dfggLo ;efd'v dxf]bo,
-1_

cfh d ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] Jou  k tLIffdf /x]sf] s0ff{nL k b]zsf]
k b]z ;efsf] ul/dfdo ;bgdf cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf
dGqLsf] x}l;otn] cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷)&^ sf] cg'dflgt cfo
Joosf] ljj/0f -ah]6_ k :t't ug{ pkl:yt ePsf] 5' . ;+ljwfg /
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf k b]z ;ef / k b]z ;/sf/ u7g
kZrft ;fj{ef}d s0ff{nL k b]z ;/sf/sf] klxnf] P]ltxfl;s k"0f{
ah]6 hgtfsf] k ltlglwd"ns of] ul/dfdo ;bgdf k :t't ug{
kfpFbf uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5' .

-2_

nf]stGq, /fli6«otf / gful/s clwsf/ k flKtsf] nflu ePsf]
hgcfGbf]ng / hgqmflGtdf cfˆgf] hLjg alnbfg ug'{ x'g] dxfg
;lxbx¿ tyf o; k b]zsf] :yfkgfy{ ePsf] ;+3if{df cfˆgf] hLjg
pT;u{ ug'{ x'g] jL/ ;lxbx¿k lt xflb{s >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{ rfxG5'
. ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ 3fOt], ckfË tyf a]kQf gful/sx¿k lt xflb{s
;Ddfg JoQm ub{5' .

-3_

/fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{' x'g] ;a} cu hx¿k lt xflb{s cfb/ ;Ddfg k s6 ub{5' .
>4]o cu hx¿, ljåfg ju{, Gofok ]dL hg;d'bfon] cfˆgf] 7fpFaf6
of]ubfg gu/]sf] eP cfh xfdL xfd f] dft[e"lddf o; k sf/n]
pkl:yt x'g ;Sg] lyPgf}F . t;y{ pxfFx¿ ;a} k lt xflb{s gdg
ub{5' .
1

 -4_

xfdLn] s0ff{nL k b]zsf] ;d[l4 / k b]zaf;Lsf] lxtsf] nflu ;xdlt
/ ;xsfo{sf] uGtJodf Psfsf/ x'g] ;+:s[ltsf] cEof; ul//x]sf
5f}F . o;} c;n ;+:s[ltsf sf/0f ;aeGbf klxn] k b]zsf] gfds/0f
/ /fhwfgL tf]Sg ;kmn ePsf] ljifo d'n'sd} pbfx/0fLo x'g k'u]sf]
s'/f ;Ddflgt ;bg ;dIf :d/0f ug{ rfxG5' . ljutsf Tofu,
alnbfg / c;n cg'ejaf6 dfu{ lgb]{lzt x'Fb} s0ff{nL k b]zsf]
;d[l4sf] dfu{lrqsf] ?kdf :jfledfgL s0ff{nLaf;L ;fd' of] ah]6
k :t't ul//xFbf cfhsf] ul/a k b]znfO{ ef]lnsf] ;d[4 k b]zdf
?kfGt/0f ug]{ ;+sNk af]w eO/x]sf] 5 .

-5_

…ufFp ufFpdf l;+xb/jf/, 3/ 3/df k b]z ;/sf/Ú eGg] pb\3f]ifsf
;fy s0ff{nL k b]zsf] >dzLn hgzlQmnfO{ k'FhLdf abNb} Gofo /
;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ;lxt ;d[4 s0ff{nL k b]z lgdf{0f xfd f] nIo
/x]sf] s'/fdf km]/L klg hf]8 lbg rfxG5' .

-6_

xfdL ;+3Lo zf;g k 0ffnLsf] k efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu …;d[4
g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÚ sf] gf/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ …;d[4 s0ff{nL, ;'vL
s0ff{nLaf;LÚ sf] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo cg'?k ;dtfd"ns ;dfh
lgdf{0f ub}{ ;dfhjfb tkm{sf] ofqfdf cl3 al9/x]sf] s'/f :d/0f
ub{5' .

2

 dfggLo ;efd'v dxf]bo,
ca d k b]zsf] ljBdfg cj:yfnfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf k :t't ub{5' M
-7_

ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ct'ngLo ;Defjgf af]s]sf] of] k b]z ljsf;sf
b[li6n] cGo k b]zx¿sf] bfFhf]df k5fl8 /x]sf] 5 . %$ cf]6f
ufpFkflnsf / @% cf]6f gu/kflnsf ;lxt &( :yfgLo tx /x]sf]
of] k b]z cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, kof{j/0fLo / ef}uf]lns
ljljwtfsf ;fy} hn, h+un, hldg tyf h8La'6Lsf] ;Defljt
pTkfbg Ifdtfsf b[li6n] pRr :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .

-8_

d'n'ssf] sl/a @! k ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] of]
k b]zsf] hg;+Vof kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf jif{ @)^* cg';f/ sl/a ^
k ltzt cyf{t !% nfv &) xhf/ /x]sf] 5 .

-9_

;fIf/tfsf] lx;fan] klg s0ff{nL k b]z lgs} k5fl8 /x]sf] 5 .
b]zsf] cf}ift ;fIf/tf b/ ^%=(% k ltzt x'Fbf o; k b]zsf] ;fIf/tf
b/ %*=@% k ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .

-10_

o;} u/L d'n'ssf] k ltJolQm jflif{s cf}ift cfo cToGt} sd cyf{t
!!^) cd]l/sL 8n/ -sl/a Ps nfv afx  xhf/ ?k}ofF_ /x]sf]
cj:yfdf o; k b]zsf] k ltJolQm cfo ;f] eGbf klg Hofb} sd
cyf{t *)^ cd]l/sL 8n/ -sl/a krf;L xhf/ ?k}ofF_ /x]sf] s'/f
:d/0f u/fpg rfxG5' .

-11_

of] k b]z cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/;"rsdf /fli6«o cf}ifteGbf Go"g
dfq xf]Og, s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] of]ubfgdf ;d]t k5fl8 /x]sf]
3

 5 . s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf o; k b]zsf] of]ubfg #=( k ltzt dfq
/x]sf] 5 .
-12_

k b]zsf] cfwfeGbf a9L hg;+Vof lg/k]If ul/aLsf] kL8fdf
afFlr/x]sf] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] d'n'sdf ul/aLsf] hg;+Vof sl/j
@%=% k ltzt /x]sf]df o; k b]zsf] ul/aL k b]z hg;+Vofsf]
t'ngfdf %!=* k ltzt /xg'n] ul/aLsf] eofjx tl:j/ :ki6 ub{5 .

-13_

d'n'ssf] cf}ift dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ )=$() x'Fbf o; k b]zsf]
;"rs )=$!! dfq /xg' lgZro g} dfgj ljsf; ;"rs w]/} sdhf]/
/x]sf] s'/f :ki6 x'g cfpF5 .

-14_

o; k b]zsf gful/ssf] cf}ift cfo' sl/a ^) jif{ /x]sf] 5, hals
;du  b]zsf gful/ssf] cf}ift cfo' &! jif{ 5 .

-15_

cfly{s b[li6n] ;lqmo hgzlQm a9L eP klg o;sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg / /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ g;Sbf phf{zLn hgzlQm
ef/tsf ljleGg :yfg, vf8L d'n's / dn]l;ofdf hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf
Go"g :t/sf] kfl/>lds lnO{ cfˆgf] >d a]Rg afWo 5g\ . o;/L
phf{zLn hgzlQmsf] knfogtfn] Psflt/ xfd f] s[lif tyf v]tLof]Uo
pa{/ e"ld phf8 ag]sf 5g\ eg] csf]{tkm{ ufpF3/ afnaflnsf, j[4
tyf czQmx¿sf] ynf] aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 Psflt/ cfjZos
pTkfbgzLn hg;+Vofsf] cefj x'g uPsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;Gt'ng vNalng] / ljb]zL d'n'sdf kl;gf
aufO{ cfh{g u/]sf] 7"nf] /sd cg'Tkfbs If]qdf vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 .
4

 -16_

k b]zsf phf{zLn o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ ;Lko'Qm / bIf agfO{ s[lif,
ko{6g, pBf]u tyf pTkfbgsf ljljw If]qdf pkof]u ug{ ;s]
/f]huf/L, :j/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf eO{ cfTdlge{/ / ;d[4
k b]zsf] ?kdf lrgfpg ;kmn x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

