GERAGOS 8 GERAGOS, APC HISTORIC ENGINE CO. NO. 28 644 SOUTH FIGUEROA LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90017-341 1 Case GERAGOS 8 GERAGOS A PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION LAWYERS HISTORIC ENGINE CO. No.28 644 SOUTH FIGUEROA STREET LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90017841 I TELEPHONE (21 3) 625-3900 FACSIMILE (21 3) 232?3255 MARK J. GERAGOS SBN 108325 BEN J. MEISELAS SBN 277412 Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 1 of 50 Page ID #:822 Attorneys for Plaintiff BIG3 BASKETBALL, LLC, JACKSON AKA ICE CUBE, AND JEFF KWATINETZ UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA BIG3 LLC, a limited liability company; O?Shea Jackson a/k/a Ice Cube, an individual; and Jeff Kwatinetz, an individual; Plaintiffs vs. Ahmed Al-Rumaihi, an individual; Faisal Al-Hamadi, an individual; Ayman Sabi, an individual; Sheikh Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Sau Al Thani, an individual and as CEO of Qatar Investment Authority; DOES 1-100 Defendants. Case No. Assigned for all purposes to Hon. Dolly M. Gee DECLARATION OF JEFF KWATINETZ IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFF 8? MOTION FOR LEAVE TO CONDUCT JURISDICTIONAL DISCOVERY DECLARATION OF JEFF KWATINETZ Co. No. 28 UEROA STREET HISTORIC ENGINE 644 SOUTH FIG LOSANGELES.CAL1FORN1A 90017-341 1 GERAGOS Eo? Gsmoos, APC Case Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 2 of 50 Page ID #:823 I JEFF KWATINETZ DECLARE, 1. I am a familiar with and I am a percipient witness of the facts set forth herein, and if called as a witness I could and would testify to the following. 2. I am the Co?Chief Executive Officer of the Big3 LLC with the popular entertainer O?Shea Jackson (?Ice Cube?), a 3 on 3 basketball league with its corporate headquarters in Los Angeles, California. 3. The Big3 LLC held its very successful first season in 2017, and played games in front of many highly attended large arenas across the country, from June to August of 2017. 4. The players in the Big3 basketball league include popular retired NBA players, legends, and Hall of Famers. The Chairman of the Board of Directors for Big3 LLC is Amy Trask, the former 17-year Chief Executive Officer of the Oakland Raiders NFL football team. 5. The Big3 commissioner is Clyde "The Glide" Drexler, who is a Hall of Fame player, and one of the undisputed top 25 players of all time. 6. The Big3 motto is "Changing the Game," and we have done that by, among other things, implementing a "4 Point Shot.? Games are played until one team gets 50 points. And the Big3 hired Nancy Lieberman as the first female coach in professional men's basketball. 7. In late June 2017, I was introduced to Defendants in this action, Ayman Sabi and Ahmed Al-Ruhmaihi, through the Big3 LLC's former commissioner Roger Mason, who stated these individuals would bring ?strategic value" to the league as investors. Defendants were required to immediately fund $11.5 million for a passive minority position in the company, and separately were required to pay $9 million in sponsorship commitments (First Amended Complaint 111134,?) 8. Defendants represented they were Board Members of the Qatar Investment Authority which is the sovereign fund for Qatar along with fellow investor Defendant Faisal 2 DECLARATION OF JEFF GERAGOS 8 GERAGOS, APC HISTORIC ENGINE Co. No. 28 644 SOUTH FIG LOSANGELES.CAL1FORN1A 90017341 1 UEROA STREET Case .3, Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 3 of 50 Page ID #:824 Al-Hamadi. In particular, Defendants represented they were responsible for Qatar Investments, an entity which was deploying billions of dollars in the United States. 9. Defendants only funded $6.5 million. 10. The First Amended Complaint sets out in detail the actual text messages and letters from Defendants (FAC, pp 44-82), where Defendants made excuses for why they could not come up with the remaining money, none involved mismanagement. 11. In December 2017, Defendants made an additional $1 million payment to Big3, and claimed it would pay the remainder, which they never did, prompting litigation. 12. At no point in time prior to the Big3 filing a lawsuit against Defendants did Defendants ever claim that Big3 was involved in mismanagement. Yet, following the filing of the Complaint and FAC, Defendants hired a Public Relations Firm called Kekst and Company which sends out discernibly false weekly press releases about the Big3 with filings before this Court, and apparently provides copies to their colleagues at the New York Post. Attached hereto as Exhibit is a true and correct copy of one such press release sent by Defendants. 13. The statements of mismanagement have no basis in fact, as further evidenced by Defendants own text messages and contemporaneous writings (FAC, 1111 44?82) their course of conduct in attending Virtually all of the games and telling Big3 founders how much they loved the league not making a single complaint to the Big3 ever regarding mismanagement, and the conduct by Defendant Al-Rumaihi leasing or purchasing two mansions in Los Angeles, California in November 2017 and December 2017, which was, in his words, to make his primary residence where the Big3 is located. 14. Further, the fact that a new basketball league like the Big3 could thrive, and increase to a 9 figure valuation, in less than 1 year, based on conservative metrics and analysis and offers, re?ects nothing but unprecedented success by the management team. 3 DECLARATION on JEFF KWATINETZ 9 GJNE Co. No. 28 FIGUEROA STREET HISTORIC EN 644 SOUTH Los ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90017-341 GERAGOS 6f GERAGOS Case KT Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 4 of 50 Page ID #:825 15. Prior to starting the Big3, I ran and operated a company called The Firm, Inc. which at one point was the largest music, film, and television management company in the world. 16. Steve Bannon was previously the Chief Financial Officer of The Firm. It has been widely reported that Mr. Bannon worked with me, and although our politics were different, Mr. Bannon was and remains my friend. 17. Mr. Bannon has nothing, and never had anything, to do with the Big3. Mr. Bannon never attended a game. Other than possibly knowing that I have a leadership role in the Big3, Mr. Bannon has no connection, no role, and no involvement with the league. 18. After making partial payment to the Big3, there were numerous occasions during the 2017 season, where Mr. Al-Ruhmaihi would bring up Mr. Bannon's name to me and comment about Mr. Bannon?s political positions, his views on the blockade, the Trump administrations position toward Qatar, and he persistently inquired about wanting to meet with Mr. Bannon. 19. I did not engage with Mr. Al-Rumaihi on these topics and when he brought them up I tried to politely ignore him and change the subject. My focus was on running a basketball league and Mr. Bannon had nothing to do with the league. 20. On or around November 2017, Mr. Al?Rumaihi informed me he was purchasing a home in Venice. The Venice home is two blocks from where I live. Mr. Al- Rumaihi stated he wanted to live near me, Ice Cube, and Amy Trask, which made me uncomfortable and I thought it was creepy. 21. In December 2017, Mr. Al-Ruhmaihi informed me he was personally leasing a large Beverly Hills, California mansion where he held parties with Big3 employees and when I asked him why he needed a second home in Los Angeles, he stated in addition to having parties for the Big3 he needed space for his kids to stay when they visited him in the United States. 22. Mr. AI?Rumaihi also stated that his longtime girlfriend, who attended Big3 games with him throughout the season, was living with him in Los Angeles. 4 DECLARATION OF JEFF KWATINETZ o. 28 HISTORIC ENGINE CON 644 SOUTH FIGUEROA Los ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90017-341 I GERAGOS {a GERAGOS, APC Case A Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 5 of 50 Page ID #:826 23. I relied on Mr. Al?Rumaihi?s representation that he would be residing in Los Angeles when he paid an additional $1 million toward the money he owed the Big3 because it confirmed he did not intend to abscond. 24. Mr. Al?Rumaihi has frequently held parties and social gatherings at the Los Angeles residence, the photographs of which have been posted on social media, which are in the First Amended Complaint (Paragraph It is my understanding that Mr. Al-Rumaihi purchased or leased an $800,000 Bentley in Los Angeles, among other vehicles. 25. From the time I knew Mr. Al-Rumaihi from June 2017 through the date when we initiated legal action in February 2018, I am unaware of Mr. Al-Rumaihi leaving the country for any period of significance, and he remained consistently in the United States and expressed his intention and desire to remain in the United States, and in particular in Los Angeles, California. Mr. Al?Rumaihi also informed me he attended High School in the United States. 26. From my discussions with Mr. Al-Rumaihi, which continued up until the filing of our litigation in February 2018, I was led to believe by him that he resided in the United States for at least the past 2 years. 27. During the 11 months since I met Mr. Al?Rumaihi, I know for a fact that Mr. Al-Rumaihi did not leave the country for any three month period. 28. On or around January 2018, Mr. Al-Rumaihi invited me on a hike. I found this unusual, but I assumed we would be talking about the money that Defendants owed the Big3 since I was consistently requesting Defendants complete the funding they owed and had set a rapidly approaching deadline. 29. This hike was after the Michael Wolff book regarding President Trump was published and it was reported that Rebekah Mercer, and the Mercer Family had pulled support from Mr. Bannon. 30. During the hike, Mr. Al-Rumaihi stated to me that he wanted me to convey a message from the Qatari Government to Steve Bannon. 5 DECLARATION on JEFF KWATINETZ GERAGOS 8 GERAGOS, APC HISTORIC ENGINE Co. No. 28 644 SOUTH FJGU LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90017341 I EROA STREEF Case Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 6 of 50 Page ID #:827 31. Mr. Al-Rumaihi requested I set up a meeting between him, the Qatari government, and Steven Bannon, and to tell Steve Bannon that Qatar would underwrite all of his political efforts in return for his support. 32. I immediately let Mr. Al?Rumaihi know that I was offended by this request, that I was trying to run a basketball league and need our money paid, and I stated that neither I nor Steve Bannon would ever take, or even entertain the concept, of a bribe of any kind. I was appalled. 33. Mr. Al-Rumaihi laughed and then stated to me that I shouldn't be naive, that so many Washington politicians take our money, and stated ?do you think [Michael] turned down our money?? 34. Again, I ?atly rejected Mr. Al-Rumaihi and stOpped the conversation and told him to never offend me again by bringing this up. 35. I did not relay the message to Mr. Bannon and never conveyed any offer of any kind, nor would I ever. 36. Apparently, in response to the lawsuit, the Qatari Government has issued public statements distancing itself from Mr. Al-Rumaihi. Yet, Mr. Al-Rumaihi told me that he was a relative of the royal Al?Thani family, that the Emir was "like a brother" to him, and that the Sovereign Fund was involved in funding the Big3. 