MISBEHAVING BUREAUCRATS 

    
  


PAID TO DO NOTHING

1 I,



WASTEBOOK I

WHAT WASHINGTON WANT YOU TO READ I .-

GAMBLING WITH



      
 
 
      
  
         

  

THIS
   WORLD GOLF CLUBS

 

 

  

 

  ?51

A REPORT BY SENATOR TOM COBURN, M.D.

PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK

Table of Contents

Introduction..............................................................................................................................................2
        
Wastebook 2014    
1.  Paid Vacations for Bureaucrats Gone Wild.................................................................................................................................4
2.  Swedish Massages for Rascally Rabbits.......................................................................................................................................8
3.  Army Creates Free First-Person Shooter the Intelligence Community Worries Could Train Terrorists.......................8
4.  Mountain Lions on a Treadmill..........................................................................................................................................................9
5.  Anti-Terror Grant Buys State-of-the-Art SWAT Equipment for Safest Small Town in America.............................10
6.  OPM Pays Contractor To “Flush” Security Clearance Investigations “like a dead goldfish”.....................................10
7.  Spouses Stab Voodoo Dolls More Often When “Hangry”, Study Reveals......................................................................11
8.  Scientists Hope Gambling Monkeys Unlock Secrets of Free Will......................................................................................11
9.  Subsidies for Sports Stadiums Leave Taxpayers Holding the Bill......................................................................................12
10.  Teen Zombie Sings, Tries to Get a Date to the Dance............................................................................................................13
11.  Watching Grass Grow..........................................................................................................................................................................14
12.  NIH Asks if Moms Love Dogs as Much as Kids..........................................................................................................................14
13.  Taxpayers Help NY Brewery Build Beer Farm............................................................................................................................15
14.  Colorado Orchestra Targets Youth with Stoner Symphony..................................................................................................16
15.  U.S. Coast Guard Party Patrols........................................................................................................................................................16
16.  Chronicling Vermont’s Radical Hippie Movement in the 1970’s..........................................................................................18
17.  USDA’s “Perfect Poop Pak” Smells Like Government Waste..............................................................................................18
18.  Synchronized Swimming for Sea Monkeys.................................................................................................................................19
19.  Penn State Shame Study Asks How To Boost Morale After Scandal...............................................................................20
20.  Promoting U.S. Culture Around the Globe with Nose Flutists, State Department Idol..............................................20
21.  Free “High-End” Gym Memberships for DHS Bureaucrats....................................................................................................22
22.  Golf Testing, Elementary School Experiments Aboard the International Space Station..........................................22
23.  NASA’s Tower of Pork Protected by Politician...........................................................................................................................24
24.  Congress Blocks Closure of Unneeded “Sheep Station”.......................................................................................................25
25.  Spray Parks and “Splashpads” Help Beat The Summer Heat..............................................................................................26
26.  Roosevelt and Elvis Make a Hallucinatory Pilgrimage to Graceland.................................................................................27
27.  New Bridge Demolished for Using $3,271 Worth of Canadian Steel................................................................................28
28.  Exploding Claims of “Sleep Apnea” Threaten to Bankrupt VA Disability Program......................................................29
29.  Pentagon to Spend $1 Billion to Destroy $16 Billion in Unneeded Ammunition............................................................29
30.  NASA Wonders How Humans Will React to Meeting Space Aliens...................................................................................30
31.  Bruce Lee Dance Play Panned As Promoting Racial Stereotypes.....................................................................................30

 WASTEBOOK 2014

32.  Road through “Ghost Mall” Hopes to Scare Up Business......................................................................................................31
33.  Postal Service Pays Thousands to Ship Soda to Alaska for Hundreds.............................................................................32
34.  Taxpayers Sing the Blues for the Grammy’s Museum.............................................................................................................33
35.  Voicemails From the Future Warn of Post Apocalyptic World.............................................................................................34
36.  The Funny Ways Government Wastes Your Money: Laughing Classes...........................................................................35
37.  FAA Upgrades Low-Traffic Airport Serving High-End Ski Resort.......................................................................................35
38.  FEMA Overlooks Flood Victims, Rebuilds Golf Course Instead...........................................................................................35
39.  Disney Polynesian Resort Gets Makeover....................................................................................................................................36
40.  Space Agency Hunts for the Lost Tomb of Genghis Khan.....................................................................................................37
41.  Abandoned Pennsylvania Mall Wants to be the East Coast Hollywood...........................................................................37
42.  Wineries Get Help Selling Beer, Chile-Infused Wine...............................................................................................................38
43.  Roaches, Mice, and Feces in Public Housing Funded by Uncle Sam, Slum Lord...........................................................39
44.  DHS Buys Too Many Cars and Lets Them Sit Underused......................................................................................................39
45.  Costs Skyrocket for “Birds in Space” Replica.............................................................................................................................40
46.  DOD Tries to Build Real-Life “Iron Man” Suit..............................................................................................................................40
47.  Drug Enforcement Administration Celebrates Itself With Own Museum........................................................................41
48.  Missile Defense Misses the Target..................................................................................................................................................42
49.  Virgin Island Ferries Sit Unused for Nearly a Year.....................................................................................................................43
50.  Jonas Bonus: Rich and Famous Rent Out Their Pads Tax Free............................................................................................44
51.  State Department Tweets @ Terrorists.........................................................................................................................................45
52.  Border Patrol Builds Over-Priced Houses for Temporary Workers....................................................................................46
53.  NASA Goes to Comic-Con, Explores the Marvel Universe....................................................................................................47
54.  Army Corps Buildings in Afghanistan Keep Burning to the Ground...................................................................................48
55.  Airport Tree-Trimming Project Turns into 27-Hole Golf Course Renovation..................................................................49
56.  Earmark-Funded High-Speed Ferry Sinks Alaska Community...........................................................................................51
57.  The Selling of an Airport to Nowhere.............................................................................................................................................51
58.  NASA Study Predicts the Collapse of Human Civilization.....................................................................................................52
59.  Facebook for Fossil Enthusiasts.......................................................................................................................................................52
60.  Gamers Tune in to Radio Show About Video Game Music...................................................................................................53
61.  Two Dozen Teachers Travel to Germany for Classes on Bach, Baroque Dancing Lessons......................................53
62.  Funding to Reduce Road Crashes Used to Restore Non-Working Lighthouse..............................................................54
63.  “Gateway to Blues” Museum Funded Over Deteriorating Bridges.....................................................................................54
64.  Study Shows How Buddhism Explains the Science of Meditation.....................................................................................55
65.  “Get Fruved:” Social Media Campaign Featuring Students Dressed as Fruits and Vegetables..............................55
66.  USDA Holds Contest to Build Wooden Skyscraper.................................................................................................................56
67.  Social Security IT Project Wastes Hundreds of Millions.........................................................................................................56
68.  Feds Waste Millions Trying to Convince Afghans to Grow Soybeans They Won’t Eat...............................................57
69.  Corporate Welfare for Mega Farmers............................................................................................................................................57
70.  Snowmobile Race Part of NSF Zero Emissions Challenge....................................................................................................58
71.  Unwanted, Unneeded and Unused Ice House............................................................................................................................58
72.  Virtual Food Fight Smartphone Game...........................................................................................................................................59
73.  Prescription for Higher Medicare Bills............................................................................................................................................59
74.  Boutique Hotel Offers Luxury Spa Services, Afternoon Tea, and Upscale Nightcaps................................................60
75.  Transportation Dollars Fund Media Campaign to Raise Austin Taxes..............................................................................61
76.  NASA Loses Hundreds of Electronic Devices Each Month....................................................................................................62
77.  Huge EPA Warehouse for Paper Reports Thwarts Recycling Efforts................................................................................62
78.  Food Stamps Get Traded for Cash and Drugs, Go to People Who Hide Their Income..............................................62
79.  DOD Pays 16 Times the Going Price for Helicopter Parts......................................................................................................63
4

 WASTEBOOK 2014

80.  Injured ICE Employees Cleared to Work, Stay on Workers Comp Instead.....................................................................63
81.  DOD Sends 16 Planes to the Scrap Heap for $32,000...........................................................................................................64
82.  Unbuilt Eisenhower Memorial Burning Through Cash.............................................................................................................65
83.  Butterfly Farm Flies Away with Federal Funds............................................................................................................................66
84.  Transit Security Grant for “Feel Good” Ads That Promote Local Tax Increase.............................................................66
85.  Identity Thieves Steal Billions Each Year with Bogus Tax Returns.....................................................................................67
86.  Feds Study Science Festival Attendance.....................................................................................................................................67
87.  Five Decades of Controversy for Beleaguered Government Program.............................................................................68
88.  Navy Sends Hundreds of Magazines to Congress to Promote Green Initiatives..........................................................69
89.  NSF Studies Why Wikipedia is Sexist............................................................................................................................................69
90.  Main Town Rebuilds 38 “Speed Humps” to Slow Traffic Through Neighborhood.......................................................69
91.  DOJ Buys Premium LinkedIn Account to Promote Jobs During Hiring Freeze...............................................................70
92.  Taxpayers Charged to Promote Hillary Clinton’s $14 Million Book in Europe.................................................................70
93.  FAA Spending to Study What to Do With a FAA-Violating Municipal................................................................................71
94.  Texting Drunks Asking Them Not to Drink...................................................................................................................................71
95.  We All Scream for Federally Funded Ice Cream........................................................................................................................72
96.  NASA’s Near-Earth Object Program: The Comet that Keeps Chasing Its Tail...............................................................72
97.  Medicaid Provider Taxes.....................................................................................................................................................................72
98.  Earmark Spends Taxpayer Money to Send Coal to Germany..............................................................................................73
99.  Marketing Money for Little-Used Wisconsin Airport...............................................................................................................73
100. Farmers Get Grant to Produce “Worm Power” Compost......................................................................................................73

Endnotes...................................................................................................................................................74

5

 WASTEBOOK 2014

WASTEBOOK 2014
EBOLA IN AMERICA. SECURITY BREACHES AT THE WHITE HOUSE. WAVES OF
UNACCOMPANIED MINORS AND OTHERS POURING ACROSS OUR NATION’S
BORDERS. THE RUSSIAN RED ARMY ON THE MOVE, MARCHING INTO PEACEFUL,
DEMOCRATIC NATIONS. IRAQ IN TURMOIL WITH OIL FIELDS PUMPING MILLIONS OF
DOLLARS A DAY INTO THE JIHADIST ACTIVITIES OF RADICAL ISLAMIC TERRORISTS.
OUR NATION’S HEROES BEING KILLED, NOT BY ENEMY COMBATANTS, BUT BY
THE VERY VETERANS’ HEALTH SYSTEM SET UP TO CARE FOR THEM. AND THERE
IS THAT GOVERNMENT HEALTH CARE WEBSITE THAT STILL DOES NOT WORK.
The world increasingly appears to be in disarray with the chaos,
confusion and uncertainty growing ever closer. All the while, the
leadership in our nation’s capital is ever more distant, disconnected,
and absent.
The current Congress is “on track to be one of the least
productive” in 60 years.1 Fewer laws were passed over the last two
years than by any Congress in half a century or more, and most of
the bills passed had little consequence. While a “lame duck” session
is scheduled, the harsh reality is the last two entire years were an
extended “lame duck,” producing little meaningful results.
The problem is not just what Washington isn’t doing, but what it
is doing.
Instead of working together to solve these challenges, the
politicians are more focused on getting re-elected than conducting
the business they were elected to address in the first place. Nearly
every major, minor and routine decision facing the nation was punted
to next year when Congress abruptly adjourned on September 18 to
hit the campaign trail— “the earliest departure by the Congress for the
elections since 1960.”2

2

Congress’ role is not just passing bills. It is also responsible for
conducting oversight to hold the executive branch accountable, which
it is failing to do. In fact, Congress actually forced federal agencies
to waste billions of dollars for purely parochial, political purposes.
Mississippi lawmakers, for example, attached a rider to a larger bill
requiring NASA to build a $350 million launch pad tower, which was
moth balled as soon as it was completed because the rockets it was
designed to test were scrapped years ago. Likewise, when USDA
attempted to close an unneeded sheep research station in Idaho
costing nearly $2 million every year to operate, politicians in the region
stepped in to keep it open.
Washington politicians are more focused on their own political
futures than the future of our country. And with no one watching over
the vast bureaucracy, the problem again isn’t just what Washington
isn’t doing, but what it is doing.
Much like Congress, thousands of federal employees who weren’t
doing their jobs properly have been sent home and paid to do nothing—
many for years! Some committed crimes. Others engaged in misconduct.
Collectively they brought shame and dishonor to public service. Instead

 WASTEBOOK 2014

of being fired, they were given paid vacations at a cost of $20 million.
While the IRS was politically targeting Tea Party groups by
putting the nonprofits under excessive scrutiny, the agency readily
handed over $4 billion to identity thieves because it neglected to spot
thousands of bogus tax returns.
The firm that gave the green light to grant security clearances
to both notorious NSA leaker Edward Snowden and Aaron Alexis,
who shot and killed 12 people at the Washington Navy Yard,3 received
another $124 million to conduct background checks the Department
of Justice found to be fraudulent. As a result, thousands of ineligible
individuals may now have access to top secret information.
The U.S. Coast Guard reduced drug and migrant interdictions
while providing free patrols to keep party crashers away from posh
private events on yachts and beaches along some of the country’s
most exclusive waterfront estates.
The President asked Congress to provide $1.1 billion in emergency
funding for Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)4 to deal with
the thousands of unaccompanied children illegally crossing the border
this year.5 Yet, ICE was paying $1 million in workers’ compensation to
employees who were not working, even though they had been cleared
to return to duty.6
The pleas for assistance from hundreds of families whose homes
were damaged by the “storm of the century” in Austin, Texas, were
ignored by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which
instead spent hundreds of thousands of dollars to help clean up local
golf courses.
The director of the National Institutes for Health claims a vaccine
for Ebola “probably” would have been developed by now if not for
the stagnant funding for the agency,7 which has a $30 billion annual
budget.8 Yet NIH did come up with the money to pay to give Swedish
massages for rabbits.
NASA no longer has the ability to send astronauts into space. The
agency now pays Russia $70 million per passenger for a round trip
fare to the international space station where the “design and creation
of better golf clubs” is among the studies being conducted.
These are among the 100 silly, unnecessary, and low priority
projects in this year’s Wastebook exposing Washington’s upside down
priorities that tally up to $25 billion.
Only someone with too much of someone else’s money and not
enough accountability for how it was being spent could come up
with some of the zany projects the government paid for this year,
like laughing classes for college students (no joke!) or a play about
brain eating zombies for children. The National Science Foundation
(NSF) taught monkeys how to play video games and gamble. USDA
got into the business of butterfly farming. The Department of Interior
even paid people to watch grass to see how quickly it grows. The
State Department spent money to dispel the perception abroad that
Americans are fat and rude.9 But the real shock and awe may have
been the $1 billion price tag the Pentagon paid to destroy $16 billion
worth of ammunition, enough to pay a full years’ salary for over 54,000
Army privates.
Despite all of this obvious waste, Washington politicians celebrated ending the fiscal year with a deficit under half-a-trillion dollars for
the first time since 200810, as if adding $486 billion11 to a national debt
quickly approaching $18 trillion is an actual accomplishment deserving praise. Citing this decline without context “is misleading, since it
follows an almost 800 percent increase that brought deficits to record

high levels,” says the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.
The non-partisan group notes the debt continued to rise during this
period and deficits are projected to grow larger, eventually exceeding
$1 trillion annually once again in the near future.
This report, the fifth annual Wastebook, gives a snapshot of just
a fraction of the countless frivolous projects the government funded
in the past twelve months with borrowed money and your tax dollars.
Every year taxpayers, regardless of their personal political leanings,
raise their eyebrows and shake their heads in disbelief at how billions
of dollars that could be been better spent—or not spent at all—were
squandered. Then they ask, “but what are you doing about it?”
While I have offered hundreds of amendments to stop stupid
spending, most have been soundly defeated. Perhaps there is no
better example of Congress’s upside down priorities than the Senate
overwhelmingly rejected an amendment to defund the infamous
bridge to nowhere in Alaska.12 Under the current Senate leadership,
amendments are no longer even permitted, ending any hope of
actually cutting waste through the legislative process.
Yet, victories are occurring despite the actions and lack of actions
taken by Congress.
That bridge may have been approved by Congress, but it was
never built because of the public outraged it sparked. Other projects
that made headlines after being featured in Wastebook met a similar
fate. An airport in Oklahoma that averaged just one flight per month
was landing nearly half-a-million in federal subsidies a year was closed
after appearing in Wastebook.13 A day after Wastebook called out
Beverly Hills for selling its federal Community Development Block
grants, the Department of Housing and Urban Development instructed
the jurisdiction to cease the practice.14 NSF canceled a climate change
musical showcased in Wastebook.15
Some spending decisions are reversed before they can even make
it into print to avoid embarrassment. A day after my office inquired
about a life size inflatable foosball game the State Department
ordered in September, for example, the purchase was canceled.16
What I have learned from these experiences is Washington
will never change itself. But even if the politicians won’t stop stupid
spending, taxpayers always have the last word.
As you read through the entries presented in this report, ask
yourself: Is each of these a true national priority or could the money
have been better spent on a more urgent need or not spent at all in
order to reduce the burden of debt being left to be paid off by our
children and grandchildren?

 Sincerely,

 
 

Tom A. Coburn, M.D.
U.S. Senator

3

 WASTEBOOK 2014

1

Paid Vacations for
Bureaucrats Gone Wild
$ 19 m i ll i o n

101

CHARGING BOOZE AND PERSONAL TRIPS ON THE OFFICE CREDIT CARD.
PASSING OUT ON THE JOB AFTER A LATE NIGHT PARTYING. WASTING MOST OF THE
WORK DAY SURFING FOR SMUT ON OFFICE COMPUTERS. MAKING UNWANTED
SEXUAL ADVANCES. USING AN OFFICE LAPTOP TO SEND EXPLICIT IMAGES.
Any one of these outrageous behaviors would be reason enough
for most to be fired… unless, of course, you are on the federal
government’s payroll, in which case you might instead get a paid
vacation lasting months or even years.
Rather than disciplining employees who are underperforming
or even engaging in criminal mischief, federal bureaucrats place
troublesome employees on “administrative leave,” where they continue
to get paid but are essentially relieved of their duties including having
to report to work or do work. A federal employment attorney calls
administrative leave “the government’s dirty little secret.”17
Officially, administrative leave is an “excused absence”18 with
pay and continuation of other benefits, such as health insurance, life
insurance, and retirement plans, that is not charged as annual leave or

4

vacation. In 2014, eleven federal agencies spent at least $50 million
paying the salaries of government employees on administrative leave
status, one-third of which was for disciplinary reasons.19
Administrative leave is not just a discipline tool as agencies
utilize administrative leave for any number of purposes. Some receive
administrative leave for more noble purposes, such as organ donation
or volunteering. Others get paid time off to recover from an overseas
trip, to attend a conference, to conduct union activities, or to go to
a parade.20 Some administrators abuse it to remove and isolate
whistleblowers.21 The Pentagon’s police chief encouraged employees
to take administrative leave to go golfing.22 Several agencies even
allow paid leave to attend Mardi Gras.23 These federal employees are
literally being paid to party!

 The “predominant reason” for “large
amounts of paid administration leave,”
however, is personnel matters, such as
misconduct, criminal matters, or security
concerns.24 The Government Accountability
Office (GAO) found these types of personnel
matters accounted for roughly one-third of
administrative leave charged, or $19 million.25
GAO found inconsistencies between what
different agencies considered administrative
leave as well as inaccuracies in the Office of
Personnel Management data.26
While administrative leave is intended to
be used sparingly for limited periods of time,27
for many it has become a paid vacation lasting
months and even years.28 More than 1,000
federal employees were on paid leave for at
least six months and hundreds were given
paid absences from work for a year or more.29
Nearly 60,000 federal employees received
paid leave for an entire month or more over
a two year period in addition to vacation time
and paid holidays.30
For those federal employees put on paid
leave for criminal activities this year, like
criminally negligent homicide, and sexual
abuse, crime does pay.
Some put on administration leave in 2014
engaged in nefarious and illegal behaviors
that undermine the very confidence in our
government.
An office within the most controversial
government agency, the IRS, used its power to harass and impede political opposition
for years and the director avoided taking any
responsibility and also avoided any real discipline by being put on paid leave for months
before retiring with a generous government
pension.31 The CIA’s chief of Iran operations
was put on paid administrative leave for creating “an abusive and hostile work environment that put a crucial division in disarray.”32
A Secret Service agent responsible for protecting the President on an overseas trip was
put on leave after being found passed out in a
hotel hallway after a late night of partying.33
The former acting Inspector General (IG) at
the Department of Homeland Security was
placed on administrative leave in April after a
bipartisan Senate investigation found he had
“jeopardized the independence” of the IG’s office.34 Two senior officials within the IG office
of the Department of Commerce were placed
on paid administrative leave after threatening
subordinates with negative performance reviews unless they signed “agreements not to
disparage” the office upon leaving.35

After a never ending series of scandals,
the Department of Veterans Affairs had no
shortage of excuses to place misbehaving
staff on paid leave this year. Veterans across
the country were revealed to be dying as
a direct result of bureaucratic negligence.
Agency managers orchestrated premeditated
cover-ups, even punishing those who refused
to go along with the scheme to manipulate
data to secure performance bonuses while
veterans went months without care, resulting
in hundreds of unnecessary deaths over the
last several years. Those responsible went
largely unpunished and were instead placed
on paid leave.
Other VA employees were put on paid
administrative leave for sexually abusing a
female patient,36 causing a fatal car crash
as a result of driving drunk,37 sexting on

services. At the VA, for example, one absent
employee who was put on paid leave was
expected to process at least three veterans’
benefits cases per day.45 A co-worker said she
became frustrated because he wasn’t present
to do his job yet she still had “to approve his
timecards,” while “they desperately needed”
a full time staffer “to help relieve a backlog in
rating veterans and getting benefits to them.
But the VA is not the only abuser of
administrative leave.
Out of 67,000 Social Security
Administration (SSA) employees, nearly
10,000 were on administrative leave for ten
days or more during the first six months of
the year costing nearly $40 million, and no
one knows why.46 The reason for all the paid
absences is unknown as SSA does not record
why employees are on administrative leave.47

Paid leave doesn’t just penalize
taxpayers, it also punishes the
dedicated civil servants who get
stuck picking up the slack.

government computers,38 paying for booze
and personal items on government charge
cards,39 taking a patient being treated for
addiction to a crack house and hooking him
up with drugs,40 and failing to do their jobs.41
Congress responded to the growing
public backlash against the mistreatment
being suffered by our nation’s heroes by
passing a bill to make it easier to terminate
poorly performing VA employees. The
President signed the act into law on August
7,42 warning “if you engage in an unethical
practice, if you cover up a serious problem,
you should be fired. Period. It shouldn’t be
that difficult.”43 Yet months later, the VA has
yet to fire any of the employees responsible
for the deaths, scandals, and cover-ups. They
continue to be paid to do nothing.44
Paid leave doesn’t just penalize
taxpayers, it also punishes the dedicated
civil servants who get stuck picking up the
slack. There are also consequences for those
who seeking government assistance or

The
Department
of
Homeland
Security (DHS) spent at least $4.3 million
to pay employees not to work this year.48
The department had 237 employees on
administrative leave for more than 10
days in 2014 as of August.49 Of these, 205
were on administrative leave status due to
misconduct.50
The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) had
1,553 employees on administrative leave for
more than 10 days as of July 2014, for a cost
exceeding $3 million
To be fair, administrative leave in select
cases can sometimes be justifiable. It can also
take time to fairly adjudicate situations where
facts may be murky and not all employees
on administrative leave are found guilty of
wrongdoing.
But only in Washington would an
employee not doing their job be punished by
being paid not do their job for months or even
years.

5

 Bureaucrats Gone

Wild “Punished” with

Paid Vacations
The following is just a snapshot of some government bureaucrats
gone wild, who continued to be receive paychecks this year—often
without having any assignments or even having to show up for work—
after engaging in unacceptable and sometimes criminal conduct.

1. Secret Service agent responsible for
protecting the President during overseas
trip found drunk and passed out in hotel
hallway after a late night of partying.
Three Secret Service agents “responsible for
protecting President Obama” during his visit to
Amsterdam in March 2014 were placed on paid
administrative leave after a late night of partying
on the eve of the President’s arrival.51 One of the
agents was found “passed out drunk in a hallway
and later had to be lifted into his room by several
hotel employees” and “claimed to have no memory
of the events.”52 The other two agents, one of whom
was the “team leader” on the trip, “were deemed
complicit” because they did not “intervene” or
“tamp down his behavior.”53 The agents were
“temporarily replaced by other agents in the country
until additional agents could be flown in to meet up
with Obama’s entourage at his next destination,
Brussels.”54 All three are GS-13-level agents,55 which
means they are paid an annual salary of at least
$72,000.56 The misconduct violated Secret Service
rules barring agents from drinking alcohol ten hours
before an assignment. These rules were “adopted
in the wake of a damaging scandal in Cartagena,
Colombia, in April 2012, when a dozen agents and
officers had been drinking heavily and had brought
prostitutes back to their hotel rooms before the
president’s arrival for an economic summit.”57 The
Amsterdam incident “came less than three weeks
after the traffic accident in Miami, which led to the
two officers involved being sent home.”58

2. EPA employee who admits to viewing
porn for up to six hours a day over the
past four years paid $120,000 a year with
performance bonuses.
An Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
employee who admits spending up to six hours
every day viewing pornography on government
computers during work hours collected a $120,000

6

annual salary and with performance bonuses.59
When a special agent from the EPA Office of
Inspector General went to interview the employee
about his behavior, he was “actively viewing
pornography on his government-issued computer.
The employee confessed to spending, on average,
between two and six hours per day viewing
pornography while at work. The OIG’s investigation
determined that the employee downloaded and
viewed more than 7,000 pornographic files during
duty hours. This investigation has been referred
to and accepted by the DOJ for prosecution.”60
A high ranking EPA official admitted at a House
Oversight and Government Reform hearing in May,
“I’m not personally doing anything about it.”61 The
chairman of the committee, Congressman Darrell
Issa, questioned “how much pornography would
it take for an EPA employee to lose their job?”62
Rather than being fired, the employee received
“performance awards, merit based prizes, during
the months he was found to be surfing porn at
taxpayer expense,” according to an EPA official.63

3. VA execs covered up veterans’ deaths
and patient delays to secure performance
bonuses for themselves.
Public outrage over a scheme by executives at
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) clinics to
get paid bonuses by manipulating wait times and
patients’ deaths cost the job of one employee at
the department-- the Secretary. A whistleblower
revealed the Phoenix VA Health Care System was
concealing long delays for care and maintaining
a secret list of patient wait that claimed the lives
of as many as 40 veterans. A series of audits and
investigations found VA administrators from coast
to coast were “gaming the system” by “producing
phony appointment data” to cover-up the thousands
of veterans waiting months to see a doctor.64 Those
within the agency who attempted to speak out
against the culture of corruption were punished,
but those involved in the scheme have yet to be
held accountable. Three executives at the Phoenix

VA were put on administrative leave in May “until
further notice,” including the director and associate
director.65 Each continues to receive their full salary,
for the director that amounts to nearly $170,000
annually,66 or $85,000 since being put on leave.

4. IRS official who oversaw office that
targeted Tea Party groups misled about her
role in scandal.
A Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration
(TIGTA) report issued in May found over a four
year period the IRS singled out Tea Party and
other conservative organizations applying for taxexempt status “based upon their names or policy
positions” and delayed approval of those requests
while demanding “unnecessary” and “burdensome”
information.67 President Obama called the political
targeting by the IRS “outrageous,” stating “I
have got no patience with it, I will not tolerate it,”
asserting “they have to be held fully accountable.”68
Lois Lerner, the director of the IRS tax-exempt
organizations division responsible for the actions,
tried to pin the actions, which she called “absolutely
inappropriate,” on “lower-level workers” who
“picked groups for extra scrutiny according to
whether they had ‘tea party’ or ‘patriot’ in their
names.” TIGTA’s investigation, however, concluded
the targeting of these groups began in 2010 and
blamed “ineffective management.”69 Two years
of Lerner’s emails were somehow lost by the IRS
and her computer’s hard drive was destroyed.70
E-mails unearthed by investigators, show Lerner
was “directly involved in targeting conservative
nonprofit groups for special scrutiny beginning at
the height of the 2010 midterm election season.”71
She was placed on paid administrative leave in May
and voluntarily retired from the IRS in September.72
With an annual salary of about $185,000,73 she
collected nearly $50,000 during the four months
she was paid on administrative leave. “Retiring
before the Treasury Department can fire her allows
Lerner to keep her pension” which will be “more
than $50,900 per year.”74

5. VA employee hooks up patient being
treated for addiction with drugs and
prostitute.
A VA drug addiction treatment specialist busted for
taking a patient to a crack house to help him score
illegal drugs and solicit a prostitute was also found
“guilty of patient abuse, misuse of government
vehicles, filing false overtime requests and multiple
ethics violations” is still employed at Central
Alabama Veterans Health Care System.75 The initial
incident occurred in March 1, 2013 according to a VA
investigative report that concluded the employee
“interfered” with the patient’s “medical treatment
plan” and “endorsed” his addictions, and exposed
him to a “dangerous environment.”76

 WASTEBOOK 2014

6. Senior officials at the Commerce
Department Office of Inspector General try
to gag subordinates with threats of negative
job reviews.
Two senior officials at the Department of
Commerce Office of Inspector General were placed
on paid administrative leave after threatening
subordinates with negative performance reviews if
they refused to sign a gag order upon leaving the
office.77 The two “were escorted from the building
and prohibited from physical and electronic access
to the department,” but remained on the Commerce
Department’s payroll.

7. Administrators overlooked pandemonium in
scandal plagued office.
After a seemingly never ending list of scandals, the
director and chief of staff of the Central Alabama
Veterans Health Care System were placed on paid
administrative leave in August 2014.78 The problems
include falsifying “appointment records to mask
how long veterans wait for appointments and not
reading hundreds of X-rays. Employees at the
center have also been accused of taking a patient
being treated for addiction to a crack house to
buy drugs,” 79 sexually abusing a female patient,80
and causing a fatal car crash as a result of driving
drunk.81 The Director, James Talton, had implied
that “all employees involved in the falsification were
terminated,” when they were instead “relieved of
their duties” while continuing to be paid employees
of the VA.

8. VA employee driving drunk indicted for
homicide in fatal car crash.
A vocational rehabilitation specialist in the mental
health department at the Central Alabama Veterans
Administration Health Center System (CAVHCS)
was indicted for “criminally negligent homicide”
for a fatal car crash that occurred last year while
he was driving drunk.82 The employee, whose job
requires him to drive a government vehicle, was
off duty at the time. He was speeding when his car
ran off the road and “the vehicle flipped several
times before landing on its roof.” A passenger was
killed in the accident. The driver “was arrested for
driving under the influence of alcohol.” The case
was “referred to human resources, but as of Sept.
2, that individual was still employed by and working
at CAVHCS more than a year after the accident.”83

9. VA employee charged with sexually
abusing female veteran.
An employee of the Veterans Affairs Southeast
Network was placed on administrative leave after
being charged with “first-degree sexual abuse”

for fondling the breast of a female patient who is a
veteran.84 The preliminary hearing was held August
21 after twice being delayed by the VA employee’s
attorney.85 The employee “will only be tried if he’s
first indicted by a grand jury,” which does not meet
again until January or February of next year. In the
meantime, the employee continues to be paid.86

10. NIH police offer pulls a loaded gun on
motorist during a fit of road rage.
A police officer for the National Institutes of Health
was placed on paid administrative leave in June
after pulling a loaded gun on a motorist during a
fit of road rage.87 The motorist told state police he
was forced into the officer’s lane on the interstate
when he “pulled out a black Glock 19 and loaded
the magazine” as “a terrified motorist in the next
lane desperately tried to get away.”88

11. Monitoring of Iran’s nuclear program
potentially compromised by CIA’s official’s
mismanagement.

workday. By his own admission, he took advantage
of the lack of supervision.”94 The OIG chronicled
how the employee eluded punishment time and
time again and instead talked his supervisors into
improperly creating a new (and higher-paying)
job for him in Washington, DC.95 He misused a
government travel charge card “to entertain female
companions, withdraw cash when not on travel,
charge over $170 at a Target store for personal
items, buy liquor from his hotel room minibar, and
for his personal commutes to visit family.”96 In total,
the employee’s excessive travels cost more than
$109,000.97 On at least 20 instances, he was absent
without leave “as a result of his previous night’s
activities, and admitted his misconduct negatively
affected his performance.”98 His absences from
his job had real consequences for veterans as
well as his co-workers. He “was expected to
process a minimum cumulative average number
of 3.5 weighted cases per day,” but “he did not,”99
despite the backlog processing veterans benefits.
This employee also “downloaded and installed
unapproved software to his VA-issued laptop for
the purpose of sexting—defined as the sending of
sexually explicit photos, images, text messages, or
emails using a mobile device.”100

The chief of the CIA’s Iran operations was put on
paid administrative leave in March “after an internal
investigation found he had created an abusive
and hostile work environment that put a crucial
division in disarray.”89 The division, which is crucial
to monitoring Iran’s nuclear program, “was in open
rebellion” due to the official’s “management style,
with several key employees demanding transfers.90
Internal surveys have long revealed CIA employees
believe the agency is “beset by bad management,
where misjudgments by senior officials go
unpunished.”91 An Inspector General report found
“perceptions of poor management, and a lack of
accountability for poor management, comprised
five of the top 10 reasons why people leave or
consider leaving CIA and were the most frequent
topic of concern among those who volunteered
comments.”92

12. VA employee used government
computers for sexting, showed up for
work when he wanted, took unnecessary
junkets, and charged personal items to
taxpayers.
An employee admitted he was “out of control”
sexting his friends from VA computers and working
when and where he pleased was put on paid leave
March 11, two weeks after a February 24 report
detailed his behaviors. On July 25, he “was allowed
to resign before he could be disciplined for wasting
government time and money.”93 The employee,
assigned to an office in Nashville, took 34 trips to
Washington, D.C. as well as junkets to Florida and
New Jersey. He “worked at his own time and pace”
so “he could conduct personal business during the

7

 WASTEBOOK 2014

2

Swedish Massages
for Rascally Rabbits

$387,000

The real lucky rabbit’s foot
may be attached to one of the
bunnies receiving Swedish massages courtesy of taxpayers.
A group of rabbits received
daily rub downs from a “mechanical device that simulates the long,
flowing strokes used in Swedish
massages.”118
The
National
Center
for
Complementary
and Alternative Medicine of the
National Institutes of Health provided $387,000 for the two year
project which ended in April
2014.119
The massages were given
after subjecting the rabbits to
exercise to measure its impact
on recovery. To conduct the experiment, 18 “New Zealand White
rabbits were instrumented” with
“nerve cuffs for stimulation of
hindlimb” leg muscles.120 The
rabbits were “anesthetized and
secured supine with one foot at-

3

tached to a foot pedal.”121
Following the work outs,
researchers compared post-exercise recovery time for those receiving immediate massages, delayed massages, or no massages
at all.122 The lucky bunnies received
massages four times a day123 that
lasted 30 minutes immediately following exercise.124 These rabbits
not only got the most massages,
they also recovered quicker from
the exercises.
“We tried to mimic Swedish
massage because anecdotally, it’s
the most popular technique used
by athletes,” said Thomas Best, the
project leader and co-medical director of the Ohio State University
Sports Medicine Center.125
The researchers “acknowledge that the injury created in our
animal model may not be completely analogous to the injury produced in humans with eccentric

Researchers designed work out equipment to exercise rabbits as well as a Swedish massage machine to
give rabbit rubdowns.129

exercise.”126 They do note, however, that studies do exist to support
the use of massage to treat human
muscle aches and pains.127
If the researchers were
seeking to learn how to identify
the most optimal application of
massage therapy to treat human
muscle aches and injuries, then
perhaps they should have observed human subjects. Instead,

Army Creates Free First-Person Shooter
the Intelligence Community Worries
Could Train Terrorists

$414,000

War is not a game – unless you’re playing America’s Army, a free, online first-person-shooter game developed, produced and
promoted by the U.S. Army.
The Army first released the video game in
2002, and has updated it every year since as
part of its enlistment efforts.130 It features ultra-realism in weaponry, tactics and leadership,
but, “[u]nlike commercial games designed to
make big money, the aim of this taxpayer-funded project is to generate Army recruits.”131
According to the Congressional Research
Service, the Army spent $414,000 in 2014,
which it says were used for “community and

8

forum management, as well as server host and
statistical report fees.”132 Yet, taxpayers have
spent far more than that in past years. As of
2009, the Army had spent at least $33 million
to develop and update America’s Army, though
the project was originally budgeted to cost
only a total of $7 million.133
But while it may help recruit and train
U.S. soldiers, some intelligence officials worry
it could also be aiding jihadists and mass murderers. A top secret National Security Agency
report from 2007 – and later leaked by Edward
Snowden – identified America’s Army as one
of several combat simulation games which

this study seems to have chased
tax dollars down a rabbit hole.
Taxpayer dollars that could have
supported potentially more transformative research were instead
spent on exercise and massage
equipment for rabbits. As for the
rabbits, they were eventually euthanized,128 so while well massaged,
those feet were not so lucky after
all.

terrorists can use to train for missions. It is so
realistic, “the army no longer needs to use it for
recruitment, they use it for training,” the report
noted, adding, “The Lebanese Hizballah has
taken this concept and the same basic game
design and made its own version of the game
called Special Forces 2 (SF2), which its press
section acknowledges is used for recruitment
and training in order to prepare their youth to
‘fight the enemy’, a radicalizing medium; the
ultimate goal is to become a suicide martyr.”134
The report indicates that terrorists could
use games like this to practice skills, noting, for
example, that some of the 9-11 pilots had never
flown a real plane, and had only trained using
Microsoft’s Flight Simulator.135 “These games
offer realistic weapons training … military operations and tactics, photorealistic land navigation
and terrain familiarization, and leadership skills,”
the report said. “When the mission is expensive, risky, or dangerous, it is often a wiser idea
to exercise virtually, rather than really blow an

 WASTEBOOK 2014

operative up assembling a bomb or exposing a
sleeper agent to law enforcement scrutiny.” 136
In September the Army rolled out its most
recent update to the game, RFI-4, which allows players compete in a deadly version of
capture-the-flag called “Intercept” featuring
missile components rather than a flag.137
“Intercept is the latest and one of the finest America’s Army: Proving Grounds maps
ever developed,” the Army boasted on its
Facebook page devoted to the game. It noted
that the update was designed “with mission
re-playability as the primary focus.”138

4

Realistic scenes from America’s Army

Mountain Lions on a Treadmill

$856,000

“People just didn’t believe you could get
a mountain lion on a treadmill, and it took me
three years to find a facility that was willing to
try,” exclaimed Terrie Williams, a University of
California-Santa Cruz professor.139
What people won’t have a hard time believing is the federal government would pay
to put the big cats on a treadmill. Not so long
ago, after all, the National Science Foundation
(NSF) paid $560,000 to run a shrimp on a tiny
treadmill.140 In fact, the federal government has
raced animals, large and small on a treadmill
from monkeys,141 to rats,142 and even cows143
and goats.144
A mountain lion that has been trained to run on the testing treadmill.

In this study funded with an $856,000
NSF grant, three captive mountain lions were
taught to use a treadmill.145 It took eight months
of training before the cats were “comfortable
on the treadmill.”146
The study, which also monitored wild
mountain lions with a special collar, determined the “power of the pounce” and the energy consumption of the cat’s hunting techniques. Before the researchers “could interpret
the data from collars deployed on wild mountain lions, however, they first had to perform
calibration studies with mountain lions in captivity. This meant, among other things, training

mountain lions to walk and run on a treadmill
and measuring their oxygen consumption at
different activity levels. Those studies took a
bit longer than planned.”147
The treadmill study found “mountain lions
do not have the aerobic capacity for sustained,
high-energy activity.148
“They are power animals. They have a slow
routine walking speed and use a burst of speed
and the force of the pounce to knock down or
overpower their prey,” Williams explains.
“In addition to the treadmill studies, the
captive cats were videotaped wearing the collars while doing a wide range of activities in a
large outdoor enclosure. This provided a library
of collar acceleration signatures specific for
different behaviors, from resting and grooming
to running and pouncing.”149
A “state-of-the-art” collar—called the
Species Movement, Acceleration, and Radio
Tracking (SMART) wildlife collar— was designed by a graduate student for the studies in
the wild. The high tech collar includes a GPS
unit, accelerometers, and a magnetometer “to
provide detailed data on where an animal is
and what it is doing.”150
The researchers say the “insights are likely
to greatly inform public knowledge and opinion
of large mammal behavior and conservation.”151
The NSF funds were also spent on “outreach,” which included attending conferences
and developing an interactive website.152
While support for basic science is not itself wasteful, federal research agencies should
better prioritize how tax dollars are directed
to ensure adequate support for more pressing
scientific endeavors. With Congress racking
up deficits and leaving nearly an $18 trillion
debt for the next generation, scarce resources should be used to pay down the debt or on
higher priorities, such as emerging biological
threats that could pounce on anyone of us.

9

 WASTEBOOK 2014

5

Anti-Terror Grant Buys State-of-the-Art SWAT
Equipment for Safest Small Town in America

$200,000

Ten years ago, “pork barrel politics
at its worst” was how then New York City
Mayor Michael Bloomberg described U.S.
counterterrorism spending to the 9/11
Commission.153 Spreading money around
might make for good politics, he charged,
but would do little to keep the nation safe.
A decade later there is evidence little has
changed. Two small municipalities around
New York received anti-terror grants for
SWAT team equipment upgrades, despite
being rated among the safest and at least risk
of terrorism in the country.
The State of New York awarded two
grants worth a total of $200,000 to Ithaca,

6

and the Twin Cities of Tonawanda and North
Tonawanda using funds from the Department
of Homeland Security’s (DHS) State
Homeland Security Program.154 They were
distributed as part of the state’s “Tactical
Team Grant Program.”
Ithaca in particular was recently
distinguished as the number one “most
secure” small town in America by Farmers
Insurance Group of Companies.155 Among
other factors, the study looked at “crime
statistics, extreme weather, risk of natural
disasters, housing depreciation, foreclosures,
air quality … [and] terrorist threats.”156
According to the Ithaca Police Department’s

OPM Pays Contractor To “Flush”
Security Clearance Investigations
“like a dead goldfish”

$124.3 million

What do a goldfish, a leprechaun, and
Dick Clark have in common? All were invoked
as part of one company’s attempt to scam
millions of federal dollars, all the while compromising our national security.
Over the past year the government paid
$124.3 million to U.S. Investigations Services,
Inc. (USIS),161 the federal contractor hired
to conduct security clearance background
checks, despite the company’s history of
security failures and allegations of fraud.162
Among the firm’s most high-profile failures
was giving the all-clear to both Edward
Snowden, the notorious NSA leaker, and
Aaron Alexis, who shot and killed 12 people at
the Washington Navy Yard.163
While the government uses several
contractors to help do background checks,

10

USIS does about half all investigations for
federal security clearances.164 With more
than five million government employees and
contractors – or 1.6 percent of the entire U.S.
population – holding a security clearance, the
firm plays a big role in protecting our nation’s
secrets.165
However, this past January, the
Department of Justice (DOJ) accused USIS
of submitting 665,000 fake background
investigations.166 As a result, hundreds of
thousands of people who may not have been
eligible for clearances were given access to
top secret information.
According to its contract with the Office
of Personnel Management (OPM), USIS
was paid for each background investigation
is completed, along with bonuses for high

website, Ithaca’s crime rate is the third lowest
in the nation for a metropolitan area of any
size.157 “This grant money is awesome for
us,” Ithaca police Chief John Barber beamed,
explaining that the grant would help purchase
night vision goggles, a tactical robot, chemical
suits and training among other things.158
Farmers Insurance similarly ranked the
Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, of
which both Tonawanda and North Tonawanda
are a part, as the sixth safest large metro area
in the country.159 Local police officials said
the money would purchase “state-of-the-art
equipment.”160

quality work.167 In the complaint filed by DOJ,
management at USIS “devised and executed
a scheme to deliberately circumvent
contractually required reviews to increase
the company’s revenues and profits.”168
The scheme was referred to as “dumping”
or “flushing” cases – terms used by the
company to send incomplete investigations
to OPM when they were trying to hit their
performance goals.169
An email sent in April 2010 by one
employee to the company’s Director of
National Quality Assurance provided an
update on the number of cases dumped that
day, commenting, “Shelves are as clean as
they could get. Flushed everything like a dead
goldfish.”170
Another email later that year was written
in character as a mischievous leprechaun
“T’is Flushy McFlushershon at his merry
hijinks again!! **leprechaun dance** …I’m not
tired…”171
Even the then-ailing Dick Clark’s name
was invoked during the holiday season:
“Scalping tickets for ‘Dick Clark’s Dumpin’
New Year’s Eve! Who needs 2? Have a bit of a
backlog building, but fortunately, most people
are off this week so no one will notice!”172

 WASTEBOOK 2014

7

Spouses Stab Voodoo Dolls
More Often When “Hangry”,
Study Reveals

$331,000

The feeling of anger caused by hunger is
so well-known that pop culture has given the
feelings their own name: hanger. Armed with
voodoo dolls and chalkboard noises, federally
funded researchers wanted to prove a hangry
spouse is also an unhappy one.
Over the course of twenty-one consecutive evenings, 107 couples were given a chance
to stick up to 51 pins into a voodoo doll representing their spouse.173 The pin-pushing happened in secret, away from the other partner.
Participants then recorded the number of pins
they poked into the dolls. Those tests revealed
what may already be obvious to many couples:
a spouse with low blood sugar was an angrier
one, and stuck more pins in the doll (on average).174
In a subsequent experiment, partners
were allowed to blast loud noises at their part-

8

Scientists Hope Gambling Monkeys
Unlock Secrets of Free Will

$171,000

It turns out humans are not the only
species looking for “Big money, no whammies!”
Monkeys also like to play video games and
gamble, found an ongoing study supported by
the National Science Foundation.
Humans have long been known to have
a “hot-hand bias” in which they believe hot or
cold streaks exist where there is actually none.
Researchers wanted to know if monkeys had
the same problem.
“Luckily, monkeys love to gamble,” said
Tommy Blanchard, a doctoral candidate at
the University of Rochester who worked on

the study.180 But scientists “had to create a
computerized game that was so captivating
monkeys would want to play for hours.”181
Monkeys were faced with three kinds of
games: “two with clear patterns (the correct
answer tended to repeat on one side or to
alternate from side to side) and a third in which
the lucky pick was completely random.”182
They picked up on consistent patterns in the
first two games, “but in the random scenarios,
the monkeys continued to make choices as if
they expected a ‘streak.’ In other words, even
when rewards were random, the monkeys

ner if they won a game. The winner could play
the loud noises – the sound of a smoke alarm,
dentist’s drill, and fingernails-on-a-chalkboard
– for any amount of time they chose. 175
Again, the results were just as any parent
of a toddler might expect. “Hungry people are
cranky and aggressive,” said the lead researcher.176 Partners with lower blood glucose levels
blasted their spouses with louder and longer
noise.177
Not all academics believed the results.
Two psychologists who reviewed the work
suggested, “[I]t might be a big leap to interpret the results with voodoo dolls as indicating
risk for actual physical aggression against a
spouse.”178
Funding for the voodoo doll project came
in part from National Science Foundation grant
worth $331,000.179

favored one side. The monkeys showed the
hot-hand bias consistently over weeks of
play.”183 Almost like being stuck in a casino, the
three “subjects” played an average of 3,732
games.184
Based upon the monkeys’ behavior,
the researchers concluded monkeys share
“our unfounded belief in winning and losing
streaks.”185 “Win-stay strategies appear to
be more natural for monkeys than win-shift
ones,” details the study.186
The researchers contend the study could
“provide nuance to our understanding of free
will” or even “inform treatment for gambling
addiction.”187 But taxpayers are likely to go
totally bananas that NSF is monkeying around
with federal research dollars.
The project is being funded as part of a
$171,361 continuing grant to be provided by
the National Science Foundation from June
2013 to May 2018.188

11

 WASTEBOOK 2014

9

Subsidies for Sports Stadiums
Leave Taxpayers Holding the Bill

$146 million

For millions of sports fans, Fall in America
means watching the first weeks of football
season and catching baseball playoff games
from the comfort of their couch. Many of these
exciting showdowns are played in spectacular
new stadiums largely paid for in part with taxfree financing. Yet, with some tickets costing
hundreds of dollars, many taxpayers cannot
afford to attend a game or enjoy the stadiums
they helped build.
Through the use of municipal bonds,
state and local governments are able to
finance the building of multi-million dollar
sporting arenas to support their favorite local
team and wealthy franchise owners. The
interest earned by investors on these bonds
is not subject to federal income tax, resulting
in hundreds of millions of dollars in lost federal
revenue.
The only loser in this game is the taxpayer.
This tax preference for the pros costs
the government $146 million in lost revenue
every year, in tax exemptions on interest from

government bonds for sporting facilities,
according to a Bloomberg analysis of U.S.
Treasury data.189
Dallas Cowboy fans may not cheer quite
as loud this year considering their unrivaled
new stadium was financed by government
bonds, resulting in more than $65 million
in subsidies to investors over the next 29
years.190 Despite helping to pay for the
stadium, visitors will have to pay up to $27.50
if they even want to tour facility, which boasts
a “600-ton, four-screen video” jumbotron,
a retractable ceiling, art galleries, and “320
suites with polished marble floors and granite
counters” that can cost up to $500,000 to
lease per season.191
On the East Coast, New York’s beloved
Yankees are hitting homeruns in the second
most expensive baseball stadium ever built,192
in part thanks to $942 million in tax-free
financing, resulting in revenue losses of at
least $231 million over 30 years.193
These aren’t the only teams winning

big, even if they lose a game or two in their
swanky stadiums. Bloomberg’s investigation
revealed, “There are 21 NFL owners whose
teams play in stadiums built or renovated in
the past quarter-century using tax-free public
borrowing. Such municipal debt helped build
structures used by 64 major-league teams,
including baseball, hockey and basketball.”194
The exclusion of interest from the income
tax functions as a federal subsidy through
the tax code for state and local government
borrowing and for the team owners who
do not have to put up as much of their own
money. The direct tax subsidy is claimed by
the investors who do not pay taxes on the
interest earned from these bonds.
The federal tax preference for pro
stadiums was not created intentionally, and
in fact, Congress specifically attempted to
prohibit tax-exempt financing of stadiums.
But, Congress left the door open for local
governments to use tax-free municipal
bonds to help build the stadiums with
taxpayer help.195 Municipal bonds, however,
are supposed to be used to finance capital
projects such as buildings, utilities, and
transportation infrastructure,196 not subsidize
athletic arenas for multi-million dollar sports
franchises.
Congress should leave the game playing
to the professionals and stop asking taxpayers
to take a penalty for the home team.