-17_

pk/f]St kl/j]zdf ;Lldt ; f]t ;fwgaf6 w]/} cfjZostf ;Daf]wg
ug'{ kg]{ of] ah]6 ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f, cfly{s ljsf; / s0ff{nL
k b]z ;d[l4sf] cfwf/zLnf aGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

dfggLo ;efd'v dxf]bo,
ca d o; ;Ddflgt ;bg ;dIf cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷)&^ sf] ah]6sf
p2]Zo / k fyldstfx¿ k :t't ug{ rfxG5' .
p2]Zox¿
-18_

ah]6sf] d"ne"t p2]Zo k b]zsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ofqf ;'lglZrt
u/L ;dfhjfbsf] af6f] to ug{' xf] . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt
p2]Zo cËLsf/ ul/Psf] 5M


cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs c;dfgtf / lje]bsf] cGTo ub}{ ;d[l4
xfl;n ug]{,



;xh hLjgofkg / cfly{s ;d[l4sf nfluef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]
ljsf; ug]{,



dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf] k a4{g ub}{ lzIff,
:jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx'Fr
5

 :yflkt u/L bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg Pj+ k efjsf/L ?kdf kl/rfng
ug]{,


s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, ljljwLs/0f tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 Pj+ vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ub}{
cfTdlge{/tftkm{ pGd'v x'g],



kof{j/0fd}qL / k fËfl/s k b]zsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{,



e i6frf/ lgoGq0f, hgd'vL k zf;g / ;'zf;g sfod ug]{

;efd'v dxf]bo,
-19_

pk/f]Qm p2]Zo k flKtsf nflu b]xfosf ljsf;sf k fyldstfx¿
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5' M


;8s, oftfoft, hn; f]t, phf{, vfg]kfgL, ;x/L k"jf{wf/, l;+rfO{,
;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k ljlw h:tf ljsf;sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
ljsf; ug]{,



s[lif, jg, h8La'6L, ko{6g / pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{,



lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]ns'b nufotsf ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{,



zflGt ;'/Iff tyf cTofjZos ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k jfxsf] u'0f:t/df
clej[l4 u/L gful/snfO{ cg'e"lt x'g] lsl;dsf] ;'zf;g k bfg
ug]{,



dfgj ; f]t ljsf; ug]{,



sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{,



s0ff{nL k b]zsf] ;fdlu s ljsf; of]hgf dfu{lrq tof/ ug]{ .
6

 ;efd'v dxf]bo ,
-20_

ah]6sf plNnlvt p2]Zo k flKtsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
k fyldstfnfO{ k efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;+3Lo /
:yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu k efjsf/L ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg] 5 . pknAw k"FhL, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;xsf/L
/ lghL If]q nufot cGo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g] 5 .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
ca d ah]6sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ k :t't ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/
-21_

k b]zsf] ljsf;df k ToIf k efj kfg]{ ljsf;sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿
;8s, oftfoft, phf{, hn; f]t, l;+rfO{, vfg]kfgL, gbL s6fg
lgoGq0f tyf t6aGwg, df]6/ k'n, emf]n'Ë] k'n cflbsf] klxrfg /
k"j{;DefJotf÷;DefJotf

cWoog

u/L

pko'Qm

7xl/Psf

of]hgfx¿sf] k fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf nlug]
Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
;8s
-22_

x'Dnf / 8f]Nkf lhNnfnfO{ k b]z / /fli6«o ;8s ;~hfndf cfa4
u/L oftfoft ;xh u/fpg k b]z ;/sf/n] cfjZos kxn ug]{5 .
k b]z /fhwfgLaf6 cGo lhNnfx¿sf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Dd k'Ug]
/fhdfu{nfO{ b'O{ n]g ;8ssf] ?kdf :t/f]Gglt ul/g] 5 .
7

 -23_

k To]s k b]znfO{ slDtdf Ps cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s gfsf;Fu ;f]em}
hf]8\g] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltnfO{ k b]z ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;xof]u
ub}{ e]/L sl/8f]/ -l5Gr' hfh/sf]6 ?s'd 8f]Nkf wf] df]l/Dnf;Dd_
tyf s0ff{nL sl/8f]/ -hd'gfxf ;'v]{t b}n]v sfnLsf]6 h'Dnf
l;ldsf]6 lxN;f_ nfO{ /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf cl3
a9fpg g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu kxn ul/g] 5 .

-24_

hd'gfxf ;'v]{t lxN;f k wfgdGqL cGt/f{li6«o b 'tdfu{sf] lj:t[t
cWoog u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf /fli6«o uf}/jsf]
cfof]hgfsf ?kdf lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 .

-25_

g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjodf /fgL3f6 e'/LufpF alb{of ;'?ªdfu{sf]
;DefJotf cWoog u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 .

-26_

g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo u/L hd'gfxf ;'v]{t b}n]v dxfa'
sfnLsf]6 gfUdf udu9L gfSr] nfUgf tyf /fhfk'/ alb{of e'/LufpF
t]nkfgL ;'v]{t, b}n]vsf] dflyNnf] 8'Ë]Zj/ a}s b'Nn' 8fF8Ldf8L
s'';fkfgL AofpnL gfUd udu9L gfSr] nfUgf ;8snfO{ /fli6«o
uf}/jsf cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf cl3 a9fOg] 5 . pQm ;8ssf] udu9L
gfSr]nfUgf v08sf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8
a9fOg] 5 .

-27_

;'v]{t l5Gr' l;Dtf hfh/sf]6 ;8snfO{ …;lxb Clif zdf{ dfu{Ú
gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
8

 -28_

e]/L sl/8f]/sf] l5Gr'af6–/fgL3f6–xl/x/k'/–tftf]kfgL x'Fb} k b]z g+=
& sf] s0ff{nL lr;fkfgL hf]8\gsf nflu k"j{;DefJotf cWoog ul/g]
5.

-29_

dbg e08f/L /fhdfu{sf] bfª ;'v]{t 88]Nw'/f v08sf] sfd tLa tfsf
;fy cl3 a9fpg g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo ul/g] 5 .

-30_

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;dGjodf n'lDagLb]lv yf/df/] ?s'd rf}/hxf/L
hfh/sf]6 vn+uf ynx rfFb] h'Dnf tftf]kfgL /f/f hf]8\g] -n'lDagL
/f/f nf]s dfu{_ nfO{ /fli6«o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfsf ?kdf ;DefJotf
cWoog u/L nufot lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 .

-31_

ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf k b]zleqsf /0fgLlts ;8s tyf
k b]z uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ ;"rLa4 u/L qmdzM sfof{Gjog ug{
;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-32_

k b]zleq ;Gt'lnt / ;dGoflos ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k hgtf
;8s sfo{qmd cGtu{t s0ff{nL k b]zsf ;a} k fb]lzs lgjf{rg
If]qx¿df dxTjk"0f{ ;8s cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;DefJotf cWoog u/L
lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg] 5 . pQm sfo{qmdsf nflu k To]s
lgjf{rg If]qdf ?= % s/f]8 kg]{ u/L hDdf ?= ! ca{ @) s/f]8
ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . nfut ef/nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ x'Dnf,
8f]Nkf / d'u'df s]xL ah]6 yk ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

-33_

s0ff{nL k b]zsf] /fhwfgL jL/]Gb gu/nfO{ kof{d}qL / Jojl:yt
;x/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ /fhwfgL k"jf{wf/ ljz]if sfo{qmd cGtu{t
9

 lj:t[t u'? of]hgf tof/ ug'{sf ;fy} k"jf{wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿
jL/]Gb gu/ gu/kflnsf;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rfng ul/g]
5 . pQm sfo{sf nflu ?= !! s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-34_

g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjodf k b]zsf] /fhwfgL ;'v{]tsf] rqmky
lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 .

-35_

lhNnf ;b/d'sfdaf6 k b]z /fhwfgL hf]8\g], s0ff{nL k b]zaf6 cGo
k b]z hf]8\g] cGt/ k fb]lzs tyf b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L lhNnf hf]8\g]
k b]z uf}/jsf ;8s cfof]hgf lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 .
ax'jifL{o cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g] pQm ;8sx¿sf] nflu
?= ! ca{ @* s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-36_

u fdL0f kx'Fr kl/of]hgf–# cGtu{t d'u' udu9L x'Dnf ;8ssf]
lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLa tf lbOg] 5 .