37. Recently, I have identified through a search of the United States Foreign Agent Registration Act (FARA) website that Mr. Al-Rumaihi was the only person copied on a $2.5 million Retainer Agreement with the DC lobbying group Ashcroft Law Firm LLC (run by Former US Attorney General John Ashcroft) dated June 7, 2017 ?for the broad purpose of providing [The Government of Qatar] with comprehensive strategic advice." The contract stated that the Ashcroft Firm would utilize its connections within the intelligence community, the FBI, and Homeland Security, among others. Three weeks later, out of the blue, Mr. Al-Rumaihi was introduced into my life. I never heard of his name or partners? names before. Attached hereto as Exhibit is a true and correct copy of the referenced FARA filing by Ashcroft. Notably, Defendant Ayman Sabi who purported to be Qatari 6 DECLARATION OF JEFF KWATINETZ GERAGOS {a GERAGOS, APC HISTORIC ENGINE Co. No, 28 644 SOUTH FIGUEROA STREEF Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90017841 1 Case A Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 7 of 50 Page ID #:828 (which he is not), but represented in person and writing that he was an agent of Qatar has not registered with FARA. 38. Further, as stated in the First Amended Complaint, 1 also recently learned of a $100 million transaction by Mr. Al-Rumaihi in New York City for a townhouse, which was cancelled 6 months after the transaction was entered into. In the resulting litigation, 1964 Realty LLC v. Consulate of the State of Qatar the Defendant Qatar claimed that despite Mr. Al-Rumaihi holding the title of Consul General, he did not have authority to enter into the transaction (FAC, 111120-21). The Plaintiff seller moved for limited jurisdictional discovery, and the Court the granted the request. Defendants filed an interlocutory appeal to prevent limited jurisdictional discovery and when the appeal was denied the case was settled. Attached hereto as Exhibit is a true and correct copy of the Court?s Order Granting Jurisdictional Discovery in the Southern District of New York. 39. Based on the totality of information, it is my belief that Mr. Al-Rumaihi has a role, either formal or informal with Qatari intelligence and resides and has resided in the United States. It is my belief that Mr. Al-Rumaihi and his partners had no interest in Big3 as a financial investment; rather, it now seems apparent their goal was to obtain strategic information or geopolitical in?uence using myself or the Big3 which I rejected. I DECLARE THE FOREGOING IS TRUE AND CORRECT UNDER PENALTY PERJURY DATED: May 7,2018 By: 7 DECLARATION OF JEFF Case Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 8 of 50 Page ID #:829 EXHIBIT Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 9 of 50 Page ID #:830 Sport Trinity Principals Detail Deception, Improper Conduct and Mismanagement Related to BIG3 Basketball In Court Filing NEWS PROVIDED BY Sport Trinity LLC  Apr 25, 2018, 20:27 ET WILMINGTON, Del., April 25, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Principals in Sport Trinity LLC, the largest investor in BIG3 Basketball, LLC, today led a motion for the removal to the Federal Court in Los Angeles of the civil action previously brought in the California State Court by individuals Jeff Kwatinetz and O'Shea Jackson, Sr (a/k/a Ice Cube), and which also includes as a plaintiff the league itself.  VIEW PDF Case to 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Filed 05/07/18 Page of 50Trinity Pagefor ID #:831 Attached the motion led withDocument the court10-2 is a demand on behalf of10 Sport inspection of the books and records of BIG3 Basketball LLC, which asserts among other wrongdoings the following:    League co-founders, Kwatinetz and Jackson, deceived Sport Trinity from the outset of its investment, both before and after the Closing Date, about BIG3's nances, leadership and corporate governance.  Kwatinetz and the other plaintiffs did not disclose material contracts prior to Sport Trinity's investment, which included third party transactions involving businesses operated by Kwatinetz and Ice Cube. Kwatinetz and Ice Cube have subsequently engaged in a public smear campaign, making unfounded and defamatory remarks about investors and departing executives, all to the detriment of the BIG3.  Among the alleged wrongdoings about which Sport Trinity is seeking information are allegations of improper conduct by Kwatinetz that is detrimental to the Company -- including allegations that Kwatinetz commingles Company funds and, without Board approval, unilaterally authorizes related-party transactions involving other companies under his control; makes use of private jets that are expensed to BIG3's accounts and Company credit cards; and has engaged in erratic behavior detrimental to BIG3.  The letter outlines a series of deceits, misrepresentations, and mismanagement by Kwatinetz leading up to and during the time that Sport Trinity has been the BIG3's largest investor.  Attached to this release is the Demand for Inspection letter, which will be addressed in a separate arbitration proceeding. The case number is 2:18-cv-03466.  Media Contact: Lyndsey Estin Kekst and Company 917 842 1594 CaseSport 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 11 of 50 Page ID #:832 SOURCE Trinity LLC Case Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 12 of 50 Page ID #2833 EXHIBIT OMB No. 1124-0006; Expires May 31, 2020 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 13 of 50 Page ID #:834 Received U.S. Department of Justice Washington, DC 20530 by NSD/FARA Registration 1:07:03 PM Exhibit Unit A to 06/09/2017 Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended INSTRUCTIONS. Furnish this exhibit for EACH foreign principal listed in an initial statement and for EACH additional foreign principal acquired subsequently. The filing of this document requires the payment of a filing fee as set forth in Rule (d)(1), 28 C.F.R. § 5.5(d)(1). Compliance is accomplished by filing an electronic Exhibit A form at https://www.fara.gov . Privacy Act Statement. The filing of this document is required by the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, 22 U.S.C. § 611 et seq., for the purposes of registration under the Act and public disclosure. Provision of the information requested is mandatory, and failure to provide this information is subject to the penalty and enforcement provisions established in Section 8 of the Act. Every registration statement, short form registration statement, supplemental statement, exhibit, amendment, copy of informational materials or other document or information filed with the Attorney General under this Act is a public record open to public examination, inspection and copying during the posted business hours of the Registration Unit in Washington, DC. Statements are also available online at the Registration Unit’s webpage: https://www.fara.gov. One copy of every such document, other than informational materials, is automatically provided to the Secretary of State pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Act, and copies of any and all documents are routinely made available to other agencies, departments and Congress pursuant to Section 6(c) of the Act. The Attorney General also transmits a semi-annual report to Congress on the administration of the Act which lists the names of all agents registered under the Act and the foreign principals they represent. This report is available to the public in print and online at: https://www.fara.gov. Public Reporting Burden. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average .49 hours per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Chief, Registration Unit, Counterintelligence and Export Control Section, National Security Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC 20530; and to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503. 2. Registration No. 6438 1. Name and Address of Registrant Ashcroft Law Firm, LLC 3. Name of Foreign Principal 4. Principal Address of Foreign Principal The Government of Qatar Embassy of Qatar 2555 M Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20037 5. Indicate whether your foreign principal is one of the following: Government of a foreign country 1 Foreign political party □ □ □ □ Foreign or domestic organization: If either, check one of the following: Partnership Committee Corporation Voluntary group Association Other (specify) __________________________________________ Individual-State nationality ____________________________________________________________________________ □ □ □ □ □ □ 6. If the foreign principal is a foreign government, state: a) Branch or agency represented by the registrant Executive Branch b) Name and title of official with whom registrant deals Dr. Ahmad Alhammadi, Secretary General 7. If the foreign principal is a foreign political party, state: a) Principal address b) Name and title of official with whom registrant deals c) Principal aim 1 "Government of a foreign country," as defined in Section 1(e) of the Act, includes any person or group of persons exercising sovereign de facto or de jure political jurisdiction over any country, other than the United States, or over any part of such country, and includes any subdivision of any such group and any group or agency to which such sovereign de facto or de jure authority or functions are directly or indirectly delegated. Such term shall include any faction or body of insurgents within a country assuming to exercise governmental authority whether such faction or body of insurgents has or has not been recognized by the United States. Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM FORM NSD-3 Revised 05/17 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 14 of 50 Page ID #:835 Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM 8. If the foreign principal is not a foreign government or a foreign political party: a) State the nature of the business or activity of this foreign principal. b) Is this foreign principal: Supervised by a foreign government, foreign political party, or other foreign principal Owned by a foreign government, foreign political party, or other foreign principal Directed by a foreign government, foreign political party, or other foreign principal Controlled by a foreign government, foreign political party, or other foreign principal Financed by a foreign government, foreign political party, or other foreign principal Subsidized in part by a foreign government, foreign political party, or other foreign principal □ No □ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No □ Yes 9. Explain fully all items answered "Yes" in Item 8(b). (If additional space is needed, a full insert page must be used.) 10. If the foreign principal is an organization and is not owned or controlled by a foreign government, foreign political party or other foreign principal, state who owns and controls it. EXECUTION In accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, the undersigned swears or affirms under penalty of perjury that he/she has read the information set forth in this Exhibit A to the registration statement and that he/she is familiar with the contents thereof and that such contents are in their entirety true and accurate to the best of his/her knowledge and belief. Date of Exhibit A June 9, 2017 Name and Title Lori Sharpe Day , Managing Partner Signature Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM OMB No. 1124-0004; Expires May 31, 2020 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 15 of 50 Page ID #:836 Received U.S. Department of Justice Washington, DC 20530 by NSD/FARA Registration PM Exhibit Unit B to 06/09/2017 Registration1:07:03 Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended INSTRUCTIONS. A registrant must furnish as an Exhibit B copies of each written agreement and the terms and conditions of each oral agreement with his foreign principal, including all modifications of such agreements, or, where no contract exists, a full statement of all the circumstances by reason of which the registrant is acting as an agent of a foreign principal. Compliance is accomplished by filing an electronic Exhibit B form at https://www.fara.gov. Privacy Act Statement. The filing of this document is required for the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, 22 U.S.C. § 611 et seq., for the purposes of registration under the Act and public disclosure. Provision of the information requested is mandatory, and failure to provide the information is subject to the penalty and enforcement provisions established in Section 8 of the Act. Every registration statement, short form registration statement, supplemental statement, exhibit, amendment, copy of informational materials or other document or information filed with the Attorney General under this Act is a public record open to public examination, inspection and copying during the posted business hours of the Registration Unit in Washington, DC. Statements are also available online at the Registration Unit’s webpage: https://www.fara.gov. One copy of every such document, other than informational materials, is automatically provided to the Secretary of State pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Act, and copies of any and all documents are routinely made available to other agencies, departments and Congress pursuant to Section 6(c) of the Act. The Attorney General also transmits a semi-annual report to Congress on the administration of the Act which lists the names of all agents registered under the Act and the foreign principals they represent. This report is available to the public in print and online at: https://www.fara.gov. Public Reporting Burden. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average .33 hours per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Chief, Registration Unit, Counterintelligence and Export Control Section, National Security Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC 20530; and to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503. 1. Name of Registrant Ashcroft Law Firm, LLC 2. Registration No. 6438 3. Name of Foreign Principal Government of Qatar Check Appropriate Box: 4. □ 5. □ 6. □ The agreement between the registrant and the above-named foreign principal is a formal written contract. If this box is checked, attach a copy of the contract to this exhibit. There is no formal written contract between the registrant and the foreign principal. The agreement with the above-named foreign principal has resulted from an exchange of correspondence. If this box is checked, attach a copy of all pertinent correspondence, including a copy of any initial proposal which has been adopted by reference in such correspondence. The agreement or understanding between the registrant and the foreign principal is the result of neither a formal written contract nor an exchange of correspondence between the parties. If this box is checked, give a complete description below of the terms and conditions of the oral agreement or understanding, its duration, the fees and expenses, if any, to be received. 7. Describe fully the nature and method of performance of the above indicated agreement or understanding. The Firm will use its extensive experience and expertise in advising domestic and international clients to evaluate, verify and as necessary, strengthen the client's anti-money laundering and counterterrorism financing ("AML/CTF") compliance programs; providing legal advice and recommendations regarding enhancing and improving such efforts. Reporting the Firm's findings to Client. Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM FORM NSD-4 Revised 05/17 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 16 of 50 Page ID #:837 Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM 8. Describe fully the activities the registrant engages in or proposes to engage in on behalf of the above foreign principal. In evaluating, verifying, and as necessary, strengthening the client's anti-money laundering and couterterrorism financial compliance programs and providing legal advice and recommendations to enhance and improve such efforts, the Firm will review documents, conduct interviews and engage in outreach to US government officials and other policy experts. 9. Will the activities on behalf of the above foreign principal include political activities as defined in Section 1(o) of the Act and in No the footnote below? Yes □ □ If yes, describe all such political activities indicating, among other things, the relations, interests or policies to be influenced together with the means to be employed to achieve this purpose. With the goal of fully evaluating the client's AML/CTF compliance programs the Firm may engage in outreach efforts to US government officials and/or communicate with the media relating to the Firm's work. EXECUTION In accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, the undersigned swears or affirms under penalty of perjury that he/she has read the information set forth in this Exhibit B to the registration statement and that he/she is familiar with the contents thereof and that such contents are in their entirety true and accurate to the best of his/her knowledge and belief. Date of Exhibit B June 9, 2017 Name and Title Signature Lori Sharpe Day, Managing Partner Footnote: "Political activity," as defined in Section 1(o) of the Act, means any activity which the person engaging in believes will, or that the person intends to, in any way influence any agency or official of the Government of the United States or any section of the public within the United States with reference to formulating, adopting, or changing the domestic or foreign policies of the United States or with reference to the political or public interests, policies, or relations of a government of a foreign country or a foreign political party. Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 17 of 50 Page ID #:838 Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 18 of 50 Page ID #:839 Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 19 of 50 Page ID #:840 Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 20 of 50 Page ID #:841 Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 06/09/2017 1:07:03 PM Case Document 10-2 Filed 05/07/18 Page 21 of 50 Page ID #2842 EXHIBIT Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 22 of150 of 29 Page ID #:843 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK 1964 REALTY LLC, Plaintiff, – against – OPINION AND ORDER CONSULATE OF THE STATE OF QATARNEW YORK, 14 Civ. 6429 (ER) Defendant, NEW YORK LAND SERVICES INC., Stakeholder Defendant. Ramos, D.J.: This dispute arises from an agreement between 1964 Realty LLC (“Plaintiff”) and the Consulate of the State of Qatar (“Defendant”) to purchase a multi-million dollar piece of Manhattan real estate (“the Property”). Plaintiff, the seller, filed the instant action after Defendant refused to close on the Property based on its belief that Plaintiff had violated the terms of the purchase agreement (“the Agreement”). The Complaint alleges breach of contract and seeks a declaration that Plaintiff is entitled to the $9 million down payment made by Defendant, which is currently being held by New York Land Services Inc. (“Stakeholder Defendant”), the assigned escrow agent under the Agreement. Defendant moves to dismiss the Complaint under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Defendant maintains that it enjoys sovereign immunity from suit pursuant to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA” or “the Act”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1330, 1602 et seq. Specifically, Defendant claims that its Consul General, who signed the Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 23 of250 of 29 Page ID #:844 Agreement on behalf of Defendant, lacked the authority to do so and therefore could not waive sovereign immunity through his actions. Defendant also asserts that, under New York law, the Consul General must have been authorized, in writing, to purchase the Property. For the reasons set forth below, Defendant’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is DENIED and the parties are directed to take limited jurisdictional discovery. Because the issue of subject matter jurisdiction remains unresolved, the Court cannot rule on Defendant’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion. I. Background 1 Plaintiff is a New York limited liability company with only one member, Wildenstein & Co. Inc. (“Wildenstein & Co.”). The Complaint describes Defendant as “a recognized instrumentality of the State of Qatar.” Compl. ¶ 6. On September 27, 2013, two Qatari officials, the Qatari Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah (“Al-Attiyah”), and then New York Consul General, Ahmed Yousef Al-Rumaihi (“Al-Rumaihi”), inspected the Property along with Claudine Godts, VicePresident of Wildenstein & Co. Godts Decl., Doc. 27 at ¶ 2. Nearly three months later, on December 12, 2013, Defendant hosted a party at the Property, which Al-Rumaihi attended, along with Amina Al-Meer (“Al-Meer”), Vice Consul at the time, and numerous guests who “appeared to be Qatari officials and diplomats.” Id. ¶ 3. The following month, Al-Meer requested approval 1 The following facts, accepted as true for purposes of the instant motion, are based on the allegations in the Complaint and the documents attached thereto. See Koch v. Christie’s Int’l PLC, 699 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 2012) (evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion); J.S. ex rel. N.S. v. Attica Cent. Sch., 386 F.3d 107, 110 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Shipping Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Drakos, 140 F.3d 129, 131 (2d Cir. 1998)) (evaluating a Rule 12(b)(1) motion). They also include references to affidavits submitted by the parties, which the Court is permitted to consider for the purpose of resolving Defendant’s Rule 12b(b)(1) challenge. See Zappia Middle E. Const. Co. v. Emirate of Abu Dhabi, 215 F.3d 247, 253 (2d Cir. 2000) (“On a Rule 12(b)(1) motion challenging the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction, the court may resolve the disputed jurisdictional fact issues by referring to evidence outside of the pleadings, such as affidavits, and if necessary, hold an evidentiary hearing.”) (citation omitted). 2 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 24 of350 of 29 Page ID #:845 from the United States Department of State for Defendant to purchase the Property on January 2, 2014, which was granted. Schindler Decl., Doc. 26, Ex. A. Nearly one month later, on January 16, 2014, the parties executed the Agreement, pursuant to which Defendant agreed to purchase the Property from Plaintiff for a total of $90 million. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 13. The Agreement required Defendant to pay $9 million in escrow, followed by an $81 million payment on the closing date, originally scheduled for April 30, 2014. See id. ¶ 16-17, 21. As relevant to the instant action, the Agreement provides: Purchaser is a recognized instrumentality of the State of Qatar, and has the requisite power and authority to enter into and perform the terms of this Agreement. [. . .] Purchaser is not subject to any law, order, decree, restriction, or agreement which prohibits or would be violated by this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby. 2 Id. ¶ 15. Defendant also explicitly waived “immunity (diplomatic and otherwise) from the jurisdiction of any court (including but not limited to the courts of the United Sates or any State thereof),” along with “any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction [of this Court].” Id., Ex. A at ¶¶ 27.3, 27.5. For its part, Plaintiff attested that “[n]one of Seller or, to Seller’s actual knowledge, its affiliates is in violation of any laws relating to . . . money laundering.” Id. ¶ 22. The Agreement further provides that any claim by the purchaser that the seller breached one of its representations 2 Defendant reasons that this representation simply means that the Consulate of the State of Qatar had the capacity to enter into the Agreement and does not speak to whether the Consul General himself had the authority to do so. Def.’s Mem. L. Supp. Mot. Dismiss, Doc. 22 at 11-12. However, since Al-Rumaihi signed the Agreement on behalf of the Consulate, the two issues are inextricably intertwined. Defendant also maintains that the Agreement inaccurately refers to the Consulate General “as an “instrumentality of the State of Qatar,” which should instead be deemed synonymous with the foreign state itself. Doc. 22 at 11 n.2. Although the Agreement may have contemplated a different meaning, for the purposes of the FSIA, an instrumentality is defined, in part, as “a separate legal person” which is “an organ of a foreign state or political subdivision thereof.” 