Tax-free financing for sports stadiums like the Dallas Cowboys’ arena, leave taxpayers holding the bill, costing $146 million every year.

12

 WASTEBOOK 2014

10

toenails on his pizza, eating brains for
lunch, having his intestines for a belt, and
hanging out with his best friends, graveyard
worms.”200 After a series of unsuccessful
dates, Mortimer finally places a personal ad
in hopes of meeting his one true love, who
he hopes will show up to the school dance.201
NEA officials gave taxpayer assistance
to the show over other applicants, citing
its accessibility for younger audiences –
Mortimer “exemplifies anyone who has felt
like an outsider”202 – and recommended it for
all audiences aged four and up.203
The show is billed as family-friendly, but
zombie enthusiasts will be glad to know “[t]
here is some brain eating, but it’s gentle,”
noted the theatre’s spokesperson.204
To accompany the show, the Oregon
Children’s Theatre produced a “teacher
resource guide” to help students learn
the show’s big lessons, such as, “Even the
undead have feelings” and “The right special
someone will appreciate your unique, weird,
and spooky qualities.”205 Included inside is
“vocabulary from the play,” with words such
as “putrid,” “maggots” and “fungus.”206
This is the fifth consecutive year the
Oregon Children’s Theatre received an NEA
grant, and according to its Managing Director,
support for the theatre’s productions is
“critical,” “signal[ing] that [the Oregon
Children’s Theatre’s] work is recognized
and respected nationally.”207 After seeing
the show at the Oregon Children’s Theatre,
one mom’s assessment of the show noted,
“It was like High School Musical, but with
Zombies.”208
While zombies are popular among
young adults, parents probably question
whether a story about the “undead” eating
brains is for children since these aren’t the
typical subjects of tales by Dr. Seuss or other
popular children’s fiction over the years. The
TV series “The Walking Dead,” for example,
“carries a rating of TV-MA, which defines the
content as a program intended for viewing
by people 17 and older.”209 And the recent
reanimation of the “Night of the Living of
Dead” was rated R, in part, for “bloody horror
violence.”210 While “Zombie in Love” is more
lighthearted than these with a more upbeat
The National Endowment for the Arts message, the underlying premise still may
(NEA) awarded $10,000 to the Oregon not be the most age-appropriate story for a
Children’s Theatre to produce “Zombie in children’s theater.
Love,”198 a musical about Mortimer, a teenage
zombie “dying to find true love.”199 He’s your
typical zombie teenager who, “like[s] having

Teen Zombie Sings, Tries to Get a
Date to the Dance

$10,000

While most zombies want to eat your
brains, there’s one that wants to steal your
heart. His story is told in a taxpayer-funded
stage production about the ups-and-downs
of a lovesick zombie who can’t find a date in
the land of the living.197

13

 WASTEBOOK 2014

11

Watching Grass Grow
$10,000

The federal government is literally paying
people to watch grass grow.
While the grass being observed,
saltmarsh cordgrass is “a fast-growing
plant,”211 it can reach a length of 6 inches to as
high as 7 feet tall.212
The Department of Interior’s U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service is spending $10,000 on
the project being conducted in the GuanaTolomato-Matanzas preserve by the Florida
Department of Environmental Protection
(FDEP). The money will “cover the cost to
monitor grasses, restore two acres as a
demonstration and publish a guide on best

12

practices for cultivating the cordgrass, known
formally as Spartina alterniflora”213
“Spartina is used a lot now in places that
aren’t natural, from highway berms and ridges
to manicured golf courses,” according to the
vice president of Beeman’s Nursery in New
Smyrna Beach.214
“About 40,000 plugs of Spartina will
be pulled individually” out of salt marsh and
observers will “painstakingly document how
fast it returns.”215
“Where plugs of grass are removed,
photos are run through computer software to
figure the number of plants still standing and

how much ground they cover. A chest-high
square of PVC-like tubing with strings pulled
into a grid makes it easier to track growth and
thinning in the grasses.”216
What lessons might be learned from
watching the grass grown back? “Grasses
that are thinned differently from one grid
to another could end up pointing to lessons
in the grass’s resilience. If 20 percent of
the Spartina is pulled out in one grid and
grows back as completely as the grass in an
area where only 10 percent was taken,” the
project’s restoration coordinator said “it could
mean there’s no apparent effect from taking
that much more.”217
While the project may yield some new
understandings of how to grow cordgrass,
it looks more like just another weed of
government waste in the federal budget.
There are much more pressing challenges
facing our nation that we should focus on
than watching grass grow.

NIH Asks if Moms Love
Dogs as Much as Kids

$371,026

Mothers have the same reaction when looking at photos of their dogs as they do to those
of their own kids, according to recent government-funded research published this year.218
The unique relationship between man and
his pets is nothing new. “Humans began domesticating dogs to serve in a variety of roles,
including as human companion or ‘pets’, 18,00032,000 years ago,” the authors wrote in their
study.219 “Approximately 2/3 of U.S. households
have pets, and over $50 billion is spent annually on their care…Many people have a strong
emotional attachment to their pets…half of pet
owners consider their pet as much a part of the
family as any member of the household.”220
Science has already shown “very similar
results for human infants’ and dogs’ behaviors
with their mother or owner have been described
under high and low stress conditions.”221 And,
bonding has “been implicated in human-human
and owner-dog pairs.”222
But apparently never had mothers’ brains
been monitored while viewing photos of their

14

kids and dogs. This new study was described by
the scientists as “the first report of a comparison of fMRI-related brain activation patterns in
women when they viewed images of their child
and dog.”223
Participating moms were solicited “via advertisement in local media, veterinary clinics,
dog parks” and a hospital research program.224
Dogs and children were first “photographed in
the participants’ home.”225 Mothers were then
shown a series of dog and child photos from
other participants in the study, as well as photos of their own.226 As they looked at each, their
brains were monitored with an MRI scanner.227
“Mothers reported similar emotional ratings
for their child and dog, which elicited greater pos- NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins this year claimed that the agency is
“throwing away probably half of the innovative, talented research
itive emotional responses than unfamiliar chil- proposal’s that the nation’s finest biomedical community has produced,”
dren and dogs,” and their brains acted in similar due to budget constraints.231
ways in viewing both their own kids and dogs.228
Two of the scientists performing the study
Their next step is to include “more people
received a combined total of $371,026 from the and look at how men and women without chilNational Institutes of Health this year, money in- dren reacted to photos of babies and pets as
tended for work in addiction research.229
well.”230

 WASTEBOOK 2014

13

Taxpayers Help NY
Brewery Build Beer Farm

$200,000

“This is the golden age for beer,” declared
GQ in September 2014, owing largely to
the explosion in craft beer throughout the
U.S.232 With nearly 2,800 craft brewers
operating around the nation, the ongoing beer
renaissance shows no signs of letting up.
Even the White House got in on the
act when in 2012 President Obama began
brewing his own Honey Brown Ale and Honey
Porter. Using honey from the grounds, it was
the first time any president has brewed beer
right from the White House.233
One New York company in particular,
Empire Brewing, has been especially
successful in growing its business, offering
popular beers such as its Chocolate Mint

Stout, Blueberry Ale and Empire Strikes
Bock.234 In 2014, the brewer was given
$200,000 to expand from one location in
Syracuse to a second in Cazenovia, New York,
where it plans to open farm and brewpub.235
Funding was made available through the U.S.
Department of Agriculture’s Value-Added
Producer Grant program.236
The second location will be called the
Empire Farmstead Brewery, a 22-acre farm
with a 28,000 square-foot building to include
a brewing facility, restaurant, gift shop and
tasting room.237 Company officials expect it
to attract, “the brewing community, farmers,
educators, hop historians,” and not to be
forgotten, “beer geeks.”238

Sen. Chuck Schumer at a press conference to announce federal funding for the Empire Brewing Company.

An artistic rendition of Empire Farmstead
Brewery.
Empire Brewing’s owner, David Katelski,
gushed that the new location was “significant,”
because, “it allows us to get more beer out
there.”239
Taxpayers might wonder why in a year
that the federal deficit will exceed half of a
trillion dollars they are subsidizing one beer
company’s operations. In 2013, the U.S. craft
beer market was $14.3 billion, an increase
of nearly $2.5 billion over the year prior,
according to the Brewers Association.240
Senator Chuck Schumer, an advocate
for the federal subsidy, acknowledged, “The
craft brew industry is booming in Central
New York, and Empire is one of the breweries
leading the way.”241 With the grant, Empire
Brewing will be well on its way to becoming
one of the largest brewing operations in the
state of New York.242
Asked about expanding his operations
to include a “brew farm,” Katleski noted, “It’s
going to be a lot of fun.”243

15

 WASTEBOOK 2014

14

Colorado Orchestra Targets
Youth with Stoner Symphony

$15,000

“Classically Cannabis: The High Note Series marks a new
partnership between the Colorado Symphony and the
industry that supports legal cannabis in Colorado.”

15

As fewer Americans regularly attend the
symphony, one orchestra in Colorado has an
idea to draw in new patrons: smoking dope.
Hoping to raise some funds, the Colorado
Symphony Orchestra hosted “Classically
Cannabis: The High Note Series,” a marijuanathemed musical revue that encourages people
not only to show up, but to smoke up.244 The
events featured classical selections from
Debussy, Bach, Wagner and Puccini, as well as
a “small outdoor area with food trucks and a
pair of ice cream and popsicle vendors, where
attendees also openly smoked cannabis.”245
One of the three concerts, called Summer
Monsoon, advertised on its website this way,
“Smoke up and fill your belly with Manna’s
spiced pork, Sesame Seed Teriyaki Chicken, &
Filipino Empanadas.”246
Pot dealers were not allowed to sell inside
the shows, but people were encouraged to
bring their own and smoke just before walking
in. For those who wanted to take a drag during
the show organizers provided an outdoor patio,
which according to spokesperson Laura Bond

U.S. Coast Guard
Party Patrols
$100,000 or more

Faced with budget cuts, the U.S. Coast
Guard reduced drug and migrant interdictions
while continuing to provide free patrols in the
waters along “some of the country’s most
exclusive real estate” to stop uninvited guests
from crashing private parties.
While taxpayers appreciate the crucial
role the Coast Guard serves protecting our
nation’s waterways and rescuing nearly 5,000
people a year,255 most are probably unaware its
crewmen also serve as bouncers to keep the
general public and other uninvited guests out
of private events on and along yachts, beaches,

16

and estates.
“For some regattas, yacht club parties and
even weddings, the maritime agency assigns
boats and crews to enforce ‘safety zones,’” like
“it does for public fireworks displays such as
the Macy’s Fourth of July celebration in New
York City.”256 And “unlike police agencies that
provide security support for private events
on land, the Coast Guard does not seek
reimbursement, leaving the bill to taxpayers.”257
“While the Coast Guard’s efforts are
intended to protect other boaters drawn to
events, at least in some cases, the hosts of

was needed because marijuana smoke is, “not
good for people who play the saxophone.”247
In 2014, funding for the orchestra in
the amount of $15,000 was provided by the
National Endowment for the Arts through its
“Art Works” program.248 Art Works grants are
for “innovative projects” that offer insights
through “unconventional solutions.”249 However,
while current federal law prohibits possession or
distribution of marijuana, the orchestra will not
have to return the NEA grant.250
Event organizers emphasized the need
to attract Colorado’s young people. “The
audience has been getting older and smaller,”
said Colorado Symphony CEO Jerry Kern,
adding “It’s innovate or die. It’s change or die.
It’s reach new people or die, and we’re not
going to die.”251
However, some of the orchestra’s older
patrons complained, fearing the symphony
would follow suit the Florida Orchestra, which
tried to draw in a younger crowd with music
from popular video games.252 Bond offered
reassurances, though, “We’re not bringing in
Snoop Dogg as an artist.”253
Others were thrilled. “I am watching
history being made!” a gray-haired woman
named Roxanne Prescott told a Slate reporter,
“I don’t like all those I call punk-ass dead-head
stoners. This is more comfortable for me. It
feels upper class.”254

private events that receive safety zones are
clear that the intent is not to benefit the public,”
according to the Associated Press.
In July, “two orange boats carrying nine
Coast Guard service members, all clad in body
armor and some carrying handguns,” were
stations in Long Island Sound. Their mission:
Keep other boaters away from a “barge
launching celebratory fireworks” for a wedding
party on Glen Island, “which is connected to
the mainland by a drawbridge and taken up
mostly by a park that was first developed as a
summer resort by a congressman in the 19th
century.”258
“The 15-minute display cost close to
$100,000,” according to Charlie DeSalvo,
executive producer of Fireworks by Grucci.259
“This is a world-class Grucci choreographed
barge,” bragged DeSalvo said. “This is not
a fireworks show that would normally be
produced for the local fire department at their
carnival.”260 So while the party hosts could

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afford $100,000 for just the fireworks display,
they did not have to pay a cent for the security
of their event, which was provided as an inkind wedding present from the taxpayers.
The Coast Guard boats arrived around
8 p.m., “when they turned on blue law
enforcement lights. Petty Officer 2nd Class
Geoffrey Burns sounded a siren as they pulled
up to” an uninvited boat. “I need you to go this
way,” Burns instructed the boater.261
“We’re not protecting the wedding. We’re
protecting the people from the wedding,” explained a Coast Guard spokesman in New
York.262
“As fireworks sizzled in the sky and
exploded into brilliant colors, Jason Grimm,
a chief warrant officer, said the crew had to
stay extra vigilant.”263 The Coast Guard boats
“remained at the scene for two hours, lingering
after the show ended … although there wasn’t
much boat traffic.”264
The cost to taxpayers of the party patrol
that evening for the two 25-foot boats that are
worth $1,500 an hour, totaled $6,000.265
The Associated Press found “active-duty Coast Guard crews are involved in security for dozens of privately sponsored events”
just in New York and the Long Island Sound,
which is ‘lined with some of the country’s most
exclusive real estate.”266 The Coast Guard,
however, is unable to estimate the actual
cost for patrolling private party safety zones

and “the deployment of resources varies for
each event.” 267 The Associated Press notes,
however, that “a manual of Coast Guard reimbursement rates lists small response boats at
about $1,500 per hour and medium-size boats
at more than $8,000 per hour, in the event
they are dispatched for what turns out to be
a hoax.”268 [A bogus call for help is the only circumstance in which the Coast Guard charges
for dispatching boats.269] So the Coast Guard
is likely forfeiting $100,000 or more in just the
New York area alone this year that could be
collected in re-imbursements and put towards
drug interdiction efforts elsewhere.
Even last year at the height of
sequestration’s impact as the Coast Guard
reduced “its on-the-water operations around
Long Island by as much as 25 percent,” it
continued “to help with the planning and
then be present at larger events such as the
Memorial Day weekend air show at Jones
Beach State Park.”270 The Coast Guard docked
cutters, which USCG Commandant Admiral
Bob Papp lamented “was a tremendous,
tremendous waste of assets.” “We’ve got good
ships and good people out there that want to
do their jobs, but putting fuel in ships is one of
the most expensive things we do, and during
sequestration the only option we had was to
cut money out of operations,” according to
Papp. Faced with $200 million in budget cuts
under sequester, Papp claimed “the only place

that we could squeeze it a little bit was in drug
interdiction and migrant interdiction.”271 He
noted “during normal operations there might
be six or seven ships deployed in the Caribbean
or Eastern Pacific, but at times last year the
Coast Guard had only one ship on either side of
Central America. The result of that decrease in
availability of ships resulted in 30 percent more
cocaine made it through the transit zone.”272
Yet “the New Haven-based Long Island
Sound sector of the Coast Guard deployed
active-duty vessels, auxiliary Coast Guard
boats or both for most of the safety zones
involving fireworks displays last year,
according to Lt. Ben Duarte, the sector’s chief
of waterways management. Of 60 safety
zones listed in the sector’s register last year,
the agency said, 21 were sponsored by a city
or town. The rest were privately sponsored,
including many fireworks displays put on by
yacht clubs and beach clubs” and a privately
sponsored fireworks display by the owners
of the Foxwoods Resort Casino. “In the New
York sector, 31 of 43 safety zones last year
were supported by active-duty Coast Guard.
About half of the events are typically privately
sponsored.”273
The Coast Guard’s vital missions should
not be compromised by spending limited
resources deploying crews to interdict party
crashers rather than drugs dealers or others
who pose a threat to the security of our nation.

While the Coast Guard reduced drug and migrant interdictions, the maritime agency continued to provide free patrols to interdict potential uninvited guests from crashing exclusive private parties on
17
yachts and beaches, costing thousands of dollars per event.

 WASTEBOOK 2014

16

Chronicling
Vermont’s Radical
Hippie Movement in
the 1970’s

$117,521

“Nudity, psychedelic drugs and free
love” is how one person remembers life at
the Tree Frog Farm, a Vermont commune.
It and other Vermont communes will be
the focus of new federally funded project to
document life among the state’s communal
hippie radicals during the 1970’s.
The
Vermont
Historical
Society
is launching a two-year project called
“Colleges, Communes and Coops: 1970’s
Counterculture and Its Lasting Influence
on Vermont” to conduce oral interviews
and collect artifacts from the time period.274 Support for the effort is being provided by the Institute for Museum and Library
Services in the form of an $117,521 grant.275
With the federal money, “Vermont
Historical Society (VHS) will undertake
a project to research and document the
political, social, and cultural changes of the
1970s in Vermont to create a body of primary
resources for this period in Vermont’s state
history.”276
“In the 1960s and early 1970s,” VHS
explains, “Vermont acquired a reputation for
being a haven for hippies and a hotbed of
countercultural communal living.”277
Peter Simon lived on Tree Frog Farm
from 1970 to 1972, recalling, “The highlights
were the sense that we were doing something
totally unique and different, rebelling against
society … Getting away from city life was
one of the ingredients. I always liked walking
around barefoot and going around naked.”278
Life at the Free Farm was similar until
it burned to the ground, remembered onetime resident Robert Houriet, noting that
they weren’t always appreciated by the
locals, “‘The Free Farm was in plain view of a
building where the local Democrats met, and
they got offended by all the weeds and the
bare-breasted women.”279
Verandah Porche, a former commune
dweller who later became a successful
photographer, summed up her experience
this way, “In 1968, we were a bunch of
ignoramuses … but the commune became a
village.”280

18

17

USDA’s “Perfect Poop Pak”
Smells Like Government Waste

$50,000

One man’s waste may be another man’s
treasure, but in the case of a $50,000 federal
grant, one animal’s waste has become its owner’s treasure.
Virginia Mary’s Alpaca, LLC received a
$50,000 Value-Added Producer Grant from
the U.S. Department of Agriculture to process,
package and market Alpaca manure as plant
fertilizer,” commercially sold as “Poop Paks.”281
The company boasts that its product is
the “perfect POOP.”282
“Packaged in colorful, unmistakable
green bags,” the Alpaca Poop Paks are “handtied using rustic hemp twine and recycled paper tags.”283 Twenty Poop Paks retail for $29.95

plus shipping costs.284
“The” Mary, for which the company and
farm are named, has been winning awards for
her alpaca pets for over 15 years.285 Her 160
acre farm located in The Plains, Virginia, is
home to 140 alpacas that she raises and sells
(A “roaming” camera will soon be installed to
broadcast the movements of the alpacas live
on the internet).286
Of course, buying and selling Alpaca manure as fertilizer is not new. It is widely available from retailers online and from those who
may have pet alpacas. It has become a popular fertilizer, in part, because it doesn’t smell
as bad as other types of waste, unlike the foul
odor of misspent tax dollars.

Virginia Mary’s Alpaca received a $50,000 USDA grant to process, package and market alpaca “Poop Paks.”287

 18

WASTEBOOK 2014

Synchronized
Swimming for Sea
Monkeys

$307,524

Sea Monkeys have captivated Americans
for generations. The novelty pets, which are
tiny brine shrimp, have been regular features
on toy store shelves and advertisements on the
pages of comic books since the 1960s. NASA
even launched Sea Monkeys into space with
John Glenn in 1998.288
Cartoon-style ads for pet Sea-Monkeys
promise that you can learn to “make them appear to obey your commands, follow a beam
of light, do loop-the-loops and even seem to
dance when you play” music.289 The New York
Times says it is “sort of true” that Sea Monkeys
can be trained because they do follow light.290
With the financial support of three government agencies, researchers put these claims
to the test and essentially choreographed a
laser guided synchronized swim team of Sea
Monkeys as part of a study to measure the
swirl created by their collective movements.
Flashing blue and green laser lights lure
the aquatic creatures to move in the same direction within an aquarium. “The green laser
at the top of the tank provides a bright target”
as “a blue laser rising along the side of the
tank lights up a path to guide them upward.”291
The spinning of “silver-coated hollow glass
spheres” in the water is tracked with “highspeed camera and a red laser” measures how
the Sea Monkey’s “swimming causes the surrounding water to swirl.”292
“Coaxing Sea-Monkeys to swim when
and where you want them to is even more difficult than it sounds,” said John Dabiri, one of
the project’s researchers and a professor at
California Institute of Technology (Caltech).293
“It turns out that the collective swimming motion of Sea-Monkeys and other zooplankton—swimming plankton—can generate
enough swirling flow to potentially influence
the circulation of water in oceans,” according
to the researchers. They conducted a similar
study with jellyfish in 2009 and reached similar
conclusions showing “small animals can generate flow in the surrounding water.”
“Adding up the effect of all of the zooplankton in the ocean—assuming they have
a similar influence—could inject as much as a
trillion watts of power into the oceans to drive
global circulation, Dabiri says. In comparison,

Sea Monkeys have captivated Americans for generations and now scientists are trying to determine the impact of the
swirl created by the synchronized swimming of these tiny sea creatures may have on the flow of the ocean.

Kids around the world are disappointed to learn that the sea
monkey family in the advertisements is a little different than
the result.

Sea Monkeys are guided to swim in a synchronized direction
in this tank to measure the swirl of their collective motion.305

the winds and tides contribute a combined two
trillion watts.”294
But “some oceanographers are skeptical of
the claim that the movements of organisms contribute significantly to ocean circulation” because
“it’s a conceptual leap to go from a tankful of
Sea-Monkeys to oceans filled with plankton.”295
Christian Noss, an environmental physicist at the University of Koblenz-Landau in
Germany, is “not convinced the effect would
scale up from the laboratory to the ocean.” He
acknowledges “the study was well designed”
but notes “unlike water in a small tank, water in
the ocean is often stratified, with denser layers
lying underneath lighter ones. Noss’s work with
another tiny crustacean, known as Daphnia,
showed that stratified conditions dampened
the mixing produced by these animals.”296
The Sea Monkey researchers are planning
more realistic studies, such as using “a tank
with increased water density at the bottom,
which imitates real-life ocean conditions.”297

Dabiri also “plans to test the stratification
question and hopes to perform the same experiments at a larger scale in the ocean.”298
Of course, the subjects of this study are
not actually monkeys with fins and gills, but
rather brine shrimp, which were given the
moniker “Sea Monkeys” because their tail resembles a monkey’s tail.”299 The tiny animals
are about half an inch long with “about 10 small
leaf-like fins that flap about.”300
The Sea Monkey study was funded by the
National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Office
of Naval Research with support from the U.S.Israel Binational Science Foundation.301 The NSF
funding is part of a $307,524 collaborate research
grant that runs through February 2015.302
With kits available online303 and many toy
stores,304 you can try to train your own team of
synchronized swimming Sea Monkeys for as
little as $12.

19

 WASTEBOOK 2014

19

Penn State Shame Study Asks How To
Boost Morale After Scandal

$41,000

Disgraced in the wake of the revelation that a Penn State assistant
football coach had been sexually abusing children for years, and the cover
up that ensued, Penn State is turning its public shame into public subsidies.
Former football coaching assistant Jerry Sandusky has been
convicted of sexually abusing ten boys and the former school president,
vice president and athletic director are awaiting trial for allegedly
attempting to cover-up the scandal.306
The National Collegiate Athletic Association levied a $60 million
penalty against Penn State to fund “programs preventing child sexual
abuse or assisting victims.”307
The school is also sponsoring a study—this one funded by the
federal government—to determine how to “protect employee well-being
in organizational settings where, too often, there is negative media and
scandal.”308 Using the scandal as the basis for the study, a $41,000 grant
from the National Science Foundation is paying to examine “how to protect
employee well-being” in organizations “when pride becomes shame.”309
“Employees vary in their organizational identification, the extent
they view themselves as personally connected to and part of their work

20

organization,” the researchers note. “When the organization is doing
well, such identification can benefit self-concept, motivational energy,
and health, which is especially beneficial for front-line employees
because they actually feel the enthusiasm and pride they need to
express to potential clients or donors. Paradoxically, organizational
identification can become a liability if the organization becomes
associated with scandal or stigma, such that one’s pride-by-association
turns to feelings of shame and betrayal. In such cases, those who are
the most motivated become those who are most threatened; how do
such employees respond, and how does this affect their health and
performance? To answer these questions, a current real-life event,
the scandal at Pennsylvania State University, provides a unique timesensitive context.”310
While it is a good thing for everyone to learn from the school’s
mistakes and to protect students and employees who are not
responsible for the inappropriate actions or inactions of others within
an organization, taxpayers should not have to subsidize the school’s
self-reflection in scandal and shame.

Promoting U.S. Culture Around
the Globe with Nose Flutists,
State Department Idol

$90 million

The State Department spent taxpayer
dollars to dispel the perceptions of Pakistani
journalists that Americans are not all “fat,
rude, and cold.”311
“I thought you would be fat because I
have read that Americans are fat,” said one of
the participating journalists.312
In total, the State Department spends
$90 million annually on cultural exchange
programs. These exchange programs are intended to increase understanding between
the U.S. and “the people of other countries by
means of educational and cultural exchange
that assist in the development of peaceful relations,” that are intended to “build cross-cultural bridges across the globe.313 314

20

Here are more examples of how the
State Department spends $90 million to
bridge the gap between the U.S. and other
the rest of the world.
Department Of State Idol - Given the
success of music reality shows, the State
Department organizes a $1.5 million dollar
cultural musical exchange program “including public concerts, interactive performances with local traditional musicians, lecture
demonstrations, workshops, jam sessions and
media interviews and performances.”315 Many
apply for the opportunity to tour the world on
the taxpayer dime, and the grant recipient
selects ten bands on the basis of “musical

talent” and “strong educational programs,
aptitude in arranging music from around the
world and for their capacity to conduct effective cultural diplomacy programs.”316 The
State Department directly participates in the
selection of bands and a government official
served as a judge for this year’s program.317
The judges went to three live auditions held
in New York City, St. Louis and San Francisco
all at taxpayer’s expense.318
One of last year’s participants was a nose
flutist, or more appropriately, a “snoutist,”319
This year, a rapper will be touring the world
who recently released a song titled “Dem
Shawts,” which includes the following colorful lyrics: I can’t help but stare when you’re
walking past though/Yo I can’t lie—y’all got
some ass though/If you don’t want me looking, what the hell you wear ‘em for?320 His
recent album also features cover art where
a woman is aiming a shotgun at the artist’s
head.321

 WASTEBOOK 2014

International Band Camp - Through
its grant to Bang on a Can, the State
Department is spending $1 million on
OneBeat, a program that gathers artists from
across the world in one location for a month
in Florida where they collaborate and create
music, after which they travel the country
the taxpayer dime to perform and connect
with one another.322
The website for OneBeat describes the
program as “a musical journey like no other.”323
In 2012, the artists formed a flash mob at a
Wal-Mart and uploaded a video of it onto

YouTube and aptly labeled it “Ruckus.”324 In
2013, the participants had an arts and crafts
session and created instruments from straws,
balloons and corrugated tubing.325 Later that
year, they toured the country and one of
their stops included a Washington, DC venue
where a Russian beatboxer, a guy “plucking”
his mustache, and a reggaeton artist who
performed a song about government being
“on leave” and learning “how to represent.”326
The government was shut down at the time.
Not only is much of the cultural
exchange funding not the best use of

taxpayer funds, the program is poorly run.
Often, only a portion of the grant funding
is reaching the participants—the money is
being spent, in large part, on expenses to run
the organizations which include salaries and
benefits and that can reach 30% of the amount
awarded by agency.327 Some grant recipients
also budgeted or spent a substantial portion
of their awards on honoraria costs, at times 15
or 20%, which presumably were paid to artists
and other performers.328

21

 WASTEBOOK 2014

21

Free “High-End” Gym
Memberships for
DHS Bureaucrats

$450,000

The Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) announced earlier this year that
budget cuts “require[ed] difficult choices
to align resources to address the greatest
needs of the Department.”329
Apparently one of those greatest needs
is 236 memberships to a “state-of-the-art”
gym and spa in downtown Washington, D.C.
for some of the headquarters employees
of Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(ICE), a DHS component.330 The gym, Vida
Fitness, describes itself as “more than just
a gym,” offering an “Aura Spa, Bang Salon,
Fuel Bar, Gear Shop, Endless Pools, luxurious
locker rooms, and the rooftop Penthouse
Pool and Lounge.”331
Immigration Customs and Enforcement
(ICE) employees receive free gym
memberships at a state-of-the-art facility
courtesy of federal taxpayers
The
Transportation
Security
Administration (TSA) also purchased gym
memberships for some of its personnel,
spending $52,650 on a contract so workers
at Phoenix (Arizona) Sky Harbor International
Airport could work out at a private club. 332
Interestingly, while exercising at a
private gym by its employees was important
enough for ICE to drop $400,000 on the
priority, walking was not: the agency stated
in its contract requirements that the gym
must be less than 526 feet or one tenth of a
mile from its office.333 Vida Fitness is about
360 feet from ICE’s front door.334

22

22

Golf Club Testing, Elementary
School Experiments Aboard the
International Space Station

$3 billion

It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to design
experiments on the International Space Station
(ISS). In fact, sixth graders and other elementary
student are proposing some of the studies being
conducted onboard the space station that is costing billions of dollars a year to operate.
ISS is one of the greatest achievements in
manned spaceflight. It is also the “single most expensive object ever created.”335 And some scientists question if the space station’s out of this world
costs can continue to be justified.
Sold to taxpayers as a one of a kind, orbiting
laboratory that would “permit quantum leaps in
our research in science, communications, in metals, and in lifesaving medicines,”336 it has yet to live
up to these heavenly expectations, while its costs
continue to soar to astronomical heights.
The station’s original price tag was $17.4
billion but NASA has spent nearly $75 billion for
the space station’s development, operations, and
transportation by the end of 2013.337 This year the
space agency is spending $3 billion and expects to
spend another $20.6 billion before 2020.338 An independent audit by the NASA Office of Inspector
General (OIG) concluded these cost projections
were “understated” and “overly optimistic.”339
The space station, “designed and tested for
a 15-year life span,” marked 15 years of continuous operations in 2013.340 In January 2014, the
Administration announced the U.S. would extend

our participation in ISS “for at least another decade.”341
While some valuable research is being conducted on the station regarding life in space, the
billions being spent to maintain the station could
be directed towards much more meaningful studies or projects. The entire NASA budget for Fiscal
Year 2014 is $17.7 billion,342 meaning the space
station consumes nearly one-fifth of the agency’s
resources.
The White House Office of Science and
Technology Policy claims the station is necessary
and the research conducted onboard has “already
resulted in a number of discoveries with significant
medical and industrial implications,” including potential vaccines.343 This claim and commitment is
quite controversial in the scientific community.
“The station is a marvel,” but “it hasn’t yet
proved it was worth the investment,” says John
Logsdon, the former director of the Space Policy
Institute at George Washington University. “It’s
an awfully expensive engineering demonstration,”
according to Logsdon, who notes “if that’s all it is,
that’s a hell of a price to pay.”344
As far back as 1997, James Van Allen, the pioneering astrophysicist, concluded “the cost of the
space station is far beyond any justifiable scientific
purpose or any justifiable practical purpose.”345
The studies conducted onboard the space
station “are not remotely comparable to the

 WASTEBOOK 2014

path-breaking research conducted by NASA’s armada of orbiting telescopes and its robotic probes
of distant planets,” notes the New York Times.
The newspaper writes “when NASA threatened
to abandon the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers rose in wrath. If the station disappeared
tomorrow, the response would most likely be tepid.”346
And even though Congress “designated
the ISS as a national laboratory” in 2005, the
Government Accountability Office (GAO) found
“research utilization has not been the priority” of
the space station.
NASA has most recently averaged about 37.5
hours of research per week on the space station. It
cost taxpayers about $1.5 million per hour for the
research conducted there at that rate and given
the $3 billion per year cost to operate ISS. The total cost of ISS to date has been about $100 billion,
and research since 2009 has averaged about 30
hours a week, or 7,800 hours. If all costs to date
are included over these 7,800 hours of estimated
research, the cost of research is $12.8 million an
hour.347
One of the experiments currently being conducted aboard the space station “could eventually lead to the design and creation of better golf
clubs.”348 A partnership with Cobra Puma Golf developed when some employees from the Center
for Advancement of Science and Space, the organization NASA chose to be the sole manager
of the International Space Station U.S. National
Laboratory,349 were introduced to members of
the Cobra research team at the 2012 PGA Show
in Orlando, Florida.350 The experiment aboard the
ISS “will examine a variety of coating and metals
used in golf products,” according to Mike Yagley,

director of research and testing for Cobra Puma
Golf. “Cobra Puma hopes the results of the plating
experiment -- which may be available as early as
December -- will prove beneficial in three areas:
function, durability and aesthetics.”351 A Russian
cosmonaut tethered to the space station “set a
new record for the longest golf drive in history” in
November 2006 when he hit a ball NASA estimated traveled a million miles around the Earth.352
Some of the other studies being conducted
on the space station are designed by elementary and high school students rather than scientists. Fifteen student projects were launched to
the space station in July as part of the Student
Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP). A project that students from California came up with is
examining whether tadpole shrimp can be grown
in microgravity.353 High school students in New
York are looking at the “effect of microgravity
on the growth of mold on white bread.”354 And
ninth-graders in Washington “focused their attention on whether radish roots and shoots will grow
differently in microgravity.”355
While encouraging young people to take an
interest in science is an important goal, the billions
of dollars being borrowed to support space station science fair experiments could make a bigger
impact in the lives of these and other children in
many other more cost efficient ways.
NASA officials “point to other less tangible
benefits of the Station, including maintaining U.S.
leadership in space, supporting cooperation with
international partners, and inspiring current and
future engineers and scientists.”356 But directing
so much money into this project over the next
decade may actually be compromising our leadership in space by absorbing so many resources

that could be better targeted towards other bigger
priorities, such as reclaiming our capability to send
astronauts on manned missions into space, which
is one of the biggest facing NASA.
NASA “faces challenges … ensuring the station is fully utilized,” according to GAO, which “has
cautioned for years that NASA should ensure it
has a capability to access and utilize the space
station following retirement of the space shuttle.”
GAO notes “NASA’s decision to rely on the new
commercial vehicles to transport cargo starting
in 2012 and to transport crew starting in 2017 is
inherently risky because the vehicles are not yet
proven and are experiencing delays in development. Further, NASA does not have agreements
in place for international partners to provide cargo
services to the ISS beyond 2016.”357
Because NASA retired the Space Shuttle in
2011, the U.S. is paying Russia $1.7 billion over a five
years to transport astronauts to and from ISS, for
as much as $70 million for a round trip.358 NASA is
spending billions to maintain a space station that
it no longer has its own capabilities to reach and
is now entirely dependent upon an increasingly
hostile Russia to reach the station taxpayers have
spent billions of dollars to construct.
There are other questionable expenditures
in the ISS budget. NASA may also have paid more
than $13 million in bonuses to a contractor that
could not be proven to have met the expectations
set for financial rewards, according to an OIG audit.359
The top NASA official in charge of human
spaceflight concedes “we’re in the process of
proving now whether it’s worth it or not.”360

Because NASA retired the Space Shuttle in 2011, American astronauts must hitch a ride on Russian rockets to reach the International Space Station, costing as much as $70 million for a
round trip.361

23

 WASTEBOOK 2014

23

NASA’s Tower of Pork
Protected by Politician
$44.5 million

From its launch in 1958, the
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) captured
the country’s imagination and
represented the new frontiers
America was leading mankind.
Today, the agency—almost more
than any other—represents the
morass and politics of Washington,
D.C. The space agency can no
longer send astronauts into space
and less than half of its budget is
even spent on the missions it was
created to pursue, aeronautics research and space exploration and
operations.362 NASA has lost its
way and Washington politicians
are plundering its budget to pay for
parochial pork projects rather than
redirecting the agency’s gaze back
to the stars.
The $350 million A-3 rocket testing tower completed this
year at Stennis Space Center in
Mississippi stands as 300-foot tall
monument to NASA’s current state
of affairs. Now that the tower is
completed it has no purpose, but
will continue to cost taxpayers.
The tower is “a relic of President
George W. Bush’s Constellation
program,” that was intended to
send astronauts “back to the moon
and beyond” which was canceled

by President Obama in 2010363
That same year, an earmark sponsored by a senator from Mississippi
was tucked into a bill passed by
Congress, thereby forcing NASA to
complete the project even though
it was no longer needed.364 As a
result, the useless space tower is
being derided as a “Launchpad
to Nowhere”365 and the “Tower of
Pork.”366
“In 2010, I authored an amendment to require the completion of that
particular project,” admits Senator
Roger Wicker unabashedly.367
Even with construction completed this year, the tower will cost
$840,000 every year to maintain,
according to NASA.368
The A-3 tower is not the only
useless or unneeded facility NASA
is wasting money on. The NASA
IG has “identified 33 facilities that
NASA either wasn’t fully using or
had no future need for, including six
of 36 wind tunnels, 14 of 35 rocket test stands, and two of three
airfields,” which all cost more than
$43 million a year to maintain.369
That amounts to $350 million
to build a rocket testing tower that
will not be used and another $43
million every year to maintain other
facilities that are not being used.

NASA officials and Mississippi politicians start digging the hole where NASA buried $350
million for a launch tower that may never be used.

24

Now what? As soon as the construction of the A-3 Testing Tower was completed, the $350
million project was “mothballed.” Maintenance of the site, however, will continue to cost
NASA $43 million every year.

