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Robert E. Barnes, Esq., SBN: 235919
BARNES LAW
601 South Figueroa Street, Suite 4050
Los Angeles, California 90017
Telephone: (310) 510-6211
Facsimile: (310) 510-6225
E-mail: robertbarnes@barneslawllp.com
Attorney for Plaintiff Charles Johnson

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SUPERIOR COURT FOR THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

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COUNTY OF FRESNO

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CHARLES JOHNSON,

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Plaintiff,

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v.
TWITTER, INC.,
Defendant.

) Case No.: ______________
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COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES,
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INJUNCTIVE RELIEF, AND
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DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
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(Jury Trial Demanded)
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COMPLAINT

 INTRODUCTION

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As the Supreme Court held in Packingham v. North Carolina, Twitter and other social media

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giants are “the modern public square.” 137 S. Ct. 1730, 1732, 198 L. Ed. 2d 273 (U.S. 2017). Like the

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company towns of old, it is a privately-owned public square. And therein lies the danger.

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Our First Amendment forums for the exercise of our First Amendment freedoms continue to
shift as technology transforms the venue and vernacular of the public forum for public expression. Our

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contractual assumptions and equitable expectations also vary as Americans use new technologies to
enable the development of both their businesses and their ideas, which occasionally merge in the world

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of new media. As the public square moved to the public sidewalk, and then the public sidewalk moved

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to the company town, the First Amendment followed. Today, Twitter is the new company town,

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shifting the public sidewalks of cyberspace to its monopolized public square of the twitter feed.

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In order to facilitate this freedom of expression, Congress authorized immunity for “Interactive
Computer Services” like Twitter to exclude only a circumscribed set of speech: illicit speech such as
obscenity, offensive speech, harassment, and similar speech of the same kind. Even then, Twitter could

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only enjoy the immunity for such speech exclusions as long as, and if, it acted voluntarily and, most

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importantly, in “good faith.” Censoring plaintiffs’ speech because of their political viewpoint is not in

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good faith. In fact, Congress explicitly premised this immunity on the grounds that these services

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provided “a forum for a true diversity of political discourse.” 47 U.S.C. § 230(a)(3).

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Twitter induced the public to partake in its “free speech forum,” defining and describing itself
as the “free speech wing of the free speech party.” Twitter contractually promised, equitably assured,
and publicly advertised its forum for free speech as Twitter’s entire profitability depended upon mass

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usage of its site as a means of public expression and participation in order to induce advertising dollars

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and gather marketable information about its constituent users it could then sell to potential marketers

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and advertisers.

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-1COMPLAINT

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In reliance thereupon, many people, like the Plaintiff, depended upon, relied upon, and trusted

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Twitter, promoting themselves and Twitter through their use of it, bringing millions of people to

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Twitter through their public expression, and building up commercially marketable equity in their

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Twitter accounts (as courts recognize in everything from business disputes to familial property law).

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Then, at a whim, Twitter pulled the rug out from underneath people like the Plaintiff, suddenly, and
often without any notice, suspending their account. Plaintiff experienced this annually, with the only

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explanation given for the repeated suspensions and deletions of his Twitter accounts being often
unidentified “objectionable” conduct. Despite multiple and myriad efforts to rebuild his Twitter

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account, each time as his efforts built success, Twitter summarily suspended Plaintiff’s accounts. Then,

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in December of 2017, Plaintiff discovered the truth from internal Twitter emails leaked to Buzzfeed:

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the Plaintiff had been secretly, permanently banned from Twitter, any business associated with him had

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been secretly, permanently banned from Twitter, and this ban was not based on any violation of
Twitter’s terms.
As internal emails disclosed, the ban was permanent, not temporary; admittedly not due to any

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“direct” violation of any Twitter rule; but was just a “policy” decision, e.g. a political hit job on a

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politically disfavored individual who had outed the bad conduct of a friend of the owner of Twitter. In

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another twist of irony, the original source of this ban concerned the Plaintiff exposing the criminal-

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assisting, riot-inducing, violence-welcoming conduct of a political fraud, yet it was the Plaintiff who

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was publicly accused in its stead, in order to cover for Twitter’s intention to use the exclusion of the
Plaintiff from Twitter and the destruction of the equity he built for his businesses, as a model to target
and discriminate against other political adversaries of the Twitter owner, and their political bedfellows.

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This case will decide more than the fate of one man and one of the modern monopolies of social

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media. This case will decide whether Twitter can, like the monopolists before them, lie with impunity

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and discriminate with immunity? Or will our foundational freedoms once again protect the public from

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-2COMPLAINT

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the crushing power of these modern age monopolists?
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT

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forums available to the general public, with 330 million monthly active users in 2017. Twitter works
by allowing its users in California, the United States, and the world to share speech, including
photograph and video speech, in real time through short 280 character messages called “tweets”.1
Twitter describes itself as allowing its users to discover and share what is happening right now, and has
grown to become one of the primary means for the distribution of news, and for Californians and
people across the United States to interact with celebrities and their elected officials. “[O]n Twitter,
users can petition their elected representatives and otherwise engage with them in a direct manner.
Indeed, Governors in all 50 States and almost every Member of Congress have set up accounts for this
purpose.” Packingham, 137 S. Ct. at 1735. Both executive and legislative branch officials host “Twitter
Town Halls” events whereby users are able to have their questions answered by their government
representatives via Twitter in real time. Twitter has a “Government and Elections Team” to encourage
and facilitate state involvement, such as these Town Halls.2 Both former President Barack Obama, and
current President Donald Trump have used Twitter extensively to communicate with the American
public, using both personal accounts and an official White House account. President Obama even held
a Twitter Town Hall. On the day of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Twitter was one of the largest
sources of breaking news, with 40 million election-related tweets sent by 10 p.m. EST.

