The Canadian Peace Pledge
I BELIEVE that peace is the only hope for the fu-

ture of humanity.
I believe that Canada, my country, can be secure
and prosperous only in a world at peace.
I believe that there are no international differences
which cannot be settled by negotiation.
I believe that countries with differing social and
political systems can live together without war.
I believe that peace can be saved if the five great
powers heed the demand of the peoples and sign
a Pact of Peace, declaring that under no circumstances will they make war one upon the other.
I believe an armaments race can lead only to war.
I am therefore in favour of the gradual, controlled
and simultaneous reduction of armaments by all
countries, taking into full account the security needs
of each.
I am for the total abolition of all instruments of
mass destruction of people, such as atomic, bacteriological, napalm and similar weapons.
I am for the restoration of world trade, for the
production of commodities that will enrich life, not
destroy it, recognizing that world trade will assist
all peoples and contribute to peace.
Believing all this, I therefore solemnly pledge to
acquaint my family, my neighbours and my friends
with this pledge and to do all in my power to keep
Canada at peace in a world at peace.

HOW TO USE THE PEACE PLEDGE
The above pledge was the result of discussion by 2,800 delegates of varying views
from all over Canada to the National Conference for Peace, Arms Reduction and
Trade held in Toronto May 10-11. Individuals and organizations including the
Canadian Peace Congress, have now begun
to circulate it all over Canada. Here is
how you might use it1) Endorse it yourself as an expression
of your own conscience as a peace-loving
Canadian.
2) Ask your family to endorse it.

3) Ask audiences at meetings to take or
support this peace pledge, likewise place it
before the membership of organizations.
4) Ask your friends to come to house
discussions to exchange views about peace
and to take the peace pledge.
Let our aim be: All Canadians to endorse the peace pledge collectively and individually.

FROM ITS VERY BEGINNING, all the
work of the Canadian Peace Congress, now
in its fifth year as a channel of public
peace expression, has been financed by the
voluntary and often sacrificial donations of

thousands of citizens. Will you give to
strengthen the effort to save peace? You
may do so through your local peace council, or directly through the Canadian Peace
Congress, 289A Church St., Toronto 2.

Olt. JAMES G. ENDICOTT
DIEM 'It I HES GERM WARFARE
The intim,. (shove shows Dr. Endicott putting a germ-infested
hirr into bottle as he conducted an on-the-spot investigation into
sees thus the ll.S. military is using germ warfare in China. Dr.
Entlivriii mode this investigation while on a good-will tour of Chinn
II het, he Nerved al a missionary 22 years.
b. these pages Dr. Endicott presents his testimony as well to%
whet suirosli loc. legal and moral evidence. He describes germ war/as.'
Mid ittegme.414 whist we can do to protect Our families. His appeal
•
the world.
1)11 yew lir/love the charges? Read the evidence and judge it Pr

s

PLEDGE CANADA TO WORLD
PEACE.

46011,

TM

NT 1' •Fl VI:, CENTS

 IF you had seen what I have seen, what
would you say?
What would you say if you had seen
with your own eyes sections of the brains
of children who had died from acute
encephalitis following germ-war bombardments by U.S. aircraft?
What would you say if, because you
could speak Chinese fluently, and had
happened to be in China, and had gone
to the germ war area (after being thoroughly inoculated), you had been able
to cross-examine honest old farmers
about their experiences?
If you had talked to children whose
bright little eyes had spotted the new
bugs?
If you had talked to medical workers
and top-ranking scientists who had carried out expert and foolproof analyses?
If you had talked to churchmen and
Red Cross officials who thoroughly confirmed what the others said?
If as a result of all this you found
out beyond reasonable doubt that germ
warfare had been committed, what would
you say?
Would you be silent? That would make
you an accomplice.
Or would you speak out?
I did all these things. I was there. I
saw and heard the truth.

Introduction:
It was a great moment when Very
Rev. James Endicott, D.D., LL.D., (left)
rose to introduce his son, James G. Endicott, D.D., (right) to the 11,000 people
who came to hear his peace message,
and his account of germ-warfare, in
Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens on the
evening of May 11.
Incomparably bitter had been the attacks that had met the younger Dr.
Endicott from the moment he announced
his investigation of germ warfare.

Peace.
"Reaews.
Special number, Summer 1952, published by the
Canadian Peace Congress.

Why Don't They
Ban Germ War?
Yet the man that was attacked had
served his country on the field of battle
and his church as a missionary for 22
years in China.
What would his father, a revered
churchman who had come out of retirement to make this introduction, have to
say?
"I am satisfied," said the senior Dr.
Endicott, that the "stigma" being applied to his son "did not come from the
hearts of the Canadian people."
He said his son is what he is today
because he was brought up, way back in
a pioneer mission station in China, on
family worship, because he believes the
Bible applies today, because he dared
"to be a Daniel" not merely to "admire
a Daniel."
We would like that to be our introduction to the great Christian who
wrote the pages that follow, the chairman of the Canadian Peace Congress,

member of the World Council of Peace
—James G. Endicott, D.D.
(The full text of Dr. Endicott Sr.'s introduction
—a vital document for Christians—can be obtained by sending 10 cents to the Canadian Far Eastern Newsletter, 134 Glenholme Ave., Toronto, Ont.,
Canada.)
NOTE: Some of the quotations used by Dr. Endicott have been re-translated into English from
the French.
--------

SUBSCRIBE WITH THIS COUPON
Peace Review,
289A Church St.,
Toronto 2.
Enclosed please find $1.00 for 12 issues
of PEACE REVIEW. Moil them to:
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ADDRESS
Wrote any other subscriptions on a
separate piece of paper.

4

At first I had grave doubts that the
U.S. forces would do such a thing. After
all, germ warfare is an international
crime that revolts the conscience of mankind. And I was indeed horrified to learn
that to this day the U.S. and Japan have
failed to endorse the international protocol renouncing germ warfare.
But from the moment when I knew the
awful truth there was only one thing I
could say. I said it April 1 in a cable
from Shanghai to our Minister for External Affairs, Hon. Lester B. Pearson.
This is what the cable said:
"PERSONAL INVESTIGATIONS
REVEAL UNDENIABLE EVIDENCE LARGE SCALE CONTINU-

ING AMERICAN GERM WARFARE ON CHINESE MAINLAND
URGE YOU PROTEST SHAMEFUL
VIOLATION UNITED NATIONS
AGREEMENTS"
You may not find this easy to believe.
That is natural.
It would be much easier for me not
to say what I have to say. Nevertheless
I have seen what I have seen and I can
say no other.

Our Government
Must Hear—And Act
Three times I have asked to present
my testimony to Mr. Pearson and the
External Affairs Committee at Ottawa.
To date I have been refused, though, it
is sad to say, Mr. Pearson and members
of the External Affairs Committee from
all parties have publicly insulted me for
all they are worth. In addition, I
have on my desk a pile of clippings from
newspapers all over the country which
show that I have been the subject of a
press attack of a violence never in recent
years meted out to any man in Canada.
It is singular that none of them, parliamentarians or press, appear a bit
interested in what I have to say (unless
they are looking for some legal loophole
by which to take me to court—imagine
the spectacle under the British Crown
of the Minister of Justice appointing a
three man committee of legal experts
who spend weeks looking for some basis
in law by which to lay a charge against
a man!)
One would think from this strange
behaviour that to denounce germ warfare is the crime, not germ warfare itself,
that whoever bears witness against a
murderer should be punished, not the
murderer.
That is not God's law and it is not
Canadian law, and I bear full responsibility before God and man for the serious
charge that I make.
If the government will not hear me I
must speak to the people so that all will
make up their mind for themselves.
At the same time I repeat that it
3

 remains the duty of those in Ottawa to
hear me.

Why It Is Hard
To Believe At First

OA

4t

Pttititt'

AfIX'
‘.1', 4: • VIki "
4 AXall Oki

In the following pages I will try
briefly to discuss the menace of germ
warfare to each of us, to examine its
ethics, to tell you in some detail what I
saw, to present additional scientific, legal
and moral evidence; to suggest a means
for the impartial international investigation of the evidence; and to show how
we can safeguard our own families and
all people against this terrible menace.
What I have to say will be hard to
believe because decent people shrink
from believing that their fellow humans
could be so vile. A member of the national council of the Canadian Peace
Congress illustrated this vividly when he
told how his own parents, Jews, had been
killed in Poland because they refused to
believe that the Nazis would actually
exterminate them. They were on the road
to escape, but they turned back when
they became tired. Their son warned
them, but they disregarded his warnings.
Millions of people were exterminated
because they waited when they had the
chance to escape. The underground
warned them, but they did not listen.
Even a few minutes before their death,
many of the victims still believed they
were being sent to work, or on a journey.
They could not believe that Nazis would
gas and burn people. The mountains of
corpses and ashes found in the concentration camps are terrible warnings that
such things do indeed happen in war.

The People Will
Outlaw Germ Warfare

Above Dr. Endicott is seen discussing the laboratory
tests with a group of Chinese scientists. The lower
picture shows him inspecting a laboratory exhibit
giving the records of all the tests made in that region.

4

Most of those who don't yet believe
that the germ war has started, don't think
the U.S. military are capable of it. They
themselves loathe the thought of germ
warfare. That fundamental decency and
morality is the force that is going to
outlaw germ warfare forever.
Some newspapers headlined my May

11 speech to 11,000 people in Toronto
as an anti-U.S. speech. It was not. Neither is this an anti-U.S. pamphlet. Almost
everybody in the U.S. is opposed to germ
warfare. That is why its preparation is
under such secrecy. It is conceivable that
there may be members of the U.S.
or Canadian governments that do not
know about it (or then again they
might).
At any rate I am sure that the people
on this continent are going to play a
historic role in outlawing this weapon
of mass destruction of men, women and
children. The U.S. is the only one of
the great powers that has refused to sign
the Geneva Protocol of 1925 outlawing
germ warfare. President Truman withdrew it from the U.S. Senate in 1946
after it had been stalled there for 21
years.'