 24

WASTEBOOK 2014

Congress Blocks Closure of
Unneeded “Sheep Station”
$1.98 million

Everyone knows how much Congress
loves pork, but perhaps less well-known is its
affinity for mutton.
Earlier this year, a congressional committee blocked the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) from closing down a $2 million-a-year
sheep research site the agency said was no longer needed.370
Known as the U.S. Sheep Experiment
Station in Dubois, Idaho, its mission is “increasing production efficiency of sheep and to simultaneously improve the sustainability of rangeland ecosystems.”371 The site is located near the
borders of Idaho, Wyoming and Montana and
used to graze 3,000 sheep on 28,000 mountainous acres of land.372
Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack proposed closing the sheep station saying in June
it “no longer has the critical mass of scientists
necessary to address high priority research.”373
A spokesperson with USDA said the station was
one of several the agency found had “gotten
to the point where, from a financial standpoint,
they’re either marginally viable or they’re just
not sustainable.”374
Moreover, the cost of running the station
became too expensive after losing $1.5 million fending off lawsuits from environmental
groups.375 The lawsuits stemmed from a dispute
over whether grizzly bears or sheep should get
priority in a high-altitude pasture, with environmental groups saying both cannot co-exist.376
Secretary Vilsack ultimately sided with the
bears – believing they needed better access to
sites like Yellowstone – and notified Congress
in June of plans to close the Sheep Experiment
Station in Dubois, Idaho and reallocate its
$1,984,000 in annual funding to strengthen
higher priority research.377
That was the point when Congress
stepped in, however, to insist the sheep station
remain open. Citing an obscure provision of law
giving congressional committees the ability to
stop the USDA’s plans, members from Idaho,
Washington, Montana and Oregon joined forces
to insist the closure be halted.378

Idaho’s governor, Butch Otter, joined in
the protest, saying he wanted to protect homestate businesses, “We want to keep it open. The
sheep business is big business in Idaho and will
continue to be big business in Idaho, we hope.”379
The decision to keep the sheep station
open, however, drew a sharp rebuke from environmental groups, which called the sheep
station, “another subsidy to an industry that
is already subsidized” with low fees and direct
federal funding.380 “It is ridiculous that Congress
will intervene to keep a financially insolvent research station open …” said John Meyer with the
Cottonwood Environmental Law Center.381
One Idaho newspaper directly accused
Idaho representative Mike Simpson – who intervened to keep the sheep station open – of
helping drive up the national debt, saying, “If the
sheep industry truly deems this facility’s work
to be vital, the sheep industry should fund it.
Period. This should not fall under the purview of
responsible, efficient government.”382
“We should shut down the Sheep Station,”
said Phil Knight, resident of Bozeman, Montana,
“and stop wasting taxpayer money on outdated
science experiments.”383

25

 WASTEBOOK 2014

25

Spray Parks and “Splashpads”
Help Beat The Summer Heat

$3.5 million

Water cannons, lazy rivers and water
slides are all part of one federal program’s
efforts to help overheated kids stay cool during
the summer.
Taxpayers have shelled out hundreds of
thousands of dollars over the past year to install
water playgrounds, known as “splashpads” and
“spray parks,” all around the country. At least
five were constructed in New Jersey, Nebraska,
Alabama and Massachusetts with nearly $3.5
million in funding from the Department of
Housing and Urban Development’s Community
Development Block Grant (CDBG) program.
CDBG funding is intended to provide “decent
housing and a suitable living environment,
and by expanding economic opportunities,
principally for low- and moderate-income
persons.”384
Outside of Omaha in Nebraska, the
Bellevue city council recently approved a
splash pad at the cost of nearly $180,000.385
However, some on the council objected to
spending the money this way, noting that
the town’s five public pools fail to properly

26

accommodate disabled patrons and are
leaking water, desperately needing repair.386
Omaha Councilman Don Preister
responded saying, “Although we didn’t
specifically promise a splash pad, we promised
a nice park, and I think we should finally deliver
to a part of the city that is way under-served.”387
In Gadsden, Alabama, city council
members originally decided to spend a
$250,000 grant to fix drainage issues at a
local park, but decided instead on a splash pad
when they realized they needed to spend the
money quickly or lose it.388
“This is more in line with what the
people want,” noted Gadsen city councilman
Deverick Williams.389
Jackson Township, New Jersey mayor
Michael Reina helped steer a $150,000 grant
to build a 2,700 square-foot spray park in his
home town, adding he “could not think of a
better addition than a spray park.”390 Likewise,
Gloucester, Massachusetts used a $370,000
grant to refurbish Burnham Field to include a
spray pad.391

In Carbondale, Illinois, a $2.5 million
federal grant provided through the Illinois
Department of Natural Resources awarded
Carbondale will pay for the “Super Splash Park
Outdoor Aquatic Center.”392 Proponents of the
Carbondale project hail it as an opportunity
to “expand recreational and economic
opportunities in the region,” which will include
a $700,000 lap pool, $700,000 for a “leisure
pool”, $350,000 for water slides and a $1.2
million lazy river.393
Kathy Renfro, Carbondale park district
executive director, noted, “Everyone I talk to
is so excited … next year we will be to get in
the pool. We can all be kicking back on the lazy
river and have a good time.”394

 WASTEBOOK 2014

26

Roosevelt and Elvis Make a
Hallucinatory Pilgrimage to Graceland

$10,000

Ann is a shy factory worker in Rapid City,
South Dakota.395 She finds that when she channels the boisterous personality of Elvis Presley,
it is easier for her to break out of her shell.396
After a date goes awry with a woman she met
online who was obsessed with Teddy Roosevelt,
Ann decides to make a pilgrimage from South
Dakota all the way to Graceland in Memphis, the
renowned estate of the king.397 As the trip progresses, Ann begins to hallucinate increasingly
that she is Elvis, and that Teddy Roosevelt is accompanying her on her journey.398
That is the description for the theatrical
production RoosevElvis (pronounced “Rose of
Elvis”), put on by the company TEAM, an ensemble out of New York described as “Gertrude
Stein meets MTV.”399 RoosevElvis ran through
November 3, 2013, when it wrapped with a bang
after an all-you-can-drink performance.400
So what is the role of the federal govern-

ment in this buddy dramedy about two American
icons who lived in different eras? Taxpayers are
helping fund the effort to bring RoosevElvis
back to the stage, of course.
The National Endowment for the Arts gave
$10,000 to TEAM for their next run of RoosevElvis
at a still-to-be-determined date before May
2015.401 In addition to the federal cash, TEAM is
receiving $65,000 in non-federal funding.
The play received a generally positive review from the New York Times, which was taken by the play’s commentary on gender and
masculinity, writing that RoosevElvis “offers a
spirited and insightful commentary on two archetypes of American masculinity, while finding
teasing ambiguities within both that suggest
that machismo is a shaky existential choice.”402
For example, in one scene, Ann hallucinates that she is Elvis, and that she and Teddy
are romping around their hotel room in their un-

derwear, with Teddy eventually riding around
on Elvis’s back as though he were a bucking
bronco.403
The review goes on to pan the play’s excessive length, finding that after the roadtrip
begins, it becomes like a television sitcom that
“jumps the shark” time and time again.404 But
it is the National Endowment for the Arts that
jumped the shark when sent taxpayer money
to support RoosevElvis.
As Arizona Senator Jeff Flake said when
he learned that federal funding was going to a
play about an Elvis/Roosevelt road trip, “what
in San Juan Hill is the federal government doing
funding this hunk-a-hunk-a burnin’ waste?”405

The 26th President and the king of Rock & Roll frolic in their
underpants.

27

 WASTEBOOK 2014

27

New Bridge Demolished for Using
$3,271 Worth of Canadian Steel

$45,000

A newly reconstructed bridge in the
small town of Morrison, Colorado is in fine
condition, but it may be ripped down and
reconstructed—again—and the ramifications
could be international.
Earlier this year, the one lane bridge
that serves as “the main link across a creek
that cuts through” this small town with a
population of just 430406 “got a new coat of
paint, new wood planks and new steel to run
underneath it.”407 The steel was cast in the
U.S., “but rolled into beams across the border
in Canada.”408
The use of steel produced outside of
the U.S. “violates the Buy America provisions
that mandate federally funded projects use
materials made in the United States. The
violation could mean a withdrawal of all
funding if the steel is not removed.”409 That
“means Morrison will either have to pay for the
bridge itself – or rip it out and start fresh.”410
Morrison Mayor Sean Forey “agrees
that the foreign steel in question violates
the $2,500 minimum allowed by the grant
contract” by $771.64.411
The project was expected to cost “just
over $144,000,” with a grant from the Federal
Highway Administration “was to cover

$52,000.”412 It will “take three months and
more than $20,000 to disassemble the bridge,
replace the steel and rebuild.”413
A request by the town to waive the Buy
America rule has been rejected by the Federal
Highway Administration.414 “The Buy America
provisions are very clearly spelled out and are
often not negotiable,” says Steve Harelson,
who is a project engineer for the Colorado
Department of Transportation. “It is involved
in every project and it’s in the specifications
for every project,” he notes. “This is the first
time I am aware of a project being rejected
because of a failure in this.”415
The town claims “the use of Canadian
products was the contractor’s mistake,” but
New Design Construction claimed “it did not
receive the mill test reports, which tell buyers
where products are made, until after the
product was installed.”416
The bridge is a “lifeline” for many who
live in the town and endured its closure for
months this year while it underwent “major
reconstruction”417 and now may have to go
without its use for another three months.
“It just seems like a waste of everybody’s
time and money,” lamented Kara Zabilansky,
Morrison’s town administrator.418

“Personally, I think it’s a big waste of
materials and lumber and there’s no need
to throw away perfectly good materials that
are actually working and the community uses
them every day,” says Carrie Shipley, who
lives next to the bridge.419 “Why didn’t they
make sure all the materials were from the
United States to begin with.”420
The mess up over this little bridge is
making even bigger waves. Steel makers and
some municipalities are pushing for retaliatory
actions.
“The kind of situation happening in
Colorado should be a wake-up call for the
Canadian government,” said Jayson Myers,
the chief executive officer the Canadian
Manufacturers and Exporters (CME), which
want the Canadian government to impose
similar restrictions on “infrastructure projects,
such as the $5-billion (Canadian) replacement
of Montreal’s Champlain Bridge.”421
Marcy Grossman, Canada’s consul
general based in Denver, asked “does it really
make sense that $800 worth of American
steel rolled in Canada may cost the Colorado
taxpayer an additional $20,000?”422
Kara Zabilansky, Morrison’s town
administrator, “is dismayed that her bridge is
at the center of a cross-border backlash.”423
She acknowledges ““It’s pretty much a real
big mess.”424
The lesson is even when building a small
bridge, you must read the fine print or else
there can be big consequences, especially for
taxpayers who get stuck paying the bill—in
this case maybe twice.

The newly reconstructed bridge in Morrison, Colorado is in fine condition, but it is going to be ripped down and reconstructed—again—and the ramifications may be international.

28

 WASTEBOOK 2014

28

Exploding Claims of “Sleep Apnea” Threaten
to Bankrupt VA Disability Program

$1.2 billion

Military personnel diagnosed with sleep
apnea are given a 50 percent rating – and
some believe it’s causing an explosion of
abuse in the VA’s disability program.
The number of active and retired service members getting sleep apnea-related
payments has surged in recent years. Today,
more than 143,000 service members are getting them, at a cost to taxpayers of $1.2 billion every year.425 By comparison, the number
getting the same payments in 2001 was fewer
than 1,000.426
Sleep apnea affects as many as 18 million
Americans427, and is diagnosed through a
combination of a physical exam and a sleep
study.428 While it can be a serious condition,
for most people it is easily treatable with
“lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, surgery, and
breathing devices.”429
When a service member claims a
disability, the Department of Veterans
Affairs (VA) determines the severity of the
condition using a “rating” system.430 Current
VA policy rates someone with sleep apnea
to have a rating of 50 percent, meaning fifty
percent disabled. By contrast, Representative
Tammy Duckworth, who served in the Army
as a helicopter pilot, lost both of her legs in
combat and had her right arm blown off.431
After the arm was reattached, her disability
rating by the VA was 20 percent.432
One
attorney,
Michael
Webster,
represented a number of veterans seeking
disability payments for what he believed to be
questionable sleep apnea claims, and came
to Congress demanding an investigation.
“Virtually every single family law case which

I have handled involving military members
during the past three years has had the
military retiree receiving a VA ‘disability’
based upon sleep apnea,” he told Congress,
adding “A recently retired colonel told me that
military members approaching retirement are
actually briefed that if they claim VA disability
based on sleep apnea, then they receive an
automatic 50 percent disability rating ...”433
The VA itself has acknowledged the
surge in sleep apnea claims, and taken steps
to study the situation, but denies that there
is any abuse in the system and defends the
50 percent rating.434 But critics allege the
increase is nothing more than a scam on the
VA disability system that takes resources
away from veterans who are truly disabled.
Even the Philadelphia VA Medical Center’s
chief of sleep medicine has said the “majority”
of “people who have sleep apnea and are on
treatment are not disabled.”435
Some veterans have begun speaking out
in letters to the editor, including one retired
colonel with a Purple Heart who has had sleep
apnea for 15 years, “I would never think of
asking VA for a disability rating based on sleep
apnea,” calling the payments “a travesty.”436
Jeff Gottlob, a veterans service officer in
Texas, agreed, “In my opinion, the automatic
50 percent rating for sleep apnea is excessive
and being abused.”437
Retired staff sergeant, Frank Manno, was
even more direct, “As a retired soldier I am
extremely disappointed that Congress and
the VA can’t see how the sleep apnea issue
is crossing the line of fraud and waste … Did
the military make us obese or overweight?”438

29

Pentagon to Spend $1
Billion to Destroy $16
Billion in Unneeded
Ammunition

$ 1 billion

The Pentagon is spending a billion dollars
to destroy $16 billion in over purchases of
military-grade ammunition. The amount of
surplus ammunition is now so large that the
cost of destroying it will equal the full years’
salary for over 54,000 Army privates.439
How the military came to purchase so
much ammunition it didn’t need was uncovered
in a 2014 Government Accountability Office
(GAO) investigation.440 Certain kinds of
ammunition became “obsolete, unusable
or their use is banned by international
treaty,” according to Pentagon officials.441
However, GAO found that record-keeping for
ammunition was also poor, and that accurate
records were hard to come by for the nation’s
$70 billion ammunition arsenal.442
Over time, the amount of ammunition
deemed no longer necessary has grown
to nearly 40 percent of the Army’s total
inventory: “According to an Army financial
statement in June 2013, the Army had about
39 percent of its total inventory (valued at
about $16 billion) in a storage category for
ammunition items that were excess to all the
services’ requirements.”443
However, the Pentagon may be throwing
away ammunition that could still be used.
According to GAO, some of the material
set for destruction has at times been found
usable.444

29

 WASTEBOOK 2014

31

Bruce Lee Dance Play Panned As
Promoting Racial Stereotypes

$70,000

A taxpayer-funded play about the iconic cohesive narrative structure” with “no dramatic
martial arts figure Bruce Lee has been broadly objective.”455 The New York Times slammed
panned as suffering from a mediocre plot, the play’s clunky dialogue and corny jokes.456
with some critics going as far as to say that it Even worse, the paper suggested the “mangled
English” of Bruce Lee’s speech throughout the
evokes a racial stereotype.452
It is unclear why the federal governmental play may actually perpetuate the prejudicial
NASA Wonders How
supported this flop. But, perhaps the National stereotype of the “Oriental sidekick.”457
Humans Will React to
On its website, the Signature Theatre in
Endowment of the Arts (NEA) decided to
Meeting Space Aliens
spend $70,000 for the play “Kung Fu,” which New York City credits support for “Kung Fu”
features a dozen fight scenes,453 because it from individuals, foundations, corporations,
exemplified the NEA’s mission to “fund and and government agencies for its continued
promote artistic excellence, creativity, and success as a non-profit organization.458
Since the play received $1,127,370 in noninnovation for the benefit of individuals and
Encountering aliens may one day pose communities.”454
federal funding, taxpayers are left wondering
a communications problem, read one official
Others did not find such artistic why the NEA didn’t give a karate chop to the
NASA document published this year.
theatre’s grant request.459
excellence, creativity, or benefit.
By using our experience with anthropoloVariety Magazine panned it as “lack[ing] a
gy “we can be much better prepared for contact
with an extraterrestrial civilization, should that
day ever come,”445 says the editor of the NASA
eBook titled, “Archaeology, Anthropology, and
Interstellar Communication.”446 The publication
was put on NASA’s website in May and was edited and officially published through the Office
of Communications.447
Learning from history itself is difficult.
“Communicating with intelligent terrestrial beings removed from us in time is deeply problematic,” concludes the work.448 If humans find
aliens, they may have to confront these issues
in new ways, finds the author: “[T]he constraints
that humans now contend with will be refined,
removed, or simply accepted as [communication
with extraterrestrial intelligence] is engaged.” 449
In publishing a review of the book, NASA’s
Chief Historian said the title may sound like
an odd one for the space agency’s history
program,” but nonetheless the book is “an
enjoyable and thought-provoking read.”450 It
wistfully recounts the days when the federal
government actually funded a program called
the “Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence”
(SETI). Unfortunately, yearning for the days of
yore and producing books on communicating
with E.T. cannot change the fact NASA cannot even get its own astronauts into space.
Perhaps the agency could shoot for the stars
and make better use of the history program’s The dialogue and plot of “Kung Fu,” according to the New York Times, never reaches the “fluid grace” of its action sequences
$392,000 budget for 2014.451

30
$39 2 ,0 0 0

30

 WASTEBOOK 2014

If they build it, will they come? City hopes that $16 million dollar will revitalize “ghost mall.”

32

Road through “Ghost Mall”
Hopes to Scare Up Business

$16 million

Fulton Mall in downtown Fresno,
California – built in 1960’s as the nation’s second pedestrian mall – was once hailed as a
landmark in landscape architecture. Today,
years of neglect have left it in disrepair with
broken fountains, crumbling sculptures,
overgrown shrubbery and vacant buildings.
The City of Fresno is hoping a new influx
of $16 million from the U.S. Department of
Transportation will bring revitalization by
helping build a road through the mall, reopening it to vehicle traffic.460
After opening to significant fanfare in
1964, the mall quickly became an economic engine that started to sputter. By 1970,
Montgomery Ward’s, one of the mall’s retail
anchors, closed its doors and moved to a different part of the city.461 Nearly every store
present when the mall first opened would
follow suit, including in 2013 an iconic bridal
store left after 72 years.462
As retailers fled, the city government
neglected to maintain the property and it deteriorated. A report commissioned by the city
found:
The high design character of the Mall is

in stark contrast with its state of advanced
physical deterioration. Partly because of its
age, and partly because of poor maintenance
over several decades, most of its design features are beginning to fail. The Mall’s pavement is cracked throughout and in many locations is heaving due to interference by tree
roots. … The state of disrepair is so extreme,
that it is difficult for the casual observer to appreciate the design value of the Fulton Mall. …
The state of buildings along the Mall projects
a similarly forbidding image.463
As the mall’s buildings degraded, the vacancy rates skyrocketed to nearly three-quarters of the space in the mall’s historic buildings sat empty.
In particular, most of the seven buildings
along the Mall listed on the Local Register of
Historic Places suffer from disinvestment, vacancy and disrepair. In 2010 the City of
Fresno estimated that the seven large
historic office buildings on the Fulton Mall,
representing nearly 745,000 square feet of office space, are 71 percent vacant.464
The mall as a whole does not fare much
better, which is over half empty, “The mall’s 45

buildings have a 56% vacancy rate.”465
For years, local officials debated what to
do about the mall, including whether to tear it
down.466 Complicating matters, however, was
a dark cloud of corruption stemming from a
decades-long bribery scheme in which a developer paid off city government officials.
Fresno’s long history of corrupt city planning efforts was documented in a 1999 San
Francisco Chronicle story highlighting what it
called the city’s “ghost malls,” including Fulton
Mall: “It has endless strip malls that make the
town appear to be one huge franchise, a kind
of Anywhere USA. The malls, some critics say,
are like cannibals -- new malls devour the older malls. At one end of town is the huge new
River Park shopping center, which is booming; at the other is the East Gate mall, which is
boarded up. Other regions have ghost towns:
Fresno has ghost malls.”467
Many wanted to build a road through
the middle of the mall. However, a study
commissioned by the City of Fresno found
the road would have no discernible impact
on transportation – the purpose of the specific Department of Transportation funding.
The 2007 report found: “Fulton Street is not
a critical component of the traffic and transit
circulation network in downtown; therefore,
transportation should not drive decisions on
the future of the Mall. Economic development
opportunities and cultural factors should be
the principal determinants along the Mall.”468
Yet, when the $15.9 million in grant funding was announced, political leaders said the
opposite, declaring it a major transportation
initiative. “These TIGER projects are the best
argument you can make for investment in our
transportation infrastructure,” said Secretary
U.S. Transportation Secretary, Anthony Foxx,
“The Fulton Mall reconstruction project will
revitalize Fresno’s downtown business district, increase local economic activity and improve transportation options for residents.”469
Perhaps the most notable aspect of the
project, though, is not its multi-million dollar
price tag, but the fact that the City of Fresno
itself will not be spending its own money on
something it has deemed an essential priority.
In describing the importance of the road, city
council president Steve Brandau called the
mall, “an economic Berlin Wall – the economy
stops there.”470 But when they announced the
$16 million grant, the same leaders struck a
different note, announcing proudly, “No City
of Fresno General Fund money will be used for
the project.” 471

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 WASTEBOOK 2014

Another example of a government
program gone wrong, the initial purpose
was to improve service and remove
bottlenecks, but it has evolved into a
subsidized freight service that ships Coke,
Mountain Dew, Gatorade, frozen honey
wings, and Clorox wipes

33

Postal Service Pays Thousands to
Ship Soda to Alaska for Hundreds
$77 million

The Postal Service is responsible for
shipping consumer items to remote villages in Alaska under a program called “Alaska
Bypass” started in 1972. 472 Over three decades, moving this freight has cost the
agency $2.5 billion, including $77 million per
year in recent years. 473
Another example of a government program gone wrong, the initial purpose was to
improve service and remove bottlenecks,
but it has evolved into a subsidized freight
service that ships Coke, Mountain Dew,
Gatorade, frozen honey wings, and Clorox
wipes, for example, on 1,000-pound pallets.
In a Washington Post report, a 1366-pound

32

pallet caused the Postal Service to pay
$3,167 to the airlines (the fare is regulated
by the Department of Transportation, and
competition among carriers is limited 474),
and the revenue received was $485, for a
loss of more than $260,0.475
The Postal Service has an obligation
to deliver mail to every part of the country
--- but this isn’t mail. Ordinary pieces of mail
can weigh up to 70 pounds, but these pallets
often weigh well over 1,000 pounds, yet the
postage is calculated based on Standard
Post prices, per pound.
One can be sympathetic to the states
that lack infrastructure to serve the needs

of remote residents, but whether the financially-strapped Postal Service (and perhaps
the taxpayers eventually) should bear the
cost is questionable. Also questionable is
whether this subsidy actually helps those
remote residents, or merely improves the
profit of the middlemen providing the service. These airlines make a profit of about
15.5%, whereas the typical airline struggles
to make a 3% profit margin.476 In any event,
the subsidized transportation reduces the
incentive to make delivery more efficient.
If the taxpayer is paying for it, why reduce
the cost?

 WASTEBOOK 2014

34

Taxpayers Sing the Blues for the
Grammy’s Museum
$1.25 million

The Grammy’s have no reason to sing the
blues, but taxpayers do.
Despite collecting tens of millions of dollars tax free every year, the music industry organization is paying nothing for the construction of its new museum while taxpayers have
been committed to spending millions by state
and federal governments.
The 20,000-plus square-foot museum,
which will be located in Cleveland, Mississippi, will
cost $18 million and “is planned to be the most
technologically advanced music-themed museum in the world.” It is expected to open in summer 2015 and will be “the only official Grammy
Museum location outside of Los Angeles.”477
The Grammy Museum Mississippi “will help

the rest of the world recognize Mississippi’s
contribution to American music culture,” according to Bob Santelli, Executive Director of
the Grammy Museum at L.A. Live.478 The museum will be just 25 miles from another museum
that also focuses on the musical heritage of
the Mississippi Delta—the recently opened B.B.
King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center in
Indianola.479
“Federal, state and local government
funds, as well as private donations, are paying for it” and Cleveland Music Foundation
President Lucy Janoush notes “organizers have
been planning on the federal money as part of
the $18 million budget.”480
“The Grammy Museum in Los Angeles

The big winner this year at the Grammy’s may have been Daft Punk, but the big losers were taxpayers since the organization—
which pays no taxes—is taking millions of dollars from state and locals governments to support its new museum.

will control curatorial and public program decisions as well as the hiring,” however, “neither
the museum, the Recording Academy or AEG,
which owns the Grammy Museum property,
will invest in the Mississippi site.”481 Meanwhile,
the U.S. Commerce Department’s Economic
Development Administration provided $1.25 million to the city of Cleveland “to build an access
road and upgrade infrastructure on the Delta
State University campus,” where the museum
will be located.482 The state of Mississippi is also
providing $6 million to support the project.483
There is no question the museum will
generate interest and attract visitors and that
the Grammy’s and its associated organizations
have more than enough resources, which is
exactly why the museum does not need financial handouts from taxpayers. And since the
Grammy’s and its associated organizations
do not pay any taxes, it seems unfair to make
those who do pay taxes to pick up the bill.
Consider, the Grammy’s licensing fee to
broadcast the awards exceeds $20 million
annually, which it doesn’t even have to pay
taxes on because The Recording Academy –
GRAMMY.org is “classed as a type of non-profit.”484 There are also millions of dollars collected in private donations and membership fees.
“Call it the Academy, the Recording Academy,
the National Academy of Recording Arts and
Sciences or NARAS, it is made up of 22,000
members paying $125 a year.” The Academy
collects “donations and corporate sponsorships” for its charity MusiCares, which spends
millions “to help struggling musicians” as well
as other activities like “music research, the
preservation and archiving of recordings”
and lobbying politicians.485 The Academy also
runs the Latin Grammys and The Grammy
Museum.”486 The Grammy Foundation “offers
scholarships, grants and opportunities for music education.”487
To provide some perspective, the $1.25
million federal grant for the Grammy Museum
is just less than the annual salary of the
Academy’s current President, which is reportedly $1.5 million.488 Now that is something to
sing about!

33

 WASTEBOOK 2014

35

Voicemails From the Future Warn
of Post Apocalyptic World

$5.2 million

A disruption in the time-space continuum
has somehow caused voicemails from the
future to fall from the sky, warning everyone
who hears them about the disastrous effects
of global warming: Zombies on the loose,
airports underwater and bananas nearly
impossible to find. So sets the stage for a
game called FutureCoast, which attempts to
teach people about what the future might
hold if climate change makes the seas rise.489
It’s all funded by the National Science
Foundation using a portion of a $5.2 million
grant to Columbia University given, in part,
to develop an interactive game to spur
climate change activism.490 FutureCoast is
a “collaborative game” set in an alternative
world where fictional voicemails have been
transported back in time – cased in pieces of
circular plastic called “chronofacts” – allowing
people to listen in on what earthlings from the
future say about the climate.491
Participants play along by discovering
the location of chronofacts, which are stashed
around the country in different locations –
all tagged with GPS coordinates. Every so
often, the game’s organizers will release
the coordinates of one or two over Twitter,
allowing players to go out and search for them.
Once found, players load information from the

34

chronofacts online and a new voicemail is
made available on the FutureCoast website.492
One message describes sunny 75
degree weather in Antarctica compared to
a chilly -2 degrees in Arizona with expected
hailstorms.493 In another message, someone
talks about how Washington, D.C. was hit
with ten feet of snow.494 A different character
leaves a voicemail about rioting over food
shortages and rationing across the country.495
One caller claims “neo-luddites” are out to
kill anyone with scientific knowledge,496 and
another paints a cryptic image of a zombie
apocalypse saying that “when you see them,
you will know what to do.”497
The game’s creator, Ken Eklund, calls
his work “authentic fiction” and insists he
“create[s] the attractive narrative vacuum
that people fill up with their stories – playfully,
yet with intention.”498 In designing the game,
he tried to create a world “that has this ring
of authenticity to it, even though it might be
wildly fictional.”499 According to him, “[t]he
fiction part is kind of a term for a playful world
that you’re creating together, and a playful
process.”500
The game’s producer, Sara Thacher,
believes the game allows people from different
viewpoints to discuss climate change using

their voicemail messages.501 Eklund agrees,
but adds that the game is more than that,
“We’re looking for black swans. We’re looking
for people who have an insight about the
future.”502
“I think that there are a lot of people who
want to have an invitation to say something
about climate change,” Eklund continued,
“And I think this is the opportunity. It is this
sort of creative challenge – you say it, but you
say it in your future voice.”503
In the end, the goal of the game was
modest, according to its designers. Stephanie
Pfirman, a professor affiliated with the project
noted that the goal of the game wasn’t
necessarily to educate people on climate
research, but rather to get people able to
address the issue to simply think about it.504

In one voicemail from the future, a little girl asks grandma to
see the last living lobster.

 36 37 38
WASTEBOOK 2014

The Funny Ways
Government
Wastes Your Money:
Laughing Classes

$ 47,0 0 0

Taxpayers’ funny bones may not be
tickled by the federal government’s laughing
classes for college students.
The University of California, Los Angeles
is offering an undergraduate course exploring
“the nature of human laughter and humor”
with the support of $25,000 from the National
Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).505
Another comedy class is being developed
by Butler University in Indianapolis with the
support of nearly $22,000 from NEH.506 The
seminar, called “Why Is It Funny” will “examine
issues such as how laughter plays with our
perceptions, the appeal of subversive humor,
whether comedy is ‘a guy thing,’ the role of
laughter in civic discourse, and whether we
can laugh at war.”507 In addition to readings
from Aristotle, Shakespeare, and Oscar Wilde,
students will watch classic films and episodes
of M*A*S*H.508 “As a final project, students
will develop either a stand-up routine or
a, “comedy piece using the tools of digital
storytelling.”509
This ROFL (internet slang for rolling on
the floor inducing laughter) curriculum may
offer students a comedy break from the not
so funny STEM510 courses, but our nation’s $17
trillion in debt is nothing to laugh at.

The federal government is spending nearly $50,000 on
laughing classes for college students

FAA Upgrades
Low-Traffic
Airport Serving
High-End Ski
Resort

$18 million

The airport for “Sun Valley ski resort
that is a magnet for the rich and famous”511 is
getting a multi-million dollar facelift courtesy
of taxpayers.
The Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) awarded $18 million as part of a series
of federal grants to cover the majority of the
$34 million construction project for Friedman
Memorial Airport.512 The federal requirements
that supposedly warrant the project includes
a waiting lounge for arriving passengers
that “will have comfortable chairs and a
fireplace.”513
As the home of some of the best resort
golf courses in the country, Sun Valley is
also very popular summer destination for the
well-heeled.514 For example, “Media stalwarts,
CEOs, and technology luminaries” come to
the area “for the 30th annual conference –
known as ‘summer camp’ for moguls.” The
multi-billion decision by Comcast to purchase
NBC Universal supposedly occurred there.515
Some of the celebrities that frequent
or have second homes in Sun Valley include
Tom Hanks, Bruce Willis, Ashton Kutcher and
Arnold Schwarzenegger.516
In 1936, the Resort was built to mirror
the “luxury” of Swiss ski resorts.517 It was the
home of “the first chairlift in the world” and
almost immediately, became “the place to ski
and be seen for the top start, Garry Cooper,
Clark Gable, Lucille Ball, Marilyn Monroe”
among others.518 The two main hotels foyers
are “jammed with pictures of celebrities
spanning three quarters of a century.”519
There are only four daily commercial
departures on average.520 Of those flights,
about eighty percent of the airport users are
visiting the area or are part-time residents.521
Even the airport manager, Rick Baird,
is surprised at the multi-million dollar grant:
“Airports of our size don’t normally get grants
of this size.”522

FEMA Overlooks
Flood Victims,
Rebuilds Golf
Course Instead

$202,291

The federal government rebuffed pleas for
assistance from Austin, Texas homeowners that
were directly impacted by what some called the
storm of the century,523 but paid hundreds of thousands of dollars to rebuild local golf courses.
Last Halloween, central Texas, including the
city of Austin, experienced a historic storm. Five
people were killed during the flooding, and more
than 500 homes were damaged.524 Texas Governor
Rick Perry requested a disaster declaration noting
that the floods had left a “devastating financial burden on our local communities.”525 Although Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) denied
the state’s request to provide funds to individuals directly affected by the storm, it approved the
state’s request for funds to rebuild damaged infrastructure.526
The city’s publicly-owned golf courses suffered in the flooding too.527
The Roy Kizer public course, characterized
by a “links style layout spread out over 200 acres,”
with “ample fairways and the choice of five sets
of tees” for every golfer, had two greens under
water for a few hours, and lost a section of cart
path, according to the City’s Golf Division.528 The
Lions and Morris Williams courses were described
as having minimal damage, but the City secured
$37,663 in FEMA grants.529 The Jimmy Clay course
suffered the worst damage, with “several greens
submerged in up to 6 feet of water,” “three fairways
with standing water,” and worst of all, the need to
replace the sand in bunkers on holes 4 and 11.530
The course was closed for nine days following the
storm.531
Although FEMA grant funds are only supposed to be used to pay for damage specifically
caused by the disaster, the same greens damaged
in the flood were also suffering from the ill effects of
a nematode infestation, an insect referred to as the
“Hidden Enemy” of golf courses.532
Natural disasters can wreak havoc on
American cities and towns. FEMA oversees a
number of programs that are intended to provide
taxpayer funds to individuals, and state and local
governments to help pay for repairs to critical publicly-owned infrastructure, like community hospitals, and schools after severe disasters. Since 1999,
FEMA has spent more than $18 million rebuilding
public golf courses damaged during disasters.533

35

 WASTEBOOK 2014

39

Disney Polynesian Resort Gets Makeover

$1,437,966 in guarantees

The “happiest place on earth” got a little
happier in 2014 as taxpayers helped Walt Disney
World renovate its Polynesian Resort.
When the Polynesian Village resort opened
in 1971, it was “one of the first on-site hotels at
the Walt Disney World Resort.”535 Today, it is undergoing a massive renovation to bring the resort
up to date, all with a little help from the Small
Business Administration.
The Small Business Administration provided a total of $1.4 million in surety bond guarantees to two firms hired by Disney, meaning if
they fail to perform the taxpayer will step into
make sure Disney is made whole. The first was
$455,684 for a construction company working
to install a “Complete Skylight System at the
Grand Ceremonial House in Disney’s Polynesian
Resort,”536 and $982,282 guarantees for other rehab work at the resort.537
Walt Disney World’s Polynesian Resort.534

36

One of the biggest companies in the world,
the Walt Disney Company ranked 61st in the
Fortune 100 rankings for 2014 – and may not
seem like an obvious candidate to benefit from
small business assistance.538 It operates nine of
the world’s ten most popular amusement parks,
which together bring in more than $2 billion in
annual profit.539
However, with backing from the taxpayer,
the renovation will help the Polynesian resort
get a new deck, a children’s play area at the
Nanea Volcano pool, 20 new bungalows and “a
hot tub with expansive views of the Seven Seas
Lagoon.”540 In the Great Ceremonial House,
Trader Sam’s Grotto “will feature a highly themed
lounge area, with handcrafted tiki cocktails
served in souvenir mugs that will complement
Polynesian-themed small plates.”
“Tiki bars to me are a classic experience, so

if you take that and then you put Disney magic
over the top of it, it doesn’t get any better than
that,” said Disney executive vice president,
Debbie Petersen.541
Disney’s Polynesian Resort is one of Walt
Disney World’s most luxurious resorts, with rooms
starting at $429. Touted as an “oasis of tropical
palms, lush vegetation, koi ponds and white-sand
beaches,” the resort is a short ride from the Magic
Kingdom.8 Guests can enjoy the Spirit of Aloha
Dinner Show, with hula dancing, fire dancing, and
an all-you-can-eat tropical feast.542
“In size and scope, the renovation of
Disney’s Polynesian Village Resort is a significant
investment in the guest experience,” said senior
vice president Tom Wolber, adding, “Once completed, the iconic resort hotel will be re-imagined
with a level of detail as only Disney can deliver.”543

The Great Ceremonial House at Disney’s Polynesian Resort will
benefit from federal bond guarantees.

 WASTEBOOK 2014

40

Space Agency Hunts for the Lost
Tomb of Genghis Khan
$15,000

With NASA’s manned space missions
grounded indefinitely, NASA is now searching for
signs of ancient civilization right here on Earth.
The space agency sponsored a $15,000
challenge545 to locate the lost tomb of Genghis
Khan, the Mongol leader “responsible for the
deaths of as many as 40 million people” and
conquering more territory “than any individual
in history.”546
According to legend, Khan died in 1227
and his final resting place was kept a secret. His
tomb is most likely on or around a Mongolian
mountain called Burkhan, “but to this day its
precise location is unknown.”547
The NASA Tournament Lab at Harvard
University,
which
received
$1,761,065
from NASA in 2014,548 offered the $15,000
prize through the crowd-sourcing platform
TopCoder, Inc., to help find the tomb.549 The
project hopes that “TopCoder community

41

members from around the world to study
select satellite imagery of the region of the lost
tomb of Genghis Khan and then develop an
algorithm that will recognize human built, and
potentially historically significant, structures
found in those images.”550
Officially known as the Collaborative
Minds and Machine Learning Exploration
Challenge, the project is a “first of its kind”
mash-up of “Crowd-sourcing, Open Innovation,
human exploration, space exploration, and
machine learning algorithms.”551
The project employed “state-of-the-art
technologies to conduct a noninvasive survey
of Genghis Khan’s homeland” with an “online
crowd of explorers” using satellite imagery to
spot human-built structures.552
“The quest to find Genghis Khan’s tomb has
mystified scientists for hundreds of years,” notes
TopCoder President and COO Rob Hughes.553

Alas, while the concept for the challenge
was ambitious and innovative, even with the
assistance of NASA’s space imagery, the participants—like many who tried before them—
failed to find the lost tomb of Genghis Khan.

A video presentation shows how the TopCoder community
can help study NASA satellite imagery and develop
algorithms that could uncover the lost tomb of Genghis Khan

Abandoned Pennsylvania Mall Wants
to be the East Coast Hollywood
$15 million

Norristown, Pennsylvania, a beleaguered
manufacturing hub, appears to have been
swindled into the idea of transforming an old
shuttered Sears department store into a sort
of East Coast incarnation of Hollywood.554
The Sears store sits in a half-abandoned
1950s-era mall about two miles north of
downtown Norristown called Logan Square.
It is probably safe to say that most folks
would greet any proposal claiming to be able
to transform a hollowed-out old Philly mall
like Logan Square into the next MGM with a
raised eyebrow or roll of the eyes.555
But in 2008, a real estate developer

named Charles Gallub bought up the old Logan
Square property. In a masterful display of
salesmanship, Gallub came before the county
government with an astonishing plan. Pointing
to tax credits that Governor Ed Rendell was
then backing to promote filmmaking in the
state, Gallub stated that he could “create one
of the best film studios on the East Coast of the
United States.”556 His brainchild, named “Studio
Centre,” would have a “multiplier effect on the
local economy,” he said, projecting 1,300 new
jobs with an appealing average annual salary
of $60,000.557
All that Gallub needed to transform

Norristown into the next silver screen mecca
was a little money. Well, a lot of money. In
addition to the $18.3 million he had already
sunk into the property, Gallub would
eventually obtain an additional $24.5 million
from the county.558 Some county officials
wondered whether they should get a financial
guarantee from Gallub should the project
fail.559 No guarantee was ever signed.
Today, one of Logan Square’s primary
tenants is a thrift store. It shares the remains
of the mall with a deli, pharmacy, Social
Security Administration Office, and a political
office for a state legislator.

37

 WASTEBOOK 2014

42

Wineries Get Help Selling Beer,
Chile-Infused Wine

$50,000

There is chile-flavored ice cream, chileflavored soda, chile-flavored beer – and now
with some help from the taxpayer, chileflavored wine.
Every year, wineries around the world
produce an estimated 36 billion bottles of
wine560 – with nearly 8,000 wineries in the
U.S. alone.561 One New Mexico winery hopes
to add a few more bottles to that number with
a federal subsidy to help distribute its brand of
“chile-infused” wines.
New Mexico Wineries, also known for
operating the St. Clair Winery & Bistro, has
created “Hatch Red Chile Wine” and “Hatch
Green Chile Wine” using locally grown
chiles.562 To help market and distribute
their wine, USDA provided the winery with
a $50,000 grant through the Value-Added
Producer program.
It’s a program that offloads some of the
burden for producing and marketing locallygrown products, and places it on the backs of
taxpayers. This fiscal year, the USDA provided
$4.5 million in grants to 28 recipients in 20
states, and footed the bill for all kinds of
operating costs that are normally born by the
businesses.563
While the USDA says grants are
awarded on a “competitive basis,”564 it seems
that politics may also have contributed.
Senator Tom Udall of New Mexico boasted
that his position on the powerful Senate
Appropriations Committee was instrumental
in sending money back home to the winery,

38

raising questions about the hatch chile wine’s
competitive edge.565
The vineyard describes both of its chile
wines as “bringing to life the flavor of the
Southwest with [their] unique New Mexican
flair.”566
However, wine critic Jen Van Tieghem,
gave the wine a less than glowing review,
finding, “I expected the chiles to pack a crisp
punch, but, in the end, the spicy tones also fell
short of the vibrancy I was hoping for.”567
After taking the chile wine to a party,
she described the crowd’s reaction this way,
“after the initial taste test, no one asked for
a second sample but, rather, started thinking
of other ways to use it—in cooking or to make
sangria, perhaps?568
Others received funding as well, including
Harvest Ridge Winery in Delaware, which
received funds to “expand the winery’s reach
and draw visitors through agro-tourism,”569
while the Wine Barn in Kansas is using grant
money to develop “a billboard campaign and
[strategically place] rack cards in hotels and
corporate offices.”570
Other farmers are raising their glasses of
craft beer and cider in celebration of the grant
program. Three breweries received money to
develop a line of craft brews and nine farms
received more grant money to build or expand
their production of hard cider.571 And just for
good measure, a company in Hawaii even
received taxpayer funds to produce mead
from tropical fruit.572

 43

WASTEBOOK 2014

Roaches, Mice, and Feces in Public Housing
Funded by Uncle Sam, Slumlord

$27 million

“I just got tired of the poop falling on me,”
complained Everett Dennis Lewis, resident of
The Hacienda, an apartment building run by the
Richmond Housing Authority in California.
The Hacienda is one of five low-income
housing facilities run by the Richmond Housing
Authority with deplorable living conditions.
Known by residents as the “Haci-hellhole,” an
investigation by the Center for Investigative
Reporting found the facility to be riddled with
“handfuls of half-dead mice,” “drug dealers,” and
“blue and green mold.”573
Across the country, hundreds of public
housing authorities are overseen and funded
by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD). In 2014, HUD provided the
Richmond Housing Authority with over $27 million, despite longstanding reports that its residents have been living in squalor.574
One paralyzed veteran became trapped
in the building when the elevator broke for several days,575 leaving firefighters to rescue him
through a third-story window.576 Resident Janae
Fletcher complained of bedbugs in her apartment, but was told they were her fault.577 “I was

scratching so hard that I had holes in my skin,”
Fletcher said, “and housing told me, ‘Maybe it’s
the company you keep.’”578
Residents at the Hacienda filed dozens of
complaints, most that went unheeded. “This
building should be bulldozed,” finally conceded
city councilman Jael Myrick, adding that the
primitive living conditions “should not have been
allowed to persist for this long.”579
However, HUD knew for a long time about
the problems with the facility, even as it sent it
tens of millions of dollars a year – a situation the
failed to produce change. “Federal inspectors
in 2009 and then again in 2011 also warned of
severe problems with the roof. In 2009, an entire electrical closet’s walls were ‘saturated with
water mold and mildew,” reported a major investigation of the authority’s failures.580 Major gaps
have existed in between the foundation and
walls for at least five years.581
In 2011, the Senate fell one vote short of
changing HUD policy to punish slumlords who
take taxpayer money. An amendment offered
by Sen. Tom Coburn would have revoked funding from any slumlord who persisted in leaving

44

life-threatening conditions in place without
remedy.582 It lost by a vote of 59 in favor and 40
against, or one less than required to overcome a
filibuster led by Sen. Patty Murray.583
Some of the people appointed to serve the
Hacienda seemed to hardly stand being near
it, instead spending tens of thousands to travel
the country. Between 2008-2011, members of
the Richmond Housing Advisory Commission,
which oversees the authority’s work, spent
nearly $80,000 for travel to “conferences in
places such as Nashville, Washington, D.C., and
Palm Springs.”584 Their travel budget exceeded
that for the members of the City Council.585
HUD eventually found that the travel was not
“an eligible us of operating funds,” adding, “Whether
it was a wise use of money (by the housing authority) is not a determination we will make.”586
All the while, residents of the building were
afraid for their health and safety. “I’m afraid that
the building’s going to come down on me,” said
Rhonda Marshall.587
Another resident concluded, “Not one single human being should be living here. This is an
uninhabitable building.”588

DHS Buys Too Many Cars and Let’s Them
Sit Underused

$35 million

With the second largest vehicle fleet in
the federal government, the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) could save tens
of millions in taxpayer dollars by reducing
underused vehicles.
The DHS vehicle fleet is comprised
of 56,000 vehicles costing $485 million to
operate annually. Three DHS components,
Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE),
and the National Protection and Programs

Directorate (NPPD), maintain approximately
42,000 vehicles, or 75% of fleet.589
DHS Office of Inspector General (OIG)
audited the vehicle fleet, by inspecting the use
of hundreds of DHS vehicles across several
DHS components.
Of the vehicles inspected, about twothirds were underused590. With the average
operating cost per vehicle at $988, $2,914,
and $8,329 for CBP, ICE, and NPPD vehicles
respectively this adds up quite quickly. The

Inspector General estimated that the total
amount wasted on underused vehicles to be
between $35.3 and $48.6 million.591
The IG’s conclusion was that DHS does
not “adequately manage” the 56,000 vehicles
because “each DHS component manages
its own vehicle fleet” which makes it tough
“to provide adequate oversight and ensure
compliance with Federal laws.”592

39

 WASTEBOOK 2014

45

Costs Skyrocket
for “Birds In
Space” Replica

$410,000

Can a taxpayer-funded sculpture fly?
Chicago-based artist Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle
tried to figure this out by “fabricating a life-size
steel-and-aluminium replica”593 of Constantin
Brancusi’s iconic Birds in Space sculpture that
sold in 2005 for a whopping $27.4 million.594
The artist placed the replica sculpture, “in
a hypervelocity wind tunnel at Mach 10, or ten
times the speed of sound.”595 The Bird in Space
replica “had unexpectedly good aerodynamic efficiency at hypersonic speeds, a goal not
achieved by engineering for decades.”596
This replica was purchased for the building
that houses the Food and Drug Administration’s
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research.
The artist thought the Bird in Space knock-off
“would raise awareness for the FDA employees
to the existence of the U.S. Air Force mission
that shares their campus.”597
The sculpture was purchased as part of
the General Services Administration Art in
Architecture Program, where a percentage of
construction costs are “reserved for art in each
government building.”598
The taxpayer cost of the replica was
$410,000, which because of modifications
doubled in price.599

Life-size replica of the “Birds in Space” sculpture (seen on
the right) cost taxpayers $410,000

40

46

DOD Tries To Build Real-Life
“Iron Man” Suit

$80 million

Government contractors have built a suit
of military super-armor to withstand bullets
and carry hundreds of pounds, all powered
by futuristic energy source. No, that’s not the
plot of Hollywood’s blockbuster movie series,
Iron Man, but the hope of Pentagon officials to
bring science fiction to the battlefield.
The Department of Defense has set aside
millions to try and create what it’s calling a
Tactical Assault Light Operator Suit (TALOS).
“We sometimes refer to it as the Iron Man suit,
frankly, to attract the attention, imagination
and excitement of industry and academia,”
said Michael Fieldson, heading up the TALOS
program.600
In addition to dozens of defense contractors and experts, the Pentagon is also collaborating with the big time Hollywood costume
designers from movies such as Terminator,
RoboCop, Captain America, and Iron Man.601
“When you’re doing something for a movie, it is all make-believe,” said a founder of the
Hollywood company that designed the Iron Man
suit.602 Crediting computer-generated special
effects for the fictional technologies of the Iron
Man suit, she explained that “for the military,
that’s not really going to be the case.”603
TALOS has an estimated budget of $80
million over the next four years,604 but one
industry official of a large defense firm has
predicted that the TALOS program will “need
about a billion dollars” for a successful prototype.605
Like most things in Washington, the cost
of producing even the simplest of things often

cost many times what it would elsewhere, as
one observer unwittingly noted. “To do it right,
they need about a billion dollars,” said one industry official, adding, “Twenty million dollars
a year in an R&D budget -- you couldn’t even
develop a pencil on that.”606
That sentiment perfectly describes the
problem with the military industrial complex—
they really honestly probably could not develop
a pencil for DOD for only $20 million.
The Iron-Man suit would protect U.S. soldiers with body armor made of an agile exoskeleton, which could also carry hundreds of
pounds of gear.607
However, not everyone in the defense industry thinks this is a good idea. A 2013 study funded
by the Department of Defense and the National
Academy of Sciences found that soldiers’ combat loads are far already too excessive, and
that “the approach of acquiring and fielding
every ‘new’ technology is both impractical and
unaffordable.608
And while a promotional video for the
TALOS program shows bullets ricocheting off a
cartoon soldier dressed in the suit,609 field tests
have so far found soldiers struggling to run,
dive, and shoot when using the real thing.610
Part of the problem is the final suit is
projected to weigh up to 400 pounds,611 mostly just to carry its 365 pounds of batteries to
power the suit.612 One researcher noted that
Hollywood special effects made the Iron Man
suit “impossibly thin, impossibly light, impossibly agile, and impossibly energy efficient.”613

 WASTEBOOK 2014

47

Drug Enforcement Administration
Celebrates Itself With Own Museum
$95,000

Alongside fighting drug dealers and
narco-traffickers, the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) has another, lesserimportant mission: operating a museum.
Since 1999, the “DEA Museum” has been
housed in the foyer of a non-descript Virginia
DEA headquarters office complex.614 Some
have raised the pertinent question of why
taxpayer money is being spent to detail its
history of fighting drugs rather than the usual
federal entities that fund museums615
In 2014, taxpayers spent $95,000 to the
operation and promotion of the museum. The
largest portion of those funds – $65,000 –
helped support one of its traveling exhibits,
Target America, which was displayed at the
Maryland Science Center.616 An additional
$25,000 paid for one of the museum’s
staff members617 and $5,000 purchased an
advertisement at a nearby subway station.618
Whether the money has been effective
in drawing people in is highly suspect.
Attendance at the museum has been light
over the years, with the average number
of weekly visitors at a little less than 225.619
A report from 2007 noted that most of the
museum’s visitors were “middle and high
school students on class trips.”620

When
the
Drug
Enforcement
Administration (DEA) opened a museum in 1999
about the agency’s fight against illegal drugs, it
hoped the exhibits would prompt parents and
teachers to talk with kids.621 However, the museum’s website cautions that exhibits may not
be appropriate for kids under ten years old.622 In
addition to the replica 1970’s head shop, the exhibits are filled with stacks of drug paraphernalia, a Santa Muerte occultist statue and “a grisly
photo of a junkie killed by an overdose.”623
Despite the gruesome exhibits, museum
officials are still hoping that kids will show up.
In 2013, the museum rolled out its DEA Junior
Special Agent program for third-graders as
young as eight years old that show up and
explore the museum.624 When they’re done
with that, the gift shop also caters to little
ones, offering DEA-themed “onesies,” rubber
duckies with gestapo-style hats or miniature
plush German Shepherds.625
The museum was given $349,000 from
Congress when it first opened its doors in
1999, but today it is run by the DEA Educational
Foundation.626 In 2013, the museum closed
its doors for renovation, which included
expanding the gift shop and incorporating
iPads into the exhibits.627

DEA agents seized this Santa Muerte statue from drug
dealers in Mexico.