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Founded in 2006, Twitter now operates one of the world’s largest online communication

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Twitter holds itself out to the public as a forum intended to defend and protect free

speech where members of the public may speak, express, and exchange their ideas. Twitter plays the

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At the time Plaintiff were active on Twitter, tweets were limited to a maximum length of 140
characters.
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Twitter Government, Twitter, https://twitter.com/TwitterGov (last accesssed, Jan. 7, 2018).

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-3COMPLAINT

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role of a public forum in that based on the number of re-tweets (sharing of one user’s tweet by another)

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and number of subscribers (users who have subscribed to see one’s tweets on their own homepage),

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new ideas, political causes, and celebrities can emerge. Indeed, political protests across the world have

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been sparked or fueled on Twitter, including the Occupy movement in the United States, the 2011

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revolution in Egypt, and the 2011 Wisconsin labor protests, just to name a few.

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As for Plaintiff Charles (“Chuck”) Johnson, Twitter has used its vague and subjective

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rules, known as “The Twitter Rules”, which include Twitter’s Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, as

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a political gag mechanism to silence Chuck Johnson and prevent him from promoting his political

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views. Twitter has even admitted as much, with its VP of user services stating, “We perma suspended

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Chuck Johnson even though it wasn't direct violent threats. It was just a call that the policy team made.”

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As set forth below, Twitter’s public comments and actions towards other conservative figures are

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demonstrative of its political biases. This is blatant speech discrimination: censorship based entirely on

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the perceived identity and viewpoint of the speaker, not on the content of the speech. Twitter’s

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enforcement of its vague and subjective Twitter Rules violated Chuck Johnson’s fundamental free

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speech rights under the California Constitution, constitutes unlawful discrimination under California

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law, is a misleading and unfair business practice, and breaches the warranty of good faith and fair

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dealing implied in the Twitter Rules.

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Furthermore, Twitter’s purported use of vague, overbroad, and subjective criteria,

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including its Twitter Rules, to justify censorship decisions constitute facially invalid restrictions on

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speech that lack objective criteria, are misleading, and/or are discriminatory, and, as a result, allow

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Twitter to censor or restrict political speech at their whim based purely upon its subjective beliefs,

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political animus, and unfettered and unbridled discretion in violation of state law.

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Plaintiff Chuck Johnson is an award-winning independent journalist who has written for,

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among others, The Wall Street Journal, The Los Angeles Times, and National Review Online. Plaintiff

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specializes in investigative journalism, creating donor-funded websites that “transform journalism by

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empowering everyday people, experts and sources to break news and get rewarded for their effort.”

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Plaintiff’s websites include Gotnews.com (“Gotnews”), a news outlet that publishes his work and that

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-4COMPLAINT

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of other independent journalists, and Wesearchr.com (“Wesearchr”), a site that allows users with

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newsworthy questions to raise crowd-funded “bounties” that encourage independent researchers to

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investigate and answer the user asked questions.

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Plaintiff Chuck Johnson, induced by Twitter’s public promises to remain an impartial

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forum for ideas, created a Twitter account, @chuckcjohnson, in March of 2009. Between that date and

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when his account was deactivated by Twitter, Johnson worked to build his investigative journalism

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brand on Twitter, greatly increasing his followers, and in turn benefitting Twitter by bringing users to

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its site. Similarly, Plaintiff created both @wesearchr and @gotnewsdotcom for similar reasons and both

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have since been deactivated. Plaintiff’s relationship with Twitter was mutually beneficial—Plaintiff

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used Twitter to gain new customers, spread their work, and increase traffic flow to Gotnews and

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Wesearchr, while Twitter increased its advertising revenue and user base as a result of Plaintiff’s

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account and the labor put therein. Throughout the time that he operated his Twitter accounts, Chuck

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Johnson adhered to the Twitter Rules—to the extent that they could reasonably interpreted.

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When entering into his business relationship with Twitter, Plaintiff reasonably expected

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that Twitter would abide by its own Twitter Rules. Namely, that Twitter would not delete Plaintiff’s

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accounts on the basis of his political viewpoint, destroying years of work and accrued value in the name

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of speech censorship.

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On May 18, 2015, Twitter unilaterally revised its Terms of Service to state: “We may

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suspend or terminate your accounts or cease providing you with all or part of the Services at any time

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for any or no reason,” attempting to further insulate itself from any accountability.3

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Twitter has no valid business reason for terminating Plaintiff’s access, and Plaintiff has

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Twitter Terms of Service, Version 9. (effective May 18, 2015),
https://twitter.com/en/tos/previous/version_9. Twitter had previously revised its rule to give it authority
to cancel an account for “any reason” in 2012. Twitter Terms of Service, Version 6. (effective May 17,
2012), https://twitter.com/en/tos/previous/version_6.