Canada's Obligation
Under The Protocol
Canada has signed it, and is bound by
its terms to press the U.S. to sign. There
is no doubt that if most citizens of the
U.S. even knew about the existence of
this protocol and what had happened to
it that U.S. opinion would compel its
adoption by the U.S. government.
In addition to formally requesting the
U.S. government to sign, the Canadian
government should see to it that
the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
through its long-wave and short-wave
stations as well as on Canadian TV when
it is ready thoroughly educates all Canadian and U.S. citizens within range to
the terms of and reasons for the Geneva
Protocol of June 17, 1925.
This would also be a good project for
UN Radio.

What Is
Germ Warfare?
What is germ warfare, also called bacteriological or bacterial or biological
warfare?
"The essence of bacterial warfare is
the provocation of mass infections,"

(1) Germany and Japan, not classified as great powers today, are the only two additional major
countries not to hnve signed.

 01111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110::

THE GENEVA PROTOCOL OF JUNE 17, 1925
PROHIBITING THE USE OF ASPHYXIATING, TOXIC OR SIMILAR
GASES AND OF BACTERIOLOGlyL WEAPONS IN WAR.
-

Here is the list of States which have
adopted and ratified the Geneva
E Protocol:
Abyssinia, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria,
•
Canada, Chile, China, Czechoslovakia,
•—
Denmark, Egypt, Eire, Finland, France,
—
Great Britain, Greece, Holland, India,
= Iran, Iraq, Italy, Liberia, Luxembourg,
=
Mexico, Norway, New Zealand, Poland,
=
Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Swit=
xerland, Thailand, Turkey, Union of South
—
Africa, U S S R , V
la, Yugoslavia.

The undersigned plenipotentiaries,
in the name of their respective
Governments,
Considering that the use in wartime of asphyxiating, toxic or similar
= gases, as well as all liquids or analagous material or processes, have
been justly condemned by the overwhelming body of opinion of the civilized world,
Considering that the prohibition of
the use of such weapons has been formulated in the treaties to which most
of the World Powers are parties,
With the purpose of making this
prohibition universally recognized as
- being incorporated in international

E law,
DECLARE:
That the High Contracting Parties,
in as much as they are not already
Parties to the treaties prohibiting its
use, recognizing this interdiction,
agree to apply this prohibition to the

use of means of bacteriological warfare and agree to consider ourselves
as bound by the terms of this declaration.
The High Contracting Parties will
do all in their power to make the
other States adhere to the present
Protocol. This adherence will be notified to the Government of the French
Republic and, through it, to all the
signatory and adherent Powers. It
will take effect so as to date from
the day of notification made by the
Government of the French Repubic.
The present Protocol, the French
and English texts of which will stand
as the official testimony, will be ratified as soon as possible. It will carry
today's date.
The ratifications of the present
Protocol will be addressed to the
Government of the French Republic,
which will notify the deposit in trust
to each of the signatory Powers.
The instruments of ratification or
adhesion will remain deposited in
trust in the archives of the Government of the French Repubic.
The present Protocol will enter into
force for each signatory Power so as
to date from the time that the ratification is deposited in trust and, from
that moment, this Power will be
bound vis-a-vis the other Powers who
have already deposited their ratifications in trust.

',"111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111h7

states the Rosebury-Kabat report on 1942

on which much of U.S. work in germ
warfare has subsequently been based.2
The disease germ, certain other living
micro-organisms, yes and even certain
non-living substances are grouped together as the weapons of germ warfare.
These weapons are invisible to the eye.
The Rosebury-Kabat report lists the
possible military purposes of germ warware: "for the reduction of isolated
strongholds or the siege of cities; for the
disorganization of industrial areas behind
the lines or of army centres and camps;

for use as part of a 'scorched earth'
policy, and against valuable animals, food
plants and industrial crops; and perhaps
for more limited use in connection with
close fighting and rapid movement."

They Think The Crime
Will Be Undetected
This report says "It is of interest to
compare bacterial warfare with poison
gas warfare" (the latter is long since
prohibited). "The two fields are similar
in that they employ agents which may
be diffused over a large area and thus

(2) Rosebury, Theodore and Kabat, Elvin A. Bacterial Warfare. Journal of Immunology, Vol. 56,
pp. 7-96, Baltimore.

6

1

exert their incapacitating effects on large
numbers of individuals simultaneously.
They have the psychological similarity
that both may be more or less invisible
and intangible, so that their action is to
a degree insidious; and part of their
expected effect is that of demoralization
through terror of the mysterious or the
unknown."
Here we have the esential definition
of germ warfare as a terror weapon
of mass destruction of civilians and military personnel alike.
This report considers the use of cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphus, bubonic
plague, pneumonic plague, anthrax, influenza, tularemia, brucellosis, glanders,
melioidosis, yellow fever, and other diseases. Some it discards, others it considers practicable.
The introduction to the report says,
"Certain portions of the paper are outdated by developments . . . It will not
escape the informed reader, that in a
striking number of cases, technical developments discussed as possibilities in this
paper have already become realities as
evidenced by recent publications."
Two additional characteristics of germ
warfare should be emphasized: (1) those
who plan using it count on their crime
being undetected—an aircraft flies overhead, there are no explosions, nothing
may happen for hours, days, weeks or
months (2) germ warfare knows no
boundaries or military lines: once deadly
diseases are unleashed, diseases it has
cost mankind tremendous sacrifice to
subdue, we are all threatened alike—
every man, woman, and child (this is
particularly true since the concentration
of the germ war scientists is on finding
ways of using new types of disease
against which no defense has been developed).

What I Saw
In China
Now let me go on to tell you first of
all what I saw. My wife and I early this
year were visiting China, where we had
been missionaries, as guests of the Chin-

ese Peace Committee. We held long talks
with Chinese Christian leaders, visited
many parts of the country, and did many
things that we will report in our subsequent book on China as it is today. During the first week in April, I visited
North-East China.
In the North-East, the chief topic of
conversation everywhere was the largescale U.S. germ-war being carried out
against the Chinese people. I had previously checked on this form of warfare all the way from the environs of
Shanghai up to Tsingtao, but in the
North-East I went out into the fields to
talk with the farmers. I interviewed
those who had actually seen and collected various insects, feathers, and some
of the receptacles in which they had
been dropped.
Before dealing with this evidence, I
would like to give my reasons for believing that any epidemics that there
may be in China today are not the result
of natural causes, nor of neglect on the
part of the Chinese authorities, as U.S.
propaganda alleges.

Cholera Not
Natural In China
First of all, cholera, for example, is
not a disease endemic to China. It is invariably introduced from the south
Undo-China, for instance) and in hot
weather.
As Miss Li Teh-Chuen, Chinese Minister of Health, informed me, there has
not been a single case of cholera in
China for two years, owing to the prophylactic precautions and excellent medical service introduced by the Chinese
government.
Even 25 years ago, the old government had set up an Epidemic-Prevention
Bureau in Peking, though nothing was
accomplished compared with the way the
problem has been tackled today.
In the last two years, some 250 million people in a 200-mile belt along the
whole coastal area from Canton northwards, have been inoculated against
cholera. Every ship entering a Chinese

7

 The Photos Below Show Dr. Endicott
During His Investigation In China:

UPPER LEFT: Dr. Endicott speaking to one of the many
"special alert" hygiene squads which are rushed by lorries
to the scene of any incidents.
UPPER RIGHT: Dr. Endicott talking to a village headman
and a schoolboy who describe how they saw U.S. aircraft
drop "silvery-coloured" objects which were found to be
a type of germ bomb.
CENTRE: Dr. Endicott examining one of the leaflet bombs
used for dropping germ-laden insects in Chino.
LOWER LEFT: Chinese schoolboys describe to Dr. Endicott
how they found insects in open spaces after passage of
U.S. aircraft.
LOWER RIGHT: Chiang Do Yung, former poor peasant, is
seen showing Dr. Endicott a reproduction of Prof. JoliotCurie's appeal aaginst germ warfare.
(Dr. Endicott was inoculated against many diseases before
conducting his investigation.)

port IrOM Inc BOUM WIIS uirciuiiy MUCH-

proniems. tverynoay is anxious to

ed. and every sailor inoculated.

every city and town
I visited, I saw long queues of people
lining up in front of the Red Cross
stations.
I noted that the people were both indignant and disgusted by this new form
of U.S. warfare, but they were apparently not surprised. So many other atrocities had been committed, that they realized that the U.S. military was capable of anything.
The breadth of understanding of the
ordinary people of New China was for
me typified by Chiang Da-Yung, a previously illiterate peasant in Nanking who
had taught himself to read in two years
and whom I found reading a paper con-

All Diseases
Were Tackled
To give another example of the scale
on which the fight against disease of all
kinds is being tackled, scientific workers
told me something of the extensive campaign against animal diseases. In Shantung Province, for example, 18 million
hens had been inoculated against Newcastle's disease.
The land reform has provided the
Chinese government with an apparatus
of organization and education never before known in China. The same people
who had gathered the peasants together
to explain the principles of land reform
were now able to gather them together
to explain the principles of hygiene and
of the benefits of inoculation.
This is also the reason why spies
dropped into Chinese territory to discover the effects of U.S. germ warfare
are invariably caught within 24 hours.
Any man found sleeping in the open
nowadays is immediately suspect because
the people's vigilance has been extensively alerted—something which speaks for
a high degree of organization.
Today, since the launching of germ
warfare by the United States, these
health precautions are being considerably
intensified. On every train running
north and south, there are sanitation
squads which inoculate every passenger,
not previously inoculated, for typhoid,
para-typhoid, typhus and cholera. There
is also an intensive campaign against
bubonic plague.