-37_

/fKtL /fhdfu{sf] t'n;Lk'/ >Lgu/ d';Lsf]6 v08sf] lj:t[t
kl/of]hgf k ltj]bg tof/ u/L :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf]
;dk'/s cg'bfgsf] nflu kxn ul/g] 5 . pQm sfo{sf nflu
cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-38_

;'v]{t b}n]v ;8ssf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k ltj]bg tof/ u/L g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf :t/f]Gglt sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 . o;sf nflu
cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-39_

;'v]{t h'Dnf s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ dd{t ;'wf/sf nflu cfjZos ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
10

 -40_

k b]z /fhwfgL ;'v]{taf6 ?s'd ;b/d'sfd d';Lsf]6 hf]8\g]
;NnLahf/ rf}/hxf/L d';Lsf]6 ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf nflu cfjZos
ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-41_

u fdL0f ;8s kx'Fr sfo{qmd cGtu{t k b]zsf :yfgLo txx¿
k efjsf/L / e/kbf]{ ;8s ;~hfnåf/f cfa4 ul/g] 5 . o;
cGtu{t ;8s lgdf{0f, dd{t / :t/f]Gglt ug{] sfo{sf nflu ?= @)
s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-42_

:yfgLo txx¿;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k b]zsf ljleGg ;x/x¿df ;8s
lgdf{0f / :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;x/L ;8s ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd sf] nflu ?=
!$ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-43_

?s'd d'l;sf]6af6 ;Nofg vn+uf sflndf6L k b]z g+= % sf]
sf]xnk'/ x'Fb} hd'gfxf gfsf hf]8\g] ;8ssf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf
k ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 .

-44_

k fs[lts k sf]ksf sf/0f k b]zleqsf ;8s oftfoft cj?4 ePsf]
cj:yfdf tTsfn oftfoft ;"rf? ug{ Pj+ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nflu
cfjZos pks/0f ;lxtsf] x]jL OlSjKd]G6 oflGqs sfof{no
:yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos ah]6sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-45_

;8s, k'n, ejg, gx/ nufotsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] u'0f:t/ sfod
ug{ u'0f:t/ dfkb08 agfO{ nfu" ul/g] 5 . u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug{
11

 k"jf{wf/ k of]uzfnf :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfjZos
ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
-46_

k b]zleq ;DefJotf cWoog eO;s]sf kSsL k'n, emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fpgsf nflu cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf]
5' .

-47_

k b]z leqsf dxTjk"0f{ ;8s, ;'?ª dfu{, kSsL k'n, emf]n'Ë] k'n,
s]a'nsf/ kl/of]hgfx¿ / s0ff{nL / e]/L gbLdf hndfu{sf]
;DefJotf cWoog ul/g] tyf ;DefJo of]hgfx¿sf] lj:t[t
kl/of]hgf k ltj]bg tof/ ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfjZos ah]6sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

ljB't
-48_

…s0ff{nLsf] kfgL, hgtfsf] nufgLÚ eGg] pb\3f]ifsf ;fy dflyNnf]
s0ff{nL, a]tg s0ff{nL, hub'Nnf, km"sf]6 s0ff{nL, gn l;+ uf8,
zf/bf, hjfvf]nf, ;Ouf8, nufotsf hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿
;~rfng ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjodf pTkfbgsf] lhDdf
lnPsf pTkfbs sDkgLnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf]
sfddf ;lqmo agfOg] 5 .

-49_

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf s0ff{nL sl/8f]/ / e]/L sl/8f]/df ljB't
k ;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/ ul/g] 5 .

-50_

;Dk"0f{ ?kdf s0ff{nL k b]zdf /x]sf] e]/L gbLsf] kfgL pkof]u ul/g]
e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{gdf s0ff{nL k b]zsf] klg lx:;f /x]sf] x'Fbf e]/L
12

 aaO{ 8fOe;{g hnljB't cfof]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjo /
;fem]bf/Ldf s0ff{nL k b]z ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf oyfzL3  lgdf{0f
sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 .
-51_

;fgf tyf demf}nf hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs,
;fd'bflos / lghL nufgLnfO{ k f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 . k b]zsf ;a}
lhNnfx¿df ljB't ljt/0f nfOg lj:tf/ ul/g] 5 . o; sfo{sf]
nflu ?=@% s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-52_

:jR5 ljB't ;]jf ;xh ?kdf pknAw u/fpg ;f}o{ pmhf{, jfo'
phf{, afof] UofF; phf{ Pj+ cGo gjLs/0fLo j}slNks phf{
k ljlwnfO{ k f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 .

-53_

;fgf hn ljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;DefJotf cWoog, lgdf{0f /
dd{t ;'wf/sf nflu ?= !* s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]s]f 5' .

ejg tyf ;x/L ljsf;
-54_

;'/lIft, Jojl:yt, e"sDk k lt/f]wL / jftfj/0fd}qL ejgx¿ lgdf{0f
ug{sf nflu ejg;Fu ;DalGwt P]g, lgod, ejg;+lxtf, dfkb08 /
lgb]{lzsfx¿ tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-55_

g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjodf k b]z /fhwfgL ;'v]{t jL/]Gb gu/nfO{
:jR5 / ;kmf /fVg Jojl:yt 9n lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fOg]
5.

13

 -56_

k fljlws b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm :yfgx¿sf] vf]hL u/L gd'gf k fb]lzs
:df6{ l;6L / xl/t ;x/sf] cjwf/0ffsf ;fy Jojl:yt ;x/sf]
ljsf; ug{ pko'Qm sfo{ljlw / l8hfOg tof/ ul/g] 5 .

vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO{ tyf gbL lgoGq0f
-57_

;'v]{t pkTosf tyf e]/L gbL a]l;gsf a:tLsf] l;+rfO{ tyf
vfg]kfgLsf] bL3{sfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ e]/L gbLsf] kfgLnfO{
lnˆ6 k ljlw k of]u u/L l;+rfO{ tyf :jR5 vfg]kfgL pknAw
u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpgsf nflu ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g] 5 .

-58_

:jR5 vfg]kfgLdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg k b]zsf vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf
gk'u]sf :yfgx¿df vfg]kfgL of]hgf 5gf]6 u/L ;~rfngdf
NofOg]5 ;fy} lgdf{0fflwg cfof]hgfx¿ ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ ?= %)
s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-59_

s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug{ k b]zsf ;Defljt
:yfgx¿df ljleGg k ljlwsf l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog
u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g] 5 ;fy} lgdf{0fflwg, gofF tyf cj?¢
/x]sf cfof]hgfx¿ ;'rf? ug{ ?= %) s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf]
5' .

-60_

k b]zsf ljleGg If]qdf af9L klx/f] / gbL s6fg lgoGq0f u/L
t6aGw lgdf{0f ug{ ?= $) s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

14

 ;fdflhs ljsf;
lzIff
-61_

…u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIff / z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ M k b]z ;d[l4sf] cfwf/Ú eGg]
gLlt cg'?k afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t tx;Dd clgjfo{ lzIff
tyf dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff pknAw x'g] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrt x'g] u/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .

-62_

ljBfno ghfg] tyf 5f8\g] k j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{, ljBfyL{
l;sfO pknlAw clej[l4 ug{, afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ …ljBfno Nofcf}+,
l6sfcf}+ / l;sfcf}FÚ eGg] /fli6«o cleofgnfO{ k efjsf/L agfpg
:yfgLo tx;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ul/g] 5 . ljBfno
hfg] pd]/sf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf egf{ u/fO{ lgoldt
k7gkf7g u/fpg ;Sg] :yfgLo txnfO{ k f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 . o;sf
nflu ?= ! s/f]8 &) nfv ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-63_

cfufdL tLg jif{leq …;fIf/ s0ff{nL k b]zÚ 3f]if0ff ug]{ cleofgnfO{
;kmn t'Nofpg cgf}krfl/s lzIff Pj+ ;fIf/tf cleofg ;DaGwL
sfo{qmdsf nflu :yfgLo tx;Fusf] ;dGjodf sfo{ df]8fln6L tyf
sfo{ k4lt lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= @
s/f]8 ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-64_

k b]zsf ;a} lgjf{rg If]qdf ;~rflnt ;fd'bflos SofDk;x¿sf]
z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] gS;fÍgsf cfwf/df ;dfof]hg u/L
15

 cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / z}lIfs pGgog ul/g]
5 . o;sf nflu ?= @ s/f]8 $) nfv ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
-65_

;a} :yfgLo txdf qmdzM k fljlws tyf Jofj;flos z}lIfs
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . k fljlws lzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
k fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ u7g ul/g] 5 .
o;sf nflu cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 .

-66_

k fljlws lzIffdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr a[l4 ug{ …5f]/L–a'xf/L k fljlws
lzIff 5fqj[lQÚ sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g] 5 . ;fy} blnt, ljkGg,
åGåkLl8t, b'u{d If]qsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ;d]t k fljlws lzIffdf
kxF'r a[l4 ug{ yk 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' . o;sf
nflu ?= ! s/f]8 %) nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-67_

cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷)&^ df ^ xhf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ 5f]6f] cjlwsf]
;Lk ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . sfo{qmdsf
;xefuL 5gf]6 ubf{ dlxnf, Psn dlxnf, åGå k efljt tyf blnt
;d'bfonfO{ k fyldstf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . o;sf nflu
;zt{ cg'bfgaf6 ?= !) s/f]8 #) nfv ah]6 Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.

