U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics January 2018, NCJ 251149 E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., BJS Statistician T he United States had an estimated 1,505,400 prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities as of December 31, 2016 (year-end). This was a decline of 21,200 prisoners (down 1%) from year-end 2015. State prisons held 13,900 fewer prisoners in 2016 than in 2015, while the federal prison population decreased by 7,300 (down almost 4%). For sentenced prisoners, the imprisonment rates at year-end 2016 were the lowest since 1997, with 450 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages and 582 per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older (figure 1). Sentenced prisoners exclude those who have not received a term of imprisonment by the court and those with a sentence of 1 year or less. Findings in this report are based on the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program, which collects annual data from state departments of corrections (DOCs) and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) on prisoner counts, characteristics, admissions, releases, and prison capacity. This report is the 91st in a series that began in 1926. Forty-eight states and the BOP reported NPS data for 2016, while data for North Dakota and Oregon were obtained from other sources or were imputed (see Methodology). Figure 1 Imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, per 100,000 U.S. residents, 1978–2016 Rate per 100,000 residents 700 600 Age 18 or older 500 400 All ages 300 200 100 0 1978 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 1978–2016; and U.S. Census Bureau, postcensal resident population estimates for January 1 of the following calendar year. HIGHLIGHTS „„ The number of prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction at year-end 2016 (1,505,400) decreased by 21,200 (down more than 1%) from year-end 2015. „„ The federal prison population decreased by 7,300 prisoners from 2015 to 2016 (down almost 4%), accounting for 34% of the total change in the U.S. prison population. „„ State and federal prisons had jurisdiction over 1,458,200 persons sentenced to more than 1 year at year-end 2016. „„ The imprisonment rate in the United States decreased 2%, from 459 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages in 2015 to 450 per 100,000 in 2016. „„ State and federal prisons admitted 2,300 fewer prisoners in 2016 than in 2015. „„ The Federal Bureau of Prisons accounted for 96% of the decline in admissions (down 2,200 admissions). „„ More than half (54%) of state prisoners were serving sentences for violent offenses at year-end 2015, the most recent year for which data are available. „„ Nearly half (47%) of federal prisoners had been sentenced for drug offenses on September 30, 2016, the most recent date for which federal offense data were available. „„ The number of prisoners held in private facilities in 2016 (128,300) increased 2% from year-end 2015 (up 2,100). „„ The number of females sentenced to more than 1 year in state or federal prison increased by 500 from 2015 to 2016. Bul l etin Prisoners in 2016 Terms and definitions „„ .Adult imprisonment rate—The number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older. „„ Capacity, design—The number of prisoners that planners or architects intended for a facility. „„ Capacity, highest—The maximum number of beds reported across the three capacity measures: design, operational, and rated capacity. „„ Capacity, lowest—The minimum number of beds across the three capacity measures: design, operational, and rated capacity. „„ Capacity, operational—The number of prisoners that may be accommodated based on a facility’s staff, existing programs, and services. „„ Capacity, rated—The number of beds or prisoners assigned by a rating official to a facility within a jurisdiction. „„ Conditional releases—Includes discretionary parole, mandatory parole, post-custody probation, and other unspecified conditional releases. „„ Conditional release violators—Return to prison of persons released to discretionary parole, mandatory parole, post-custody probation, and other unspecified conditional releases. „„ Custody—Prisoners held in the physical custody of state or federal prisons, regardless of sentence length or authority having jurisdiction over the prisoner. „„ Federal prison system—Includes persons held under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in secure federal and private prison facilities; persons held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities; and juveniles in contract facilities. „„ Imprisonment rate—The number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages. „„ Jail—A confinement facility usually administered by a local law enforcement agency that is intended for adults but sometimes holds juveniles for confinement before and after adjudication. Such facilities include jails and city or county correctional centers; special jail facilities, such as medical treatment or release centers; halfway houses; work farms; and temporary holding or lockup facilities that are P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 part of the jail’s combined function. Prisoners sentenced to jail facilities usually have a sentence of 1 year or less. Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont operate integrated systems that combine prisons and jails. „„ Jurisdiction—The legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials can be held in publicly or privately operated secure and nonsecure facilities including boot camps, halfway houses, treatment facilities, and hospitals, as well as in local jails or another states’ facilities. „„ New court commitments—Admissions into prison of offenders convicted and sentenced by a court, usually to a term of more than 1 year, including probation violators and persons with a split sentence to incarceration followed by court-ordered probation or parole. „„ Parole violators—The imprisonment of persons who were released from prison on discretionary or mandatory parole for either violating conditions of release or for new crimes. „„ Prison—A long-term confinement facility run by a state or the federal government that typically holds felons and offenders with sentences of more than 1 year. Sentence length may vary by state. Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont operate integrated systems that combine prisons and jails. „„ Probation violators—The imprisonment of persons who were released from prison on shock probation or placed on probation for either violating conditions of their probation or for new crimes. „„ Prisoner—An individual confined in a state or federal correctional facility. „„ Sentenced prisoner—A prisoner sentenced to more than 1 year. „„ Supervised mandatory releases—Conditional release with post-custody supervision generally occurring in jurisdictions using determinate sentencing statutes. „„ Unconditional releases—Expirations of sentences, commutations, and other unspecified unconditional releases. „„ Year-end—As of December 31 of the calendar year. 2 Total prison population The number of prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction at year-end 2016 (1,505,400) was a 7% decrease (down 110,100 prisoners) from 2009 when the U.S. prison population peaked (table 1). Federal prisoners made up 13% of the total U.S. prison population at year-end 2016 but accounted for 34% of the decline in the total prison population. The number of federal prisoners decreased from 196,500 in 2015 to 189,200 in 2016. This was the fourth consecutive year of population decline among federal prisoners. States held 1,316,200 prisoners at year-end 2016, down 1% or 13,900 from year-end 2015. In addition to the BOP, 31 states showed decreases in year-end prison populations from 2015 to 2016 (table 2). The states with the largest declines in prisoners included Alabama (down 1,900), Indiana (down 1,800), Oklahoma (down 1,700), and Michigan (down 1,500). Of the 15 states with increasing prison populations from 2015, Georgia had 1,400 additional prisoners on December 31, 2016, and Kentucky added 1,300 prisoners. Washington and California each increased their total prison jurisdiction populations by about 800 from 2015 to 2016. Females made up 7% of the total national prison population at year-end 2016, a decrease of fewer than 100 prisoners from 2015. Twenty states and the BOP showed decreases in their female prison populations at year-end 2016, with the largest decreases in the number of prisoners occurring in Indiana (down 300 female prisoners) and Alabama (down 200). The number of female prisoners increased from 2015 to 2016 in 26 states, with the largest increases occurring in Kentucky (up 400), Washington (up 200), and Ohio (up 150). Table 1 Prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by jurisdiction and sex, December 31, 2006–2016 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016b Percent change Average annual, 2006–2015 2015–2016 Total 1,568,674 1,596,835 1,608,282 1,615,487 1,613,803 1,598,968 1,570,397 1,576,950 1,562,319 1,526,603 1,505,397 Federala 193,046 199,618 201,280 208,118 209,771 216,362 217,815 215,866 210,567 196,455 189,192 State 1,375,628 1,397,217 1,407,002 1,407,369 1,404,032 1,382,606 1,352,582 1,361,084 1,351,752 1,330,148 1,316,205 Male 1,456,366 1,482,524 1,493,670 1,502,002 1,500,936 1,487,561 1,461,625 1,465,592 1,449,291 1,415,112 1,393,975 Female 112,308 114,311 114,612 113,485 112,867 111,407 108,772 111,358 113,028 111,491 111,422 -0.3% 0.2% -0.3% -0.3% -0.1% -1.4 -3.7 -1.0 -1.5 -0.1 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. aIncludes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. bTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 data to National Prisoner Statistics program. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2006–2016. Counting prisoners In this report, counts of prisoners may vary depending on the population of interest. „„ Admissions and releases are based on prisoners sentenced „„ Most totals and trends are based on jurisdiction counts, „„ Prisoners age 17 or younger are based on physical custody which include all prisoners under the authority of state or federal correctional officials, regardless of where the prisoner is held. „„ Imprisonment rates are based on sentenced prisoners, which include inmates who have received a term of imprisonment by the court of more than 1 year. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 to more than 1 year, except where noted. populations and exclude those held in private prisons, local jails, or facilities of other jurisdictions. „„ Non-U.S. citizen data, with the exception of BOP data, exclude persons held in private prisons, local jails, or facilities of other jurisdictions, unless otherwise noted. BJS requests that jurisdictions report the country of current citizenship in the National Prisoners Statistics data collection. 3 Table 2 Prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by jurisdiction and sex, December 31, 2015 and 2016 Jurisdiction U.S. totala Federalb Statea Alabama Alaskac Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutc Delawarec Florida Georgia Hawaiic Idaho Illinoisd Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevadae New Hampshiref New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotag Ohio Oklahoma Oregonh Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utahf Vermontc Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total 1,526,603 196,455 1,330,148 30,810 5,338 42,719 17,707 129,593 20,041 15,816 6,654 101,424 52,193 5,879 8,052 46,240 27,355 8,849 9,857 21,701 36,377 2,279 20,764 9,922 42,628 10,798 18,911 32,330 3,685 5,372 13,071 2,897 20,489 7,104 51,727 36,617 1,795 52,233 28,547 15,245 49,858 3,248 20,929 3,564 28,172 163,909 6,495 1,750 38,403 18,284 7,118 22,975 2,424 2015 Male 1,415,112 183,502 1,231,610 28,220 4,761 38,738 16,305 123,808 18,199 14,695 6,117 94,481 48,578 5,177 7,068 43,565 24,815 8,041 9,018 19,114 34,331 2,072 19,849 9,268 40,355 10,027 17,595 29,063 3,295 4,943 11,905 2,661 19,581 6,398 49,373 33,928 1,587 47,803 25,489 13,938 47,039 3,102 19,574 3,148 25,532 149,501 5,980 1,600 35,167 16,829 6,253 21,567 2,157 Female 111,491 12,953 98,538 2,590 577 3,981 1,402 5,785 1,842 1,121 537 6,943 3,615 702 984 2,675 2,540 808 839 2,587 2,046 207 915 654 2,273 771 1,316 3,267 390 429 1,166 236 908 706 2,354 2,689 208 4,430 3,058 1,307 2,819 146 1,355 416 2,640 14,408 515 150 3,236 1,455 865 1,408 267 Total 1,505,397 189,192 1,316,205 28,883 4,434 42,320 17,537 130,390 19,981 14,957 6,585 99,974 53,627 5,602 8,252 43,657 25,546 9,031 9,920 23,022 35,682 2,404 19,994 9,403 41,122 10,592 19,192 32,461 3,814 5,302 13,757 2,818 19,786 7,055 50,716 35,697 1,791 52,175 26,871 15,166 49,244 3,103 20,858 3,831 28,203 163,703 6,182 1,735 37,813 19,104 7,162 23,377 2,374 2016 Male 1,393,975 176,495 1,217,480 26,506 4,024 38,323 16,161 124,487 18,078 13,892 6,047 93,111 49,839 4,934 7,239 41,044 23,341 8,210 9,051 20,080 33,701 2,169 19,172 8,820 38,880 9,818 17,823 29,124 3,405 4,878 12,490 2,591 18,952 6,344 48,442 32,985 1,578 47,581 23,834 13,862 46,381 2,927 19,384 3,333 25,481 149,368 5,777 1,600 34,704 17,446 6,286 21,889 2,088 Female 111,422 12,697 98,725 2,377 410 3,997 1,376 5,903 1,903 1,065 538 6,863 3,788 668 1,013 2,613 2,205 821 869 2,942 1,981 235 822 583 2,242 774 1,369 3,337 409 424 1,267 227 834 711 2,274 2,712 213 4,594 3,037 1,304 2,863 176 1,474 498 2,722 14,335 405 135 3,109 1,658 876 1,488 286 Total -1.4% -3.7% -1.0% -6.3 -16.9 -0.9 -1.0 0.6 -0.3 -5.4 -1.0 -1.4 2.7 -4.7 2.5 : -6.6 2.1 0.6 6.1 -1.9 5.5 -3.7 -5.2 -3.5 -1.9 1.5 0.4 3.5 -1.3 : -2.7 -3.4 -0.7 -2.0 -2.5 -0.2 -0.1 -5.9 : -1.2 -4.5 -0.3 7.5 0.1 -0.1 -4.8 -0.9 -1.5 4.5 0.6 1.7 -2.1 Percent change, 2015–2016 Male Female -1.5% -0.1% -3.8% -2.0% -1.1% 0.2% -6.1 -8.2 -15.5 -28.9 -1.1 0.4 -0.9 -1.9 0.5 2.0 -0.7 3.3 -5.5 -5.0 -1.1 0.2 -1.5 -1.2 2.6 4.8 -4.7 -4.8 2.4 2.9 : : -5.9 -13.2 2.1 1.6 0.4 3.6 5.1 13.7 -1.8 -3.2 4.7 13.5 -3.4 -10.2 -4.8 -10.9 -3.7 -1.4 -2.1 0.4 1.3 4.0 0.2 2.1 3.3 4.9 -1.3 -1.2 : : -2.6 -3.8 -3.2 -8.1 -0.8 0.7 -1.9 -3.4 -2.8 0.9 -0.6 2.4 -0.5 3.7 -6.5 -0.7 : : -1.4 1.6 -5.6 20.5 -1.0 8.8 5.9 19.7 -0.2 3.1 -0.1 -0.5 -3.4 -21.4 0.0 -10.0 -1.3 -3.9 3.7 14.0 0.5 1.3 1.5 5.7 -3.2 7.1 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. : Not calculated. aTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. See Methodology. bIncludes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. dState has changed reporting methodology, so 2016 counts are not comparable to those published for earlier years. See Jurisdiction notes. eState did not submit 2015 NPS data. Counts were imputed for 2015 and should not be compared to 2016 counts. fState submitted updated 2015 population counts. gState did not submit 2016 NPS data. Counts were imputed. See Methodology. hState did not submit 2015 or 2016 NPS data. Counts were imputed. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2015–2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 4 Sentenced prison population Prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year made up 97% of the total prison population in 2016. The remaining proportion had not been sentenced for an offense or had received a sentence of 1 year or less. BJS makes the distinction between the total number of persons held under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities and those sentenced to more than 1 year in prison. State and federal prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year declined for the third consecutive year From December 31, 2015, to December 31, 2016, the number of state and federal prisoners who had been sentenced to more than 1 year in prison declined by 18,700 (down 1%) (table 3). This was the third consecutive year that prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year in prison declined. The number of prisoners unsentenced or sentenced to 1 year or less in prison at year-end 2016 was 47,200. State prisons held 1,286,700 prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year on December 31, 2016, which was 11,500 fewer sentenced prisoners than at year-end 2015 (down 1%). Federal prisons had 171,500 prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year at year-end 2016, or 7,200 fewer than year-end 2015 (down 4%). The decrease in prisoners under BOP jurisdiction accounted for 39% of the total decline in sentenced prisoners between 2015 and 2016. From 2015 to 2016, the number of prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year declined in 30 states and the federal prison system (table 4). Five jurisdictions decreased their counts of sentenced prisoners by at least 1,500 in 2016: the federal system (down 7,200 prisoners), Alabama (down 2,000), Indiana (down 1,800), Oklahoma (down 1,600), and Michigan (down 1,500). Georgia (up 1,400 prisoners), Kentucky (up 1,300), and California (up 1,100) had the largest increases in sentenced prisoners between year-end 2015 and 2016. Females sentenced to more than 1 year increased by more than 500 prisoners in 2016. Male prisoners sentenced to 1 year or more decreased in 32 states and the BOP, while the number of females sentenced to at least 1 year under correctional authority decreased in 20 states and the BOP. Large percentage changes in the number of sentenced female prisoners from 2015 to 2016 occurred in states with small female prison populations, including Alaska (down 39%), Utah (down 21%), South Dakota (up 20%), and Maine (up 16%). Whites and blacks sentenced to more than 1 year in state and federal prison declined in 2016 The number of non-Hispanic white prisoners and non-Hispanic black prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year each decreased 1% from 2015 to 2016, with 10,400 fewer white prisoners and 12,500 fewer black prisoners. Hispanic prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year increased 1% between 2015 and 2016 (up 6,100 prisoners). BJS updated estimates of prisoners’ race and Hispanic origin from 2006 to 2016 using new data from the 2016 Survey of Prison Inmates (see Measuring and reporting race and Hispanic origin in the National Prisoner Statistics Program text box). Table 3 Sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by jurisdiction, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2006–2016 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016e Percent change Average annual, 2006–2015 2015–2016 Total 1,504,598 1,532,851 1,547,742 1,553,574 1,552,669 1,538,847 1,512,430 1,520,403 1,507,781 1,476,847 1,458,173 -0.2% -1.3 Federala 173,533 179,204 182,333 187,886 190,641 197,050 196,574 195,098 191,374 178,688 171,482 0.3% -4.0 State 1,331,065 1,353,647 1,365,409 1,365,688 1,362,028 1,341,797 1,315,856 1,325,305 1,316,407 1,298,159 1,286,691 -0.3% -0.9 Male 1,401,261 1,427,088 1,441,384 1,448,239 1,447,766 1,435,141 1,411,076 1,416,102 1,401,685 1,371,879 1,352,684 -0.2% -1.4 Female 103,337 105,763 106,358 105,335 104,903 103,706 101,354 104,301 106,096 104,968 105,489 0.2% 0.5 Whiteb,c,d 507,100 499,800 499,900 490,000 484,400 474,300 466,600 463,900 461,500 450,200 439,800 Blackb,c,d 590,300 592,900 592,800 584,800 572,700 557,100 537,800 529,900 518,700 499,400 486,900 Hispanicc,d 313,600 330,400 329,800 341,200 345,800 347,800 340,300 341,200 338,900 333,200 339,300 -1.2% -2.3 -1.7% -2.5 0.6% 1.8 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year. aIncludes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. cRace and Hispanic origin counts for all years have been reestimated using a different method and will not match previously published estimates. See Methodology. dRounded to the nearest 100. eTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2006–2016; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2016; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2015; Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004; and Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 5 Table 4 Sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by sex, December 31, 2015 and 2016 Jurisdiction U.S. totala Federalb Statea Alabama Alaskac Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutc Delawarec Florida Georgia Hawaiic Idaho Illinoisd Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevadae New Hampshiref New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotag Ohio Oklahoma Oregonh Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utahf Vermontc Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total 1,476,847 178,688 1,298,159 29,762 2,261 40,952 17,656 129,205 20,041 11,220 4,188 101,424 51,700 3,769 7,255 46,240 27,334 8,816 9,578 21,697 36,347 1,754 20,408 8,954 42,628 10,798 18,236 32,328 3,685 5,312 12,944 2,897 20,489 6,994 51,606 35,523 1,783 52,233 28,114 15,230 49,578 2,156 20,392 3,558 28,172 157,251 6,488 1,290 38,403 18,205 7,118 21,763 2,424 2015 Male 1,371,879 167,080 1,204,799 27,329 2,086 37,314 16,268 123,474 18,199 10,643 3,963 94,481 48,127 3,414 6,327 43,565 24,794 8,016 8,801 19,110 34,301 1,622 19,540 8,549 40,355 10,027 17,032 29,061 3,295 4,893 11,778 2,661 19,581 6,301 49,271 33,026 1,577 47,803 25,119 13,923 46,824 2,094 19,129 3,144 25,532 144,508 5,973 1,207 35,167 16,756 6,253 20,429 2,157 Female 104,968 11,608 93,360 2,433 175 3,638 1,388 5,731 1,842 577 225 6,943 3,573 355 928 2,675 2,540 800 777 2,587 2,046 132 868 405 2,273 771 1,204 3,267 390 419 1,166 236 908 693 2,335 2,497 206 4,430 2,995 1,307 2,754 62 1,263 414 2,640 12,743 515 83 3,236 1,449 865 1,334 267 Total 1,458,173 171,482 1,286,691 27,799 2,089 40,849 17,476 130,340 19,862 10,365 4,090 99,974 53,064 3,629 7,376 43,657 25,530 8,998 9,628 23,018 35,646 1,828 19,821 8,494 41,122 10,592 18,666 32,461 3,814 5,235 13,637 2,818 19,786 6,972 50,620 34,596 1,779 52,175 26,486 15,150 49,000 2,030 20,371 3,820 28,203 157,903 6,181 1,229 37,813 19,019 7,162 22,144 2,374 2016 Male 1,352,684 160,090 1,192,594 25,593 1,982 37,131 16,111 124,443 17,963 9,804 3,889 93,111 49,324 3,271 6,416 41,044 23,325 8,181 8,831 20,077 33,665 1,675 19,010 8,140 38,880 9,818 17,397 29,124 3,405 4,825 12,403 2,591 18,952 6,276 48,356 32,085 1,568 47,581 23,527 13,846 46,188 1,962 18,981 3,323 25,481 144,928 5,776 1,146 34,704 17,377 6,286 20,734 2,088 Female 105,489 11,392 94,097 2,206 107 3,718 1,365 5,897 1,899 561 201 6,863 3,740 358 960 2,613 2,205 817 797 2,941 1,981 153 811 354 2,242 774 1,269 3,337 409 410 1,234 227 834 696 2,264 2,511 211 4,594 2,959 1,304 2,812 68 1,390 497 2,722 12,975 405 83 3,109 1,642 876 1,410 286 Total -1.3% -4.0% -0.9% -6.6 -7.6 -0.3 -1.0 0.9 -0.9 -7.6 -2.3 -1.4 2.6 -3.7 1.7 : -6.6 2.1 0.5 6.1 -1.9 4.2 -2.9 -5.1 -3.5 -1.9 2.4 0.4 3.5 -1.4 : -2.7 -3.4 -0.3 -1.9 -2.6 : -0.1 -5.8 : -1.2 -5.8 -0.1 7.4 0.1 0.4 -4.7 -4.7 -1.5 4.5 0.6 1.8 -2.1 Percent change, 2015–2016 Male Female -1.4% 0.5% -4.2% -1.9% -1.0% 0.8% -6.4 -9.3 -5.0 -38.9 -0.5 2.2 -1.0 -1.7 0.8 2.9 -1.3 3.1 -7.9 -2.8 -1.9 -10.7 -1.5 -1.2 2.5 4.7 -4.2 0.8 1.4 3.4 : : -5.9 -13.2 2.1 2.1 0.3 2.6 5.1 13.7 -1.9 -3.2 3.3 15.9 -2.7 -6.6 -4.8 -12.6 -3.7 -1.4 -2.1 0.4 2.1 5.4 0.2 2.1 3.3 4.9 -1.4 -2.1 : : -2.6 -3.8 -3.2 -8.1 -0.4 0.4 -1.9 -3.0 -2.8 0.6 : : -0.5 3.7 -6.3 -1.2 : : -1.4 2.1 -6.3 9.7 -0.8 10.1 5.7 20.0 -0.2 3.1 0.3 1.8 -3.3 -21.4 -5.1 0.0 -1.3 -3.9 3.7 13.3 0.5 1.3 1.5 5.7 -3.2 7.1 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year. : Not calculated. aTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. See Methodology. bIncludes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. dCounts from 2016 are not comparable to counts from prior years due to a change in reporting methodology. See Jurisdiction notes. eState did not submit 2015 NPS data. Counts were imputed for 2015 and should not be compared to 2016 counts. fState submitted updated 2015 population counts. gState did not submit 2016 NPS data. Counts were imputed. See Methodology. hState did not submit 2015 or 2016 NPS data. Counts were imputed. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2015–2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 6 Measuring and reporting race and Hispanic origin in the National Prisoner Statistics program The methods used to collect race and Hispanic origin by the federal government have changed over time. In 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) released guidelines for federal statistical agencies that required the collection of race and Hispanic origin into the following minimum categories: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and white.1 Per OMB instructions, respondents to federal data collections should have the ability to choose one category or more, and in the event a person chose Hispanic and a race, the agency should report that person as Hispanic if there were too few individuals to permit agencies to report the individual races disaggregated by Hispanic or non-Hispanic. Persons reporting multiple races should be reported as persons of two or more races. While these guidelines could be implemented relatively quickly in federal surveys, data collected through the National Prisoner Statistics program (NPS) are derived from individual administrative or operational records of prisoners in state and federal correctional databases. Race and Hispanic origin in these settings are used primarily to describe and distinguish prisoners, and the values assigned to prisoners in their administrative records may not agree with how individual prisoners would choose to self-identify. In addition, while the standards were set in 1997, some departments of corrections (DOC) still do not have databases that permit the reporting of multiple races or Hispanic origin (see table 21). The distribution of race and Hispanic origin among state prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year was reported to NPS in 2016 by state DOCs and was measured through self-identification in the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) 2016 Survey of Prison Inmates (SPI). When prisoners have the ability to self-identify on the survey, a higher percentage of both male and female state prisoners reported Hispanic origin or multiple races, and fewer identified as non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black than in NPS data (table 5). To reflect the race and Hispanic origin that state and federal prisoners would report if given the opportunity, BJS has adjusted the annual NPS race and Hispanic origin distributions in all Prisoners bulletins since the 1990s to reflect data collected from BJS’s periodic in-person 1Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, Office of Management and Budget, Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 Table 5 Percent of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state correctional authorities, by race, Hispanic origin, and data collection, 2016 Male Female Race/Hispanic originc NPSa SPIb NPSa SPIb Total 100% 100% 100% 100% White 39.0 30.6 61.0 47.5 Black 41.3 34.9 23.9 19.8 Hispanic 16.6 21.1 10.6 16.2 American Indian or Alaska Native 1.4 1.3 2.6 2.0 Asian 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 Two or more races 0.0 10.9 0.1 13.8 Other 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 Unknown 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 Number of sentenced prisonersd 1,192,594 1,160,096 94,097 89,208 aNPS data are aggregate counts of prisoners collected annually from administrative databases in state departments of corrections. bSPI is a periodic in-person computer assisted personal interview survey of state prisoners conducted by data collection agents on behalf of BJS. cExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, unless noted. dTotal number of sentenced state prisoners for the 2016 SPI is based on the 2015 NPS because the NPS reference date of December 31, 2015, is closer to the start of the 2016 SPI fielding (January 2016). Because prisoners held in local jails were not sampled in the 2016 SPI, these totals exclude those prisoners and differ from the 2015 sentenced jurisdiction counts presented in tables 3 and 4. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2015–2016; and Survey of Prison Inmates (SPI), 2016 (preliminary). prisoner surveys. (See Methodology.) For state prisoners, BJS calculated the ratio of the SPI survey race and Hispanic origin distribution to the NPS administrative data for the year closest to the fielding of the SPI (in this case, 2015 since the SPI began in January 2016). This ratio was then multiplied by the distribution of race and Hispanic origin from the current year’s NPS. The percentage of persons self-reporting to the SPI as non-Hispanic and two or more races was used without ratio adjustment. Federal prisoners' race and Hispanic origin distribution was adjusted using the same method, but with SPI survey data limited to federal respondents. Adjusted data for state and federal prisoners were summed to obtain total counts of sentenced prisoners by race and sex. In previous years’ reports, BJS used the distribution from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities to adjust state prisoner race and Hispanic origin data. The estimates presented in the current report differ from those previously published because they rely on 2016 SPI data. 7 Imprisonment rate At year-end 2016, the imprisonment rate for sentenced prisoners was 450 per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages At year-end 2016, there were 450 prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year in state and federal prisons per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages (table 6). The imprisonment rate for the U.S. population of all ages was the lowest since 1997 (444 per 100,000 U.S. residents) (see figure 1). Among U.S. residents age 18 or older, there were 582 prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year in state and federal prisons per 100,000 U.S. adult residents at year-end 2016. On December 31, 2016, a total of 1% of adult males living in the United States were serving prison sentences of more than 1 year (1,108 per 100,000 adult male residents), a decrease of 2% from year-end 2015 (1,135 per 100,000). The imprisonment rates for females of all ages and adult females in 2016 were unchanged from year-end 2015 (64 per 100,000 female residents of all ages and 82 per 100,000 adult female residents). At year-end 2016, 12 states had imprisonment rates that were greater than the national rate of 450 per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages: Louisiana (760 per 100,000 state residents), Oklahoma (673 per 100,000), Mississippi (624 per 100,000), Arizona (585 per 100,000), Arkansas (583 per 100,000), Alabama (571 per 100,000), Texas (563 per 100,000), Missouri (532 per 100,000), Kentucky (518 per 100,000), Georgia (512 per 100,000), Florida (481 per 100,000), and Nevada (460 per 100,000) (table 7). The imprisonment rate for females was highest in Oklahoma (149 per 100,000 female state residents), followed by Kentucky (130 per 100,000), South Dakota (115 per 100,000), and Idaho (113 per 100,000). More than 1% of all males in seven states were in prison on December 31, 2016: Louisiana (1,469 per 100,000 male state residents), Oklahoma (1,207 per 100,000), Mississippi (1,200 per 100,000), Arkansas (1,095 per 100,000), Alabama (1,085 per 100,000), Arizona (1,071 per 100,000), and Texas (1,040 per 100,000). Table 6 Imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by jurisdiction and demographic characteristics, December 31, 2006–2016 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016a Percent change Average annual, 2006–2015 2015–2016 Total 501 506 506 504 500 492 480 479 471 459 450 -0.9% -1.9 Per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages Federalb State Male 58 443 948 59 447 955 60 447 956 61 443 952 61 439 948 63 429 932 62 417 910 61 417 906 60 412 890 55 403 865 53 397 847 -0.4% -4.7 -1.0% -1.6 -0.9% -2.1 Female 68 69 69 67 66 65 63 65 65 64 64 Total 666 670 669 665 656 644 626 623 612 595 582 -0.6% -0.2 -1.1% -2.1 Per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older Male Female Whitec,d Blackc,d 1,275 89 324 2,261 1,282 90 317 2,233 1,279 90 316 2,196 1,271 88 308 2,134 1,260 86 307 2,059 1,236 84 299 1,973 1,201 82 293 1,873 1,194 83 291 1,817 1,170 84 289 1,754 1,135 82 281 1,670 1,108 82 274 1,608 -1.2% -2.3 -0.8% -0.4 -1.4% -2.5 -3.0% -3.7 Hispanicd 1,073 1,094 1,057 1,060 1,014 990 949 922 893 862 856 -2.2% -0.6 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year. aTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. See Methodology. bIncludes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. cExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. dRace and Hispanic origin rates for all years have been reestimated using a different method and will not match previously published rates. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2006–2016; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2016; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2015; Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004; and Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 8 Table 7 Imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities per 100,000 U.S. residents, by jurisdiction and sex, December 31, 2015 and 2016 Jurisdiction U.S. totala Federalc Statea Alabama Alaskad Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutd Delawared Florida Georgia Hawaiid Idaho Illinoise Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevadaf New Hampshireg New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotah Ohio Oklahoma Oregoni Pennsylvania Rhode Islandd South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utahg Vermontd Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Totala 459 55 403 612 306 596 592 330 365 313 442 496 504 264 435 361 413 282 329 490 777 132 340 171 430 196 610 531 355 279 444 217 229 336 261 352 235 450 718 375 388 204 414 413 425 569 215 206 458 252 388 377 414 Male 865 105 760 1,161 539 1,092 1,110 635 659 609 863 946 963 476 757 691 760 515 608 875 1,500 249 672 336 827 366 1,175 973 631 517 806 403 449 611 514 673 406 840 1,295 693 748 408 799 724 791 1,053 393 391 852 464 688 712 721 2015 Femalea 64 7 57 97 50 105 91 29 67 31 46 66 68 50 112 41 76 51 53 115 86 19 28 15 45 28 78 105 76 44 80 35 20 66 23 48 56 75 152 64 42 11 50 97 78 92 34 26 76 40 93 46 93 Total adultb 595 72 523 792 409 780 775 430 473 398 563 622 667 337 588 468 542 368 437 635 1,021 163 438 214 552 256 805 688 455 372 578 271 295 441 332 456 306 581 952 477 491 255 532 548 550 771 308 255 589 325 488 486 543 Totala 450 53 397 571 281 585 583 331 356 290 428 481 512 254 435 341 384 286 331 518 760 137 329 156 414 191 624 532 364 274 460 211 221 335 256 339 234 449 673 367 383 192 408 440 422 563 201 197 448 259 392 383 406 Male 847 100 747 1,085 510 1,071 1,095 636 640 562 841 917 978 455 755 653 712 523 610 916 1,469 256 651 308 795 356 1,200 971 646 506 835 391 433 609 504 647 403 835 1,207 678 737 382 784 758 782 1,040 373 372 837 473 695 721 700 2016 Femalea 64 7 57 88 30 106 90 30 68 31 41 65 70 50 113 40 65 52 55 130 83 23 26 13 44 28 82 107 79 43 83 34 18 66 22 48 57 77 149 63 43 13 54 115 79 92 26 26 73 45 95 48 100 Total adultb 582 68 513 736 376 764 763 430 460 367 544 601 676 323 587 442 503 373 438 670 997 169 424 195 530 249 822 688 466 364 597 262 284 438 325 438 306 578 891 466 484 239 524 583 545 761 287 243 576 333 492 492 532 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year. aTotal and state estimates include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. See Methodology. bImprisonment rate per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older. cIncludes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. dPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. e2016 rates are not comparable to rates from prior years due to a change in reporting methodology. See Jurisdiction notes. fState did not submit 2015 NPS data. Counts were imputed for the calculation of 2015 rates and should not be compared to 2016 rates. gState submitted updated 2015 population counts. hState did not submit 2016 NPS data. Counts were imputed. See Methodology. iState did not submit 2015 or 2016 NPS data. Counts were imputed. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2015–2016; and U.S. Census Bureau, postcensal resident population estimates for January 1 of the following calendar year. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 9 The imprisonment rates decreased for all races between 2015 and 2016 Between year-end 2015 and year-end 2016, the rate of imprisonment for black adults decreased 4% (from 1,670 per 100,000 in 2015 to 1,608 per 100,000 in 2016) (figure 2). The imprisonment rate declined 29% since 2006 (2,261 per 100,000). The rate for white adults decreased 2% between 2015 (281 per 100,000) and 2016 (274 per 100,000), and it declined 15% during the past decade (324 per 100,000 in 2006). The imprisonment rate for Hispanic adults decreased 1%, from 862 per 100,000 in 2015 to 856 in 2016. Since 2006, the imprisonment rate for Hispanics declined 20% (1,073 per 100,000 in 2006). Prison admissions and releases The number of admissions to state and federal prisons was unchanged between 2015 and 2016 Federal and state correctional authorities admitted a total of 606,000 prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year in 2016, including 419,000 new court commitments (table 8). This was unchanged from the number of prison admissions in 2015 (608,300). The BOP admitted 2,200 fewer prisoners in 2016 than in 2015, a 5% decrease that accounted for 96% of the total decline in 2016 U.S. prison admissions (down 2,300). In addition to the BOP, large decreases were observed in admissions to state prisons between 2015 and 2016 in Indiana (down 3,400 admissions), Illinois (down 1,500), and Florida (down 1,400), while increases occurred in Washington (up 3,200), Texas (up 2,500), and Idaho (up 1,700). Sixty-seven percent of state prisoners and 90% of federal prisoners admitted in 2016 entered prison on new court commitments. Fewer than a third (29%) of state and federal prisoners were admitted for post-custody supervison violations. States that admitted more than half of their prisoners for violation of conditional release in 2016 included Washington (71%), Arkansas (55%), Utah (55%), and New Hampshire (52%). Correctional authorities released 15,000 fewer prisoners from state and federal prisons in 2016 than in 2015 The total number of prisoners released by state and federal correctional authorities decreased 2% (down 15,000 releases) between 2015 (641,000) and 2016 (626,000). The BOP accounted for more than half (54%) of the total change between years, releasing 8,100 fewer prisoners in 2016. Louisiana (down 1,700 releases), Florida (down 1,500), and Indiana (down 1,500) had the largest declines in the number of released prisoners between 2015 and 2016. Washington (up 3,000 releases), Oklahoma (up 1,500), and Alabama (up 1,300) observed increases in the number of persons released from their state prison facilities in 2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 Four of the 48 states that reported type of prison release to BJS in 2016 discharged more than half of their prisoners unconditionally. Post-custody community supervision was not required for the majority of released prisoners in Massachusetts (75% releases were unconditional), Rhode Island (72%), Florida (62%), and New Jersey (56%). While the majority of releases from the federal prison system were reported as unconditional, the federal parole system was eliminated under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. However, federal courts were allowed to impose a term of supervised release after imprisonment as part of a prisoner’s sentence. Because this supervised release term was not implemented under the jurisdiction of the federal prison system, the BOP reports prison releases as unconditional even though released prisoners may serve post-custody community supervision. Figure 2 Imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older, by race and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2006–2016 Rate per 100,000 residents 2,500 2,000 Black* 1,500 1,000 Hispanic 500 0 White* 2006 2010 2015 2016 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year. Imprisonment rate is per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older. *Excludes persons of Hispanic origin. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2006–2016; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2016; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2015; Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004; and Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016. 10 Table 8 Admissions and releases of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, 2015 and 2016 Jurisdiction U.S. totalg Federale Stateg Alabama Alaskah,i Arizona Arkansas Californiaj Colorado Connecticuth Delawareh,k Floridal Georgia Hawaiih Idaho Illinoism Indianan Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marylando Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevadai New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexicop New York North Carolina North Dakotaq Ohiop Oklahoma Oregonq Pennsylvania Rhode Islandh South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermonth,q 2015 total 608,318 46,912 561,406 10,451 4,271 14,670 9,351 34,790 9,291 5,377 3,146 30,431 17,227 1,515 4,092 27,175 16,021 5,120 5,884 19,356 15,746 845 9,837 2,214 12,982 8,057 6,461 18,208 2,394 2,283 6,368 1,578 9,028 3,994 20,667 16,319 1,569 22,473 9,734 5,212 20,113 623 6,156 2,623 13,536 74,851 2,803 1,715 2016 total 606,000 44,682 561,318 10,749 1,804 13,663 9,911 35,730 8,707 4,747 3,096 29,038 17,585 1,538 5,766 25,661 12,600 5,541 6,442 20,111 15,877 657 8,843 2,059 12,573 8,027 7,510 18,426 2,666 2,310 6,059 1,538 8,837 3,615 21,081 16,009 / 22,792 8,778 / 20,326 767 6,688 2,891 12,898 77,385 3,293 1,715 Admissionsa Percent 2016 post-custody change, 2016 new court supervision 2015–2016 commitments violationsc -0.4% 419,028 173,468 -4.8% 40,432 4,249 0.0% 378,596 169,219 2.9 7,738 1,234 : 1,650 154 -6.9 11,042 2,489 6.0 4,431 5,480 2.7 31,518 4,212 -6.3 5,428 3,279 -11.7 4,002 635 -1.6 2,337 729 -4.6 28,236 99 2.1 15,491 2,086 1.5 926 612 40.9 3,768 1,987 -5.6 16,831 8,828 -21.4 8,301 4,132 8.2 3,885 1,624 9.5 3,796 1,496 3.9 11,295 8,672 0.8 10,384 5,493 -22.2 650 5 -10.1 6,128 2,712 -7.0 1,825 225 -3.2 7,004 3,058 -0.4 4,845 3,182 16.2 5,437 1,953 1.2 9,834 8,589 11.4 1,990 676 1.2 1,823 485 : 4,754 893 -2.5 736 802 -2.1 6,116 2,721 -9.5 2,311 1,304 2.0 12,654 8,331 -1.9 12,274 3,734 : / / 1.4 17,992 4,789 -9.8 6,383 2,395 : / / 1.1 9,093 10,143 23.1 666 101 8.6 5,395 1,285 10.2 1,510 573 -4.7 7,765 5,133 3.4 47,207 26,538 17.5 1,483 1,810 0.0 601 1,114 2015 total 641,027 60,156 580,871 11,446 4,085 14,092 9,702 41,257 9,958 5,937 4,261 32,690 15,599 1,293 5,315 29,650 16,075 5,134 5,924 18,476 17,971 682 10,258 2,708 13,713 7,669 6,104 17,930 2,413 2,317 5,838 1,660 10,248 3,737 21,775 16,353 1,484 21,759 8,898 5,084 20,847 781 6,595 2,746 14,488 76,189 3,346 1,886 2016 total 626,024 52,035 573,989 12,711 2,159 13,857 10,370 34,528 8,934 5,618 4,041 31,166 15,053 1,666 5,479 28,615 14,561 5,305 6,394 18,552 16,308 647 9,459 2,458 14,081 8,254 7,080 18,410 2,546 2,366 5,778 1,601 9,685 3,631 22,047 16,677 / 22,850 10,404 / 20,418 939 6,709 2,832 13,508 76,733 3,611 1,733 Releasesb Percent change, 2016 2016 2015–2016 unconditionald,e conditionale,f -2.3% 168,752 426,755 -13.5% 50,775 308 -1.2% 117,977 426,447 11.1 3,912 7,756 : 515 1,532 -1.7 2,430 11,190 6.9 804 9,494 -16.3 52 17,063 -10.3 1,212 7,569 -5.4 2,733 2,865 -5.2 314 3,658 -4.7 19,193 11,595 -3.5 6,982 7,940 28.8 366 591 3.1 505 4,923 -3.5 4,100 24,414 -9.4 1,307 13,182 3.3 1,156 4,043 7.9 1,718 4,630 0.4 4,118 13,814 -9.3 1,108 15,061 -5.1 239 402 -7.8 3,255 6,148 -9.2 1,853 575 2.7 703 11,151 7.6 955 7,278 16.0 566 6,443 2.7 1,608 16,678 5.5 260 2,264 2.1 732 1,594 : 2,525 3,209 -3.6 75 1,515 -5.5 5,412 3,919 -2.8 989 2,626 1.2 2,382 19,321 2.0 2,728 13,829 : / / 5.0 9,492 13,200 16.9 3,383 6,925 : / / -2.1 3,239 16,991 20.2 672 267 1.7 2,441 4,171 3.1 303 2,022 -6.8 5,189 8,217 0.7 10,382 63,875 7.9 945 2,644 -8.1 273 1,453 Continued on next page P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 11 TABLE 8 (continued) Admissions and releases of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, 2015 and 2016 Jurisdiction Virginiaq Washingtonp West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2015 total 11,762 21,824 3,879 6,442 942 2016 total 12,163 25,055 3,584 6,600 997 Admissionsa Percent 2016 post-custody change, 2016 new court supervision 2015–2016 commitments violationsc 3.4 12,030 133 14.8 7,356 17,694 -7.6 2,272 984 2.5 4,272 2,301 5.8 748 249 2015 total 12,483 21,939 3,644 5,532 900 2016 total 12,653 24,940 3,543 5,743 1,041 Releasesb Percent change, 2016 2016 2015–2016 unconditionald,e conditionale,f 1.4 1,174 11,368 13.7 2,169 22,729 -2.8 832 2,159 3.8 236 5,432 15.7 218 811 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners admitted to or released from state or federal correctional authority with a sentence of more than 1 year. : Not calculated. /Not reported. aExcludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL), and includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. See Methodology. bExcludes transfers, escapes, and those AWOL, and includes deaths, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. See Methodology. cIncludes all conditional release violators returned to prison from post-custody community supervision, including parole and probation, for either violations of conditions of release or new crimes. dIncludes expirations of sentence, commutations, and other unconditional releases. eIncludes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. The Federal Bureau of Prisons reports prison releases as unconditional even though prisoners may serve post-custody community supervision. fIncludes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases. gU.S. total and state estimates for 2015 include imputed counts for Alaska, Nevada, Oregon, and Vermont, which did not submit 2015 NPS data on admissions and releases. U.S. total and state estimates for 2016 include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data on admissions and releases. See Methodology. hPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. iState did not submit 2015 NPS admissions or release data. Totals for 2015 admissions and releases were imputed by BJS and are not comparable to 2016 data. See Methodology. jCalifornia reported that 16,887 prisoners were released as transfers in 2016. These prisoners were released from state jurisdiction to post-custody supervision by county authorities. kReleases include offenders who received a combined sentence of prison and probation of more than 1 year. lFlorida does not report technical violation prison admissions. All admissions represent new sentences. mIllinois includes short-term movements of fewer than 30 days in its admission and release counts. See Jurisdiction notes. nIndiana underwent a major criminal code overhaul in 2014 that caused a large decrease in prison admissions and releases for the first time in 2016. oCounts for 2015 and 2016 admissions and releases are not comparable to earlier years due to a change in reporting methodology. pIncludes all admissions and releases from state prison, regardless of sentence length. See Jurisdiction notes. qState did not submit 2016 NPS admissions or release data. Total and detailed types of admissions and releases were imputed and included in U.S. and state totals. See Methodology and Jurisdiction notes. rAdmission and release counts are for fiscal year 2016, and new court commitment counts are preliminary estimates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2015–2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 12 Ninety-six percent of non-U.S. citizens in state or federal prison were males. Other selected findings „„ The remainder of this report presents characteristics of prisoner demographics, offenses, facilities, and other institutional correctional systems. These statistics are presented in a series of tables, with bulleted highlights. Prisoners age 17 or younger Demographic characteristics „„ A tenth (11%) of prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year in state or federal prison at year-end 2016 were age 55 or older (table 9). „„ At year-end 2016, an estimated 7% of non-Hispanic white males in state and federal prison were ages 18 to 24, compared to 13% of non-Hispanic black males and 12% of Hispanic males. „„ Sixteen percent of while male prisoners were age 55 or older, compared to 10% of black male and 8% of Hispanic male prisoners. „„ Eight percent each of white and black female prisoners in 2015 were age 55 or older, compared to 5% of Hispanic female prisoners. „„ More than twice as many white females (48,900 prisoners) as black (20,300) or Hispanic (19,300) females were in state and federal prison at year-end 2016. „„ About 2.5% of black male U.S. residents were in state or federal prison on December 31, 2016 (2,415 per 100,000 black residents) (table 10). „„ Black males ages 18 to 19 were 11.8 times more likely to be imprisoned than white males of the same age. This age group had the highest black-to-white racial disparity in 2016. „„ Black males age 65 or older were 4.4 times more likely to be imprisoned than white males age 65 or older. This age group had the lowest black-to-white racial disparity in 2016. „„ The imprisonment rate for black females (96 per 100,000 black female residents) was almost double that for white females (49 per 100,000 white female residents). „„ Among females ages 18 to 19, black females were 3.1 times more likely than white females and 2.2 times more likely than Hispanic females to be imprisoned in 2016. „„ On December 31, 2106, states held fewer than 1,000 prisoners age 17 or younger in adult facilities. „„ The BOP held fewer than 50 prisoners age 17 or younger in private contract facilities at year-end 2016. Offense characteristics „„ More than half (54% or 707,900 prisoners) of all state prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year at year-end 2015 (the most recent year for which state prison offense data are available) were serving sentences for violent offenses on their current term of imprisonment (table 12; table 13). „„ At year-end 2015, an estimated 14% of sentenced prisoners (177,600 prisoners) were serving time in state prison for murder or nonnegligent manslaughter, and an additional 12% of state prisoners (161,900) had been sentenced for rape or sexual assault. „„ Among sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities on December 31, 2015, 15% (197,200 prisoners) had been convicted of a drug offense as their most serious crime. „„ At year-end 2015, 60% of all Hispanic prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year in state prison were sentenced for a violent offense, compared to 59% of black and 47% of white prisoners. „„ A quarter (25%) of females serving time in state prison on December 31, 2015, had been convicted of a drug offense, compared to 14% of males. „„ Forty-seven percent (81,900) of sentenced federal prisoners on September 30, 2016 (the most recent date for which federal offense data are available) were serving time for a drug offense (table 14; table 15). „„ More than a third (38% or 65,900 prisoners) of federal prisoners were imprisoned for a public order offense, including 17% (28,800 federal prisoners) for a weapons offense and 8% (13,300) for an adjudicated immigration offense. „„ More than half (56% or 6,300) of female federal prisoners were serving sentences for a drug offense, compared to 47% of males (75,600). „„ A larger proportion of white offenders in federal prison (45%) were serving time for a public order offense on September 30, 2016, than blacks (34%) or Hispanics (38%). „„ More than half (57%) of Hispanic federal prisoners in 2016 were convicted of a drug offense, and nearly a quarter (23%) were serving time for an adjudicated immigration offense. Noncitizens „„ More than 21% of federal prisoners (39,956 of 189,192) were non-U.S. citizens (excluding persons detained by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security) (table 11). „„ States reported holding an additional 43,600 non-U.S. citizens in prisons on December 31, 2016. However, state data are undercounted, as five states—California, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, and Oregon—did not report counts and some states likely provided undercounts, in part because the definition of non-U.S. citizen varied across states. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 13 Prison capacity „„ „„ At year-end 2016, a total of 14 states and the BOP met or exceeded the maximum measure of their prison facilities’ capacity, and 27 states and the BOP had a number of prisoners in their custody that met or exceeded their minimum number of beds (table 16). Jurisdictions with more prisoners in custody than the maximum number of beds for which their facilities were designed, rated, or operationally intended included Illinois (138%), Nebraska (126%), Iowa (115%), the BOP (114%), Delaware (114%), Colorado (109%), and Virginia (108%). Private prisons „„ In 2016, 9% of state and federal prisoners were held in privately operated facilities that were under the jurisdiction of 28 states and the BOP (table 17). „„ Federal prisoners held in private prisons decreased by 800 prisoners (down 2%) between 2015 and 2016. „„ Private prison facilities, including nonsecure community corrections centers and home confinement, housed 18% of the federal prison population on December 31, 2016. „„ Private facilities in Louisiana were reclassified as local facilities in July 2016. „„ Five states housed at least 20% of their prison population in privately operated facilities at year-end 2016: New Mexico (43%), Montana (39%), Oklahoma (27%), Tennessee (26%), and Hawaii (25%). Prisoners held in local jails „„ „„ At year-end 2016, a total of 83,700 prisoners were held in the custody of local jails for 35 states and the BOP, a 3% increase (up 2,500 prisoners) from 81,200 prisoners in 2015. „„ Six states held at least 20% of their state prisoners in local jail facilities at year-end 2016: Kentucky (48%), Louisiana (58%); Mississippi (26%), Utah (26%), Tennessee (24%), and Virginia (21%). U.S. military and territories „„ At year-end 2016, the U.S. military held 1,100 persons sentenced to 1 year or more and 1,300 persons of all sentence lengths under their correctional authority (table 18). „„ Almost half (48%) of offenders under military correctional authority had served in the U.S. Army before imprisonment. „„ The Army had custody of two-thirds (66%) of all military personnel sentenced to 1 year or more on December 31, 2016, and the U.S. Navy held nearly a third (31%). „„ Of military personnel with known offense data sentenced to any term of imprisonment under military jurisdiction, 43% had committed violent offenses, including 28% incarcerated for violent sexual offenses, 6% for murder, and 7% for assault (table 19). „„ Almost two-thirds (65%) of the total military prison population were serving time for committing violent or nonviolent sex offenses, including sexual misconduct. „„ The five U.S. territories and commonwealths held a total of 12,300 persons in the custody of correctional authorities at year-end 2016 (table 20). Reported race and Hispanic origin „„ State DOCs and the BOP reported the race and Hispanic origin distribution of their prison populations (table 21). „„ These data are administrative in nature and may not reflect prisoners' self-identification of race or Hispanic origin. Louisiana increased the proportion of its state prisoners held in local facilities from 49% at year-end 2015 to 58% in 2016 as a result of reclassifying its private prisons to local jail facilities in 2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 14 Table 9 Percent of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age, December 31, 2016 Age group Totala Totalc 100% 18–19 0.8 20–24 10.0 25–29 15.8 30–34 16.3 35–39 15.2 40–44 11.9 45–49 10.2 50–54 8.5 55–59 5.7 60–64 3.0 65 or older 2.6 Number of sentenced prisonersd 1,458,173 All malea 100% 0.8 10.0 15.7 16.1 15.1 11.9 10.2 8.6 5.8 3.1 2.7 1,352,684 Whiteb 100% 0.4 7.2 13.4 15.4 14.4 11.8 11.4 10.3 7.3 4.1 4.3 390,900 Male Blackb 100% 1.1 11.9 16.8 15.6 14.9 11.6 9.9 8.3 5.5 2.6 1.7 466,600 Hispanic 100% 0.9 11.0 17.2 17.9 16.5 12.5 9.2 6.7 4.0 2.2 1.8 320,000 Otherb 100% 0.8 11.3 16.0 17.8 15.0 12.3 9.9 7.5 4.7 2.3 2.3 175,200 All femalea 100% 0.5 8.7 18.0 19.1 16.3 12.1 10.0 7.8 4.3 1.9 1.3 105,489 Whiteb 100% 0.4 7.4 17.6 19.4 16.4 12.3 10.4 8.2 4.5 2.0 1.6 48,900 Female Blackb 100% 0.5 10.8 17.7 16.7 14.8 11.8 10.8 8.9 4.9 2.0 1.0 20,300 Hispanic 100% 0.5 10.4 19.7 21.2 17.6 11.4 8.3 5.7 2.6 1.0 1.0 19,300 Otherb 100% 0.6 10.6 18.8 20.6 16.5 12.4 8.2 6.5 3.5 1.2 1.2 17,000 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. Federal data include prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. Includes imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin. cIncludes persons age 17 or younger. dRounded to the nearest 100. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2016; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2015; and Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016 (preliminary). Table 10 Imprisonment rate of sentenced state and federal prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents, by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age, December 31, 2016 Age group Totala Totalc 450 18–19 130 20–24 653 25–29 998 30–34 1,091 35–39 1,053 40–44 886 45–49 710 50–54 575 55–59 377 60–64 220 65 or older 76 Number of sentenced prisonersd 1,458,173 All malea 847 244 1,191 1,801 1,981 1,944 1,655 1,333 1,093 733 439 165 1,352,684 Whiteb 400 72 453 803 960 934 820 688 572 376 229 97 390,900 Male Blackb 2,415 853 3,371 4,725 5,334 5,435 4,645 3,781 3,087 2,142 1,246 430 466,600 Hispanic 1,092 298 1,417 2,249 2,450 2,359 1,975 1,611 1,359 1,016 739 319 320,000 Otherb 1,305 338 1,831 2,485 3,006 2,791 2,430 2,106 1,756 1,208 683 321 175,200 All femalea 64 11 85 167 186 164 129 100 75 40 19 5 105,489 Whiteb 49 8 61 136 155 136 108 79 56 28 13 4 48,900 Female Blackb 96 25 141 216 232 214 181 158 124 72 33 8 20,300 Hispanic 67 11 85 170 193 161 114 90 69 41 22 8 19,300 Otherb 118 21 168 271 312 263 213 150 133 79 35 9 17,000 Note: Counts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. Imprisonment rate is the number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents of corresponding sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age. Resident population estimates are from the U.S. Census Bureau for January 1, 2016. Includes imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin. cIncludes persons age 17 or younger. dRace and Hispanic origin totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2016; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2015; Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016 (preliminary); and U.S. Census Bureau, postcensal resident population estimates for January 1, 2017. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 15 Table 11 Non-U.S. citizen prisoners and prisoners age 17 or younger under jurisdiction of federal correctional authorities or the custody of state correctional authorities, by sex, December 31, 2016 Jurisdiction U.S. totalb,c,d Federalc,d,e Stateb Alabama Alaskaf Arizona Arkansas California Coloradoe Connecticutf Delawaref Floridag Georgia Hawaiif,h Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusettsh Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missourie,h Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexicoi New Yorke North Carolina North Dakota Ohioj Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandf South Carolina South Dakota Tennesseee Texas Utah Vermontf Virginia Washington Total 83,573 39,956 43,617 176 113 4,662 278 / 1,401 419 319 6,984 2,468 128 303 1,637 573 136 307 154 128 56 603 623 535 426 18 498 19 219 / ... 1,279 141 4,232 1,268 / 479 176 / 1,117 65 466 87 289 8,331 336 2 849 769 Non-U.S. citizen prisonersa Male 80,744 38,424 42,320 173 108 4,537 268 / 1,353 408 303 6,723 2,366 122 291 1,595 563 132 298 152 127 53 591 602 520 417 18 456 17 217 / ... 1,254 138 4,108 1,240 / 464 173 / 1,083 64 446 81 279 8,133 329 2 828 753 Female 2,829 1,532 1,297 3 5 125 10 / 48 11 16 261 102 6 12 42 10 4 9 2 1 3 12 21 15 9 0 42 2 2 / ... 25 3 124 28 / 15 3 / 34 1 20 6 10 198 7 0 21 16 Total 956 ... 956 27 4 76 17 0 4 63 12 143 67 0 0 3 25 7 0 0 11 0 9 0 85 8 24 7 0 4 15 0 3 0 68 72 / 30 4 / 29 0 42 0 8 45 0 0 5 0 Prisoners age 17 or younger Male 923 ... 923 27 4 74 17 0 4 61 12 138 64 0 0 3 23 7 0 0 11 0 8 0 84 8 24 7 0 4 15 0 3 0 66 68 / 30 4 / 28 0 41 0 8 40 0 0 5 0 Female 33 ... 33 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 / 0 0 / 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Continued on next page P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 16 TABLE 11 (continued) Non-U.S. citizen prisoners and prisoners age 17 or younger under jurisdiction of federal correctional authorities or the custody of state correctional authorities, by sex, December 31, 2016 Jurisdiction West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total 25 451 49 Non-U.S. citizen prisonersa Male 25 438 49 Female 0 13 0 Total 0 37 2 Prisoners age 17 or younger Male 0 33 2 Female 0 4 0 Note: The definition of non-U.S. citizen varies across jurisdictions. Interpret data with caution. Totals include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. See Methodology. ...Not available. /Not reported. aUnless otherwise noted, BJS assumes that non-U.S. citizens are identified by individual jurisdictions as persons with current citizenship of a country other than the United States as of December 31, 2016. bTotal U.S. and state counts of non-U.S. citizen prisoners for 2016 are an undercount due to the exclusion or under reporting of data from several states. cThe Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) holds prisoners age 17 or younger in private contract facilities; 49 such prisoners were housed in contract facilities in 2016. dFederal counts include non-U.S. citizens held in BOP-managed, privately operated, and community corrections facilities. eAs in previous versions of this report, non-U.S. citizens are defined as foreign born. fPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. gIn 2016, the Florida Department of Corrections revised its definition of non-U.S. citizen to include additional variables to determine a more accurate "confirmed alien" status. hCitizenship based on self-reported data. iIncludes all non-U.S. citizens, regardless of whether they are held in New Mexico state facilities, private facilities, local jails, or in other jurisdiction's facilities. jCounts represent all prisoners under the jurisdiction of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction with the exception of those held in privately operated halfway houses. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 17 Table 12 Percent of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state correctional authority, by most serious offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2015 Most serious offense Total Violent Murderc Manslaughter Rape or sexual assault Robbery Aggravated or simple assault Other Property Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other Drug Drug possession Otherd Public order Weapons DUI Othere Other/unspecifiedf Total number of sentenced prisonersg All prisonersa 100% 54.5% 13.7 1.3 12.5 13.2 10.5 3.4 18.0% 9.7 3.7 0.7 1.9 2.0 15.2% 3.4 11.7 11.6% 3.9 1.9 5.7 0.7% Male 100% 55.9% 13.8 1.3 13.3 13.6 10.6 3.3 17.3% 9.9 3.3 0.7 1.5 1.9 14.4% 3.2 11.3 11.7% 4.1 1.9 5.7 0.7% Female 100% 37.0% 11.6 2.4 2.4 8.1 8.6 3.9 26.9% 7.3 8.8 0.8 7.1 3.0 24.9% 6.8 18.1 10.2% 1.7 2.6 5.9 1.0% Whiteb 100% 47.1% 10.2 1.4 16.0 7.5 8.9 3.1 24.0% 11.6 5.2 1.0 3.1 3.1 15.1% 3.7 11.4 12.9% 2.6 2.9 7.4 0.9% Blackb 100% 58.8% 15.6 0.8 8.2 19.3 11.6 3.4 15.2% 9.2 2.8 0.5 1.4 1.2 14.4% 3.2 11.1 11.2% 5.3 0.8 5.1 0.4% Hispanic 100% 60.2% 15.3 1.0 13.6 12.9 13.3 4.1 12.8% 7.6 2.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 13.9% 3.1 10.8 12.7% 5.0 2.7 4.9 0.4% 1,298,159 1,204,799 93,360 403,600 429,000 278,600 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Estimates are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, or Other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. cIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. dIncludes trafficking and other drug offenses. eIncludes court offenses; commercialized vice, morals, and decency offenses; liquor law violations; and other public order offenses. fIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. gRace and Hispanic origin totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2015; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2015; Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004; and Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016 (preliminary). P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 18 Table 13 Number of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of state correctional authority, by most serious offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2015 Most serious offense Totalc Violent Murderd Manslaughter Rape or sexual assault Robbery Aggravated or simple assault Other Property Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other Drug Drug possession Othere Public order Weapons DUI Otherf Other/unspecifiedg All prisonersa 1,298,159 707,900 177,600 17,500 161,900 171,400 135,700 43,800 234,000 126,000 47,700 9,400 24,700 26,200 197,200 44,700 152,500 150,100 50,500 25,300 74,400 8,900 Male 1,204,799 673,400 166,800 15,300 159,600 163,900 127,600 40,200 208,900 119,200 39,500 8,700 18,100 23,400 174,000 38,400 135,600 140,600 48,900 22,900 68,800 7,900 Female 93,360 34,500 10,900 2,200 2,200 7,600 8,100 3,600 25,100 6,800 8,200 700 6,600 2,800 23,200 6,400 16,900 9,500 1,600 2,400 5,500 1,000 Whiteb 403,600 190,100 41,300 5,500 64,700 30,300 35,900 12,300 96,900 47,000 21,000 4,000 12,400 12,500 61,000 15,100 45,900 52,200 10,600 11,600 29,900 3,500 Blackb 429,000 252,300 66,800 3,600 35,000 82,700 49,600 14,600 65,000 39,600 12,000 2,300 6,000 5,100 61,600 13,900 47,700 48,200 22,900 3,300 22,100 1,900 Hispanic 278,600 167,700 42,600 2,800 37,800 36,000 37,200 11,300 35,700 21,100 6,100 2,500 2,800 3,200 38,800 8,700 30,100 35,400 14,000 7,600 13,800 1,100 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Estimates are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, or Other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. cRace and Hispanic origin totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. dIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. eIncludes trafficking and other drug offenses. fIncludes court offenses; commercialized vice, morals, and decency offenses; liquor law violations; and other public order offenses. gIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2015; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2015; Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004; and Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016 (preliminary). P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 19 Table 14 Percent of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of federal correctional authority, by most serious offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, September 30, 2016 Most serious offense Total Violent Homicidec Robbery Other Property Burglary Fraud Other Drugd Public order Immigration Weapons Other Other/unspecifiede Total number of sentenced prisonersf All prisonersa 100% 7.7% 1.6 3.8 2.3 6.1% 0.2 4.8 1.1 47.5% 38.2% 7.7 16.7 13.8 0.5% 172,554 Male 100% 8.0% 1.6 4.0 2.4 5.2% 0.2 4.0 1.0 46.8% 39.5% 8.0 17.6 13.9 0.5% 161,332 Female 100% 4.5% 1.4 1.7 1.4 18.6% 0.2 15.8 2.7 56.4% 19.7% 3.3 4.1 12.3 0.7% 11,222 Whiteb,f 100% 7.1% 0.7 4.7 1.7 9.1% 0.1 7.3 1.8 37.5% 45.3% 0.8 14.6 29.9 0.9% 47,300 Blackb,f 100% 10.4% 2.6 5.8 2.1 6.4% 0.4 5.0 1.1 48.5% 34.4% 0.3 26.0 8.0 0.3% 63,900 Hispanicf 100% 2.4% 0.4 1.0 0.9 2.9% 0.0 2.4 0.4 56.5% 37.9% 22.7 8.2 7.0 0.3% 55,800 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on sentenced prisoners of all sentence lengths under federal jurisdiction on September 30, 2016. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. cIncludes murder and negligent and nonnegligent manslaughter. dIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. More than 99% of federal drug offenders are sentenced for trafficking. eIncludes offenses not classified. fRace and Hispanic origin totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. Race and Hispanic origin data are not adjusted to self-report data. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2016 (preliminary). Table 15 Number of sentenced prisoners under jurisdiction of federal correctional authority, by most serious offense, that race, sex and Hispanic origin, September 30, 2016 Most serious offense Totalc Violent Homicided Robbery Other Property Burglary Fraud Other Druge Public order Immigration Weapons Other Other/unspecifiedf All prisonersa 172,554 13,400 2,800 6,600 4,000 10,600 400 8,300 1,900 81,900 65,900 13,300 28,800 23,800 900 Male 161,332 12,800 2,600 6,400 3,800 8,500 400 6,500 1,600 75,600 63,700 12,900 28,300 22,500 800 Female 11,222 600 200 200 200 2,100 0 1,800 300 6,300 2,300 400 500 1,400 100 Whiteb,g 47,300 3,300 300 2,200 800 4,300 100 3,400 800 17,700 21,400 400 6,900 14,100 400 Blackb,g 63,900 6,700 1,700 3,700 1,300 4,200 300 3,200 700 31,000 21,900 200 16,600 5,100 200 Hispanicg 55,800 1,300 200 600 500 1,500 0 1,300 200 31,600 21,200 12,700 4,600 3,900 200 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on sentenced prisoners of all sentence lengths under federal jurisdiction on September 30, 2016. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. aIncludes American Indians and Alaska Natives; Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders; and persons of two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. cRace and Hispanic origin totals are rounded to the nearest 100 to accommodate differences in data collection techniques between jurisdictions. dIncludes murder and negligent and nonnegligent manslaughter. eIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. More than 99% of federal drug offenders are sentenced for trafficking. fIncludes offenses not classified. gRace and Hispanic origin data are not adjusted to self-report data Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2016 (preliminary). P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 20 Table 16 Prison facility capacity, custody population, and percent capacity, December 31, 2016 Jurisdiction Federalb State Alabamac Alaska Arizonad Arkansas Californiac Coloradoe Connecticut Delawarec Florida Georgiad Hawaii Idahod Illinoisc Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisianaf Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michiganc Minnesota Mississippid,f Missouric Montana Nebraskac Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotag Ohio Oklahoma Oregong Pennsylvaniad Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakotac,d Tennessee Texasc Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Rated 135,334 Type of capacity measure Operational ... Design ... Custody population 154,339 ... 4,838 38,895 16,410 ... ... / 5,514 ... 58,975 ... ... 31,661 ... 7,288 9,180 11,699 18,121 2,344 ... ... 43,278 ... ... ... ... ... 14,122 2,583 16,738 ... 51,163 ... ... / 17,902 ... 47,624 3,989 ... ... 15,794 159,696 ... 1,680 ... ... 5,214 ... 2,288 25,784 ... 44,831 16,449 126,832 14,582 / 5,566 88,738 53,527 3,777 7,005 26,584 29,000 7,288 9,654 11,699 16,124 4,700 23,439 10,660 42,441 9,504 23,516 32,223 1,689 4,094 ... 2,700 17,923 7,055 51,473 37,587 1,353 / 20,299 ... 47,624 3,774 22,380 3,795 15,376 153,501 6,492 1,680 27,537 16,755 5,989 22,991 2,288 13,318 ... 38,895 15,626 89,763 13,155 / 4,092 ... ... 3,527 ... 27,778 ... 7,288 9,164 11,954 16,764 4,700 ... 7,728 ... ... ... ... ... 3,275 13,491 1,966 23,016 7,055 50,762 ... 1,353 / 17,902 14,997 47,624 3,973 ... ... ... 159,696 6,699 1,668 ... ... 5,214 17,181 2,407 23,397 4,378 42,248 15,833 117,557 15,922 14,532 6,334 85,834 53,433 3,777 7,221 43,616 25,143 8,378 9,653 11,867 17,932 2,356 20,211 9,038 41,122 9,509 13,720 32,427 1,718 5,167 13,932 2,599 16,738 3,956 50,611 35,970 1,379 45,913 19,218 14,579 48,287 2,887 20,376 3,770 14,106 137,584 4,502 1,471 29,882 17,228 5,899 23,163 2,083 Custody population as a percent of— Lowest capacitya Highest capacitya 114.0% 114.0% 175.7% 90.5 108.6 101.3 131.0 121.0 / 154.8 96.7 99.8 107.1 103.1 164.1 86.7 115.0 105.3 101.4 111.2 100.5 86.2 117.0 96.9 100.1 58.3 100.6 101.7 157.8 103.3 132.2 100.0 56.1 99.7 95.7 101.9 / 107.4 97.2 101.4 76.5 91.0 99.3 91.7 89.6 69.3 88.2 108.5 102.8 113.1 134.8 91.0 90.7% 90.5 94.2 96.3 92.7 109.2 / 113.8 96.7 90.6 100.0 103.1 137.8 86.7 115.0 100.0 99.3 99.0 50.1 86.2 84.8 95.0 100.1 58.3 100.6 101.7 126.2 98.7 96.3 72.7 56.1 98.3 95.7 101.9 / 94.7 97.2 101.4 72.4 91.0 99.3 89.3 86.2 67.2 87.6 108.5 102.8 98.5 100.7 86.5 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. ...Not available. Specific type of capacity is not measured by state. /Not reported. aExcludes inmates held in local jails, other states, or private facilities, unless otherwise stated. Lowest capacity represents the minimum capacity estimate submitted by the jurisdiction, while highest capacity represents the maximum capacity estimate. When a jurisdiction could only provide a single capacity estimate, it was used as both lowest and highest capacities. bDue to differences in the dates when data were extracted, the federal custody count reported for the calculation of capacity differs slightly from the year-end custody count reported in NPS and includes prisoners of all sentence lengths. cState defines capacity differently than BJS. See Jurisdiction notes. dPrivate facilities included in capacity and custody counts. eCounts for 2016 are not comparable to prior years due to a change in reporting methodology. See Jurisdiction notes. fLocal facilities included in capacity and custody counts. gState did not submit 2016 NPS custody or capacity data. Custody count was imputed. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 21 Table 17 Prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities held in the custody of private prisons and local jails, December 31, 2015 and 2016 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federalb State Alabama Alaskac Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutc Delawarec Florida Georgia Hawaiic Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontc Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2015 126,272 34,934 91,338 398 593 6,471 0 2,195 3,987 524 0 12,487 7,953 1,340 545 0 4,204 0 0 0 3,152 0 30 0 0 0 3,946 0 1,490 0 0 0 2,863 3,026 0 29 427 6,050 7,446 / 605 0 14 22 5,172 14,293 0 241 1,568 0 0 0 267 Prisoners held in private prisonsa Percent change Percentage of total 2016 2015–2016 jurisdiction, 2016 128,323 1.6% 8.5% 34,159 -2.2% 18.1% 94,164 3.1% 7.2% 348 -12.6 1.2 551 -7.1 12.4 8,285 28.0 19.6 0 ~ ~ 7,005 219.1 5.4 3,564 -10.6 17.8 508 -3.1 3.4 0 ~ ~ 12,176 -2.5 12.2 7,973 0.3 14.9 1,405 4.9 25.1 420 -22.9 5.1 0 ~ ~ 3,927 -6.6 15.4 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 : : 0 ~ ~ 25 -16.7 0.1 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 3,078 -22.0 16.0 0 ~ ~ 1,481 -0.6 38.8 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 2,720 -5.0 13.7 3,040 0.5 43.1 0 ~ ~ 30 3.4 0.1 / : : 6,259 3.5 12.0 7,149 -4.0 26.6 / : : 680 12.4 1.4 0 ~ ~ 12 -14.3 0.1 34 54.5 0.9 7,433 43.7 26.4 13,692 -4.2 8.4 0 ~ ~ 264 9.5 15.2 1,576 0.5 4.2 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 269 0.7 11.3 2015 81,196 769 80,427 1,788 46 439 1,923 0 82 0 0 1,073 4,902 0 814 0 596 0 78 9,738 17,930 20 163 431 295 1,211 4,933 0 491 218 102 46 101 0 6 0 37 0 1,173 / 984 0 332 1 8,416 11,093 1,601 0 7,973 158 1,193 27 13 Prisoners held in local jails Percent change Percentage of total 2016 2015–2016 jurisdiction, 2016 83,679 3.1% 5.6% 832 8.2% 0.4% 82,847 3.0% 6.3% 1,445 -19.2 5.0 40 -13.0 0.9 0 -100.0 0.0 1,369 -28.8 7.8 1,651 ~ : 376 358.5 1.9 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 1,161 8.2 1.2 5,066 3.3 9.4 0 ~ ~ 791 -2.8 9.6 0 ~ ~ 403 -32.4 1.6 0 ~ ~ 78 0.0 0.8 11,151 14.5 48.4 20,623 15.0 57.8 11 -45.0 0.5 94 -42.3 0.5 363 -15.8 3.9 0 -100.0 0.0 1,023 -15.5 9.7 5,040 2.2 26.3 0 ~ ~ 589 20.0 15.4 149 -31.7 2.8 120 17.6 0.9 44 -4.3 1.6 83 -17.8 0.4 0 ~ ~ 13 116.7 0.0 0 ~ ~ / : : 0 ~ ~ 316 -73.1 1.2 / : : 526 -46.5 1.1 0 ~ ~ 344 3.6 1.6 0 -100.0 0.0 6,725 -20.1 23.8 12,051 8.6 7.4 1,618 1.1 26.2 0 ~ ~ 7,931 -0.5 21.0 178 12.7 0.9 1,263 5.9 17.6 187 592.6 0.8 7 -46.2 0.3 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Totals include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit these data to the 2016 NPS. : Not calculated. ~Not applicable. /Not reported. aIncludes prisoners held in private facilities in the jurisdiction and another state. bIncludes federal prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated facilities (9,211) and on home confinement (3,282). Excludes persons held in immigration detention facilities pending adjudication. cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2015–2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 22 Table 18 Prisoners under military jurisdiction, by branch of service, December 31, 2015 and 2016 Jurisdiction Total number of prisoners Military branch of service Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy Coast Guard In custody of— Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy Total populationa Percent change 2015 2016 2015–2016 1,398 1,338 -4.3% Sentenced populationb Percent change 2015 2016 2015–2016 1,092 1,084 -0.7% 250 668 255 202 23 236 646 245 191 20 -5.6% -3.3 -3.9 -5.4 -13.0 187 589 157 141 18 192 577 153 145 17 2.7% -2.0 -2.5 2.8 -5.6 33 802 80 483 27 781 109 421 -18.2% -2.6 36.3 -12.8 2 736 13 341 5 713 27 339 : -3.1% 107.7 -0.6 : Not calculated. aIncludes all prisoners under military jurisdiction, regardless of conviction status or sentence length. bIncludes prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year under military jurisdiction. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, based on data from the Office of the Under Secretary for Defense for Personnel and Readiness, U.S. Department of Defense, 2015–2016. Table 19 Percent of prisoners under jurisdiction of military correctional authority, with sentences of any length, by most serious offense and branch of service, December 31, 2016 Most serious offense Total Violent offenses Nonviolent offenses Total Sexual Violent Nonviolentb Other violent Murderc Manslaughter Robbery Aggravated/simple assualt Other Property Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other Drugd Public order Military Other/unspecified Total number of prisoners Totala 100% 42.9% 57.1% 100% 65.5% 27.9 37.5 15.0% 6.4 0.5 0.5 6.8 0.8 4.2% 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 6.4% 0.3% 5.2% 3.5% 1,236 Air Force 100% 41.8% 58.25% 100% 70.5% 31.8 38.6 10.0% 5.0 0.5 0.0 4.1 0.5 2.3% 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 11.8% 0.5% 3.6% 1.4% 220 Army 100% 44.7% 55.3% 100% 66.4% 26.4 39.9 18.2% 8.0 0.3 0.8 8.0 1.1 4.2% 0.3 2.2 0.0 0.9 0.8 2.7% 0.3% 2.5% 5.7% 636 Marine Corps 100% 41.7% 58.3% 100% 55.7% 29.2 26.6 12.5% 5.2 0.0 0.5 6.3 0.5 6.3% 1.6 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 9.4% 0.0% 15.1% 1.0% 192 Navy 100% 39.6% 60.4% 100% 64.5% 26.0 38.5 13.6% 4.1 1.8 0.0 7.1 0.6 4.7% 0.6 3.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 10.1% 0.6% 5.3% 1.2% 169 Note: Counts are based on prisoners sentenced to any length of time under military correctional authority. Excludes pretrial detainees. Coast Guard offense distribution not shown due to too few cases. aIncludes prisoners who served in the Coast Guard (not shown separately). bIncludes sexual harassment, indecent exposure and other acts, prostitution, stalking, and other nonviolent sexual misconduct. cIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. dIncludes possession, use, trafficking, and other drug crimes. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, based on data from the Office of the Under Secretary for Defense for Personnel and Readiness, U.S. Department of Defense, 2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 23 Table 20 Prisoners under jurisdiction or in custody of correctional authorities in U.S. territories and commonwealths, by prison facility capacity, December 31, 2016 Jurisdiction Total American Samoab Guamc Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth of Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islandsd Jurisdiction population Sentenced to Totala more than 1 yeara 10,613 9,560 / / 752 358 262 8,930 669 169 8,655 378 Total custody population 12,266 189 738 262 10,500 577 Rated Capacity Operational Design / 443 / ... / 443 559 14,511 468 272 14,632 355 559 14,632 550 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Custody refers to the physical location where the prisoner is held. ...Not available. Specific type of capacity is not measured by territory. /Not reported. aExcludes counts for American Samoa. bAmerican Samoa has not submitted NPS data since 2011. Custody data were located in the 2015 American Samoa Statistical Yearbook (http://doc.as.gov/wp-content/ uploads/2011/06/2015-Statistical-Yearbook.pdf) and represent the number of persons in custody as of December 2015. cGuam did not submit 2016 NPS data. Population data represent populations on January 1, 2017, and were located in a Guam Department of Corrections report (http://doc. guam.gov/wp-doc-content/uploads/2016/09/Guam-DOC-Population-Report-for-January-01-2017.pdf). Capacity data are from 2014, the last time Guam submitted NPS data. dU.S. Virgin Islands did not submit NPS data from 2014 to 2016 and had inconsistent 2013 data. Data are from 2012. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 24 Table 21 Prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by state and federal reported not self-identified race and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2016 Jurisdiction Federalb,c State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Floridad Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marylande Massachusetts Michigane Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montanaf Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotag Ohio Oklahoma Oregong Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Total 189,192 Whitea 51,873 Blacka 70,019 Hispanic 61,210 American Indian or Alaska Nativea 3,540 28,883 4,434 42,320 17,537 130,390 19,981 14,957 6,585 99,974 53,627 5,602 8,252 43,657 25,546 9,031 9,920 23,022 35,682 2,404 19,994 9,403 41,122 10,592 19,192 32,461 3,814 5,302 13,757 2,818 19,786 7,055 50,716 35,697 1,791 52,175 26,871 15,166 49,244 3,103 20,858 3,831 28,203 163,703 6,182 12,704 1,965 16,462 9,591 28,102 9,268 4,806 2,565 39,689 18,814 1,221 6,173 13,236 15,592 5,925 5,581 17,514 11,631 1,989 5,202 4,144 18,101 4,943 6,761 20,565 2,811 2,857 5,910 2,570 4,323 1,741 12,391 13,825 1,179 27,345 14,463 11,299 20,775 1,286 7,607 2,179 15,335 53,918 3,956 16,040 454 5,874 7,248 37,193 3,541 6,132 3,722 47,419 32,571 261 221 24,598 8,651 2,271 2,844 4,903 23,895 190 13,746 2,578 21,999 3,577 12,171 11,138 115 1,467 4,132 123 12,021 497 24,370 18,892 140 23,142 7,039 1,389 23,137 915 12,602 302 12,195 54,544 413 0 136 16,835 555 56,123 6,238 3,908 286 12,525 1,961 145 1,349 5,522 1,077 608 1,174 302 43 110 635 2,379 411 776 175 527 ~ 676 2,813 81 3,167 4,141 12,284 1,831 101 1,311 1,950 1,862 4,986 794 461 140 567 54,329 1,192 1 1,609 2,223 58 1,394 599 37 1 85 28 26 308 60 45 151 207 17 20 69 105 59 374 996 26 106 872 226 253 3 10 485 446 900 357 66 2,939 386 46 19 28 1,178 41 128 306 P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 Asiana 2,550 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islandera / Two or more racesa ~ Othera ~ 2 140 175 64 1,333 210 72 8 20 182 1,078 32 163 69 76 99 30 45 11 44 132 107 282 42 71 16 38 385 17 119 20 264 106 8 75 77 226 131 47 22 23 65 539 69 0 56 0 6 338 / 0 0 9 1 2,433 1 / 7 0 0 0 46 0 12 0 2 / 0 / 0 4 88 1 0 15 / 18 0 / 28 4 ~ ~ 0 3 / 0 134 0 ~ 0 0 0 / 0 0 0 62 0 0 17 80 0 0 240 ~ 15 / 0 0 / 0 / 0 / 13 ~ / 0 / ~ 6 / ~ 0 0 ~ ~ ~ / 0 0 0 ~ 659 15 5,907 / 0 0 224 ~ 120 0 0 ~ 0 2 ~ 2 0 221 111 0 / 0 / 0 22 0 23 ~ 0 663 ~ 0 236 50 0 0 37 137 6 / 245 0 Unknown / Did not report 0 136 0 34 40 20 72 0 0 0 0 6 119 2 0 3 0 3 0 8 0 318 0 168 0 20 41 25 0 0 0 13 0 12 4 0 0 20 0 29 0 0 0 128 0 18 0 8 9 54 0 0 0 12 0 43 120 0 0 146 0 156 0 298 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 0 0 169 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 112 0 Continued on next page 25 TABLE 21 (continued) Prisoners under jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by state and federal reported not self-identified race and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2016 Jurisdiction Vermont Virginiac Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total 1,735 37,813 19,104 7,162 23,377 2,374 Whitea 1,491 15,060 11,486 6,190 10,625 1,801 Blacka 175 21,587 3,410 886 9,622 127 Hispanic 11 977 2,451 21 2,027 291 American Indian or Alaska Nativea 23 24 877 10 839 138 Asiana 7 150 718 5 252 9 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islandera 0 ~ 0 1 0 5 Two or more racesa / ~ 0 49 0 0 Othera 0 ~ 56 0 0 2 Unknown 28 15 106 0 12 1 Did not report 0 0 0 0 0 0 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Federal data include prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. Estimates provided by state and federal departments of corrections’ administrative record systems and may not reflect prisoners’ self-identification of race or Hispanic origin. State, federal, and national totals by race and Hispanic origin differ from other tables in this report due to adjustments made by BJS to correct for differences between administrative records and prisoner self-reported data of race and Hispanic origin. ~Not applicable. State does not track this race or Hispanic origin. /Not reported. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin. bThe Federal Bureau of Prisoners includes persons of Hispanic origin in the individual racial categories when reporting to NPS. BJS used data from 2016 FJSP (preliminary) to disaggregate race and Hispanic origin. cAsians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders combined in a single category and reported as Asian. dCounts from 2016 are not comparable to counts from prior years due to a change in reporting methodology. See Jurisdiction notes. eNumber of persons of Hispanic origin may be undercounted due to ongoing changes in information systems. fPrisoners of Hispanic origin are included in the individual racial categories. gState did not submit 2016 NPS data on race or Hispanic origin. Counts were imputed. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016; and Federal Justice Statistics Program (FJSP), 2016 (preliminary). P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 26 Methodology The National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program started in 1926. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) sponsors the survey, and Abt Associates, Inc., currently serves as the data collection agent. BJS depends entirely on voluntary participation by state departments of corrections (DOC) and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) for NPS data. The NPS distinguishes between prisoners in custody and prisoners under jurisdiction. To have custody of a prisoner, a state or the BOP must hold the prisoner in one of its facilities. To have jurisdiction over a prisoner, the state or BOP must have legal authority over that prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is incarcerated or supervised. Some states were unable to provide counts that distinguish between custody and jurisdiction. (See Jurisdiction notes to determine which states did not distinguish between custody and jurisdiction counts.) The NPS jurisdiction counts include persons held in prisons, penitentiaries, correctional facilities, halfway houses, boot camps, farms, training or treatment centers, and hospitals. Counts also include prisoners who were temporarily absent (fewer than 30 days), in court, or on work release; housed in privately operated facilities, local jails, or other state or federal facilities; and serving concurrent sentences for more than one correctional authority. The NPS custody counts include all prisoners held within a respondent’s facility, including prisoners housed for other correctional authorities. The custody counts exclude prisoners held in local jails and other jurisdictions. With a few exceptions, the NPS custody counts exclude prisoners held in privately operated facilities. Respondents to NPS surveys are permitted to update prior counts of prisoners held in custody and under jurisdiction. Some statistics on jurisdiction and sentenced prison populations for prior years have been updated in this report. All tables showing data based on jurisdiction counts, including tables of imprisonment rates, were based on the updated and most recently available data that respondents provided. Admissions include new court commitments; returned prisoners for parole, probation, or other conditional release violations; transfers from other jurisdictions; returned prisoners who were absent without leave (AWOL) (with or without a new sentence); returned escapees (with or without a new sentence); returned prisoners from appeal or bond; and other admissions. For reporting purposes, BJS admission counts exclude transfers from other jurisdictions, AWOL returns, and escape returns. Releases include unconditional releases (e.g., expirations of sentence or commutations), conditional releases (e.g., probations, supervised mandatory releases, or discretionary paroles), deaths, AWOLs, escapes from confinement, transfers to other jurisdictions, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. For reporting purposes, BJS release counts exclude AWOLs, escapes, and transfers to other jurisdictions. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 The NPS has historically included counts of prisoners in the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has not operated a prison system since year-end 2001. Felons sentenced under the District of Columbia criminal code are housed in federal facilities. Jail inmates in the District of Columbia are included in the Annual Survey of Jails. Some previously published prisoner counts and the percentage change in population include jail prisoners in the District of Columbia for 2001, the last year of collection. Additional information about the NPS, including the data collection instrument, is available on the BJS website. Nonreporting states The North Dakota and Oregon state DOCs did not respond to the 2016 NPS survey. BJS imputed all 2016 responses for North Dakota’s custody, jurisdiction, admission, and release counts using the state's online report (http://www.nd.gov/docr/media/ stats/factsheet/2016_FACT_SHEET.pdf). BJS assumed that the sentence length distributions of the custody and jurisdiction population, the race and Hispanic origin distribution of the prison population, and the types of admissions and releases in 2016 were the same as those reported by the North Dakota DOC in 2015. In addition, BJS assumed that the proportions of North Dakota prisoners age 18 or younger and those who were non-U.S. citizens in 2016 had not changed from 2015 and that the state’s prison capacity was the same as in 2015. Because the Oregon DOC did not report NPS data in 2015 or 2016, BJS used published reports from the DOC website and the 2014 NPS data to impute 2016 counts. BJS obtained prison custody counts from the state report and assumed that the distribution of sentence length for offenders in custody was the same as in 2014 (http://www.oregon.gov/doc/OC/docs/ pdf/IB-53-Quick%20Facts.pdf). The Oregon DOC did not report jurisdiction counts on its website, so BJS used the ratio of custody to jurisdiction population from 2014 to impute the 2016 custody population from the report. The Oregon DOC report also provided the race and Hispanic origin distribution of prisoners and total number of admissions and releases for the state in 2016. BJS assumed that the distribution of admissions, release types, overall prison capacity, and proportion of the custody population who were age 17 or younger or non-U.S. citizens remained the same as in 2014. Estimating year-end counts of prison population by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age National-level estimates of the number of persons by race under the jurisdiction of state prisons on December 31, 2016, were based on an adjustment of NPS counts to comply with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions of race and Hispanic origin. OMB defines persons of Hispanic or Latino origin as a separate category, and racial categories are defined exclusive of Hispanic origin. OMB adopted guidelines for collecting these data in 1997. 27 Not all NPS providers’ information systems categorize race and Hispanic origin in this way. BJS adjusted reported NPS race and Hispanic origin data separating for state and federal prisoners. For state prisoners, BJS calculated the ratio of the distribution of state prisoners by race and Hispanic origin in self-reported prisoner surveys, which use OMB categories for race, to the distribution of prisoners by race and Hispanic origin in NPS data for the year closest to the fielding of the survey. BJS then multiplied this ratio by the distribution of state prisoners’ race and Hispanic origin using the current year’s NPS. The percentage of persons self-reporting to the NPS as non-Hispanic and two or more races was assumed to be equal to that of the self-reported prisoner survey. The final percentage distribution of race and Hispanic origin was multiplied by the total of sentenced state prisoners to obtain counts for each category. The distribution of race and Hispanic origin for federal prisoners used the same adjustment methodology, but limited self-reported prisoner survey data to federal prisoners. BJS summed state and federal estimates for race and Hispanic origin to get the total counts published in table 3 and for detailed counts of prisoners by sex, age, and offense. In previous reports, BJS used the race and Hispanic origin from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (SISCF) to calculate the ratio for the adjusted state distribution. In 2016, BJS conducted the Survey of Prison Inmates (SPI), which allowed for adjustments to be updated with more recent data. To obtain 10-year estimates of race and Hispanic origin, BJS calculated ratio adjustments for each year twice, once using the 2004 SISCF and once using the 2016 SPI. BJS then weighted the ratios to reflect the number of years between the survey and estimate year. The ratios calculated using SISCF data received higher weights for years closer to 2004, while those calculated using SPI data had higher weights for years closer to 2016. BJS then used the average of these weighted ratios. For federal estimates, the adjusted NPS was multiplied by the ratio of the age category count within the sex and race combination in the Federal Jurisdiction Statistics program (FJSP) to the FJSP total count within the sex and race combination (e.g., FJSP white males ages 18 to 19 divided by FJSP white males). The resulting product yielded FJSP-adjusted NPS counts for each sex and race combination by age group (e.g., white male prisoners ages 18 to 19 in the federal prison system). State prison age distributions for the NPS use a similar sex and race ratio adjustment based on individual-level data from the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP). State and federal estimates were added together to obtain national estimates for year-end prison populations. BJS provides the unadjusted jurisdiction-level counts of prisoners by race and Hispanic origin (see table 21). These data are administrative or operational in nature and do not necessarily reflect how individual prisoners may choose to P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 report their race or Hispanic origin. National-level estimates have been adjusted to more accurately reflect the distributions among race and Hispanic origin as reported by prisoners in BJS prisoner surveys (see table 10). Historical adjusted counts of prisoners by race are archived through the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/ icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/36281). Estimating imprisonment rates by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age BJS calculated age-specific imprisonment rates for each sex, adjusted racial and Hispanic origin group, and age by dividing the estimated number of sentenced prisoners within each age group under jurisdiction on December 31, 2016, by the estimated number of U.S. residents in each age group on January 1, 2017. BJS multiplied the result by 100,000 and rounded to the nearest whole number. Totals by sex include all prisoners and U.S. residents, regardless of race or Hispanic origin. Non-U.S. citizen prisoners BOP and some DOCs reported the number of non-U.S. citizens under their jurisdiction or in their custody on December 31, 2016. While the intention is for jurisdictions to report based on prisoners’ current citizenship status, some jurisdictions may have instead reported country of birth to NPS. Non-U.S. citizens held in private prison facilities or local jails under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities are not included, unless otherwise noted, but federal prisoners held privately are included. Estimating offense distribution in the state and federal prison populations by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age BJS employed a ratio adjustment method to weight the individual-level offense data from the NCRP to the state prison control totals for sex and the estimated race or Hispanic origin from the NPS, which yielded a national offense distribution for state prisoners. Prisoners missing offense data were excluded from the analysis prior to the weighting. Because data submission for the NCRP typically lags behind that of the NPS, state offense distribution estimates are published for the previous calendar year. Data presented in tables 14 and 15 are obtained from the FJSP and include all prisoners in federal custody, regardless of sentence length. Data are limited to prisoners sentenced on U.S. district court commitments; District of Columbia superior court commitments; and those returned to federal custody following violations of probation (both federal and District of Columbia), parole, supervised release, or mandatory release. Estimates in tables 14 and 15 differ from previously published federal offense distributions presented in the FJSP web tool (https://www.bjs.gov/fjsrc/) or Federal Justice Statistics bulletins and statistical tables on the BJS website because these 28 publications exclude District of Columbia prisoners. Because FJSP is a custody collection, the total count of prisoners in tables 14 and 15 differ from the jurisdiction count of prisoners reported to the NPS. The race and Hispanic origin distribution for tables 14 and 15 have not been adjusted to self-report distributions because the adjustment to the total population made in earlier tables is based on prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year. Military correctional data Prison capacities U.S. territories State and federal correctional authorities provide three measures of their facilities’ capacity: design, operational, and rated capacity. Prison population estimates as a percentage of capacity are based on a state or federal custody population. In general, state capacity and custody counts exclude prisoners held in private facilities, although seven states include prisoners held in private or local facilities as part of the capacity of their prison systems: Arizona, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, and South Dakota. For these states, prison population as a percentage of capacity includes prisoners held in the states’ private facilities. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 BJS obtains an annual aggregate count of service personnel under military jurisdiction and limited demographic and offense data from the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. The Department of Defense disaggregates these data by the branch in which prisoners served, the branch having physical custody of the prisoner, and whether the prisoner was an officer or enlisted. Data on prisoners under the jurisdiction of U.S. territorial correctional authorities are collected separately from state and federal NPS data, and U.S. totals in this report exclude territorial counts. Three territories (American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) did not provide 2016 data for NPS. Data from prior years and alternate sources are shown in table 19. 