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not breached any of Twitter’s terms of service. Based on actions taken by Twitter against others with

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similar viewpoints to Plaintiff, Plaintiff now believes his accounts were banned for posting ideas from

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conservative and independent viewpoints.

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In essence, Twitter induced Chuck Johnson to build up the value of Twitter by

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promoting his news organization and political groups on Twitter, aligning his contacts on Twitter so

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they, too, could build up the value of Twitter, and then, once obtained, revoked Johnson’s access,

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terminated his account without compensation, banned him from ever using Twitter, and did so without

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abiding by any of its promised policies and procedures of fair application and equal enforcement

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without regard to political viewpoint.

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Without judicial intervention, Plaintiff will lose access to his client base on Twitter, the

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traffic generated to Gotnews and Wesearchr, and his business will be devastated. Ending Plaintiff’s

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business is an irreparable injury that cannot be compensated by an ordinary damages award.

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Accordingly, Plaintiff seeks a preliminary and a permanent injunction to enjoin Twitter

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from unfairly and unreasonably terminating Plaintiff’s access and restricting Plaintiff’s speech in

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violation of the California Constitution.

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PARTIES
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Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.

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14.

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Fresno, California.

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Plaintiff Chuck Johnson is, and at all relevant times was, a natural person residing in

Defendant Twitter, Inc. is, and at all relevant times was, a corporation duly organized

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under the laws of the State of Delaware with its principal place of business in San Francisco,

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California.

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JURISDICTION AND VENUE
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Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.
-6COMPLAINT

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Jurisdiction and venue are proper in this judicial district. Venue is proper pursuant to

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California Code of Civil Procedure (“CCP”) Sections 395, subdivision (a) and 395.5. The contract at

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issue was formed in, and the injury occurred in, the County of Fresno, State of California. Defendants

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are within the jurisdiction of this Court for purposes of service of process.

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GENERAL ALLEGATIONS

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Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.

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On or about March of 2009, Plaintiff Chuck Johnson, induced by Twitter's public

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promises to remain a forum that gives everyone a voice, chose Twitter as a primary means for public

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outreach, public engagement, and building his information distribution business, that netted substantial

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sums each month.

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Beginning on or around May of 2015, Twitter began repeatedly, without any due

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process or prior notice, suspending and deleting Plaintiff’s accounts, contradicting Twitter’s promise

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that it is a “platform that respects and amplifies every voice…has to be free to every opinion and every

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voice…”4 These actions continued through May of 2017 with repeated suspensions and deletions of

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accounts, until the permanent ban was uncovered when internal emails reached Buzzfeed and disclosed

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two-year conspiracy efforts of Twitter to forever ban Plaintiff.

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On or about December 19, 2017, when Buzzfeed News published internal emails

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between Twitter’s staff, Plaintiff Chuck Johnson was finally provided proof that his account had in fact

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been permanently banned, and not for any actual rule violation. Amongst the emails published by

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Buzzfeed was one from former Twitter Operations VP, Tina Bhatnagar, stating, “We perma suspended

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Chuck Johnson even though it wasn't direct violent threats. It was just a call that the policy team made.

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https://www.recode.net/2016/6/1/11835386/jack-dorsey-twitter-deray-mckesson-neutral-platform

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He is finding loopholes in policy which is almost worse than the people who blatantly have violations.”

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In another email published by Buzzfeed, former Twitter CEO, Dick Costolo, confirms that Twitter’s

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decision to permanently ban Johnson was not based on a perceived rule violation, but bias against

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Johnson: “To be very clear, I don't want to find out we unsuspended this Chuck Johnson troll later on . .

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. . That account is permanently suspended and nobody for no reason may reactivate it. Period. The

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press is reporting it as temporarily suspended. It is not temporarily suspended it is permanently

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suspended. I'm not sure why they're mistakenly reporting it as temporarily suspended but that's not the

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case here...don't let anybody unsuspend it.”5

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Plaintiff made substantial investment of time and effort to improve the accounts, had

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built more than 29,000 followers, and the accounts were a key chain in Plaintiffs’ information

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distribution business. Since being banned from Twitter, Plaintiff Chuck Johnson’s businesses have been

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cut off from tens of thousands of fans and lost the potential to gain hundreds of thousands more.

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Twitter values each follower at $2.50-$3.50 in its promotional materials for advertisers.6

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Based on actions Twitter has taken against others similarly situated, the apparent motive

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behind Twitter’s decision to ban Plaintiff’s accounts is the censoring of conservative political ideas,

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interference with any businesses of Plaintiff, and may be personal in character, due to apparent

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friendships between the founder of Twitter and those exposed by Plaintiff’s investigative efforts.