28 U.S.C. § 1603(b). Indeed, a “foreign state” is defined as encompassing both “a political subdivision of a foreign state or an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state.” Id. § 1603(a). 3 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 25 of450 of 29 Page ID #:846 or warranties must be made by written notice promptly after it learned of such a breach and that “TIME SHALL BE OF THE ESSENCE” with respect to the purchaser’s obligation to deliver such a notice to the seller. Id. ¶ 23 (emphasis in original). Moreover, in the event that the purchaser defaults, the Agreement provides that the seller is entitled to retain the down payment. Id. ¶ 19. However, if the purchaser objects, the title company—the Stakeholder Defendant— cannot release the down payment funds to the seller until it receives either a written notice signed by both the parties stating who is entitled to the down payment, or a final court order directing disbursement. Id. ¶ 22. The Agreement was signed by Al-Rumaihi, on behalf of Defendant, and Guy Wildenstein (“Wildenstein”), on behalf of Plaintiff. 3 Id., Ex. A at 32. Following the execution of the Agreement on January 16, 2014, delegations from Defendant and the Qatari Embassy— including the Ambassador from Qatar’s United Nations Mission—visited the Property to plan for Defendant’s move. Godts. Decl., Doc. 27 at ¶ 4. Defendant also deposited the $9 million down payment with the Stakeholder Defendant pursuant to the Agreement. 4 Compl. ¶ 16. The day before the originally scheduled closing date of April 29, 2014, Defendant’s counsel sent Plaintiff’s counsel a letter claiming that Plaintiff had misrepresented its affiliate’s compliance with money laundering laws. Id. ¶ 21. Specifically, Defendant communicated that it was exercising its right to terminate the Agreement because Wildenstein was violating money laundering laws. Id. The Complaint acknowledges that France had commenced an investigation into Wildenstein for tax fraud and money laundering in 2011; however, it contends that Defendant could have learned about the proceedings “in any number of mainstream newspapers” 3 Wildenstein signed the Agreement as “manager” of 1964 Realty LLC. 4 The Complaint does not specify who authorized the $9 million down payment on behalf of Defendant or when it was made. 4 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 26 of550 of 29 Page ID #:847 through “reasonable diligence” years before it chose to enter into and terminate the Agreement. Id. ¶¶ 24, 29. As of the filing of the Complaint, France had yet to find Wildenstein to be “in violation” of any money laundering laws. Id. ¶ 29. The Complaint speculates that Defendant’s allegations against Wildenstein are “pretextual” and that, when the purchase of the Property came under review in Doha they decided to back out of the deal. Id. ¶ 30. It bases this inference on the publication of two articles at the end of January 2014 in the Wall Street Journal and The Real Deal Blog, respectively, discussing the plans to purchase the Property, along with the $90 million purchase price. Id. Plaintiff claims that there was an “internal shake-up” after these articles were published, which included the recall of Al-Rumaihi back to Doha. Id. The parties rescheduled a closing date for June 25, 2014. Id. ¶ 31. Defendant’s counsel attended the closing, informing Plaintiff’s counsel that it had no intention of closing, but that it attended merely to “observe the show.” Id. ¶ 32. Although Plaintiff asserts that it had satisfied all of its obligations under the Agreement, Defendant refused to close. See id. ¶ 33-34. Later in the day, Plaintiff delivered a formal notice of default to Defendant, along with a time of the essence notice of a second closing date, July 28, 2014. Id. ¶ 34. After the close of business, Defendant responded via letter repeating its allegations against Wildenstein, confirming that it would not close, and stating that it was entitled to return of the down payment. Id. ¶ 35. On July 28, 2014, Defendant again refused to close on the Agreement. Plaintiff sent Defendant a notice of default later that day, and a demand for a release of the down payment to the Stakeholder Defendant. Id. ¶ 38. On August 8, 2014—the last day Defendant could object to the release of the down payment funds under the Agreement—it objected to the release of the 5 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 27 of650 of 29 Page ID #:848 down payment to Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 39. On August 12, 2014, Plaintiff filed the instant action. See Doc. 1. II. Legal Standard A. Rule 12(b)(1) Motions to Dismiss Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) requires that an action be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction when the district court lacks the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate the case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). The party asserting subject matter jurisdiction carries the burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that jurisdiction exists. Morrison v. Nat’l Australia Bank Ltd., 547 F.3d 167, 170 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Makarova v. United States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir. 2000)). On a Rule 12(b)(1) motion challenging the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction, evidence outside of the pleadings may be considered by the court to resolve the disputed jurisdictional fact issues. Zappia Middle E. Constr. Co. v. Emirate of Abu Dhabi, 215 F.3d 247, 253 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal citation omitted); see also Morrison, 547 F.3d at 170 (citing Makarova, 201 F.3d at 113). When evaluating a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the court accepts all material factual allegations in the complaint as true but does not necessarily draw inferences from the complaint favorable to the plaintiff. J.S. ex rel. N.S. v. Attica Cent. Sch., 386 F.3d 107, 110 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Shipping Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Drakos, 140 F.3d 129, 131 (2d Cir. 1998)). Where, as here, a party also seeks dismissal on Rule 12(b)(6) grounds, the court must consider the Rule 12(b)(1) motion first, Baldessarre v. Monroe-Woodbury Cent. Sch. Dist., 820 F. Supp. 2d 490, 499 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), aff’d, 496 F. App’x 131 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal citations omitted), because “disposition of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is a decision on the merits, and therefore, an exercise of jurisdiction.” Chambers v. Wright, No. 05 Civ. 9915 (WHP), 2007 WL 6 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 28 of750 of 29 Page ID #:849 4462181, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 19, 2007) (quoting Magee v. Nassau Cnty. Med. Ctr., 27 F. Supp. 2d 154, 158 (E.D.N.Y. 1998)). B. Rule 12(b)(6) Motions to Dismiss When ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court must accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Nielsen v. Rabin, 746 F.3d 58, 62 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal citation omitted). The court is not required to credit “mere conclusory statements” or “threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)); see also id. at 681 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 551). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter . . . to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). A claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). More specifically, the plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to show “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. If the plaintiff has not “nudged [his] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible, [the] complaint must be dismissed.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680. The question in a Rule 12 motion to dismiss “‘is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.’” Sikhs for Justice v. Nath, 893 F. Supp. 2d 598, 615 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Villager Pond, Inc. v. Town of Darien, 56 F.3d 375, 278 (2d Cir. 1995)). “[T]he purpose of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) ‘is to test, in a streamlined fashion, the formal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s statement of 7 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 29 of850 of 29 Page ID #:850 a claim for relief without resolving a contest regarding its substantive merits,’” and without regard for the weight of the evidence that might be offered in support of Plaintiff’s claims. Halebian v. Berv, 644 F.3d 122, 130 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Global Network Commc’ns, Inc. v. City of New York, 458 F.3d 150, 155 (2d Cir. 2006)). III. Discussion A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction Under Rule 12(b)(1) i. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act The FSIA “provides the sole basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign state in the courts of this country.” 5 Rogers v. Petroleo Brasileiro, S.A., 673 F.3d 131, 136 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 434 (1989)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Act defines a “foreign state” as including its “agenc[ies]” and “instrumentalit[ies].” 28 U.S.C. § 1603(a). Under the FSIA, “a foreign state shall be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States and of the States.” Id. § 1604. However, this broad conferral of immunity is subject to certain exceptions, see id., two of which are at issue here. First, a foreign state may itself waive immunity, “either explicitly or by implication.” Id. § 1605(a)(1). Second, the commercial activity exception provides that foreign states will not enjoy immunity in any case “based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state.” Id. § 1605(a)(2). 5 The Complaint incorrectly states that the Court also has subject matter jurisdiction over the matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. However, the diversity jurisdiction statute only grants subject matter jurisdiction over disputes between “a foreign state . . . as plaintiff and citizens of a State or of different States,” and is therefore inapplicable. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(4) (emphasis added). 