29 National Prisoner Statistics program jurisdiction notes These notes are provided to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) by state departments of corrections (DOC) and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) as part of the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS-1B) data collection. Notes are presented verbatim and are only edited for misspellings and to order comments per NPSI-B questions. Not all jurisdictions comment on every question. Respondents are encouraged to describe other types of admissions and releases specific to their system, and these are summarized in the jurisdiction notes and included in the totals in table 8. Alabama—Other admissions included reopened cases. Prisons were not recently rated for official capacity. The majority of Alabama prisons were overcrowded. As of 2016, a total of 25,784 beds were in operation, which represented the physical capacity for prisoners but was not based on staffing, programs, and services. The operating capacity differed from BJS's definition. Alaska—The 2015 and 2016 admission and release counts are not comparable because Alaska did not report these counts in 2015, and BJS estimated the number of admissions of offenders with sentences of more than 1 year for 2015 based on the total number of admissions (regardless of sentence length) provided by the Alaska DOC's 2015 Offender Profile (http:// www.correct.state.ak.us/admin/docs/2015profile.pdf). The 2015 percentage of admissions for offenders with sentences of more than 1 year were based on Alaska’s reported admission records from the 2014 National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP) data collection. The 2015 number of released offenders with sentences of more than 1 year was estimated as the difference between year-end 2015 and 2014 populations plus 2015 admissions. BJS assumed the distribution of releases by type was identical to the distribution of release type for offenders sentenced to more than 1 year as reported by Alaska in the 2014 NCRP release file. Arizona—Jurisdiction counts were based on custody data and prisoners in contracted beds. These counts excluded prisoners held in other jurisdictions because Arizona receives an equal number of prisoners to house from other jurisdictions. Arizona abolished parole in 1994, so only prisoners released prior to 1994 were on parole. Because community supervision prisoners were supervised as parolees, both parolees and community supervision violators were included in admissions as parole violators. Other admissions included persons returned from deportation. Other unconditional releases included prisoners released by the court. Other conditional releases included those onto other community supervision programs. Other releases included persons released to deportation. Prison capacities included the capacity of private prisons in Arizona. Arkansas—Other conditional releases included offenders released to boot camps. California—Custody counts included out-of-state correctional facility contracted beds, community correctional facility P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 private contract beds, and private work furlough prisoners. Other releases included prisoners discharged by the courts and released after erroneous admission. Changes in design capacity were based on information from an annual facilities planning and management report. Colorado—Jurisdiction and custody counts included a small, undetermined number of prisoners with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less and 205 males and 5 females who were part of the Youthful Offender System. Prisoners reported as housed in privately operated correctional facilities were under Federal Transfer and Interstate Compact programs and not reported in the department’s population and capacity counts. Jurisdictional population included a small number of prisoners from other states admitted under the interstate compact agreement. Release counts excluded prisoners who were absent without leave (AWOL) or had escaped. Other releases included discharges from youthful offender systems. Prison design capacity reported in 2016 was based on figures from the Colorado DOC’s annual statistical report. Previous years’ design capacity figures were set equal to operational capacity. Connecticut—Prisons and jails formed one integrated system. All NPS data included jail and prison populations. New court commitment admissions included prisoners who were admitted on accused status but received a sentence later in 2016. Other admissions included persons returned to prison without prejudice. Counts of other types of admissions and releases included persons with legitimate types of prison entries and exits that did not match BJS categories. Legislation in July 1995 abolished the capacity law, making a facility’s capacity a fluid number based on the needs of the department. The needs were dictated by security issues, populations, court decrees, legal mandates, staffing, and physical plant areas of facilities that served other purposes or had been decommissioned. The actual capacity of a facility was subject to change. Delaware—Prisons and jails formed one integrated system. All NPS data included jail and prison populations. Capacity counts included the halfway houses under the DOC. Releases included offenders who received a combined sentence (prison and parole) of more than 1 year. Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)—Data reflected prisoners under BOP jurisdiction on December 24, 2016. Jurisdiction counts included prisoners housed in secure private facilities where the BOP had a direct contract with a private operator and prisoners housed in secure facilities where there was a subcontract with a private provider at a local government facility. Jurisdiction counts also included prisoners housed in jail or short-term detention and others held in state-operated or other nonfederal secure facilities. Counts included 9,211 prisoners (7,985 males and 1,226 females) held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections centers or halfway houses and 3,774 offenders on home confinement (3,282 males and 492 females). 30 A total of 49 juveniles (47 males and 2 females) were held in contract facilities. These juvenile prisoners were included in the jurisdiction totals but excluded from the counts of private, locally, or federally operated facilities. Some of these juveniles were under the jurisdiction of U.S. probation but housed in the custody of the BOP in contract facilities. Due to information system configuration, Asians, Native Hawaiians, or Other Pacific Islanders were combined, and prisoners of Hispanic origin were included in the racial categories. On December 24, 2016, the BOP held 59,187 male and 4,011 female prisoners of Hispanic origin. Parole violation counts included those with and without a new sentence. Other admissions included hospitalization and treatment. Expiration of sentence included good conduct releases that usually had a separate and distinct term of supervision and releases from the residential drug abuse treatment program. Other releases included clemencies, court-ordered terminations, compassionate release, tribal removals, and those based on the amount of time served. On December 31, 2016, the BOP custody population was 154,399 prisoners (excluding contracted and private facilities) and the rated capacity was 135,334. The crowding rate was 14%. Florida—The Florida DOC did not adopt a new way to record race or Hispanic origin in its offender management system, but in 2016 it began reporting race and Hispanic origin using BJS definitions. Data on race and Hispanic origin from 2016 were not comparable to previous years’ data. Florida reported admissions for prisoners with new sentences, which did not count admissions of prisoners on technical violations. Other admissions included program supervision violations. Other conditional releases included provisional release supervision, conditional medical release, program supervision, mandatory conditional, and parole reinstatement. Florida revised the variables used to determine citizenship of prisoners. Therefore, estimates of non-U.S. citizens from 2016 were not comparable to previous years. Georgia—Custody populations included both state prisons and county correctional institutions. Subtotals of race, sex, sentence length for jurisdiction, and the Georgia DOC adjusted custody counts using interpolation to match the overall totals. Counts of admissions and releases were adjusted using interpolation to balance the jurisdictional populations on January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. Females were not housed in privately operated correctional facilities in Georgia. Counts of other admissions included eight males admitted under special circumstances. Capacity counts included state, county, and private prisons. Hawaii—Prisons and jails formed one integrated system. All NPS data included jail and prison populations. In custody and jurisdiction counts, sentenced felon probationers and probation violators were included with the counts of prisoners with a total maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Jurisdiction counts included dual-jurisdiction (state of Hawaii or federal) prisoners currently housed in federal facilities and contracted federal detention center beds. Other unconditional releases included one dismissal. Other releases included prisoners P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 released due to status change and on their own recognizance. Hawaii did not have a rated capacity for its integrated prison and jail system. Information on foreign nationals held in correctional facilities was based on self-reported data by prisoners. Idaho—Counts were estimates based on live data with some changing variability over time due to the movement and processing of offenders. Other admissions and releases included offenders under administrative processes. Illinois—Beginning in December 2015 and continuing into 2016, the Illinois DOC initiated a major information technology transition, moving to a web-based offender tracking system. During the transition, some traditional population counts and other measures were not collected or could not be internally validated, including the jurisdiction population and those housed in local facilities. Based on previous years’ NPS data from the Illinois DOC, BJS imputed the jurisdiction population to equal the custody population and no prisoners housed in local jails. Jurisdiction, custody population, admission, and release counts for prisoners with maximum sentences of more than 1 year included an undetermined number of prisoners with a 1-year sentence. Admissions included short-term movements of prisoners of fewer than 30 days. Counts of admissions and releases included escapes that occurred from adult transition centers where prisoners leave and return for work assignments. Parole violation admissions with and without new sentences included those who committed violations while on mandatory supervised release. The Illinois DOC did not apply the term AWOL to prisoners. These were included under parole violation admissions or conditional releases. Other unconditional releases included court orders. The Illinois DOC defined rated capacity as the number of prisoners that a correctional facility may house without overcrowding. The Illinois DOC provided the ceiling operational capacity and defined this as the total number of beds in a facility multiplied by 95% for nonminimumsecurity facilities and 98% for minimum-security facilities to manage transfers and disturbances in the population. For design capacity, the Illinois DOC provided its ideal capacity, which described the number of beds the correctional facility was originally designed to hold but later adjusted for planned modifications. Indiana—Custody, jurisdiction, admissions, release, and capacity counts included prisoners in two facilities owned by the state of Indiana but staffed by employees of a private correctional company. In 2014, Indiana underwent a major criminal code overhaul, resulting in the reduction of the prison population observed in 2016. Other types of admissions included prisoners on active supervision or admitted for prior charges. Iowa—In 2009, the Iowa DOC began including offenders on work release in the operating-while-intoxicated population. Iowa prisoners housed in out-of-state prisons were also included in its jurisdiction counts. Iowa data included in BJS 31 reports prior to 2009 were custody counts only. The number of sentenced prisoners under Iowa jurisdiction who were transferred from other jurisdictions between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, included offenders transferring from other jurisdictions with an Iowa sentence. Counts of AWOL admissions and releases were of the work release and operating-while-intoxicated populations. Escape admissions and releases were of the prison population only. Other admissions and releases included some unknown types. Other conditional releases included special sentence supervision. Kansas—Other admissions included sanctions from probation for 30 to 180 days. Other unconditional releases included court appearance releases and other final releases by court order. Other conditional releases included both unsupervised and supervised releases. Kentucky—Other types of admissions included special admissions and return from active release. Other types of conditional prison releases included exits to home incarceration. Other releases included release from jail and active release. Louisiana—Jurisdiction and capacity counts were correct as of December 28, 2016. In August 2016, the Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women flooded, which caused some female prisoners to be transferred to local facilities and reduced the number of females in state custody. Two private facilities in Louisiana were reclassified as local facilities in July 2016. Other types of unconditional releases included court orders and releases for good time with no supervision. Other types of conditional release included reinstatement to probation. Other types of release included compassionate and unsatisfactory releases. Maine—No notes. Maryland—The number of prisoners with a maximum sentence of more than 1 year for the jurisdiction, custody, admission, and release measures was estimated by taking the percentage of prisoners with a maximum sentence of more than 1 year from the automated data and applying it to the manual headcounts for the measure of interest (December 31 jurisdiction population, December 31 custody population, annual admissions, and annual releases). Any sentenced prisoners housed at the Baltimore City Detention Center or the Baltimore Central Booking and Intake Center were included in the jurisdiction and custody counts. Pretrial prisoners at these facilities were excluded. The unsentenced prisoners in Maryland’s custody on December 31, 2016, were all federal prisoners housed contractually at the Chesapeake Correctional Facility. The reported prisoners under Maryland’s jurisdiction that were housed in facilities operated by a county or local authority were sentenced to state prison by local jurisdictions and waiting to be transferred to DOC custody. No sentence or demographic information was known for these prisoners, and they were excluded in the total jurisdictional number. Three additional male prisoners to the number of prisoners housed P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 in local facilities operated by a county or local authority were part of a special program to serve the end of their prison sentence in a local facility, and they were included in the total jurisdiction. Hispanic or Latino origin was captured in the information system, but it may have been underreported because records for existing prisoners were still being updated. Due to implementation issues with a new information system, admissions and releases for 2016 were estimates. The total number of new court commitments may have included a small, undetermined number of returns from appeal or bond. Mandatory release violators were included with parole violators. Maryland did not distinguish between AWOLs and escapees. Other admissions included returns from courtordered release. Other unconditional releases included court order releases and a small, undetermined number of released to appeal or bond. Other releases were coded as “other, permanent exit.” Operational capacities included beds used for some Maryland pretrial prisoners that were not counted in year-end counts. Massachusetts—By law, offenders in Massachusetts may be sentenced to terms of up to 2.5 years in locally operated jails and correctional institutions. This population was excluded from the state count but was included in published population counts and rates for local jails and correctional institutions. Jurisdiction counts excluded approximately 2,154 prisoners (2,062 males and 92 females) in the county system (local jails and houses of correction) who were serving a sentence of more than 1 year, but these prisoners were included in imprisonment rate calculations at the request of the Massachusetts DOC. Jurisdiction and custody counts may have included a small but undetermined number of prisoners who were remanded to court; transferred to the custody of another state, federal, or locally operated system; or subsequently released. There was a continued increase in prisoners transferred to local jails prior to their release from prison as part of a step-down initiative for reentry. Two juveniles under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts DOC and housed in a Massachusetts Department of Youth Services facility were included in the count of prisoners housed in other arrangements. Other admissions included returns from court-ordered release, and other unconditional releases included those ordered by courts. One male prisoner did not report citizenship or place of birth and could not be classified as a noncitizen. Michigan—During the 2016 reporting year, the Michigan DOC’s major data system was under transition to a new data platform. As a result, statistical techniques were modified to obtain much of the reported survey data. However, reported numbers were in line with previous trends, which have remained stable. For example, percentages for racial breakdown and admissions from new court commitments stayed constant for several years. Therefore, BJS calculated racial breakdowns and admissions from new court commitments based on previous trends. Data recorded for Hispanics were treated as an ethnicity rather than a race, and 32 reporting was optional. Therefore, the numbers for Hispanics were significantly underreported. Rather than reporting an incorrect number, BJS