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Twitter’s bias against those who espouse conservative political ideas is well known.7

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https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/internal-emails-show-twitter-struggled-to-interpret-its-own

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See Create a followers campaign, Twitter Business, https://business.twitter.com/en/help/campaignsetup/create-a-followers-campaign.html (accessed January 6, 2018) ("The cost per follower on Twitter
is set by a second price auction among other advertisers – you’ll only ever pay just slightly more than
the next highest bidder. A bid of $2.50 - $3.50 is recommended based on historical averages.").
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https://gizmodo.com/fcc-chair-says-twitter-and-youtubes-political-biases-ar-1820813796;
http://www.nationalreview.com/article/436797/social-media-facebook-twitter-google-lean-leftconservatives-have-build-better; http://www.wnd.com/2016/08/twitter-stock-plunges-as-conservativespurged/; https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jul/20/milo-yiannopoulos-twitter-ban-reignites-

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-8COMPLAINT

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Twitter has repeatedly banned conservative users under the guise of stopping harassment, but fails do

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the same when the harassers have a liberal viewpoint.8 As such, and because Twitter has admitted that

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Plaintiff did not violate its Twitter Rules, Plaintiff has reason to and does believe that his accounts were

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banned as a result of Twitter’s bias against those who promote conservative political views.

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FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION

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(California Constitution Article I, section 2)

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Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.

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Article I, section 2 of the California Constitution protects the liberty of speech and

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association, especially in public, quasi-public, and limited public spaces. Under California law,

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privately owned spaces are subject to these protections when citizens “are induced to congregate daily”

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and the plaintiff can “assure that these activities do not interfere with normal business operations

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[citation] would not markedly dilute defendant's property rights.’” Ralphs Grocery Co. v. United Food

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& Commercial Workers Union Local 8, 55 Cal. 4th 1083, 1091–92, 290 P.3d 1116, 1120 (2012) (citing

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Robins v. Pruneyard Shopping Center 23 Cal.3d 899, 910-11, 153 Cal.Rptr. 854, 592 P.2d 341 (1979)).

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In Twitter, Defendant created and maintains a public forum or its functional equivalent

for the public to express and exchange views and ideas, or in the alternative at least a quasi- or limited

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accusation/; http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/media/303295-how-facebook-twitter-aresystematically-silencing-conservative;
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https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/11/18/conservatives-accuse-twitter-of-liberalbias/94037802/; http://www.theblaze.com/news/2016/07/25/conservative-writer-posts-same-tweet-asghostbusters-actress-to-see-if-twitter-has-bias-see-what-happened.;
http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2016/01/26/5-ways-to-succeed-on-twitter/;
http://www.breitbart.com/big-hollywood/2016/07/20/rapper-talib-kweli-attacks-breitbarts-jeromehudson-calls-coon-twitter-not-banned-platform/.

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-9COMPLAINT

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public forum. Defendant views itself as such a forum, with the stated mission: “Give everyone the

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power to create and share ideas and information instantly, without barriers.”9 Thus, no reasonable

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person would think Twitter was promoting or endorsing plaintiffs’ speech by not censoring it.

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Plaintiffs’ speech imposes virtually no cost to Twitter’s business and no burdens on its property rights.

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Defendant further engages in state action. Defendant performs an exclusively and

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traditionally public function by regulating free speech within a public forum. Twitter’s Government and

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Elections Team encourages state cooperation by publishing “The Twitter Government and Elections

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Handbook.” The Handbook promotes Twitter as a public forum for the government by suggesting

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agencies and officials use it as "THE TOWN HALL MEETING... IN YOUR POCKET." 10 See

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Brentwood Acad. v. Tennessee Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass'n, 531 U.S. 288, 296, (2001) (finding state

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action “[w]hen a private actor operates as a ‘willful participant in joint activity with the State or its

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agents”) (quoting Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 941 (1982)). Accordingly, speech cannot

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be arbitrarily, unreasonably, or discriminatorily excluded, regulated, or restricted on the basis of

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viewpoint or the identity of the speaker.

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Plaintiff’s Twitter accounts promoted independent journalism, typically from a

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politically conservative point of view, and constituted expressive speech and activity protected by

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Article I, section 2 of the California Constitution.

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The Twitter Rules are content-based and represent a systematic and continuing

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viewpoint discriminatory system. Specifically the section on “hateful conduct” prohibits certain speech

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connected with opinions on “race, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity,

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religious affiliation, age, disability, or disease.”11 When acknowledging Twitter’s position on free

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Company, Twitter, https://about.twitter.com/company (last accessed Jan 6, 2018).
Twitter Government and Elections Team, The Twitter Government Elections Handbook 10 (2014),
https://g.twimg.com/elections/files/2014/09/16/TwitterGovElectionsHandbook.pdf (ellipsis in original).
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The Twitter Rules, Twitter (last accessed January 6, 2018), https://support.twitter.com/articles/18311.
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speech had changed, one of its executives explained “we've realized it's no longer possible to stand up

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for all speech in the hopes society will become a better place because racism will be challenged, or

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homophobia challenged.” 12 While Plaintiff strongly rejects “racism” and “homophobia,” speech

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restrictions to fight perceived bias against protected groups are content-based. See R.A.V. v. City of St.