Items on display at the DEA Museum gift shop

41

 WASTEBOOK 2014

48

Missile Defense Misses the Target
$998 million

By the time it is completed, the Defense
Department will have spent more than $41
billion on a missile defense system that with a
30% success rate at stopping missiles.628 Our
Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) consists of both ground- and sea-based radar and
interceptor missiles that provide a “layered”
defense against a nuclear strike on our homeland.629 Developed to intercept intermediate
and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM),
the Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD)
system is the backbone of our ground-based
missile defense system.
It is built around the hit-to-kill
Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) warhead,
which in theory intercepts and destroys an
incoming ICBM in our upper atmosphere. The
U.S. currently has 30 GMD Ground-Based
Interceptors (GBIs) deployed in Alaska and
California, and plans to deploy an additional
14 by 2017, even though the system’s performance has been marred by failure and final
testing of the system’s capabilities and limitations won’t be completed until 2022.630
A successor to the Reagan era “Star
Wars” Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program, development of GMD was fast tracked in
2002 with a Bush administration plan to deploy
an “initial set of missile defense capabilities”
by 2005.631 To meet the timeline, GMD was
rushed into a high-risk, concurrent development, production, and fielding process known
as “concurrency.” In 2012, the Government
Accountability Office (GAO) reported that the
program’s “highly concurrent development,
production, and fielding strategy” had resulted
in “disrupted production, increased costs, and
delayed fielding” of the system.632
Critics of the program remain skeptical
that the system will ever be able to intercept
an operational ICBM as intended. The Defense
Department’s Operational Test and Evaluation
(DOT&E), the final authority on weapon system performance, has long warned the system
falls short.633 Its former director, Philip Coyle,
said recently, “The GMD system still has no
demonstrated effectiveness to defend the U.S.
…against enemy attack under realistic operational conditions.”634 That’s because the tests

42

on the GMD system are conducted at lower
velocity than what the system would encounter against an actual operational ICBM, making
them a poor approximation of the conditions of
a real attack.635
And even at the lower velocity, the test results don’t inspire confidence. Of the 17 highly
scripted tests performed on the GMD system
to date, only 9 (53 percent) have successfully intercepted their target, and the last test in
June of this year was the first successful test of
the improved EKV, the Capability Enhancement
(CE-II) model. Two previous tests of the CE-II
failed in 2010,636 prompting Congress to impose
a delay on further production until successful
tests could be demonstrated.637 The MDA’s official release following the system’s June test
hailed it as the fourth intercept of “the GMD…
operationally configured interceptor since
2006,”638 even though GAO has reported that
the first test of the operationally configured interceptor in 2006 would not have resulted in a
kill of the incoming missile.639
The DOD Inspector General (IG) attributes
three of the test failures directly to the EKV,
which it says suffers from quality control issues
resulting from a culture driven by “schedule
and cost priorities” that created “a manufacturing challenge” for the EKV.640 The National
Research Council (NRC) was less kind in its
2012 assessment of the program, noting that
the GMD system exemplified the MDA’s ““hobby
shop” approach, with many false starts on poorly analyzed concepts.”641 Because of the number
of design changes the EKV has undergone over
the years, costly retrofits will have to be made
to the 30 GBIs that are already deployed. GAO
has reported a cost increase from $236 million
to $1.309 billion to “demonstrate as well as fix,
the already produced CE-IIs.”642
Even if the issues with the EKV can be resolved, the GMD system is designed to repel
only a limited ICBM attack and would be easily
overwhelmed by the simple countermeasures
that would be deployed in a real attack, such
as “decoys” designed to confuse the system,
or “structured attacks involving simultaneous
launches and/or attacks on key components of
the defense, notably its sensors.”643

But the MDA and its supporters in Congress
continue to proclaim the system’s success and
fund the program, in spite of the fact the GAO
found MDA was purposely obscuring the program’s cost growth in an effort to make oversight of the program more difficult.644 By the
time all 44 GBIs are deployed in 2017 the GMD
program will have cost taxpayers $41 billion, at
least “30 to 50 percent more” than it should
have cost as compared to “successful programs
with missiles of comparable complexity.”645
Despite obvious flaws, the MDA and
Congress are moving forward with a $1 billion decision based on a 30% success rate in
tests that fail to replicate a real world scenario. Almost immediately after the June test results were announced, production of the EKV
was resumed and the MDA announced it was
moving forward with its plan to deploy the
additional 14 missiles. Even more concerning,
Congress is moving to expand the program
to develop an East Coast missile defense site,
at a potential cost of billions more for taxpayers—the House’s version of the fiscal year 2015
National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)
included $20M for construction costs, and the
MDA is already conducting an Environmental
Impact Study at four possible locations for the
new site.

 WASTEBOOK 2014

49

Virgin Island Ferries Sit
Unused for Nearly a Year

$7.6 million

For residents and visitors of the Virgin
Islands (V.I.), reliable ferries that travel from
island to island are a necessity. Yet, after
spending millions for two ferries to transport
passengers between two islands, the vessels
have sat largely unused in 2014.
Purchasing the new ships was part of a
plan by Virgin Islands government officials to
upgrade the aging ferries that make the twomile trip back and forth each day between
the islands of St. Thomas and St. John.646
With $7.6 million in federal funding, they were
able in 2014 to purchase two new vessels to
upgrade the existing fleet – the Cruz Bay 1
and the Red Hook 1.647
When the plan was first announced,
local officials on the Virgin Islands estimated
they could buy two “300-passenger ferry
boats [that] cost between $2 million to $2.5
million each.”648 To help fund the purchases,
the federal government awarded several
federal grants and earmarks since 2007 to
make the upgrades, including the biggest
portion – $3 million – from the 2009 stimulus
legislation.649
The federal stimulus award was not
without controversy, however. Elected
officials in Washington State questioned why
their state, with the largest ferry network in
the nation, was shut out from an early round

of stimulus funding while millions went to the
Virgin Islands.650 Federal officials responded
by stating the urgency of the need – a point
which the island government seems to have
missed.
From the start, the plan to purchase the
ferries was itself beset by problems. First,
cost overruns for the project saw expenses
soar and the final purchase price was $3.25
million each for vessels that could carry
around 200 people – nearly 100 fewer than
originally estimated.651 Next, though the
ferries were acquired in November 2013,
nearly a year has passed without the ships
being put into permanent use.
The ships were supposed to be
operational by the end of 2013, but
insurance problems prevented that from
happening.652 Then in January, V.I. Public
Works Commissioner Darryl Smalls said the
ferries should be ready to go by the end of
February.653 However, delays in scheduling
Coast Guard inspections pushed back the
date they would be ready. The inspections
were not completed until June and the ferries
were finally launched in early July.654
After only a month in operation, however,
the ferries were once again taken out of
service and docked in Cruz Bay since early
August.655 Commissioner Smalls explained

Top: Vessels docked in Cruz Bay on September 3, 2014
Bottom: Vessels remain unmoved October 10, 2014

in early September that legal issues with
contractors were to blame and that the
vessels would be back up and running “within
the next few days.”656 As the photos below
demonstrate, though, the ferries remained
docked nearly two weeks later.
While the ships are in good working
order, according to Smalls, there is no telling
when they’ll be reinstated.657

43

 WASTEBOOK 2014

50

Jonas Bonus: Rich and Famous Rent Out
Their Pads Tax Free

$10 million

One provision in the tax code allows the
rich and famous to rent out their property for
short periods of time without reporting the
revenue on their tax returns. This may seem inconsequential, but the celebs that rent out their
digs for thousands per day sure appreciate it.
Under IRS rules, income received for shortterm rentals total less than 15 days per year is
tax-free. Even a second home or a vacation
property can be rented out, as long as the total
stay per year is less than 15 days.658 There is no
limit on the total income that can be excluded,
nor is there any prohibition against high earners.
The result is a potential bonanza for rentals
around major sporting events, and about $10
million in federal revenue is lost each year to the
loophole.659
At Super Bowl XLVIII, held in East
Rutherford, New Jersey earlier this year, asking
rates for studios, apartments, and houses frequently ran into thousands of dollars per night.
Just a few weeks before football’s greatest

44

game of the year, the average rental close to the
stadium cost $1,600 a night, though many went
for much more.660
One three bedroom home advertised for
$5,000 per night, boasting, “You won’t find
a more perfect location for your New York
Superbowl trip than this handsomely decorated 3 bedroom home in Secaucus.”661 And these
landlords won’t find a better deal, making several thousand dollars tax free.
One young enterprising football fan, rented three of his bedrooms for $2,000 per night,
more than enough to cover his $5,600 rent and
utilities bill that month. “There’s no need to stay
there if we can make up a month’s rent,” he told
a local reporter.662
During last year’s Super Bowl, one superstar scored a touchdown renting his property,
avoiding tax penalties. Kevin Jonas rented his
mansion out for $20,000 per night for 12 nights
(just under the limit).663 Complete with “a walkout basement, a billiard room, and home the-

ater complete with stadium seating and a 3-D
projector…a 6,500-bottle wine cellar and the
property’s in-ground saltwater pool,” the rental
scheme could have brought in $240,000 taxfree, adding to his estimated net worth of $18
million.664 665
Kevin Jonas was not the only celebrity to
benefit from the IRS’s generosity. An NFL player even put his two-bedroom apartment up for
rent on Craigslist.666 He was asking $9,000 for
the week to supplement his $450,000 salary.667
668

Jonas’ home was also not the only one in
the $100,000-plus club either. Another home
advertised for $119,500 for “Super Bowl Week
Only.”669
Major events that homeowners take advantage of are not limited just to the Super
Bowl. PGA Tour tournaments, the South by
Southwest music festival in Austin, Texas, and
NCAA college basketball games have all been
magnets for these types of tax-free loopholes.670

 51

WASTEBOOK 2014

State Department Tweets @ Terrorists

$3 million

The State Department’s Center for Strategic Counterterrorism
Communications (CSCC) is responsible for crafting the official online
presence of the U.S. government on social media sites like Facebook
and Twitter with the mission to counter the sophisticated propaganda
machines of terrorist groups around the globe. This year, a portion of the
$3 million671 taxpayers entrusted to CSCC was used to create the Think
Again Turn Away Twitter account, which currently counts more than 2,000
tweets and 7,654 followers.672
According to the State Department, the theory behind Think Again
Turn Away is that it provides a counter to the tweets of “extremists [who]
were previously able to spread their bile without fear of pushback.”673 Each
tweet sent out by the CSCC’s Digital Outreach Team is crafted to “redirect
the conversation” and put the extremists “on the defensive” to make them
“aware that when they try to spread their message, they will encounter resistance.”674
There are of course no hard metrics on the campaign’s impact on jihadist recruiting numbers. As evidence the campaign is having effect—“unnerving the adversary” in the parlance of this digital battlefield—the State
Department cites the more than 80,000 views of a video titled “ISIS Kills
Muslims,” which it says “debunked [the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
(ISIS)]’s role as self-proclaimed defender of Sunni Muslims,” and the “extreme indignation” of “affiliated media units and avowed supporters of the
group” who are targeted by the campaign.675
The campaign falls short on even these rather squishy objectives.
Dubbed “trolling for terrorists,” critics have questioned the utility of such
a campaign that is “less set on converting would-be terrorists than simply
preventing these accounts from running uninterrupted and unchallenged
feeds.”676 A recent commentator in Time Magazine put it more bluntly, saying, “this outreach by the U.S. government is not only ineffective, but also
provides jihadists with a stage to voice their arguments...”677
It’s hard to disagree with the characterization of Think Again Turn
Away as a “gaffe machine.”678 Despite the State Department’s efforts to
put lipstick on the program, its latest video cited called “Welcome to ISIS
Land” was widely panned as a taxpayer funded ISIS recruitment video. And
it’s unclear how some of the tweets are actually countering the ISIS propaganda. This mildly worded tweet and its accompanying picture of an ISIS
victory parade in Syria could be mistaken for blatant ISIS propaganda if
tweeted under another hashtag:

Other tweets read more like bad one-liners than witty quips dispelling
ISIS ideology, such as this zinger referencing the Syrian refugee crisis:

And though someone probably scored points with the boss, radicalized 18-25 year olds are unlikely to be swayed by this tweet of Secretary
Kerry’s monotone plea about ISIS’s treatment of women during a recent
Congressional hearing:

Rita Katz, the author of the Time Magazine article, who has made a
career out of studying terrorists, offered that “had the people behind Think
Again Turn Away understood jihadists’ mindsets and reasons for their behavior, they would have known that their project of counter messaging
would not only be a waste of taxpayer money, but ultimately be counterproductive.”679
Even those who hope Think Again Turn Away could one day be the
tweeting near peer to ISIS acknowledge social media’s limitations as an
effective tool in the war of ideas we find ourselves in today. “The government may one day become brilliant at hashtag diplomacy, capable of beating IS[IS] to the punch. But that would seem unlikely given the structural
advantages the medium gives to sensationalism and attack on established
positions.”680
The extremist message that resonates with a would-be ISIS jihadist is
born of the want and disaffection that comes from the lack of better opportunities. What the State Department fails to realize with its taxpayer-funded
social media experiment is that efforts like this will always fail because they
attempt to address the war of ideas at its downstream effect as opposed
to its root cause. Instead of sending one more State Department tweet, we
should reinvest these funds in activities that improve basic education and
develop the free market in places that remain disconnected from the global
economy. We can yield better results for our scarce taxpayer dollars than
extreme indignation.

45

 WASTEBOOK 2014

52

Border Patrol Builds Over-Priced
Houses for Temporary Workers

$4.6 million

Quartz countertops, plantation shutters,
spacious open kitchens, three bedrooms and
the latest in stainless steel appliances. No,
that’s not a real estate ad from the nice part
of town, but a description of ritzy housing
units for Border Patrol agents in Ajo, Arizona.
The homes were purchased by Customs
and Border Patrol (CBP) for agents reporting
temporarily to Ajo, where few border agents
live. However, a report by the Department
of Homeland Security’s (DHS) inspector
general found the agency “vastly overpaid”
for homes and built them far bigger than they
should have.681
Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) – a
component of DHS – devised a plan in 2008
to acquire housing units in several remote
areas along the southwest border, and paid
the General Services Administration $1.4
million to manage the project.682 The project
was badly mismanaged, though, leading
to the inspector general accusing CBP of
wasting $4.6 million.
To start, the agency paid “nearly $1
million for 12 acres of land,” but the inspector
general determined the price was “almost
triple the amount it may have actually
needed to pay” based on the local market.683

46

Next, CBP designed and built housing
that exceeded employee needs. A 2009
CBP study to determine the housing needs
for border agents stationed in Ajo found
they would best be served by one-bedroom
apartment-style housing for use during the
workweek.684 Rather than build apartments,
however, CBP built 21 two- and threebedroom single family homes.685
These were no average homes, though,
but instead cost nearly $700,000 apiece – or
nearly six times the going rate for home in
Ajo, Arizona.686 In the same year the homes
were built, the average cost of housing in Ajo
was $86,500.687
“You could buy any house in town for
$100,000,” said Tina West, a member of the
Western Pima County Community Council,
“It’s just another multimillion-dollar waste.”688
In part, prices were driven up because
they equipped each house with expensive
upgrades, such as quartz countertops,
stainless steel appliances, free-standing
additional freezers, wireless ceiling fans,
plantation shutters, and walk-in pantries.689
The new homes range from 1,276 to 1,570
square feet.
According to the DHS Office of

Inspector General, since the completion of
the Ajo project, the houses have not been
fully occupied, citing the rental rates as the
likely cause. The price to rent the two- and
three-bedroom houses ranged from $1,075
to $1,314 for a single tenant.
The agency installed expensive wireless
fans to avoid having to replace the pull strings
on standard ceiling fans.690 When asked why
they spent so much money on these things,
CBP said “if they spent more up front, they
would save money in the end.”691
CBP added attached garages large
enough to accommodate three cars,
measuring 748 square feet, citing most
agents and officers assigned Ajo stations
have two cars.692
CBP also paid more than $2.4 million to
buy 20 park-model trailer homes and lease
land on which to park them to satisfy the
same purpose as the single family homes.
Between October 2013 and March 2014, 18
of the 20 mobile homes were vacant.
CBP has built half of a complex in Ajo,
Arizona and intends to build the same type of
housing in five other locations once funding
becomes available.

 WASTEBOOK 2014

53
NASA Goes to
Comic-Con,
Explores the
Marvel Universe
At l e a st $ 1 0,0 0 0

With its manned space program grounded,
NASA boldly voyaged to an extraterrestrial world
of another kind this year— the Marvel Universe.
With
appearances
at
Comic-Con
International in San Diego, California and a Marvel
Comic’s exhibit in New York’s Time Square, NASA
launched missions into the worlds of science fiction and comic book superheroes.
Marvel’s Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. (Scientific
Training and Tactical Intelligence Operative
Network) at the Discovery Center in Times Square
brings “to life the science behind Marvel Super
Heroes” and explores “the history and scientific
origins of Marvel’s The Avengers, including Iron
Man, The Hulk, Captain America, Thor, and others.”693 The exhibit opened May 30, 2014 and will
run through January 5, 2015. Tickets prices are $27
for adults and $19.50 for children.694
Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. includes “authentic
props from the Marvel movies — including Thor’s
hammer, Captain America’s star-spangled shield
and Black Widow’s form-fitting costume,” as well
as “a life-sized, three-dimensional hologram of
the Hulk, who punches the wall making the whole
building shake.”695 And “visitors will map out the
stars to find Asgard,” Thor’s fictional world.696
NASA provided content to “enhance the
authenticity of the experience and pique visitors’
interest in real-world science and technology. The
exhibit’s NASA-supplied material -- written content, images and videos -- focuses on topics such
as the electromagnetic spectrum, black holes as
powerful energy sources, and aerospace materials used in creating Iron Man’s armor. Deeper
connections to NASA content are planned for the
exhibit’s online companion website. NASA’s Eyes
on Exoplanets interactive is featured prominently
in the S.T.A.T.I.O.N. exhibit, helping to place otherworldly content related to The Avengers’ Thor into
the context of real exoplanets – planets beyond
our solar system -- that NASA is studying.”697
“The thrill of exploring other worlds is not
limited to the silver screen, and we’re pleased to
help bring some real NASA excitement to the project,” said NASA’s liaison for film and TV collaborations.698
This is not NASA’s first voyage into the Marvel

The Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters explores the Marvel Universe at the
Opening Night of the Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. Exhibition in New York City’s Times Square on May 29, 2014.713

universe. NASA also helped out with the 2012
Avengers movie,699 which raised over $2 billion in
ticket and home movie sales.700 By comparison,
the total budget for NASA’s Mars Mission in 2014
added up to $3.1 billion.
So why is NASA participating in the promotion of a movie that brought in enough revenue
to rival the annual budget of its premier manned
space mission of the future?
“The thrill of exploring other worlds is not limited to the silver screen, and we’re pleased to help
bring some real NASA excitement to the project,”
explained Bert Ulrich, liaison for film and TV collaborations at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. 701
Another reason may be because NASA
was one of the agencies that fared well in the
budget deal approved by Congress this year.
Sequestration was set to trim the agency’s budget
from $16.9 billion to “as little as $16 billion,” but instead NASA got a boost to $17.65 billion.702
The extra money in the budget may also explain why NASA—which a year ago was warning
“its goals of future space travel may be put on
hold” by budget concerns703—sent a manned mission to Comic-Con, which is an annual comic book
convention “dedicated to creating awareness of,
and appreciation for, comics and related popular
artforms,” and celebrating “the historic and ongoing contribution of comics to art and culture.”704
While Comic-Con typically features comic
book artists, illustrators, writers, and authors, this
year the convention hosted NASA scientists and
astronauts. The panel entitled “NASA’s Next Giant
Leap,” was moderated by actor Seth Green, and
included legendary astronaut Buzz Aldrin, NASA
Planetary Science Division Director Jim Green,
NASA astronaut Mike Fincke, and Jet Propulsion
Laboratory systems engineer Bobak Ferdowsi.705
The group discussed the Orion spacecraft and the
Space Launch System rocket, which the agency
hopes will return Americans to space sometime in
the next decade.706

While this “marks the first time that NASA
has officially participated in Comic-Con,”707 the
space agency has been star struck with pop culture for some time. “NASA also takes an active
role in generating science-based fiction. They
frequently partner with entertainment producers
to help bring authenticity and accuracy to movies
and television.”708
NASA points to comic books readers’ lack
of exposure to reality to justify its attendance at
Comic Con. “Participation in these types of events
not only reaches audiences who are not normally
exposed to the realities of America’s space exploration initiatives but directly meets the mandate
outlined in the National Aeronautics and Space
Act of 1958 (P.L. 85-568) to “…provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of
information concerning its activities and the results thereof,” according to a NASA official.709
“To support this event, six NASA employees
and three NASA contractor employees were in
attendance and the total travel expenses for the
nine participants amounted to $9,554. All NASA
employees were participating at the conference
on official business within a public outreach capacity similar to NASA’s public outreach participation at school and museum events,” according to
NASA.710
NASA issued guidance earlier in the year to
contractors that attendance at domestic conferences for “the remainder of FY 14 (through
9/30/2014)” was limited to meetings “essential
and/or necessary” and “there are no alternative
methods of participating.”711 Clearly, NASA did not
apply these standards to its own staff and probably won’t be next year either. Jim Green said “We’d
love to come back” to Comic Con.712
Perhaps, NASA should be more focused
on returning astronauts to exploration in the real
universe rather than the imaginary worlds of the
Marvel Universe and Comic Con.

47

 WASTEBOOK 2014

54

Army Corps Buildings in Afghanistan
Keep Burning to the Ground

$21.3 million

The Army Corps of Engineers spent millions of dollars on fire-prone buildings caused
by shoddy contractors, despite government
watchdogs reports showing that these projects were dangerous and not in compliance
with international building standards.
In 2012, the Special Inspector General for
Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), uncovered that three buildings constructed by the
Army Corps for the Afghans caught fire.714
The Army Corps found that two of the fires resulted in a total of $788,000 in damages, and
were caused by foam installation and thermal
barrier systems installed by contractors that
did not comply with International Building

Flame retardent fills warehouse718

48

Code standards.715
There were 1002 buildings in various
stages of construction in Afghanistan in 2013,
with 704 in various stages using the fire hazard-causing foam and thermal barriers, and
298 that had nothing.716 Instead of fixing the
fire risk problem, the Army Corps decided that
to have its contractors keep using the hazardous materials that had already been approved,
and advised the local personnel to only put up
fire safety cards, and implement a “fire-watch
during rest hours.”717
Despite assuring government watchdogs
that the problem was fixed, Army Corps officials decided to continue turning hazardous

buildings over to Afghan interests.719 According
to a senior Army Corps official, turning the
buildings over was fine because, “the typical
occupant populations for these facilities are
young, fit Afghan soldiers and recruits who
have the physical ability to make a hasty retreat during a developing situation.”720 In other words, although they might be tired after
a long day fighting, Afghan soldiers are fit
enough to escape the burning buildings we
provided them. 721
This was also not the first time the Army
Corps was cited for overseeing the construction of major fire hazards: in 2013, the same
problem was found in a school in Afghanistan
paid for by the Army Corps that was found
to expose students and teachers to potential
electrocution, fire hazards, and poisoning from
a well placed too close to the sewer system.722
Although only $21.3 million was added
to contracts for these facilities during 2014,
SIGAR noted the total cost of the program,
which was started in 2010, at $1.57 billion.723

Army Corps building burns in Afghanistan

 55

WASTEBOOK 2014

Airport Tree-Trimming Project Turns
into 27-Hole Golf Course Renovation

$5 million

With a serendipitous change of heart
from the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA), a city golf course was able to turn a
slight fencing realignment at an adjacent
airport into a $5 million renovation of a 27hole course – compliments of the American
taxpayers.
In December 2010, Sioux Falls Regional
Airport Authority determined that the Sioux
Falls Regional Airport needed to remove objects from the Runway Safety Area (RSA) and
the Object Free Area (OFA) in order to comply with FAA safety regulations. This project
included relocating the perimeter road and
fencing that abuts the adjacent Elmwood
Golf Course about 150-250 feet, impacting
the two golf holes nearest to the airport.
Due to the location of the new fence line,
one hole would have to be straightened, “reducing its ‘dogleg’ characteristic.”724 Another
hole would have to relocate the tee boxes,
shortening it from a par-five to a par-four.
With the fortunate reversal of an FAA decision and some persuading by a golf course
architect, these modest impacts of two golf
holes would eventually transform into a full
scale 27-hole renovation.
In 2011, a golf course architect hired
by the city to examine the impact the fence
realignment would have on the golf course

issued an analysis that justified the need to
realign several more holes and relocate the
6-hole junior golf course to another area
at a cost estimate of between $900 thousand and $1.73 million.725 According to the
architect’s analysis, the additional taxpayer
funded course modifications were needed
to prevent the course from changing from a
par 72 to a par 71 and to increase the landing area of one hole because “most people
are right handed and tend to slice the ball
(to the right).”726 Because Elmwood Golf
Club is a city-owned course, it is protected under Section 4(f) of the Department of
Transportation Act of 1966, and up to 90 percent of the costs to the golf course related
to the airport safety project are reimbursable
by the FAA.727
Perhaps recognizing the lucrative 4(f)
reimbursement provision, the city conducted a survey in 2011 to identify trees
on the Elmwood Golf Course that could be
intruding into the airport’s airspace in violation of federal regulations. In September
2012, the city submitted the tree survey to
FAA for an Obstruction Evaluation/Airport
Airspace analysis. The FAA circulated its
findings for public comment on November
28th and, after receiving no comments, issued a “Determination of No Hazard to Air

Workers build a new sand bunker to ensure safety of air space734

Navigation” notice on January 18th, 2013.728
According to the analysis of 135 trees on the
Elmwood Golf Course, FAA only identified
two trees that they recommended be removed or topped, but stated that a notice to
airmen and safety lights would suffice. The
FAA analysis concluded that “the existing
tree line would not have a substantial adverse effect on the safe and efficient utilization of the navigable airspace by aircraft or
on any air navigation facility and would not
be a hazard to air navigation.”729
On January 31st, 2013, not even two
weeks after the FAA’s “Determination of
No Hazard to Air Navigation” report was released, the FAA issued a one-page Letter of
Correction stating that multiple trees penetrate the runway’s airspace, and that a plan
to mitigate the penetrations should be submitted by August, 2013.730 This reversal of
the FAA’s original decision, based on a single
one-day inspection, would have tremendous
ramifications on the golf course’s renovation plans – and the cost implications to the
American taxpayers backing the golf course
overhaul.
On February 21st, 2013, only three weeks
after the reversal, the golf course architect
that the city hired in 2011 released a new,
comprehensive $5 million proposal to renovate the entire 27 hole golf course along with
constructing a new 6 hole junior course. The
justification for the change from the original
$900,000 renovation to a full scale, three
year renovation project was due to the fact
that “the results of the tree survey in 2011 far
exceeded what anyone had anticipated.”731
The tree line that the FAA determined was
not a safety hazard but was quickly overturned not even two weeks later was the
basis for a $5 million taxpayer backed full
scale course makeover. These suspiciously
short timelines suggest the renovation plans
may have already been completed under the
assumption that the trees would need to be
removed.
Even with the questionable set of events
that led to the need for the trees to be re-

49

 WASTEBOOK 2014

moved to meet FAA safety standards, only 14
of the 27 regulation holes needed to be redesigned due the impacts of the tree removal and fence adjustment. However, the golf
course architect’s proposal argued that the
remaining 13 golf holes should be renovated
to provide the golf course with consistent
playing conditions and character.
[T]he required reconstruction of such
a large percentage of holes raises concern
about the resulting mix of new and old holes.
Visually, the individual holes will appear different because of the loss of trees. More importantly, the new holes will play differently

as a result of different turf conditions, drainage conditions, irrigation coverage, soil compaction and soil mixes. Most obvious to the
golfer will be the difference in the way which
the golf ball will react on the greens.732
Thus, what began as a two hole change
transformed into a 27 hole project. The three
year golf course renovation is taking place
in three phases of nine holes each, so that
at least 18 holes will be playable during the
entire project. The first phase was recently
completed and the golf course is expected to complete phase two of the project
next summer. The president of Dakota Golf

Management lauded the benefit the taxpayer funded renovation will have on the course,
stating “golf courses, you know, they have
life spans and this is going to regenerate and
rejuvenate Elmwood well into the future.”733
In a possibly incriminating admission
of how this project came to fruition, the
President of Dakota Golf Management, Inc.
said that “obviously we wouldn’t be doing it
if we didn’t think it’s going to be a significant
improvement.”735 Perhaps, the driving force
behind the renovation and the opportune FAA
reversal was not about air safety after all.

The project started with an airport fence relocation, which impacted two holes on the adjacent golf course

Suspicious Timing
• 

September 2012:
City submits tree study for
Obstruction Evaluation/
Airport Airspace analysis

• 

January 18th, 2013:
FAA issues “Determination
of No Hazard to Air
Navigation” for Elmwood
tree study

• 

January 31st, 2013:
FAA reverses the decision
with one-page Letter of
Correction

• 

February 21st, 2013:
Golf Course architect
releases $5 million
full course renovation
proposal using required
tree removal as key

50

 56

WASTEBOOK 2014

Earmark-Funded High-Speed
Ferry Sinks Alaska Community

$12.3 million

An “experimental” high speed federalfunded ferry, which was supposed to turn a
“2 ½ hour drive into a 15-minute trip”736 has
turned into a titanic sinkhole for taxpayers and
one Alaskan community.
The Mat-Su borough, where Port
MacKenzie and the ferry is currently located,
inherited the $78 million ferry when the
community pledged “to use it for ferry runs
between Anchorage and Port MacKenzie.”737
The ferry has “been lauded for its sleek
look and powerful capabilities, but criticized
as less-than-desirable for transporting
Alaskans.”738
“It’s a unique boat and its one-of-a-kind,”
said one local Mat-Su official, “but when you’re
putting it (into) operation that’s where we’re
getting the biggest concern: It’s so unique; how
do we make it work?”739 That concern became
a reality when the project was mothballed
when “work on an Anchorage landing (for the
ferry) fizzled.”740
In August, the federal government had

57

asked the borough to pay back $12.3 million
that has been spent to get the ferry line
operational. In total, the Federal Transportation
Administration had allocated $21.2 million for
this purpose.741 Monthly costs have been in
the “several hundred thousand per month,”
which includes dock fees, insurance and
general upkeep. Money owed to the federal
government also includes $3.6 million used to
build a ferry terminal in Port MacKenzie.742
The ferry has become so much trouble
that Mat-Su officials sent a letter last year to
the national Passenger Vessel Association
attempting to offload the controversial ferry to
another government entity “free of charge.”743
The borough has also tried to sell it
privately. Over the years there has been many
prospective buyers for the ferry. Most recently
the Philippine Navy has been most interested.744
The actual ferry project was funded by at
least $70 million in federal earmarks between
2002-2007. At the time, the Office of Naval
Research has stated that it never requested the

The Selling of an Airport
to Nowhere

$1.2 million+

An airfield in upper New York state that
sees more deer than planes is for sale.749 But,
despite paying for the land, runaway and other
amenities, federal taxpayers are not likely to
recoup any of these costs when the property
is sold.
Between 2004-2009, the Syracuse
Suburban Airport received five grants from the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) totaling
$2,973,621 “to be used for planning and development” at the proposed airport.750 The purpose of the spending was to provide the region

a reliever airport, but was found to have, “little,
if any, measurable economic benefit to air traffic this area serves and could potentially cause
economic damage to other local airports.”751
In fact, when first proposed, there was
concern that the proposed airport would duplicate services of other regional airports.
Hancock International Airport is just 11 miles
away and running well under capacity.752
Now the airport is an overgrown field that
was abandoned several years ago when, “the
owner got into a dispute with the town,” partly

funds.745 $12 million in federal transportation
funds were used “for extra design work and
outfitting to make the twin-hulled military craft
into a ferry.”746
The final cost to taxpayers is significantly
more expensive than the initial cost estimates
of the ferry of about $30 million.747
Some local officials have raised the
concern that what was promised for a
passenger ferry was never delivered. Steve
Colligan, a local Mat-Su Borough assembly
member stated “what was envisioned...is not
what was delivered to us. It was a research
project we could have benefited from. But
when the Navy delivered a vessel half the size
and half the capacity, there’s not much we can
do with that.” 748

because the nearby communities “did not want
a large airport.”753
David Pizio, one of the former owners of
the airport, is awaiting federal sentencing for
bank fraud related to the misuse of $2.9 million
in federal grant funds. Pizio is scheduled to be
sentenced in December 2014, and could face
up to the “statutory maximum of 30 years.”754
Before securing millions in federal aviation
funding, Pizio’s previous experience was as a
manager of a local comedy club.755
Local officials have been authorized by
the county to attempt to auction off the properties to collect property taxes connected to
the airport.756
Thus far the FAA has not place a lien on
the property, so the local county will be the
only benefit from the revenue of the sale, while
the federal government loses millions to this
ill-conceived project.

51

 WASTEBOOK 2014

58

NASA Study Predicts the
Collapse of Human Civilization

$30,000

When the results of a provocative scientific research paper study hit the newsstands
this past spring, a media firestorm erupted
over a mathematician’s claim that human
civilization may be on the verge of collapse.
The study, officially titled “Human and Nature
Dynamics (HANDY): Modeling Inequality
and Use of Resources in the Collapse or
Sustainability of Societies,” (hereinafter referred to as “the HANDY study”) was authored by University of Maryland researchers
Safa Motesharrei and Eugenia Kalnay and
University of Minnesota contributor Jorge
Rivas. 757
The paper posits the collapse of a modern and advanced civilization – such as our
own – may be more prevalent that one might
think. Specifically, it contends that historical
data reveals the interchange of two social
factors – the exploitation of resources and
the unequal distribution of wealth – have often led to civilizational collapse. 758 As these
factors become more prominent in present
day society, a global collapse of the world as
we know it “is not inevitable,” according to the

59

study. 759
A grant from NASA financed the questionable study, fueling many to express reservations regarding how NASA distributes
its taxpayer-funded grant money. The study
was funded in-part by a five-year cooperative
agreement between NASA’s Goddard Space
Flight Center and the University of Maryland
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center
(EESIC).760 The study examined “the impacts
of Earth’s connected systems on global and
regional environment, weather and climate .
. . after a thorough technical review and determination of the high scientific merit of the
areas of research proposed.” 761
According to the NASA procurement database, the total five-year budget estimate for
the grant is $36,334,811.762 This money will be
available to approved individual research projects through 2017.763 This amount was allocated to numerous research projects and studies,
so it is unclear exactly how much of the money
was used to fund the HANDY study. However,
in a summary of the cooperative grant agreement, NASA said the money used to fund the

HANDY study was “less than $30K.”764
The controversy that ensued should
not have been surprising, given the audacity
of the claim the researchers were making.
Warnings of global collapse are often seen as
far-flung; thus, it is interesting NASA was involved in funding such a radical study.
The debate following the study’s release
was heated enough that NASA felt the need
to issue a public statement in an attempt to
distance the federal agency from it.765 NASA
stated the paper suggesting that social inequality and unsustainability could prompt
the downfall of modern human civilization
“was not solicited, directed or reviewed by
NASA. It is an independent study by the university researchers utilizing research tools
developed for a separate NASA activity. As
is the case with all independent research, the
views and conclusions in the paper are those
of the authors alone. NASA does not endorse
the paper or its conclusions.”766
Although NASA distanced itself from the
paper’s findings, the scientific space agency
must do more to ensure its grant programs
that are based in science fact instead of science fiction. Given that the HANDY study
was labeled a “thought experiment” with
admittedly “largely theoretical” contentions,
NASA’s money could have likely been better
spent elsewhere—or not spent at all.767

Facebook for Fossil Enthusiasts
$1.97 million

They may as well call it Fossil Facebook. A
team of University of Florida (UF) researchers
this year won a $1.97 million grant from the
National Science Foundation (NSF) to create
a new communication network for fossil
enthusiasts and professionals.768
Fossil clubs exist nationwide but are
stuck in the Stone Age in how they interact
with one another, according to the grantees.
They typically “function independently and
do not communicate with each other or
professionals as most science-hobbyist
groups do.”769 The project goal is to create

52

a “web-based education community that
connects people with a shared interested
in paleontology” where users will be able to
input data and request information from one
other.770
Ironically, the grantees have been using
Facebook to get the word out about their new
project.771 As of September 2014, the page
had 655 likes.772 Competition for followers on
social media may be as fierce as dinosaurs.
Similar clubs have already staked their claims
on Facebook, including “Fossils: A forum to
share your experiences of all things fossil”773

and the “Fossil Forum,” which credits itself
as the “largest and fastest growing online
community on the topic of paleontology with
over 400,000 posted messages and 11,000
registered members.”774
The data collection efforts may also
duplicate those already underway with NSF
funding, such as the Paleobiology Database
for collecting fossil data. That project received
a $693,931 grant in 2010.775

 WASTEBOOK 2014

61

Two Dozen Teachers Travel to Germany for
Classes on Bach, Baroque Dancing Lessons

$180,000

60
Gamers Tune In
to Radio Show
About Video
Game Music

$47,000

The challenge for video games today
is “manufacturers want to avoid repetitive
music” 776 like the “various bloops, bleeps, and
simplistic-yet-catchy background music”777
in titles like Frogger and Donkey Kong. One
federally funded podcast wants to take
listeners beyond these computer beeps of
yesteryear’s video games.
“Top Score” is a podcast on Minnesota
Public Radio that “brings music nerds and
gamer nerds together,” according to one fan.778
In each show, the host is featured interviewing
“composers about their experiences writing
for video games.” 779 The mission statement
is simple: “Spreading the love for game
music, one episode at a time.”780 Featured
game soundtracks have included those
from blockbuster first-person shooters like
Assassin’s Creed and Call of Duty: Black Ops
as well as those known by tamer crowds
playing Angry Birds and Rayman.
This year, the podcast received $47,000 in
federal funding from the National Endowment
for the Arts.781 Episodes generally run about
4 minutes, and the show has produced about
four hours of content so far this year.782

Lance Eagen, art teacher at Churchill
High School in Oregon, speaks for many
teachers who see music education as always
the first to go when budgets are tight.
“Art always, always falls afterwards,” he
complained after learning of new cuts at his
school, “It’s always scheduled after ‘the real
classes’ are scheduled.”783
He might be surprised to learn, then,
that there was enough federal money lying
around to send 25 teachers on an all-expense
paid trip to Germany for several weeks over
the summer to tour Europe and learn about
Johann Sebastian Bach.
It was made possible by an $180,000
grant from the National Endowment for
the Humanities to Moravian College in
Pennsylvania, which held a four-week
workshop in Germany called “Johann
Sebastian Bach: Music of the Baroque and
Enlightenment.”784 Teachers from around
the U.S. were selected to participate, which
involved traveling to cities where Bach was
born and worked, including Eisenach, Liepzig
and Potsdam.785 The entire course lasted from
July 6 through August 1, and each participant
received a $3,300 stipend to help cover their
living expenses, in addition to free airfare and
housing.
The 2014 trip was the fifth time the
National Endowment for the Humanities
funded Moravian College to host the
program.786

Once in Germany, most days featured
morning lectures from Bach historians, but
the teachers also enjoyed Baroque dancing
lessons, which Moravian College claimed
were absolutely “essential to understanding
much of Bach’s music.”787
While its purpose was to prepare K-12
teachers to incorporate Bach into their
classroom curriculums, the teachers were also
able to do their fair share of sightseeing.788
One teacher recorded the group’s
adventures throughout Europe in an online
diary, noting stops in Berlin, Munich, Paris,
Prague, Warsaw and Krakow.789 And because
the trip overlapped with the World Cup,
the group was eager the join the locals in
watching as many games as they could.
During Germany’s match against Brazil, the
teacher narrated, “We finally found [a bar]
that was great – big screen, lots of Germans
who loved to shout, and beer (well actually,
the beer was not hard to find …).”790
The group was sure to join the locals
once more for the World Cup Final, which the
teacher remarked, “integrates Germany’s two
favorite sports: Soccer and Public Drinking.
(The latter is rapidly followed by public
urination, but I won’t elaborate).”791
“It is just great for them. It’s rejuvenating
for them,” said Moravian’s music department
chair and head of the Bach workshop, “They
get together with other teachers and it is
great for their professional development.”792

Teachers enjoy a little downtime between lessons on Bach.

53

 WASTEBOOK 2014

62

Funding to Reduce
Road Crashes Used
to Restore NonWorking Lighthouse

$160,000

In 2012, there were more than 33,500 fatalities resulting from crashes on U.S. roadways, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation,
representing the first increase after a six-year
decline. Federal transportation officials, however, used a portion of the money set aside to reduce crashes instead to restore a lighthouse that
stopped working over 130 years ago.
Cape Henry Lighthouse was awarded
a $160,000 grant from the U.S. Department
of Transportation under its Moving Ahead for
Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) program.
Far from being intended to restore old lighthouses, though, the program is intended to “reduce
crashes, injuries and fatalities involving large
trucks and buses,” according to the department.793
Located at the entrance of the Chesapeake
Bay in Virginia Beach, Virginia, it was the first
lighthouse funded by Congress in 1789, and it is
said George Washington himself helped select
its first keeper. The lighthouse operated for nearly 90 years until it was deemed unsafe and a replacement was built 350 feet away. The original
was left standing, and today the two lighthouses
remain.
Cape Henry Lighthouse today is privately
owned and operated by Preservation Virginia, a
non-profit organization that focuses on historical
preservation.
The 2014 grant, however, was the third given to the lighthouse restoration project. In total,
taxpayers have contributed $515,000 in federal
transportation funding to restore the Cape Henry
Lighthouse since 2002. 794
Costs for the project have increased steadily through the years, however. Early estimates
expected the restoration to cost $200,000, and
would be shared by public and private sources.
A second grant was given in 2011, and at that
time the total project cost was $444,000. Today,
it is estimated that the total cost of restoring the
lighthouse will be $644,000.
According to the Virginia Department of
Motor Vehicles, however, there were more vehicle crashes in 2013 than in the three years prior.
During that period from 2010 to 2013, vehicle re-

54

63

“Gateway to Blues” Museum Funded
Over Deteriorating Bridges

$200,000

The
Mississippi
Department
of
Transportation (MDOT) received grant
money to help build a “Gateway to the Blues”
Museum expected to open late this year.794
The museum is expected to be a “must-see”
attraction and will showcase the role the town
in which the museum sits played in developing
the genre.795
It is not entirely clear what will be
exhibited in the museum. Although reported
back in 2011 that the museum will house the
collection from a nearby casino,796 the current
description of what will be displayed is vague.
All we know is that the museum “will tell the
remarkable story of how The Blues was born”

and there no longer is any reference to what
collection will be displayed.797
In a time when the aging infrastructure
is a looming national concern,798 the
Department of Transportation (DOT) chose to
allocate money to build a museum rather than
repair roads and bridges. Mississippi, in fact,
is among the largest in the nation for having
a substantial percentage of bridges deemed
“structurally deficient.” There are 2,274 such
state-operated bridges.799 Perhaps Mississippi
believes the decrepit state of the roads will
add to the charm of getting to museum to be
built alongside the pictured visitor center.