The People Can
Defeat Germ Warfare
I can say from personal experience
that there is absolutely no panic in China
today in spite of the widespread attempts
by the U.S. to spread disease.
On the contrary, it is having the effect of rapidly raising the understanding
of the Chinese people concerning health

De

inoculated, and in

taining Professor Joliot-Curie's appeal
against bacteriological warfare. He told
me how he supported this appeal, and
that he was not afraid of America. It
was a surprise to me to meet such a man
who not only could read, but who understood what the world peace movement meant.
Personally, I was also surprised to see
how quickly the Chinese people can now
organize themselves. Their spirit is
wonderful and their government has an
excellent health service. I do not wish
to minimize the awfulness of this germ
war, but I have also seen in detail how
this bacteriological attack can be checked and defeated by an aroused and lib-

erated people.

My Personal
Investigation
And now for evidence that germ warfare is in fact being waged, evidence
which I consider unquestionable and
overwhelming.
I can speak Chinese quite easily. As I
listened to the testimony of honest old
farmers, children whose bright, observant eyes had spotted tiny, unknown
types of flies, and to medical workers
of all kinds who had carried out expert culturing and analysis, I became
convinced of the truth of the accusation.
9

 Typt..s
0/ 110ntb8

IIMIMPr

Ii, the part of China where I investiplot, the Americans had used a large
IMillvt propaganda bomb for the disslinitnatton of insects, and a small porceINiti type bomb used for spreading germs.
As one Chinese scientist explained to me
(It, had investigated the methods emsilloyoil by the notorious Japanese bactechological warfare Detachment 731), the
havivital culture inside the bomb emitted
to gas as the bacteria multiplied and at
a cot tam point exploded the bomb.
I, personally, saw and handled pieces
id one of these bombs. After a U.S.
plane had passed overhead, a peasant,
I lei" N' ung-Bin, noticed silvery objects
Illial mi!, to earth. He found some of them
aim, took them to the village headman,
MI I 1 Shi-Shien who, together with
I tau, later, showed me the pieces of the
bomb. It had an aluminium base about
'a' inches in diameter. It was made of
poi celain with an aluminium covering
(which explained the 'silvery objects' described by Han Yung-Bin), and was of
the thickness of medium cardboard.
I also investigated one of the propar ganda leaflet bombs, around which a
number of insects had been found when
it fell on the snow-covered ground in
the Mukden region. Actually, it had
fallen on a newly dug grave, so that the
fuse was still intact, as well as the little
propeller which works the mechanism
for opening the doors of tly• bomb.
Markings on the bomb read:
NOSE BOMB FUSE
MECH TIME M 155 E2
LOT PA 4189851

Death
From The Skies
The bomb had still not been properly
investigated and I discovered in the
head, covered by a steel plate, two large
handfuls of dirty cotton soaked in a
glycerine-like substance. The Chinese
doctors who were with me were horrified
when they saw me handling this stuff,
and immediately sterilized my hand.
10

The two Chinese selentMe Commissions with whom I spoke told me, however, that the spreading of bacteria
through the medium of leaflet bombs is
only one of the methods being employed.
Especially near the front, paper bags
(often containing anthrax-laden feathers), cotton balls and anything light that
can be carried by the wind, are common
media.
The Americans are also spraying bacteria. The deadly botulinus toxin, a
thousand times more deadly than cyanide
of potassium, is being mixed with dust
and in gelatine which melts in water.
Flies and other insects infected with
"ordinary" diseases are being dropped
as a screen to conceal the use of these
•
even more lethal poisons.
But even these "ordinary" diseases are
deadly enough. One morning in March,
when the weather was nearly zero, an
old man and his two grandsons found
a swarm of flies in their home. Neighbors testified that U.S. planes had been
over during the night since there had
been an alarm. Some of the flies entered the house. In a few days, the old
man and his two sons died of cholera.

Spiders
Bearing Anthrax
I myself investigated and handled
(with medical forceps) spiders which
had been first discovered crawling
around in a field in a temperature below
zero.
Here are the cirumstances in which
they were originally found, as told to me
by 73-year-old Liu Wen-Shiu, a middle
peasant who had benefited from the
land reform.
One night, early in March, an airraid warning had sounded in Fushun, a
coal-mining area, some distance from
Mr. Liu Wen-Shiu's home, and eight
U.S. planes had been reported in the
vicinity.
Although unaware of this, a friend of
Mr. Liu Wen-Shiu's told him, on the
following morning, that he had seen ordinary house flies and a small black fly
with large wings, as well as spiders. (It

was subsequently discovered that the
flies could float, and that the spiders
were loaded with anthrax germs).
Mr. Liu Wen-Shiu told me that at
first he refused to believe this news. He
was in the habit of studying the weather
as a hobby and he kept a thermometer.
Since this registered the temperature as
being below zero, he told his friend that
such phenomena was "unnatural" and
would not be convinced until he had actually seen them with his own eyes.
When he did see them, having heard
something about U.S. germ warfare in
the administration offices of the township, he immediately informed the authorities, and investigators came from the
county government.
Huge quantities of insects were discovered—two months earlier than any
insects were ever known to appear, it
should be noted. Subsequent laboratory
testing in Mukden proved that they
were loaded with disease.

How I Found
Some Of The Spiders
The Japanese had once built a large
factory for making powdered milk in
the vicinity and the dairies were still
there. Was it coincidence that the U.S.
air force had dropped such large quantities of germ-laden insects just here?
When I met Mr. Liu Wen-Shiu, he
told me that if I was to go to the edge
of a certain field, I might still find some
of the spiders which had escaped the
decontamination squad which had been
hastily mobilized locally and which had
set fire to the infected spots with straw.
Sure enough, I found spiders after a
search and placed them in a bcttle with
the help of medical forceps. These, too,
were sent to the Mukden laboratories.
Spiders are infected, no doubt, with
the hope that they will be eaten by hens
and thus pass on the infection.

The Scientists'
Verdict
As I was leaving Mr. Liu Wen-Shiu's
house, I met three little boys and asked
them: "Did you find any insects?" They

said that they had and drew particular
attention to the flies which they had
found on a nearby pond—flies that they
had never seen before. The pond (used
for cattle and for watering vegetables)
had been covered with ice at the time.
I also visited the laboratories and met
scientists who have been doing the research on bacteria—men like Dr. Li
Pei-Lin, a graduate of London University and a member of the Pathological
Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and
Dr. C. M. Chu, formerly of Cambridge
University and now a specialist in epidemic diseases.
These men showed how step by step,
they had used every known device of
science to test the presence of bacteria
on the collected insects. I asked if insects ordinarily carried germs. They said
"yes", but not in such quantities.

The Essence
Of Wickedness
Furthermore, all the huge numbers
of insects appeared at a certain time
(invariably after U.S. planes had been
overhead) and out of season; all were
infected and there were mosquitoes
carrying typhoid even though, it should
be remembered that mosquitoes are not a
natural host for typhoid germs.
I also visited the special anti-bacteriological warfare museum that has now
been opened for the information of
scientists and others, and saw there the
results of 13 autopsies. Sections of the
human brain of 13 victims (most of
them children who had died within two
to five days) had been made into microscopic slides. All showed acute encephalitis. Yet encephalitis had never been
known in Manchuria before.
All these factors had convinced the
scientists—and me—that this was germ
warfare.
The more I became convinced, the
more I felt a sense of dismay at this incredible moral degeneration of the western governments and the more I felt
rising within me a deep feeling of indignation. This sort of thing is of the
11

 mance of wickedness, a denial of the
wN of God and of man.

.4 tinge File
10 Evidence
I here is of course a huge file of eviavow. from Korea with which I did not
41.441. There are now captured American
lilt men who have declared that they
wore iscretly trained for germ war in
lapin, They have named many of their
follow officers who were trained with
limn They have given details of the
methods used. There are some prisoners
of via' who have told of the firing of
466114 loaded with bacteria. They have
Wattled to special secret inoculations
silvan to the troops last December. There
ate aptured intelligence agents who
bevy sworn that they were parachuted
!Wand the lines especially for the pur111140 if collecting information of the
tooth+ of germ warfare. All these wail...No. will be available for questioning
by oily further commisions which may
I' Korea.

.4 Chinese
Churchman's Appeal
It. vntly, I received the following
horn Rev. Wang Tzu-chung, pastor
it ill. Council of North China (Kung1111111 ) ( 'ongregational Mission, who has
inn an open letter to members of the
Wi,i Id Council of Churches denouncing
I me of germ warfare as follows:
It has been several years since we
%ire separated in the capital of the
Netherlands in September, 1948. I trust
you are all faring well.
"You must have heard the news
about the bacteriological warfare carried out by the American aggressors in
Korea and Northeast China. In order
to observe the circumstances relating to
the American aggressors' bacteriological
warfare, I participated in the 'commission to investigate the American crime
of germ war' organized by people's organizations, medical and scientific circles
of China, and have made a thorough
investigation in various parts of North11414 I

12

East China, and at frontline positions
and in the rear of Korea.
"1 have seen with my own eyes the
evidence of the American aggressors'
bacteriological war crime. I feel it imperative to condemn the U.S. government's bacteriological war crime against
humanity which is contrary to the principles of Christianity before all Christians throughout the world. This crime
cannot be tolerated by decent Christians.
"You may perhaps think that the U.S.
government is not capable of resorting
to such a base means. However, if you
were faced with the facts, you would, I
am confident, with your Christian conscience, accept the conclusion that the
U.S. government is carrying out bacteriological warfare," the letter continues.

Witness
Before Christ
"On my conscience as a Christian, I
bear witness before our Lord Jesus
Christ that the U.S. goverment has carried out and is still carrying out bacteriological warfare.
"I wish to draw your serious attention
to the fact that bacteriological warfare
menaces not only the Chinese and Korean people, but people throughout the
world. If the criminal act goes on unchecked in Korea, its germ war may
some day expand to Europe or other
parts of the world. It is not an attack
only against the Chinese and Korean
people, but is, at the same time, an attack
against justice and the security and peace
of mankind.