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Paul, Minn, 505 U.S. 377 (1992) (holding that a ban on bias motivated fighting words was a content-

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based), Glendale Associates, Ltd. v. N.L.R.B., 347 F.3d 1145, 1155 (9th Cir. 2003) (“California state

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courts borrow from federal First Amendment jurisprudence to analyze whether a rule is content-based

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or content-neutral.”).

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Defendant has restricted Plaintiff’s speech and expressive conduct based on subjective,

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vague, and overbroad, and expanding criteria that gives Defendant unfettered and unbridled discretion

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to censor speech for any or no reason, no matter how arbitrary or capricious. Those criteria further fail

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to convey a sufficiently definite warning to Plaintiff and the public as to what is prohibited or restricted.

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Defendant’s adoption and application of those criteria on its face violates Plaintiff’s right to free speech

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as guaranteed by Article I, section 2 of the California Constitution. Further, that invidious potential has

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been borne out and evidenced by Defendant’s application of those policies and procedures to censor

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Plaintiff.

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33.

Defendant also applies its censorship criteria, including the Twitter Rules, as a pretext to

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censor and restrict Plaintiff’s speech, based not on the content of the speech but because of Plaintiff’s

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identity and political viewpoints. Defendant has repeatedly banned accounts held by those who promote

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conservative beliefs under the guise of enforcing its Twitter Rules, while repeatedly ignoring the same

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“violations” when committed by accounts that promote liberal viewpoints. Defendant’s application of

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criteria and corresponding restraints on Plaintiff’s speech is arbitrary and capricious and/or is based on

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Shona Ghosh, Twitter was once a bastion of free speech but now says it's 'no longer possible to stand
up for all speech', Bus. Insider (Dec. 19, 2017), http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-no-longerpossible-to-stand-up-for-all-speech-2017-12.

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political, religious, or other animus towards the identity and viewpoints of the speaker, not the actual

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content of the speech.

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34.

Further, Defendant’s actions also violate Plaintiff’s right to free association and

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assembly by blocking Plaintiff’s fans and subscribers from accessing Plaintiff’s tweets, and thus

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preventing Plaintiff from engaging in a dialogue with his Twitter based fans and subscribers.

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35.

No compelling, significant, or legitimate reason justifies Defendant’s actions. Even if

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such interests did exist to justify Defendant’s Twitter Rules generally, the restrictions imposed on

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Plaintiff’s speech are not narrowly or reasonably tailored to further such interests, because Defendant’s

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permanent ban also blocks out Plaintiff’s inoffensive speech, journalism work, and prevents the

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Plaintiff from posting any speech whatsoever on the forum, regardless of perceived offensiveness.

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Given Twitter’s almost monopolistic presence in the online forum market, Plaintiff has no alternative

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affording a reasonable opportunity to reach his full-intended audience.

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36.

Twitter’s discriminatory policies and application of those policies are not viewpoint

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neutral, are unreasonable in time, place, and manner, and are unreasonable in relation to the nature,

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purpose, and use of the forum. They impose an unreasonable prior restraint on Plaintiff’s protected

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political speech, motivated by impermissible discrimination against Plaintiff’s identities and

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viewpoints.

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Defendant’s wrongful actions were taken with oppression, fraud, malice and/or are

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arbitrary and capricious, and as part of Defendant’s normal course of business, effectuated through

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Twitter’s staff. And Defendant’s actions were done with the intent to deprive Plaintiff and his followers

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of their rights under the California Constitution.

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38.

As a direct and proximate result of Defendant’s violations of clearly established law

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regarding public fora, Plaintiff has suffered, and continues to suffer, immediate and irreparable injury

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in fact, including lost income, reduced customer base, and damage to brand, reputation, and goodwill,

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for which there exists no adequate remedy at law.

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SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION

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(California Unruh Civil Rights Act – Civil Code §§ 51, et seq.)

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39.

Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.
40.

Defendant hosts a business establishment under the Unruh Civil Rights Act, California

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Civil Code §§ 51 et seq. Defendant grants the public unrestricted access to Twitter for commercial

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reasons that are at the core of their business model and the source of virtually all of their revenue.

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Despite its promises of neutrality and a diversity of viewpoints, Defendant engages in a

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pattern and practice of intentional discrimination in the provision of its services, including

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discriminating against and censoring Plaintiff’s speech based not on the content of the speech but on its

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political identity and viewpoint. Through the acts complained of herein, Defendant intentionally

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denied, and aided or incited in denying, Plaintiff full and equal accommodations, advantages,

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privileges, and services by discriminating against Plaintiff for his political beliefs and permanently

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banning any account associated with Plaintiff.

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A substantial motivating reason for Defendant’s conduct is Defendant’s subjective

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perception of Plaintiff’s political viewpoints, as well as those of others with whom Plaintiff has

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associated. Defendant’s discrimination against Plaintiff is arbitrary, capricious, pretextual, and

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discriminatory. It is also wholly without any legitimate, reasonable business interest, as Defendant has

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admitted that Plaintiff did not violate its Twitter Rules, and Defendant’s relationship with Plaintiff was

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mutually beneficial economically. Twitter is censoring and treating Plaintiff and its tweets differently

21

out of animus towards Plaintiff’s identity and political views.