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64 65
Study Shows How
Buddhism Explains
the Science of
Meditation

$533,376

Not happy with its current budget, the
director of the National Institute of Health
(NIH) has lamented that a grant application
for biomedical research now has less than
a one in six change of being successful.”800
The director argued that the NIH’s declining
budget “has the potential to inflict profound,
long-term damage to U.S. scientific
momentum and morale.”801 But while the NIH
was blaming Congress for low morale among
U.S. scientists, it was overlooking the fact
that the NIH chose to deny these scientists
funding in lieu of grants for studies lacking in
scientific basis.
Despite concerns about the availability
of federal funding to study cures to the major
diseases of the 21st Century, NIH shelled
out a total of $533,376802, to investigate the
effects of meditation not from scientific
analysis, but from reading Buddhist texts.803
804
Undermining the NIH’s demands for more
funding, both of these studies, published in
January 2014, have concluded that Buddhist
literature, not science, is key to understanding
meditation experiences.805 806 Taxpayers
spent over half a million dollars incorporating
Buddhist
literature
to
“scientifically”
analyze if meditation causes sleepiness or
wakefulness807, as well as to explain if and why
some people see lights while meditating.808
For the U.S. taxpayers who funded
this research, as well as the five out of six
rejected scientists seeking NIH funding, this
unenlightened spending on non-scientific
research definitely does not provide a
moment of Zen.

“Get Fruved:” Social Media
Campaign Featuring Students
Dressed as Fruits and Vegetables

$5 million

At the University of Tennessee, students
are dressing in their favorite fruit and
vegetable costumes as they peruse campus,
telling peers and others in earshot to “fruve
themselves.” This is not Halloween, but a
federal funded campaign to promote healthy
eating choices campaign.809
Students created the term “fruved”
to describe “the process of eating FRUits
and VEgetables.”810 The campaign is to be
developed by a collaboration of college
students from different states to “lead a
creative, exciting, and interactive social
marketing campaign.”811 The students are
divided into five teams – amusingly labeled
Spinach, Carrot, Banana, Grapes, and Tomato
– which are led by costumed mascots.812
Instilling healthy habits in our nation’s
children is important. The government’s
decision to take the initiative to promote
sustainable lifestyles by eating well, exercising,
and managing stress is commendable.
However, spending close to $5 million
dollars to a program without any clear
guidelines and one where tangible results
are not the best way to achieve these goals.
Negative public sentiments towards the
“Get Fruved” campaign are not surprising
– in a time of higher insurance premiums,
pay freezes and cuts, and other government
spending reductions, many are not happy
taxpayer money is being spent to craft a
campaign that “creepy” fruit and vegetable
costumes for college students.813 814

Further, the Fruved.com website,
which is supposed to be the initiative’s main
platform, is largely undeveloped. Other than
a background of the project, none of the fruit
and vegetable teams have tweeted or posted
any updates on social media.
Other than some kids running around
dressed up like bananas, it remains a mystery
how they are spending taxpayer dollars.

55

 WASTEBOOK 2014

66

USDA Holds Contest to Build Wooden Skyscraper

$2 million

The Big Bad Wolf can huff and puff all
he wants, but he’ll never blow this wooden
building down. So hopes the U.S. Department
of Agriculture (USDA), which is sponsoring
a contest to design wooden skyscrapers –
known as “plyscrapers” – in an effort to boost
the timber industry.
The administration will spend $2 million on
a campaign to convince architects, engineers
and developers that building high-rises with
wood can be just as effective as steel.815
The first million will go to WoodWorks,
a non-profit funded by the lumber industry,
while the second million will fund a contest
“to demonstrate the architectural and
commercial viability of using sustainable
wood products in high-rise construction.”816
While the USDA hopes spending millions

67

will spur economic growth here at home, it may
unintentionally be stimulating the European
economy. With the exception of SmartLam,
a manufacturer of cross-laminated timber in
Montana,817 “there are no U.S. manufacturers
of this type of super-strong timber, so it would
have to be imported from Europe,” notes one
architectural publication.818
But as the one and only U.S.
manufacturer that stands to benefit from
this taxpayer subsidy for timber, SmartLam
came out strong to support the new $2 million
timber investment. Casey Mahlmquist, the
company’s general manager, participated in
a White House-sponsored event where he
declared, “the future is wood and the future
is good.”819 Moreover, it might be a long time
before high-rise wood construction projects

become a staple of American construction.
Local ordinances and city codes restrict
construction of wooden structures to no
more than five or six stories, dampening
opportunities for business.820
Perhaps the stiffest resistance to using
wood for constructing high-rise buildings
comes from the engineers and developers
within the industry. However, supporters are
hoping that taxpayer funding for the industry
will help move the dial.
“Architects and engineers can start
out as skeptics,” said Pete McCrone of
Innovative Timber Solutions, another wouldbe manufacturer, adding, “In a very short
space of time they get it, because it’s simple
— its large panels held together with large
screws.”821

Social Security IT Project Wastes
Hundreds of Millions

$288 million

The Social Security Administration’s
(SSA) project to update their system for
tracking disability claims is “two years from
completion.”822 That’s what SSA said 6 years
ago in 2008.823 What is their update on the
project?
SSA’s current plan in 2014 to update
their system is still two to two-and-a-half
years away from completion, and that’s after
spending almost $300 million.824
The program was supposed to streamline
and track various disability claims while
simultaneously
lowering
administrative
costs and enhancing quality.825 Instead, it is
adding to the nation’s ever increasing debt
and plaguing the already strained disability
program, set to run out of money in 2016.
An analysis revealed that nearly $300
million has been wasted on this project that

56

is permanently being tested to no avail. Each
year “for the past five years, Release 1.0 is
consistently projected to be 24-32 months
away.”826 Thus far, DCPS has produced “limited
functionality, and faced schedule delays as
well as increasing stakeholder concerns.”827
The project has made no progress and is
costing more and more each year to “fix.”
According to the House Oversight
and Government Reform Committee, the
stagnation may be attributed to a failure of
leadership.828 There is no single person in
charge of the completion of the project and the
resulting “IT Boondoggle” has cost taxpayers
$288 million over six years and delivered
nothing.829 SSA officials have decided to
“reset” the project in order to complete the
initiative, but without clear direction from a
single leader responsible for overseeing the

project it will remain “adrift, [with] the scope
of the project ambiguous.”830
Today, the project is still being tested
and cannot process any new claims or track
existing ones.831 It is sure to cost the federal
government more in the future to fix the
current system or develop a new one. Every
dollar thrown away on this project is a dollar
that could have been spent on developing
a new system or at least fixing the present
one.832
“Agency officials routinely testify that the
agency needs more funding from Congress,”
after already wasting $288 million and five
years’ time developing a system that doesn’t
work and even by their own estimates is not
projected to work for at least another two to
three years.833

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68 69
Feds Waste Millions
Trying to Convince
Afghans to Grow
Soybeans They
Won’t Eat

$34 million

Afghans don’t like soybeans or soy-based
products. What’s more, the crop’s growing
cycle and water needs make it a poor choice
for their country, as a British report concluded
in 2008.
None of that stopped the U.S. Department
of Agriculture in 2009 from committing to a
years-long effort to encourage Afghans to
cultivate, process and consume the crop.
USDA staff who made the decision reportedly
weren’t even aware of the research, and they
did no feasibility study of their own before
green-lighting the soy project. 834
Five years and $34 million later, the
project was singled out as a flop by the Special
Inspector General for Afghan Reconstruction
(SIGAR), John Sopko. “I’m concerned about
the viability of the project and the apparent
lack of analysis and planning performed prior
to the project’s initiation,” Sopko wrote USDA
Secretary Tom Vilsack in June.835
Experts in Afghanistan told Sopko there
was no “significant demand for soybean
products” there, despite five years of USDA
efforts. Soy crops planted by farmers under
USDA direction and funding failed, and Afghan
consumers shunned products made with soy
flour produced through the USDA program.836
“What is troubling about this particular
project is that it appears that many of these
problems could have been foreseen and,
therefore, possibly avoided,” Sopko wrote.837
There were other problems too. Security
concerns – including farmers who sometimes
“responded with guns in hand” when project
staff tried to verify seeds had been received
and planted – hampered the U.S. soy effort.838

Corporate Welfare for
Mega Farmers
$8,536,052

While taxpayers were voicing concern
about corporate bailouts for Wall Street
bankers, titans of industry located closer
to home have been steadily receiving
government grants. The Department of
Agriculture (USDA) operates two programs
designed to grow agricultural business and
stimulate the introduction of products into
markets. Under the Value-Added Producer
Grants program, the USDA makes money
available for people wishing to capitalize
on recent food trends and developing new
businesses.839 Specifically, the USDA “help[s]
agricultural producers enter into value-added
activities,” which the program broadly defines
as anything that generates new products
and transforms what naturally exists (i.e.
milk to yogurt, pork to sausage), or is simply
marketed or sold in a way that enhances
its value (i.e. free-range, organic, etc.).840
Applicants can receive money either for a
“planning grant,” which would fund a study to
assess the viability of a proposed venture, or a
“working capital grant,” which would provide
money for operating costs that relate to the
processing or marketing of the value-added
product.841
Big Agra has jumped at the opportunity.
Ocean Spray, one of the largest cranberry
cooperatives in the world with net sales at
over $1.6 billion for the 2013 fiscal year,842
received $200,000 to produce what it already
does so well—a cranberry beverage.843 Blue
Diamond, which boasts that it is “the world’s
largest almond processing and marketing

company,”844 also received $200,000 to
introduce a product into the international
market “to ensure [the] venture’s success”845
although it failed to mention the help when it
wrote that the cooperative “build[s] markets
and create[s] new products, new uses, and
new opportunities for global consumers.”846
Sunsweet, a marketing cooperative that
“boasts enviable brand recognition of 85
percent in American households,” and leads by
holding thirty percent of the worldwide prune
market,847 also received the same amount to
pay for costs of processing and marketing a
prune juice. Each of these cooperatives has
gotten capital injections entirely at the cost
of taxpayers.
The USDA continues to operate another
grant program, the Market Access Program
(MAP), which subsidizes the “costs of overseas
marketing and promotional activities” for many
more large businesses.848 We recently exposed
this program that shifts the costs of advertising
for large companies and trade associations to
the taxpayer,849 but remarkably, Congress has
turned a blind eye to this spending. Household
names like Sunkist and Welch Foods continue
to receive in excess of $3 million this fiscal year
alone when it is more important than ever to
spend responsibly.850 Moreover, Blue Diamond
receives an additional $4.7 million in taxpayer
support for what it essentially received under
the Value-Added Producer Grants program.851
Congress quickly needs to end taxpayer
support for these profitable industry leaders.

57

 70
WASTEBOOK 2014

Snowmobile
Race Part of NSF
Zero Emissions
Challenge

$45,900

Snowmobiles are trying not to blow smoke
with Uncle Sam’s dollars.
This year, Michigan Technological
University used a $45,900 grant from the
National Science Foundation (NSF) to support
the annual Clean Snowmobile Challenge.852 It’s
an annual competition hosted by the school to
determine which college students can make the
quietest, lowest emission snow mobile.853

71

NSF is hardly the only contributor to the
event, which has a number of major sponsors,
including the Society of Automotive Engineers,
SolidWorks, Coca-Cola, and Chrysler.854
Funds from the grant were used to
subsidize travel to teams participating in the
“zero emissions” category, which NSF boasted
includes “University Teams from across the US
and Canada.”855 In this category, teams build

Unwanted, Unneeded and
Unused Ice House

$965,000

A Louisiana community is wasting more than
$1.2 million for an ice house that is unwanted, unneeded, and probably will never be used.
In 2011, St. Bernard Parish spent $289,000
of HUD Community Development Block Grant
(CDBG) funds to purchase the Amigo Ice House
property with the intent of providing ice to fishermen.857 “A subsequent engineering review revealed some bad news: the previous plan to refurbish the old icehouse and put it back into commerce was not economically feasible.858 A new
parish president elected in 2011 also questioned
the need for the project because it would be “taking profits from businesses that already sell ice to
fishers.”859
The parish found itself in a conundrum, either
refund the federal government or spend another
$965,000 of federal funds to complete the unwanted, unnecessary, and most likely unused ice
house project.
Local officials opted to waste more money,
which they tapped out of CDBG disaster recovery
funds.860
There is no hiding the fact that the only reason another $1 million is being spent on the project
is to avoid having to repay the original amount. St.
Bernard Parish officials “freely admit they don’t
think it’s needed” and they are simply spending

58

a larger sum of federal money to get off the hook
from repaying the original federal grant.861
Parish President Dave Peralta says “the parish’s hands are tied because if it doesn’t move
forward the parish would have to repay nearly
$300,000, ‘which we don’t have,” to the federal
government.”862 Peralta conceded the amount is
“an exorbitant price for that thing.”863
“Basically, we were too far into it to turn
around,” admits Councilman Monty Montelongo,
noting “I don’t think we will ever need it. I can see
much better uses for that money.”864
“We’re about $1 million into it and right now
all we have is a vacant piece of land with an old
battered icehouse sitting on it” lamented parish
Chief Administrative Officer Jerry Graves.865 Soon
that “crumbling eyesore”866 will be replaced with a
new 30’x60’ building that will have just as little use
as the current structure.867
The ice house is unnecessary because there
are “private ice operations that sell to fishers,” who
don’t see a need for a government run ice house.
868

“I don’t see where the parish should have
gotten into an icehouse. At all. It makes no sense,”
said shrimper Nicky Mones. “It was a bad purchase. Economically, it was a terrible purchase.”869
“I guess it’s what you would call a catastroph-

and race electric snowmobiles.
During this year’s competition four
teams entered, but only one “was able to pass
inspection and get out on the snow.”
“The internal combustion teams were more
competitive than ever,” noted Jay Meldrum,
the event’s coordinator, adding, “There were
problems with the zero emissions sleds …”856

ic screw-up on the parish’s part,” fisherman F.J.
Campo said. “We spent a lot of money and we got
nothing for it. Nothing.”870
The parish president, who was recently indicted on charges unrelated to wasting tax payer
dollars871, says “the ice house will be strictly for
emergencies,” such as “hurricane recovery scenarios when no other ice is available.”872 However,
“based on recent history, that would mean ice
would be made once every few years. And it
might not be needed even during a hurricane.
After Hurricane Isaac, which hit the area hard, the
National Guard provided all the ice that was needed,” noted a local newspaper urging “HUD and St.
Bernard to put the project on ice.”873
But instead of freezing spending on the project, the parish is now wasting three times the original amount to demolish the old ice house and the
reconstruct a new ice house.
Ground was broken in August874 and construction “is scheduled for completion in April.”875
The facility “will be equipped a ‘flaked-ice’ machine capable of producing 25 tons of ice daily” and “provide storage for 300,000 pounds of
flaked ice.”876
The icehouse boondoggle “wasn’t the parish’s only misadventure in the ice business. “After
Katrina, Shell Oil Company donated two industrial
ice machines to the parish” which were “leased to
two local seafood dock owners at no cost, but the
machines were never hooked up and never used.”
Both were destroyed during Hurricane Isaac in
2012. “Isaac comes along and they wind up in the
marsh somewhere,” Campo said. “They’re gone,
basically gone. Destroyed. And we still have no
ice.”877

 WASTEBOOK 2014

73

Prescription for Higher Medicare Bills

72

Virtual Food Fight
Smartphone Game

$804,254

A federally funded video game wants to
give parents the edge over their children who
continue to wage war over veggies. The app’s
main character -- a fussy eater named Kiddio
-- will give mom and dad a chance to test out
new negotiation styles.
“Kiddio: Food Fight” will consist of
24 episodes in which parents will select a
vegetable to offer Kiddio and then select
a tactic for influencing Kiddio to eat the
veggie.878 Parents can also tailor Kiddio’s
mood so it mimics that of the parent’s child.
“Kiddio’s responses to these options –
whether to take a bit or say something like
‘Yuk!’ – are based on what we’ve learned so
far about kids’ reactions to these parental
tactics,” according to one of the creators.879
The hope for the game is “to give
[parents] a safe, low-risk, nonthreatening way
to sharpen their parenting skills,” according
to one of the scientists behind “Kiddio: Food
Fight.”880
The developers hope to turn a profit
off the smartphone video game by selling it
on app stores. “Though over 300 parenting
iPhone and iPad apps have been identified
in the Apple iTunes App Store, none train in
food parenting practices. The investigators
believe national and international markets
exist for mobile video games that both train
and entertain,” they wrote in their grant
application to the National Institutes of
Health.881
For now, they’ll continue using up their
grant from the National Institutes of Health,
from which they have received a total of
$804,254 this year.882 Taxpayers should teach
Washington bureaucrats not to waste tax
dollars on corny smartphone apps that no one
is going to play by sending them to their room
without dessert.

$5 billion

The method the federal government
uses to place some low-income Medicare
beneficiaries in prescription drug plans causes
both taxpayers and patients to overpay by at
least $5 billion annually.883
Every year, HHS randomly assigns a Part
D plan to some low-income subsidy recipients
who had been previously been enrolled
in the program but did not indicate a plan
preference.884 Even though HHS bureaucrats
have a mountain of data they could use
to automatically find the best-suited plan
for each beneficiary, they have resorted to
random assignment for years. But the plans
do not cover drugs equally and have major
variations in copays and requirements. Some
patients end up paying more out-of-pocket
for their drugs if the newly assigned plan
covers less of the cost or the premiums are

higher.885 Because the government subsidizes
most of this beneficiaries’ care, the Medicare
program also picks up much of the slack when
insurance copays and premiums go up.
Researchers found a better practice
would be for recipients to be assigned to
plans that provide better coverage based
on individual prescription patterns.886 Doing
so would drop copays for both patients and
the government by an average of $738 per
beneficiary. Total estimated savings could be
over $5 billion annually.887 Some of the savings
would go to the beneficiaries themselves,
which is significant because many are already
struggling to get by.
Implementing “intelligent reassignment”
itself should be fairly inexpensive, the
researchers concluded.888

Taxpayers should teach Washington
bureaucrats not to waste tax dollars
on corny smartphone apps that no one
is going to play by sending them to
their room without dessert.

59

 WASTEBOOK 2014

74

Boutique Hotel Offers Luxury Spa Services,
Afternoon Tea, and Upscale Nightcaps

$ 1 . 4 million

The Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) is providing $1.4 million
in federal assistance to the town of Cary,
North Carolina, to finance a boutique hotel
intended to employ lower income residents
and pamper guests with luxury services.889
The aid for the Mayton Inn is being
provided under HUD’s Section 108 loan
program. In a strange arrangement, if the loan
is not repaid by the hotel owners, taxpayers
get stuck footing the bill. The HUD loan
would be “repaid” with HUD Community
Development Block Grants (CDBG). “The
specific loan received by Cary typically
goes toward projects that could help bolster
impoverished areas. The Mayton Inn qualified
for the money because” the owners “plan
to create 40 jobs targeted toward people
from low- to moderate-income families.”890
Additional support for the hotel is provided by
the Small Business Administration loan.891
“Even though the building will be new, it

will be designed with the ‘20s in mind,” what
one of the owners “says many people today
think of as luxury.”892
The posh hotel’s amenities will include
afternoon tea (“Choose from a wide variety
of gourmet teas.”), spa services (“you can
enjoy delicious teas while unwinding in your
robe before a fabulous massage, facial, or
reflexology,” and you can even “enjoy massage
and reflexology services in the comfort
of your room.”), “evening spirits”893 at an
“upscale cocktail bar”894 (“With your choice of
nightcap from a variety of top shelf spirits.”),
an “outdoor pergola for cocktailing,”895 and
“turndown service” (“Enjoy a complimentary
aperitif of tawny port and signature handmade chocolate truffles.).896
“The project is part of Cary’s urban
renewal program, which is designed to
encourage growth and activity in the heart
of” the town.897 Regardless, a number of local
residents oppose the effort for a number of

reasons including doubts the hotel would
spur economic development, “concerns
construction of the hotel might harm a nearby
stream,” and concerns “the town is unfairly
supporting a specific business interest” and
“entering a contract without going through a
bidding process.”898
The government aid is giving a financial
advantage to the owners of the Mayton Inn to
compete with other lodging establishments
already operating in the area. At least ten
hotels are within ten minutes of downtown
Carry, including the Umstead Hotel and Spa,
a Hyatt, a Best Western, and a Red Roof Inn.899
Drive another five minutes and the number of
lodging options includes nearly 50 hotels and
inns.900
The Mayton Inn is expected to be opened
to guests in summer 2015.901

The Mayton Inn is receiving more than $1.4 million in federal assistance to create jobs for lower income residents and pamper guests with luxuries including spa services, afternoon tea, and
swanky martini night caps.

60

 WASTEBOOK 2014

75

Transportation Dollars Fund Media
Campaign to Raise Austin Taxes

$157,000

An extensive, and expensive, rail project
for the City of Austin, Texas, is getting some
fiscal assistance from Washington. Project
Connect, the program management group
spearheading transit for the Central Corridor
Advisory Group in central Texas, has spent
$157,000 on an ad campaign to prop up public
support to approve floating a billion dollar
bond to help pay for the rail line.902
The catch? Approximately 80% of the ad
campaign is being financed with federal grant
money, essentially using taxpayer money
to encourage taxpayers to pay more taxes.
Critics have voiced concerns over the media
campaign’s funding sources and questioned
want to know how it can be considered
appropriate when “Taxpayers are paying
money to the federal government, which is
then turning around and lobbying Austinites
to support more taxpayer spending.”903 The
advertisements ended just before being

subjected to provisions on election laws
regarding ballot measures.904
In addition to questions about how
public funds have been used to shape public
opinion, Project Connect changed the line
route, invalidating public comments collected
regarding the original plan. The change in
route and need for a new round of public
comments is required for Project Connect to
seek additional funds from the Federal Transit
Administration to finance the rail line.
Project Connect also spent time and
money canvassing Austin with flyers that local
groups claim provide misleading propaganda
regarding the actual route and benefits of
the line.905 Instead, they claim, the fliers
are intended to gauge locals knowledge of
Project Connect and encourage people to
attend their open houses.906
The potential bond could put Austinites
on the hook for over $500 million.907

61

 WASTEBOOK 2014

76 77 78
NASA Loses Hundreds
of Electronic Devices
Each Month

$1.1 million

Houston, we have a problem…even in the
midst of a budget crunch, NASA has been
issuing smartphones, tablets, and AirCards
(which provide roaming access to the Internet
from mobile computers) without keeping
track of who has them or even if they are
being used at all. Both federal employees
and contractors have received devices, under
the guise of allowing to the “access [Agency]
networks from anywhere at any time.”908
Over 2,000 devices – 14 percent of the
total owned by the agency– went unused for
at least 7 months from 2013-2014, found a
report by the NASA Inspector General.909 The
estimated cost of the unused and lost devices
is at least $97,000 every month. 910
On top of that, “NASA does not have a
complete and accurate inventory of Agencyissued smartphones, tablets, cell phones,
and AirCards.”911 Top officials were even not
sure the agency’s contractor – HP – “could
accurately account for the full inventory of
mobile devices it provides to the Agency.”912
With NASA in the dark about what it should
be paying for, it has no way to verify the
accuracy of its payments to HP.913
Cell phones are not the only equipment
NASA has had trouble keeping track of in
recent years. On the agency’s list of hardto-track items seem to be laptops, 914 video
tapes,915 and moon rocks.916

Huge EPA Warehouse
for Paper Reports
Thwarts Recycling
Efforts

$1.5 million

People sometimes think of hoarding as a
problem that needs to be helped, and it seems
an intervention is overdue for the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). Somewhat ironically,
an agency that encourages “green” behavior by
others needs to take some of its own advice.
In its investigation into personal property
being stored at sites used by the agency, the
Inspector General discovered a warehouse the
size of an average Walmart needing immediate
attention.917 Inspectors explored a space “filled .
. . with a considerable amount of printed material, including many years’ worth of agency publications.”918 As it turns out, the EPA was storing
18.5 million publications and other materials.
Considerable is an understatement—shipping
at an average of 3 million units per year, the EPA
had an inventory of over six years’ worth of material.919
Hoarders sometimes try to change behavior when they are first alerted to it, but they
rarely succeed without strong support. In this
instance, the Inspector General discussed their
findings with the EPA and the agency took steps
to recycle 2 million items.920 We applaud the EPA
for setting an example by recycling, but it has a
long road to recovery. The agency is still storing
around 5.5 years’ worth of material. Given that
the recycled items weighed in at 140 tons,921
perhaps the EPA just needs help discarding the
rest of its waste.
The EPA is spending $1.2 million a year for
storing and maintaining the excess materials
and another $359,000 for leasing the space.922
According to inspectors, the above is “an inside view of the
EPA warehouse . . . in Blue Ash, Ohio. The image shows rows
of boxed publications.”

Food Stamps Get
Traded for Cash
and Drugs, Go to
People Who Hide
Their Income

$ 3 bi l l i on

“Improper payment” is the bureaucratic
term for a government payment in the wrong
amount, to the wrong person, or used by the
recipient inappropriately.923 These types of
federal payment top $100 billion annually.924
While the food stamp program has been
on a downward trend, from a 5% improper
payment rate in 2009 to a 3.4% improper
payment 2013, the government is actually
projecting an increase in 2014 to 3.8%.925
While that may seem insignificant, in a
massive federal program like food stamps,
that slight shift amounts to a $400 million
increase, bringing the total up to $3 billion just
this year.926 Below are just a few examples of
how the program is abused.

Tennessee
A Tennessee food stamp eligibility
counselor created fake accounts that she
exchanged for cash and drugs.
Earlier this year, officials at the state
Department of Human Services (DHS)
became suspicious fraudulent Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
accounts were being “created and sold for
profit out of its Lebanon office.” An eligibility
counselor there “apparently tampered with
government records to create the accounts”
and produce Electronic Benefit Transfer
(EBT) cards “in exchange for cash and drugs.”
Investigators “identified more than 40
false accounts with more than $150,000
in benefits distributed fraudulently.” The
case remains “open, and more charges and
suspects may be forthcoming.”
The eligibility counselor has been fired.
In July, a Tennessee law also took effect
requiring drug testing for those seeking
welfare benefits. The law does not apply to
eligibility counselors however.

Louisiana

62

In Louisiana, 11 were convicted this year
for food stamp fraud. Nine of those convicted
simply lied about their income to receive
the benefits.927 One woman deliberately hid

 the fact that she was married and hid her
spouse’s income, taking in $17,755 in food
stamps. Another woman stole the identity of
another person to get their benefits.

Rhode Island
In Providence, Rhode Island, 11 more
were convicted after scamming the system
for $3.6 million.928 In this more elaborate
scheme, seedy store owners gave out cash in
exchange for the food stamps instead of food.
Under the rules of the program, only food
items are supposed to be purchased. With
cash in hand, the food stamp recipients are
free to purchase whatever they please.

Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania investigators took down
another 23 food stamp scammers, almost
all for lying about their income.929 What is
remarkable about the food stamp program
is that the fraudsters are not always barred
from receiving future food stamps. In the
Pennsylvania cases, the sentences for some
of the individuals included 6 or 12 month bans
from the program.

80

79

WASTEBOOK 2014

DOD Pays 16 Times the Going Price
for Helicopter Parts

$9 million

The Department of Defense (DOD) spent
more than $8,000 on helicopter gears that
cost under $500.
Bell Helicopter of Textron Inc. received
more than $9 million in excess payments from
the military for 33 of 35 replacement spare
parts reviewed.930 The gears and other spare
parts were purchased under a sole-source,
noncompetitive contract worth $128 million.931
The DOD inspector general recommended
that the military attempt to recoup the excess
payments.932
The maker of the gears, Bell Helicopters,
disagreed with the findings, avowing that
they had fully complied with regulations and
terms of the contract and “ensures that the
U.S. Government consistently receives the
best price on commercial items acquired for

its use.”933 In addition, department officials
maintain that prices are fair simply because
federal and defense acquisition regulations
had been followed, despite the significant
differences in price.934
However, the IG report blames the
acquisition workforce for performing
inadequate price comparisons, particularly
with regards to a noncompetitive contract.935
According to the Bloomberg news report, the
Defense Logistics Agency calculated other
prices discrepancies from the Bell contract,
including a round inner cap at $297.08 but
sold for $2,355.85, a pin at $51.67 but sold for
$492.17 and a one-inch bushing at $25.72 but
sold for $295.57.936

Injured ICE Employees Cleared to Work, Stay
on Workers Comp Instead

$ 1 m i llion

Despite being cleared to work, some
Immigrations Customs and Enforcement (ICE)
employees received hundreds of thousands in
workers compensation payments.
While the number of employees who
have filed for workers compensation has
steadily risen since 2009, the Department of
Homeland Security’s own Office of Inspector
General (“OIG”) – thinks ICE has wholly failed
to manage the costs of the program.
Most of problems involve ignoring
requirements that the situation that caused

the injury be a covered activity that justifies
a federal payment. In almost 20 percent of
the claims reviewed by OIG, ICE failed to
include the necessary evidence to make that
decision,937 and in another 71 percent of the
cases reviewed involving an accident in a
government-owned vehicle, there was no
evidence at all the employee was doing an
on-duty activity eligible for pay.938
One federal worker received $43,225
in taxpayer funds without a single
medical document justifying the workers

compensation pay. In all, 31% of cases
reviewed by OIG lacked any medical evidence
or other documentation to support an award.
Even federal employees who are able to
work are reaping the benefits of this poorlyrun problem.
The OIG report found that five ICE
employees continued received approximately
$1 million in workers’ compensation payments
even though they had already been cleared to
return to work.939

63

 WASTEBOOK 2014

81

DOD Sends 16 Planes to the Scrap
Heap for $32,000

$468 million

After spending over $468 million on a
fleet of 20 planes that were supposed to be the
backbone of the Afghan Air Force’s (AAF) air
transport mission, the Department of Defense
(DOD) has scrapped 16 of the planes for a
mere $.06 per pound, recouping only $32,000
for its multi-million dollar investment.940
The refurbished planes were purchased
from Italian manufacturer Alenia Aermacchi
North America in 2008 to provide the AAF
with the capability to transport troops and
conduct air evacuation missions. However,
by January 2013, the DOD Inspector General
(DOD IG) was reporting that not only had
the NATO Training Mission and program
management officials not “effectively
manage[d] the G222 program,” the planes
did “not meet operational requirements,
may be cost prohibitive to fly, and … several
critical spare parts to sustain the G222 are

64

unavailable.”941 The planes flew only 234
hours before they were permanently parked
in Afghanistan and Germany and the contract
cancelled.942
Though the Special Inspector General
for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) is
still conducting its investigation to determine
“why DOD purchased aircraft that apparently
could not be sustained” and what options
exist for disposing or selling the planes,943
DOD destroyed the planes this summer “to
minimize impact on drawdown of U.S. forces
in Afghanistan”944 after no buyers could
be found because “nobody was interested
in trying to maintain an airplane that was
no longer sustainable.”945 Nobody, that is,
except the Pentagon acquisition officials and
Congressional appropriators who thought the
planes were a good investment for American
tax dollars.

 82

WASTEBOOK 2014

Unbuilt Eisenhower Memorial
Burning Through Cash

$1 million

Behind schedule, over-priced, tonedeaf, controversial and ugly. No, that’s not a
description of last year’s federal budget – it’s
how some are describing the effort to build a
memorial for President Dwight Eisenhower.
While construction was supposed to be
completed seven years ago, it has yet to begin – and taxpayers have already spent $65
million.946
In 1999, Congress first approved construction on the National Mall of a memorial to President Eisenhower,947 with plans for
it to be open by 2007.948 However, after 15
years, even the design for the memorial has
yet to be approved, with construction possibly several more years away.949
Some have said questionable decisions
by the Eisenhower Memorial Commission –
set up to build the memorial – lie at the heart
of the delays and serious cost overruns.
The biggest of which has been picking a
high-profile fight with the Eisenhower family
over the memorial’s design.
John Eisenhower, son of the late president, advocated for something simple, saying, “taxpayers and donors alike will be bet-

ter served with an Eisenhower Square that
is a green space with a simple statue.”950
Instead, the commission pursued a design
from well-known architect, Frank Gehry,
which many supporters inside and out of the
family have strongly opposed for failing to
capture Eisenhower’s legacy.
According to an investigation by the
House Committee on Natural Resources,
multiple designs were submitted by competitors, including Gehry, all of which were
called “mediocre” by the design jury, which
concluded, “[none] of the visions expressed
the whole essence of Eisenhower.”951
Nonetheless, Gehry’s was selected, leading
one art critic to compare it with, “a scene
from ‘Planet of the Apes.”952
One commission member, Bruce Cole,
was even harsher, dismissing the design as
“a blizzard of tapestries” and “a memorial
to Gehry’s ego rather than to Ike’s accomplishments.”953 Harvard urban designer, Alex
Krieger, was equally brutal, saying that even
as a “traditional first-semester architecture
exercise,” Gehry’s design “would fail.”954
The cost of the design left some scratch-

ing their heads. For his efforts, the commission paid Gehry’s architecture firm $16.4 million, not counting an additional $13.3 million
“to the multiple parties responsible for managing the design process and providing administrative support.”955 All of this accounted
for a significant part of the nearly $65 million
Congress has awarded thus far to help build
the memorial.
Generating private financial support has
also been slow-going. In 2012, the commission “paid a private fundraising consultant
more than $1.2 million … but had received
$448,000 in donations through March
[2014].956
However, the cost is sure to go higher as
the commission requested an additional $50
million this year to continue moving ahead.957
Because of the complications, Congress only
provided $1 million in 2014, intended simply
to keep the lights on.958
The first major hurdle for the plan has
been securing approval for the controversial
design. Federal and District of Columbia rules
required multiple rounds of approval, but in
April 2014 the National Planning Commission
for D.C. rejected the Gehry proposal.959
In the end, the question on everyone’s
mind is that uttered by Justin Shubow, president of the National Civic Art Society, when
he asked, “Everyone wants to know, where is
the money going?”960

65

 WASTEBOOK 2014

83

Butterfly Farm Flies Away with
federal Funds

$500,000

The U.S. Department of Agriculture is
spending half-a-million dollars this year to subsidize the farming of… butterflies.
Unlike cows and pigs, these livestock don’t
live in the barn, but in their own butterfly castles.961 When they mature, the butterflies are
sold, often to be “released at weddings or funerals.”962 A single butterfly can cost 75 cents or as
much as $7, “depending on the time of year and
species.”963 And butterflies only live for a couple
weeks with some species lasting “only a few
days—so the window to raise and ship them for
a specific event is small.”964
This $500,000 grant will pay for “free”
starting materials including castles and eggs for
farmers and a vehicle to transport the butterflies.965 The project will also support a butterfly
visitor center where people would be charged
an admission fee to see butterflies.966
The Rural Business Enterprise Grant pro-

84

gram of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) provided the grant, which is “the largest awarded this year by the program.”967 USDA
“recognized the potential for jobs in the industry
and awarded” the “grant to the Thlopthlocco
Tribal Town in Oklahoma.”968
“What attracted the most attention was
the amount of jobs this could create,” said the
business and energy program director at the
USDA’s Oklahoma Rural Development office.969
“To get one person really rocking and rolling, it’s about $150,” said David Bohlken, one of
the owners of the Euchee Butterfly Farm, who
came up with the idea.970 With 845 members of
the Thlopthlocco Tribal Town,971 every member
of the tribe could be provide their own start kit
for a total cost of $127,000, not $500,000 as
provided by USDA. But so far, only “about 50
people are signed up for the program.”972
Butterfly farming generates annual prof-

Transit Security Grant for “Feel Good”
Ads That Promote Local Tax Increase

$181,000

The Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority security issues related to public transportation
(PSTA) in Florida received two Department of and to enhance coordination with safety and
Homeland Security (DHS) grants for security security partners within the community.978
and emergency awareness marketing, which
consisted of two phases.
The Phase II money was used by PSTA
to pay for puff piece commercials that have
·  Phase I ($96,000) – To develop a nothing to do with promoting public safety
public awareness/education program that will when using transit. For example:
incorporate the basics of the Federal Transit
“Eva is a college student with an
Administration’s (FTA’s) existing “Transit internship at an office downtown. She takes
Watch Program” which encourages transit the bus from home, to school to her job. With
patrons to alert authorities if they see anything such a busy schedule, Eva’s time is valuable;
suspicious. Approximately $12,000 of the grant she knows that PSTA cares about her time and
is programmed for PSTA printing and material her security. Eva can use a computer or her
preparation costs and the remaining $84,000 phone check real time bus information (shot
is for consultant costs.
of a Eva scanning QR code at bus stop) to see
·  Phase II ($439,500) – This phase exactly where her PSTA bus is and when it will
develops and implements a mass media cam- arrive (shot of friendly bus driver). And PSTA
paign to further promote public awareness of is working to make it easier to get around the

66

its of $64 million,973 but “the money in butterfly
farming certainly isn’t equivalent to a full time
job at first.”974 Those who sign up “can expect
make between $400 and $500 a month from
about March through October,” according Jane
Breckinridge,975 who has been in the butterfly
business for two decades.976
While the goals of the initiative are worthy and the Euchee Butterfly Farm is a great
example of how ingenuity matched with hard
work can produce success, this is not a project
that needs federal assistance, especially when
matched up against our nation’s much larger
economic and fiscal challenges.
So how is it that a federal government
$17 trillion in debt ends up subsidizing butterfly
farming?
Millie Wind, the environmental specialist
for the Thlopthlocco Tribal Town who “brought
the idea back to the tribe council,” said “some
tribal members were skeptical about the project originally, but the grant helped eliminate
that.”977 This might be referred to as the “butterfly effect” of government waste—when the
availability of “free” government money causes
a ripple effect resulting in waves of unnecessary
frivolous spending.

county. To learn more, visit Greenlight Pinellas.
com or PSTA.net (Shot of Greenlight logo, PSTA
CARES logo and disclaimer indicating the ad
was paid for by a grant from the Department of
Homeland Security).”979
The end of each ad directs viewers to
the Greenlight Pinellas website to learn more.
The Greenlight Pinellas Plan consists of
“transformational bus improvements and future
passenger rail that will significantly enhance
public transportation in Pinellas County. If the
proposed 1% sales tax referendum passes in
November 2014, PSTA would implement the
Greenlight Pinellas Plan.”980
Aside from mentioning the word “security”
once, these ads are simply promoting transit
and the PSTA’s Greenlight Pinellas plan. These
commercials are not informing viewers how
to protect against a terrorist attack or other
disaster or even how to protect themselves
when using transit infrastructure. It’s to
encourage voters to vote for Greenlight in
November and for a sales tax increase that will
benefit them.
After media scrutiny of the campaign,
PSTA repaid a portion of the grants--$385,500
went back, but the taxpayer is still on the hook.

 85

WASTEBOOK 2014

Identity Thieves Steal Billions Each Year With
Bogus Tax Returns

At l e ast $ 4. 2 b illi on

Identity thieves are making out like
bandits when it comes to stealing tax refunds
from unsuspecting taxpayers.
Described as a “tsunami of fraud” by a
United States attorney, every year the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) pays out billions of
dollars in fraudulent refunds to clever criminals
filing fake tax returns. Some identify thieves
have even thrown “filing parties,” where they
teach their friends how to file fraudulent
returns, in exchange for a cut of the refund. 981
Just last year, the tax enforcement agency
issued $5.2 billion in refunds based on more than
three million phony federal tax returns.982 The
Treasury Inspector General predicts this number will only continue to grow, estimating the IRS
“could issue approximately $21 billion in fraudulent
tax refunds resulting from identity theft” over five
years, an average of $4.2 billion each year.983

86

Little more than a stolen Social Security
number, a date of birth, and an electronic
device to file a federal tax return because
significant gaps exist in the IRS’ ability to verify
taxpayer information and prevent fraudulent
payouts. Online tax filers are not required to
provide a paper copy of their W-2 to the IRS.
Most electronic filers submit their taxes in
February, several months before the IRS is able
to verify their accuracy because of several
month delay in receiving employer-provided
W-2s.984
Criminals often receive their refund from
the IRS within a couple weeks because federal
law requires the IRS to pay interest on any
refund distributed more than 45 days after
the return’s due date.985 This encourages the
agency to turn around refunds as quickly as
possible. In many cases, identity thieves submit

the fake tax return and receive a refund before
the victim has even filed their tax return.986
While the IRS is increasing efforts to
address identity theft and stolen refunds,
much remains to be accomplished. In one
case detailed by CBS’s 60 minutes, at least 25
refunds were mailed to the same address.987
In a review of the IRS’ ability to prevent stolen
refunds through identity theft, the Government
Accountability Office found the IRS has failed
to identify any cost-effective solutions for
updating their electronic technology processes
that detect overlap or refund mismatches.988
The IRS’ identity crisis should not affect
taxpayers awaiting their tax refund. These
individuals send billions of dollars to the
Treasury every year, and deserve to receive
their tax refund without wondering if the IRS
mailed it to an identity thief instead.

Feds Study Science Festival Attendance

$1,523,133

The federal government is spending a million and a half dollars to monitor your festival
attendance. Science festivals, that is.
Each year states and private groups host
hundreds of science festivals all over the country. Apparently, though, the hosts don’t do a
very good job of communicating with one another and getting data from their participants,
so they have a hard time figuring out if their efforts are helping the cause of science.
These aren’t your grandparent’s science
fairs, either. A sampling of festivals include:
“Nerd Nite” at Sea on an aircraft carrier in
San Francisco; “E=MC Beered,” sponsored by
the Philadelphia Science Festival and Yards
Brewing Company; and “Science Ink,” hosted by a body artist to discuss “science-y tattoos.”989 The NC Science Festival is soliciting
ideas for other fun festivals, suggesting Rocket
Science serving Rocket Science IPA, a video
game tournament, and even a robot zoo: “the

wackier, the better.”990
Researchers at University of California at
San Francisco and University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill are using the National Science
Foundation grant money to help figure out
whether all these festivals are actually making
Americans love science. They are also developing a database for “the festival community”
to use to share information about their participants.991
In addition, the federal government is
funding a three-year project (concluding in
2015) to support the development of more of
these festivals and provide resources for mentoring and travel costs with the goal of creating
a network of scientists and festival organizers.992 993
On what one would think would be an
unrelated note, the funding will also “develop some new evaluation tools such as secret
shopper observational protocols.”994

67

 WASTEBOOK 2014

87

Five Decades of Controversy for Beleaguered
Government Program

$ 1 .7 billio n

On its 50th anniversary, the $1.7 billion
federal Job Corps program – the centers
where American youth often go for their
first job -- is been plagued by questions of
ineffectiveness, violence and drug use at
many of its job centers.
One Job Corps center in McKinney,
Texas is under federal investigation for
violent crime and drug use. An official said

When questioned how the student was able
to complete his junior and senior year in
one week and the teacher said it was “not
possible.”1000 Another teacher resigned due
to immense pressure to graduate students
even “if someone else has to sit with that
mouse and click A, click B, click C, click D.
It does not matter who does it.”1001
An article in the Washington Post

“I believe the Job Corps got lazy. I believe
they stopped trying to help people and
started going through the motions.”
- former Job Corps student

the center has “an atrocious drug problem”
and others shared information about violent
assaults resulting in students being taken to
the hospital.995
Job Corps has a supposed zero
tolerance policy for drugs and violence.
However, a Safety and Security Manager
at the north Texas center has said that he
was told the center had an amnesty policy
in which a student caught with drugs or
weapons is allowed to stay at the center.996
That manager was told not to contact the
local police department about the violence
and drug use.997
Teachers at the McKinney center have
also filed complaints that charge they were
made to give students a “diploma by any
means necessary,” through “extensive fraud
and cheating.” 998 In one example, a student
at the center began his freshman year of
high school on February 21, 2014, he was
advanced to a sophomore two months later,
and graduated two weeks after that.999

68

recently highlighted one of the worst
performing Job Corps centers in the country:
Treasure Lake Job Corps in Indiahoma,
Oklahoma. One student said the center
“reminded her of a homeless shelter, full of
people hustling and fighting,” while another
student posted on Facebook it “reminded
me of bein bk in jail lol.”1002 After years of
poor performance and criticism, the Jobs
Corps announced in August that it was
closing the troubled center.1003
Students are allowed to leave whenever
they want. In fact, “Over the decades,
auditors found that many students quit
before they graduated — homesick, bored,
or tired of conflicts with other students.
Today, about 59 percent complete all of
their training. The rest leave early, with
no penalty or requirement to pay money
back.”1004
Despite the poor education the
students receive, Job Corps costs taxpayers
about $45,000 per student per year – more

than four years of tuition at the University
of Texas. 1005
One of the few studies of the program
found that while there were positive short
term effects in students’ earnings, after four
years, there was no virtually no difference
between those who had attended Job
Corps and those who had applied but not
attended. 1006
Yet, given anecdotes of past success
stories – not to mention the fact that Job
Corps centers can employ hundreds of staff
in politicians’ own districts – the program’s
massive cost is rarely questioned.
“‘What you find is that the program
— from society’s perspective — does not
pay for itself... But it is a good deal for
the enrollees themselves.’ In Washington
today, that much good is good enough.”1007
Congress
recently
passed
the
Workforce Innovation and Opportunity
Act, which authorizes nearly $13 billion in
funding for the Job Corps program through
fiscal year 2020.

“[Treasure Lake
graduate Austin]
Brown — who
watched his
roommates make
prison-style hooch
— did get his training
in culinary skills, and
afterward he did get
a job in his field. He is
now a cook at Burger
King.”