included the relatively small number of cases recorded as Hispanic under the “white” category. Releases to appeal or bond and admissions of prisoners returning from appeal or bond were not disaggregated by length of time out to court. These counts represented the net difference between all movements to and from court. Operational capacity was institutional net capacity. Minnesota—Due to data issues, the jurisdictional total of admissions and releases did not match year-end numbers. Minnesota measured only operational capacity. Mississippi—Jurisdiction counts of local facilities included both local county jails and county regional facilities. Violators of parole and conditional release were not distinguished by their sentence status in the Mississippi file. Other types of admission and release data included corrections because of a lag in processing. Other conditional releases included earned release, house arrest, and medical release. Total operational capacity on December 31, 2016, was 23,516. This capacity included private prisons, county jails, and county regional facilities. Missouri—Other types of unconditional releases included those after erroneous commitments, reversals, discharges from remand, and court-ordered discharges. Other types of conditional releases included parole board holdover returns. Other releases included revocations or remands of convictions. The Missouri DOC did not have the design capacity of its older prisons or update design capacity for prison extensions or improvements. Missouri did not use a rated capacity. The state defined operational capacity as the number of beds available, including those temporarily offline. Non-U.S. citizen data were based on self-reported place of birth. Montana—The Montana DOC did not record Hispanic origin. Therefore, the number of Hispanics was not reported to NPS. Nebraska—Other unconditional releases included vacated sentences. Nebraska defined operational capacity as its stress capacity, which was 125% of design capacity for designated facilities. The total design and operational capacities for institutions that house females included one female multicustody facility. The department operated two coed facilities, which represented a design capacity of 290 and counted in the male design and operational capacities. Nevada—BJS imputed data for the Nevada DOC in 2015 because the state did not submit NPS data in 2016. Therefore, the 2016 jurisdiction, custody, admission, and release counts reported by the Nevada DOC should not be compared to the imputed 2015 counts. Other admissions included persons committed to the Nevada DOC through the Intermediate Sanction Probation; Safe Keeper-Boot Camp; Safe Keeperpretrial detainee, which includes local jail inmates admitted to the Nevada DOC because of medical, behavioral, protective, P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 or local staffing issues; persons who were ordered by judges to served 6 months or less in prison prior to actual sentencing for felonies; and prisoners serving consecutive sentences in Nevada and another state but are not physically in the custody of Nevada. Other unconditional releases included those made to the committing authority. New Hampshire—Due to a change in its data coding system, the New Hampshire DOC was no longer able to report the number of non-U.S. citizens in custody to the NPS. New Jersey—Population counts for prisoners with a maximum sentence of more than 1 year included prisoners with sentences of 1 year. The New Jersey DOC had no jurisdiction over prisoners with sentences of less than 1 year or unsentenced prisoners. Reporting of other conditional releases included offenders in intensive supervision programs. Other types of unconditional releases included vacated and amended sentences and court-ordered releases. New Jersey data for escapes did not differentiate between prisoners who disappeared from confined walls and those who disappeared while out of institutions. Other releases included prisoners transferred early from county jails into the state prison system, then released back to county jails, and other transfers. New Mexico—Totals for admissions and releases included all entries and exits to New Mexico prisons, regardless of sentence length. New Mexico did not include its prisoners housed in other states under the interstate compact agreement in its total jurisdiction count. According to BJS definitions, these prisoners should be included in the total state jurisdiction and were in this report. The count of non-U.S. citizens included prisoners in both state-run and private facilities. New York—Other admissions included persons who returned to prison after they were erroneously discharged and those admitted for parole supervision. Other releases included errors, releases to parole supervision, and other discharges. North Carolina—As of December 1, 2011, North Carolina prisons no longer housed misdemeanor offenders with sentences of fewer than 180 days. Captured escapees were not considered a prison admission type in North Carolina, and escape was not considered a type of prison release. Other admission types included direct receipt of offenders through an interstate compact. Other types of unconditional releases included court orders. Supervised mandatory releases were post-release offenders. Post-release supervision was defined as a reintegration program for serious offenders who served extensive prison terms. This form of supervision was created by the Structured Sentencing Act of 1993. Other unconditional releases included court-ordered interstate compact releases. Rated capacity was not available. North Dakota—State did not submit data for NPS in 2016. BJS imputed all 2016 responses for North Dakota’s custody, jurisdiction, admission, and release figures from the state's online report (http://www.nd.gov/docr/media/stats/ factsheet/2016_FACT_SHEET.pdf). See Methodology for nonreporting state imputation strategy. 33 Ohio—Population counts for prisoners with a maximum sentence of more than 1 year included an undetermined number of prisoners with a sentence of 1 year or less. Admissions and releases reported by the Ohio DOC included all offenders regardless of sentence length. Returns and conditional releases involving transitional control prisoners were reported after movement from confinement to a terminal release status occurred. Admissions of parole violators without a new sentence included only formally revoked violators. Escapes included nonconfinement escapes. Other unconditional releases included vacated sentences. Counts of non-U.S. citizens and prisoners age 17 or younger excluded prisoners housed in privately operated facilities. Oklahoma—Most prisoners with sentences of less than 1 year were part of the Oklahoma Delayed Sentencing Program for Young Adults. On December 31, 2016, the number of prisoners under their jurisdiction with a maximum sentence of more than 1 year included 286 males and 39 females who were waiting in county jails to be moved to state prisons. Prisoners held by Oklahoma for other states were excluded from all jurisdiction counts. Jurisdiction counts included offenders in a DOC jail program, those in court, and escapees in the custody of local jails. Jurisdiction counts excluded offenders who had been sentenced to the Oklahoma DOC but not yet taken into custody. Numbers reported in “escapes from confinement” represented escapes from state-run prisons. Only DOC facilities were included in the capacity counts. Non-U.S. citizen status was based on self-reported data and confirmed by Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Oregon—State did not submit data for NPS in 2016. BJS obtained prison custody counts from the state report and assumed that the distribution of sentence length for offenders in custody was the same as in 2014 (http://www.oregon. gov/doc/OC/docs/pdf/IB-53-Quick%20Facts.pdf). See Methodology for nonreporting state imputation strategy. Pennsylvania—Other admissions included those from the state hospital and unspecified reasons. Other types of unconditional releases included vacated sentences and convictions. Other releases included transfers to other states and hospitals and those due to program changes. Capacity counts included state correctional institutions, community corrections centers, community contract facilities, and contracted county jails. Community contract facilities were contracted out by the Pennsylvania DOC to private service providers, and the DOC maintained contracted housing services with certain Pennsylvania county jails. Rhode Island—Prisons and jails formed one integrated system. All NPS data included jail and prison populations. The Rhode Island data system recorded Hispanic origin as a race rather than an ethnicity and did not capture Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, or persons identifying as two or more races, including those who may have identified themselves as Hispanic second to another race. Prison admissions classified as escape returns included admissions under home P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 confinement, offenders serving out of state, and minimumsecurity facilities. The Rhode Island DOC’s data system could not differentiate between parole violation admissions with and without new sentences. Other types of unconditional releases consisted of court-ordered discharges. Other types of conditional releases included discharge to the Institute for Mental Health. South Carolina—The December 31, 2016, custody count of unsentenced prisoners included seven unsentenced males. All persons housed in private facilities in South Carolina were in privately operated medical facilities. Prisoners held in local facilities for the South Carolina DOC were housed in designated facilities or considered absent with leave to local or county facilities. South Carolina did not have a specific race code to designate persons identifying as two or more races. These individuals were included in other specific race groups or labeled as “other race.” Other types of admissions included resentenced Youthful Offender Act (YOA) conversion admissions and prisoners who were resentenced. Other types of unconditional releases consisted of remands and releases by court order. Other release types included persons who were resentenced. There were two paroling authorities within the adult correctional system in South Carolina: the Intensive Supervision Administrative Release Authority paroled 655 offenders under the YOA in 2016, while the South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services paroled 668 non-YOA offenders. South Dakota—Custody and jurisdiction counts of prisoners serving a maximum sentence of 1 year or less included those under a probation sentence who, as a condition of probation, must serve up to 180 days in state prison. The reporting system for the South Dakota DOC did not have a category for prisoners of two or more races. These prisoners were labeled as “other race.” Other admissions included parole or supervised release detainees. South Dakota did not separate discretionary and presumptive parole releases. Parole detainees were included in counts of other release types. The operational capacity reported was planned capacity and included some offenders housed in contractual beds at halfway houses. Tennessee—Other conditional releases included offenders who were released to community corrections. Texas—Offenders in custody were all those serving time in a facility owned and operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice at the time of data collection. Jurisdiction counts included offenders in custody and those held in privately operated prisons, intermediate-sanction facilities, substance abuse felony punishment facilities, and halfway houses; temporarily released to a county for fewer than 30 days; and awaiting paperwork for transfer to state-funded custody. Capacities excluded county jail beds because they did not have a minimum or maximum number of beds available for paper-ready and bench-warrant prisoners. Admissions and releases included offenders received into an intermediatesanction facility, which was a sanction in lieu of revocation. These offenders were counted in the parole violator category, 34 although these were not revocations. Other conditional releases included discretionary mandatory releases. Executions were included in releases due to death. Other admissions and other release types included transfers between divisions. Utah—Other types of unconditional release included court orders and discharges of cases or prisoner holds. Vermont—Prisons and jails formed one integrated system. The Vermont DOC did not report data on admissions and releases in 2015 or 2016. BJS assumed the number of admissions in 2016 was equal to the number in 2014, the last time admission counts were reported and that the decrease in the jurisdiction population was due solely to an increase in releases in 2016. Admission and release type distributions were assumed to be the same in 2016 as 2014. Virginia—Jurisdiction counts were for December 31, 2016. As of September 1, 1998, the state was responsible for prisoners with a sentence of 1 year or more or a sentence of 12 months plus 1 day. Prior to September 1, 1998, the state had been responsible for a 1-year sentence, while local authorities were responsible for sentences of 12 months or fewer. Prior to 2013, the count of prisoners housed in local facilities was taken from Compensation Board reports. Starting in 2013, these counts were obtained from DOC data. Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders were included in the Asian racial category. Admissions and releases were preliminary fiscal year 2016 figures. The Virginia DOC revised its method of reporting prison capacity in 2014 to match BJS definitions. As a result, comparisons should not be made to estimates before 2014. The counts excluded beds assigned to institutional hospitals that may not be designated as male or female only and detention and diversion centers. Washington—Admission and release counts for conditional releases included offenders who did not receive sentences of more than 1 year. Admissions and release counts of conditional release violators included offenders who received probation sentences and were sent to county jails for a term of fewer than 30 days for violating their probation conditions. Other unconditional releases included vacated sentences. Wisconsin—Consistent with the method used to generate population estimates in 2015, the Wisconsin DOC used the time between a prisoner’s admission date and their maximum discharge date to determine sentence length for year-end counts. If a maximum discharge date was not recorded, the mandatory release date was used. If this date was not recorded, the prisoner’s release date was used. Therefore, this may not accurately reflect whether the prisoner was initially sentenced to 1 year or less or more than 1 year. Custody measures included prisoners without Wisconsin sentences who were physically housed in a Wisconsin prison. Jurisdiction measures included prisoners with Wisconsin sentences, regardless of where they were physically located. Unsentenced prisoners were those who had not yet had data entered reflecting their mandatory release date and maximum discharge date and some offenders temporarily held in the Milwaukee facility. An offender on a temporary hold who was on probation did not have a mandatory release date or maximum discharge date. To determine sentence length for admissions totals, the time between a prisoner’s admission date and their maximum discharge date was used. If a maximum discharge date was not recorded, the mandatory release date was used. If this date was not recorded, the prisoner’s release date was used. Therefore, this may not accurately reflect whether the prisoner was initially sentenced to 1 year or less or more than 1 year. Other admissions included alternatives to revocation and returns to prison from supervision without violation. To determine sentence length for the releases total, the time between a prisoner’s admission date and release date was used. This may not accurately reflect whether a prisoner was initially sentenced to 1 year or less or more than 1 year. Other conditional releases included alternatives to revocation. Other types of releases included those from probation or parole holds and due to special circumstances. Wyoming—No notes. West Virginia—Other types of admissions and releases included those to and from the Anthony Center for Young Adults and Diagnostics. Other types of unconditional releases included court-ordered releases. P R I S O N E R S I N 2 01 6 J A N UA R Y 2018 35 The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable and valid statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. Jeffrey H. Anderson is director. This report was written by E. Ann Carson. Stephanie Mueller and Danielle Kaeble verified the report. Caitlin Scoville and Jill Thomas edited the report. Tina Dorsey produced the report. January 2018, NCJ 251149 NCJ251149 Office of Justice Programs Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice www.ojp.usdoj.gov