22

43.

Defendant’s wrongful actions were taken with oppression, fraud, and/or malice, as part

23

of Defendant’s normal course of business, effectuated through Twitter’s staff. Plaintiff has repeatedly

24

attempted to remedy the situation, and Defendant has repeatedly refused to restore Plaintiff’s accounts.

25

And not once has Defendant articulated any good faith reason for Plaintiff’s differential treatment.

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44.

As a direct and proximate result of Defendant’s unlawful discriminatory actions,

27

Plaintiff has suffered, and continues to suffer, immediate and irreparable injury in fact, including lost

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income, reduced customer base, and damage to brand, reputation, and goodwill, for which there exists

2

no adequate remedy at law.

3

45.

Defendant’s violations of the Unruh Act further entitle Plaintiff to recover statutory

4

damages of up to three times the amount of actual damages in an amount to be proven at trial, or a

5

minimum of $4,000 per violation.

6

THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION

7

(Violations of Business & Professions Code §§ 17200, et seq.)

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9
10
11
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46.

Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.
47.

Defendant has violated California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professions

Code §§ 17200, et seq. (the “UCL”) by committing acts of unfair competition as described above.
48.

Defendant has committed unlawful acts through its intentional interference with

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Plaintiff’s existing contracts and prospective business relations. Banning Plaintiff’s accounts will

14

interfere with his existing contracts and prospective business relations, in violation of California

15

common law.

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49.

Defendant’s policies and practices, and its application of the same to Plaintiff, constitute

17

unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business acts or practices within the meaning of Business and

18

Professions Code § 17200. Defendant’s policies, as well as its application, violate the policy and spirit

19

of the Unruh Act, the California Constitution, and prior court decisions. Those actions are likely to

20

mislead the public, and do mislead the public, about Twitter, Plaintiff, and Plaintiff’s tweets and

21

businesses. Content creators, advertisers, and Twitter users/subscribers trust and rely on Defendant for

22

an open marketplace of ideas and expression, and trust that when accounts are banned it is done so

23

because an account truly violated the Twitter Rules.

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50.

Further, Plaintiff participates in the journalism business, with a focus on independent

25

citizen journalism. This makes services like those provided by Defendant crucial for gaining business

26

via exposure and word of mouth. This also puts Defendant in the unique position of being able to curate

27

which news providers, and which particular viewpoints, are consumed by its users. Defendant is

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- 14 COMPLAINT

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abusing its unique position in the journalism market to prevent particular viewpoints, or news providers

2

from reaching its users, and therefore preventing them from gaining the public exposure necessary for a

3

news provider to succeed. In Plaintiff’s case, Defendant is using its unique position to prevent a start-up

4

news outlet from gaining the readership necessary to compete with the so-called “legacy” news

5

providers, such as The New York Times or Washington Post.

6

51.

Defendant’s actions are unreasonable and anticompetitive. Plaintiff’s relationship with

7

Defendant was one of mutual benefit, and Plaintiff did not violate Defendant’s Twitter Rules or commit

8

any other offense that would justify the banning of his accounts. Defendant’s actions are also

9

anticompetitive in that they have the effect of harming smaller start-up businesses, such as Plaintiff’s,

10
11

to the benefit of more established businesses.
52.

By banning Plaintiff’s accounts, Defendant has significantly harmed one of the few

12

start-up providers of news and commentary with a conservative viewpoint, and has significantly

13

harmed one of, if not the only, business which currently allows individuals to crowd fund investigative

14

journalism. Plaintiff has suffered, and continues to suffer, immediate and irreparable injury in fact,

15

including lost income, reduced customer base, and damage to brand, reputation, and goodwill, for

16

which there exists no adequate remedy at law.

17

53.

As a direct result of Defendant’s actions, competition in the market for journalism has

18

been significantly harmed. Customers have lost access to Plaintiff’s unique news and commentary, and

19

Gotnews and Wesearchr have been diminished as competitors, thus harming innovation in the

20

journalism market. Likewise, as a result of Defendant’s actions, established news outlets will gain

21

greater market power, allowing them to dictate terms and limit consumer options.

22

54.

Defendant’s wrongful actions were taken with oppression, fraud, and/or malice.

23

55.

Plaintiff seeks a preliminary and permanent injunction to prevent Defendant from

24

interfering with Plaintiff’s contracts and prospective business relationships, and from eliminating

25

Plaintiff as a competitor through its acts of unfair competition, including its unfair banning of

26

Plaintiff’s Twitter accounts.

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- 15 COMPLAINT

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FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION

2

(Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing)

3
4
5

56.

Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.
57.

Plaintiff and Defendant entered into written contracts in which Defendant agreed to

6

provide Twitter’s services to Plaintiff. Those contracts give Twitter vague, unfettered, and unilateral

7

discretion to remove, restrict, de-emphasize, or ban content as Defendant sees fit.

8

58.