The Security
Of Mankind
"Decent Christians throughout the
world should take active measures to
preserve justice and the security of mankind, condemn the American agressors'
crime of bacteriological warfare and impose effective sanctions against them.
Otherwise, we Christians woukl be acting contrary to Christian principles.
"Jesus Christ said: 'Ye are the salt of
the earth, but if the salt have lost his

Upper left Dr. Endicott examines a reassembled
U.S. bacterial bomb. Upper right is shown another
reassembled bomb. The picture lower left shows how
this type of bomb divides into two parts on contact
and disseminates the bacteria-carrying insects. Lower
right shows the interior with the four compartments
for holding the insects. There are many different
types. Sometimes use is made of leaflet bombs. Another method is the spray method.
13

 I

savour, wherewith shall it be salted? It
Is thenceforth good for nothing, but to
he cast out, and to be trodden under the
loot of men.' And thus we would be betoying the decent people throughout the
world,
"We must struggle against this crime
and fulfil our obligation towards decent
people," the letter concludes. "Justice
Mule pi eva il and human security be
satogiiiiided."

Communist commission. As will he seen,
most of the lawyers come from the western world. Only one of them, Jack
Gaster, a very capable solicitor in London, is a Communist, and he consented
to go only after two non-Communist
British jurists had turned down an invitation to take part.

Thy idityyers
Give, Their Evidence

Those are the witnesses. Here are
extracts from their reports.
In Korea they were impressed by the
clarity and obvious sincerity of witness
reports, many of which came from peasants. They specify the date of raids and
types of insects found. There were even
found "on Feb. 23, 1952, in Peng Won
Goon, South Pyengan Province, on a
mountain not far from Sunk Shun Myen
village, in addition to flies, a great quantity of fishes of a species which live in
the regions between fresh water and salt
water. The fish were found in a halfrotten state and infected with cholera.
It is assumed that these fishes were
dropped by mistake on the mountains."
The first case examined by the commission is described as follows: "On Jan.
113, 1952, southeast of I Chon, Kang
Won Province, flies, bugs and spiders
were found alive on the snow and
among stones. Though the place had
been burnt immediately after discovering
the insects, 20-30 specimens per square
metre could still be found in an area of
600 to 700 metres in diameter. Expert
examination showed that the flies had
been infected with the germ of cholera.
At a distance of about 300-400 metres
from the point where the insects had
been discovered, remains of containers
like leaflet bombs have been found with
a special appliance that caused them to
break open as soon as they touched the
ground."
Many other examinations were conducted in Korea.
The report shows that some varieties
of the insects found had never before
existed in Korea. It notes that in many
cases insects were discovered to be carry-

I low I would give you additional
Illrldence. The first witnesses I call up
Will tastily on a legal basis.
Noce they are, the members of a cornPIIIIIiiiiii established by the International
Aline Is Iii in of Democratic Lawyers.
MIN name got a laugh in our House of
CoMmoils when Mr. Pearson mentioned
II. 'I hew ire many lawyers in the House
so I thin'i imagine they could have been
bllighlog at the idea of lawyers being
&Wet iii lc — perhaps it was at the
Ilioinglii ot an International Association;
ll so, those who laughed were evidently
',novo' e of the very great influence of
this
u4 I it I 1lished international body).
r"
o
are the members of the corn" with the chairman given first:
Heinrich Brandweiner, professor of
inierniii ional law at the University of
(frac (Austria).
Luigi Cavalieri, advocate at the supreme court of Rome.
Jock Gaster, solicitor, London.
Ku Po-nien, director of the Research
I )eportment of Peoples Institute of Fore lon Affairs, Peking.
Marie-Louise Moerens, a dvoc at e,
Mussels.
Marc Jacquier, advocate at the Court
ol Appeal, Paris.
Letelba Rodrigues de Britto, advocate,
R io de Janeiro.
Zofla Wasilkowska, judge of the Supreme Court, Warsaw.
According to its current habit, the
daily press has falsely labelled this a
14

Example
From Korea

Ing eggs, and that in the opinion of
experts, they had been bred artificially.
It also observes that there had been no
epidemics in Korea for the previous four
years.

Ten Million
Excellent Liars?
Before going on to quote the commission's findings in China, perhaps you
would like to know how the commission
worked. Claude Morgan, editor of Defense de la Paix, interviewed Prof.
Brandweiner4 recently and asked him,
"How did you carry out the enquiry?"
Prof. Brandweiner replied: "We adopted the strictest procedure. We heard
witnesses, very many of them. We took
down their testimony. We checked all
the facts indicated to us, and had all
necessary examination by experts made.
"Our report is based upon voluminous
and precise documentation. We are now
putting it into its final shape. If, as
certain people are claiming in advance
we have fallen victims to Communist
propaganda, then there must be ten million excellent liars in Korea and China!"
Now for the report of the commission
on what it discovered in China (the report lists the names of eleven Chinese
experts in bacteriology, entomology,
pathology, neurology, and clinical practice who gave the commission the results
of their examinations). Here are two
examples out of the ten listed in the
report:

Peasants'
Discoveries
"On March 3, 1952, in the late afternoon, a peasant from Kiu-Tsai village,
about 20 km. from Fushun, discovered
insects crawling and hopping over the
snow in front of his house.
"He informed the local authorities.
Collection and destruction of the insects
were organized the following days. The

insects were spread out over a space over
one kilometre (2 /i) in length, and one /i
in width.
"The inhabitants of the village had
never before seen insects of that kind,
even during the hot season; and, in early
March, it was still very cold in that
region, snow and ice not yet having
melted.
"Three witnesses, among them the
peasant Liu Kuan-I, who was the first to
see the insects, indicated circumstances
of the discovery to the commission, together with the conditions in which
specimens were handed over to the authorities.
"Professor Ching Yao-Ting, who carried out the entomological examination
of the insects, underlined that insects of
this species (Collembola) had been spread
in great numbers in Korea and Northwest China.
"Mr. Chu Chi-Ming gase the commission results of the bacteriological experiments carried out by three experts on a
guinea-pig: the guinea-pig died after a
week, many rickettsiae being found in
the spleen similar to the variety by the
insects.
"The Fushun region had been flown
over on February 29 by U.S. aircraft.
Two witnesses also stated the alarm had
been sounded on that day in Fushun."

The Grocer
And The Pupil
Another example:
"In the morning of March 12, 1952,
a group of eight U.S. aircraft flew over
the region of Antung and Kwantien.
"Mr. Han Yung-ping, grocer in Kwantien, testified before the commission that
just before noon he was at the door of
his store in the Nam-Men-Li quarter
when planes passed. They were flying
at a great height from the west to the
east, and the weather was very clear.
The witness heard the sound of the en-

(4) I have been informed that, as a result of pressure from the U.S. State Department, Prof. Brandweiner has been dismissed from his post at the University of Graz. I hope many of you who read this
will ioin me in protesting to the university authorities this shocking attempt to gag a great and
courageous jurist who stood by the precepts of his profession. All such measures will prove futile in
suppressing the truth—but they do indicate an extraordinary fear of that truth.

15

 gines, and saw streaks of white smoke
from the aircraft.
"Han Yung-ping then saw a white
object drop, which appeared to have the
form of a tube, and which seemed to
fall in the eastern part of the city.
"On March 21, a pupil of the secondary school of Kwantien, by the name of
Li Sze-Chien, who had participated in
the search for insects under the order
of the authorities, discovered in the
maize fields about one kilometre outside
the east gate of the city a hole four
`tsun' (Chinese inches) deep.

Bomb
And Feathers

•

UPPER LEFT: Members of the Investigation Cornmission In Northeast China collecting fragments and axis of bacteriological bomb dropped
by U.S. •Ircraft.
UPPER RIGHT: A germ bomb dropped by U.S. aircraft which did not explode. This one has the
some design as explosive bombs, but it contained iniects—sondflies, fleas, etc.—carrying
virulent bacteria.
CENTRE LEFT: Another germ bomb which did not
explode.

16

CENTRE RIGHT: Feathers dropped by U.S. planes
on Antung.
LOWER LEFT: These flies released by U.S. planes
belong to the Hylemyia species which ore known
as carriers of microbes causing intestinal diseases.
LOWER RIGHT: Amman's horn (part of the
human brain) under the microscope, showing
perivascular infiltration with round cells.

"Near this hole, there were numerous
small fragments, the inner surface of
which was greyish-white and the outer
silvery-grey, and three metres away from
these fragments was a steel rod, at one
extremity of which was attached a metal
disc.
"The witness, who testified before the
commission, found in the vicinity of the
hole chicken feathers, some of which
were short, yellow and white, and some
long and black. Judging by the quantity
and different colours of the feathers,
they seemed to have come from many
chickens. He did not find bones of any
fowls in the vicinity.
"Young Sze-chien also saw living insects, of which he did not know the
species and which normally did not exist
in this area. He handed to one of his
teachers specimens of the feathers and
the fragments which seemed to him to
have come from a bacteriological bomb.
He collected and burned the insects, except for some specimens which were
kept and turned over to the authorities.
"Members of the commission were
able to examine personally the fragments
of the bomb and the specimens of the
feathers found at Kwantien. Analysis of
the feathers and the fragments of the
bomb is now taking place. The inoculated mice died, but the bacteria have not
yet been isolated."
The appendices in preparation for this

report give all details of the analyses
carried out.