8 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 Filed 32 Filed 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 30 of950 of 29 Page ID #:851 Plaintiff maintains that it “has done what the law requires,” specifically, “it pled that the Consul General . . . signed the Agreement on behalf of Defendant; that the Agreement was legally binding, constituted a commercial transaction, and explicitly waived sovereign immunity; and that Defendant breached the Agreement to Plaintiff’s detriment.” Pl.’s Mem. L. Opp., Doc. 25 at 1. In turn, Defendant argues that: (1) Al-Rumaihi lacked the authority to enter into the Agreement on behalf of the foreign state of Qatar; and (2) since Al-Rumaihi was neither authorized to engage in the commercial transaction of purchasing the Property or waive sovereign immunity by signing the Agreement, neither exception applies. Def.’s Mem. L. Supp. Mot. Dismiss, Doc. 22 at 9-11. The parties do not dispute that Defendant is a foreign state under the Act. Consequently, Plaintiff bears the burden of “going forward with evidence showing that, under exceptions to the FSIA, immunity should not be granted.” Rogers, 673 F.3d at 136 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Nonetheless, the ultimate burden of persuasion of demonstrating that an FSIA exception does not apply lies with Defendant. Id. (internal citation omitted). In other words, “a district court must review the allegations in the complaint, the undisputed facts, if any, placed before it by the parties, and—if the plaintiff comes forward with sufficient evidence to carry its burden of production on this issue—resolve disputed issues of fact, with the defendant foreign sovereign shouldering the burden of persuasion.” Robinson v. Gov’t of Malaysia, 269 F.3d 133, 141 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal citation omitted). The Second Circuit has further instructed that “if material issues of fact are in dispute, ‘it is essential for the district court [to] afford the parties the opportunity to present evidentiary material at a hearing on the question of FSIA jurisdiction.’” Reiss v. Societe Centrale du Groupe des Assurances Nationales, 246 F. Supp. 2d 273, 277 (S.D.N.Y.), as amended (Feb. 25, 2003), 9 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 31 of1050of 29 Page ID #:852 supplemented, 246 F. Supp. 2d 285 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (quoting Reiss v. Societe Centrale Du Groupe Des Assurances Nationales, 235 F.3d 738, 748 (2d Cir. 2000)); see also Fir Tree Capital Opportunity Master Fund, LP v. Anglo Irish Bank Corp., No. 11 Civ. 0955 (PGG), 2011 WL 6187077, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 2011) (noting that the court held an evidentiary hearing and oral argument before deciding whether to apply the commercial activity exception to sovereign immunity); Human Rights in China v. Bank of China, No. 02 Civ. 4361(NRB), 2003 WL 22170648, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 18, 2003) (ordering discovery to clarify certain “jurisdictional facts” and “legal principles” before deciding the issue of sovereign immunity). In other words, “the parties should be given ‘a fair opportunity’ to engage in jurisdictional discovery and submit to the Court the evidence needed to resolve that issue.” Mateo v. Perez, No. 98 Civ. 7426 (SAS), 1999 WL 216651, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 1999) (quoting Foremost-McKesson, Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 905 F.2d 438, 449 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). ii. The Consul General’s Actual Authority “Under New York law, an agent has actual authority if the principal has granted the agent the power to enter into contracts on the principal’s behalf, subject to whatever limitations the principal places on this power, either explicitly or implicitly.” Highland Capital Mgmt. LP v. Schneider, 607 F.3d 322, 327 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing Ford v. Unity Hosp., 32 N.Y.2d 464, 472, 299 N.E.2d 659, 664 (1973)). Actual authority “exists only where the agent may reasonably infer from the words or conduct of the principal that the principal has consented to the agent’s performance of a particular act,” although it may be express or implied. Minskoff v. Am. Exp. Travel Related Servs. Co., 98 F.3d 703, 708 (2d Cir. 1996) (internal citation omitted). Thus, “[t]he existence of actual authority depends upon the actual interaction between the putative principal and agent, not on any perception a third party may have of the relationship.” Merrill 10 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 32 of1150of 29 Page ID #:853 Lynch Capital Servs., Inc. v. UISA Fin., No. 09 Civ. 2324 (RJS), 2012 WL 1202034, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 2012) aff’d, 531 F. App’x 141 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted) (alternation in original). The Court must interpret the agent’s actual authority “in the light of all circumstances attending these manifestations, including the customs of business, the subject matter, any formal agreement between the parties, and the facts of which both parties are aware.” Peltz v. SHB Commodities, Inc., 115 F.3d 1082, 1088 (2d Cir. 1997) (internal citation omitted). In their papers, both parties applied New York agency law to the question of whether AlRumaihi possessed actual authority to enter into the Agreement. See Doc. 22 at 11; Doc. 25 at 8. Although Defendant states that the Court may refer to international law to resolve the issue of whether a waiver of sovereign immunity was effected by someone who had the authority to do so, it primarily invokes principles of New York agency law. 6 Doc. 22 at 12 n.3. Neither party acknowledges the possibility that Qatari law may ultimately govern the question of whether Defendant can be held liable for the acts of Al-Rumaihi under an agency theory. However, “courts in this district have consistently applied the laws of foreign states to evaluate claims of actual authority.” Themis Capital, LLC v. Democratic Republic of Congo, 881 F. Supp. 2d 508, 521 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (listing cases). “If the law of more than one jurisdiction is potentially applicable to a contract dispute, New York courts undertake [a] ‘grouping of contacts’ analysis to determine the governing law.” Int’l Bus. Machines Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 363 F.3d 137, 143 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Zurich Ins. Co. v. Shearson 6 Specifically, Defendant refers to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations to argue that Al-Rumaihi’s acts are not among those contemplated as “consular functions” under the Convention. See Doc. 22 at 12. Defendant does not attempt to identify any general international agency law principles. 11 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 33 of1250of 29 Page ID #:854 Lehman Hutton, Inc., 84 N.Y.2d 309, 317, 642 N.E.2d 1065, 1068 (1994)). Under this analysis, the law of the jurisdiction with the “most significant relationship to the transaction and parties” must be applied. Id. (quoting Zurich, 84 N.Y.2d at 317, 642 N.E.2d at 1068) (internal quotation marks omitted). In Themis, the court found that the law of the Democratic Republic of Congo (“DRC”) was applicable because the country had “the most significant relationship with the transaction at issue.” 7 Themis, 881 F. Supp. at 521. Specifically, the plaintiffs’ claims exposed the DRC to nearly $80 million in liabilities. Id. The amount in controversy in the instant action, which is limited to the $9 million down payment, is significantly less. Nonetheless, given that the parties did not address the potential applicability of Qatari law in their briefing, the Court will not decide the choice of law question at this juncture. 8 Not only is the applicable law potentially in dispute; several pertinent factual issues must also be resolved before the Court can make any determination as to actual authority, even under New York law. Without citing the source of Al-Rumaihi’s powers, Plaintiff argues that he was necessarily authorized to waive sovereign immunity and purchase the Property by virtue of his position as the highest ranking officer of Defendant, the Consulate of the State of Qatar in New York. 9 Defendant counters that the relevant inquiry is whether the Consul General had actual 7 The facts in Themis involved two documents. In the first agreement, the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly the Republic of Zaire, explicitly waived sovereign immunity. Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 516-517. The second agreement consisted of a letter acknowledging and confirming the debt obligation encompassed by the original credit agreement, signed by the Democratic Republic of Congo’s interim Minister of Finance and Budget and the Central Bank’s Governor. Id. at 513-514. 8 In a footnote, Plaintiff states that “Qatari agency law is not relevant” because Defendant has not alleged that it is and because the Agreement contains a choice of law provision. Doc. 25 at 10 n.4. Simply because Defendant neglected to consider the potential applicability of Qatari law does not necessarily imply that it is irrelevant. Furthermore, given that Defendant challenges the validity of the Agreement itself, the contract does not necessarily dictate whether New York law applies. 9 Plaintiff also cites several FSIA cases involving consuls general who entered into real estate transactions on behalf of their consulates. See Doc. 25 at 12 (citing Joseph v. Office of Consulate Gen. of Nigeria, 830 F.2d 1018 (9th Cir. 1987); Berdakin v. Consulado de la Republica de El Salvador, 912 F. Supp. 458 (C.D. Cal. 1995); Miles Mgmt. 12 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 34 of1350of 29 Page ID #:855 authority to act on behalf of Qatar itself. Def.’s Reply Mem. L., Doc. 29 at 3. Yet, regardless of whether Al-Rumaihi is viewed as the “highest ranking agent” of the consulate, Doc. 25 at 9, or as a lower level official within the Qatari government as a whole, neither party has clearly identified the bounds of Al-Rumaihi’s actual authority, nor alleged specific facts which show that he acted within or outside those parameters. Defendant merely alleges that Al-Rumaihi’s actions do not directly correspond with the “consular functions” listed in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (“Vienna Convention”). 10 Doc. 29 at 4. Indeed, there is no provision in the Vienna Convention that expressly addresses the authority of consular officials to enter into the type of real estate transaction at issue here. See Vienna Convention on Consular Relations art. 5, April 24, 1963, 21 U.S.T. 77, 596 U.N.T.S. 261 (entered into force for United States Dec. 14, 1969). Nonetheless, the Vienna Convention does indicate that consular functions include “performing any other functions entrusted to a consular post by the sending State which are not prohibited by the laws and regulations of the receiving State or to which no objection is taken by the receiving Corp. v. Republic of S. Africa, No. 94 Civ. 1318, 1994 WL 714584, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 19, 1994)). While these cases are, to varying degrees, relevant, they are not on point because none of those sovereign defendants disputed that its officials lacked the authority to enter into the transactions for the purposes of challenging jurisdiction under the FSIA. 10 Plaintiff argues that the Vienna Convention is inapplicable because it governs claims against consular officers. Doc. 25 at 10. Indeed, Article 43 of the Vienna Convention provides immunity to consulate officials when the alleged actions were performed in the exercise of consular duties set forth in Article 5. See Mateo v. Perez, No. 98 Civ. 7426 (SAS), 1999 WL 216651, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 1999). “The doctrine of sovereign immunity is applicable only to states and their instrumentalities . . . [while] [t]he doctrine of consular immunity is applicable only to consular officials and employees.” Id. at *4 (quoting Joseph, 830 F.2d at 1021) (alterations in original); see also Berdakin v. Consulado de la Republica de El Salvador, 912 F. Supp. 458, 460-61 (C.D. Cal. 1995) (“[T]he FSIA applies only to states and their instrumentalities, and not to the Consul himself, and concomitantly . . . the Vienna Convention’s consular immunity doctrine applies only to the Consul himself, and not to the Consulate.”). Nonetheless, while the Vienna Convention is not traditionally invoked in the sovereign immunity context, the fact that Defendant points to Article 5 as a potential source of actual authority renders it relevant to the Court’s inquiry. See Doc. 29 at 4. 