spice oleoresins (as an extractant) In 1975, the FDA limited TCE concentrations to 30 ppm in spice oleoresins. A ban on using TCE in direct or indirect food processing was proposed in 1977, but it was not enacted. The 1975 residual concentration limits remained in effect as of 2012, with the current allowable TCE residual in modified hop extract used in beers set at 150 ppm (Doherty 2014). Bakke et al. (2007); Doherty (2014) Industrial, Consumer Bakke et al. (2007); Doherty (2000); Unknown Extraction solvent for natural fats and oils (e.g., palm and coconut oil) Most U.S. manufacturers voluntarily withdrew soybean oil meals defatted with TCE in 1952 (Doherty 2000). Description of Use or Process TCE was used as a solvent for extraction of natural fats and oils such as palm, coconut, soybean; olive, corn, grape seed and other foods. TCE has been widely used in minor amounts to extract fact and alkaloid from fish meal and other natural products. (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Bakke et al. (2007) Egg preservative (in a wax solution applied to the shell) Unknown Commercial, Consumer Anesthetic (for animals) Unknown Commercial, Consumer Because of TCE’s bactericidal properties, it was applied in a wax solution to eggs as a preservative (Bakke et al. 2007). Health Service Bakke et al. (2007) TCE has been used in veterinary medicine as an inhalation anesthetic for pigs, dogs, and cats (Bakke et al. 2007). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-10 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Anesthetic (for humans) TCE was first introduced as an anesthetic in 1934. In 1936, the American Medical Association recommended against using it as a general anesthetic, but it remained popular in the 1940s and continued to be used commonly in the 1950s and 1960s. By 1958 it was considered widely used in analgesic and anesthetics with 35,000 liters of TCE used for those purposes. Its use declined in the 1970s until it ended in 1976 (Bakke et al. 2007). Commercial Analgesic Commercial TCE was used to destroy parasitic intestinal worms (Bakke et al. 2007). TCE was used in the United States as an analgesic for medical events such as childbearing and dentistry (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Anthelmintic (treats parasitic intestinal worms) TCE has historically been recommended for dental extractions, cystoscopy, orthopedic manipulations, burn dressing and similar short surgical procedures (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown By 1958 it was considered widely used in analgesic and anesthetics with 35,000 liters of TCE used for those purposes. Its use declined in the 1970s until it ended in 1976 (Bakke et al. 2007). Description of Use or Process Consumer TCE was used to destroy parasitic intestinal worms (Bakke et al. 2007). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-11 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Abreaction reagent (drug that releases repressed emotions) In the U.K. TCE was used to release repressed emotions in psychoanalysis (Bakke et al. 2007). Description of Use or Process Commercial In the U.K. TCE was used to release repressed emotions in psychoanalysis (Bakke et al. 2007). Unknown Bakke et al. (2007) Disinfectant (e.g., hand sterilizer prior to surgery) Use as a disinfectant prior to surgery was limited in the 1950s (Bakke, 2007). Animal hair wash Unknown Wood resin extractant Unknown TCE has had known applications as a hair wash for animals, particularly in the removal of grease and tar from wounds and fur (Bakke et al. 2007). Chemicals and Allied Products Bakke et al. (2007) Industrial Pulverized sulphur production Unknown Industrial Commercial TCE was used as a disinfectant prior to surgery. Additionally it had applications in sterilization of surgical instruments (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Consumer, Commercial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Chlorinated aliphatics (as a chemical intermediate) TCE had minor applications as a raw material in the manufacture of chlorinated aliphatics (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Glycolic and dichloroacetic acids (as a chemical intermediate) TCE had minor applications as a raw material in the manufacture of glycolic and dichloreacetic acids (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Industrial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-12 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007) Historic Chlorofluoromethane refrigerants (as a chemical intermediate)5 Refrigerant in air-conditioning installations5 TCE had minor applications as a raw material in the manufacture of chlorofluoromethane refrigerants (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Industrial TCE has been used a refrigerant in air-conditioning installations (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Spirit soap TCE had applications in cleansing soap solutions used in the production of spirit soap (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial TCE had applications in the production of sulfur chloride and cellulose eaters and ethers (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Chain terminator (in the production of polyvinyl chloride) TCE was used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Unknown Dewaxing lubrication oils TCE had applications as dewaxing lubrication oils (Bakke et al. 2007). TCE had applications in cleansing soap solutions used in the production of spirit soap (25% TCE and 75% potassium oleate) (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Solvent for sulfur chloride and cellulose esters and ethers Description of Use or Process Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Industrial TCE was used in the process of dewaxing lubrication oils by crystalizing the wax in the oil (Bakke et al. 2007). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-13 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Unknown To recover wax and paraffin from refuse TCE had applications in the process of recovering wax and paraffin from refuse (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Hobby and model glues (particularly for balsa wood) TCE had applications as a component of hobby and model glues (Bakke et al. 2007). Unknown Paint thinner Industrial Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels, and Allied Products Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) TCE had applications as a paint and varnish thinner (Bakke et al. 2007). Consumer, Commercial, Industrial TCE was reportedly a component of quick-drying paint in a foundry in the 1950s. Only 6% of plant formulators reported using TCE in paints. By 1984, use in this industry was essentially non-existent, with the exception of possible use in the manufacture of machinery and equipment (Bakke et al. 2007). Consumer, Commercial, Industrial TCE had known applications as a paint stripper (Bakke et al. 2007). TCE had limited applications in paints such as colored paints, furniture stains, house painting, the painting of casks and vats, etc. It was also reportedly a component of qui-drying paints in a U.K. foundry in the 1950s. It was used as a solvent in paints containing tar or pitch but less frequently for paint containing acetyl and nitrocellulose (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Paint stripper TCE had limited applications as a paint and varnish thinner (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Paints Description of Use or Process Consumer, Commercial, Industrial TCE had known applications as a paint stripper. Reportedly, TCE has been used to clean paint spraying booths (Bakke et al. 2007). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-14 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Unknown Used to flush liquid oxygen TCE had known applications to flush liquid oxygen (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Impregnating cardboard and paper boxes TCE had known applications in the pulp and papermaking industry (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial TCE had applications in the paper processing industry (Bakke et al. 2007). TCE has been used in the process of impregnating cardboard and paper board boxes (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Solvent for paraffinsynthetic resin mixture (used in paper processing) Description of Use or Process Industrial TCE had applications as a solvent for paraffin-synthetic resin mixture used for processing paper (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); Doherty (2000); EPA (2012b) Unknown Starting in the 1920s, TCE was used in printing inks (Doherty 2000). Printing inks Industrial In the 1970s, the use of TCE in the printing industry was rare (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Cleaning solvent for printing machines In the 1970s, the use of TCE in the printing industry was rare (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial TCE has applications in the cleaning of cylinders and type (Bakke et al. 2007). In the U.K. TCE, in a mixture with other solvents, was sprayed onto a film running over the rollers of a printing machine (Bakke et al. 2007). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-15 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process Research, Development, and Testing Services Unknown Cleaning optical lenses In the 1960s and early 1970s TCE was used for daily cleaning in laboratories including the cleaning of optical lenses (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Commercial, Consumers TCE was used to in laboratories to clean optical lenses and in other daily laboratory cleanings. TCE was also reportedly used to clean the optical lenses of binoculars (Bakke et al. 2007). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.) Extraction solvent for bitumen in asphalt analysis Unknown Industrial TCE has been used in laboratories in Europe to extract bitumen from filling/binder materials in asphalt samples. The extraction process takes place in a closed loop system (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.) The status of the Dow Deutschland application for approval for this use of TCE is “opinions adopted” (EUR-Lex n.d.). Ongoing Laboratory chemical: Spectrophotography Product found see Table 3-2 Commercial, Industrial Ongoing Laboratory chemical: Chromatography Product found see Table 3-2 Commercial, Industrial Perfumes, Cosmetics, and Other Toiletry Preparations Historic Shampoo and dry Shampoo False eyelash cleaner By 1985, most personal aerosol products contained no chlorinated solvents (Bakke et al. 2007). Historic By 1985, most personal aerosol products contained no chlorinated solvents (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Consumer Consumer TCE was rarely used in human hair products, however was reportedly a component in dry shampoo (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-16 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process Consumer Bakke et al. (2007) Consumer, Commercial NH Asthma Collaborative (2015); EPA (2012b) Historic Perfume ingredient Glue for hair extensions and lace wigs By 1985, most personal aerosol products contained no chlorinated solvents (Bakke et al. 2007). Unknown Degreasing Ongoing Solvent degreasing: cold cleaning2 Product found see Table 3-2 Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Commercial TCE is used in cold cleaning degreasing operations (Bakke et al. 2007). Ongoing Solvent degreasing: vapor degreasing2 TCE became the primary vapor degreasing solvent in the 1930s. In the 1940s vapor degreasing became TCE’s largest use. Commercial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.); EPA (2012b) Closed system vapor degreasing parts cleaning through Unknown TCE has been used in Europe as a solvent for parts cleaning in closed system vapor degreasing methods. This use has applications in several industries including aerospace, electronics, medical, and automotive sectors (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). The status of two applications to the European Commission for approval of this use of TCE is “opinions adopted” (EUR-Lex n.d.). Miscellaneous Uses of TCE Commercial, Industrial Ongoing Cutting Fluid (tap and die cutters) Product found; see Table 3-2 Commercial, Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Film and photographic plate cleaner Unknown Commercial Furniture cleaner Unknown Commercial TCE has been reportedly used for cleaning films and photographic plates (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-17 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status To clean trailer tanks Unknown Commercial To clean brewery tanks Unknown Commercial To clean atmospheric chambers (for NASA) Unknown Commercial Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) TCE has been reportedly used for cleaning the interior of a trailer tank (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) To clean computer ribbons Unknown Commercial To clean watch parts (in ultrasonic cleaning machines) Unknown Commercial TCE has been reportedly used to clean computer ribbons in a South African ribbon manufacturing plant (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Watch makers have reportedly used TCE with a petroleum distillate for cleaning parts in ultrasonic cleaning machines (Bakke et al. 2007). Ongoing Toner Aide Product found see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); Paddock (1989); EPA (2012b) Unknown Typewriter correction fluid In 1989, Gillette Co. agreed to remove TCE from its Liquid Paper Correction Fluid to be in compliance with California’s Proposition 65 (Paddock 1989). Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Silicone parting agent in shell molding for foundries TCE was used in shell molding for foundries (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial In shell molding for foundries, TCE had prior applications as a vehicle in a silicone parting agent (Bakke et al. 2007). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-18 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Gas and tar purification TCE had applications in the gas and tar purification processes (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Bakke et al. (2007) Historic Tree wound healers TCE was used in wound healers for trees (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Unknown Aerosol spray chimney cleaners TCE was used in aerosol spray chimney cleaners (Bakke et al. 2007). Consumer, Commercial Bakke et al. (2007) Historic Air fresheners TCE was used in air fresheners (Bakke et al. 2007). Industrial Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Surface disinfectants TCE was used in surface disinfectants (Bakke et al. 2007). Description of Use or Process Industrial Bakke et al. (2007) Preservation and deodorizers Unknown Consumer, Industrial TCE was used in preservation and deodorizers (Bakke et al. 2007). TCE has been used in consumer deodorizer products (Doherty 2000). Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Mildew sprays Mildew preventative TCE was used in mildew sprays (Bakke et al. 2007). Unknown Commercial, Consumer, Industrial Commercial, Consumer, Industrial TCE was used in mildew sprays (Bakke et al. 2007). Doherty (2000) TCE has been used in consumer mildew preventatives (Doherty 2000). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-19 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Smoke bombs (used to evaluate ventilation) TCE was used in smoke bombs to evaluate ventilation (Bakke et al. 2007). Commercial, Industrial Rust prevention products Commercial, Consumer, Industrial Polishes TCE had minor applications as a component of various rust preventative formulations (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Historic TCE was used in polishes; in the 1970s this use was likely rare (Bakke et al. 2007). Reported exposure to TCE from smoke bombs in 1987 (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown TCE had minor applications as a component of various rust preventative formulations (Bakke et al. 2007). Description of Use or Process Commercial, Consumer, Industrial Caulking substance (for shipbuilding) Unknown Industrial Waterproof material for brickwork Unknown Commercial Degreasing skins (taxidermy industry) Unknown Commercial Bakke et al. (2007) Bakke et al. (2007) Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Bakke et al. (2007); Doherty (2000); Doherty (2014) Fire extinguishers Extracting sulfur from iron oxide pellets used in the purification of coke oven and similar gases Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial TCE has applications as a depressant in Carbon tetrachloride (CTC) (Doherty 2000). CTC fire extinguishers were used from the early to mid-twentieth century (Doherty 2014). Bakke et al. (2007) Unknown Industrial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-20 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Gas purification as a solvent of sulfur and phosphorus Low-temperature heattransfer agent Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Unknown Industrial Unknown Industrial Description of Use or Process Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Bakke et al. (2007) Bakke et al. (2007) Heated TCE used in banks to correct error on checks Unknown Industrial Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Pottery glaze ingredient Unknown Consumer, Industrial Tin recovery (from scrap metal) Unknown Industrial In school arts and craft classes, TCE has been reportedly found in pottery glazes (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) Bakke et al. (2007) In centrifuge processes at uranium enrichment plants Unknown Industrial To extract phenol from wastewater Unknown Industrial TCE has had applications in a gaseous centrifuge process at a uranium enrichment plant (Bakke et al. 2007). Bakke et al. (2007) TCE has had applications in the process of extracting phenol from wastewater (Bakke et al. 2007). Ongoing Brake parts cleaner Product found; see Table 3-2 Commercial, Industrial As an aerosol in spray cans Unknown Industrial EPA (2012b) Bakke et al. (2007) TCE has had rare applications as an aerosol in spray cans (Bakke et al. 2007). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-21 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Bakke et al. (2007); Doherty (2000) Ongoing Shoe polish Product found; see Table 3-2 TCE’s use in polishes was rare by the 1970s (Bakke et al. 2007). Description of Use or Process Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product MSDS (see Table 3-2 for more information); EPA (2012b) Ongoing Carpet Cleaner Product found; see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial, Drain and pipe cleaners Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Doherty (2000); EPA (2012b) Household cleaner Unknown Consumer, Industrial Doherty (2000); EPA (2012b) Wig cleaner Unknown Doherty (2000); EPA (2012b) Upholstery cleaner Unknown Septic tank cleaner Unknown Water repellant Unknown Metal cleaner and polish Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Used in the production of hydrofluorocarbons Doherty (2000); EPA (2012b) Doherty (2000) Doherty (2000); EPA (2012b) Doherty (2000); The DOW Chemical Company (2014) Ongoing Use of TCE as a feedstock for chlorofluorocarbon replacements, such as HFC-134a, increased in the 1990s. By 1995, 41% of TCE produced was being used as a chemical intermediate (Doherty 2000). Doherty (2000); EPA (2012b) Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-22 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Doherty (2000) Unknown Fire-retardant chemicals Flame-retardant chemicals TCE was used in fireretardant chemicals (Doherty 2000). Unknown Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial TCE was used in fertilizers (Doherty 2000). Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Doherty (2000); The DOW Chemical Company (2014) Ongoing Heat exchange fluid TCE started to be used as a heat exchange fluid in the 1940s to 1960s (Doherty 2000). The DOW Chemical Company (2014) Doherty (2000) Unknown Fertilizer Description of Use or Process Commercial, Industrial TCE is used as a low-temperature heat-transfer medium (The DOW Chemical Company 2014). Ongoing Gun scrubber Product found see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Dionisio et al. (2015); EPA (2012b) European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.) Lead-acid batteries Unknown Industrial TCE has been used to the manufacture of polyethylene separator foils in lead-acid batteries. The chemical has had applications as a solvent to remove process oil during the manufacture of polyethylene separator foils. TCE evaporates to increase the porosity of the separator. TCE processing is performed in closed equipment under reduced pressure (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). The status of two companies applications to the European Commission for approval of TCE for this use is “opinions adopted” (EUR-Lex n.d.). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-23 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process The DOW Chemical Company (2014); Pekala (2007) Lithium batteries Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial According to a 2007 U.S. Patent on battery separators, TCE is one of several preferred solvents for separating the solvent from the plasticizer through distillation. The patent lists many alternative solvents for this process. Additionally TCE is reportedly used as a bath to dunk a sample of the plasticized sheet in the production of battery separators containing reactive functional groups (Pekala 2007). These uses may not represent the only applications of TCE in the production of lithium batteries. Product website Ongoing Battery coat Product found see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial Battery coat products form a durable coating that protects against corrosion on battery terminals, cables, clamps, and hold-downs. It seals out acid fume, moisture, dirt, grease and oil, prolonging battery life. Ongoing Pepper spray Product found; see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial Ongoing Hoof polish Product found; see Table 3-2 Consumer, Commercial Stain removal agent (solvent) Ongoing Commercial, Consumer, Industrial EPA (2012b) Electrical cleaner/degreaser (aerosol)2 Ongoing Commercial, Industrial EPA (2012b) Electrical cleaner/degreaser (nonspray) Ongoing Commercial, Industrial EPA (2012b) Product found; see Table 3-2 Product found; see Table 3-2 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-24 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process Consumer, Commercial, Industrial EPA (2012b) Ongoing Sealant for mirrors/glassware Product found; see Table 3-2 Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Ongoing Adhesives for industrial products Product found; see Table 3-2 By the 1970s, TCE’s use in adhesives was small (<4% of total production) (Bakke et al. 2007). Commercial, Industrial Historic Spray fixatives Several spray fixatives used in arts and crafts projects contained TCE, but these products have recently been reformulated to no longer contain TCE (EPA, 2016). Consumer, Commercial, Industrial EPA (2016); EPA (2012b) European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.) Processing aid in production of betacyclodextrion Unknown Industrial In Europe, TCE has applications as a processing aid for the biotransformation of starch to product betacyclodextrin (BCD). TCE is used to precipitate cyclodextrins as a compound allowing for the subsequent separation of the cyclodextrin from the hydrolysated starch. BCD is used in the production of hydroxypropyl betacyclodextrin (HPBCD); however TCE is not itself involved in the manufacture of HPBCD. HPBCD is the most frequently used cyclodextrin in pharmaceuticals and is the leading excipient in pharmaceutical applications (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). In November 2016, the European Commission approved this application of TCE (decision reference: C(2016) 7581) (EUR-Lex n.d.). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-25 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.); EPA (2012b) Processing solvent for the manufacture of hollow fiber membranes in continuous fiber spinning process Unknown Industrial TCE is used in Europe as a solvent for the polymer poly[2,6-dimethyl-pphenyleneoxide] (PPO) in a continuous fiber spinning process in the production of hollow fiber membranes (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). In January of 2017, the European Commission authorized this application of TCE (decision reference: C(2016) 8596) (EUR-Lex n.d.). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.); EPA (2012b) Extraction solvent in the manufacture of caprolactam Unknown Industrial Solvent in the synthesis of vulcanization accelerating agents for fluroelastomers Unknown Industrial Process chemical to remove polystyrene from an intermediate Unknown Industrial In Europe, TCE is used as an extraction solvent in the industrial manufacture of caprolactume from cyclohexanone. Caprolactam has applications as a precursor in the manufacture of polymers (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). Three companies have recently applied for approval from the European Commission for use of TCE in this application; one application was authorized in January 2017 (decision reference: C(2017) 69), another is pending, and options have been adopted for the third (EUR-Lex n.d.). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.); EPA (2012b) In Europe, TCE has applications as a solvent in the synthesis of accelerating agents for fluroelastomers. After use in the first synthesis step, TCE is recovered and reused; in the second step, it is removed by distillation. Synthesis is automated and takes place in a closed system (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). The European commission approved an application for this use in November, 2016 (C(2016) 7609) (EUR-Lex n.d.). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.) TCE has had applications in Europe as a solvent in the production process of Alacantrara, a material of 70% polyester and 30% polyurethane material. TCE is used in an enclosed system to remove polystyrene from an intermediate product of the material (European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) n.d.). The status of DOW Deustschland’s application for the European Commission’s approval of this use of TCE is “opinions adopted” (EUR-Lex n.d.). Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-26 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.); Richard Geiss GmbH (n.d.-b); DOW Deutschland Anlagengesellschaft mbH (n.d.) Packaging of recycled TCE Unknown Industrial Formulation of recycled TCE Unknown Industrial In Europe, TCE waste is reportedly distilled to a purity of 99.95% and stored until requested by a client at which point it is pumped into barrels ranging in size form 1L-425 L. Different grades of TCE are combined with stabilizers during packaging. The filling activity is closely related to formulation since stabilizing agents are added to different grades of TCE during packaging (Richard Geiss GmbH n.d.-b). One packager reports packaging TCE in closed-loop state of the art systems called SAFE-TAINERTM Systems (DOW Deutschland Anlagengesellschaft mbH n.d.). The status of two applications for the European Commission’s approval of this use of TCE is “opinions adopted” (EUR-Lex n.d.). European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (n.d.); EUR-Lex (n.d.); Richard Geiss GmbH (n.d.-a) In Europe, TCE waste is reported distilled to a purity of 99.95%. Formulation facilities add stability agents according the clients specifications before re-sale (Richard Geiss GmbH n.d.-a). The status of two applications for the European Commission’s approval of this use of TCE is “opinions adopted” (EUR-Lex n.d.). Ongoing Non-flammable gas mixture Product found; see Table 3-2 Commercial, Industrial Ongoing Multipurpose lubricant Product found; see Table 3-2 Commercial, Industrial Ongoing Mold cleaner/release agent Bakke et al. (2007); EPA (2012b) Product found; see Table 3-2 Industrial Elastomers Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Doherty (2000) Fillers Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Bakke et al. (2007) Bakke et al. (2007) reports exposure to TCE through the use of mold cleaner. Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-27 Table 3-1. Known Applications of TCE Use or Process Use or Process Status Expected Users1 Description of Use or Process Sealers Unknown Consumer, Commercial, Industrial EPA (2012b) Note(s): 1 Determination of the Expected Users associated with a use or process is based on the study team’s best judgement if the users are not explicitly defined in the resource(s) cited. 2 Denotes uses currently being considered for Section 6 actions under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). 3 Doherty (2014) and Bakke et al. (2007) report contradicting information on the status of a 1977 proposed ban on TCE in food additives. Bakke reports FDA banned TCE in foods in 1977 and Doherty reports a 1977 FDA ban on TCE in food additives was proposed, but not enacted. Further research is required on this subject. 4 Bakke et al. (2007) only mentions chlorinated solvents use in leather glue. Further research is required to determine if this use specifically includes TCE. 5 These uses may refer to the same refrigerant. 6 TCE has confirmed historic applications in herbicides in other countries; further research is necessary to ascertain use in the United States. 7 CDR use categories are very broad, and any reference to CDR is due to the use or process inclusion in a broader CDR category. Source(s): Bakke et al. (2007); Dionisio et al. (2015); Doherty (2000); Doherty (2014) The DOW Chemical Company (2014); NH Asthma Collaborative (2015); EPA 2016 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-28 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Dry Cleaning and Dyeing (SIC 7216) and Other Fabric Cleaning (e.g. Rugs and Fur) Dry cleaning: batch process cleaning2 Textile spot remover2 Commercial Puro TCE>75 %3 Manufacturer: Adco Professional Products LLC http://adcoinc.com/spotting/dryside/176-puro Example Distributor: FabriClean Supply https://www.fabricleansuppl y.com Textile spot remover for combined oil and water stains2 Commercial Semi Wet TCE<75 %3 Manufacturer:2 Adco Professional Products LLC http://adcoinc.com/adco/company Example Distributor: FabriClean Supply https://www.fabricleansuppl y.com Product Description: Puro is a volatile dry solvent that is excellent for “touch-ups” and removal of greasy, oily soil. It is safe for all fabrics.3 Precautions: Wear safety goggles, Neoprene or Barrier gloves, and a NIOSH/MSHA-approved respirator in circumstances with high-concentration exposure. Have an eye wash station available and do not use contacts. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with eyes or skin.3 Product Description: Semi-Wet is used with perchloroethylene or hydrocarbon solvent to remove combined water and oil-based stains.3 Precautions: Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with eyes or skin. Use PPE, including safety glasses, Neoprene or Barrier Gloves, NIOSH/MSHA-approved respirator, and protective clothing. Have an eye-wash station available. Do not wear contacts without eye protection. Good ventilation should be used, and if possible use local ventilation and process enclosures.3 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-29 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: RR Street & Co. Inc. http://www.4streets.com/ Textile spot remover for dryside spotting2 Commercial Picrin TCE>75 %3 Example Distributor: Garland Supply Company http://www.garlandsupply.co m/dry-cleaningchemicals/street-schemicals/picrin.html Cleaners Outlet http://www.garlandsupply.co m/dry-cleaningchemicals/street-schemicals/picrin.html List of distributors: http://www.4streets.com/ind ex.php/find-a-distributor/ Product Description: Used for dry-side spotting— along with other dry-side agents—to remove difficult dry-side stains.3 Precautions: Use PPE, including safety glasses, Neoprene or Barrier Gloves, NIOSH/MSHAapproved respirator, and protective clothing. Have an eye-wash station available. Do not wear contacts without eye protection. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with eyes and skin. Good ventilation should be used, and if possible use local ventilation and process enclosures.3 Product Description: Ink and ribbons for printing and labelling at a laundromat or dry cleaner. Products stand up to the cleaning process of a modern launderer or dry cleaner.3 Ink and ribbons in laundromats and dry cleaners Commercial, Industrial Dot Matrix Printer Ink Ribbons (-15 ink), black, red, green and blue Trace Amounts3 Manufacturer: Thermopatch http://www.thermopatch.com /enn/home Example Distributor: Cleaner’s Supply https://www.cleanersupply.c om/ Precautions: Use with adequate ventilation, wash hands after use, and wash clothes thoroughly after use. Wear eye protection. Avoid contact with material when it’s heated. Ventilate well when using heated material; overexposure to vapors may cause irritation of the respiratory tract, dizziness, headache, nausea or chronic pulmonary congestions. May cause moderate irritation to eyes and skin upon contact. Ingestion may cause irritation or gastric disturbances. This product is not considered to be a hazardous substance as defined under OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) 3 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-30 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Textile Mill Products and Apparel Textile scouring (e.g., wool and cotton scouring) Textile sizing Have not found an example