The Lawyers'
Eight Conclusions
The conclusions of this report, bearing
on ten cases in which the bacteriological
weapon has been employed in China,
are as follows:
"The documents and testimonies obtained by the commission enable it to
consider the following facts as established:
-(1) During the month of March,
1952, the unusual presence of insects of
different species was noted and verified
in different localities in the south of
North-East China, but most of these
places are far away from the Korean
border.
"(2) In all these cases, the presence
of these insects was unusual, particularly
because of the fact that they were concentrated in limited areas.
"(3) In many cases feathers were also
discovered in localities where their presence could not be considered as natural.
"(4) In most of the cases, the results
of examinations and experiments on
guinea pigs and mice showed that these
insects and feathers carried disease-producing microorganisms: bacteria of pasteurellosis, anthrax, typhoid and paratyproid, rickettsia, and virus of encephalitis.
"(5) It was established in nine cases
examined by the commission, that over
the areas in which insects or feathers
were discovered, U.S. aircraft had flown
the same day or a few days before.
"(6) In many cases, witnesses had seen
objects dropping from aircraft. In one
case fragments of a container were found
which was apparently used for holding
insects.
"(7) Although up to now health measures taken by the authorities have eliminated any danger of epidemics, 17
persons contaminated by microbe-carrying insects have died.
"(8) The commission considers that the
infected insects and feathers could only
be transported to these areas by U.S.
17

 aircraft which had neither the right nor
any justifiable reason to fly over the
northeastern territory of China.

neva
tad Nuremburg
Is conclusion carries all the more
I when one compares these facts
those obtained by the commission
Its investigation in Korea. The
made after this first investigation
notably the discovery of fragof a special bomb which carried
iption in English, and established
that U.S. forces disseminated in
insects laden with germs of condisease. Many infected insects
d in China are similar to those
In Korea."
commission continues, "The use
arlological weapons is prohibited
laws and customs of war. This
Mon, confirmed by the Geneva
01 of June 17, 1925, must be held
ivan more strongly when there is no
armed conflict.
'Me Statute of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremburg has also
Wined the killing and extermination of
civilian populations a crime against
humanity, without distinction whether
there be a state of peace or a state of
war.

=

"The Convention of December 9, 1948
for the prevention and repression of
genocide positively applies 'in time of
peace as in time of war' to murders or
grave injuries to the physical integrity
of the members of a national, ethnical
or racial group, committed or attempted
with the intention of destroying such a
group, in whole or in part.

'It Indeed Hangs
Over The Whole World'
"We consider that the facts reported
above constitute an act of aggression
committed by the United States, an act
of genocide, and a particularly odious
crime against humanity. It indeed hangs
over the whole world as an extremely
18

grave menace, the limits and consequences of which cannot be foreseen.
"Our conviction is founded on the
facts which we have verified with the
strictness of juridical discipline and the
consciousness of our responsibilities.
"As jurists, we raise our solemn protest against these violations of international law.
"As democrats, we denounce the act
of aggression which threatens the peace
of the world.
"As men and women we express our
indignation against the monstrous use
of the progress of science for criminal
aims."

What The Scientists
Have To Say
Those were brief extracts from some
of the legal evidence. Perhaps you would
like to get some idea of the scientific
evidence.
Well, I can only give you a glimpse
of it. First of all I am not a scientist
myself, but a missionary.
Secondly there is so much scientific
evidence being compiled that it would
fill many pamphlets this size.
Besides, much of it is very difficult
for the man in the street to understand.
I myself have been in the laboratories
where some of the work has been done.
I questioned some of the scientists at
great length, particularly Drs. C. M. Chu,
an epidemiologist from Cambridge, and
Dr. Li Pei-Lin.
I asked Dr. Li Pei-lin if he was willing to have his work checked by any
scientists in the world, and he told me
that he was perfectly willing to have such
a check.
I have been astonished to hear that
some people say, "Well, after all, these
are only Chinese scientists, what do they
know?"
That kind of a remark could have
some very serious racist implications.
It is typical of the kind of thinking of
the white supremacy elements like
General MacArthur. It is the kind of
thing that is said by hopeless bigots,

f

Grand-daughter Sue
gave the Endicotts a
big welcome home as
they arrived at
Malton airport from
China.
Or it could spring from simple ignorance of the competence of the Chinese
in this and many other fields.

Prof. Needham's
Statement
At any rate, Prof. Joseph Needham,
of King's College, Cambridge, gave me
a signed statement, which I cannot quote
verbatim because three men in plain
clothes who searched me at Dorval airport on my return took this statement
and have not yet returned it.
In this statement Dr. Needham, who
is a Fellow of the Royal Society, declared that he knows personally several
of the Chinese scientists who have verified the germ warfare. He has complete
confidence in their integrity. He said
there is a prima facie case for the charge
of germ war having been carried out and
he urged an impartial international commission of scientists to be selected at
once to go and investigate the evidence.
Moreover many of the members of
the World Council of Peace are scientists of great eminence, not to be easily
hoaxed, and their verdict, after close examination of the scientific and other evidence, is quoted in these pages in the
Oslo resolution and the reply of Prof.
Frederic Joliot-Curie to Mr. Warren
Austin. Two of these scientists who are
well-known in the English-speaking
world are Dr. Leopold Infeld, till recently at the University of Toronto, and

Prof. J. D. Bernal, FRS, who was a
wartime advisor to Winston Churchill
at a time when advisors had to be the
best obtainable.

World Council's
Commission
Now I shall quote some of the scientific evidence. What I quote below is
from the report of the Commission of
Microbiologists, Entomologists, Parasitologists and Epidemiologists working with
the World Council of Peace (this commission was set up specially to check
and double-check the scientific evidence
available.) These scientists write as
follows:
"We have examined in detail the following documents:
"(1) The report of the Health Commission of the Korean People's Army
on the use of bacteriological weapons.
(The members of this Commission were:
Kin Sen Dan, chief epidemiologist of
the Korean People's Army, Li E. Gu,
Bacteriologist of the Health Division,
Kim In Van, entomologist.)
"(2) The Korean report: on the
dropping of bacteriological bombs in
Korea.
"(3)
The report on North-East
China of the Chinese Commission of
enquiry.
"(4) The official report of the Commission of the International Association
of Democratic Lawyers on Korea.
19

 spreading of infected insects.
"These documents were accompanied
by detailed protocols on the identification of different types of insects.
"Furthermore, documents have been
presented on the extraordinary circumstances in which these insects have been
found; exact facts have been quoted in
these documents on the microbiological
examination and identification of pathogenic germs, describing accurately the
method which was used.
"The course of experiments on animals has been described and detailed
clinical protocols are also given as well
as the results of autopsies on some of
the victims.
"The course of further examinations
are also described.

Some Chinese
Scientists

UPPER LEFT: Germ-carrying anthomyild flies
spread by U.S. aircraft in China. They had
pointed heads and transparent wings and were
covered with down. Found in heaps on the
snow, they had never before been seen in the
district in winter.
UPPER RIGHT: Germ-laden spiders, such as Dr.
Endicott captured, dropped in China.
CENTRE LEFT: Type of germ-carrying springtoils
used.
CENTRE RIGHT: This guinea pig, Inoculated sub.
cutaneously with .5 c.c. of antuision 'tons the
springtails (centre left), developed high tern-

perature in two days, lost the high temperature
in four days, died in eight days.
LOWER LEFT: Microscopic examination of the
ground spleen of the dead guinea pig reveals
numerous Richettsiae.
LOWER CENTRE: Caterpillars found at Kwon-Tien
March 6.
LOWER RIGHT: From the spiders above come a
solution of which 5 c.c. was Inoculated into a
mouse which died in 12 hours. Other mice, Inoculated from the spleen of the dead mouse,
died In a day. This microscopic picture shows
how the spleen of the mice carried germs of
the group Pasteurelia.

"The examination of all this material
was made by a group of well-known
Chinese scientists whose names are given
below:
"Mr. CHEN SICIEN H., Graduate
of Futan University, Shanghai (1928),
Doctor of Paris University (1934),
Director of the Entomology Laboratory
at Sinica Academy, Peking and Joint
Director of the University Museum
"The Dawn," Shanghai.
"Mr. CHING YAO-TING, Graduate
of Cheeloo University (1914), Professor
at the Medical College of China, Mukden, and Head of the Biology Department of the Medical Faculty.
"Mr. HSIN CHUN, Doctor of Medicine of the Imperial University of
Nogaya (Japan), member of the Institute for the Prevention of Epidemics in
the North-East.
"Mr. CHING KWAN-HUA, Graduate
of the South Manchuria Medical College,
Mukden (1924), Professor and Director
of the Department of Bacteriology at the
Medical College of China, Mukden.
"Mr. LUH PAOLING, Professor of
Entomology at the Agricultural University, Peking.
"Mr. CHU CHI-MING, Graduate of

—
tor of Philosophy of Cambridge University (Great Britain), Chief Consultant of
the National Institute of Serums and
Vaccines, Peking.
"Mr. LI PEI-LIN, Professor of Pathology at the Medical College of China,
Mukden, Doctor of Philosophy of London University, member of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and
Ireland.
"Mr. WU CHIH-CHUNG, Professor
of Medicine at the Medical College of
China, Mukden, Fellow the the Royal
Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons,
Glasgow (Great Britain).
"Mr. CHANG HSUEH-TEH, Doctor
of Medicine of Peking Union Medical
College, M.S. of Illinois University
(U.S.A.), Professor of Medicine at
Peking Union Medical College.
"Mr. HSU YING-KUEI, Doctor of
Medicine, former Research Assistant at
the Institute of Psychiatry, Munich
(1938), Professor of Neurology and
Psychiatry at Peking Union Medical
College.

Insects From Bombs
Are Able To Survive
"After studying all the written documents and photographs, we have come
to the following conclusions:
"(1) The photographs of the different
types of bombs which have been found
show clearly that these bombs, which
are neither explosive nor incendiary, can
be used for the spreading of insects.
"The vitality of the insects is not
harmed by this operation and neither is
their ability to spread active or passive
infection in those cases where these insects have been artificially infected.
These deductions are further strengthened by the fact that witnesses have described how the bombs are dropped from
a low altitude..
"(2) From the protocols it can be
deduced that in direct coincidence with
the time when U.S. aircraft flew at a
low altitude over the places it was observed that not only this type of bomb
21

20

 the bomb fell or in the region flown
over, thousands of various types of insects were found in groups with remarkable frequency.

Could Not
Be Natural
"It follows from the detailed reports
Of eminent specialists—experts on the
question of insects in these areas—and
entomologists, considering the season and
the climatic conditions (low temperature
of 00 to minus 200 c., and snow) not only
at the time when insects were discovered,
but also during the preceding weeks,
that it is impossible that the insects
could have been there by natural means.
"This can be proved especially by the
discovery of locusts and crickets, Aedes
Koreicus, and different types of flies. It
is impossible to find at this season of the
year these types of insects in such number and at an adult stage (imago).
"With the help of photographic material, we have confirmed the differentiation
of the following types of insects:
TtPuctpAE, div. sp., CHIRONOMUS sp.,
AEDES KOREICUS, HYLEMYIA sp., f. ANTHOMYIDA E, MUSCA VIC INA, MUSCIN
STABULANS, HELOMYZA, sp., f. HELOMYZIDAE, ACRYDIUM sp., LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA, SPIDER, FLEA, COLLEM BOLA.