13 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 35 of1450of 29 Page ID #:856 State[.]” Id. art. 5(m). Defendant counters that “reliance on this provision necessarily begs the question of whether Qatar granted such authority in the first place.” Doc. 29 at 4. Neither party adequately answers the question, and most likely cannot do so in the absence of discovery. 11 “[C]ourts generally require that plaintiffs be given an opportunity to conduct discovery on these jurisdictional facts [on which jurisdiction rests], at least where the facts, for which discovery is sought, are peculiarly within the knowledge of the opposing party.” Gualandi v. Adams, 385 F.3d 236, 244 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Kamen v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 791 F.2d 1006, 1011 (2d Cir. 1986)). Plaintiff asks the Court not to dismiss the case under Rule 12(b)(1) without allowing the parties to engage in limited discovery concerning Al-Rumaihi’s authority to execute the Agreement. Doc. 25 at 19. Defendant objects to any discovery, citing EM Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 473 F.3d 463, 486 (2d Cir. 2007) for the proposition that “in the FSIA context, discovery should be ordered circumspectly and only to verify allegations of specific facts crucial to an immunity determination.” See Doc. 29 at 10 (internal quotation marks omitted). However, in Republic of Argentina, it was evident that the FSIA’s exception to immunity from attachment was inapplicable based on the facts before the court. Republic of Argentina, 473 F.3d at 486. Thus, the plaintiff was clearly unable to assert “a reasonable basis for assuming jurisdiction.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). That is not the case here. 11 Throughout its papers, Defendant repeatedly suggests that the Complaint fails to allege that Al-Rumaihi possessed the requisite authority. Doc. 22 at 11; Doc. 29 at 4. However, Defendant only challenges Al-Rumaihi’s authority to enter into the Agreement to argue that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). Defendant erroneously cites Attica Central Schools, 386 F.3d at 110 for the proposition that the Court “is constrained to analyzing the pleaded allegations.” See Doc. 29 at 4 n.3. On the contrary, the case states that courts “may consider affidavits and other materials beyond the pleadings” on Rule 12(b)(1) motions. Attica Cent. Sch., 386 F.3d at 110. 14 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 36 of1550of 29 Page ID #:857 The instant Complaint provides at least a “reasonable basis” to believe that Al-Rumaihi possessed the authority to execute the Agreement based on his position, the initial involvement of the Qatari Minister of Foreign Affairs, the representations made in the Agreement, and the deposit of a significant down payment that is at the heart of the dispute. That said, the Complaint leaves several questions unanswered that are potentially dispositive of the agency issue. For example, it is unclear who authorized Defendant’s $9 million escrow payment. In addition, beyond Plaintiff’s speculation that Al-Rumaihi was recalled because of this transaction, neither party provides any details as to the circumstances surrounding his recall back to Doha. See id. ¶ 30. And, of course, Plaintiff can provide no insight into what specific authority Al-Rumaihi was given by Defendant. The answers to these questions are “peculiarly within the knowledge” of Defendant, see Gualandi, 385 F.3d at 244 (internal citation omitted), and are “crucial to an immunity determination.” See Republic of Argentina, 473 F.3d at 486. Therefore, limited jurisdictional discovery as to these factual issues, along with additional briefing as to the applicable law, is necessary before the Court can make any determination as to actual authority. iii. Availability of the Apparent Authority Doctrine Even if Al-Rumaihi lacked actual authority, he may yet be able to bind Defendant under the doctrine of apparent authority. Under New York law, an agent may “bind his principal to a contract if the principal has created the appearance of authority, leading the other contracting party to reasonably believe that actual authority exists.” 12 Highland Capital Mgmt. LP v. 12 The Second Circuit has not squarely addressed the issue of which law applies in determining whether apparent authority exists. However, in First Fidelity, it “assume[d] without deciding” that New York law governed its inquiry as to whether Antigua’s ambassador possessed apparent authority. First Fidelity Bank, N.A. v. Gov’t of Antigua, 877 F.2d 189, 194 n.3 (2d Cir. 1989). Furthermore, lower courts within the Second Circuit have applied New York agency law. See e.g. Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 522; Anglo-Iberia Underwriting Mgmt. Co. v. PT Jamsostek, No. 97 Civ. 5116 (HB), 1998 WL 289711, at *3 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. June 4, 1998) aff’d in part, vacated in part on separate grounds, remanded sub nom. Anglo-Iberia Underwriting Mgmt. Co. v. Lodderhose, 235 F. App’x 776 (2d Cir. 2007); Storr v. Nat’l Defence Sec. Council of Republic of Indonesia-Jakarta, No. 95 Civ. 9663 (AGS), 15 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 37 of1650of 29 Page ID #:858 Schneider, 607 F.3d 322, 328 (2d Cir. 2010). Apparent authority is triggered when “a principal, either intentionally or by lack of ordinary care, induces [a third party] to believe that an individual has been authorized to act on its behalf.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original). However, the doctrine is not without limits. “A party cannot claim that an agent acted with apparent authority when it knew, or should have known, that [the agent] was exceeding the scope of its authority.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original). The leading case in the Second Circuit on apparent authority in the sovereign immunity context is First Fidelity Bank, N.A. v. Gov’t of Antigua, 877 F.2d 189 (2d Cir. 1989). In First Fidelity, Antigua’s ambassador to the United Nations signed for a loan that was purportedly intended to pay for the renovation of Antigua’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York. Id. at 191. When Antigua ceased making loan payments, the lender attempted to levy upon Antigua’s bank accounts, which culminated in a settlement and consent order between the parties. Id. The consent order, signed by the same ambassador, included a complete waiver of sovereign immunity. Id. Antigua later moved to vacate the consent order, claiming that it retained its sovereign immunity because its United Nations ambassador lacked the authority to both borrow the money and sign the consent order. Id. The Second Circuit determined that Antigua could indeed be bound by the ambassador’s actions if he had apparent authority to take them and remanded the case for further findings of fact. Id. at 195-196 (“[T]he parties must proceed to discovery and possibly to trial before a court can rule on either substance or jurisdiction”). 1997 WL 633405, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 14, 1997) aff’d sub nom. Storr v. Nat’l Def. Sec. Council, 164 F.3d 619 (2d Cir. 1998). 16 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 38 of1750of 29 Page ID #:859 Defendant asks the Court not to apply the doctrine of apparent authority, arguing that the Second Circuit is the only court of appeals to hold that apparent authority may bind a sovereign. Doc. 22 at 13-15. As another district court within the Second Circuit observed, “[t]o be sure, other federal courts of appeals have taken varying positions on whether—and if so, when—a foreign government may be bound on a theory of apparent authority.” Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 523 (listing Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuit cases). However, regardless of how other courts have ruled, this Court is bound by the Second Circuit’s case law and is thus required to apply the doctrine of apparent authority as the Circuit has instructed. Courts within this circuit have routinely conducted the apparent authority analysis to determine the applicability of a sovereign immunity exception. 13 See Anglo-Iberia Underwriting Mgmt. Co. v. Lodderhose, 235 F. App’x 776, 780 (2d Cir. 2007) (affirming the lower court’s Rule 12(b)(1) dismissal of the plaintiffs’ breach of contract claims, which was based on a finding that a former employee of an Indonesian state-owned entity lacked actual and apparent authority to execute the reinsurance agreement); Republic of Benin v. Mezei, No. 06 Civ. 870 (JGK), 2010 WL 3564270, at *6-7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 2010) (while noting that apparent authority is generally insufficient in dealing with federal governments, finding that the former Director of Administration of the Republic of Benin’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not meet the doctrine’s requirements); Storr v. Nat’l Defence Sec. Council of Republic of Indonesia-Jakarta, No. 95 Civ. 9663 (AGS), 1997 WL 633405, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 14, 1997) aff’d sub nom. Storr v. Nat’l Def. Sec. Council, 164 F.3d 619 (2d Cir. 1998) (finding that a sovereign immunity 13 Meanwhile, Defendant does not cite a single case within this Circuit in which a court wholly rejected the applicability of the apparent authority doctrine in the sovereign immunity context, nor was the Court able to identify one. 17 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 39 of1850of 29 Page ID #:860 exception did not apply because members of the National Defence Security Council of the Republic of Indonesia lacked apparent authority to issue promissory notes). Only one court within this district has attempted to reconcile the conflicting circuit case law. In Themis, the court synthesized the outcomes of numerous cases involving apparent authority in the foreign sovereign context and reached the following conclusion: [T]he outcomes in these cases appear to turn on whether the specific legal commitment made by a government official on apparent behalf of the foreign government was (1) a public act, in which case apparent authority has generally been held unavailable, except in the discrete context presented by waivers of sovereign immunity by ambassadors; or (2) a private act, in which case apparent authority has generally been held available. Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 523. The court went on to define private acts as “only those powers that can also be exercised by private citizens,” and public acts as “those powers peculiar to sovereigns.” Id. at 524 (quoting Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, 507 U.S. 349, 360 (1993)) (internal quotation marks omitted). As noted, the Themis court specifically carved out of its analysis an ambassador’s jurisdictional acts, as compared to lower government officials. See Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 524-525. Specifically, it concluded that ambassadors may possess both actual and apparent authority to bind their principals. Id. (citing Aquamar, S.A. v. Del Monte Fresh Produce N.A., Inc., 179 F.3d 1279, 1299 (11th Cir. 1999) (“[U]nder the FSIA, courts should assume that an ambassador possesses the authority to appear before them and waive sovereign immunity absent compelling evidence making it ‘obvious’ that he or she does not.”); Jota v. Texaco, Inc., 157 F.3d 153, 163 (2d Cir. 1998) (denying Ecuador’s motion to intervene based, in part, on the determination that the Ecuadoran ambassador “enjoyed apparent authority” and the defendant 18 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 40 of1950of 29 Page ID #:861 and the District Court were “entitled to rely on his representations unless they were actually aware that he lacked such authority”)). Since the waiver of sovereign immunity is undoubtedly a public act and Al-Rumaihi was not an ambassador, Themis would imply that the doctrine of apparent authority is inapplicable to the instant action, at least insofar as Al-Rumaihi is alleged to have waived Qatar’s sovereign immunity. 