-68_

ljBfno txsf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ / ef}lts ljsf;sf nflu lgjf{rg
If]qnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ljBfno k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= @! s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
16

 -69_

dWoklZrd ljZjljBfnonfO{ s0ff{nL k fb]lzs ljZjljBfnosf]
?kdf ljsf; ug{ / k fljlws lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{
cfjZos gLltut / sfg'gL k lqmofsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu
;dGjo ul/g] 5 .

-70_

bIf / pRr k fljlws hgzlQm pTkfbgsf nflu kj{tLo lj1fg tyf
k ljlw ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf nflu ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g] 5 .

-71_

lgjf{rg If]q tyf lhNnfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;a} lgjf{rg If]qsf
Ps÷Ps cf]6f df=lj=x¿df k fljlws lzIffsf] k9fO ;~rfng ul/g]
5 . ;fy} s[lif, kz'lj1fg, OlGhlgol/Ë, lj1fg tyf ;"rgf k ljlw,
jg lj1fg, ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg ljifodf :gfts txsf]
k fljlws lzIffsf nflu k"jf{wf/ ePsf ;fd'bflos ljBfno jf
SofDk;x¿nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ul/g] 5 . h;sf] nflu cfjZos
ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-72_

h'Dnf l:yt s0ff{nL k fljlws lzIffnosf] :t/f]Gglt u/L :gfts
txsf] k fljlws lzIff sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos
kxn ul/g] 5 .

-73_

lxdfnL If]qsf] ljBfnodf k7g kf7gsf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
3'DtL ljBfno sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofOg] 5 . lxdfnL lhNnfsf
tLgcf]6f a:tLx¿df cfjZos cWoog u/L ;DalGwt :yfgLo
tx;Fusf] ;xsfo{df cfjf;Lo ljBfno ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . pk/f]Qm
sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu ?= ( s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
17

 -74_

o; jif{ b]lv dfWolds lzIff k/LIff k b]z :t/af6 ;~rfng ul/g]
ePsf]n] ;f]sf] nflu ;zt{ cg'bfgaf6 ?= @ s/f]8 * nfv ah]6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-75_

s0ff{nL k b]z :yfkgfsf] nflu hLjg cfx'lt lbg] dxfg ;lxbx¿sf
5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf nflu ;fj{hlgs lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df nfUg] cfjZos
z'Ns, z}lIfs ;fdu L, 5fqj[lQ tyf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfdf
;xof]u ug{ ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-76_

blnt 5fq 5fqfx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu cfjZos
ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-77_

blnt tyf ljkGg ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf kx'Fr a[l4sf nflu nf]s;]jf tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]
k/LIffsf] tof/L sIffx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos
ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

o'jf tyf v]ns'b
-78_

lgoldt ?kdf k b]z :t/Lo v]ns'bsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug{ d'VodGqL s0ff{nL v]ns'b k ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf
ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= %) nfv ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-79_

…:j:y hLjgsf] nflu v]ns'bÚ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ k b]zdf Jojl:yt
ug{ tyf v]nf8Lx¿sf] sfo{ IfdtfnfO{ k j¢{g ug{ …s0ff{nL v]ns'b
kl/ifb\Ú u7g ul/g] 5 .
18

 -80_

k b]z /fhwfgL ;'v]{tdf k fb]lzs /Ëzfnf lgdf{0f sfo{ yfngL ul/g]
5 . kxf8L tyf pRr lxdfnL If]qdf ax'p2]zLo v]ns'b /Ëzfnf
lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos cWoog u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g] 5 .
pQm sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu ?= !% s/f]8 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-81_

;DefJo :yfgdf v]ns'b /Ëzfnf tyf cf7 lhNnf dWo] lj:t[t
kl/of]hgf k ltj]bg tof/ ePsf lhNnfdf sa8{ xn lgdf{0f ;'?
ul/g] 5 eg] afFsL lhNnfdf ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g] 5 . ;a}
k fb]lzs lgjf{rg If]qdf Ps÷Ps v]ns'b d}bfg lgdf{0f ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5' . o;sf nflu ?= ^ s/f]8 $) nfv ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf]
5' .

-82_

…>d, ;Lk / /f]huf/ M o'jf;Fu k b]z ;/sf/Ú eGg] Wo]osf ;fy
lhNnf o'jf kl/ifb\;Fu o'jf pBdL tyf o'jf ;d"x dfkm{t o'jfåf/f
pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= # s/f]8
ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-83_

k b]zleq /x]sf o'jfsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf nflu …k b]z o'jf kl/ifb\Ú
u7g ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-84_

lg/If/tf pGd'ng, ;fdflhs e]befj lj?4 hgr]tgf cleofg,
j[Iff/f]k0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f h:tf cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug{ o'jf
:jo+;]js ;~hfn lgdf{0f u/L kl/rfng ul/g] 5 .

19

 :jf:Yo
-85_

…:j:y gful/s M ;d[4 k b]zÚ eGg] d"n Wo]osf ;fy hgtfsf]
hLjg;Fu hf]l8Psf] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{, hgd'vL /
k efjsf/L agfOg] 5 .

-86_

…;a}sf nflu :jf:Yo aLdfÚ eGg] cleofgsf ;fy k b]zsf ;a}
lhNnfx¿df gful/s :jf:Yo aLdf nfu" ug]{ sfo{df ;+3Lo
;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo u/L kl/rokq k fKt u/]sf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]sf gful/sx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ lk ldod (Premium) /sd
cg'bfg lbO{ :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmdnfO{ yk Jojl:yt / k efjsf/L
agfpg sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]
5.

-87_

s0ff{nL :jf:Yo lj1fg k lti7fgnfO{ k fb]lzs s0ff{nL k b]z :jf:Yo
lj1fg k lti7fgsf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos gLltut / sfg'gL
k lqmofsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo ul/g] 5 . k b]zsf
bzcf]6} lhNnfdf cfjZos u'0f:t/o'Qm ljif]z1 :jf:Yo ;]jf k bfg
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . ljz]if1 :jf:Yo ;]jf jfkt x'g] ;]jf
vr{sf] nflu ?= $ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-88_

;'v]{t l:yt If]qLo c:ktfnsf] :t/ j[l4 u/L k fb]lzs lzIf0f
c:ktfnsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L k fb]lzs d]l8sn sn]hsf] ?kdf
ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= !) s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
20

 -89_

k b]zsf k To]s j8fdf Ps÷Ps j6f aly{ª ;]G6/ -k ;'lt s]Gb _
:yfkgf ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= % s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-90_

k b]zsf rf/j6f lhNnf c:ktfnx¿nfO{ %) z}of tyf & j6f
:yfgLo txdf slDtdf !% z}ofsf cfwf/e"t c:ktfnx¿
;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ?= !^ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-91_

lj/fdLx¿sf] cfsl:ds ;]jfsf] nflu bzj6f PDa'n]G; vl/b u/L
cfjZos ePsf lhNnf c:ktfn tyf :yfgLo txnfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 %) nfv ah]6
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-92_

…;'Ts]/LnfO{ ;]jf, efjL ;GtltnfO{ 6]jfÚ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy afn tyf
dft[ :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft agfpg / k ;j kL8fdf k/L
hf]lvddf /x]sf ue{jtL dlxnfx¿sf] hLjg /Iffsf nflu ;'Ts]/L
p2f/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfo{sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 %) nfv
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-93_

cfjZos cf}iflw :6s, cfsl:ds lrlsT;s ;]jf tyf ;'ne cf}iflw
k;nsf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 %) nfv /sdsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-94_

dlxnfx¿sf] cfª v:g], kf7]3/ SofG;/, cfFvf, xf8hf]gL{, d'6'
nufotsf cTofjZos ljz]if1 ;]jf lzlj/ ;~rfngsf nflu ?= @
s/f]8 ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-95_

b'u{d If]qsf gful/sx¿sf] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ k efjsf/L
agfpg 6]lnd]l8l;g, ;fd'bflos c:ktfnx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{
21

 nufotsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos
ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-96_

k b]zsf pko'Qm :yfgdf ;DefJotf cWoog u/L afn /f]u c:ktfn
/ SofG;/ c:ktfn :yfkgfsf] k lqmof cufl8 a9fOg] 5 .