"It is known that, among these insects,
the flies HYLEMYIA sp., MUSCA VICINA,
MUSCINA STABULANS and HELOMYZA sp.
are possible carriers of germs causing
intestinal diseases. The AEDES KOREICUS
is known to be a specific carrier of a
virus-borne encephalitis.

Not Hitherto Known
As Disease Carriers
"The other above-mentioned insects
have up to now not known to be disease
' carriers. The discovery of the various
germs, virus and rickettsia, on the bodies
of these insects leads one to believe that
these insects have been used as carriers
(vectors) intended to spread infection
in natural foci. The reason for the use
22

dein It can be assumed that the intention was to take the people by surprise.
It is not unlikely that many insects might
have been used to cover up the dropping
of real germ-carriers.
"(3) Furthermore, coinciding with
the time and place over which the U.S.
aircraft flew, feathers, boxes of paper
and other objects were found.
"(4) The insects, feathers and other
objects found have been carefully collected and submitted to a professional,
entomological, microbiological and epidemiological examination. The examination has been carried out on one hand
by specialists of the Korean People's
Army and Korean scientific institutes
and on the other hand by Chinese
specialists from Chinese research institutes.
"We are in possession of a detailed
description of the course of the laboratory examinations of the Chinese group.
This document contains details of the
different stages in the diagnostic process.

Plague, Paratyphus,
Encephalius, Anthrax
"From the different types of flies
found in Korea, Vibrio Cholera, S. typhi
abdominalis, S. paratyphi and Shigella
dysenteriae, were isolated. In six cases,
it has been proved by cultures, experiments and serological examination that
Pasteurella pestis, agent of plague, was
present on fleas.
"It is very important that even the
reports of the South Korean Army state
that in recent years up till now there
has been no plague in Korea.
"On different types of insects collected
and submitted to examination on Chinese
territory, various germs have unquestionably been found. From various types of
flies S. typhi abdominalis from Chironomus, S. Paratyphi B. were identified.
From spiders a very virulent type of
Pasteurella was found, a type which at
the time of publication of the document
had not yet been identified.

FIVM ‘,...U1IVITI011itt, it typc UI IllMIROL.

ICI 11.11U111‘111 VIC11}71,113 II4VC LIVCII 1.11MY III

tsia lethal to guinea-pigs was isolated
which also at the time of publication
of the document had not been identified.
"Finally, they isolated from insects of
the Tipulidae family a very virulent type
of encephalitis virus, which at the time
of publication of the document has been
passed three times through mice.
"On several occasions anthrax bacillus
has been isolated from feathers which
had been dropped from aircraft and has
been verified by animal tests.

Korea and in North East China."
That is a glimpse, and only a glimpse
of the scientific evidence. A good deal
more is being circulated by the Canadian Peace Congress to scientific personnel in Canada in a 36-page mimeographed compilation called Documentation on Bacteriological Warfare which
was published on an interim basis.

Plague Spread Direct,
Insects As Decoy

Now we come to what in many ways
is the most damning evidence of all, and
the easiest for the ordinary man to understand. That is what I call the moral
evidence.
In this case the germ war advocates
have openly advertised their criminal
intent, as I will show.
This is important because it reveals
for all to see that these men long ago
crossed the moral bridge of acceptance
of germ warfare.
Let me call the witnesses so that you
can examine their shocking testimony
for yourself:

"(5) The following fact, quoted in
the document issued by the Commission
of the International Association of
Democratic Lawyers, is of great importance: during the night of February 18,
1952 an aircraft several times flew at a
low altitude in circles over Bat Nam RI,
Anju Gun, in the region of Dai Ri Nyen,
province of South Pyengan without
dropping explosive or incendiary bombs
and without firing.
"Some days later, a sudden plague
epidemic broke out in this village, causing a mortality rate of 72 percent. Before this outbreak of epidemic plague,
there had never been a single case of
plague in this district. After studying the
details of the origin of this epidemic,
the idea arose that the aircraft had
spread directly a virulent plague culture
and that insects had been used at the
same time as a covering up manoeuvre.
For dissemination of plague by this
means, atmospheric conditions were also
favorable.
"(6) It is apparent from maps of the
localities where these bombs and insects
have been found that these are placed
in the rear of the Korean front and in
the North-East part of China bordering
on Korea.
"It is apparent in a very convincing
manner from all the documents presented, along with the photographic
material and the protocols of the epidemiologists and entomologists that bac-

The Moral Evidence
Is On The Record

Out Of Their
Own Mouths
"It is neither logical, nor intelligent
to speak of the horrors of toxic gas
and bacteriological war and then accept atomic war. I have no sympathy
for these speeches on the humanity or
inhumanity of a weapon."
—General Alden H. Waitt, director of the U.S. Service of
Chemical Warfare, in Colliers,
June 15, 1946.

"With the aid of bacteria, the population can be destroyed without damaging the docks or the means of
transport.
"The occupying forces will find
themselves in perfect conditions. It
will be possible to begin the next
world war with success after having
recourse to bacteriological weapons.
"For that it is not necessary to have
giant factories, for the quantity of
23

 Ri

with that needed for explosives....
—Gerald Vent, in Science Illustrated, August 1947.
"The propagation of infectious illnesses will give much more important
results than the use of the atomic
bomb if one counts the relation between the number of victims and the
expense."
— From a report by Mr. Thornton
Page to the society of former
American students at Oxford,
published in Democratic Nouvelle, May 1948.
"The end of the last war saw new
discoveries in toxic warfare which had
not been used on the field of battle.
It is absolutely indispensable that we
should be in advance of the entire
world, for if we are not we could lose
and probably will lose the next war."
—General Waitt, Director of the
U.S. Service of Chemical Warfare, in the N.Y. Herald Tribune, June 3, 1948.
"Death - carrying bacteria can be
dropped by aircraft or by guided missiles. The choice is without doubt
cholera, dysentry and bubonic plague."
—Prof. Phyman in the Bulletin
Atomic Scientists, August 1948.
"Microbes are no longer tracked
down as in the time of Pasteur; they
are cultivated, they are reared carefully in the biological centre of Camp
Detrick in Maryland where 4,000
men and women, called 'Heroes of
America', work under the famous Dr.
Rosebury. Are we astonished after
that to hear of the 'interplanetary mirror island' of Secretary of State Forrestal, of burning rays and of 'layers
of sound' which will burst our intestines? . . .
"At Camp Detrick they make bombs
in the form of tubes (type Mark 1)
capable of spreading microbe-laden
broth over wide areas. The total poison— botubnum -- kills men, animals
and plants: 65 grs. kills a billion men,
half of the human race."
—Pierre Devaux in La Semaine
Economique, Politique et Financiere, Feb. 11, 1949.

and perhaps of the world for the cullure of bacteria is in a small back
street in Washington ... And the authorities cast a respectful eye on it,
because this business is legal and
flourishing.
. . . In this centre, more than 3,000
different types of micro-organisms are
cultured, among them the most
deadly."
—Gilda Cloud in Saturday Evening Post, March 24, 1949.
"I assure you that we are as well
prepared in the field of biology and
chemistry as in the field of radiology."
— United States Secretary of War
J. Johnson in Chicago, March
17, 1950.
"Germs must be cultivated and it
is necessary to have large quantities of
them ready for use ... That means,
the pathogenic strength must be as
great as possible, for example, all the
people who become contaminated,
must, if possible, fall ill . . . The illness produced must be as difficult as
possible to diagnose, and the origin of
it must be difficult to determine, and
wherever possible, artificial immunization must not be possible and the germ
must not respond to arty special
chemical therapy."
—From the April 1950 Military
Review, journal of the U.S.A.
Army Command rind the War
High School at Forth Leavenworth.
"Perhaps bacteriological warfare
will have an opportunity of being
tested if the fighting in Korea goes on
a little longer."
— Science News Letter, July 8,
1950.
"Inventory of weapons of mass destruction.
"(2) — Bacteriological weapons for
the destruction of man (bacilli and
toxins); animals (bacilli and toxins);
plants (microbes and insects).
—Lines taken from a memorandum of The International Committee For The Study Of The
Korean Question on the nine
steps of military defence, pub-

UPPER LEFT: Germ-laden crickets dropped in
China by U.S. aircraft.
UPPER RIGHT: Infected chicken feathers dropped
by U.S. aircraft were placed in a mortar and
washed in physiological non-contaminated
water. A solution of this water was injected
into a mouse, which died 20 hours later. Photo
shows the dead mouse,
SECOND RIGHT: The liver of this mouse, subject to microscopic examination, revealed large
Anthrax bacilli having capsules and "square
ends." These bacilli, blackish and rectangular,

are in the centre of the photo.
CENTRE LEFT: Leafhoppers found at Kwon-Tien
March 6.
LOWER LEFT: These Helomyzides flies, infected
with para-typhoid germs, were spread in China
by U.S. aircraft.
THIRD RIGHT: Centipedes found at Kwan-Tien
March 6.
LOWER RIGHT: Bacteria-carrying leaves of from
dropped by U.S. aircraft were found at Antung

24
2S

 lished in Le Monde, July 11,
1950.
"Anyway, one hears it said that in
the case of a world war, the United
States would not feel itself bound in
any way, even if the enemy used only
so-called classical arms, such as tanks
and artillery. Secretary of State Acheson, stated this clearly at this press
conference when he said that the American people would not let itself be
duped by the Stockholm Appeal."
—Le Monde, July 15, 1950.
"Work on bacteriological warfare is
going on with reasonable speed. The
latest information available shows that
bacteriological weapons with longlasting properties which could be used
if necessary have been invented by the
United States."
—Discovery. (British scientific
magazine) under the signature
of Chapman Pincher, December
1950.
" . . . In South Alberta, on a vast
area . . . the Suffield experimental
station has gained world-wide renown
for its field experiments in Chemical
and biological weapons."
—Readers' Digest, Jan. 1951.
"The essential thing is to kill as
many Chinese and Koreans as possible."
—Gen. Ridgway, Feb. 18, 1951.

can clearly see the immense potential
represented by bacteria if used as weapons of war."
—Extracts from Epidemics Made
to Order, published in the
Science Digest, April 19 1.
"While the specialists of the HBomb furiously pursue their research
. . . men in white isolated in the immense Camp Detrick, Maryland, continued in the greatest secrecy, under
guard by armed marines, the mysterious work ordered by the Government.
They are those of the B.W., those of
the biological warfare, whose essential
task is to lead bacteriological research
and to foresee all the aspects which
could take place in a microbiological
war in the near future."
—Declaration of the U.S. experts
H. Kogain and H. E. Hart on
Biological Warfare, July 4, 1951.
"U.S. will not throw in big new
armies . . . Reports persist, too, of
atomic artillery in Korea or on the
way. In addition, new non-atomic
weapons of fantastic design are talked
of in Congress as being available for
use in Korea.
"The Korean war offcrs the prospect of using a whole arsenal of new
weapons in combat. . ."
—U.S. News and World Report,
Sept. 21, 1951.