14 However, Themis is currently on appeal, with the defendants asking the Second Circuit to join other circuits that have concluded that apparent authority is an insufficient basis upon which to bind foreign sovereigns and the plaintiffs asking the Second Circuit to uphold First Fidelity. 15 See Corrected Brief for Appellants at 29-31, Themis Capital, LLC v. Democratic Republic of Congo, No. 14-4016 (2d Cir. filed March 9, 2015); see also Corrected Brief for Appellees at 37-41, Themis Capital, LLC v. Democratic Republic of Congo, No. 144016 (2d Cir. filed April 9, 2015). While this Court finds Themis to be persuasive, it notes that in First Fidelity the Second Circuit made no distinction between “public” or “private” acts. Nor did it suggest, as Defendant urges here, that that the doctrine of apparent authority only applied to ambassador-level personnel. Specifically, it stated that “agency law is flexible enough so that the fact that a person is an ambassador can be given its appropriate weight in determining the extent of his apparent authority.” First Fidelity, 877 F.2d at 194 (emphasis added). It did not 14 The question before the Themis court was whether the interim Finance Minister and Central Bank official could revive the foreign state’s credit obligations absent actual authority. Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 519, 522-526. Unlike the case at hand, the court was not assessing whether the DRC’s agents possessed actual authority to waive sovereign immunity. Therefore, it determined that the “the governmental act in question is quintessentially private.” Id. at 526. 15 The Themis court initially held that, although the doctrine of apparent authority was available, it could not decide the issue without targeted discovery. Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 528, 531. After the parties conducted discovery, the court later found that the agents possessed apparent authority. Themis Capital v. Democratic Republic of Congo, 35 F.Supp.3d 457, 478-481 (S.D.N.Y. 2014), appeal docketed, No. 14-4016 (2d Cir. Oct. 27, 2014). The defendants also appealed this finding. 19 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 41 of2050of 29 Page ID #:862 state that the fact that a person is an ambassador determines whether he or she is eligible to exercise apparent authority at all. 16 Accordingly, the Court declines to follow Themis until a decision by the Second Circuit is rendered. Ultimately, it may be that Al-Rumaihi’s position as a lower level foreign official weighs heavily against a finding of apparent authority. See Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 527 (“[F]or a principal to be held liable on an agent’s acts under an apparent authority theory, the principal must be responsible for the appearance of authority in the agent . . . and a principal can, explicitly or implicitly, create the appearance of an agent’s authority, and of limitations on that authority, through the particular position held by the agent.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As the law in the Second Circuit presently stands, Plaintiff may at least attempt to establish that Al-Rumaihi possessed apparent authority to enter into the Agreement and waive sovereign immunity. 17 16 The Court also notes that neither the Fourth, Fifth, nor Ninth Circuits distinguished their holdings from the Second Circuit along the lines drawn by Themis. Rather, the Ninth Circuit adopted a textual reading of the FSIA, and concluded that, “[i]f the foreign state has not empowered its agent to act, the agent’s unauthorized act cannot be attributed to the foreign state; there is no ‘activity of the foreign state’” under the FSIA’s commercial activity exception. Phaneuf v. Republic of Indonesia, 106 F.3d 302, 307, 308 (9th Cir. 1997). It went on to note that its conclusion directly contradicts the Second Circuit’s holding in First Fidelity. Id. at n.4. The Fourth and Fifth Circuits adopted the Ninth Circuit’s reasoning in Phaneuf, with the Fourth Circuit acknowledging that the Second Circuit has “taken a different view.” See Velasco v. Gov’t Of Indonesia, 370 F.3d 392, 400 (4th Cir. 2004); Dale v. Colagiovanni, 443 F.3d 425, 428-429 (5th Cir. 2006). Moreover, the Ninth Circuit explicitly rejected the lower court’s holding that sovereign immunity only applies to public acts, stating “[r]equiring a foreign state to prove a public act conflicts with the plain language of the [FSIA]: a foreign state is immune from suit unless one of the enumerated exceptions applies.” Phaneuf, 106 F.3d at 306. While the reasoning in Themis is concerned with contrasting public and private acts to determine whether apparent authority may bind a sovereign, the Ninth Circuit’s unequivocal rejection of the lower court’s line of inquiry casts doubt on the notion that its own holding on apparent authority was grounded in such a distinction. 17 For the reasons set forth below, this Court will not make a final determination as to the existence of apparent authority until limited discovery is taken. Thus, there is a distinct possibility that the Second Circuit will issue an opinion that requires the Court to reconsider its position on the availability of apparent authority in deciding the merits of Plaintiff’s claim. 20 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 42 of2150of 29 Page ID #:863 iv. Application of the Apparent Authority Doctrine In First Fidelity, the Second Circuit explained that “a principal causes his agent to have apparent authority by conduct which, reasonably interpreted, causes third persons to believe that the principal consents to have an act done on his behalf.” First Fidelity, 877 F.2d at 193 (citing Restatement (Second) of Agency § 27 (1958)). Additionally, “the circumstances of the transaction must be examined to determine whether the person relying on the apparent authority fulfilled his duty of inquiry.” Id. at 194 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “The explicit and implicit representations made by foreign states as to the level and scope of the authority to bind the state of the official in question are, therefore, important components of the apparent authority inquiry.” Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 527; see also Seetransport, 123 F. Supp. 2d at 190 (finding that the Romanian Minister of Finance had apparent authority to enter into a settlement agreement on behalf of the foreign state based on explicit representations made by senior Romanian officials in letters and discussions with the plaintiffs); Storr, 1997 WL 633405, at *3 (no apparent authority where plaintiff failed to allege specific conduct on the part of the foreign state “which would lead third persons to believe that the signatories of the notes had the authority to issue them”). Thus, a determination of whether apparent authority exists “requires a factual inquiry into the principal’s manifestations to third persons.” Id. at 526 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff points to three facts which show that Al-Rumaihi was clothed with apparent authority to execute the Agreement. 18 First, it notes that Al-Attiyah, Qatar’s Minister of Foreign 18 Defendant repeatedly asserts that Plaintiff should not be permitted to allege new facts that are not contained in the Complaint. Doc. 22 at 17, 21; Doc 29. At 8. In support of this argument, Defendant cites a case which dealt entirely with a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See id. at 17 (citing K.D. ex rel. Duncan v. White Plains Sch. Dist., 921 F. Supp. 2d 197, 209 (S.D.N.Y. 2013)). The apparent authority analysis relates to the issue of subject matter jurisdiction, which Defendant challenged under Rule 12(b)(1). As previously stated, the 21 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 43 of2250of 29 Page ID #:864 Affairs, visited and inspected the Property with Al-Rumaihi on September 27, 2013. Doc. 25 at 14. Second, prior to signing the agreement, the Defendant’s Vice Counsel, Al-Meer, requested approval from the United States State Department to purchase the Property. 19 Doc. 25 at 14-15. Third, Plaintiff references a December 12, 2013 social gathering that Defendant hosted at the Property, which “numerous Qatari officials and diplomats” attended. Id. at 15. Plaintiff’s recitation of these three events lacks sufficient factual detail to definitively establish apparent authority. It is not at all obvious that by merely inspecting the property several months prior, the Minister of Foreign Affairs implicitly represented that Al-Rumaihi was authorized to execute the Agreement. Moreover, the fact that Al-Meer, who ranked below even Al-Rumaihi, requested and received permission from the United States to purchase the Property does not necessarily constitute a representation on behalf of the foreign state of Qatar as to Al-Rumaihi’s authority. Furthermore, the mere fact that several Qatari officials attended a party hosted by Defendant at the Property, without more information as to the circumstances surrounding the social event— including who specifically attended and their knowledge of any plans to purchase the Property— also does not by itself establish apparent authority. Thus, while these facts are certainly probative, they are not sufficiently developed to warrant a finding of apparent authority. Another open question is whether Al-Rumaihi’s execution of the Agreement purportedly binding Qatar to purchase the Property is the type of commitment that consuls general normally Court may consider evidence outside of the pleadings to resolve disputed issues of jurisdictional fact. See Zappia, 215 F.3d at 253. 19 Defendant claims that the State Department did not approve the purchase until after Plaintiff entered into the Agreement, which therefore implies that the Agreement was contrary to United States law. Doc. 29 at 7 n.8. Defendant relies on an email from Plaintiff’s counsel stating that it had signed the Agreement on January 15, 2014. See Taub Decl., Doc. 30, Ex. C. However, the email states that the Agreement would not be deemed binding until Plaintiff’s counsel received a fully executed copy of the Agreement and confirmation that the $9 million had been deposited. See id. 22 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 44 of2350of 29 Page ID #:865 have the authority to make. Defendant argues that the Court should give Al-Rumaihi’s position as Consul General little, if any, consideration. 20 Doc. 22 at 26. However, in First Fidelity, the Second Circuit explicitly stated that “[t]he appointment of a person to a position with generally recognized duties may create apparent authority.” First Fidelity, 877 F.2d at 193 (citing Restatement (Second) of Agency § 27 cmt. a (1958)) (emphasis added); see also Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 527 (“These decisions [in this district involving non-ambassador officials] hold that such officials have apparent authority to bind foreign sovereigns when the obligation to which by [sic] the official committed is of the sort of commitment that such an official ordinarily has the authority to make.”). Neither of the parties have presented the Court with any description as to what a consul general’s logistical duties are, and how the execution of the Agreement corresponds to them. As to Plaintiff’s duty to inquire, it is limited to instances in which “(1) the facts and circumstances are such as to put the third party on inquiry, (2) the transaction is extraordinary, or (3) the novelty of the transaction alerts the third party to a danger of fraud.” Republic of Benin, 2010 WL 3564270, at *7 (quoting F.D.I.C. v. Providence Coll., 115 F.3d 136, 141 (2d Cir. 1997)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Put differently, it “amounts to an alternative way of asking whether the third party reasonably relied on the representations of the agent that he possessed authority to bind the principal.” Providence Coll., 115 F.3d at 141 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Defendant argues that Plaintiff had a duty to inquire given that it was dealing with a foreign sovereign, which therefore required a higher level of scrutiny. 