 WASTEBOOK 2014

89

NSF Studies Why
Wikipedia is Sexist

$202,000

88

Navy Sends Hundreds
of Magazines to
Congress to Promote
Green Initiatives

$72,000

Currents magazine is the Navy’s flagship,
quarterly publication showcasing its commitment to environmental stewardship and progress toward meeting its energy goals. According
to the Navy, the magazine’s publication enables
it to “share best practices/lessons learned and
increase awareness regarding environmental
compliance and energy efficiency for ships and
commands in their daily work.”1008
Articles published this year have included a story on the Navy’s updated Buy It Green
guide, a “compilation of products that are classified as sustainable by the Defense Logistics
Agency (DLA) and/or the General Services
Administration (GSA)” that Navy procurement
officials can use to ensure the Navy reaches the
goal of having “95 percent of all procurements
and contracts incorporate sustainable products
and services,”1009 and a feature on winners of the
Chief of Naval Operations’ award for exceptional environmental stewardship.1010
Yet for all its efforts to showcase itself as
the “Great Green Fleet,”1011 the Navy still mails
out 9,500 hard copies of the magazine every quarter, including 535 to each member of
Congress, at a cost of an additional $72,000 a
year over the $260,000 it takes the staff of four
contractors and federal employees to develop
the content.1012
The issues going as far back as 2010 are
accessible online, which begs the question why
the Navy thinks continued distribution of hard
copies is necessary? The Navy maintains that
each issue contains a notice “requesting that
recipients…confirm that they still want to receive the magazine,”1013 but if the magazine really serves a purpose beyond self-aggrandizing
propaganda

In September 2013, the National Science
Foundation awarded federal grants to Yale
and New York University researchers to study
perceived gender bias on Wikipedia.1014
The National Science Foundation
awarded $132,000 to Yale Sociology Professor
Julia Adams and $70,000 to Hannah Brückner,
NYU Abu Dhabi Associate Dean of Social
Sciences, to study “how and why … Wikipedia
suffers from systemic gender bias.”1015
The study follows accusations of
sexism in content and among contributors
at Wikipedia.1016 For example, a 2013 opinion
piece in the New York Times, argued Wikipedia
contributors were biased because they had
characterized some female novelists as
“American Female Novelists” on Wikipedia,
rather than “American Novelists.”1017
Others disagree that Wikipedia is biased
or argue it’s not a real problem. For example, an
opinion article in Slate concluded “Wikipedia’s
gender imbalance is a non-problem in search
of a misguided solution,” arguing that it
“would do a lot less damage to equality to
acknowledge that men and women are not
identical in their interests than to suggest that
‘freedom, openness, [and] egalitarian ideas’ are
inconsistent with female self-realization.”1018
Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia
where the content is created and edited by
anyone with Internet access.
The study is expected to be completed by
August 2015.1019

90

Maine Town Rebuilds
38 “Speed Humps” to
Slow Traffic Through
Neighborhood

$335,00

According to a national study found Maine
to have the ninth-worst track record in the
nation for repairing deficient bridges, nearly
one million people drive on Maine’s crumbling
bridges every day.1020 But instead of fixing the
Pine Tree State’s crumbling bridges and roads,
federal funds will help install “speed humps” to
slow traffic in two Portland neighborhoods.1021
Local officials grew concerned over time
that roads in the Libbytown and Rosemont
neighborhoods were “frequently used by
motorists as a cut through.”1022 To slow these
drivers down while they cut through, the city
built “mini traffic circles and islands,” as well as
38 “speed humps.”1023
In all, the project is slated to cost
$335,000, using a portion of a $1.5 million
grant from the U.S. Department of Commerce
Economic Development Administration (EDA)
and $90,000 from the U.S. Department of
Transportation.1024 According to the EDA, the
$1.5 million grant was part of a broader effort to
redevelop Thompson’s Point as a “mixed-use
center that will include a convention center,
sports complex and office space.”1025
However, several neighborhood residents
sounded a note of skepticism that using several
hundred thousand dollars for traffic calming
was a good idea. “I’m not sure people who
speed are going to be deterred,” commented
Bernie Cohen.1026 Fellow neighbor, Norm Reef,
added that drivers may still speed, “When they
get to the speed bump, they slow down. As
soon as they get over the bump, bingo, they
take off again. … I question how much good it’s
going to do for the investment they’re going
to make.”1027 To be sure, while the measures
were intended to reduce speed, Portland
officials were also quick to point out they were
designed to “not force drivers to significantly
adjust their travel speed.”1028
Mike Bobinsky, Portland’s public services
director, said the speed humps would not be
as “severe” as others used in the city.1029 Added
Bobinsky, “We are trying to create friction that
causes greater awareness by drivers to be
conscious it is a neighborhood with children,
walkers and bicyclists.”1030

69

 WASTEBOOK 2014

91

DOJ Buys Premium LinkedIn Account
to Promote Jobs During Hiring Freeze

$544,338

Following in the footsteps of the State
Department’s purchase of Facebook likes,1031
the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) Criminal
Division has forked over $544,338 of taxpayers’ dollars to have “an enhanced company profile” on LinkedIn.com, a professional
networking website, so that it can “increase
brand awareness beyond job advertisements” and determine which job applicants
are qualified candidates based on self-reported user profiles.1032
The DOJ described the LinkedIn services as “freeing up staff time and workload
that would otherwise be spent reviewing applications and inquiries of unqualified candidates.”1033 But when this contract for LinkedIn

92

services was awarded, the DOJ was scarcely
posting job advertisements, because it was
almost three years into a hiring freeze!1034
But since the Attorney General lifted
the DOJ’s hiring freeze in February 2014,
taxpayer dollars are no longer being wasted advertising for limited job openings for
federal agents, prosecutors, and analysts.1035
Instead, the DOJ still wasted taxpayer money by turning to LinkedIn to find qualified
job applicants while the unemployment rate
was at 6.6%1036, and the unemployment rate
of recent law school graduates, a hiring pool
for future prosecutors, is 12.8%.1037 One news
outlet noted that, “[i]n a stagnant economy
with high unemployment, Americans are

Taxpayers Charged to Promote Hillary
Clinton’s $14 Million Book in Europe

$55,000

Like other former First Ladies, Hillary
Clinton will receive Secret Service protection
for life. That does not explain why the State
Department and Department of Homeland
Security spent more than $55,000 for the
former Secretary of State’s European book
tour this year, especially since she “was not
traveling on official government business.”1042
Clinton retired as Secretary of State in
February 2013, yet the State Department
“paid for nearly $50,000 of the costs” of her
European excursion to promote her book
“Hard Choices” in July 2014.1043 This is not a
perk typically extended to former Cabinet

70

secretaries, “making it curious the State
Department’s Paris Embassy was on the hook”
for her costs.1044 A Department spokeswoman
could not answer whether or not “her agency
had paid for Clinton’s private travel on other
non-government trips.”1045
DHS spent $5,100 to rent three
Mercedes-Benz “executive limousine vans”
for a single day in Berlin, Germany.1046
According to documents obtained by the
Daily Mail, the federal government paid more
than “$55,000 on travel expenses related to
her book tour” in July alone.1047
The expenses for Clinton Tour de

clamoring for jobs…You’d think recruiting
expenses would be cut back, not stepped
up.”1038 When it comes to jobs, it’s a sellers’
market, yet taxpayers continue paying to
promote the only seller of federal law enforcement jobs.
The DOJ stated that using LinkedIn will
free up time and resources in the hiring process.1039 How will the DOJ’s enhanced online presence on LinkedIn achieve this? The
LinkedIn services will assist the DOJ in “serving job advertisements to the most relevant,
targeted audiences, generating the most
qualified leads.”1040
Taxpayers would be alarmed to know
the next generation of federal criminal law
enforcement is being selected by a social
media website on their dime. Even more, taxpayers can only hope that these LinkedIn services will be able to weed out the thousands
of fake profiles on LinkedIn as effectively as
the DOJ expects LinkedIn to weed out unqualified candidates for employment.1041

France included $3,668 charge for “a single
night’s lodging in a suite at the posh Four
Seasons George V hotel in Paris. That rate
corresponds to the cost of a suite with a ‘large
and superbly appointed marble bathroom,’ a
‘deep soaking tub,’ ‘sparkling chandeliers’
and ‘elegant period furniture, according to
the Four Seasons website,” notes the Daily
Mail.1048
The Secret Service spent $11,291 to rent
vehicles for agents in Paris. “The government
spent another $35,183 on lodging there,
but the purchase order doesn’t say where
Clinton’s personal protection detail stayed,”
reported the Daily Mail.1049
Mrs. Clinton reportedly received a
$14 million advance for her book “Hard
Choices.”1050 Her speaking fees have ranged
from $225,000 to $300,000 for a single
appearance.1051

 WASTEBOOK 2014

93

FAA Spending to Study What to Do
With a FAA-Violating Municipal

$520,000

For many business owners, failure to
comply with federal regulations can result in
steep fines or orders to close up shop. But
for the Burley Municipal Airport in Burley,
Idaho, failure to adhere to Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) standards results in a
$520,000 taxpayer-funded feasibility study
just to decide if this problematic airport
should be fixed, moved, or closed.1052
A failed compliance review in March 2014
presented the city of Burley with an ultimatum:
fix or move the airport or lose any FAA
funding.1053 Burley has been studying places
for relocating the airport since 1995.1054 So far,
not including the newest study, the FAA has
funded $624,082 worth of studies for possible
airport sites for Burley.1055 Burley attempted to
move the airport in 1997, 2008, and 2011, but
all of these attempts were thwarted by landuse disputes.1056 While one intuitive Burley
City Councilman stated that the FAA has
funded these studies because it thinks the
Burley airport needs to be moved, apparently
the ultimate decision between two proposed
relocation sites or improvements to the current
site cannot be reached without an additional
half a million dollars of taxpayers’ money.1057
Early reporting on the newest FAA study
is already taking an ominous direction for
the Burley Municipal Airport and for the U.S.
taxpayers funding the study. One decision
from the study will be how much money
the FAA wants to invest in an airport that is
only used by local pilots.1058 At the meeting
to approve the city’s application for the FAA
study, one city councilman suggested that
the airport should just be closed instead of
moved.1059 Lengthening one of the runways
to meet FAA standards for safety zones
could come with an estimated price tag of
over $100 million, some of which would also
be paid by U.S. taxpayers.1060 This would
leave one runway being a published length
of 2,500 feet, which is prohibited by many

insurers of corporate planes.1061 In addition,
non-local pilots would be unaware that the
runway is actually longer than 2,500 feet,
causing them to bypass the Burley airport
for another airport with a longer published
runway length.1062 One proposed relocation
site only has one runway to accommodate
the area’s prevailing wind, causing landing
problems for arriving pilots.1063 This site also
does not have readily available interstate
access, making it not time-effective to travel
to the airport.1064 The proposed sites also fail
to address security concerns, as their rural
locations have little protections against theft
of the $200,000 small airplanes that use the
Burley airport.1065
The Burley Airport Users Association has
already voiced its opposition to the proposed
relocation sites, with the group of local pilots’
president stating that “[i]f they put the airport
at either of the sites, I’ll just start going to
Twin Falls because the [Burley] airport will
be so difficult to access.”1066 However, the
executive director of the Southern Idaho
Economic
Development
Organization
predicted that relocating the Burley airport
is not “a deal-maker nor –breaker,” because
major corporations are satisfied using an
airport that is 25 minutes away.1067
So while the FAA is spending $520,000
of taxpayers’ money on a study to assess the
fate of the Burley Municipal Airport, the Magic
Valley Regional Airport operates less than an
hour’s drive away in Twin Falls, Idaho.1068 One
Burley businessman posed “[i]f the [Burley]
airport doesn’t meet FAA standards, how in
good conscience can we keep it open?”1069
The question U.S. taxpayers should be
asking is: if the Burley airport is only fifty
miles away from a perfectly functioning
airport, how in good conscience can the FAA
spend taxpayer dollars to study keeping this
crumbling rural airport afloat?

94

Texting Drunks
Asking Them Not
to Drink

$194,090

“Btw, don’t have 2 much 2 drink.”
Researchers have received $194,090 this year
to determine if text messages can encourage
heavy drinkers to put down that cocktail.1070
Researchers have acknowledged that
other internet-based interventions have
“proven mildly effective but have limited ability
to help individuals maintain changes.”1071 They
are hoping that tapping into a drinker’s cell
phone will be more effective in reaching the
drinker before problem drinking occurs.1072 For
example, some study subjects will get a daily
3 P.M. text message reminding them of the
consequences of heavy drinking.1073
Not just any ordinary drinker qualifies for
the study. The focus is on women and men who
drink more than 15 and 24 drinks in an average
week, respectively.1074 Up to 300 participants
will receive up to 115 text messages a month
over the course of four months.1075 They will
be measured by the reduction in the number
of drinks consumed each day, the number
of days of heavy drinking, and the average
number of drinks per week.1076 Any drinkers
who “express a desire or intent to obtain
additional substance abuse treatment” during
the study are excluded from participating.1077

71

 WASTEBOOK 2014

95 96 97
We All Scream for
Federally Funded
Ice Cream

$1,253,309

Some in the dairy industry are milking the
federal government. While some grants are
being used to develop products like cheese,
cream or butter, other dairy farmers have
been more creative in their efforts to acquire
taxpayer money.
In Idaho, a dairy farm received grant funds
to launch a marketing campaign in part to sell
its ice cream.1078 This will likely allow the farm
to focus on maintaining the “drive-thru” where
new customers can come and “get [their] milk,
ice cream cones, bread or yogurt . . . .”1079 Other
farms have also used the funds to grow their
ice cream businesses, including one in Oregon
which plans to market a premium ice cream in
its stores,1080 and another in Washington which
will help start up a store to sell ice cream.1081
Sadly, however, the ice cream in Washington
State will be for those with more sophisticated
palates—the grantee will serve only a few
“herbal” flavors at a time and will not offer any
sprinkles since he is “not a sprinkles guy.”1082
In total, the USDA paid $267,703 of taxpayer
money to ice cream producers.
Dairy farmers’ creativity doesn’t stop at
artisanal ice cream. In Wisconsin and New
York, a farmer cooperative and creamery
received a grant to expand production and
marketing of organic Greek yogurt.1083 A
Missouri farm will be using a grant it received
also to produce yogurt, but from sheep’s
milk.1084 A farm in Pennsylvania received a
grant as well to expand its yogurt business but
will use some of the money to build its Mexican
chocolate business.1085
Other grantees really stretched their
imagination to be awarded the grants. One
grantee in New York used the money to
develop “kosher artisanal raw milk cheese”
produced from grass-fed cows.1086 The cheeses
are made under strict Rabbinic supervision.1087
Another grantee in Florida will use the grant
money it received to produce and market a line
of “goat milk soap and other goat milk body
care products.”1088 The soap is made from the
farm’s “own dairy goats [with] combinations of
Olive, Coconut, and Palm Oils.”1089

72

NASA’s Near-Earth
Object Program: The
Comet that Keeps
Chasing Its Tail

$ 4 0.5 million

Large objects may be hurtling toward
Earth, but despite receiving a big budget for
tracking efforts, NASA has no idea where
most of them are.
NASA has operated the Near-Earth
Object (NEO) Program since 1994, when
Congress first required the agency start
tracking all large NEOs within 28 million miles
of Earth’s orbit.1090 The program is supposed
to identify 90 percent of NEOs by 2020.
Funding for the program has grown
exponentially from $4 million in 2009 to $40.5
million this year.1091 NASA had been allocated
$102 million in funding for this program since
2008 alone.1092
Despite the massive funding increases,
earthlings are still in the dark about what
objects are floating in space
NASA still has little capability to identify
NEOs because it has completely mismanaged
the program and will not make its 2020
goal, according to the Office of Inspector
General (OIG).1093 The OIG rung up NASA
for a lack of collaboration, integration, and
effective internal controls as reasons for the
program’s inability to accomplish its mission
by 2020.1094
Like some comets in orbit, the NEO
Program management keeps chasing its
tail by not adopting measures to eliminate
duplicative efforts between NASA-funded
observatories. The NEO Program has not
sought to establish alliances with other
governmental agencies, NASA programs or
foreign countries in conducting its work. For
instance, both the Department of Defense
and the National Science Foundation have
Earth-based telescopes which could assist in
identifying and tracking NEOs.1095 Likewise,
NASA’s international partner could greatly
enhance the program’s capabilities. 1096
Upon examining the NEO Program’s
long-term strategic approach, the OIG report
disclosed that a lack of comprehensive
“strategic plan, integrated master schedule,
and cost estimates” have plagued program
execution.1097 In short, the program’s
management seem to be lost in space.

Medicaid
Provider Taxes

$4 billion

States are taxing federal Medicaid
payments to doctors and using the revenue to
get even more federal funding, a trick that is
worth billions of dollars a year.
The Medicaid program is jointly funded
by the states and federal government. Uncle
Sam matches a fraction of the funds that
states allocate toward their programs. To
boost the amount of funds they get from
Uncle Sam, states use these “provider taxes.”
But in many cases, most of the revenue from
the tax comes from federal payments already
made by Medicaid.
Provider taxes cannot be applied
specifically to Medicaid providers, but they
can be levied against specific categories of
medical providers. The most commonly taxed
is one in which the federal government pays
most of the bills: nursing homes. Medicaid
covers almost half of the cost of all nursing
home care nationwide, and Medicare covers
almost one-quarter.1098 Forty-four states
use this tax on nursing homes to gather
more federal dollars -- essentially a double
benefit.1099 Other oft-utilized tax categories
include inpatient and outpatient hospital
services and facilities for individuals with
developmental disabilities.
Congress scaled back the use of this
practice in the ‘90s, but the loophole continues
to yield billions of dollars in unintended
federal spending for states. In 2014 alone, its
estimated cost is $4-5 billion annually.1100
All Americans should have access to
quality health care, but the provider tax
gimmick is indicative of Congress’ ineptitude
in addressing the real issues facing the
Medicaid program.

 98

WASTEBOOK 2014

Earmark Spends Taxpayer Money to
Send Coal to Germany

$150,000

$638,910

What some have called “a felony theft
of the taxpayers’ money,” the United States
is forced by law to pay for the mining and
shipping of anthracite coal to U.S. military
bases in Germany.1101
Thanks to an earmark in defense
appropriations bills, the U.S. Air Force must
use American anthracite coal to heat military
bases in Germany.1102 Introduced in the 1960s
by the late Senator Daniel Flood, the earmark
was an effort to preserve his Pennsylvania
district’s anthracite coal industry.1103 The
provision allows the DOD to implement “costeffective agreements” that include anthracite
coal for heating military based in Germany.1104
But the Department of Defense (DOD) has
tried for decades to end this earmark because

it wasted hundreds of millions of dollars
annually.1105 Over thirty years ago, the DOD
complained that the military had no use for
the anthracite coal and that it had to expend
additional resources just to protect the coal
from the elements.1106 The DOD also argued
that it was more cost-effective to purchase
energy from local suppliers overseas.1107
Ignoring the DOD’s calls to end this
anthracite coal mandate, the provision still
remains in annual appropriations bills.1108
According to a civilian contracting officer
for the U.S. Air Force in Germany, taxpayers
purchased about 9,000 tons of anthracite
coal in 2013,1109 amounting to $638,910 in cost
to taxpayers.1110

100

Farmers Get Grant to Produce “Worm
Power” Compost

$199,000

These earthworms are not just eating
through manure. They are also digesting
taxpayer dollars.
Worm Power received two new grants
this year, in part to study whether its novel
worm-digested compost is good for plants.1116
These grants are the eighth and ninth the
private company has received from the federal
government in the last decade. Though the
grants came from federal programs that are
only supposed to consider the merits, they did
receive overt assistance from U.S. Senators
Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in
securing the grant.1117
Worm Power created a process called
vermicomposting, in which worms eat
through cow manure and produce a diseasepreventing mixture of soil and fertilizer. “If I
want to have eight million worms,” said the
company’s president, “I kinda gotta make
sure everything is really running to keep them
fat, dumb, and happy [sp].”1118

99
Marketing Money
for Little-Used
Wisconsin Airport

Even though the company appears to
have success on the market, it continues
to worm its way through the federal dole.
This year’s grants – both coming from the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) –
are intended to help the company make its
patented system more mainstream.1119 One
grant provided $100,000 to help the company
“improve the profitability of hydroponic baby
leaf spinach production.”1120 The other gave
the company $99,994 to aid its development
of a novel seed treatment product.1121
Worm Power has sold organic plant
food products for years, and it has previously
seen more demand than it can handle.1122 The
plant food sells on the website from $6.95 to
$129.95.1123 Development of a seed treatment
may help the worms break into an industry
worth over $3 billion annually.1124
With that kind of success, these worms
should be able to eat their own dirt rather
than taxpayers’.

Officials at the Chippewa Valley Regional
Airport are “pretty convinced” that the reason
only 12% of air travelers in the region choose the
airport is because the others who do not are “just
not aware of the services available.”1111 Most travelers in the region choose to fly out of the Delta hub
Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport just 90
minutes away.1112
That explanation was good enough for the
Federal Aviation Administration, which awarded the airport $150,000 to market the airport’s
services.1113
But what really drives airport choice? Cost
and convenience.
Because the airport only serves Chicago
O’Hare International Airport, any destination other
than Chicago requires a connection there, driving
up the cost and inconvenience of the travel choice.
For example, a nonstop round trip weekend
ticket in December from Minneapolis to Denver
cost around $145.1114 The same ticket departing
from Chippewa Valley Airport costs $433 and
requires an hour layover in Chicago.1115 It is understandable that locals would choose a 90 minute
drive and a cheaper nonstop ticket over a shorter
drive and a more expensive ticket with a layover.
Even a round trip ticket to Chippewa Valley’s
only destination, Chicago O’Hare, is cheaper out
of Minneapolis ($92) than out of the regional airport ($178).
Chippewa Valley Regional Airport can market their services, but in an age where online
price-comparison for airfare is a click away, savvy
travelers will always pick cheaper, more convenient airfare despite any federally funded marketing scheme.

73

 WASTEBOOK 2014

ENDNOTES
1 Eldridge, David. “113th Congress Could Yield Fewest Laws in 60 Years.” Web log post. 218 Blog. Roll Call, 22 Sept. 2014. Web. 17 Oct. 2014. <http://blogs.rollcall.
com/218/113th-congress-legacy-shutdowns-shoutdowns-gridlock/?dcz>.
2 Dupree, Jaimee. “This is the earliest departure by the Congress for the elections since 1960, when lawmakers left DC on September 1.”18 September 2014, 5:45p.m.
Tweet. <https://twitter.com/jamiedupree/status/512764338520604672>.
3 Isikoff, Michael. “DOJ Accuses Firm that Vetted Snowden of Faking 665,000 Background Checks.” Nbcnews.com. NBC News. 23 January 2014. Web. <http://
investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/23/.UuLBsYpJl1M.twitter>.
4 The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. FACT SHEET: Emergency Supplemental Request to Address the Increase in Child and Adult Migration from Central
America in the Rio Grande Valley Areas of the Southwest Border. Whitehouse.gov. N.p., 8 July 2014. Web. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/07/08/
fact-sheet-emergency-supplemental-request-address-increase-child-and-adu>.
5 Cowan, Richard. “Waves of Immigrant Minors Present Crisis for Obama, Congress.” Reuters.com. Reuters. 28 May 2014. <http://www.reuters.com/
article/2014/05/28/us-usa-immigration-children-idUSKBN0E814T20140528>.
6 Department of Homeland Security, Office of Inspector General. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s Management of the Federal Employees’ Compensation
Act Program. DHS-OIG. Rep. No.: OIG-14-105. Washington, D.C.: July 2014. Web. <http://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2014/OIG_14-105_Jul14.pdf>.
7 Stein, Sam. “Ebola Vaccine Would Likely Have Been Found By Now If Not For Budget Cuts: NIH Director.” Huffingtonpost.com. TheHuffingtonPost.com Inc. 12
October 2014. Web. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/12/ebola-vaccine_n_5974148.html>.
8 Johnson, Judith. A History of NIH Funding. Congressional Research Service. 7 March 2014.
9 Little, Joe. “Perceptions of Americans Change after 3-week Visit from Pakistani journalists.” 10news.com. ABC10 NEWS. 31 March 2014. Web. <http://www.10news.
com/news/perceptions-of-americans-change-after-3-week-visit-from-pakistani-journalists-03312014>.
10 “Historical Tables,” The White House Office of Management and Budget, accessed 9 October 2014. Web. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/historicals>.
11“ Monthly Budget Review for September 2014,” Congressional Budget Office, September 2014; <http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/
attachments/49450-MBR.pdf >.
12 U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress – 1st Session. Vote on Coburn Amendment No. 2165 to H.R. 3058 As Modified. Web. <http://www.senate.gov/
legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00262>.
13 “Oklahoma keeps unused airport open to collect federal checks – (OK) $450,000,” Wastebook 2012, Office of Senator Tom Coburn, M.D., October 2012. <http://
www.coburn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=Files.Serve&File_id=b7b23f66-2d60-4d5a-8bc5-8522c7e1a40e>.
14 Correspondence from the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Grant Programs at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to the Executive Director of
the Community Development Commission of the County of Los Angeles, October 16, 2012.
“16) California towns sell federal grants to neighbors – (CA) $206,426,” Wastebook 2012, Office of Senator Tom Coburn, M.D., October 2012 <http://www.coburn.
senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=Files.Serve&File_id=b7b23f66-2d60-4d5a-8bc5-8522c7e1a40e>.
15 “#35, Science research dollars go to musical about biodiversity and climate change – (NY) $697,177,” Wastebook 2012, Office of Senator Tom Coburn, M.D.,
October 2012; <http://www.coburn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=Files.Serve&File_id=b7b23f66-2d60-4d5a-8bc5-8522c7e1a40e>.
16 USAspending.gov. “Prime Award Spending Data: US Department of State.” PIID No. SBH20014M0253. <http://www.usaspending.gov/explore?fiscal_
year=all&comingfrom=searchresults&piid=SBH20014M0253&typeofview=complete>.
17 Rein, Lisa. “Civil Servants Put On Paid Administrative Leave Can Get Stuck In an Ill-Defined Limbo.” Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 30 December 2012.
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/civil-servants-accused-of-rule-breaking-can-get-stuck-in-an-ill-defined-limbo/2012/12/29/450ffc68-37e4-11e28a97-363b0f9a0ab3_story.html>.
18 “Pay & Leave Reference Materials.” Office of Personnel Management. Accessed via web. 26 September 2014. <http://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/payleave/reference-materials/>.
19 This is an extremely low estimate. The actual amount of money federal agencies spent paying the salaries of employees on administrative leave status is likely much
higher. This number is based on a small sample of data we received from 11 agencies.
20 Data provided by the Government Accountability Office, October 2014.
21 Rein, Lisa. “Civil Servants Put On Paid Administrative Leave Can Get Stuck In an Ill-Defined Limbo.” Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 30 December 2012.
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/civil-servants-accused-of-rule-breaking-can-get-stuck-in-an-ill-defined-limbo/2012/12/29/450ffc68-37e4-11e28a97-363b0f9a0ab3_story.html>.
22 U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Inspector General. Alleged Misconduct: Mr. Stephen E. Calvery, Senior Executive Service, Director, Pentagon Force Protection
Agency. Report No. 20121204-000911, 20 February 2013.Web. <http://www.dodig.mil/FOIA/err/CalveryROI(Redacted).pdf>.
23 Data provided by the Government Accountability Office, October 2014.
24 Data provided by the Government Accountability Office, October 2014.
25 Data provided by the Government Accountability Office, October 2014.
26 Data provided by the Government Accountability Office, October 2014.
27 Authority for administrative leave comes from the federal statute governing annual and sick leave and its accompanying Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
regulations that guideline removal and suspension procedures for employees facing adverse actions. See 5 U.S.C. § 6104, 6302(a); 5 C.F.R. § 752.404(b)(3)(iv).
28 Data provided by the Government Accountability Office, October 2014.
29 Data provided by the Government Accountability Office, October 2014.
30 Data provided by the Government Accountability Office, October 2014.
31 Martosko, David. “Lois Lerner, Embattled Official at the Heart of IRS Tea Party Scandal, Retires With Full Pension Likely Worth More Than $50,000 as an Internal
Review Called for Her Firing.” Dailymail.co.uk. Associated Newspapers Ltd. 23 September 2013. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2430174/Lois-Lerner-

74

 WASTEBOOK 2014

embattled-official-heart-IRS-tea-party-scandal-retire-pension-likely-50-000-year-Congress-seeks-answers.html#ixzz3EFn3RAQY>.
32 Dilanian, Ken. “CIA Suspends Chief of Iran Operations Over Workplace Issues.” Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 16 March 2014. < http://articles.latimes.com/2014/
mar/16/nation/la-na-cia-workplace-20140317>.
33 Leonnig, Carol D. and David Nakamura. “Secret Service Agents Sent Home From Netherlands Were Warned To Avoid Trouble.” Washingtonpost.com. The
Washington Post. 26 March 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-agents-on-obama-detail-sent-home-from-netherlands-after-night-ofdrinking/2014/03/26/86d1a8a6-b4e6-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html?clsrd>.
34 Subcommittee on Financial and Contracting Oversight. “Investigation into Allegations of Misconduct by the Former Acting and Deputy Inspector General of the
Department of Homeland Security.” United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. 24 April 2014. <http://www.ronjohnson.senate.
gov/public/_cache/files/4f916bda-8373-4ac8-b2cd-4d0ba115e279/fco-report-investigation-into-allegations-of-misconduct-by-the-former-acting-and-deputyinspector-general-of-the-department-of-homeland.pdf>.
35 Hicks, Josh. “Commerce Inspector General Places Two Officials on Leave After Call for Firings.” Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 7 August 2014. <http://
www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/wp/2014/08/07/commerce-inspector-general-places-two-officials-on-leave-after-call-for-firings/>.
36 Kachmar, Kala. “Ala. VA Employee Accused of Sexually Abusing Patient.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 25 August 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2014/08/25/tuskegee-va-employee-arrested-for-sexually-abusing-patient/14583555/>.
37 Kachmar, Kala. “Tuskegee VA Employee Charged with DUI, Still Employed.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 21 September 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/2014/09/21/tuskegee-va-employee-charged-dui-still-employed/15998469/>.
38 Troyan, Mary. “Nashville VA Employee Resigned before Facing Disciplinary Measures.” Tennessean.com. Gannett. 7 September 2014. <http://www.tennessean.com/
story/news/2014/09/08/nashville-va-employee-resigned-facing-disciplinary-measures/15269411/>.
39 Troyan, Mary. “Nashville VA Employee Resigned before Facing Disciplinary Measures.” Tennessean.com. Gannett. 7 September 2014. <http://www.tennessean.com/
story/news/2014/09/08/nashville-va-employee-resigned-facing-disciplinary-measures/15269411/>.
40 Kachmar, Kala. “Report: VA Employee Took Recovering Vet to Crack House.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 16 August 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/alabama/2014/08/17/report-va-employee-took-recovering-vet-crack-house/14190573/>.
41 Gore, Leada. “Director, Chief of Staff of Central Alabama VA Placed on Administrative Leave.” Al.com. Alabama Media Group. 21 August 2014. <http://www.al.com/
news/index.ssf/2014/08/director_chief_of_staff_of_cen.html>.
42 Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014, Public Law No: 113-146, 7 August 2014.
43 The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President at the Signing of the Veterans Access, Choice and Accountability Act. 7 August 2014.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/07/remarks-president-signing-veterans-access-choice-and-accountability-act>.
44 Troyan, Mary. “Law Making It Easier to Fire VA Executives Still Unused.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 5 September 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/alabama/2014/09/05/law-making-easier-fire-va-executives-still-unused/15115237/>.
45 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General. Administrative Investigation: Failure to Properly Supervise, Misuse of Official Time and Resources,
and Prohibited Personnel Practice VA Center for Innovation VA Central Office. Report No. 13-01488-86, 24 February 2014. Web. <http://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG13-01488-86r.pdf>.
46 Letter from SSA to Senator Coburn, August 20, 2014.
47 Letter from SSA to Senator Coburn, August 20, 2014.
48 Letter from DHS to Senator Coburn, August 21, 2014.
49 Letter from DHS to Senator Coburn, August 21, 2014.
50 Letter from DHS to Senator Coburn, August 21, 2014.
51 Leonnig, Carol D. and David Nakamura. “Secret Service Agents Sent Home From Netherlands Were Warned To Avoid Trouble.” Washingtonpost.com. The
Washington Post. 26 March 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-agents-on-obama-detail-sent-home-from-netherlands-after-night-ofdrinking/2014/03/26/86d1a8a6-b4e6-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html?clsrd>.
52 Leonnig, Carol D., David Nakamura, and Michael Birnbaum. “Secret Service Incident in Netherlands Was on Heels of Car Wreck During Obama’s Miami Trip.”
Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 26 March 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-agents-sent-home-from-netherlands-werewarned-to-avoid-trouble/2014/03/26/ff01c618-b54e-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html>.
53 Lederman, Josh. “Secret Service Agent Found Drunk in Hotel Room.” Ap.org. The Associated Press. 26 March 2014. <http://bigstory.ap.org/article/3-secret-serviceagents-benched-obama-trip-0>.
54 Leonnig, Carol D., David Nakamura, and Michael Birnbaum. “Secret Service Incident in Netherlands Was on Heels of Car Wreck During Obama’s Miami Trip.”
Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 26 March 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-agents-sent-home-from-netherlands-werewarned-to-avoid-trouble/2014/03/26/ff01c618-b54e-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html>.
55Leonnig, Carol D., David Nakamura, and Michael Birnbaum. “Secret Service Incident in Netherlands Was on Heels of Car Wreck During Obama’s Miami Trip.”
Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 26 March 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-agents-sent-home-from-netherlands-werewarned-to-avoid-trouble/2014/03/26/ff01c618-b54e-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html>.
56 “SALARY TABLE 2014-GS INCORPORATING THE 1% GENERAL SCHEDULE INCREASE EFFECTIVE JANUARY 2014.” Office of Personnel Management. Accessed
via web. 23 September 2014. <http://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2014/saltbl.pdf>.
57 Leonnig, Carol D. and David Nakamura. “Secret Service Agents Sent Home From Netherlands Were Warned To Avoid Trouble.” Washingtonpost.com. The
Washington Post. 26 March 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-agents-on-obama-detail-sent-home-from-netherlands-after-night-ofdrinking/2014/03/26/86d1a8a6-b4e6-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html?clsrd>.
58 Leonnig, Carol D., David Nakamura, and Michael Birnbaum. “Secret Service Incident in Netherlands Was on Heels of Car Wreck During Obama’s Miami Trip.”
Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 26 March 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-service-agents-sent-home-from-netherlands-werewarned-to-avoid-trouble/2014/03/26/ff01c618-b54e-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html>.
59 Martosko, David “‘How much pornography would it take for an EPA employee to lose their job?’ Congress fumes as daily porn-surfing worker is STILL collecting
$120,000 Salary.” Dailymail.co.uk. Associated Newspapers Ltd. 7 May 2014. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2622503/How-pornography-EPA-employeelose-job-Congress-fumes-daily-porn-surfing-EPA-employee-STILL-collecting-120-000-salary.html>.
60 Statement by Allan Williams, Deputy Assistant Inspector General for Investigations, before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform U.S. House of
Representatives. “The Office of Inspector General’s Cases of Employee Misconduct at the Environmental Protection Agency.” 7 May 2014 <http://oversight.house.gov/
wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Williams-Statement.pdf>.
61 Martosko, David “‘How much pornography would it take for an EPA employee to lose their job?’ Congress fumes as daily porn-surfing worker is STILL collecting

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$120,000 Salary.” Dailymail.co.uk. Associated Newspapers Ltd. 7 May 2014. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2622503/How-pornography-EPA-employeelose-job-Congress-fumes-daily-porn-surfing-EPA-employee-STILL-collecting-120-000-salary.html>.
62 Martosko, David “‘How much pornography would it take for an EPA employee to lose their job?’ Congress fumes as daily porn-surfing worker is STILL collecting
$120,000 Salary.” Dailymail.co.uk. Associated Newspapers Ltd. 7 May 2014. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2622503/How-pornography-EPA-employeelose-job-Congress-fumes-daily-porn-surfing-EPA-employee-STILL-collecting-120-000-salary.html>.
63 Martosko, David “‘How much pornography would it take for an EPA employee to lose their job?’ Congress fumes as daily porn-surfing worker is STILL collecting
$120,000 Salary.” Dailymail.co.uk. Associated Newspapers Ltd. 7 May 2014. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2622503/How-pornography-EPA-employeelose-job-Congress-fumes-daily-porn-surfing-EPA-employee-STILL-collecting-120-000-salary.html>.
64 Wagner, Dennis. “Auditor Ties VA Waits to Deaths.” AZcentral.com. The Republic. 17 September 2014. <http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/
investigations/2014/09/17/va-inspector-general-delayed-care-may-have-contributed-deaths/15793641/>.
65 Skoloff, Brian “3 On Leave Over Allegations On Phoenix Vet Care,” ap.org. The Associated Press. 1 May 2014 <http://bigstory.ap.org/article/3-leave-overallegations-phoenix-vet-care>.
66 Harris, Craig. “Phoenix VA: Ousted Exec Keeps Salary While on Leave.” AZcentral.com. The Republic. 20 June 2014. <http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/
politics/2014/06/20/phoenix-va-ousted-exec-keeps-salary-leave/11101981/>.
67 U.S. Treasury Inspector General. Inappropriate Criteria Were Used to Identify Tax-Exempt Applications for Review. Reference No. 2013-10-053. 14 May 2013. <http://
www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2013reports/201310053fr.pdf>.
68 Stein, Sam. “Obama On IRS Scandal: ‘I Have Got No Patience’ For It,” huffingtonpost.com. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. 13 May 2014; <http://www.huffingtonpost.
com/2013/05/13/obama-irs-scandal_n_3266577.html>.
69 U.S. Treasury Inspector General. Inappropriate Criteria Were Used to Identify Tax-Exempt Applications for Review. Reference No. 2013-10-053. 14 May 2013. <http://
www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2013reports/201310053fr.pdf>.
70 McKinnon, John K. “U.S. Judge Orders IRS to Explain Lost Emails.” Wsj.com. Wall Street Journal. 10 July 2014. <http://online.wsj.com/articles/u-s-judge-orders-irsto-explain-lost-emails-1405015820>.
71 Martosko, David. “Unearthed emails show embattled IRS official knew her agency was secretly targeting conservative groups,” dailymail.co.uk. Associated
Newspapers, Ltd. 12 September 2013. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2419512/Lois-Lerner-emails-IRS-official-knew-agency-targeted-conservativegroups.html>.
72 Bade, Rachel. “Timeline of IRS Scandal.” Politico.com. Politico LLC. 22 September 2014. <http://www.politico.com/story/2014/09/timeline-of-the-irsscandal-111185.html>.
73 Foster, Daniel. “Firing Lois Lerner.” Nationalreview.org. National Review Online. 23 May 2013. <http://www.nationalreview.com/article/349115/firing-lois-lernerdaniel-foster>.
74 Martosko, David. “Lois Lerner, Embattled Official at the Heart of IRS Tea Party Scandal, Retires with Full Pension Likely Worth More than $50,000 as an Internal
Review Called for Her Firing.” Dailymail.co.uk. Associated Newspapers, Ltd. 23 September 2013. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2430174/Lois-Lernerembattled-official-heart-IRS-tea-party-scandal-retire-pension-likely-50-000-year-Congress-seeks-answers.html#ixzz3EFn3RAQY>.
75 Kachmar, Kala. “Report: VA Employee Took Recovering Vet to Crack House.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 16 August 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/alabama/2014/08/17/report-va-employee-took-recovering-vet-crack-house/14190573/>.
76 Kachmar, Kala. “Report: VA Employee Took Recovering Vet to Crack House.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 16 August 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/alabama/2014/08/17/report-va-employee-took-recovering-vet-crack-house/14190573/>.
77Hicks, Josh. “Commerce Inspector General Places Two Officials on Leave After Call for Firings.” Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 7 August 2014. <http://
www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/wp/2014/08/07/commerce-inspector-general-places-two-officials-on-leave-after-call-for-firings/>.
78 Leada Gore, “Director, chief of staff of Central Alabama VA placed on administrative leave,” AL.com, August 21, 2014; http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2014/08/
director_chief_of_staff_of_cen.html .
79 Rawls, Phillip. “VA Worker in Alabama Charged with Sexual Abuse.” Washingtontimes.com. Associated Press. 19 August 2014. <http://www.washingtontimes.com/
news/2014/aug/19/va-employee-in-alabama-charged-with-sexual-abuse/#ixzz3E9poxAwe>.
80 Kachmar, Kala. “Ala. VA Employee Accused of Sexually Abusing Patient.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 25 August 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2014/08/25/tuskegee-va-employee-arrested-for-sexually-abusing-patient/14583555/>.
81 Kachmar, Kala “Tuskegee VA Patient Charged with Sexual Abuse.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 19 August 2014. <http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/
story/news/2014/08/19/tuskegee-va-employee-charged-with-sexual-abuse/14285917/>.
82 Kachmar, Kala. “Tuskegee VA Employee Charged with DUI, Still Employed.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 21 September 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/2014/09/21/tuskegee-va-employee-charged-dui-still-employed/15998469/>.
83 Kachmar, Kala. “Tuskegee VA Employee Charged with DUI, Still Employed.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 21 September 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/2014/09/21/tuskegee-va-employee-charged-dui-still-employed/15998469/>.
84 Kachmar, Kala. “Ala. VA Employee Accused of Sexually Abusing Patient.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 25 August 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2014/08/25/tuskegee-va-employee-arrested-for-sexually-abusing-patient/14583555/>.
85 Kachmar, Kala. “Ala. VA Employee Accused of Sexually Abusing Patient.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 25 August 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2014/08/25/tuskegee-va-employee-arrested-for-sexually-abusing-patient/14583555/>.
86 Kachmar, Kala. “Ala. VA Employee Accused of Sexually Abusing Patient.” Montgomeryadvertiser.com. Gannett. 25 August 2014. <http://www.
montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2014/08/25/tuskegee-va-employee-arrested-for-sexually-abusing-patient/14583555/>.
87 Tschida, Stephen. “NIH Police Officer Accused of Road Rage.” Wjla.com. WJLA ABC 7. 6 June 2014 <http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/06/nih-police-officeraccused-of-road-rage-103868.html>.
88 Tschida, Stephen. “NIH Police Officer Accused of Road Rage.” Wjla.com. WJLA ABC 7. 6 June 2014 <http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/06/nih-police-officeraccused-of-road-rage-103868.html>.
89 Dilanian, Ken. “CIA Suspends Chief of Iran Operations Over Workplace Issues.” Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 16 March 2014. < http://articles.latimes.com/2014/
mar/16/nation/la-na-cia-workplace-20140317>.
90 Dilanian, Ken. “CIA Suspends Chief of Iran Operations Over Workplace Issues.” Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 16 March 2014. < http://articles.latimes.com/2014/
mar/16/nation/la-na-cia-workplace-20140317>.
91 Dilanian, Ken. “Bad Management Drives Talent from CIA, Internal Reports Suggest.” Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 29 July 2013. <http://articles.latimes.
com/2013/jul/29/nation/la-na-cia-management-20130730>.