"The atomic bomb is now classed
as fourth among possible weapons,
states Mr. Earl Coke, Jr., National
Commander of the American Legion,
on the occasion of a congress of this
organization. He reckons that the hydrogen bomb, bacteriological warfare
and guided missiles are classed above
the atom bomb."
—Le Monde, Feb. 20, 1951.

"Mystery weapons that might win
the war are in the talk stage, with no
clear sign that they will emerge from
it . . . Atomic weapons are of uncertain effectiveness for the 130-mile
long Korean front, where the enemy
is widely dispersed with no real concentration either of troops or of
material."
—U.S. News and World Report,
Oct. 12, 1951.

"Any weapons which can theoretically put out of action a nation without
damaging its factories is an attractive
weapon. Especially when it is much
cheaper to manufacture than the
atom bomb . . .
"If we recall that the influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more men than
the whole of the first world war, we

"Bacteriological warfare represents
an ideal diversionary weapon, because
it can be used unnoticed. Even a small
amount of active material can cause
considerable damage.
"The illnesses caused by means of
bacteriological warfare do not show
up immediately.
"In view of the gradual way in

26

CA 181

UM" It, Mc

incubation period and the difficulties
of identifying them, it will not be easy
to check up and decide the moment
when such diversionary action will
take place.
"In other words, one can give the
impression that death or illness arise
from natural causes."

—From a speech at Louisville by
Gen. Antony Macauliffe, published in the New-York Journal
American of Oct. 31, 1951.
"It is forbidden for our military organizations to give away any information about bacteriological weapons and
poison gas and the Pentagon research
in this field is surrounded by an iron
curtain, even more impenetrable than
that around research on atomic energy
in the Second World War.
"The scientists work in direct contact with the Chemical Corps, which
stresses the fact that the Truman administration still bases its official
policy on the statement made in June
1943 by President Roosevelt.
"In this statement, Roosevelt said:
'I categorically declare that under no
circumstances whatsoever shall we use
this weapon unless the enemy uses it
first . .
"Actually, the specialists in chemical warfare state that in 1951 this
attitude is not a realistic one."
—Howard Rushmore in the NewYork Journal American, Oct.
31, 1951.
"Until the moment when the numerical eflectives of the army become
the decisive factor for winning the
military victory . . . gas will be the
most effective arm. Toxics can be used
equally as a strategic arm against industrial war centres and, in my opinion, they will be an extremely important means of rapidly diminishing
the volume of production."
— From a speech in Baltimore by
Gal Ch. Loucks, Chief of the
Chemical Corps of the U.S.
Army, Jan. 22, 1952.
"According to my most profound
convictions, chemical and bacteriological weapons will lessen military expenses and the resistance of the enemy
and will thus ensure us victory with-

our eC011017IC UtWaSfall011 . . .
"Consequently, we will accomplish
and realize more quickly special experiments with all possible kinds of
weapons relative to bacteriological
warfare . . .
"Biological war is the direct opposite of the health service . . .
"Contrary to the atomic bomb and
other explosive weapons, bacteriological war is directed principally against

men, since it does not destroy buildings and will not damage machines,
but operates against men and against
food sources, that is, against domestic
animals and crops."
—Chief of the Research Section
of the U.S. Chemical Corps,
Brigadier General William
Creasy, Jan. 25, 1952.
Certainly, after this evidence, the accused cannot argue that they are not
capable of the crime.

Do You Believe
This Evidence?
There, now I have told you as much
as I have room to tell. I have given you
my personal testimony, plus some of
the additional legal, scientific and moral
evidence.
There is no way of knowing as yet
whether this is a large-scale field trial,
with Chinese and Korean families as victims, to test the effectiveness of future
larger efforts — or whether it itself was
scheduled as the opening of large-scale
germ warfare, which may have been
discouraged by aroused popular resistance.

Full International
Investigation Of The Charge
Do you believe that germ war has been
carried out, as I and hundreds of millions
of people believe? I hope that you can
accept my testimony and that you will
accept your moral obligation to act to
end germ warfare and war itself.
Perhaps you still have doubts. I hope
that at least after reading this you will
realize that the subject cannot be brushed off as "Communist propaganda." I
hope you will support the action of the
27

 Statements From Two U.S. Airmen
Two U.S. airman, sole survivors of
the crew of a B-26 crew shot down in
Korea, have written statements describing their part on the germ warfare. I believe that the Spirit of God
works in man's conscience to bring

about righteousness, and that when
these airmen narrowly escaped death,
they were moved to speak the truth.
They were First Lieutenant Kenneth L. Enoch and First Lieutenant
John Quinn. I have their full testi-

many in my possession and am aware
that it has been misrepresented in the
U.S. press. It gives complete records,
citing names, dates, places. Below I
reproduce a few brief extracts in his
own handwriting from the lengthy
testimony of Lt. Quinn. They are

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from his descriptions of a lengthy
general lecture by a civilian expert
called "Ashfork," of a briefing for a
"special mission," and of the preliminaries for the take-off. A more complete summary is in my Canadian Far
Eastern Newsletter for May, 1952.

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28
29

 World Council of Peace (see page 35)
in setting in motion a complete investigation by an international investigating
committee composed of eminent persons
whose competence and impartiality cannot be disputed by anybody—(anybody,
that is, except the handful of guilty
parties who may try to dispute the impartiality of anybody truly impartial).

R. B. Bennett
Placed The Issue
At any rate, all of us, those who are
convinced of the truth of the charges,
those who have doubts, and those who
are as yet flatly unconvinced, must all
agree that germ warfare should be absolutely prohibited.
As a late prime minister of Canada,
the Rt. Hon. R. B. Bennett, told our
House of Commons when that body ratified the Geneva Protocol May 20, 1929:
"We are endeavouring to prevent a form
of warfare, if the world ever again
should know war, which we hope it may
not, that has met with the universal reprobation of mankind. Asphyxiating and
chemical gases we know wrought great
havoc in the armies engaged in the last
world conflict, and, in one instance,
which was well authenticated, use of bacteriological methods brought great dis-

30

aster to a very large community. We are
merely declaring (in ratifying the Geneva
Protocol) that with other nations of the
world we will not have anything to do
with that kind of warfare."

Outlaw Germ War
For All Time
Nobody, nobody in the world, denies
that "that kind of warfare" is at least
being prepared on a large scale. And
most people agree that it is a terrible
menace to every family.
Here again the resolution (page 35)
of the World Council of Peace shows us
the way out. The United States, and any
other country that has not yet ratified
the Geneva Protocol, must be compelled
by domestic and world opinion to ratify
the protocol and wash its hands of germ
warfare forever. Canada and all other
signatories are solemnly bound by the
Protocol to press the U.S. to sign.
A great many people (including many
U.S. scientists) are already advocating
this—that is what makes me think that
the people of the world are going to
score a great victory in outlawing this
murderous weapon of mass destruction.
That victory will hasten the final victory of peace.

Prof. Joliot-Curie's Reply
To Mr. Warren Austin
On April 3 Mr. Warren Austin, U.S. representative at the United Nations, replied to an appeal
against the use of germ warfare issued March 8 by Prof. Frederic Joliot-Curie, president of the World
Council of Peace. Although Prof. Joliot-Curie's appeal was generally suppressed by the press on this
continent, Mr. Austin's reply was given wide publicity. The following reply by Prof. Joliot-Curie to Mr.
Austin is self-explanatory without further comment here.