20 Defendant attached a diagram outlining the organization of a mission to its papers. See Taub Decl., Doc. 30, Ex. B. However, the diagram merely describes how the United States Department of State is organized; it does not necessarily have any bearing on the structure of Qatar’s diplomatic missions or the authority it bestows on its representatives. 23 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 45 of2450of 29 Page ID #:866 Doc. 22 at 22. Plaintiff counters that “there were no red flags or markers that this transaction was extraordinary or tainted by fraud.” Doc. 25 at 18. Since the factual record is not sufficiently developed, the Court cannot determine whether Plaintiff’s reliance was reasonable. Ultimately, the Second Circuit has stressed that “reasonable reliance is often a question of fact for the jury rather than a question of law for the court.” Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 528 (quoting STMicroelectronics, N.V. v. Credit Suisse Sec. (USA) LLC, 648 F.3d 68, 81 (2d Cir. 2011)) (internal quotation marks omitted). While Defendant’s status as a foreign state may be a factor the Court considers in determining whether Plaintiff’s reliance was reasonable, none of the cases Defendant cites suggest that it is determinative. Given the lack of clarity as to Defendant’s representations leading up to the execution of the Agreement and Al-Rumaihi’s general duties, the Court believes additional discovery is necessary in order to resolve the issue of apparent authority. See Themis, 881 F. Supp. 2d at 526531 (ordering limited discovery as to whether government officials had apparent authority and whether the plaintiffs were obligated to inquire into the scope of their authority). Specifically, discovery on this matter should be conducted on the issues of what a third party would reasonably believe was the scope of Al-Rumaihi’s authority based on Defendant’s implicit or explicit representations, as well as facts concerning Plaintiff’s duty to inquire, including the novel or extraordinary nature of the transaction, and any potential red flags. v. Ratification In a footnote, Plaintiff briefly raises the argument that Defendant’s conduct following the execution of the Agreement effectively ratified Al-Rumaihi’s authority to enter into it. The doctrine of ratification holds that: Even in the absence of actual or apparent authority, a person may still be liable as a principal if he affirms or ratifies an act done by 24 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 46 of2550of 29 Page ID #:867 one who purports to be acting for the ratifier. Under New York law, it is possible to imply ratification if the principal retains the benefit of an unauthorized transaction with knowledge of the material facts. Thus, ratification is a form of retroactive activity that occurs when the principal, having knowledge of the material facts, accepts the benefits of the agent’s action already made on his behalf. Precedo Capital Grp. Inc. v. Twitter Inc., 33 F. Supp. 3d 245, 254 (S.D.N.Y. 2014), appeal dismissed (Aug. 14, 2014) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). A principal’s intent, either express or implied, to affirm or adopt the acts of another is a touchstone of the ratification inquiry. Id. (citing Orix Credit Alliance v. Phillips-Mahnen, Inc., No. 89 Civ. 8376 (THK), 1993 WL 183766, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 26, 1993)). A principal cannot ratify an agent’s act without “full and complete knowledge of all the material facts of the transaction.” Id. (quoting Banque Arabe Et Internationale D’Investissement v. Maryland Nat. Bank, 850 F. Supp. 1199, 1213 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) aff’d, 57 F.3d 146 (2d Cir. 1995)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The intent can be implied from knowledge of the principal coupled with a failure to timely repudiate, where the party seeking a finding of ratification has in some way relied upon the principal’s silence[.]” Monarch Ins. Co. of Ohio v. Ins. Corp. of Ireland, 835 F.2d 32, 36 (2d Cir. 1987) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). At least one Court within this Circuit has recognized the concept of ratification in the sovereign immunity context. See Reiss, 246 F. Supp. 2d at 283 (finding that since the plaintiff came forward with sufficient evidence to require a factual determination as to the existence of subject matter jurisdiction, the defendants must convince the court that they never ratified the plaintiff’s employment). Defendant counters that Plaintiff’s own pleadings contradict any assertion that Defendant ratified the Agreement, when all of the facts suggest that Defendant repudiated it. Doc. 29 at 89. However, that is not what the Complaint alleges. Plaintiff claims that Defendant explicitly and repeatedly relied on the terms of the Agreement to justify its refusal to close on the Property. 25 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 47 of2650of 29 Page ID #:868 Compl. ¶ 21. Specifically, on April 29, 2014, Defendant’s “newly hired counsel” informed Plaintiff that Wildenstein was in violation of laws relating to money laundering, which constitutes a breach of the Agreement, and that it was “exercising its right to terminate the Agreement under Section 10.31. [sic] of the Agreement.” Id. The Complaint goes on to allege that the parties rescheduled the closing “by mutual agreement.” Id. ¶ 31. The Friday before the rescheduled closing was supposed to occur, on July 25, 2014, Defendant’s counsel once again sent Plaintiff’s counsel a letter stating that it would not close on the Property because Plaintiff had breached ¶ 7.1.8 of the Agreement. Id. ¶ 35. On August 8, 2014, Defendant objected to any release of the down payment to Plaintiff under ¶ 23.1.3 of the Agreement. Id. ¶ 39. Thus, on the facts alleged, it is clear that at no time prior to the filing of this lawsuit did Defendant object to closing on the basis that Al-Rumaihi lacked authority to enter into the Agreement. Less clear is whether the decision to invoke the breach provision can be attributed directly to the foreign state, or if it was taken by Defendant’s agent, Al-Rumaihi, without the foreign state’s knowledge or consent. 21 Defendant also highlights the fact that Al-Rumaihi was recalled back to Doha and that when the purchase of the Property came under review in Doha, “there was a reluctance to be seen as profligate.” See Doc. 29 at 8, see also Compl. ¶ 30. Defendant uses these facts to argue that “the Complaint directly alleges Qatar dissented upon learning of the Agreement.” Id. Yet, while these allegations certainly raise serious questions about Al-Rumaihi’s judgment, they do not necessarily bear on his authority to execute the Agreement. There is no indication that 21 The Complaint alleges that, after the publication of news articles highlighting Defendant’s plans to purchase the Property in January 2014, Al-Rumaihi was recalled back to Doha. Id. ¶ 30. Furthermore, the law firm that had been representing Defendant and had a relationship with the outgoing Consul General was abruptly fired and replaced with new counsel. Id. However, although the Complaint indicates that Defendant had hired a new law firm by the time the parties were supposed to close on the Property, it does not specify when Al-Rumaihi left his post. 26 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 48 of2750of 29 Page ID #:869 Defendant communicated its belief that the Agreement was invalid to Plaintiff. Therefore, two critical questions arise: (1) why Al-Rumaihi was recalled to Doha; and (2) whether Defendant communicated the circumstances surrounding his recall to Plaintiff, to the extent he was recalled for overstepping his authority. Along those lines, another allegation requiring factual development is Plaintiff’s claim that, after the parties executed the Agreement, delegations from Defendant and the Qatari Embassy—including the country’s United Nations ambassador— visited the Property “on several occasions to plan for Defendant’s move to the property.” Godts Decl., Doc. 27 at ¶ 4. Once more, additional facts concerning whom these delegations consisted of and whether they knew of and intentionally condoned the Agreement on behalf of the principal are important. Given that Plaintiff’s ratification argument was limited to a footnote, the issue requires additional briefing. Moreover, the facts supporting Plaintiff’s ratification argument must be developed more fully before the Court can decide its merits. Therefore, the Court authorizes limited jurisdictional discovery as to the actions and communications that followed the execution of the Agreement on January 16, 2014 that weigh on the question of whether Defendant ratified the contract. B. Scope of Limited Discovery In sum, the Court finds that there are substantial issues related to the question of whether Defendant is entitled to sovereign immunity that require further factual development. The Court seeks additional information to assess the open issues in this case, particularly: (1) whether AlRumaihi possessed actual authority to execute the Agreement on behalf of Defendant; (2) whether Al-Rumaihi possessed apparent authority to execute the Agreement; (3) whether a 27 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 49 of2850of 29 Page ID #:870 duty to inquire about the scope of Al-Rumaihi’s authority was triggered on behalf of Plaintiff; and (4) whether Defendant ultimately ratified the Agreement through its subsequent actions. First, the parties should pursue discovery on all relevant non-privileged communications leading up to and following the execution of the Agreement on January 16, 2014 between: (1) consulate officials in New York, including Al-Rumaihi, and any other representatives of Qatar; and (2) Qatari officials and Plaintiff’s representatives. The parties should also pursue discovery on non-privileged internal communications within the Qatari government concerning the purchase of the Property. Second, discovery should be taken that bears on the general duties of consuls general, relevant chains of command, and any Qatari customs, practices, or policies regarding the purchase of real estate in foreign countries. Third, to the extent either of the parties argue Qatari law is applicable to any portion of the analysis, the Court wishes to receive a translated excerpt of the relevant law, along with any documents and expert opinions which will assist its interpretation. At present, there is no basis to dismiss Plaintiff’s action; limited discovery is required. Defendant’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion is therefore denied, without prejudice to renew after the conclusion of limited discovery. At the close of this discovery, Defendant may reassert its challenges to the Court’s jurisdiction. C. Sufficiency of the Pleadings Under Rule 12(b)(6) Because the Court is unable to resolve the 12(b)(1) motion at this juncture, it cannot undertake the jurisdictional exercise of deciding the 12(b)(6) motion, which is based solely on a failure to comply with the Statute of Frauds. See Doc. 22 at 23-24. However, to the extent it 28 Case 2:18-cv-03466-DMG-SK Case 1:14-cv-06429-ER Document Document 10-2 32 FiledFiled 05/07/18 09/04/15 PagePage 50 of2950of 29 Page ID #:871