-97_

cfsl:ds :jf:Yo ;]jf sf]ifsf] /sd j[l4 u/L lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 .
o;sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-98_

;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{, ;'ne / ljsNk ;lxtsf] agfpg
cfo'j]{lbs, xf]ldof]Koflys / k fs[lts lrlsT;f h:tf j}slNks
pkrf/ k2ltnfO{ k a4{g ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 ah]6
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-99_

xjfO{ hxfhaf6 clS;hg gaf]Sg] / cTofjZos ;Nolqmof ;]jfx¿
;d]t k efljt x'g] u/]sfn] xfn;Dd df]6/ af6f]n] g5f]Psf x'Dnf /
8f]Nkf lhNnf c:ktfnx¿df cfjZos cWoog u/L clS;hg
pTkfbg Knf06 :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' . o;sf nflu ?=
@ s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-100_

cf}iflw pBf]u :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos cWoog ul/g] 5 . o;sf
nflu lghL ;fd'bflos ;fem]bf/LnfO{ k f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 . o;sf]
cWoog ug{ cfjZos ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-101_

dof{lbt :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf ;'/lIft :jf:YosdL{sf nflu :jf:YosdL{
cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ nfu" ul/g] 5 .
22

 -102_

;'/lIft dft[Tj, k hgg tyf kl/jf/ :jf:Yo ;'wf/, afn :jf:Yo,
kf]if0f nufotsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu
cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[lt
-103_

;'v]{tdf k b]z:t/Lo k':tsfno / ;+u xfno, l;+hf /b'Nn'df v;
;+u xfno, kmnfjfË b/af/ k'g{lgdf{0f tyf nfdf, du/ nufotsf
;+u xfnox¿ :yfkgf u/L ;~rfngdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
o;sf nflu cfjZos ?= $ s/f]8 @) nfv ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5' .

-104_ blnt

;d'bfosf] df}lns snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu

k/Dk/fut k]zf, ;Lk / snf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf k a{4g ul/g]
5 . o;sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 #) nfv ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
-105_

k b]zdf /x]sf k'/ftflTjs, P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbfx¿sf] vf]hL tyf clen]vLs/0f u/L ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{
sfo{nfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= # s/f]8 ah]6
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-106_

k'/ftflTjs, P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, k/Dk/fut /Llt, d"No, dfGotf,
efiff Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf
nflu …efiff, snf, ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k lti7fgÚ u7g ul/g] 5 .
o;sf nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
23

 ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
-107_

…dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;Ddfg M 5'jf5't / ;fdflhs s'/Llt lj?4sf]
cleofgÚ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy bzcf]6} lhNnfdf 5'jf5't / ;fdflhs
s'/Llt lj?4sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= %)
nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-108_ dlxnf,

blnt, cNk;+Vos, hghflt, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm tyf

gful/ssf nflu ; f]t, ;fwg / cj;/df ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ gLlt
tyf /0fgLlt tof/ u/L ljz]if nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]
5.
-109_

dlxnf, blnt, ckfË, Ho]i7 gful/s, afnaflnsf d}qL gLlt tyf
sfg'g lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 .

-110_

dlxnf, afnaflnsf / Ho]i7 gful/s lj?4 x'g] lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/,
afn>d, afnljjfx, 5'jf5't, 5fpk8L, af]S;L nufot ;a} k sf/sf
s'/Lltx¿sf] cGTo ug{ r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿, pkrf/, dgf]ljdz{,
sfg'gL ;xfotf / k'g:yf{kg ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ a[xt ?kdf
;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-111_

;fdflhs s'/Lltsf ?kdf /x]sf 5'jf5't, 5fpk8L, af]S;L,
afnljjfx, ;8s afnaflnsf d'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ul/g] 5 . To:tf]
If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ :yfgLo txnfO{ b'O{ ;jfn k"/f u/]df ?= ! nfv /
;a} ;jfn k"/f u/]df ?= % nfv k f]T;fxg :j?k k bfg ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfPsf] 5' . o;sf nflu ?= %) nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
24

 -112_

k b]zsf ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ ckfËd}qL /
n}ËLsd}qL agfpg] sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] 5 .

-113_

/fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿4f/f ;~rfng ul/g]
sfo{qmdnfO{ kf/bzL{ / hgpQ/bfoL agfOg] 5 .

-114_

dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug{ cfjZos kxn ul/g] 5 . k b]z /fhwfgL
;'v]{t nufot ?s'd, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v, ;Nofg / sflnsf]6
lhNnfdf ;'/lIft 3/ -;]km xfp;_ sf] ljsf; / k a{4g ub}{
cfjZos yk lhNnfdf ;]km xfp;sf] ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . ;]km
xfp;df /x]sf dlxnfnfO{ ;Lkd'ns tflnd / sfg'gL ;xfotf lbg]
Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= &) nfv ah]6sf] Joj:yf
ldnfPsf] 5' .

-115_

/fp6] nufotsf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts
;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5' . /fp6]sf nflu c:yfoL cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
o;sf nflu ?= %) nfv ah]6sf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-116_

;8s afnaflnsf, alx/f, ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf, c6Lhd,
b[li6ljxLg afnaflnsfx¿sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;+/If0fsf nflu
ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' . o;sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8
^% nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-117_

k b]zdf 3fOt], ckfËtf ePsf / czQmsf] ;xof]u / k'g{:yfkgfsf
nflu k'g{:yfkgf s]Gb sf] :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . ckfËtf ePsf
25

 JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;Lk ljsf; / pkof]usf nflu ljz]if
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-118_

h]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf
;Ddfgk"j{s a:g / afFRgsf nflu …dgdf]xg Ho]i7 gful/sÚ
sfo{qmd cGt{ut &) jif{ dflysf h]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ k b]zleq
pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns ul/g] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/ssf nflu b]z
bz{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . cfjZos :yfgdf j[4f>d
nufotsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8
%) nfv ah]6sf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-119_

lzIff, :jf:Yo, dlxnf afnaflnsf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff nufotsf]
;fdflhs ljsf; u'?of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ul/g] 5 .

>d tyf /f]huf/
-120_

;fk]lIfs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] e"efusf ;d'bfo / kl/jf/nfO{ of]hgf
tyf ljsf; sfo{qmddf k fyldstf lbOg] 5 . o;sf nflu cGt/
dGqfno ;fem]bf/L ul/g] 5 .

-121_

k b]z :t/df ;'/lIft cfk jf;g, c;n >d ;DaGwsf] ljsf; tyf
k'g{:yfkg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .

-122_

>dk lt ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ d'VodGqL, dGqL,
hgk ltlglw, k b]zdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L / cfd gful/ssf]
26

 ;xeflutfdf k To]s dlxgfsf] ! / !% ut] >d lbgsf] ?kdf
dgfpFb} cfPsf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 .
-123_

>dd}qL cf}Bf]lus /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;'dw'/ >d ;DaGwsf
dfWodaf6 nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f agfpg k fb]lzs cf}Bf]lus >d
;DaGw gLlt tof/ u/L nfu' ul/g] 5 . of]Uo bIf hglzQm pTkfbg
ug{ k fljlws lzIffdf hf]8 lbg], k fb]lzs dfgj ;+zfwg s]Gb 
:yfkgf ug{], lhNnf lhNnfdf Jofj;flos tflnd s]Gb  :yfkgf ug{],
k b]zdf /x]sf o'jfx¿sf] ;+Vof, ?rL / of]Uotf ;lxtsf] k f]kmfOn
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . o; sfo{sf nflu ?= % s/f]8
ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-124_

bIf / ;Ifd hgzlQm pTkfbg u/L /f]huf/, :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmdsf
nflu /f]huf/ k a4{g gLlt tof/ u/L :yfgLo tx;Fusf] ;dGjodf
sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .

-125_

o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng dfkm{t phf{zLn / sd{7
o'jfx¿nfO{ :j]bzd} sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ cfjZos
/0fgLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .

-126_

k b]zsf ;a} lhNnfdf ;Lk tyf >d :s'n ;~rfng ug]{ / /f]huf/
a}Í tyf g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjodf >d sfof{no tyf >d
;Lk ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos
ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
27

 s[lif tyf kz'kfng
-127_

…cuf{lgs v]tLdf j[l4, s0ff{nLsf] ;Da[l4Ú eGg] gf/fnfO{ ;fsf/
t'Nofpg /}yfg] k hfltsf s[lif afnL tyf kz'k+IfL / hnr/sf]
plrt ;+/If0f / k aw{g ub}{ cuf{lgs pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4sf]
nflu s0ff{nL cuf{lgs s[lif ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= !@ s/f]8
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-128_

cuf{lgs s[lif pTkfbgsf] k aw{g, ljsf; / s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f
ub}{ /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{sf] nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;/sf/,
;xsf/L, lghL tyf cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k b]z
:t/df h}ljs dn, h}ljs ljiffbL / s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgf :yfkgf
ug{sf] nflu ?= & s/f]8 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .

-129_

Jofj;flos s[ifsx¿nfO{ pTkfbgdf k lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
u/L pTkfbg a[l4 ug]{ p2]Zosf] nflu pTkfbg tyf k ltkmndf
cfwfl/t s[ifs k f]T;fxg sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu
s[ifs ;d"x, ;xsf/L / lghL kmd{ ;~rfng ug]{ Joj;foLx¿nfO{
lglZrt sfo{ljlw / dfkb08 agfO{ pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f / l;h{gf
ul/Psf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu ?=
!) s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-130_

lglZrt sfo{ljlw agfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k fKt ug{ g;Sg] clt
ljkGg ul/a tyf b'u{d, lk5l8Psf If]qsf s[ifsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf]
3/b}nf]df uO{ cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df ;fgf ls;fg
28

 nlIft ls;fg ;/sf/ xft]dfnf] sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;Lk, ;]jf / k ljlw
pknAw u/fOg]5 . o; sfo{qmdsf nflu ?= % s/f]8 ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .
-131_

…s0ff{nLsf cf]v/, :ofp, b]z ljb]z lkmhfcf}FÚ eGg] gf/fnfO{ ;fsf/
kfg{ h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf, d'u' / sflnsf]6nfO{ :ofp / cf]v/
pTkfbgsf] xasf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ :ofp, cf]v/ k aw{g sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-132_

…xfd f] pTkfbg xfd f] zfg, s[lif k];fnfO{ u/f}F ;DdfgÚ eGg] gf/fnfO{
;fy{s t'Nofpg of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t Jofj;flos s[ifs k]G;g
sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw
tof/ u/L k To]s lhNnfsf] Ps :yfgLo txdf gd'gf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf nflu ?= # s/f]8 ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .

-133_

…3fts ljiffbLsf] k of]u x6fcf}F, dfgj :jf:Yo / jftfj/0f hf]ufcf}FÚ
eGg] d"n dGqnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ljiffbL d'Qm k b]z lgdf{0fsf]
p2]ZonfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ;Dk"0f{ vfBhGo kbfy{x¿df ljiffbL
Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu s0ff{nL k b]zsf] gfsfx¿ aaO{ / sk'/sf]6df
ljiffbL k/LIf0f s]G› :yfkgfsf ;fy} cfjZos :yfgx¿df ›'t
ljiffbL ljZn]if0f k of]uzfnf :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= !
s/f]8 %) nfv 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .
29

 -134_

PsLs[t gd'gf s[lif pTkfbg sfo{qmd cGtu{t x/]s lgjf{rg If]qdf
s[lif k"jf{wf/ / k fljlws ;lxtsf] Ps lgjf{rg If]q, Ps gd'gf s[lif
ks]6 sfo{sd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfjZos ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-135_

s[lif tyf kz'k+IfLhGo pTkfbgsf] e08f/0f ug{sf] nflu k b]zsf
clt cfjZos :yfgx¿df zLt e08f/sf] lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . h;sf]
nflu ?= $ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-136_

s0ff{nL k b]znfO{ kmnkm"ndf cfTdlge{/ agfpFb} lgof{t k aw{g ug{
k To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf jftfj/0f ;'xfpFbf] s[lif g;{/L tyf xfO6]s
kmnkm"n g;{/L :yfkgf u/L k aw{g ug{ cfjZos /sd ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .

-137_

s[ifsx¿sf] nfut hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{sf] nflu s[lif tyf
kz'k+IfL aLdfnfO{ k efjsf/L agfOg] 5 . o;/L aLdf ubf{ nfUg]
z'Nssf] &% k ltzt cg'bfg lbOg] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm s[lif tyf
kz'k+IfLdf x'g] cfsl:ds Iflt Joj:yfkg /fxt hf]lvd ;xof]u
sfo{qmd ;d]t ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . oL sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu
cfjZos /sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-138_

k fb]lzs :t/df cuf{lgs s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL cg';Gwfg s]G› :yfkgf
ul/g] 5 . o; s]G›nfO{ k fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg ;DaGwL cWoog,
cg';Gwfg / bIf k fljlws hgzlQm lgdf{0f ug]{ ynf]sf] ?kdf
ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu ?= @ s/f]8 %) nfv 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .
30

 -139_

…Ps lhNnf b'O{ gd'gf ks]6 If]qÚ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]
5 . o; cGtu{t

:yfgLo ;DefJotf / t'ngfTds nfesf

cfwf/df !) j6f s[lif ;DaGwL / !) j6f kz'k+IfL ;DaGwL pRr
d"No s[lif j:t'sf] pTkfbg a[l4 ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= !%
s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-140_ …s[lif

k"jf{wf/, ;'lglZrt ahf/Ú sfo{qmdsf] nflu s[lif ;8s, s[lif

l;+rfO{, s[lif pkh ;+sng s]G›, xf6 ahf/, ;]nf/ :6f]/ tyf
/l:6s :6f]/ lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu ?= @! s/f]8 ah]6sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
-141_

dfudf cfwfl/t Jofj;flos s[lif ljsf; ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu s[ifs, s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/L tyf
s[lif kmd{;Fu Jofj;flos of]hgf / k :tfjsf cfwf/df 5gf]6 ul/g]
o:tf sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= !) s/f]8 5'6\ofPsf] 5' .

-142_

:yfgLo tx tyf g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df …Ps j8f Ps s[lif
tyf kz' k fljlwsÚ gLlt nfu" ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfjZos
/sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-143_

cuf{lgs s[lif pTkfbgsf] gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf uPsf :yfgLo
txnfO{ ;DalGwt :yfgLo tx;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rfng x'g]
cuf{lgs pTkfbg k f]T;fxg ug{ ?= @ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-144_ s0ff{nL,

e]/L, dWo kxf8L / /fKtL /f]8 sl/8f]/ ljz]if sfo{qmd

dfkm{t s[lifsf] ljljwLs/0f, cfw'lgsLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0fsf] k aw{g
31

 ub}{ s[lif ko{6g If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu ?= $
s/f]8 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
-145_

:j:y / u'0f:t/Lo a]gf{ pTkfbgsf] nflu tGt' k hgg\k ljlw
Culture Technology)

(Tissue

cfw'lgs k of]uzfnf :yfkgf u/L s]/f, cfn',

sfutLsf] a]gf{ / Rofpsf] aLpm pTkfbg ug{ tyf xfO8«f]kf]lgs
k ljlw

(Hydroponic Technology)

af6 t/sf/L pTkfbg ul/g] 5 .

;f]sf] nflu ?= ! s/f]8 /sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-146_

k fËfl/s s[lif tyf /}yfg] afnL ;+/If0f / k aw{g Pj+ hnjfo'
kl/jt{g ;DaGwL :gfts / ;f] eGbf dfly cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{
s0ff{nL k b]zsf ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ k bfg ul/g] 5 .

-147_

…s[lifdf l;h{gzLntf M pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/tfÚ eGg] cleofgsf
;fy s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ pRr k fyldstf lbFb} vfBfGg pTkfbg,
Kofh, n;'g, a];f/, cb'jf, cn}+rL, dx, Rofp, skmL, k'ik, skf;,
s]z/, abfd h:tf :yfgLo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg, e08f/0f, k zf]wg
tyf ahf/Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbOg] 5 . skmL, dx, skf;, cn}rL, s]z/,
abfd v]tLsf] ks]6 If]q lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?=
% s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-148_ d'VodGqL

pTs[i6 s[lif k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf u/L pTs[i6 s[ifs, s[ifs

;d"x, s[lif kmd{ / ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ k'/:s[t ul/g] 5 .
-149_

?s'd d';Lsf]6 rfFkf l:yt t/sf/L aLp pTkfbg s]Gb nfO{ s[lif
lj1fg k lti7fgsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ k lqmof cufl8 a9fOg] 5 .
32

 -150_

dfudf cfwfl/t :ofp, ;'Gtnf, cfFk, cDaf, d]jf, s]/f, cgf/, lnrL,
cf]v/ nufotsf !) nfv kmnkm"nsf la?jfx¿ ;x'lnot b/df
ks]6 If]qsf ljleGg s[ifs, ls;fg ;d"x, s[lif kmd{ /
;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ nufpg k f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos
ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-151_

cTofw'lgs lrlnª Eofg ;lxtsf] k fb]lzs b'Uw k zf]wg / ;+sng
s]Gb x¿sf] :yfkgfsf] nflu cfjZos ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-152_

s0ff{nL k b]zdf pTkflbt cuf{lgs j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/ k df0fLs/0f
tyf a flG8ª u/]/ pRr d"No sfod u/L /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/df k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-153_

g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo tx ;d]tsf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df 3'DtL
k of]uzfnf dfkm{t :ynut df6f] k/LIf0f u/L df6f] ;'xfpFbf] s[lif
pTkfbgnfO{ k f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 .