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92Dilanian, Ken. “Bad Management Drives Talent from CIA, Internal Reports Suggest.” Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 29 July 2013. <http://articles.latimes.
com/2013/jul/29/nation/la-na-cia-management-20130730>.
93 Troyan, Mary. “Nashville VA Employee Resigned before Facing Disciplinary Measures.” Tennessean.com. Gannett. 7 September 2014. <http://www.tennessean.com/
story/news/2014/09/08/nashville-va-employee-resigned-facing-disciplinary-measures/15269411/>.
94 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General. Administrative Investigation: Failure to Properly Supervise, Misuse of Official Time and Resources,
and Prohibited Personnel Practice VA Center for Innovation VA Central Office. Report No. 13-01488-86, 24 February 2014. Web. <http://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG13-01488-86r.pdf>.
95 Shane, Leo, III. “IG: Managers Let VA Employee Get Away with Cheating Agency.” Militarytimes.com. Gannett. 4 March 2014. <http://www.militarytimes.com/
article/20140304/NEWS/303040012/IG-Managers-let-VA-employee-get-away-cheating-agency>.
96 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General. Administrative Investigation: Failure to Properly Supervise, Misuse of Official Time and Resources,
and Prohibited Personnel Practice VA Center for Innovation VA Central Office. Report No. 13-01488-86, 24 February 2014. Web. <http://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG13-01488-86r.pdf>.
97 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General. Administrative Investigation: Failure to Properly Supervise, Misuse of Official Time and Resources,
and Prohibited Personnel Practice VA Center for Innovation VA Central Office. Report No. 13-01488-86, 24 February 2014. Web. <http://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG13-01488-86r.pdf>.
98 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General. Administrative Investigation: Failure to Properly Supervise, Misuse of Official Time and Resources,
and Prohibited Personnel Practice VA Center for Innovation VA Central Office. Report No. 13-01488-86, 24 February 2014. Web. <http://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG13-01488-86r.pdf>.
99 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General. Administrative Investigation: Failure to Properly Supervise, Misuse of Official Time and Resources,
and Prohibited Personnel Practice VA Center for Innovation VA Central Office. Report No. 13-01488-86, 24 February 2014. Web. <http://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG13-01488-86r.pdf>.
100 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General. Administrative Investigation: Failure to Properly Supervise, Misuse of Official Time and Resources,
and Prohibited Personnel Practice VA Center for Innovation VA Central Office. Report No. 13-01488-86, 24 February 2014. Web. <http://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG13-01488-86r.pdf>.
101 This amount is an extremely low estimate. The actual amount of money federal agencies spent on the salaries of employees on administrative leave status is likely
much higher. This number is based on a small sample of data we received from 11 agencies.
118 Lukits, Ann. “After Exercise, Massage as Fast as a Rabbit.” Wsj.com. Wall Street Journal. 10 June 2013. <http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324
634304578537492538857534>.
119 Massage Therapy in Eccentric Exercise Induced Muscle Weakness and Inflammation. “Project Information 5R01AT004922-04,” National Institutes of Health
Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools website, page last updated on 15 October 2014, accessed 15 October 2014. <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_
details.cfm?aid=8290073&icde=21622004>.
120 Haas, Caroline, Timothy Butterfield, Sarah Abshire, Yi Zhao, Xiaoli Zhang, David Jarjoura, and Thomas Best. “Massage Timing Affects Postexercise Muscle
Recovery and Inflammation in a Rabbit Model.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2013 June; 45(6): 1105-1112. Epub 1 June 2014. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC3632662/>.
121 Haas, Caroline, Timothy Butterfield, Sarah Abshire, Yi Zhao, Xiaoli Zhang, David Jarjoura, and Thomas Best. “Massage Timing Affects Postexercise Muscle Recovery
and Inflammation in a Rabbit Model.” Medicine & Science
in Sports & Exercise. 2013 June; 45(6): 1105-1112. Epub 1 June 2014. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3632662/>.
122 Wang, Qian, Hansong Zeng, Thomas M. Best, Caroline Haas, Ned T. Heffner, Sudha Agarwal, and Yi Zhao. “A Mechatronic System for Quantitative Application and
Assessment of Massage-Like Actions in Small Animals.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 42.1 (2014): 36-49. Web. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23943071>.
123 Massage Therapy in Eccentric Exercise Induced Muscle Weakness and Inflammation. “Project Information 5R01AT004922-04,” National Institutes of Health
Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools website, page last updated on 15 October 2014, accessed 15 October 2014. <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_
details.cfm?aid=8290073&icde=21622004>.
124 Caldwell, Emily. “Study: Massaging Muscles Facilitates Recovery After Exercise.” Researchnews.osu.edu. The Ohio State University. 12 August 2008. <http://
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125 Caldwell, Emily. “Study: Massaging Muscles Facilitates Recovery After Exercise.” Researchnews.osu.edu. The Ohio State University. 12 August 2008. <http://
researchnews.osu.edu/archive/compload.htm>.
126 Haas, Caroline, Timothy Butterfield, Sarah Abshire, Yi Zhao, Xiaoli Zhang, David Jarjoura, and Thomas Best. “Massage Timing Affects Postexercise Muscle
Recovery and Inflammation in a Rabbit Model.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2013 June; 45(6): 1105-1112. Epub 1 June 2014. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC3632662/>.
127 Massage Therapy in Eccentric Exercise Induced Muscle Weakness and Inflammation. “Project Information 5R01AT004922-04,” National Institutes of Health
Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools website, page last updated on 15 October 2014, accessed 15 October 2014. <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_
details.cfm?aid=8290073&icde=21622004>.
128 Massage Therapy in Eccentric Exercise Induced Muscle Weakness and Inflammation. “Project Information 5R01AT004922-04,” National Institutes of Health
Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools website, page last updated on 15 October 2014, accessed 15 October 2014. <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_
details.cfm?aid=8290073&icde=21622004>.
129 Brown, T.C. “Rx: Engineering.” Engineering.osu.edu. The Ohio State University College of Engineering. 22 December 2011. <https://engineering.osu.edu/
news/2011/12/rx-engineering>.
130 Sinclair, Brendan, “America’s Army Bill: $32.8 Million,” GameSpot.com, CBS Interactive Inc. 8 December 2009. <http://www.gamespot.com/articles/americasarmy-bill-328-million/1100-6242635/>.
131 Hodes, Jacob, and Emma Ruby-Sachs, “’America’s Army’ Targets Youth,” TheNation.com, The Nation. 23 August 2002. <http://www.thenation.com/article/
americas-army-targets-youth#>.
132 Email from the Congressional Research Service to minority staff of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee on October 8, 2014.
133 Sinclair, Brendan, “America’s Army Bill: $32.8 Million,” GameSpot.com, CBS Interactive Inc. 8 December 2009. <http://www.gamespot.com/articles/americasarmy-bill-328-million/1100-6242635/>.
134 “Topic: Exploiting Terrorist Use of Games & Virtual Environments,” NSA, 2007, http://cryptome.org/2013/12/nsa-spy-games.pdf, accessed September 26, 2014.
135 Kyle Orland, “Snowden leak examines gaming as a terrorist propaganda and training tool,” ARS Tecnica, December 9, 2013, http://arstechnica.com/
gaming/2013/12/snowden-leak-examines-gaming-as-a-terrorist-propaganda-and-training-tool/

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136 “Topic: Exploiting Terrorist Use of Games & Virtual Environments,” NSA, 2007, http://cryptome.org/2013/12/nsa-spy-games.pdf, accessed September 26, 2014.
137 News Release, “RFI-4 New Mission: Intercept.” Americasarmy.com. America’s Army. 24 September 24, 2014, http://news.americasarmy.com/rfi-4-new-missionintercept/.
138 “America’s Army: The Official U.S. Army Game,” Facebook page, September 24, 2014 post, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Americas-Army-The-Official-USArmy-Game/81797167460>. accessed September 26, 2014.
139 Tim Stephens, “Study of mountain lion energetics shows the power of the pounce,” University of California-Santa Cruz News Center, October 2, 2014; http://news.
ucsc.edu/2014/10/puma-energetics.html .
140 “The National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope,” Office of Senator Tom Coburn, M.D., April 2011; http://www.coburn.senate.gov/public/index.
cfm?a=Files.serve&File_id=2dccf06d-65fe-4087-b58d-b43ff68987fa .
141 Justin D Foster, et. al., “A freely-moving monkey treadmill model,” Journal of Neural Engineering, August 6, 2014; http://iopscience.iop.org/1741-2552/11/4/046020/
pdf/1741-2552_11_4_046020.pdf .
142 “Veterinary Student Spends the Summer Studying Hypertension,” Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine 2009-2010 Research Report, https://
www1.vetmed.lsu.edu/PDFs/item22608.pdf .
143 J. A. Davidson and D. K. Beede, “Exercise training of late-pregnant and nonpregnant dairy cows affects physical fitness and acid-base homeostasis,” Journal of
Dairy Science, Vol. 92, No. 2, 2009; http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(09)70359-5/pdf .
144 Arnold, Allison S; Lee, David V; Biewener, Andrew A, “Modulation of joint moments and work in the goat hindlimb with locomotor speed and surface grade,” The
Journal of experimental biology. 2013 Jun 15; 216 (Pt 12) :2201-12. http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=7080442&icde=22168695
145 “ANIMA (Accelerometer Network Integrator for Mobile Animals), a New Instrument Package for Integrating Behavior, Physiology and Ecology of Wild Mammals,”
Award Abstract #0963022, National Science Foundation award database website, accessed October 17, 2014; http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_
ID=0963022&HistoricalAwards=false .
146 Tim Stephens, “Study of mountain lion energetics shows the power of the pounce,” University of California-Santa Cruz News Center, October 2, 2014; http://news.
ucsc.edu/2014/10/puma-energetics.html .
147 Tim Stephens, “Study of mountain lion energetics shows the power of the pounce,” University of California-Santa Cruz News Center, October 2, 2014; http://news.
ucsc.edu/2014/10/puma-energetics.html .
148 Tim Stephens, “Study of mountain lion energetics shows the power of the pounce,” University of California-Santa Cruz News Center, October 2, 2014; http://news.
ucsc.edu/2014/10/puma-energetics.html .
149 Tim Stephens, “Study of mountain lion energetics shows the power of the pounce,” University of California-Santa Cruz News Center, October 2, 2014; http://news.
ucsc.edu/2014/10/puma-energetics.html .
150 Tim Stephens, “Study of mountain lion energetics shows the power of the pounce,” University of California-Santa Cruz News Center, October 2, 2014; http://news.
ucsc.edu/2014/10/puma-energetics.html .
151 “ANIMA (Accelerometer Network Integrator for Mobile Animals), a New Instrument Package for Integrating Behavior, Physiology and Ecology of Wild Mammals,”
Award Abstract #0963022, National Science Foundation award database website, accessed October 17, 2014; http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_
ID=0963022&HistoricalAwards=false .
152 “ANIMA (Accelerometer Network Integrator for Mobile Animals), a New Instrument Package for Integrating Behavior, Physiology and Ecology of Wild Mammals,”
Award Abstract #0963022, National Science Foundation award database website, accessed October 17, 2014; http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_
ID=0963022&HistoricalAwards=false .
153 Shenon, Philip and Kevin Flynn. “THREATS AND RESPONSES: WITNESSES; Mayor Tells Panel ‘Pork Barrel Politics’ Is Increasing Risk of Terrorism for City.” Nyimes.
com. The New York Times Company. 20 May 2004. <http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/20/nyregion/threats-responses-witnesses-mayor-tells-panel-pork-barrelpolitics-increasing.html>.
154 “Notice of Availability of State and Federal Funds: Fiscal Year 2013 Tactical Team Grant Program.” Ny.gov. Website of the State of New York. 11 September 2013.
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161 Total amount of funding obligated under OPM Contract Number OPM1511C0015 from February 2014 to the most recent reported data from July 2014, as reported
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162 NEED CITE
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482 U.S. Economic Development Administration. Public Affairs Department. U.S. Department of Commerce Invests Nearly $2.75 Million to Upgrade Critical
Infrastructure to Support Business Growth and Tourism in Mississippi. EDA.gov. Department of Commerce, 9 Sept. 2014. Web. 17 Oct. 2014. <http://www.eda.gov/news/
press-releases/2014/09/09/ms.htm>.
483 Associated Press. “Miss. Grammy Museum gets $1.25M federal grant,” cdispatch.com. The Commercial Dispatch Company. 10 September 2014. <http://www.
cdispatch.com/news/article.asp?aid=36210>.
484 Wood, Robert. “Behind The Grammys Taxes,” Forbes.com. Forbes. 26 January 2014. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwood/2014/01/26/behind-thegrammys-taxes/>.
485 Wood, Robert. “Behind The Grammys Taxes,” Forbes.com. Forbes. 26 January 2014. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwood/2014/01/26/behind-thegrammys-taxes/>.
486 Wood, Robert. “Behind The Grammys Taxes,” Forbes.com. Forbes. 26 January 2014. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwood/2014/01/26/behind-thegrammys-taxes/>.
487 Wood, Robert. “Behind The Grammys Taxes,” Forbes.com. Forbes. 26 January 2014. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwood/2014/01/26/behind-thegrammys-taxes/>.
488 Wood, Robert. “Behind The Grammys Taxes,” Forbes.com. Forbes. 26 January 2014. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwood/2014/01/26/behind-thegrammys-taxes/>.
489 “FutureCoast.” FutureCoast. Future Voices. Web. 17 Oct. 2014. <http://futurecoast.org/>.
490 http://www.futurevoices.net/about/
491 Pyper, Julia, “New Climate-Fiction (Cli-Fi) Game Sends Players Clues from the Future.” ScientificAmerican.com. The Scientific American. 1 May 2014. Web. <http://
www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-climate-fiction-cli-fi-game-sends-players-clues-from-the-future/>.
492 See, e.g., FutureCoast, Twitter (June 2 2014, 3:03 PM EDT), https://twitter.com/FutrCoast/status/461206905655148544 (documenting the location of a
chronofact in Paris).
493 A Perfect 75º (Antarctica), FutureCoast, http://futurecoast.org/voicemail/56781-86134025/.
494 Ten Feet of Snow, FutureCoast, http://futurecoast.org/voicemail/60289-15386431/.
495 The Food Riots (Chicago), FutureCoast, http://futurecoast.org/voicemail/56208-48137961/.
496 The Neo-Luddites are Closing In, FutureCoast, http://futurecoast.org/voicemail/93594-38625955/.
497 When You See Them, FutureCoast, http://futurecoast.org/voicemail/48305-29152180/.
498 Candy, Stuart. “Participatory Cli-fi: The Making of FutureCoast.” Weblog post.Situation Lab. N.p., 12 Feb. 2014. Web. 17 Oct. 2014. <http://situationlab.
org/2014/02/12/futurecoast/>.
499 Andersen, Michael.”Voicemails from the Future Explore the Impact of Climate Change.” Wired.com. Condé Nast. Web. 7 February 2014. <http://www.wired.
com/2014/02/futurecoast-climate-change/>.
500 Andersen, Michael.”Voicemails from the Future Explore the Impact of Climate Change.” Wired.com. Condé Nast. Web. 7 February 2014. <http://www.wired.
com/2014/02/futurecoast-climate-change/>.
501 Andersen, Michael.”Voicemails from the Future Explore the Impact of Climate Change.” Wired.com. Condé Nast. Web. 7 February 2014. <http://www.wired.
com/2014/02/futurecoast-climate-change/>.
Andersen, Michael.”Voicemails from the Future Explore the Impact of Climate Change.” Wired.com. Condé Nast. Web. 7 February 2014. <http://www.wired.
com/2014/02/futurecoast-climate-change/>.
503 Andersen, Michael.”Voicemails from the Future Explore the Impact of Climate Change.” Wired.com. Condé Nast. Web. 7 February 2014. <http://www.wired.
com/2014/02/futurecoast-climate-change/>.

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504 Pyper, Julia, “New Climate-Fiction (Cli-Fi) Game Sends Players Clues from the Future.” ScientificAmerican.com. The Scientific American. 1 May 2014. Web. <http://
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505 “Enduring Questions: Pilot Course Grants.” NEH.gov. National Endowment for the Humanities. Web. <https://securegrants.neh.gov/PublicQuery/main.
aspx?q=1&n=0&o=0&k=0&f=0&s=0&p=1&pv=269&d=0&y=0&pg=0&ob=year&or=DESC>.
506 “National Endowment For The Humanities Grant Awards And Offers.” NEH.gov. National Endowment for the Humanities. March 2014. Web. <http://www.neh.gov/
files/press-release/march2014grantsstatebystate.pdf>.
507 Allan, Marc. “Why Is It Funny? Professor Bungard Will Tell You.” Butler.edu. Butler University. 2 June 2014. Web. <http://news.butler.edu/blog/2014/06/bungard/>.
508 “Enduring Questions: Pilot Course Grants.” NEH.gov. National Endowment for the Humanities. Web. <https://securegrants.neh.gov/PublicQuery/main.
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509 Allan, Marc. “Why Is It Funny? Professor Bungard Will Tell You.” Butler.edu. Butler University. 2 June 2014. Web. <http://news.butler.edu/blog/2014/06/bungard/>.
510 Science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
511 Parker, Laura, “Luxury Jets Vie for Runways,” USA Today, August 25, 2003, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/news/2003/08/25-suv-jets.htm
512 Moore, Greg, “Airport gets $18M for construction. mtexpress.com. Idaho Mountain Express and Guide. 16 April 2014. Web. <http://www.mtexpress.com/index2.
php?ID=2007151588>.
513 Moore, Greg, “Airport gets $18M for construction. mtexpress.com. Idaho Mountain Express and Guide. 16 April 2014. Web. <http://www.mtexpress.com/index2.
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514 Olmsted, Larry, “Hollywood’s A-List Ski Resort is Now Top Golf Resort,” forbes.com. Forbes. 9 June 2012. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/
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515 Stebner, Beth, “Summer Camp for Moguls! Throngs of Media and Tech Luminaries Descend Upon Idaho for Annual Sun Valley Conference.” Dailymail.co.uk.
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516 “More than 1,600 homes evacuated in Idaho region where celebrities including Bruce Willis and Arnold Schwarzenegger have homes as winds whip up wildfires,
Daily Mail UK,, August 17, 2013, <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2396153/More-1-600-homes-evacuated-Idaho-region-celebrities-including-Bruce-WillisArnold-Schwarzenegger-homes-winds-whip-wildfires.html>; Bellamy, Steve, “Arnold Schwarzenegger, Maria Shriver, Tom Hanks, Bruce Willis, Ashton Kutcher and
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517 Olmsted, Larry, “Hollywood’s A-List Ski Resort is Now Top Golf Resort.” Forbes.com. Forbes. 9 June 2012. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/
larryolmsted/2012/06/09/hollywoods-a-list-ski-resort-is-now-top-golf-resort/>.
518 Olmsted, Larry, “Hollywood’s A-List Ski Resort is Now Top Golf Resort.” Forbes.com. Forbes. 9 June 2012. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/
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519 Olmsted, Larry, “Hollywood’s A-List Ski Resort is Now Top Golf Resort.” Forbes.com. Forbes. 9 June 2012. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/
larryolmsted/2012/06/09/hollywoods-a-list-ski-resort-is-now-top-golf-resort/>./
520 Flightstats website. Web. <http://www.flightstats.com/go/FlightStatus/flightStatusByAirport.do?airportCode=SUN&airportQueryType=0>
521 RRC Associates, Friedman Memorial Airport Passenger Survey: Winter 2013/14 Summary (Prepared for the Fly Sun Valley Alliance), May 2014, http://www.
flysunvalleyalliance.com/documents/SUNWinter2013-14short.pdf
522 Moore, Greg, “Airport gets $18M for construction. mtexpress.com. Idaho Mountain Express and Guide. 16 April 2014. Web. <http://www.mtexpress.com/index2.
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523 Jervis, Rick, “Historic Flash Flood Leaves Devastation in Austin,” usatoday.com. Gannett. 7 November 2013. Web. <http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/
nation/2013/11/07/flash-flood-austin-residents-killed-displaced/3459181/>.
524 KUT Staff. “Austin, Travis County Works to Rebuild from Devastating Halloween Floods.” Kut.org. KUT. 4 November 2013. Web. <http://kut.org/post/austin-traviscounty-works-rebuild-devastating-halloween-floods>.
525 Office of the Governor Rick Perry. News. Gov. Perry Requests Presidential Disaster Declaration for Central Texas Flood Damage.Governor.state.tx.us. N.p., 13 Dec.
2013. Web. 17 Oct. 2014. <http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/19168/>.
526 Federal Emergency Management Agency, Initial Notice, Texas; Major Disaster and Related Determinations, 20 December 2013. Web. <http://www.fema.gov/
disaster/4159/notices/initial-notice>.
527 Analysis of dataset available at: Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA Public Assistance Funded Projects Detail – Open Government Initiative,
Publication Date: 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/28331>.
528 City of Austin Department of Parks and Recreation, Roy Kizer Golf Course. Web. <http://www.austintexas.gov/department/roy-kizer-golf-course>. Austin Senior
Golf Association, COA Golf Course Flood Damage, Message from City of Austin Golf Division. Web. <http://www.austinsga.org/News/COAGolfCourseFloodDamage.
html>.
529 Analysis of dataset available at: Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA Public Assistance Funded Projects Detail – Open Government Initiative,
Publication Date: 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/28331>.
530 Analysis of dataset available at: Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA Public Assistance Funded Projects Detail – Open Government Initiative,
Publication Date: 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/28331>.
531 Austin City Council, Questions and Answers for Thursday, March 20, 201. Web. <http://www.austintexas.gov/edims/document.cfm?id=207248>/. p4.
532 Austin City Council, Questions and Answers for Thursday, March 20, 201. Web. <http://www.austintexas.gov/edims/document.cfm?id=207248>/. p4.
Sikora, Edward et al. Golf Course Nematodes- The Hidden Enemy. Highlights of Agricultural Research, Vol. 46 No. 3: Fall 1999, Web. <http://www.aaes.auburn.edu/
comm/pubs/highlightsonline/fall99/golf.html>.
533 Analysis of dataset available at: Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA Public Assistance Funded Projects Detail – Open Government Initiative,
Publication Date: 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/28331>.
534 Counsinorville.com. “Best Disney Resort for Teens.” Cousinorville.com. 5 September 2013. <http://cousinorville.com/best-disney-resort-for-teens/>.
535 http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2013/08/ten-things-you-may-not-know-about-disneys-polynesian-resort-at-walt-disney-world-resort/
536 http://www.usaspending.gov/explore?frompage=assistance&tab=By%20Prime%20Awardee&comingfrom=searchresults&federal_award_
id=14E0436212810001&fiscal_year=all&typeofview=complete
537 http://www.usaspending.gov/explore?frompage=assistance&tab=By%20Prime%20Awardee&comingfrom=searchresults&federal_award_

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538 http://fortune.com/fortune500/best-buy-co-inc-60/
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540 http://wdwnews.com/releases/2014/05/15/walt-disney-world-resort-shares-new-details-on-renovations-at-disneys-polynesian-village-resort/
541Montoya, Nestor, “Disney announces big changes for Polynesian Resort,” Fox (Orlando), May 22, 2014, http://www.myfoxorlando.com/story/25531051/disneyannounces-big-changes-for-polynesian-resort.
542 https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/resorts/polynesian-resort/
543 https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/dining/polynesian-resort/disney-spirit-of-aloha-dinner-show/
544 Montoya, Nestor, “Disney announces big changes for Polynesian Resort,” Fox (Orlando), May 22, 2014, http://www.myfoxorlando.com/story/25531051/disneyannounces-big-changes-for-polynesian-resort.
545 “What is Harvart-NTL?” Harvard-NASA Tournament Lab. Web. 6 October 2014. <http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/nasatournamentlab/home>.
546 Andrews, Evan. “10 Things You May Not Know About Genghis Khan.” History.com , A&E Television Networks, LLC. 29 April 2014. <http://www.history.com/news/
history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-genghis-khan>.
547 Andrews, Evan. “10 Things You May Not Know About Genghis Khan.” History.com , A&E Television Networks, LLC. 29 April 2014. <http://www.history.com/news/
history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-genghis-khan>.
548 Office of Management and Budget, USAspending.gov search, available at http://www.usaspending.gov/search?form_fields={%22search_
term%22%3A%22Tournament%22%2C%22dept%22%3A[%228000%22]%2C%22fyear%22%3A[%222014%22]}&sort_by=dollars&per_page=25
549 TopCoder. “Collective Minds & Machines Exploration Challenge.” Topcoder.com. UC San Diego. 6 October 2014. <http://www.topcoder.com/collectiveminds>.
550 TopCoder. “Collective Minds & Machines Exploration Challenge.” Topcoder.com. UC San Diego. 6 October 2014. <http://www.topcoder.com/collectiveminds>.
551 TopCoder. (2013, September 3). Collective Minds & Machines Exploration Challenge.[Video File] Topcoder. Retrieved from: <https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=gJtbLhRHgog >.
552 Doug Ramsey, “UC San Diego Research Scientist Teams with TopCoder, NASA for Coding Challenge.” UC ucsd.edu. San Diego News Center. 13 September 2013.
<http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/uc_san_diego_research_scientist_teams_with_topcoder_nasa_for_coding_challen>.
553 Doug Ramsey, “UC San Diego Research Scientist Teams with TopCoder, NASA for Coding Challenge.” UC ucsd.edu. San Diego News Center. 13 September 2013.
<http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/uc_san_diego_research_scientist_teams_with_topcoder_nasa_for_coding_challen>.
554 Davis, Carolyn. “The Long Road to a Failed Project in Norristown.” Philly.com. Philadelphia Media Network LLC. 17 February 2014. Web. <http://articles.philly.
com/2014-02-17/news/47382264_1_jerry-nugent-charles-gallub-norristown>.
555 Davis, Carolyn. “The Long Road to a Failed Project in Norristown.” Philly.com. Philadelphia Media Network LLC. 17 February 2014. Web. <http://articles.philly.
com/2014-02-17/news/47382264_1_jerry-nugent-charles-gallub-norristown>.
556 Davis, Carolyn. “The Long Road to a Failed Project in Norristown.” Philly.com. Philadelphia Media Network LLC. 17 February 2014. Web. <http://articles.philly.
com/2014-02-17/news/47382264_1_jerry-nugent-charles-gallub-norristown>.
557 Kostelni, Natalie. “How Montgomery County Gabled and Lost on a Film Studio. Bizjournals.com. American City Business Journals (Philadelphia Division). 21 June
2013. Web. <http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/print-edition/2013/06/21/how-montgomery-county-gambled-and.html?page=all>.
558 Kostelni, Natalie. “How Montgomery County Gabled and Lost on a Film Studio. Bizjournals.com. American City Business Journals (Philadelphia Division). 21 June
2013. Web. <http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/print-edition/2013/06/21/how-montgomery-county-gambled-and.html?page=all>.
559 Davis, Carolyn. “The Long Road to a Failed Project in Norristown.” Philly.com. Philadelphia Media Network LLC. 17 February 2014. Web. <http://articles.philly.
com/2014-02-17/news/47382264_1_jerry-nugent-charles-gallub-norristown>.
560 Wine and Vines Staff. “Ask Dr. Vinny.” Winesandvines.com. Wine Spectator. 27 January 2014. Web. <http://www.winespectator.com/drvinny/show/id/46410>.
561 Wine and Vines Staff. “Number of Wineries Grows to 8,391 in North America. Winesandvines.com. Wine Spectator. 27 January 2014. Web. <http://www.
winesandvines.com/template.cfm?section=news&content=127266>.
562 Hatch Red Chile Wine, Online Wine Store Accessed 18 October 2014. Web. <http://www.stclairwinery.com/online-wine-store/>.
563 USDA. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. USDA Rural Development. Accessed 18 September 2014/ <http://www.rurdev.
usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
564 USDA. “Value-Added Producer Grants.” Rurdev.usda.gov. USDA Rural Development. <http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/BCP_VAPG.html>.
565 Office of Senator Tom Udall. News Room. Udall Announces Funding to Help Deming Winery Expand Operations. N.p., 27 Aug. 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://
www.tomudall.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=1745>.
566 Hatch Red Chile Wine, Online Wine Store Accessed 18 October 2014. Web. <http://www.stclairwinery.com/online-wine-store/>.
567 Van Tieghem, Jen. “Southwest Wines’ Hatch Green Chile Lacks Punch.” Sdcitybeat.com. San Diego City Beat. 30 August 2013. Web. http://www.sdcitybeat.com/
sandiego/article-12155-southwest-wines-hatch-green-chile-lacks-punch.html>.
568 Van Tieghem, Jen. “Southwest Wines’ Hatch Green Chile Lacks Punch.” Sdcitybeat.com. San Diego City Beat. 30 August 2013. Web. http://www.sdcitybeat.com/
sandiego/article-12155-southwest-wines-hatch-green-chile-lacks-punch.html>.
569 USDA. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. USDA Rural Development. Accessed 18 September 2014/ <http://www.rurdev.
usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
570 USDA. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. USDA Rural Development. Accessed 18 September 2014/ <http://www.rurdev.
usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
571 USDA. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. USDA Rural Development. Accessed 18 September 2014/ <http://www.rurdev.
usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
572 USDA. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. USDA Rural Development. Accessed 18 September 2014/ <http://www.rurdev.
usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
573 Harris, Amy Julia. “Subsidized Squalor: Residents Live in Filth, Fear in Mismanaged Bay Area Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 17
February 2014. <https://beta.cironline.org/reports/residents-live-in-filth-fear-in-mismanaged-bay-area-public-housing/>.
574 Resolution of the Board of Commissioners of the Housing Authority of the City of Richmond Accepting the Operating Budget for FY2014/2015.” Resolution No.
1978. The City of Richmond, California. 17 June 2014. <http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5890>.

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575 Harris, Amy Julia. “Subsidized Squalor: Residents Live in Filth, Fear in Mismanaged Bay Area Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 17
February 2014. <https://beta.cironline.org/reports/residents-live-in-filth-fear-in-mismanaged-bay-area-public-housing/>.
576 Harris, Amy Julia. “Subsidized Squalor: Residents Live in Filth, Fear in Mismanaged Bay Area Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 17
February 2014. <https://beta.cironline.org/reports/residents-live-in-filth-fear-in-mismanaged-bay-area-public-housing/>. .
577 Harris, Amy Julia. “Frustrated Residents Sound off on Richmond Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 5 March 2014. <https://beta.
cironline.org/reports/frustrated-public-housing-residents-give-lawmakers-an-earful-at-meeting/>.
578Harris, Amy Julia. “Frustrated Residents Sound off on Richmond Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 5 March 2014. <https://beta.
cironline.org/reports/frustrated-public-housing-residents-give-lawmakers-an-earful-at-meeting/>.
579 Harris, Amy Julia. “Frustrated Residents Sound off on Richmond Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 5 March 2014. <https://beta.
cironline.org/reports/frustrated-public-housing-residents-give-lawmakers-an-earful-at-meeting/>.
580 Harris, Amy Julia. “Subsidized Squalor: Residents Live in Filth, Fear in Mismanaged Bay Area Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 17
February 2014. <https://beta.cironline.org/reports/residents-live-in-filth-fear-in-mismanaged-bay-area-public-housing/>.
581 Harris, Amy Julia. “Subsidized Squalor: Residents Live in Filth, Fear in Mismanaged Bay Area Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 17
February 2014. <https://beta.cironline.org/reports/residents-live-in-filth-fear-in-mismanaged-bay-area-public-housing/>.
582 Coburn, Tom. “To End Payments to landlords Who Are Endangering the Lives of Children and Needy Families.” S. Amdt. 792 to S.Amdt. 738 to H.R. 2112. <http://
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583 U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 112th Congress – 1st Session. Vote on Coburn Amendment No. 792, As Modified. 21 October 2011. <http://www.senate.gov/legislative/
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584 Rogers, Robert. “Embattled Richmond Housing Authority Funded Extensive Training Trips for Volunteer Advisers.” Contracostatimes.com. Contra Costa Times. 18
April 2014. <http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_25593579/embattled-richmond-housing-authority-funded-extensive-training-trips>.
585Rogers, Robert. “Embattled Richmond Housing Authority Funded Extensive Training Trips for Volunteer Advisers.” Contracostatimes.com. Contra Costa Times. 18
April 2014. <http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_25593579/embattled-richmond-housing-authority-funded-extensive-training-trips>.
586Rogers, Robert. “Embattled Richmond Housing Authority Funded Extensive Training Trips for Volunteer Advisers.” Contracostatimes.com. Contra Costa Times. 18
April 2014. <http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_25593579/embattled-richmond-housing-authority-funded-extensive-training-trips>.
587Harris, Amy Julia. “Subsidized Squalor: Residents Live in Filth, Fear in Mismanaged Bay Area Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 17
February 2014. <https://beta.cironline.org/reports/residents-live-in-filth-fear-in-mismanaged-bay-area-public-housing/>.
588 Harris, Amy Julia. “Frustrated Residents Sound off on Richmond Public Housing.” Cir.org. The Center for Investigative Reporting. 5 March 2014. <https://beta.
cironline.org/reports/frustrated-public-housing-residents-give-lawmakers-an-earful-at-meeting/>.
589 Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General DHS Does Not Adequately Manage or Have Enforcement Authority Over Its Components’ Vehicle
Operations. Report No. OIG-14-126, Washington, D.C.: DHS-OIG, August 2014. Web. <http://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2014/OIG_14-126_Aug14.pdf>.
590 An “underused” vehicle is a vehicle that is driven less than 12,000 miles per annum.
591 Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General DHS Does Not Adequately Manage or Have Enforcement Authority Over Its Components’ Vehicle
Operations. Report No. OIG-14-126, Washington, D.C.: DHS-OIG, August 2014. Web. <http://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2014/OIG_14-126_Aug14.pdf>.
592 Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General DHS Does Not Adequately Manage or Have Enforcement Authority Over Its Components’ Vehicle
Operations. Report No. OIG-14-126, Washington, D.C.: DHS-OIG, August 2014. Web. <http://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2014/OIG_14-126_Aug14.pdf>.
593 Foumberg, Jason.“Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle.” Frieze.com. Frieze Magazine. 17 November 2013. Web. <http://www.frieze.com/issue/print_back/inigo-manglanoovalle/>.
594 Hirschkorn, Phil. “Bird Sculpture Fetches Record $27million.” Cnn.com. CNN. 5 May 2005. Web. <http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/04/sculpture.record/>.
595 Foumberg, Jason.“Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle.” Frieze.com. Frieze Magazine. 17 November 2013. Web. <http://www.frieze.com/issue/print_back/inigo-manglanoovalle/>.
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701 Howell, Elizabeth. “Avengers Assemble! NASA Brings Real Space to NYC Marvel Exhibit.” Space.com. Purch. 6 June 2014. Web. <http://www.space.com/26152avengers-shield-nasa-marvel.html>.
702 King, Ledyard. “Budget Deal Would Preserve NASA’s Big Missions.” Usatoday.com. Gannett. 14 January 2014. Web. <http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/
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703 Quinn, Kevin. “Federal Budget Cuts Threaten NASA’s Space Travel Plans.” Abc13.com. ABC 13 KTRK-TV Houston. 16 May 2013. Web. <http://abc13.com/
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704 “MISSION STATEMENT,” comic-con.org. San Diego Comic Convention. Web. Accessed 18 October 2014. Web. <http://www.comic-con.org/>.
705 NASA. Press Department. NASA Updates Apollo Anniversary, Next Giant Leap Events. Nasa.gov. NASA, 18 July 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nasa.gov/
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706 NASA. Press Department. NASA Updates Apollo Anniversary, Next Giant Leap Events. Nasa.gov. NASA, 18 July 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nasa.gov/
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707 Jennewein, Chris. “NASA Landing at Comic-Con with Panel on Mars Plans.” Timesofsandiego.com. Times of San Diego LLC. 14 July 2014. Web.<http://
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708 McKinnon, Mika. “NASA Advocates for Mars Mission to a Packed Room at Comic-Con,” io9.com. Kinja. 25 July 2014. Web. <http://space.io9.com/nasa-advocatesfor-mars-mission-to-a-overfilled-room-at-1611104964>.
709 NASA e-mail to the Congressional Research Service regarding attendance at Comic Con International: San Diego, September 2014.
710 NASA e-mail to the Congressional Research Service regarding attendance at Comic Con International: San Diego, September 2014.
711 MIT. Office of Sponsored Programs, News & Events. NASA Conference Travel Restrictions Continue. Http://osp.mit.edu/about-osp/news/nasa-conference-

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712 Hill, Kyle. “Seth Green And Buzz Aldrin Make NASA’S Presence Known At Comic-Con.” Nerdist.com. Nerdist, 25 July 2014. Web. http://www.nerdist.com/2014/07/
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713 NASA website, accessed 2 October 2014; <http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/marvel20140603b.jpg>.
714 Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. Management Safety Alert Letter (K-Span ANA Facilities). Report No.: SIGAR SP13-3. Arlington, VA:
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716 Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. Management Safety Alert Letter (K-Span ANA Facilities). Report No.: SIGAR SP13-3. Arlington, VA:
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718 Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. Management Safety Alert Letter (K-Span ANA Facilities). Report No.: SIGAR SP13-3. Arlington, VA:
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719 Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. Review: Safety of Spray Foam Insulation in ANA Facilities. Report No.: SIGAR-14-77 SP. Arlington, VA:
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720 Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, Review: Safety of Spray Foam Insulation in ANA Facilities, SIGAR-14-77 SP. Arlington, VA: SIGAR. 9 July
2014. Web. <http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/Special%20Projects/SIGAR-14-77-SP.pdf>. p6.
721 Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, Review: Safety of Spray Foam Insulation in ANA Facilities, SIGAR-14-77 SP. Arlington, VA: SIGAR. 9 July
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722 Kredo, Adam. “SIGAR: Afghan Children Risk Electrocution Due to Faulty Construction.” Freebecon.com. The Washington Free Beacon. 17 July 2013. Web. <http://
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723 Kredo, Adam. “SIGAR: Afghan Children Risk Electrocution Due to Faulty Construction.” Freebecon.com. The Washington Free Beacon. 17 July 2013. Web. <http://
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724 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority.
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725 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority.
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726 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority.
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727 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority.
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728 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority.
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729 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority.
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730 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority.
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731 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority. Web.
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732 Federal Aviation Administration. Final Environmental Assessment Runway Safety Area Improvements: Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Sioux Falls Airport Authority.
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733 Keloland TV. “Updates Underway at Elmwood Golf Course.” Keloland.com. Keloland TV. 9 September 2013. Web. <http://www.keloland.com/newsdetail.cfm/
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734 “Dakota Golf – Elmwood, Prairie Green and Kuehn Park Golf Course.” FACEBOOK. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/dakotagolf/photos_stream?ref=page_
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735 Jorgensen, Dan. “Elmwood East 9: Not Up To Par.” Keloland.com. Keloland TV. 28 August 2013. Web. <http://www.keloland.com/newsdetail.cfm/elmwood-east-9not-up-to-par/?id=152538>.
736 Kelley, Matt. “How Alaska Ferry Project Floated; Sen Stevens Pushed Pricey Military Test.” Usatoday.com. Gannett. 28 September 2007. Web. <http://usatoday30.
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737 Hollander, Zaz. “Mat-Su Borough Determined to do Something with Ferry.” And.com. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. 12 August 2013. Web. <http://www.adn.com/
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738 Caldwell, Suzanne. “Mat-Su Borough Offers Star Crossed M/V Susitna Ferry for Free.” adn.com. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. 30 January 2014. Web. http://www.
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739 Hollander, Zaz. “Mat-Su Borough Determined to do Something with Ferry.” And.com. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. 12 August 2013. Web. <http://www.adn.com/
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740 Hollander, Zaz. “Mat-Su Borough Determined to do Something with Ferry.” And.com. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. 12 August 2013. Web. <http://www.adn.com/
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741 Brehmer, Elwood. “Feds Ask Mat-Su for Ferry Grants Back.” Alaskajournal.com. Alaska Journal of Commerce. 7 August 2014. Web. <http://www.alaskajournal.com/
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742 Brehmer, Elwood. “Feds Ask Mat-Su for Ferry Grants Back.” Alaskajournal.com. Alaska Journal of Commerce. 7 August 2014. Web. <http://www.alaskajournal.
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743 Caldwell, Suzanne. “Mat-Su Borough Offers Star Crossed M/V Susitna Ferry for Free.” adn.com. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. 30 January 2014. Web. http://www.
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744 Zaz Hollander, “Prospective Buyers Tour Mat-Su Ferry as Federal Grant Deadline Moves Back,” Alaska Dispatch News, September 2, 2014, http://www.adn.com/

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article/20140903/prospective-buyers-tour-mat-su-ferry-federal-grant-deadline-moves-back
745 Matt Kelley, “How Alaska Ferry Project Floated; Sen Stevens Pushed Pricey Military Test,” USA Today, September 28, 2007, A 10.
746 Hollander, Zaz. “Mat-Su Borough Determined to do Something with Ferry.” And.com. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. 12 August 2013. Web. <http://www.adn.com/
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747 Kelley, Matt. “How Alaska Ferry Project Floated; Sen Stevens Pushed Pricey Military Test.” Usatoday.com. Gannett. 28 September 2007. Web. <http://usatoday30.
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748 Caldwell, Suzanne. “Mat-Su Borough Offers Star Crossed M/V Susitna Ferry for Free.” adn.com. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. 30 January 2014. Web. http://www.
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749 Tobin, Dave. “Where Did the $3 Million of Federal Money Invested in Syracuse Suburban Airport, in Oswego County, Go?” Syracuse.com. Syracuse Media Group.
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750 Federal Bureau of Investigation, Albany Division. Newsroom. Jamesville Man Enters Guilty Plea to Conspiracy to Commit Bank Fraud. Fbi.gov. U.S. Attorney’s Office,
Northern District of New York, 24 July 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://www.fbi.gov/albany/press-releases/2014/jamesville-man-enters-guilty-plea-to-conspiracy-tocommit-bank-fraud>.
751 Letter from Senator Tom Coburn to the Federal Aviation Administration Commissioner, J. Randolph Babbit, April 5, 2011.
752 Letter from Senator Tom Coburn to the Federal Aviation Administration Commissioner, J. Randolph Babbit, April 5, 2011.
753 Kenyon, Jim. “For Sale: Failed Airport in Oswego Count.,” CNYCentral.com. Sinclair Communications, LLC. 12 September 2014. Web. <http://www.cnycentral.com/
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754 Federal Bureau of Investigation, Albany Division. Newsroom. Jamesville Man Enters Guilty Plea to Conspiracy to Commit Bank Fraud. Fbi.gov. U.S. Attorney’s Office,
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755 Tobin, Dave. “Where Did the $3 Million of Federal Money Invested in Syracuse Suburban Airport, in Oswego County, Go?” Syracuse.com. Syracuse Media Group.
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756 Kenyon, Jim. “For Sale: Failed Airport in Oswego Count.,” CNYCentral.com. Sinclair Communications, LLC. 12 September 2014. Web. <http://www.cnycentral.com/
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757 Dr. Nafeez Ahmed, “Nasa-funded study: industrial civilisation headed for ‘irreversible collapse’?” The Guardian, March 14, 2014; http://www.theguardian.com/
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758 Dr. Nafeez Ahmed, “Nasa-funded study: industrial civilisation headed for ‘irreversible collapse’?” The Guardian, March 14, 2014; http://www.theguardian.com/
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759 Ahmed, Nafeez. “Nasa-funded Study: Industrial Civilisation Headed for ‘Irreversible Collapse’?” theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media Limited. 14 March
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760 NASA Procurement Data View – Contract Number Query, NASA. <https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgibin/npdv/contract.cgi>.
761 Summary of NASA activity relative to agreement NNX12AD03A and the study “Human and Nature Dynamics (HANDY) Modeling Inequality and Use of Resources
in the Collapse or Sustainability of Societies,” NASA, March 26, 2014.
762 NASA Procurement Data View – Contract Number Query, NASA. <https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgibin/npdv/contract.cgi>.
763 Summary of NASA activity relative to agreement NNX12AD03A and the study “Human and Nature Dynamics (HANDY) Modeling Inequality and Use of Resources
in the Collapse or Sustainability of Societies,” NASA, March 26, 2014.
764 Summary of NASA activity relative to agreement NNX12AD03A and the study “Human and Nature Dynamics (HANDY) Modeling Inequality and Use of Resources
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765 Wall, Mike. “NASA Clarifies Its Role in Civilization-Collapse Study.” Space.com. Purch. 20 March 2014. Web. <http://www.space.com/25160-nasa-statementcivilization-collapse-study.html>.
766 Wall, Mike. “NASA Clarifies Its Role in Civilization-Collapse Study.” Space.com. Purch. 20 March 2014. Web. <http://www.space.com/25160-nasa-statementcivilization-collapse-study.html>.
767 Ahmed, Nafeez. “Nasa-funded Study: Industrial Civilisation Headed for ‘Irreversible Collapse’?” theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media Limited. 14 March
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768 Florida Museum of Natural History. Pressroom. UF Receives $1.97 Million NSF Grant to Develop Paleontology Network.Http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/. University of
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769 Florida Museum of Natural History. Pressroom. UF Receives $1.97 Million NSF Grant to Develop Paleontology Network.Http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/. University of
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770 Florida Museum of Natural History. Pressroom. UF Receives $1.97 Million NSF Grant to Develop Paleontology Network.Http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/. University of
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771 “The FOSSIL Project.” FACEBOOK. <https://www.facebook.com/TheFossilProject >.
772 “The FOSSIL Project”. FACEBOOK. <https://www.facebook.com/TheFossilProject >.
773 “Fossils” FACEBOOK. <https://www.facebook.com/groups/fossilfootprints>.
774 “The Fossil Forum” FACEBOOK. <https://www.facebook.com/groups/135008766530423>.
775 National Science Foundation, Award Abstract #0949416. Web. <http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0949416>.
776 Taylor, Luke. “Game Show.” Mpnews.org. Minnesota Public Radio. 1 July 2011. Web. http://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/07/01/game-show>.
777 McClellan, Jason. “Video Game Music Composers Are The Heroes In A New Web Series.” Techtimes.com. TECHTIMES.com. 9 September 2014. Web. <http://www.
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778 “Tibbetts, Than. ““Yeah, so It’s Actually Really Fun to Listen to Music without Guns after a While.”.” Review. Web log post. Thandland.com. Than Tibbetts, 7 July 2011.
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779 Reese, Emily. “Top Score Podcast.” Top Score Podcast. Tumblr, n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://topscorepodcast.tumblr.com/>.
780 “Reese, Emily. “Top Score Podcast.” Top Score Podcast. Tumblr, n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://topscorepodcast.tumblr.com/>.
781 USASpending.gov, Prime Award Spending Data for Federal Award Identifier 14-3400-7088; Web. <http://www.usaspending.gov/
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782 Data from iTunes Store Page for “Top Score with Emily Reese.”
783 Bridgman, Anne, “Budget Cuts Affect Music, Arts.” Eugeneweek.com. Eugene Weekly. 11 April 2013. Web. <http://www.eugeneweekly.com/20130411/
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784 Moravian College. News and Events. Moravian College Receives NEH Grant to Educate Teachers About Bach. Moravian.edu. N.p., 15 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Oct. 2014.
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785 Binford, Hilde. “Johann Sebastian Bach: Music of the Baroque and Enlightenment: Program Description.” Web. <http://home.moravian.edu/public/music/bach/
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786 Binford, Hilde. “Johann Sebastian Bach: Music of the Baroque and Enlightenment: Program Description.” Web. <http://home.moravian.edu/public/music/bach/
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787 Moravian College. News and Events. Moravian College Receives NEH Grant to Educate Teachers About Bach. Moravian.edu. N.p., 15 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Oct. 2014.
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788 Moravian College. News and Events. Moravian College Receives NEH Grant to Educate Teachers About Bach. Moravian.edu. N.p., 15 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Oct. 2014.
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789 Moravian College. News and Events. Moravian College Receives NEH Grant to Educate Teachers About Bach. Moravian.edu. N.p., 15 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Oct. 2014.
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790 Rimkunas, John. “Wild and Crazy Guys...” Weblog post. The Bach Story. Blogger, 15 July 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://johnrimkunas.blogspot.com/2014/07/
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791 Rimkunas, John. “Ein Feste Burge...” Weblog post. The Bach Story. Blogger, 8 July 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. < http://johnrimkunas.blogspot.com/2014/07/ein-festeburg.html>.
792 Rimkunas, John. “Sports News...” Weblog post. The Bach Story. Blogger. 14 July 2014. Web. http://johnrimkunas.blogspot.com/2014/07/sports-news.html.>
793 Satullo, Sara K.. “Moravian College Awarded Grant to Send Teachers to Germany to Study Bach.” Lehighvalleylive.com. PennLive LLC. 1 September 2013. Web.
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794USASpending.gov. “Prime Award Spending Data: Gateway to Blues.” Web. <http://www.usaspending.gov/search?form_fields=%7B%22contract_
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795 Franklin, Webster. “Gateway To The Blues Visitor Center Now Open.” Tunicatravel.com. Tunica Convention & Visitors Bureau. 16 December 2011. Web. <http://
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796 See Webster Franklin, Gateway To The Blues Visitor Center Now Open, Tunica Convention & Visitors Bureau, http://www.tunicatravel.com/blog/2011/december/
gateway-to-the-blues-visitor-center-now-open.
797 See Gateway to the Blues Visitors Center, Tunica Convention & Visitors Bureau, http://www.tunicatravel.com/things-to-do/cultural-attractions/gateway.
798 2013 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, American Society of Civil Engineers, <http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org>.
799 American Road & Transportation Builders Association. “U.S. Deficient Bridges.” artba.org. ARTBA. Web. <http://www.artba.org/economics/us-deficientbridges/>.
800 Rockey, Sally and Francis Collins. “One Nation in Support of Biomedical Research?” nexus.od.nih.gov. National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research
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801 Rockey, Sally and Francis Collins. “One Nation in Support of Biomedical Research?” nexus.od.nih.gov. National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research 24
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802 USASpending. “Prime Award Spending Data.” Federal Award ID: K23AT006328. USAspending.gov. Web. <http://www.usaspending.gov/search?form_
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803 Lindahl, Jared R., Christopher T. Kaplan, Evan M. Winget, and Willoughby B. Britton. “A Phenomenology of Meditation-induced Light Experiences: Traditional
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804 Britton, Willoughby B., Jared R. Lindahl, B. Rael Cahn, Jake H. Davis, and Roberta E. Goldman. “Awakening Is Not a Metaphor: The Effects of Buddhist Meditation
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805 Lindahl, Jared R., Christopher T. Kaplan, Evan M. Winget, and Willoughby B. Britton. “A Phenomenology of Meditation-induced Light Experiences: Traditional
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808 Lindahl, Jared R., Christopher T. Kaplan, Evan M. Winget, and Willoughby B. Britton. “A Phenomenology of Meditation-induced Light Experiences: Traditional
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809 Soave, Robby. “Feds Spend Millions Dressing Creepy Students Up As Fruits, Vegetables.” Dailycaller.com. The Daily Caller. 17 March 2014. Web. <http://dailycaller.
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810 University of TN. “About Fruved.” Fruved.com. Web. <http://fruved.com/about/>.
811 University of TN. “About Fruved.” Fruved.com. Web. <http://fruved.com/about/>.
812 University of TN. “About Fruved.” Fruved.com. Web. <http://fruved.com/about/>.
813 Soave, Robby. “Feds Spend Millions Dressing Creepy Students Up As Fruits, Vegetables.” Dailycaller.com. The Daily Caller. 17 March 2014. Web. <http://dailycaller.
com/2014/03/17/feds-spend-millions-dressing-creepy-students-up-as-fruits-vegetables>.
814 Dodrill, Tara. “Get Fruved: Government Spends $4.8 Million To Get Students To Dress Up Like Fruit.”Inquisitir.com. The Inquisitor News. 19 March 2014. Web.
<http://www.inquisitr.com/1177823/get-fruved-government-spends-4-8-million-to-get-students-to-dress-up-like-fruit/>.