Implied in those contracts is the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. This is

9

particularly true because, in those contracts, Defendant assumed for itself unilateral and unfettered

10

discretionary control over virtually every aspect of its relationship with Plaintiff—control that

11

Defendant has exercised at its whim, repeatedly and without notice to Plaintiff and without an

12

opportunity for meaningful discussion or appeal. To the extent that those discretionary powers are

13

valid, Defendant is obligated to exercise them fairly and in good faith.

14

59.

Plaintiff substantially complied with all of Twitter’s Rules and Terms of Service. As

15

admitted by Defendant, none of Plaintiffs’ tweets violated the letter or spirit of any term in Plaintiff’s

16

contracts with Defendant.

17

60.

Defendant was bound by the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in its

18

agreements, terms, and policies, not to engage in any acts, conduct, or omissions that would impair or

19

diminish Plaintiff’s rights and benefits of the parties’ agreements. Pursuant to the terms of those

20

agreements, Plaintiff was supposed to have equal access to a wide audience to promote his messages,

21

and was in reliance on Defendant’s representations that Twitter would “amplify every voice” and be

22

“free to every voice” that chose Twitter as the platform on which to promote their businesses.

23

Defendant has, by the acts and omissions complained of herein, intentionally and tortiously breached

24

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by unfairly interfering with Plaintiff’s rights to

25

receive the benefits of its contracts with Defendant.

26

61.

The foregoing acts and omissions were engaged in by Defendant with the knowledge

27

that it was bound to act consistently with the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Those acts and

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 1

omissions were not only failures to act fairly and in good faith, but they were acts of oppression, fraud,

2

and malice.

3

62.

As a direct and proximate result of the aforementioned conduct of Defendant, Plaintiff

4

has suffered, and continues to suffer, immediate and irreparable injury in fact, including lost income,

5

reduced customer base, and damage to brand, reputation, and goodwill, for which there exists no

6

adequate remedy at law.

7

FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION

8

(Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations)

9
10

63.

Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.

11

64.

12

journalistic efforts.

13

65.

Plaintiff had contracts with those that contributed to and donated to his investigative

Defendant knew about these contracts, and emails disclosed their intent to prevent

14

plaintiff from using Twitter to perform these contracts, after inducing Plaintiff to use Twitter as the

15

platform to perform these contracts, including fundraising for independent journalism that exposed

16

malfeasance and misdeeds of political patrons and bedfellows of Twitter owners.

17

66.

Defendant’s repeated banning of Plaintiff’s accounts has prevented Plaintiff from

18

performing under their contracts, and has made Plaintiff’s attempts to perform under their contracts

19

more expensive and more difficult.

20

67.

Defendant knew of the importance of Plaintiff’s Twitter accounts to his ability to

21

perform under his contracts and by banning Plaintiff’s accounts Defendant intended to disrupt

22

Plaintiff’s performance of his contracts.

23
24
25
26

68.

Plaintiff was significantly harmed by Defendant’s intentional interference with his

contractual relations.
69.

Defendant’s act of banning Plaintiff’s accounts was a substantial factor in causing

Plaintiff’s harm.

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- 17 COMPLAINT

 1

SIXTH CAUSE OF ACTION

2

(Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage)

3
4
5

70.

Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.
71.

Plaintiff and over 55,000 followers of Gotnews and Wesearchr, and countless others

6

exposed to the content via re-tweet, were in an economic relationship that undoubtedly would have

7

resulted in an economic benefit to Plaintiff.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

72.

Defendant knew of Plaintiff’s relationship with over 55,000 followers of Gotnews and

Wesearchr, and countless others exposed to the content via re-tweet and knew of Plaintiff’s
relationships with the customers of Gotnews and Wesearchr.
73.

Defendant repeatedly banned Plaintiff’s accounts under false pretenses, knowing and

admitting that doing so was wrongful, in contravention of its express promises to Plaintiff.
74.

Defendant knew that banning Plaintiff’s accounts would disrupt Plaintiff’s economic

relationships and intended to disrupt those relationships.
75.

Plaintiff’s economic relationships with over 55,000 followers of Gotnews and

16

Wesearchr, and countless others exposed to the content via re-tweet were significantly disrupted by

17

Defendant’s act of banning Plaintiff’s accounts.

18
19
20
21

76.

Plaintiff has been significantly harmed as a result of Defendant’s intentional interference

with his economic relationships.
77.

Defendant’s act of banning Plaintiff’s accounts was the substantial factor in causing

Plaintiff’s harm.

22
23

SEVENTH CAUSE OF ACTION

24

(Promissory Estoppel)

25
26
27
28

78.

Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.
79.

Defendant represented to Plaintiff, and the public at large, that it would enforce its terms
- 18 COMPLAINT

 1

of service with impartiality as to any social, political, or religious viewpoint. Defendant has repeatedly

2

assured its customers that their accounts would not be banned on the basis of a political disagreement

3

between Defendant’s management and its users.

4

80.

In reliance on Defendant’s repeated promises that it would remain politically neutral,

5

Plaintiff invested significant time, energy, and money into growing his business on Defendant’s

6

platform.

7

81.