-154_

:jR5 / u'0f:t/Lo df5f, df;' / b'Uw kbfy{sf] pTkfbg, k zf]wg,
e08f/0f / ahf/Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

-155_

!)) hgf e"ldxLg kl/jf/nfO{ hldg ef8fdf lnO{ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t
Joj;flos v]tL ug{ Ps kfOn6 kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t dn, aLp, l;+rfO{ cflbdf cg'bfgsf] nflu
cfjZos ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

33

 ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f
-156_

s0ff{nLdf /x]sf] ax' cfoflds ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ …ul/aL lj?¢
;femf cleofgÚ cGtu{t ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .

-157_

…;Da[4 s0ff{nLsf nflu ;xsf/L cleofgÚ cGtu{t ;xsf/LnfO{
;Da[4 s0ff{nL / ;dfhjfb lgdf{0fsf] k d'v cfwf/ :tDesf] ?kdf
ljsf; ug{ / ;dfhjfbsf] cEof; ug]{ ufpFsf] ?kdf k To]s
lhNnfdf Ps pko'Qm ;xsf/L gd'gf ufpF sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L
pQm ufpFnfO{ ko{6g xasf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu ?=
!) s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-158_

;xsf/Lx¿sf] btf{, lgodg / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k b]z :t/df
;xsf/L /lhi6«f/ sfof{no :yfkgf ul/g] 5 .

-159_

…ufpF–ufpFdf ;xsf/L, 3/–3/df /f]huf/LÚ sf] gf/fnfO{ ;fy{s
t'Nofpg ;xsf/L dfkm{t Ps lhNnf Ps s[lifhGo pBf]usf] :yfkgf
u/L /f]huf/L l;h{gf ul/g] 5 . h;sf] nflu ?= !) s/f]8
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-160_

;xsf/Lx¿;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;a} :yfgLo txdf /}yfg] afnLx¿sf]
;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf u/L aLpsf] ;+/If0f tyf k aw{g ug{
cfjZos /sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-161_

;xsf/Lx¿;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;xsf/L dfkm{t pTkflbt s[lifhGo
j:t' PsLs[t 9Fun] e08f/0f / laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;xsf/L sDKn]S;
34

 lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . o;sf nflu ?= @ s/f]8
5'6\ofPsf] 5' .
-162_

o'jf a]/f]huf/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ o'jf /f]huf/L nlIft sfo{qmdsf
nflu ?= # s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-163_

j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kms]{sf o'jfx¿nfO{ s[lif pTkfbg / Joj;fo;Fu
hf]8\g] p2]Zon] k jw{gfTds sfo{qmdsf] nflu …o'jf s[lif cfsif{0f
sfo{qmdÚ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu ?= ! s/f]8 ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .

-164_

blnt dlxnf, åGåkLl8t, ljkGg tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf]
cfTdlge{/tfsf] nflu nlIft ju{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]
5 . o;sf] nflu ?= # s/f]8 /sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-165_

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xsfo{df ul/a 3/ kl/jf/ klxrfg ;DaGwL
k fb]lzs ;j]{If0faf6 klxrfg ePsf ul/a 3/ kl/jf/sf] nflu
;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf cfocfh{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu?=
@ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

e"ld Joj:yf
-166_

hUuf afFemf] /fVg] k j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L hldgsf] ;xL pkof]u
ug{ k fb]lzs e"–pkof]u gLlt tyf sfg'g th{'df ug{'sf ;fy} e"–
pkof]u ;DaGwL a[xt u'?of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf
NofOg]5 .
35

 -167_

s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] v08Ls/0f /f]Sg, afFemf] /fv]sf] pa{/ hldgsf]
tYofÍ ;+sng u/L clen]vsf] cfwf/df e"ld a}+ssf] :yfkgf dfkm{t
s/f/ v]tL / ;fd'lxs v]tL k aw{g ul/g] 5 . pk/f]Qm
sfo{qmdx¿sf] nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-168_

e"ld ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clen]v l8lh6n k 0ffnLdf cfj4 ul/g] 5 .
;fy} ;'s'Daf;L, u'7L, d'Qm xlnof, cJojl:yt a;f]af;L, c:yfoL
a;f]af;L, hgo'4sf] ;dodf lsga]r ul/Psf] hUufsf] :jfldTj
tyf xs ef]u nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu
Ps zlQmzfnL e"ld tyf ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]u u7g
u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .

-169_

cfjZos dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L s0ff{nL k b]zdf pTkfbg
x'g] :ofp, ;'Gtnf, cfFk, lnrL / cf]v/ h:tf kmnkm"nx¿sf]
Jofj;flos pTkfbg, k zf]wg, e08f/0f / ahf/Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbOg]
5.

-170_

ufO{, e}+;L, e]8f, afv f, Rofª\u fkfng / rf}+/Lsf] Jofj;flos
kz'kfng,

s'v'/f,

xfF;

nufotsf

kG5LhGo

pTkfbg

/

ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ k f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 .
-171_

æPs :yfgLo tx, Ps cuf{lgs pTkfbgÆ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg :yfgLo tx ljz]if pTkfbgnfO{ a9fjf lbg]
/0fgLlt tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] 5 .
36

 -172_

ahf/df kfOg] Go"g kf}li6s / u'0f:t/xLg vfB kbfy{sf] pkef]u
lg?T;flxt u/L :yfgLo :t/df pTkflbt cuf{lgs pRr kf]if0fo'Qm
/ u'0f:t/Lo vfB j:t'sf] k of]unfO{ hf]8 lbO{ vfg] afgL
Habit)

(Food

df kl/jt{g ug{ hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]

5.
pBf]u
-173_

;DefJotf cWoog eO{ ;~rfngdf cfpg'kg]{ ;'v]{tsf] rf}s'g]
l;d]G6 tyf ;Nofgsf] sh]/L l;d]G6 pBf]usf ljBdfg ;d:ofsf]
plrt ;dfwfg vf]hL :yfgLo /f]huf/L;Fu cfj4 u/L pBf]u ;'rf?
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-174_

9'Fuf, lu6L, afn'jfsf] pTvgg\ tyf k fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] cTolws
bf]xgaf6 jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] c;/ sd ug{ gLltut / sfg'gL
Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-175_

pRr lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] ax'd"No h8La'6Lx¿ h:t}M of;f{u'Daf,
kfFrcf}+n], h6fd;L, ;t'jf, e"FOs:t'/L nufotsf] clgolGqt /
cJojl:yt ?kdf eO/x]sf] ;+sng sfo{nfO{ /f]sL ;+/If0f, pTkfbg,
Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug{ tyf /fh:jsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg cfjZos
sfg'gL gLltut Pj+ j}1flgs of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g] 5 .

-176_

:yfgLo pTkfbg tyf ;fwg / ; f]tdf cfwfl/t hn, h+un,
h8La'6L, kmnkm"n, vlgh kbfy{, s[lifhGo pTkfbg, kz'kfng,
ko{6sLo ;fwg / dfgjLo ; f]tsf] plrt k of]u u/L ;fgf, demf}nf
37

 tyf 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf / ljsf; u/L gful/ssf] ;du 
hLjg k2ltnfO{ cfly{s ?kaf6 ?kfGt/0f ub}{ k b]znfO{ ;d[4 ul/g]
5.
-177_

;'v]{tsf] ;f6fvfgLdf ljz]if cfly{s If]q :yfkgf / ljleGg
lhNnfx¿df ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]uu fd :yfkgf tyf pBf]u
ljsf;sf ;xof]uL k"jf{wf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf]
nflu ?= @@ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-178_

cfod"ns sfo{qmd cGtu{t blnt nlIft pBf]u ljsf; sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu ?= ^ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-179_

k b]zdf /x]sf vlghx¿sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg, pTvgg\ /
ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-180_ h8La'6L

k zf]wg s]G›sf] ;DefJotf cWoog / o;sf] k"jf{wf/

lgdf{0f, of;f{u'Daf ks]6 If]q ;+/If0f Pj+ k aw{g, jg k}bfjf/
;+/If0f, k aw{g tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= !# s/f]8 ^)
nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
ko{6g
-181_

…s0ff{nL ;d[l4sf] cfwf/, ko{6gsf] ljsf; / k"jf{wf/Ú eGg]
pb\3f]ifsf ;fy ;'? ul/Psf] s0ff{nL /f/f ko{6g jif{, @)&% nfO{
;kmn agfpg k a4{gfTds / k rf/fTds sfo{x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{
ko{6ssf] ;]jf / ;'ljwf lj:tf/ / :t/Ls/0f ug{ lghL If]qnfO{
cfslif{t ul/g] 5 .
38

 -182_

sfFqm]ljxf/, a'na'n], a/fx tfn, hfh'/f bx, s'lkG8] tfn, v}/fjfª,
s'dfv, s';] hnhnf, ;'o8f dflnsf, :ofk'{ bx, z] kmf]S;'08f] tfn,
z] u'Daf, rGbggfy, 5fofFgfy, /f/f tfn, /lnª u'Daf, vk'{gfy,
lnldxNhL u'Daf, lxN;f, -s}nfz dfg;/f]j/_, krfn em/gf, dxfa',
k~rb]jn, k~rsf]zL, b'Nn', l;4kfOnf ;'v]{t …s0ff{nL ko{6g ;ls{6Ú
sf] ;DefJotf cWoog u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf sfof{Gjog
ub{} nlug]5 . o; sfo{sf nflu cfjZos ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-183_

k b]zsf ljleGg :yfgx¿df ¥oflˆ6ª, aGhL hlDkª, Kof/fUnfOl8ª,
kj{tf/f]x0f, /s SnfOlDaª h:tf ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] lghL tyf cGo
ljsf; ;fem]bf/;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/L ko{6g k a4{g ul/g] 5 .