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815 USDA. Department of Communications. USDA Announces Support for Innovative, Sustainable Wood Building Materials to Protect Environment and Create Jobs.
Usda.gov. USDA, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2014/03/0041.xml&contentidonly=true>.
816 USDA. Department of Communications. USDA Announces Support for Innovative, Sustainable Wood Building Materials to Protect Environment and Create Jobs.
Usda.gov. USDA, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2014/03/0041.xml&contentidonly=true>..
817 Website of Smartlam Technologies Group. <http://www.smartlam.com>.
818 Rodriguez, Julie M. ÚSDA Invests $2 Million in Sustainable Wooden Skyscraper Competition.” Inhabitat.com. Inhabitant. 24 March 2014. Web. http://inhabitat.com/
usda-invests-2-million-in-sustainable-wooden-skyscraper-designs/>.
819 Hintze, Lynnette, “Builder part of White House workshop,” dailyinterlake.com. Daily Inter Lake. 29 March 2014. Web. <http://www.dailyinterlake.com/members/
builder-part-of-white-house-workshop/article_a0eb02c6-b6eb-11e3-bc6a-001a4bcf887a.html>.
820 Rodriguez, Julie M. ÚSDA Invests $2 Million in Sustainable Wooden Skyscraper Competition.” Inhabitat.com. Inhabitant. 24 March 2014. Web. http://inhabitat.com/
usda-invests-2-million-in-sustainable-wooden-skyscraper-designs/>.
821 Fountain, Henry, “Wood That Reaches New Heights.” Nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. 4 June 2012. Web. <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/05/
science/lofty-ambitions-for-cross-laminated-timber-panels.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>.
822 IT Dashboard. “Disability Case Processing System.” Itdashboard.gov. Office of Management and Budget. Web. <https://itdashboard.gov/
investment?buscid=630>.
823 IT Dashboard. “Disability Case Processing System.” Itdashboard.gov. Office of Management and Budget. Web. <https://itdashboard.gov/
investment?buscid=630>.
824 IT Dashboard. “Disability Case Processing System.” Itdashboard.gov. Office of Management and Budget. Web. <https://itdashboard.gov/
investment?buscid=630>.
825 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
826 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
827 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
828 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
829 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
830 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
831 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
832 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
833 Social Security Administration. “Independent Analysis of the Disability Case Processing System.” Final Report. 3 June 2014. Web. <http://oversight.house.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/DCPS-Study.compressed.pdf>.
834 Cohen, Alexander, and James Arkin. “Afghans Don’t Like Tofu, Either.”foreignpolicy. Foreign Policy. 25 July 2014. Web. <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/
articles/2014/07/25/afghans_don_t_like_tofu_either_soybeans_afghanistan>.
835 “SIGAR-14-69-SP,” Letter from SIGAR John Sopko to Tom Vilsack, Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 9 June 2014. Web. <http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/
Special%20Projects/SIGAR-14-69-SP.pdf>.
836 Cohen, Alexander, and James Arkin. “Afghans Don’t Like Tofu, Either.”foreignpolicy. Foreign Policy. 25 July 2014. Web. <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/
articles/2014/07/25/afghans_don_t_like_tofu_either_soybeans_afghanistan>.
837 “SIGAR-14-69-SP,” Letter from SIGAR John Sopko to Tom Vilsack, Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 9 June 2014. Web. <http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/
Special%20Projects/SIGAR-14-69-SP.pdf>.
838 Cohen, Alexander, and James Arkin. “Afghans Don’t Like Tofu, Either.”foreignpolicy. Foreign Policy. 25 July 2014. Web. <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/
articles/2014/07/25/afghans_don_t_like_tofu_either_soybeans_afghanistan>.
839 See Value-Added Producer Grants Program, CFDA, <https://www.cfda.gov/
index?s=program&mode=form&tab=core&id=49ca2743a0169877e58643ed2f7e5544>.
840 See Value-Added Producer Grants Program, CFDA, <https://www.cfda.gov/
index?s=program&mode=form&tab=core&id=49ca2743a0169877e58643ed2f7e5544>.
841 See Value-Added Producer Grants Program, CFDA, <https://www.cfda.gov/
index?s=program&mode=form&tab=core&id=49ca2743a0169877e58643ed2f7e5544>.
842 Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. Ocean Spray Announces 2013 Financial Results. BusinessWire. 2 December <2013. Web. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/oceanspray-announces-2013-financial-150000572.html>.
843 Office of Congressman Bill Keating. Media Center. KEATING ANNOUNCES VALUE-ADDED PRODUCER GRANT FOR OCEAN SPRAY CRANBERRIES. Website of
Congressman Bill Keating. U.S. House of Representatives, 21 Aug. 2014. Web. <http://keating.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=291:oceanspray-cranberries-grant&catid=14&Itemid=13>.
844 Blue Diamond Growers. Company Info. Bluediamond.com. Blue Diamond Growers. Web. <http://www.bluediamond.com/index.cfm?navid=12>.
845 US Department of Agriculture. Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014. USDA Rural Development. http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/supportdocuments/
RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf.
846 Blue Diamond Growers. Company Info. Bluediamond.com. Blue Diamond Growers. Web. <http://www.bluediamond.com/index.cfm?navid=12>.
847 Sunsweet. About Us. Sunsweetfoodservice.com. Sunsweet Growers. Web. <http://www.sunsweetfoodservice.com/about.html>.
848 Market Access Program, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Web. <http://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/market-access-program-map>.
849 See Tom Coburn, Treasure Map: The Market Access Program’s Bounty of Waste, Loot and Spoils Plundered from Taxpayer, June 2012. Web. http://www.coburn.

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senate.gov/public//index.cfm?a=Files.Serve&File_id=5c2568d4-ae96-40bc-b3d8-19e7a259f749>.
850 See MAP Funding Allocations – FY 2014, USDA (accessed Sept. 19, 2014), <http://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/market-access-program-map/map-fundingallocations-fy-2014-0>.
851 See MAP Funding Allocations – FY 2014, USDA (accessed Sept. 19, 2014), <http://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/market-access-program-map/map-fundingallocations-fy-2014-0>.
852 National Science Foundation, Award Abstract #1062619; http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1062619&HistoricalAwards=false.
853 National Science Foundation, Award Abstract #1062619; http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1062619&HistoricalAwards=false.
854 SAE International, SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge: Event Sponsorship, http://students.sae.org/cds/snowmobile/event/sponsors.htm.
855 National Science Foundation, Award Abstract #1062619; http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1062619&HistoricalAwards=false.
855 National Science Foundation, Award Abstract #1062619;
856 Marcia Goodrich, “Kettering, McGill Win 2014 Clean Snowmobile Challenge,” Michigan Tech News, March 10, 2014, http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2014/
march/kettering-mcgill-win-2014-clean-snowmobile-challenge.html.
857 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
858 Perlstein, Mike. “St. Bernard Parish Spends Hundreds of Thousands And Still Can’t Get Bulk Ice to Docks.” Wwltv.com. WWL-TV Eyewitness News, a Gannett
Company. 1 July 2013. Web. <http://www.wwltv.com/news/eyewitness/mikeperlstein/St-Bernard-getting-cold-reception-on-plans-for-ice-house-213915791.html>.
859 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
860 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
861 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
862 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
863 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
864 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
865 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
866 Perlstein, Mike. “St. Bernard Parish Spends Hundreds of Thousands And Still Can’t Get Bulk Ice to Docks.” Wwltv.com. WWL-TV Eyewitness News, a Gannett
Company. 1 July 2013. Web. <http://www.wwltv.com/news/eyewitness/mikeperlstein/St-Bernard-getting-cold-reception-on-plans-for-ice-house-213915791.html>.
867 H. Davis Cole & Associates. “Yscloskey Ice House.” Hdaviscole.com. H. Davis Cole & Associates, LLC. Web. <http://www.hdaviscole.com/gallery.
php?action=submit&id=9>.
868 The Editorial Board, NOLA.com. “Put St. Bernard Ice House Project on Ice: Editorial.” Editorial. Nola.com. NOLA Media Group, 8 Aug. 2014. Web. <http://www.nola.
com/opinions/index.ssf/2014/08/put_st_bernard_ice_house_proje.html>.
869 Perlstein, Mike. “St. Bernard Parish Spends Hundreds of Thousands And Still Can’t Get Bulk Ice to Docks.” Wwltv.com. WWL-TV Eyewitness News, a Gannett
Company. 1 July 2013. Web. <http://www.wwltv.com/news/eyewitness/mikeperlstein/St-Bernard-getting-cold-reception-on-plans-for-ice-house-213915791.html>.
870 Perlstein, Mike. “St. Bernard Parish Spends Hundreds of Thousands And Still Can’t Get Bulk Ice to Docks.” Wwltv.com. WWL-TV Eyewitness News, a Gannett
Company. 1 July 2013. Web. <http://www.wwltv.com/news/eyewitness/mikeperlstein/St-Bernard-getting-cold-reception-on-plans-for-ice-house-213915791.html>.
871 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
872 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
873 “The Editorial Board, NOLA.com. “Put St. Bernard Ice House Project on Ice: Editorial.” Editorial. Nola.com. NOLA Media Group, 8 Aug. 2014. Web. <http://www.
nola.com/opinions/index.ssf/2014/08/put_st_bernard_ice_house_proje.html>.
874 The Editorial Board, NOLA.com. “Put St. Bernard Ice House Project on Ice: Editorial.” Editorial. Nola.com. NOLA Media Group, 8 Aug. 2014. Web. <http://www.nola.
com/opinions/index.ssf/2014/08/put_st_bernard_ice_house_proje.html>.
875 Alexander-Bloch, Benjamin. “St. Bernard Government Reluctantly Moves Forward With Ice House in Yscloskey.” Nola.com. NOLA Media Group. 6 August 2014.
Web. <http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/st_bernard_government_reluctan.html>.
876 H. Davis Cole & Associates. “Yscloskey Ice House.” Hdaviscole.com. H. Davis Cole & Associates, LLC. Web. <http://www.hdaviscole.com/gallery.
php?action=submit&id=9>.
877 Perlstein, Mike. “St. Bernard Parish Spends Hundreds of Thousands And Still Can’t Get Bulk Ice to Docks.” Wwltv.com. WWL-TV Eyewitness News, a Gannett
Company. 1 July 2013. Web. <http://www.wwltv.com/news/eyewitness/mikeperlstein/St-Bernard-getting-cold-reception-on-plans-for-ice-house-213915791.html>.
878 National Institutes of Health, “Kiddio: Food Fight – Training Vegetable Parenting Practices,” Project Number 1R44HD075521-02. Web. <http://projectreporter.nih.
gov/project_info_details.cfm?aid=8789535&icde=21290453>.
879 Fresh Fruit Portal. “U.S. Researchers Developing App to Improve ‘Vegetable Parenting,” FreshFruitPortal.com. 13 July 2012. Web. <http://www.freshfruitportal.
com/2012/07/13/u-s-researchers-developing-app-to-improve-vegetable-parenting/?country=united%20states>.
880 Wood, Marcia. “Getting Your Kids to Eat More Vegetables.” Agricultural Research (July 2012): 12-14. Www.ars.usga.gov. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Web.
<Wood, Marcia. “Getting Your Kids to Eat More Vegetables.” Agricultural Research (July 2012): n. pag. Http://www.ars.usda.gov/. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Web>.
881 National Institutes of Health, “Kiddio: Food Fight – Training Vegetable Parenting Practices,” Project Number 1R44HD075521-02 <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/
project_info_details.cfm?aid=8789535&icde=21290453>.
882 National Institutes of Health, “Kiddio: Food Fight – Training Vegetable Parenting Practices,” Project Number 1R44HD075521-02 <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/
project_info_details.cfm?aid=8789535&icde=21290453>

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883 Yuting, Zhang, Chao Zhou, and Seo Hyon Baik. “A Simple Change To The Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy Program Could Save $5 Billion.” Health Affairs
33.6 (2014): 940-45. Healthaffairs.org. Project HOPE, June 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/6/940.full>.
884 Yuting, Zhang, Chao Zhou, and Seo Hyon Baik. “A Simple Change To The Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy Program Could Save $5 Billion.” Health Affairs
33.6 (2014): 940-45. Healthaffairs.org. Project HOPE, June 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/6/940.full>.
885 Yuting, Zhang, Chao Zhou, and Seo Hyon Baik. “A Simple Change To The Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy Program Could Save $5 Billion.” Health Affairs
33.6 (2014): 940-45. Healthaffairs.org. Project HOPE, June 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/6/940.full>.
886 Yuting, Zhang, Chao Zhou, and Seo Hyon Baik. “A Simple Change To The Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy Program Could Save $5 Billion.” Health Affairs
33.6 (2014): 940-45. Healthaffairs.org. Project HOPE, June 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/6/940.full>.
887 Yuting, Zhang, Chao Zhou, and Seo Hyon Baik. “A Simple Change To The Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy Program Could Save $5 Billion.” Health Affairs
33.6 (2014): 940-45. Healthaffairs.org. Project HOPE, June 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/6/940.full>.
888 Yuting, Zhang, Chao Zhou, and Seo Hyon Baik. “A Simple Change To The Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy Program Could Save $5 Billion.” Health Affairs
33.6 (2014): 940-45. Healthaffairs.org. Project HOPE, June 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/6/940.full>.
889 Smith, Paul E. Townofcary.org. Rep. no. PL14-018. Http://www.townofcary.org/Town_Council/Agendas___Minutes/Staff_Reports/PL14-018_Acceptance_of_the_
Section_108_Loan_from_the_U_S__Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_25753.htm, 26 June 2014. Web.
890 Specht, Paul A. “The Mayton Inn Loan Gets OK for Downtown Cary.” Carynews.com. The Cary News. 20 June 2014. Web. <http://www.carynews.
com/2014/06/20/3951492/the-mayton-inn-loan-gets-ok-for.html>.
891 Kurry, Dawn.“Boutique ‘20s-style Hotel to Break Ground in Downtown Cary.” Bizjournals.com. Triangle Business Journal. 18 July 2014. Web. <http://www.
bizjournals.com/triangle/blog/real-estate/2014/07/boutique-20s-style-hotel-to-break-ground-in-cary.html>.
892 Kurry, Dawn.“Boutique ‘20s-style Hotel to Break Ground in Downtown Cary.” Bizjournals.com. Triangle Business Journal. 18 July 2014. Web. <http://www.
bizjournals.com/triangle/blog/real-estate/2014/07/boutique-20s-style-hotel-to-break-ground-in-cary.html>.
893 Specht, Paul A. “Construction to Start Soon on Downtown’s Cary’s The Mayton Inn.” Carynews.com. The Cary News. 27 June 2014. Web. <http://www.carynews.
com/2014/06/27/3970004/construction-to-start-soon-on.html>.
894 The Mayton Inn Website. “All Amenities.” Maytoninn.com. Web. http://www.maytoninn.com/rooms-rates/all-amenities>.
895 Mayton Inn. “It’s Official: The Mayton Inn!” Weblog post. Http://maytoninn.wordpress.com/. Wordpress, 9 Oct. 2012. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://maytoninn.
wordpress.com/2012/10/09/its-official-the-mayton-inn/>.
896 The Mayton Inn Website. “All Amenities.” Maytoninn.com. Web. http://www.maytoninn.com/rooms-rates/all-amenities>.
897 Kurry, Dawn.“Boutique ‘20s-style Hotel to Break Ground in Downtown Cary.” Bizjournals.com. Triangle Business Journal. 18 July 2014. Web. <http://www.
bizjournals.com/triangle/blog/real-estate/2014/07/boutique-20s-style-hotel-to-break-ground-in-cary.html>.
898 Specht, Paul A. “The Mayton Inn Loan Gets OK for Downtown Cary.” Carynews.com. The Cary News. 20 June 2014. Web. <http://www.carynews.
com/2014/06/20/3951492/the-mayton-inn-loan-gets-ok-for.html>.
899 Google hotel search, conducted 22 July 2014. <https://www.google.com/hotels/?gl=US&cu_link=1#search;l=Cary,+North+Carolina;q=cary,+nc+hotel;d=201408-03;n=1;mf=r;ar=;rtt=600;si=55e6887a;av=r>.
900 Google hotel search, conducted 22 July 2014. <https://www.google.com/hotels/?gl=US&cu_link=1#search;l=Cary,+North+Carolina;q=cary,+nc+hotel;d=201408-03;n=1;mf=r;ar=;rtt=600;si=55e6887a;av=r>.
901 The Mayton Inn website. Accessed 22 July 2014. <http://www.maytoninn.com/>.
902 Stensland, Jeff. “Urban Rail Ad Campaign Under Fire.” Austin.twcnews.com. Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC. 2 August 2014. Web. <http://austin.twcnews.
com/content/news/303685/urban-rail-ad-campaign-under-fire/>.
903 Stensland, Jeff. “Urban Rail Ad Campaign Under Fire.” Austin.twcnews.com. Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC. 2 August 2014. Web. <http://austin.twcnews.
com/content/news/303685/urban-rail-ad-campaign-under-fire/>.
904 Stensland, Jeff. “Urban Rail Ad Campaign Under Fire.” Austin.twcnews.com. Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC. 2 August 2014. Web. <http://austin.twcnews.
com/content/news/303685/urban-rail-ad-campaign-under-fire/>.
905 Henry, Terrence. “Why is Project Connect Handing Out This Inaccurate Urban Rail Map?” kut.org. KUT. 10 June 2014. Web. <http://kut.org/post/why-projectconnect-handing-out-inaccurate-urban-rail-map>.
906 Henry, Terrence. “Why is Project Connect Handing Out This Inaccurate Urban Rail Map?” kut.org. KUT. 10 June 2014. Web. <http://kut.org/post/why-projectconnect-handing-out-inaccurate-urban-rail-map>.
907 KXAN Staff. “$600M Rail Bond Will be on Ballot; Many Questions Still Loom.” Kxan.com. LIN Television of Texas, LP. 7 August 2014. Web. <http://kxan.
com/2014/08/07/city-council-set-to-vote-on-urban-rail-bond-today/>.
908 NASA OIG. Oig.nasa.gov. Rep. no. IG-14-015. NASA OIG Office of Audits, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-015.pdf>.
909 NASA OIG. Oig.nasa.gov. Rep. no. IG-14-015. NASA OIG Office of Audits, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-015.pdf>.
910 NASA OIG. Oig.nasa.gov. Rep. no. IG-14-015. NASA OIG Office of Audits, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-015.pdf>. Estimate
calculated by dividing the IG’s seven-month estimated cost of $679,000 into a per-month figure.
911 NASA OIG. Oig.nasa.gov. Rep. no. IG-14-015. NASA OIG Office of Audits, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-015.pdf>.
912 NASA OIG. Oig.nasa.gov. Rep. no. IG-14-015. NASA OIG Office of Audits, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-015.pdf>.
913 NASA OIG. Oig.nasa.gov. Rep. no. IG-14-015. NASA OIG Office of Audits, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-015.pdf>..
914 NASA OIG. Oig.nasa.gov. Rep. no. IG-14-015. NASA OIG Office of Audits, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-015.pdf>. p2.
915 Kaufman, Matt. “The Saga of the Lost Space Tapes” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 31 January 2007. Web. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/01/30/AR2007013002065.html>.
916 Fernandez, Manny. “NASA Searchers for Loot That Traveled From Space to Another Void.” Nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. 21 January 2012. Web.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/science/space/nasa-tackles-problem-of-missing-moon-rocks.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>.
917 See generally U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General. Early Warning Report: National Service Center for Environmental Publications
in Blue Ash, Ohio, Spent $1.5 Million to Store Excess Publications. Report No. 14-P-0132. EPA OIG. Washington, D.C. 11 Mar. 2014. Web. <http://www.epa.gov/oig/
reports/2014/20140311-14-P-0132.pdf>.
918 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General. Early Warning Report: National Service Center for Environmental Publications in Blue Ash, Ohio,
Spent $1.5 Million to Store Excess Publications. Report No. 14-P-0132. EPA OIG. Washington, D.C. 11 Mar. 2014. Web. <http://www.epa.gov/oig/reports/2014/2014031114-P-0132.pdf>. at p3.

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919 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General. Early Warning Report: National Service Center for Environmental Publications in Blue Ash, Ohio,
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920 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General. Early Warning Report: National Service Center for Environmental Publications in Blue Ash, Ohio,
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922 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General. Early Warning Report: National Service Center for Environmental Publications in Blue Ash, Ohio,
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932 Department of Defense, Office of Inspector General. Defense Logistics Agency Aviation Potentially Overpaid Bell Helicopter for Sole-Source Commercial Spare
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935 Department of Defense, Office of Inspector General. Defense Logistics Agency Aviation Potentially Overpaid Bell Helicopter for Sole-Source Commercial Spare
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937 DHS Office of Inspector General. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s Management of the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act Program. Rep. No. OIG14-105.Washington, D.C. 1 July 2014. Web. <http://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2014/OIG_14-105_Jul14.pdf>. p4
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944 Schogol, Jeff. “DLA Junks Multimillion Planes for Afghan Air Force, Sells Scrap for 6 Cents a Pound.” Airforcetimes.com. Gannett. 9 October 2014. Web. <http://
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950 Zongker, Brett, “Eisenhower Memorial Approval Delayed Into 2013,” ap.com. Associated Press. 16 November 2012. Web. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/eisenhowermemorial-approval-delayed-2013>.
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Web. <http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322934>. <http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322971>.
1016 National Science Foundation. “Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge.” Award No. 1322934 and Award No. 1322971.
Web. <http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322934>. <http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322971>.
Harrington, Elizabeth. “Government-Funded Study: Why is Wikipedia Sexist?.” Freebeacon.com. The Washington Free Beacon. 30 July 2014. Web. http://freebeacon.
com/issues/government-funded-study-why-is-wikipedia-sexist/>.
1017 Filipacchi, Amanda. “Wikipedia’s Sexism Toward Female Novelists.” Nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. 24 April 2013. Web. <http://www.nytimes.
com/2013/04/28/opinion/sunday/wikipedias-sexism-toward-female-novelists.html>.
1018 MacDonald, Heather. “Wikipedia Is Male-Dominated. That Doesn’t Mean It’s Sexist.” Slate.com The Slate Group, The Washington Post Company. 9 February 2011.
Web. <http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.2.html>.
1019 National Science Foundation. “Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge.” Award No. 1322934 and Award No. 1322971.
Web. <http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322934>. <http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322971>.
1020 Transportation for America. The Fix We’re In For: The State of Our Nation’s Bridges 2013. Transportation for America. Web. <http://t4america.org/docs/
bridgereport2013/2013BridgeReport.pdf>.
1021 Bridgers, Leslie, “Portland to Install Traffic-slowing Devices on 10 Streets.” Pressherald.com. Maine Today Media, Inc. 28 June 2014. Web. http://www.pressherald.
com/2014/06/28/portland-to-install-traffic-slowing-devices-on-10-streets/>.
1022 WMTW ABC 8. “Traffic Calming Coming to Portland Neighborhoods.” Wmtw.com. Hearst Properties, Inc. 1 August 2014. Web. <http://www.wmtw.com/news/
traffic-calming-coming-to-portland-neighborhoods/27270340>.
1023 WMTW ABC 8. “Traffic Calming Coming to Portland Neighborhoods.” Wmtw.com. Hearst Properties, Inc. 1 August 2014. Web. <http://www.wmtw.com/news/
traffic-calming-coming-to-portland-neighborhoods/27270340>.
1024 Harry, David. “2 Portland Neighborhoods to Get Traffic-calming Measures.” Theforecaster.net. The Forecaster. 24 June 2014. Web. <http://www.theforecaster.
net/news/print/2014/06/24/2-portland-neighborhoods-get-traffic-calming-measu/202619>.
1025 U.S. Economic Development Administration. Public Affairs Department. U.S. Department of Commerce Invests $1.5 Million to Support Mixed-Use
Development of Thompson’s Point in Portland, Maine. Eda.gov. Department of Commerce, 20 Sept. 2012. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://www.eda.gov/news/pressreleases/2012/09/20/portland_me.htm>.
1026 Harry, David. “2 Portland Neighborhoods to Get Traffic-calming Measures.” Theforecaster.net. The Forecaster. 24 June 2014. Web. <http://www.theforecaster.
net/news/print/2014/06/24/2-portland-neighborhoods-get-traffic-calming-measu/202619>.
1027 “WMTW ABC 8. “Traffic Calming Coming to Portland Neighborhoods.” Wmtw.com. Hearst Properties, Inc. 1 August 2014. Web. <http://www.wmtw.com/news/
traffic-calming-coming-to-portland-neighborhoods/27270340>.
1028 Website of the City of Portland, Maine, News Release, “Traffic Calming Measures Coming to Libbytown & Rosemont.” 30 June 2014. Web. <http://www.
portlandmaine.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=230>.
1029 Harry, David. “2 Portland Neighborhoods to Get Traffic-calming Measures.” Theforecaster.net. The Forecaster. 24 June 2014. Web. <http://www.theforecaster.
net/news/print/2014/06/24/2-portland-neighborhoods-get-traffic-calming-measu/202619>.
1030 Harry, David. “2 Portland Neighborhoods to Get Traffic-calming Measures.” Theforecaster.net. The Forecaster. 24 June 2014. Web. <http://www.theforecaster.
net/news/print/2014/06/24/2-portland-neighborhoods-get-traffic-calming-measu/202619>.
1031 U.S. Senator Tom Coburn M.D. Wastebook 2013. < http://www.coburn.senate.gov/public//index.cfm?a=Files. Serve&File_id=d204730e-4a24-4711-b1db99bb6c29d4b6>.
1032 U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Management Division, Procurement Services Staff. Brand Name Justification. file:///C:/Users/ca42886/Downloads/Brand_
Name_Justification%20(2).pdf>.
1033 U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Management Division, Procurement Services Staff. Brand Name Justification.
1034 U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder. Memorandum For All Department of Justice Employees: Budget Implications for the Department of Justice Workforce. 21 January
2011. Washington, DC: Department of Justice January 21, 2011. <http://abcnews.go.com/images/Politics/AG%20Memo%20re%20Budget%20Implications%20
for%20the%20DOJ%20Workforce.pdf>.
1035 Department of Justice. Office of Public Affairs. Attorney General Holder Announces Justice Department to Lift Hiring Freeze. Justice.gov. DOJ, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 18
Oct. 2014. <http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-holder-announces-justice-department-lift-hiring-freeze>.
Bureau of Labor and Statistics. Economic News Releases. Employment Situation Summary. Bls.gov. U.S. Department of Labor, 3 Oct. 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. <http://
www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm>.
1037 National Association for Law Placement. “Employment for the Class of 2012-Selected Findings.” Nalp.org. 2013 Web. <http://www.nalp.org/uploads/
Classof2012SelectedFindings.pdf>.
1038 Dorsewitz, Michael. “DOJ Spending Over Half Million to ‘EnhanceProfile’ on LinkedIn.” Bizpacreview.com. BizPac Review. 3 January 2014. Web. < http://www.
bizpacreview.com/2014/01/03/doj-spending-over-half-million-to-enhance-profile-on-linkedin-91908>.
1039 U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Management Division, Procurement Services Staff. Brand Name Justification. file:///C:/Users/ca42886/Downloads/Brand_
Name_Justification%20(2).pdf>.
U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Management Division, Procurement Services Staff. Brand Name Justification. file:///C:/Users/ca42886/Downloads/Brand_Name_
Justification%20(2).pdf>.
1041 Gullo, Karen. “LinkedIn Sues Unknown Hackers Over Fakes Profiles.” Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. 7 January 2014. Web. <http://www.bloomberg.com/
news/2014-01-07/linkedin-sues-unknown-hackers-over-thousands-of-fake-accounts.html>.
1042 Martosko, David. “Expensive ‘Choices’: U.S. Taxpayers Spent $55,000 on Travel Expenses for Hillary Clinton’s BOOK TOUR in Paris and Berlin – Including
Her $3,668-a-night Hotel Suite.” Dailymail.co.uk Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2722178/ExpensiveChoices-US-taxpayers-spent-55-000-travel-expenses-Hillary-Clintons-BOOK-TOUR-Paris-Berlin.html>.
1043 Martosko, David. “Expensive ‘Choices’: U.S. Taxpayers Spent $55,000 on Travel Expenses for Hillary Clinton’s BOOK TOUR in Paris and Berlin – Including
Her $3,668-a-night Hotel Suite.” Dailymail.co.uk Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2722178/ExpensiveChoices-US-taxpayers-spent-55-000-travel-expenses-Hillary-Clintons-BOOK-TOUR-Paris-Berlin.html>.

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1044 Martosko, David. “Expensive ‘Choices’: U.S. Taxpayers Spent $55,000 on Travel Expenses for Hillary Clinton’s BOOK TOUR in Paris and Berlin – Including
Her $3,668-a-night Hotel Suite.” Dailymail.co.uk Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2722178/ExpensiveChoices-US-taxpayers-spent-55-000-travel-expenses-Hillary-Clintons-BOOK-TOUR-Paris-Berlin.html>.
1045 Martosko, David. “Expensive ‘Choices’: U.S. Taxpayers Spent $55,000 on Travel Expenses for Hillary Clinton’s BOOK TOUR in Paris and Berlin – Including
Her $3,668-a-night Hotel Suite.” Dailymail.co.uk Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2722178/ExpensiveChoices-US-taxpayers-spent-55-000-travel-expenses-Hillary-Clintons-BOOK-TOUR-Paris-Berlin.html>.
1046 Martosko, David. “Expensive ‘Choices’: U.S. Taxpayers Spent $55,000 on Travel Expenses for Hillary Clinton’s BOOK TOUR in Paris and Berlin – Including
Her $3,668-a-night Hotel Suite.” Dailymail.co.uk Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2722178/ExpensiveChoices-US-taxpayers-spent-55-000-travel-expenses-Hillary-Clintons-BOOK-TOUR-Paris-Berlin.html>.
1047 Martosko, David. “Expensive ‘Choices’: U.S. Taxpayers Spent $55,000 on Travel Expenses for Hillary Clinton’s BOOK TOUR in Paris and Berlin – Including
Her $3,668-a-night Hotel Suite.” Dailymail.co.uk Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2722178/ExpensiveChoices-US-taxpayers-spent-55-000-travel-expenses-Hillary-Clintons-BOOK-TOUR-Paris-Berlin.html>.
1048 Martosko, David. “Expensive ‘Choices’: U.S. Taxpayers Spent $55,000 on Travel Expenses for Hillary Clinton’s BOOK TOUR in Paris and Berlin – Including
Her $3,668-a-night Hotel Suite.” Dailymail.co.uk Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2722178/ExpensiveChoices-US-taxpayers-spent-55-000-travel-expenses-Hillary-Clintons-BOOK-TOUR-Paris-Berlin.html>.
1049 Martosko, David. “Expensive ‘Choices’: U.S. Taxpayers Spent $55,000 on Travel Expenses for Hillary Clinton’s BOOK TOUR in Paris and Berlin – Including
Her $3,668-a-night Hotel Suite.” Dailymail.co.uk Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 August 2014. Web. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2722178/ExpensiveChoices-US-taxpayers-spent-55-000-travel-expenses-Hillary-Clintons-BOOK-TOUR-Paris-Berlin.html>.
1050 Smith Emily and Ian Mohr. “Page Six: Execs on Notice After Hillary’s Book Sales Tank.” Pagesix.com. NYP Holdings, Inc. 8 July 2014. Web. <http://pagesix.
com/2014/07/08/execs-on-notice-after-hillarys-book-sales-tank/>.
1051 Nicholas, Peter. “Hillary Clinton Faces Heat Over Paid Speeches; UNLV Students Want $225,000 Fee for Upcoming Appearance Donated.” Wsj.com. Dow Jones &
Company. 27 June 2014. Web. <http://online.wsj.com/articles/hillary-clinton-faces-heat-over-paid-speeches-1403894283>.
1052 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1053 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1054 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1055 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1056 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1057 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1058 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1059 Lenkersdorfer, Jay. “City Approves Final Airport Site Study.” Minicassia.com. News Journal. 11 July 2014. Web. <http://www.minicassia.com/news/
article_89150fd0-0942-11e4-b38f-001a4bcf6878.html>.
1060 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1061 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1062 Lenkersdorfer, Jay. “City Approves Final Airport Site Study.” Minicassia.com. News Journal. 11 July 2014. Web. <http://www.minicassia.com/news/
article_89150fd0-0942-11e4-b38f-001a4bcf6878.html>.
1063 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1064 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1065 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1066 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1067 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1068 “Burley Municipal Airport to Magic Valley Regional Airport.” Google Maps. Web. <https://www.google.com/maps /dir/
Burley+Municipal+Airport,+Burley,+ID+83318/Magic+Valley+Regional+Airport,+492+Airport+Loop,+Twin+Falls,+ID+83301/@42.5607097,-114.6795824,9z/
data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x54ab3680b39d19d 5:0x5fc3d5e1 fb36d509!2m2!1d-113.771545!2d42.542603!1m5!1m1!1s0x54acbadbeb372657:0x3e21d634f7e0af24!
2m2!1d-114.486048!2d42.481968!3e0>.
1069 Welch, Laurie, “Burley’s Airport Fails Standards; Could Lose FAA Funding.” Magicvalley.com. Twin Falls Times-News. 13 July 2014. Web. <http://magicvalley.com/
news/local/mini-cassia/burley-s-airport-fails-standards-could-lose-faa-funding/article_ e437bce4-0a48-11e4-99c8-0019bb2963f4.html>.
1070 The total grant amount since 2012 is $674,590. National Institute of Health, Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools, “Project Information: 5R34AA021502-02
Tailored Mobile Text Messaging to Reduce Problem Drinking,” http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=8530120&icde=20687239.
1071 National Institute of Health, Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools. “Tailored Mobile Text Messaging to Reduce Problem Drinking.” Project Number
5R34AA021502-02. Web. <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=8530120&icde=20687239>.
1072 Harrington, Elizabeth. “NIH Spent $480,500 to Text Message Drunks.” Freebeacon.com. The Washington Free Beacon. 12 June 2014. Web. <http://freebeacon.
com/issues/nih-spent-480500-to-text-message-drunks/>.

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1073 National Institute of Health, Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools. “Tailored Mobile Text Messaging to Reduce Problem Drinking.” Project Number
5R34AA021502-02. Web. <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=8530120&icde=20687239>.
1074 Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. “Tailored Mobile Text Messaging to Reduce Problem Drinking.” ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institute of Health.
Identifier Number: NCT01885312. Web. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01885312>.
1075 Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. “Tailored Mobile Text Messaging to Reduce Problem Drinking.” ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institute of Health.
Identifier Number: NCT01885312. Web. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01885312>.
1076 National Institute of Health, Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools. “Tailored Mobile Text Messaging to Reduce Problem Drinking.” Project Number
5R34AA021502-02. Web. <http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=8530120&icde=20687239>.
1077 Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. “Tailored Mobile Text Messaging to Reduce Problem Drinking.” ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institute of Health.
Identifier Number: NCT01885312. Web. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01885312>.
1078 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Assistance. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. 2014. Web. <http://
www.rurdev.usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
1079 Dairy Store, Reed’s Dairy <http://www.reedsdairy.com/dairystore/>.
1080 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Assistance. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. 2014. Web. <http://
www.rurdev.usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
1081 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Assistance. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. 2014. Web. <http://
www.rurdev.usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
1082 Vermillion, Allecia. “Kurt Timmermeister Is Opening a Shop on Capitol Hill.” Seatttlemet.com. SagaCity Media company. 3 March 2014. Web. http://www.
seattlemet.com/eat-and-drink/nosh-pit/articles/kurt-timmermeister-is-opening-february-2014>.
1083 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Assistance. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. 2014. Web. <http://
www.rurdev.usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
1084 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Assistance. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. 2014. Web. <http://
www.rurdev.usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
1085 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Assistance. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. 2014. Web. <http://
www.rurdev.usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
1086 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Assistance. “Value-Added Producer Grant Awards Fiscal Year 2014.” Rurdev.usda.gov. 2014. Web. <http://
www.rurdev.usda.gov/supportdocuments/RD_2014VAPGRecipients.pdf>.
1087 Genger, Tamar. “Living on the Wedge: A Brave New World of Kosher Cheese.”joyofkosher.com. Kosher Media Network. 1 May 2010. Web. <http://www.
joyofkosher.com/2010/05/living-wedge-brave-world-kosher-cheese/>.
1088 Genger, Tamar. “Living on the Wedge: A Brave New World of Kosher Cheese.”joyofkosher.com. Kosher Media Network. 1 May 2010. Web. <http://www.
joyofkosher.com/2010/05/living-wedge-brave-world-kosher-cheese/>.
1089 Serenity Acres Farm & Goat Dairy. “Soap & Body: About Our Goat Milk Soap.” Web. <http://www.serenityfarmfl.com/soap-and-body.cfm>.
1090 “Large” NEOs were originally those with diameters greater than 1 kilometer. In 2005, Congress required NASA to track objects as small as 140 meters in
diameter.
1091 NASA. “FY 2015 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY.” Nasa.gov. Web. <http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/508_2015_Budget_Estimates.
pdf>.
1092 Information provided by the Congressional Research Service.
1093 Dunn, Marcia. “NASA Inspector Blasts Asteroid Protection Program.” Ap.org. The Associated Press. 15 September 2014. Web. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/nasainspector-blasts-asteroid-protection-program>.
1094 Dunn, Marcia. “NASA Inspector Blasts Asteroid Protection Program.” Ap.org. The Associated Press. 15 September 2014. Web. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/nasainspector-blasts-asteroid-protection-program>.
1095 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Inspector General. NASA’s Efforts to Identify Near-Earth Objects and Mitigate Hazards. Rep. No. IG-1403. Washington, D.C.: NASA-OIG. September 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-030.pdf>.
1096 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Inspector General. NASA’s Efforts to Identify Near-Earth Objects and Mitigate Hazards. Rep. No. IG-1403. Washington, D.C.: NASA-OIG. September 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-030.pdf>.
1097 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Inspector General. NASA’s Efforts to Identify Near-Earth Objects and Mitigate Hazards. Rep. No. IG-1403. Washington, D.C.: NASA-OIG. September 2014. Web. <http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY14/IG-14-030.pdf>.
1098 Colello, Kirsten and Scott Talaga. Who Pays for Long-Term Services and Supports? A Fact Sheet. Rep. No. R43483. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research
Service. 16 April 2014.Web. <http://www.crs.gov/pages/Reports.aspx?PRODCODE=R43483&Source=search> . p2
1099 Mitchel, Alison. Medicaid Provider Taxes. Rep. No. RS22843. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. 10 January 2013. Web. <http://www.crs.gov/
pages/Reports.aspx?PRODCODE=RS22843&Source=search>.
1100 The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform. The Moment of Truth. Washington, D.C.: The White House. December 2010 Web. <http://www.
fiscalcommission.gov/sites/fiscalcommission.gov/files/documents/TheMomentofTruth12_1_2010.pdf>. p 39. The Commission noted the 10-year cost of ending the
use of provider taxes is $44 billion.
1101 Date, S.V. “Why Are We Hauling Pennsylvania Coal All the Way to Germany?” npr.org. National Public Radio. 22 March 2014. Web. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/
itsallpolitics/2014/03/14/290238727/long-dead-congressmans-earmark-lives-on-in-europe>.
1102 H.R. 2397, 113th Cong. §8054 (2014); S.1429, 113th Cong. §8054 (2014)
1103 Date, S.V. “Why Are We Hauling Pennsylvania Coal All the Way to Germany?” npr.org. National Public Radio. 22 March 2014. Web. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/
itsallpolitics/2014/03/14/290238727/long-dead-congressmans-earmark-lives-on-in-europe>.
1104 H.R. 2397, 113th Cong. §8054 (2014); S.1429, 113th Cong. §8054 (2014)
1105 Slade, David. “German Mayor Tours Coal Site.” Mcall.com. The Morning Call. 5 June 2002. Web. <http://articles.mcall.com/2002-06-05/news/3404410_1_
anthracite-military-bases-coal>.
1106 S Date, S.V. “Why Are We Hauling Pennsylvania Coal All the Way to Germany?” npr.org. National Public Radio. 22 March 2014. Web. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/
itsallpolitics/2014/03/14/290238727/long-dead-congressmans-earmark-lives-on-in-europe>.
1107 Date, S.V. “Why Are We Hauling Pennsylvania Coal All the Way to Germany?” npr.org. National Public Radio. 22 March 2014. Web. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/

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itsallpolitics/2014/03/14/290238727/long-dead-congressmans-earmark-lives-on-in-europe>.
1108 H.R. 2397, 113th Cong. §8054 (2014); S.1429, 113th Cong. §8054 (2014)
1109 Date, S.V. “Why Are We Hauling Pennsylvania Coal All the Way to Germany?” npr.org. National Public Radio. 22 March 2014. Web. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/
itsallpolitics/2014/03/14/290238727/long-dead-congressmans-earmark-lives-on-in-europe>.
1110 U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Total Energy: Annual Energy Review.” Eia.gov. 27 September 2012. Web <http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/
showtext.cfm?t=ptb0709>. This is based on 2011 coal prices, but does not include the cost to ship the anthracite coal from Pennsylvania to Germany
1111 Williams, Drew. “Chippewa Valley Regional Airport Receives Federal Marketing Grant.” Weau.com. Gray Digital Media. 2 October 2014. Web. <http://www.weau.
com/home/headlines/Chippewa-Valley-Regional-Airport-receies-federal-marketing-grant-277825941.html>.
1112 Williams, Drew. “Chippewa Valley Regional Airport Receives Federal Marketing Grant.” Weau.com. Gray Digital Media. 2 October 2014. Web. <http://www.weau.
com/home/headlines/Chippewa-Valley-Regional-Airport-receies-federal-marketing-grant-277825941.html>.
1113 Williams, Drew. “Chippewa Valley Regional Airport Receives Federal Marketing Grant.” Weau.com. Gray Digital Media. 2 October 2014. Web. <http://www.weau.
com/home/headlines/Chippewa-Valley-Regional-Airport-receies-federal-marketing-grant-277825941.html>.
1114 Source: www.kayak.com, as of October 2, 2014.
1115 Source: www.kayak.com, as of October 2, 2014.
1116 WormPower, “Grant Summary.” Web. <http://www.wormpower.net/research/grant-summary/#.VC1ztfnF8do>.
1117 The LCN Staff. “Schumer fights for Worm Power.” Thelcn.com. The Livingston County News. June 2014. Web. 16 October 2014. Web. <http://www.thelcn.com/
news/schumer-fights-for-worm-power/article_cd4d0134-7bdf-5861-a254-fed534142c92.html?mode=jqm>.
1118 Butler, Virginia. “Worm Power in Avon Expands 800 Percent.” Twcnews.com. Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC. 4 April 2010. Web. <http://rochester.twcnews.
com/content/news/500655/worm-power-in-avon-expands-800-percent/>.
1119 U.S. Department of Agriculture. “Vermicomposted Dairy Manure as a Disease Suppressive Seed Treatment.” NIFA. Research, Education and Economics Information
System. Web. <http://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/1003067-vermicomposted-dairy-manure-as-a-disease-suppressive-seed-treatment.html>.
1120 USASpending.gov. “Prime Award Spending Data, RT Solutions, LLC.” Federal Award Identifier: 20143361021927.1. Web. <http://usaspending.
gov/explore?frompage=assistance&tab=By%20Prime%20Awardee&comingfrom=searchresults&federal_award_id=20143361021927.1&fiscal_
year=all&typeofview=complete>.
1121 U.S. Department of Agriculture. “Vermicomposted Dairy Manure as a Disease Suppressive Seed Treatment.” NIFA. Research, Education and Economics Information
System. Web. <http://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/1003067-vermicomposted-dairy-manure-as-a-disease-suppressive-seed-treatment.html>.
1122 Butler, Virginia. “Worm Power in Avon Expands 800 Percent.” Twcnews.com. Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC. 4 April 2010. Web. <http://rochester.twcnews.
com/content/news/500655/worm-power-in-avon-expands-800-percent/>.
1123 WormPower e-store. <http://shop.wormpower.net/>.
1124 The LCN Staff. “Schumer fights for Worm Power.” Thelcn.com. The Livingston County News. June 2014. Web. 16 October 2014. Web. <http://www.thelcn.com

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