Paris, May 3, 1952.
Mr. Warren R. Austin
2, Park Avenue
New York (N.Y.), USA
Dear Sir,

I received your letter of April 3rd, 1952, after having been made
acquainted with its contents through the Press and in the daily bulletin
of the U.S. Information Services. I waited until I had the original
complete text before replying to you.
I did not launch the Appeal, to which you replied, without having
given the matter the most careful thought. Those who are not aware of
the intensive efforts which have been made in your country for more
than ten years to develop bacteriological weep:r
eel thaw who do not
and Japanese
know of the close co-operation between your
experts in bacteriological warfare; those who may have
idigilforgottet Hiroshima and Nagasaki; those who do not know of the MOM of extermination such as the napalm bomb used by the American Armed Forces
in Korea; such people may consider it unthinkabie
ital
men could have
recourse to this new perversion of science—bacterial
warfare.
But you yourself, Mr. Austin, are perfectly well aWara of all these
facts and you are not unacquainted with statements made by responsible
politicians and by your Press in which repeated threats ' h
bon made
to use the most terrible and fantastic weapons which in
sapable of
obliterating all life on our planet. The use of the baeterloinOcal
in Korea and in China is a first step to the implementation of
threats.
The President of the Academy of Sciences in Peking, my colleague
Mr. Kuo Mo-Jo, and Chinese scientists (many of whom have rem.
pleted their higher studies in the United States, Great Britain and
France), who communicated to me the reports of statements and anima
effected in Korea and in China, are scientists for whom I hold the

31

 greatest esteem and whose professional capacity and moral integrity
cannot be doubted.
The facts which they were in a position to ascertain and which they
reported to me, show that bacteriological warfare is now being carried
out.
After categorically denying the employment of the bacteriological
weapon, your Government proposed that the International Red Cross
Committee be entrusted with the task of making an investigation.'
You are well aware, and your Government is certainly not ignorant
of the fact, that this Committee is not especially empowered by its
statutes to undertake such investigations. It was presumably for this
reason that the Committee did not consider it to be its duty during the
last war to denounce the Nazi concentration camps and the systematic
extermination which obtained therein, of which the International Red
Cross was fully cognizant.
Even before there was any question of bacteriological warfare, the
Koreans and the Chinese for their own reasons—of which they are the
sole judges—refused to allow the International Red Cross Committee
to enter their territory.
It would, therefore, appear that the Government of the United States
proposed the International Red Cross Committee knowing that this
offer would not be accepted by the Koreans and the Chinese.
On the other hand, the Government of the People's Republic of
China has proposed the setting up of an international commission, whose
competence and impartiality should be beyond question and who would
be able to gather facts and evidence. This commission, composed of
eminent scientific, legal and religious personalities will soon be constituted. It will go to the spot and proceed with its investigations. Without
knowing who these persons are, you have thought fit to disparage them.
Such arguments are no doubt meant to discourage the fainthearted.
They can never prevent honest and courageous people from making the
truth prevail.
I had already read the article in the New York Times, a copy of
which you sent me.
The experts consulted by the New York Times criticized certain
photographs published in a Peking newspaper. For basing their arguments on documents reproduced in newspapers, these critics could themselves be the object of criticism by experts no less competent.
Furthermore, before drawing conclusions from their criticisms, the
experts should not forget that for ten years under a "mantle of secrecy
(1) Resolution 5 adopted at the 12th International Conference of the Red Cross at Geneva,
the text of which is reproduced below, does not entitle this organization to carry out investigations into
acts of a criminal character:
"In the event of the Geneva Protocol of the 17th June, 1925, being violated, it must become the
duty of the Red Cross, even in peace-time, to seek together with the civil and military authorities, the
means of protecting and taking core of its personnel, the belligerent armies and, above all, the civil
population, from the effects of chemical warfare.
"It is the duty of the International Committee to keep itself informed as to the fulfilment of this
programme and to keep in communication with the National Societies on this matter.
"As a general rule, the moral and propaganda fight against the use of poisons as a form of
weapon, and against bacteriological warfare as well as the scientific and technical preparation of the
best preventatives and therapeutics against such methods of warfare, should be one of the first obligations of the International Red Cross and of the National Societies of the Red Cross."

32

orsub aifir If IMirfig Fir (MIMIC
scientists,
provided with considerable funds, have certainly achieved new scientific
results.
You arc, yourself, perfectly well aware of the considerable efforts
being undertaken in your country on behalf of bacteriological warfare—
to which the reports by G. W. Merck, the article by Theodor Rosebury
and A. Kabat, the book Peace or Pestilence by Theodor Rosebury and
many statements by responsible persons in the United States all bear
witness.

Besides, you must surely remember the report of the American
Alsos mission, in which the physicist, S. Goudsmit, mentioned that the
famous German expert on nuclear physics, Heisenberg, refused to believe
in the atomic bomb the very day after Hiroshima.
In the same article of the New York Times which you sent me, a
"Pentagon spokesman" purports to expose the falsity of the Chinese
accusations by asserting that the bacteriological bombs were only containers for spreading leaflets and that "the leaflet bombs even theoretically
were not adaptable to germ warfare."3
But, according to the New York Herald Tribune of April 64 :
"After hearing secret testimony in this military field, Rep.
Robert L. F. Sykes, D. Fla., chairman of the House Appropriations
Sub-committee . . . said: retaliatory bacteria warfare 'does not
involve some complicated super-weapon.' The means of delivering
germs to enemy territory, he said, are simple and involve equipment of the type with which the services are now 'already well
stocked . . . such as the containers used currently for dropping
propaganda leaflets'."
It would be easy for me to speak ironically about the declaration of
this same spokesman to the effect that a glass tube containing germs
and transported by aircraft would break as a result of the pressure!
All this, Mr. Austin, is not enough to assuage the horror of those
who are wondering if they have not been made the accomplices in some
enormous crime, nor the anxiety of the American citizens and the citizens
of the countries allied to the United States, who are beginning to question
this "crusading" war into which your country would like to drag them:
this crusade against which your British colleague, Sir Gladwyn Jebb,
protested some days ago.
Before I conclude, I would like to say that I was struck by the
deliberately insulting tone of your letter. You accuse me of prostituting
science because I protest against the criminal use of the discoveries of
the great Pasteur and because I make an appeal to the public to prevent
the waging of bacteriological warfare.
To my mind, those who prostitute science are those who inaugurated the atomic era by annihilating 200,000 civilians in Hiroshima an 1
Nagasaki.
You are well aware that American scientists, on completion of their
scientific and technical work, pleaded in vain that those responsible for
(2) New York Herald Tribune, 1/12/47.
(3) New York Times 3 /4/52.
(4) New York Herald Tribune, New York, April 6, Washington, April 5 (AP.).

33

 -, Yet these buombsi were dropped before Japan had replied to the Potsdam
ultimatum, and the objectives were chosen (as the United States Strate-

gical Bombing Survey indicates), by reason of their being centres of
activity with concentrated populations.
Hiroshima wrecked, 100,000 civilians killed—this was not enough:
a few days later the same thing was inflicted on Nagasaki!
Re-read, Mr. Austin, the report of the James Franck Committee
addressed to the Secretary of State for War, on June I 1, 1945, that is,
before Hiroshima5:
"If the United States is the first to use this new means of blind
destruction against mankind, we will lose the support of world public
opinion, precipitate the arms' race and compromise the possibility
of reaching international agreement on the future control of such
weapons."

And since then, you have refused to agree to the outlawing of atomic
weapons.
Concerning bacteriological weapons, there exists an international
agreement—the Geneva Protocol of June 17, 1925. But of all the Great
Powers, only two have not ratified it—Japan and the United States.
As far as your country is concerned, on April 8, 1946, President
Truman, with the results of secret research in the United States in his
possession, withdrew the ratification of this treaty from the Congress
Agenda.
When the question of bacteriological warfare was raised at the
United Nations, were you not embarrassed, Mr. Austin, to be the representative of the only country which has reserved the legal right to utilize
such weapons?
Just because the Koreans and the Chinese have chosen a different
system from that which prevails in your country and because their skin
is not white, this does not make it lawful to attempt to exterminate
them en masse by napalm or bacteria.
In 1903, at Stockholm, Pierre Curie spoke of "the terrible means of
destruction in the hands of great criminals who would drag the peoples
into war."
I have often thought of this warning given by one who, along with
Becquerel and Marie Curie, gave radioactivity to the world. It is because
I know all that science can bring to the world, that I shall continue in
my efforts to make it serve the well-being of men, be they white, black
or yellow, and not their annihilation in the name of I-know-not-what
divine mission.
Yours faithfully,
Frederic JOLIOT-CURIE
NOBEL PRIZE WINNER

(5) "Minutes to Midnight," page 15 (published by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists—Chicago).

34

AN APPEAL

SAFEGUARD
ALL THE PEOPLE
Meeting of the Bureau of the WORLD COUNCIL OF PEACE, Oslo,
March 29 to April 1, 1952.
•E HAVE examined with the utmost care the documents relating to the
bacteriological warfare now being waged in China and Korea. This study

has profoundly shocked us and filled us with horror. Bacteriological warfare
is not only an abominable crime which must be put down; it is a menace to the
whole of humanity.
We appeal to the conscience of all men and women everywhere to call for a
halt to bacteriological weapons. Particularly do we address ourselves to the men
and women of the United States, for before each one of them there rises a
question of honor and human dignity.
The fact that the war in Korea is being waged in the name of the United
Nations constitutes a particularly grave circumstance. We place squarely face
to face with their responsibilities the governments that have approved the intervention of the United Nations and which consequently bear moral and
political responsibility for the methods of war employed.

For our part, we have a double duty. Firstly, to inform public opinion and
make the truth appear clearly in the sight of everyone.
In order that every human being may judge the terrible facts of which
we have been made aware, we have decided to publish the documents submitted
to us. The utmost possible light must be cast upon these criminal deeds.
With this in view, the Chinese Committee for the Defence of Peace has
proposed the setting up of an international commission to gather all the facts
and all the evidence. The competence and impartiality of this commission must
be beyond dispute. To create it, we shall invite the participation of men and
women outstanding in the fields of science, of law and of religion. We are sure
that world public opinion will give its support to the labors of this commission.

Our second duty is to safeguard all the people against bacteriological
warfare.

We note that the United States of America is the only one among the
great powers to have failed to ratify the International Convention of June 17,
.1925 forbidding the use of asphyxiating gases and bacteriological weapons.
We call on all the peoples of the world to press their governments with the aim
of securing that this convention be signed, ratified and observed by every state
without exception.
We call upon them likewise to act decisively to ensure that those guilty
of employing this most cowardly and monstrous of all weapons should be
brought as war criminals before a competent tribunal.
In demanding the protection of the innocent and the punishment of the
guilty, we are certain that we interpret the feeling of the immense majority
of men and women. In their name, we proclaim the most noble of all causes:
that of the right of every child to life and respect for every human being.
If the people fail to act now unhesitatingly to stop bacteriological warfare,
there will be no bounds to cruelty, nor to the unleashing of the forces of
destruction of life. We call upon humanity to defend itself.
Adopted unanimously,
April 1, 1952.