Plaintiff’s reliance on Defendant’s promises and assurances was reasonable and

8

foreseeable. Defendant routinely holds itself out as a platform for its users to create and grow their

9

business by connecting with other users who have similar viewpoints, interests, or hobbies. In order to

10

use Defendant’s service, users must agree to the Twitter Rules that sets out rules regarding what actions

11

could cause Defendant to ban an account. Defendant knew that its users would rely on the rules set

12

forth in its terms of service.

13

82.

Defendant’s decision to ban all of Plaintiff’s accounts has significantly damaged

14

Plaintiff’s business by causing it to lose customers, word of mouth, and all of the work put into to

15

building up Plaintiff’s presence on Twitter. Enforcing Defendant’s promise to not terminate access to

16

its service on the basis of political viewpoint will avoid injustice.

17
EIGTH CAUSE OF ACTION

18

(Consumers Legal Remedies Act, § 1750 et seq)

19
20

83.

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22
23

Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as
though set forth in full herein.

84.

Under the Consumer Legal Remedies Act (CLRA), businesses are proscribed from
“unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts,” including “[i]nserting an

24
25
26
27
28

unconscionable provision in the contract.” Cal.Civ.Code § 1770(a)(19). Twitter’s Terms of
Service, which give it the right to suspend or ban an account “for any or no reason” and
“without liability to you,” are procedurally and substantively unconscionable.
- 19 COMPLAINT

 85.

1

The Terms were procedurally unconscionable because Plaintiff was presented with the

2

Terms of Service Agreement by drafting-party Twitter without any opportunity to negotiate, nor

3

any bargaining power vis-à-vis the Company. Defendant had extremely oppressive bargaining

4

power, because using the platform was essential for the Plaintiff’s businesses. While there are

5

other social networks, Twitter is unique as the main platform for breaking news and political

6

discussion, giving Plaintiff no reasonable alternatives to choose from.

The Terms also

7
presented a surprise to the Plaintiff. Until May 17, 2012, the Terms of Service implied that

8

Twitter would not suspend an account that did not violate the Twitter Rules. The Rules did not

9
10

prohibit so-called “hateful conduct” until December 28, 2015. 13 By the company’s own

11

admission, its views on free speech have undergone a dramatic shift.

12

86.

13

Twitter’s Terms of Service are substantively unconscionable. By Twitter’s own
valuation of $2.50-3.50 per follower, Plaintiff’s accounts were each worth tens to hundreds of

14

thousands of dollars. Twitter’s Terms allow it take away this valuable asset for any or no reason

15

without any compensation. Such terms are so one-sided and oppressive that they shock the

16

conscience.

17
18

NINTH CAUSE OF ACTION

19

(Declaratory Relief)

20
21

87.

Plaintiff re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph as

though set forth in full herein.

22

88.

An actual controversy exists between Plaintiff and Defendant as to whether Defendant’s

23
24
25
26

13

Matt Burgess, Twitter changes its rules to ban 'hateful conduct', Wired (Dec. 30, 2015),
http://www.wired.co.uk/article/twitter-rules-hate-speech.

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- 20 COMPLAINT

 1

policies and procedures, and their application thereof, violate the Unruh Civil Rights Act and the

2

California Constitution. The correct interpretation is that Defendant’s policies and procedures, facially

3

and as applied, violate the Unruh Act and violate Plaintiff’s speech and association rights under the

4

California Constitution.

5

89.

Unless the court issues an appropriate declaration of rights, the parties will not know

6

whether Defendant’s policies and procedures, and Defendant’s application of its policies and

7

procedures, comply with the law, including the California Constitution, and there will continue to be

8

disputes and controversy surrounding Defendant’s policies and procedures and application thereof.

9
10

PRAYER FOR RELIEF

11

Wherefore, Plaintiff respectfully prays for judgment as follows:

12

A.

For a declaratory judgment that Defendant has violated and continues to violate

13

Plaintiff’s free speech rights, both facially and as applied, under Article I, section 2 of the California

14

Constitution;

15

B.

For an injunction requiring Defendant to (i) cease and desist from banning Plaintiff’s

16

Twitter accounts (ii) from censoring or otherwise restricting speech based on their unfettered discretion

17

or the use or application of arbitrary, capricious, vague, unspecified, or subjective criteria guidelines;

18

C.

For compensatory, special, and statutory damages in an amount to be proven at trial,

19

including statutory damages pursuant to, inter alia, Civil Code §§ 51, 51.5, 52, and Civil Procedure

20

Code § 1021.5;

21
22

D.

A civil penalty of $2,500 for each violation pursuant to Business and Professions Code

§§ 17200, 17206, and 17536;

23

E.

For punitive damages and exemplary damages in an amount to be proved at trial;

24

F.

For restitution of financial losses or harm caused by Defendant’s conduct and in an

25

amount to be proven at trial;

26

G.

For prejudgment and post-judgment interest;

27

H.

For costs of suit incurred herein;

28

- 21 COMPLAINT

 1

I.

For reasonable attorney’s fees; and

2

J.

For such other and further relief as this Court deems just and proper.

3
4
5

DATED: January 8, 2018

Respectfully submitted,
BARNES LAW

6
7
8

_________________________
Robert E. Barnes, Esq.
Counsel for Plaintiff Charles Johnson

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- 22 COMPLAINT