product that contains TCE. Soap solution ingredient Swelling agent in the disperse dyeing of polyesters Solvent in waterless dyeing and finishing operations Dye fixative and mordant Impregnating artificial fabrics Degreasing fibers (organic fibers, asbestos, glass, carbon, or silicon carbide fibers prior to bonding or lamination) Resin extractor and purifier in the dying process Dyed cloth resin remover Leather and Leather Products Remove fat from hides in the processing of leather Animal hide and skin disinfectant Leather glue Crepe sole rubber cement additive Recover fat-free glue in tanneries Impregnation of leather Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-31 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Percent Conc. Product Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Manufacturer: Rema Tip Top http://www.rematiptop.com/ Adhesives for industrial products Industrial SC2000 Black Cement 75-90%3 Example Distributor: Motion Industries https://www.motionindustrie s.com/ Product Description: SC2000 is a two component, room temperature curing chloroprene liquid rubber adhesive ideal use in lining installations, when bonding rubber to rubber, rubber to fabric, rubber to steel, rubber to concrete, fiberglass, and urethane, as well as the splicing and repair of fabric conveyor belting. 3 Precautions: Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Do not breathe vapors. Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing. Wash skin and exposed areas thoroughly after handling. Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. Avoid release to the environment. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. Use personal protective equipment as required.3 Antioxidant for tire manufacturing Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-32 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Rema Tip Top http://www.rematiptop.com/ Tire repair Commercial Special Cement BL G 80-95%3 Example Distributor: Tire Shop Supplies http://tireshopsupplies.com/ Tire buffer and cleaner Commercial TRU FLATE Liquid Tire Buffer and Cleaner 70-90%3 Manufacturer: Plews, Inc. http://www.plewsedelmann.com/ Example Distributor: Grainger https://www.grainger.com/ Details Product Description: Special Cement BL creates a nearly indestructible bond between tire and repair unit. Specifically designed for the application of REMA TIP TOP Radial, Bias-Ply and Universal, Minicombi & RemaStem repair units. Use for chemical installation of REMA TIP TOP blue bonding layer repair units, Blue Floater Gum and chemical vulcanizing compounds.3 Precautions: Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Do not breathe vapors. Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing. Wash skin and exposed areas thoroughly after handling. Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. Avoid release to the environment. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. Use personal protective equipment as required.3 Product Description: None listed. Precautions: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. Use personal protective equipment as required. Avoid release to the environment. Wash thoroughly after handling. Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.3 Foam blowing agent Solvent in the manufacture of large, rigid plastic products Plastic cements (to bond foam and polystyrene) Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-33 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Cement mixing Bonding and vulcanizing agent in conveyor belts in underground hard coal mining Agricultural Production and Agricultural Chemicals Insecticides Herbicides (chlorophenols and phenoxy) Fungicides Grain fumigant in agriculture Food and Kindred Products Decaffeination of coffee (as an extractant) Spice oleoresins (as an extractant) Extraction solvent for natural fats and oils (e.g., palm and coconut oil) Egg preservative (in a wax solution applied to the shell) Health Service Anesthetic (for animals) Anesthetic (for humans) Analgesic Anthelmintic (treats parasitic intestinal worms) Abreaction reagent (drug that releases repressed emotions) Disinfectant (e.g., hand sterilizer prior to surgery) Animal hair wash Chemicals and Allied Products Wood resin extractant Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-34 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Pulverized sulphur production Chlorinated aliphatics (as a chemical intermediate) Glycolic and dichloroacetic acids (as a chemical intermediate) Chlorofluoromethane refrigerants (as a chemical intermediate) Refrigerant in air-conditioning installations Spirit soap Solvent for sulfur chloride and cellulose esters and ethers Chain terminator (in the production of polyvinyl chloride) Dewaxing lubrication oils To recover was and paraffin from refuse Hobby and model glues (particularly for balsa wood) Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels, and Allied Products Paint thinner Paints Paint stripper Used to flush liquid oxygen Impregnating cardboard and paper boxes Solvent for paraffin-synthetic resin mixture (used in paper processing) Printing inks Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-35 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Percent Conc. Product Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Cleaning solvent for printing machines Research, Development, Testing Services Cleaning optical lenses Extraction solvent for bitumen in asphalt analysis Laboratory chemical: spectrophotography Commercial, Industrial Trichloroethylene, Spectrophotometric Grade Laboratory chemical: chromatography Commercial, Industrial VOA Matrix Spike Mix (30005) Product Description: Used in chemistry labs, specifically for spectrophotometry and environmental testing.3 99.5%3 Manufacturer: Alfa Aesar https://www.alfa.com/en/ .25%3 Manufactuer/Distributer: Restek Corp www.restek.com Precautions: Keep in tightly sealed container. Store in cool, dry places in tightly constrained containers. Ensure good ventilation. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with eyes or skin.3 Product Description: Certified reference materials (CRMs) manufactured and QC-tested in Restek’s ISO-accredited labs satisfy your ISO requirements.3 Precautions: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. Ground/bond container and receiving equipment. Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray. Wash hands and skin thoroughly after handling. Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.3 Perfumes, Cosmetics, and Other Toiletry Preparations Shampoo and dry shampoo False eyelash cleaner Perfume ingredient Glue for hair extensions and lace wigs Degreasing Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-36 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Share Corporation http://www.sharecorp.com/pr oducts/safety-solvent-aerosol Solvent degreasing: cold cleaning2 Commercial, Industrial Safety Solvent Aerosol 90-100%3 Example Distributor: Share Corporation (Request a quote) http://www.sharecorp.com/pr oducts/safety-solvent-aerosol Details Product Description: Safety Solvent is an aerosol product used for cold cleaning in vehicle service shops, maintenance shops and industry. It cuts through heavy grease and grime build-up. The nonflammable, non-corrosive, and non-conductive formulation provides an extra margin of safety when cleaning. It can be used on delicate surfaces such as carpets, upholstery and fabric.3 Precautions: Use outdoors or in well-ventilated area; avoid breathing mist and vapors. Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection, face protection. Wash thoroughly after handling.3 Solvent degreasing: vapor degreasing2 Closed system vapor degreasing parts cleaning through Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-37 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Miscellaneous Uses of TCE Manufacturer: CRC Industries, Inc. http://www.crcindustries.co m/ Cutting Fluids (tap and die cutting) Commercial, Industrial TrueTap® EV Fast Evaporation Cutting Fluid >=80% Example Distributor: Applied Industrial Technologies https://www.applied.com/ccrc-industries-inc-03450/p/101851101 Product Description: Tap and die fluids are used to ease the process of creating screw threads by cooling tools and removing grease and debris. Precautions: Keep unnecessary personnel away. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak. Keep out of low areas. Wear appropriate protective equipment and clothing during clean-up. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Avoid inhalation of vapors or mists. Ensure adequate ventilation. Local authorities should be advised if significant spillages cannot be contained.3 Film and photographic plate cleaner Furniture cleaner Product Description: Ideal for use at auto repair shops, maintenance departments, machines shops, etc. Residual film helps protect metal from further corrosion. Penetrates and cleans hard-to reach places.3 Penetrating Fluids Commercial, Industrial Penetrating Oil Aerosol 30-40% Manufacturer/Distributor: Share Corporation http://sharecorp.com/product s/penetrating-oil-aerosol Precautions: Use with adequate ventilation. Local ventilation Recommended. Do not breathe vapors or spray mists. Ventilate area and remove sources of ignition. Soak up on inert material and place in a properly marked, closed container for disposal. Consult local environmental authorities. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place away from Heat and open flame. Keep container tightly closed when not in use. Wash thoroughly after handling. Keep out of the reach of children.3 To clean trailer tanks To clean brewery tanks Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-38 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Sprayway http://www.spraywayinc.co m Product Description: Improves toner image opacity, develops higher resolution, enhances detail clarity. Use this product on paper, vellum, transparency film and any dry toner generated media. Product dries in minutes and is 100% transparent. 3 Example Distributor: Dynamic Screen Printing Supply http://www.dynamicscreenpr intingsupply.com/SpraywaySW208-TonerAide_p_15622.html Precautions: Wear chemical goggles. Wear appropriate chemical resistant gloves and clothing. If workers are exposed to concentrations above the exposure limit, they must use NIOSH mechanical filter/organic vapor cartridge or an air-supplied respirator..3 To clean atmospheric chambers (for NASA) To clean computer ribbons To clean watch parts (in ultrasonic cleaning machines) Toner aide Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Toner Aide (208-003) 15-20%3 Typewriter correction fluid Silicone parting agent in shell molding for foundries Gas and tar purification Tree wound healers Aerosol spray chimney cleaners Air fresheners Surface disinfectants Preservation and deodorizers Mildew sprays Mildew preventative Smoke bombs (used to evaluate ventilation) Rust prevention products Polishes Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-39 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Caulking substance (for shipbuilding) Waterproof material for brickwork Degreasing skins (taxidermy industry) Fire extinguishers Extracting sulfur from iron oxide pellets used in the purification of coke oven and similar gases Gas purification as a solvent of sulfur and phosphorus Low-temperature heat-transfer agent Heated TCE used in banks to correct error on checks Pottery glaze ingredient Tin recovery (from scrap metal) In centrifuge processes at uranium enrichment plants To extract phenol from wastewater Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-40 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Brake parts cleaner Expected Users Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Sprayway Inc. http://www.spraywayinc.co m/industrysegments/automotive-allproducts?page=4 Brake Parts Cleaner706 45-55%3 Example Distributor: Sparkle Auto, LLC via Amazon https://www.amazon.com/dp /B0005JNU2Q/ref=olp_prod uct_details?_encoding=UTF 8&me=\ Details Product Description: Brake Parts Cleaner 706 is a non-flammable automotive maintenance product designed to remove brake fluid, grease, oil, and other contaminants from brake linings and drums. Additionally prevents disc brakes from squealing. Recommended for use on valve covers, clutch housings, clutch pressure plates and transmission. 3 Precautions: Use precaution to avoid breathing vapor. Use with sufficient ventilation. Do not puncture or burn containers. Keep away from heat and flame; do not expose to direct sunlight. Do not store at temperatures above 130F(54C). As an aerosol in spray cans Product Description: Master Quick Shine is a fastdrying, instant high-glass shoe shine.3 Shoe polish Commercial Master Quick Shine 10-30%3 Manufacturer: Petronio Shoe Products http://www.petronioshoepro ducts.com/ Precautions: Use chemical-resistant gloves and safety glasses. Use respirator if using indoors on a consistent basis. If eye contact, flush immediately with water. If skin contact, remove thoroughly with soap and water. If swallowed, seek medical attention.3 Drain and pipe cleaners Household cleaner Wig cleaner Upholstery cleaner Septic tank cleaner Water repellant Metal cleaner and polish Used in the production of hydrofluorocarbons Fire-retardant chemicals Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-41 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Flame-retardant chemicals Fertilizer Heat exchange fluid Gun scrubber Consumer, Commercial EEZOX® Premium Gun Care 50%3 Manufacturer: Eezox® Manufacturing http://www.eezox.com/index .html List of Distributors: http://www.eezox.com/deale rs.html Product Description: Eezox® is a cleaning system for the hunting, boating, fishing, biking, camping, sport/competitive shooting and black powder enthusiast. Synthetic EEZOX® Premium Gun Care is a total gun-care system with one-product for all guns. This includes black powder guns.3 Precautions: Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors, use with adequate ventilation, avoid contact with skin or eyes. If spilled or released, dike area and absorb spilled material with sawdust or vermiculite. Avoid inhalation and indigenstion.3 Lead-acid batteries Lithium batteries Manufacturer: Zep http://www.zep.com/ Battery coat Consumer, Commercial Zep Battery Coat >= 30 - < 50%3 Example Distributor: Axela medical supplies http://www.axelamedicalsup plies.com/foundations/store/s hopdetail.asp?params=AX28 2%5EZep_Battery_Coat_Ter minal_Sealer_and_Protector _Case_of_12 Product Description: Zep Battery Coat is an aerosol that forms a durable coating which protects against corrosion on battery terminals, cables, clamps, and hold-downs. It seals out acid fume, moisture, dirt, grease and oil, prolonging battery life. Precautions: Unless exposure assessment demonstrates exposure is within recommended guidelines, use adequate exhaust ventilation. If ventilation is not adequate, use respiratory protection. Use tightly fitting safety goggles. For abnormal processing problems, wear face-shield and protective suit. Impervious clothing: make body protection determinations based on the amount and concentration of the dangerous substance at the work place. Discuss glove suitability for a specific workplace with the producers of the protective gloves. Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-42 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Pepper spray (fog delivery) Consumer, Commercial 2, 3, 4, 9 & 16 oz. Pepper Spray (Fog Delivery) PE14 or PE 17 Not Specified on SDS Manufacturer/Distributor: Personal Safety Corporation http://pepperenforcement.co m/stream.htm Pepper spray (splatter stream delivery) Consumer, Commercial LIVE Shotgun Stream® Aerosol Defense Device OC/CS Combination 91.5%3 Manufacturer: Enforcement Technology Group Inc. http://etgi.us/ Pepper spray (splatter stream delivery) Consumer, Commercial 2, 3, 4, OZ. Pepper Spray (STREAM Delivery) Not Specified on MSDS Manufacturer: Personal Safety Corporation http://pepperenforcement.co m/stream.htm Example Distributor: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/ Details Product Description: The 2, 3, 4, oz. Pepper Spray (Fog delivery) is a personal protection irritant spray.3 Precautions: Use splash goggles, protective clothing, and adequate natural or forced ventilation. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with skin or eyes.3 Product Description: LIVE Shotgun Stream® is an aerosol defense device firing pattern with a chemical carrier.3 Precautions: Avoid inhalation, ingestion, contact with eyes and skin. Wear splash goggles and protective clothing. Utilize adequate natural or forced ventilation.3 Product Description: The 2, 3, 4, OZ. Pepper Spray (STREAM Delivery) is a personal protection irritant spray.3 Precautions: Use splash goggles, protective clothing, and adequate natural or forced ventilation. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with skin or eyes.3 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-43 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Schneider Saddlery http://horsesupplies.sstack.com/horses/S hine%20On Hoof polish Consumer, Commercial Ultra® Hoof Polish Enhancer Unknown Example Distributor: Schneider Saddlery http://horsesupplies.sstack.com/horses/S hine%20On Horse Health USA http://www.horsehealthusa.c om/details/Ultra-ClearHighlighter/386-5065.html Details Product Description: Ultra® Hoof Polish Enhancer is used as a top coat over hoof polish to seal out and repel dust. According to Horse Health USA, it is not for sale in AK, HI, MP, PR, VI.3 Precautions: Unknown Stain removal agent (solvent) Electrical cleaner/degreaser (aerosol)2 Commercial, Industrial POWER-SOLV Energized Electrical Cleaner Product No.: 891.7070 30-60%3 Manufacturer: Winzer Corporation https://www.winzer.com/ Product Description: POWER-SOLV Energized Electrical Cleaner is a solvent degreaser and moisture displacer for use on electric motors, electronic equipment, metal parts, ignition systems, refrigeration equipment, generators, power tools, etc. Not for use on computers. Removes dirt, grease, oil and grime.3 Precautions: Local exhaust ventilation is preferred. Wear NIOSH/MSHA approved organic vapor respiratory protection if using in confined or poorly ventilated areas. Use safety glasses, gloves, synthetic apron. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.3 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-44 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Sprayon Products http://www.sprayon.com/ Electrical cleaner/degreaser (aerosol) 2 Consumer, Commercial, Industrial EL™2001 Electronic Contact Cleaner &1661 Protectant Aerosol 97%3 Example Distributors: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/S0 2001000-ElectronicCleaners-ProtectantExtension/dp/B004H31DBQ Grainger Industrial Supply https://www.grainger.com/pr oduct/SPRAYON-16-ozElectronic-Contact-Cleaner6KDT5 Product Description: clean/degrease electrical equipment when electrical current exists or when there is a residual electrical potential from a component. Used to clean switches, relays, timers, signals, transmitters, condensers, transistors, microphone, panel boards, circuit breakers, contacts, meters, receivers, speakers, coils.3 Precautions: Use only with adequate ventilation, avoid contact with skin and eyes, avoid breathing vapor or spray mist. Wash hands after using. Wear NIOSH/MSHA respiratory protection if poor ventilation and safety spectacles.3 List of distributors: http://www.sprayon.com/wh ere-to-buy/ Electrical cleaner/degreaser (aerosol) 2 Manfacturer: Parker Hannifn Corporation www.Parker.com Commercial Blast-a-Coil Cleaner 60-100%3 Distributor: Johnstone Supply www.johnstonesupply.com Product Description:Allows the user to “blast a coil” and walk away. Cleans grease, dirt, lint and other debris without mess or fuss.3 Precautions: Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Avoid breathing mist, vapors or spray. Wash thoroughly after handling. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Wear protective gloves/clothing and eye/face protection.3 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-45 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Electrical cleaner/degreaser (non-spray) Electrical cleaner/degreaser (non-spray) Expected Users Commercial, Industrial Commercial Product Lectra Sol TC Trichloroethylene Degreaser Percent Conc. 100%3 Unknown Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Manufacturer: Tri-Chem http://www.tri-chem.com/ Product Description: Lectra Sol TC was designed to clean electrical circuits, contacts, motors, generators and alternators, instrument panels, electric clutches, insulation, coin-operated machines, telephone equipment, contact points, traffic signal equipment, printing equipment, printing plates, but can be used for heavy duty degreasing and parts cleaning. Removes grease, oil, tar, and lubricating compounds.3 Example Distributor: Worldwide Janitor https://worldwidejanitor.com Precautions: Should only be used in specially designed equipment (i.e. vapor degreaser) and with a respirator with organic vapor cartridge. Use “Viton” gloves, safety glasses, and impermeable clothes. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.3 Product Description: Cleans electrical or mechanical equipment. Ideal for cleaning electric motors, armatures, bearings, switch gears, contacts, controllers, recorders, thermostats, instruments, computers, radios, electronics, generators, alternators, distributors, spark coils, engines, blades, hydraulic pistons, gears, chains, machine surfaces.3 Precautions: Personal Protective Equipment is recommended. Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-46 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Sprayway Inc. http://www.spraywayinc.co m/ Sealant for mirrors/glassware Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Mirror Edge Sealant 20-40%3 Example Distributors: Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Sp rayway-Mirror-EdgeSealant/dp/B0005JNRNI Fastenal https://www.fastenal.com/pr oducts/details/0602395 Manufacturer: IPS Corporation http://ipscorporation.com/ Adhesives for acrylics Industrial Scigrip 3 Low VOC Solvent Cement for Bonding Acrylics 5-15%3 Example Distributor: BMB Solutions Composites info@bmbsc.com, Composites One LLC www.compositesone.com, North American Composites www.nacomposites.com, Rudolph Brothers & Company www.rudbro.com Details Product Description: Mirror Edge Sealant is intended for use by glass/mirror professionals, artists, and picture framers that protects edges from blackening and reduces silver deterioration on mirrors.3 Precautions: Avoid breathing in mist or vapor. Avoid ingestion, prolonged exposure, and contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. All equipment used while handling this product must be grounded. Avoid operations that promote the accumulation of static charges. Should only use in closed systems and should wear appropriate personal protective equipment.3 Product Description: Scigrip 3 is a water thin, nonflammable, very fast-setting solvent cement for bonding acrylic. It will also bond with other thermoplastics such as polystyrene, CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate), PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) and polycarbonate to themselves. It will not bond to cross linked acrylics.3 Precautions: Use chemical goggles. If exposure causes eye discomfort, use a full-face respirator. Prevent contact with the skin as much as possible. Use protective clothing chemically resistant to this material. Remove contaminated clothing immediately, wash skin area with soap and water and launder clothing before reuse or dispose of properly. Prevent inhalation of the solvents. Use in a wellventilated room.3 Spray fixatives Processing aid in production of betacyclodextrion Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-47 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Processing solvent for the manufacture of hollow fiber membranes in continuous fiber spinning process Extraction solvent in the manufacture of caprolactam Solvent in the synthesis of vulcanization accelerating agents for fluroelastomers Process chemical to remove polystyrene from an intermediate Packaging of recycled TCE Formulation of recycled TCE Non-flammable gas mixture Commercial, Industrial Nonflammable Gas Mixture: 1,1,1 – Trichlorofluoroethane/ Nitrogen / Trichloroethylene / Vinyl Chloride Product Description: Nonflammable Gas Mixture is used in synthetic and analytical chemistry applications.3 0.1 – 0.999%3 Manufacturer: Airgas https://www.airgas.com/hom e-c?utm_expid=870609522.-ZJb5evrTWu9YzJTAraIA.2 Precautions: Eye contact, skin contact may lead to burn or frostbite. Use engineering and environmental controls if user operations generate dust, fumes, or vapor. Use PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves and air-purifying respirator. This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazardous Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).3 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-48 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Manufacturer: Sprayon Products http://www.sprayon.com/ Multipurpose lubricant Commercial, Industrial LU™916 MultiPurpose Silicone Lubricant Aerosol 49%3 Example Distributor: Fastenal https://www.fastenal.com/pr oducts/details/0616302 List of Distributors: http://www.sprayon.com/wh ere-to-buy/ Details Product Description: Sprayon® LU916 MultiPurpose Silicone Lubricant Aerosol is a lubricant which can be used on many surfaces to provide a slippery non-drying, long-lasting film with low build-up. It protects against rust and water damage taking the place of petroleum products. Use outdoors or in refrigerated areas to prevent from freezing. For use on slides, guides, knives, food and drug processing equipment, rubber items, conveyor systems, brushings, air tables, locks, guides, slides, hinges, latches, and fabric assembly.3 Precautions: Use only with adequate ventilation. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid vapor and spray mist. Local Exhaust is preferable. If ventilation is insufficient, wear NIOSH/MSHA-approved respirator. Wear safety spectacles, and if long or repeated contact is expected, wear chemical-resistant gloves.3 Product Description: Non-flammable mold cleaner for industrial use only. Fast evaporation; cleans without wiping.3 Mold cleaner/release agent Industrial White 2000 (aerosol) 85-98%3 Manufacturer: IMS Company https://www.imscompany.co m/ Precautions: Use synthetic gloves, do not wear contacts, and use ANSI approved safety glasses or splash shield. Local Ventilation preferred, but general ventilation is usually sufficient. Use NIOSHapproved respiration if ventilation is insufficient. Eye-wash, shower stations, and spill equipment should be available.3 Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-49 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Product Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Details Product Description: Heavy duty solvent, nonflammable mold cleaner for industrial use only.3 Mold cleaner/release agent Mold cleaner/release agent Elastomers Fillers Industrial White 2000 (bulk) 100% Manufacturer: IMS Company https://www.imscompany.co m/ Consumer Zinc Stearate Dry Powder Spray Mold Release 45-50%3 Manufacturer: Plastics Process Equipment, Inc. http://www.ppe.com/ Precautions: Use synthetic gloves, do not wear contacts, and use ANSI approved safety glasses or splash shield. Local Ventilation preferred, but general ventilation is usually sufficient. Use NIOSHapproved respiration if ventilation is insufficient. Eye-wash, shower stations, and spill equipment should be available.3 Product Description: PPE ZINC STEARATE Z122 Dry Powder Spray Mold Release is ideal for use on acrylics, polycarbonates, PPO and ABS. Our formula includes only the finest paintable zinc stearate powder for safe use in mold spraying. Our concentration is blended to give you more releases per application.3 Precautions: Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Use personal protective equipment as required. Wear protective gloves. Wear eye or face protection. Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Do not breathe dust or mist. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.3 Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-50 Table 3-2: Sample of Products that Contain TCE Use Expected Users Sealers Consumer, Commercial, Industrial Carpet cleaner Commercial, Consumer Product Nutri Carpet Cleaner Percent Conc. Manufacturer and Distributor Information Unknown Example Distributor: Worldwide Janitor https://worldwidejanitor.com /carpet-cleaning-chemicalsc-110_67/ Details Product Description: Removes grease, chewinggum, oils, gummy residues, tar, and adhesives from carpets, rugs, matting, and upholstery.3 Precautions: Personal Protective Equipment is recommended Note(s): 1 Determination of the Expected Users associated with a use or process is based on EPA’s best judgement if the users are not explicitly defined in the resource(s) cited. 2 Denotes uses currently being considered for Section 6 actions under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). 3 Information from product MSDS and webpage of distributor or manufacturer. Uses of Trichloroethylene ▌pg. 3-51 References Bakke, B., Stewart, P. A., & Waters, M. A. (2007). Uses of and Exposure to Trichloroethylene in U.S. Industry: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 4(5), 375-390. doi:10.1080/15459620701301763 California Air Resources Board (CARB). (2015). Consumer Product Regulations. Dionisio, K. L., Frame, A. M., Goldsmith, M.-R., Wambaugh, J. F., Liddell, A., Cathey, T., . . . Judson, R. S. (2015). Exploring consumer exposure pathways and patterns of use for chemicals in the environment. Toxicology Reports, 2, 228-237. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.009 Doherty, R. E. (2000). A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 2- Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Vol. Journal of Environmental Forensics, pp. 83-93). Doherty, R. E. (2014). History of TCE. In K. M. Gilbert & S. J. Blossom (Eds.), Trichloroethylene: Toxicity and Health Risks (pp. 1-15). London: Springer-Verlag. DOW Deutschland Anlagengesellschaft mbH. (n.d.). Analysis of Alternatives: Trichloroethylene: Use of Trichloroethylene in Packaging. EUR-Lex. (n.d.). Summary of European Commission Decisions on authorisations for the placing on the market for the use and/or for use of substances listed in Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Access to European Union law. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (n.d.). Adpoted Opininos and Previous Consultations on Applications for Authorisation. Retrieved from https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicalsof-concern/authorisation/applications-for-authorisation-previous-consultations Household Products Database (HPD). (2016). Trichloroethylene. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. IHS. (2014). Chemical Economics Handbook C2 Chlorinated Solvents. Retrieved from https://www.ihs.com/products/c2-chlorinated-chemical-economics-handbook.html National Pesticide Information Retrieval System. (2016). Active Ingredient Information: Trichloroethylene. from Purdue University http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/Default.aspx NH Asthma Collaborative. (2015). Healthy Body, Healthy Lungs: What Salon Workers Need to Know About Thier Risk for Work-Related Asthma. Retrieved from http://www.dhhs.nh.gov/dphs/hsdm/ohs/documents/salonasthmarisk.pdf Paddock, R. C. (1989). Gillette Agrees to Remove Toxics From Its Paper Correction Fluid. Los Angeles Times. Pekala, R. W. (2007). United States Patent Office. References ▌pg. 4-1 Richard Geiss GmbH. (n.d.-a). Analysis of Alternatives: Trichloroethylene-Use of TRI in Formulation. Richard Geiss GmbH. (n.d.-b). Analysis of Alternatives: Trichloroethylene-Use of TRI in Packaging. The DOW Chemical Company. (2014). Product Safety Assessment: Trichloroethylene. Retrieved from http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_096d/0901b8038096dbca.pdf ?filepath=productsafety/pdfs/noreg/233-00399.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc The DOW Chemical Company. (2015). Dow Closes Transaction to Separate Significant Portion of its Chlorine Value Chain. Retrieved from http://www.dow.com/news/pressreleases/dow%20closes%20transaction%20to%20separate%20significant%20portion%20of %20its%20chlorine%20value%20chain Thermopatch. (2017). Ink Cassettes & Ink Ribbons. Supplies. Retrieved from http://www.thermopatch.com/enn/content/inkcassettesinkribbons U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2012a). Chemical Data Access Tool (CDAT): 2012 Non-Confidential Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) Database (Updated June 2014). Retrieved Feb. 16, 2016, from Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics http://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2012b). Downloadable of the 2012 Non-Confidential Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) Database (Updated June 2014). Retrieved from: https://java.epa.gov/chemview U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2014). TSCA Work Plan Chemcial Risk Assessment Trichloroethylene: Degreasing, Spot Cleaning and Arts & Crafts Uses. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2015). The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) EZ Search. http://iaspub.epa.gov/enviro/ez_column_v2.list?database_type=TRI&table_name=V_TRI_F ORM_R_EZ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2016). EPA Takes Action to Reduce Exposure to TCE in Art and Crafts Spray Fixatives. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2012). ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. References ▌pg. 4-2