-184_ ?s'db]lv

;Nofg hfh/sf]6 b}n]v sfnLsf]6;Dd …o'4 6«]nÚ lgdf{0f

ug{sf nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-185_

o; k b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ /f/f tfn, z]–
kmf]S;'08f] tfn, :ofk{', k~rsf]zL / s'lk08] tfn ko{6g ljsf;
;ldlt u7g u/L ko{6g ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

-186_

…lgs'~hb]lv lgs'~h;DdÚ sfo{qmd cGtu{t alb{of/f/f tyf
…tfnb]lv tfn;DdÚ sfo{qmd cGtu{t /f/f, z] kmf]S;'08f], :ofk'{,
s'lk08], a'na'n] ko{6g ?6sf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

-187_

lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{df ;DefJotf /x]sf hndfu{ If]qdf l:6d/
;~rfng ug{ / jL/]Gb gu/ uf]7LsfF8f s]a'nsf/ ;~rfngdf Nofpg
k b]z ;/sf/n] cfjZos kxn ug]{5 .
39

 -188_ ko{6g

k aw{gsf nflu ko{6g Joj;foLs/0fsf] ljsf;, xf]d:6] tyf

;fd'bflos nh Joj:yfkg, ;fd'bflos ko{6gdf :yfgLo pTkfbg
k aw{g sfo{qmd h:tf ljljw sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ?= $ s/f]8
%) nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-189_

ko{6g ;"rgf k jfx sfo{qmd cGtu{t s0ff{nL ko{6g u'?of]hgf
lgdf{0f, k fb]lzs ko{6g af]8{ u7g tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf]
;DefJotf cWoog, kof{j/0fLo h}ljs ljljwtfo'Qm k fb]lzs
;+u xfno ;DefJotf cWoog u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'¿ ug]{, ko{6g
;"rgf s]G› :yfkgf, g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df /f/fsf] e"–
pkof]u of]hgf tof/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu
?= $ s/f]8 $) nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-190_

/f/f tfn tyf z]–kmf]Sz'08f] tfn jl/kl/ kbdfu{ lgdf{0f, b}n]v
k~rsf]zL ko{6g ;ls{6 / sf]l6nf dfgj lgld{t tfn, krfn em/gf
ko{6g ljsf;, ?s'd :ofk{" tfn ;+/If0f, ;Nofg s'dfv, v}/fjfª,
nIdLk'/ / s'lkG8] tfn ;+/If0f, ;'v]{tsf] sfFqm]laxf/ / a'na'n]
ko{6g ljsf; tyf ko{6sLo :ynx¿df wd{zfnf lgdf{0f, u ]6
lxdfnog 6«]lsË ;ls{6, 9f]/kf6g z]–kmf]Sz'08f]–/f/f–vKt8 xl/t
;8s ;DefJotf cWoog, ko{6s kbdfu{ lgdf{0f, sfnLsf]6, 8f]Nkf
h:tf If]qdf hLof]kfs{ ;+/If0f sfo{qmd tyf s0ff{nL k b]zsf ko{6g
uGtAox?sf] >Ao b[Zo ;fdu L tof/L u/L k rf/ k ;f/ ug{]
40

 nufotsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= ^)
s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-191_

gful/ssf] hLljsf] kfh{g ;'wf/ u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] ljleGg lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf Kofs]h sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o; ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= !) s/f]8
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

xjfO oftfoft
-192_

k b]zsf] /fhwfgL jL/]G›gu/ l:yt ljdfg :ynsf] :t/f]Gglt u/L
;'v]{taf6 h'Dnf, d'u', l;ldsf]6, 8f]Nkf, rf}/hxf/L, ?s'd ;Nn] ;fy}
g]kfnu~h, wgu9L, e}/xjf / sf7df8f}F;Dd yk p8fg ;]jf lj:tf/
ug{ ljleGg xjfO{ ;]jf k bfos sDkgLx¿nfO{ pTk ]l/t ug'{sf ;fy}
OGwgdf cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-193_

;'v]{tdf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg';f/sf] ljdfg :yn lgdf{0f sfo{
ug{ / cGo lhNnfx¿df xjfO{ d}bfgsf] ;DefJotf cWoogsf] nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo ul/g] 5 .

-194_

/f/f ko{6g jif{, @)&% nfO{ b[li6ut u/L d'u'sf] tfNrf / sf7df8f}F
l;wf xjfO{ p8fg ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu kxn ul/g] 5 .

jg jftfj/0f
-195_

lxdfnL jg ;+/If0fdf j}slNks cfw'lgs k ljlwnfO{ k f]T;fxg ul/g]
5 . s0ff{nL If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ /}yfg] jg:klt / jGohGt'x¿sf]
41

 cg';Gwfg, clen]vLs/0f tyf ;+/If0f u/L j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg,
jg 89]nf] lgoGq0f sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
-196_

pBf]u, k6{og, jg, jftfj/0f ;DaGwL gLlt, /0fgLlt th{'df ul/g]
5.

-197_

…jftfj/0f d}qL xl/t cy{tGq, ;d[l4sf] d"n dGqÚ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy
Ps JolQm bz lj?jf /f]Kg] gLltnfO{ k f]T;fxg ug{ efjL ;GtltnfO{
lj?jf pkxf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t hGd, ljjfx h:tf ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts sfo{x¿sf gfddf j[Iff/f]k0f u/L jg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,
;Da4{gsf nflu r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .

-198_

…:jR5 jftfj/0fsf] nflu xl/ofnLÚ eGg] gf/fnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg
o'jf Sna, dlxnf ;d"x, ljBfno tyf cGo ;fdflhs ;+3
;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ lgoldt ;/;kmfO{ / ;fj{hlgs :yndf
j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{nfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fOg] 5 .

-199_

…ul/a hgtfsf] wg, hl8a'6L jGohGt' / jgÚ eGg] gf/fnfO{
cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ jg tyf lghL hUufdf cfod"ns
h8La'6L j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . k To]s lhNnfdf
;fd"lxs h8La'6L v]tLnfO{ k f]T;fxg ug{ ljleGg lgsfox¿sf]
;fem]bf/Ldf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf nflu ?=
!* s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-200_ ljutsf

kl/jt{gsf/L cfGbf]ngx¿df hLjg alnbfgL lbg] ;Dk"0f{

;lxbx¿sf] ;Demgfdf ;lxb :df/ssf ;fy} ko{6g kfs{, afn
42

 pBfg, af]6flgsn uf8]{g / lrl8of 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;DefJotf
cWoog u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos
/sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-201_

pRr k ljlwo'Qm ax'jifL{o jg g;{/L :yfkgf / o;sf] k efjsf/L
;~rfngsf nflu ?= $ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-202_

PsLs[t e" ;+/If0f tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd, cfsl:ds
klx/f] Joj:yfkg tyf gbL lgoGq0f sfo{qmd, jftfj/0fLo ;]jfsf]
e'QmfgL cWoog, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L h:tf
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf]
nflu ?= @( s/f]8 %) nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-203_

u'/fF; ;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff u/L ;+/If0f, k a4{g dfkm{t ko{6sLo
ljsf; ug{ cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
-204_ pkef]Qmfsf]

lxt ;+/If0f ug{ :yfgLo txsf] ;xsfo{df ahf/

cg'udg u/L ahf/nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{ pkef]Qmf hfu/0f
cleofg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?=
&) nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-205_

;8s oftfoftsf] kx'Fraf6 6f9f /x]sf 8f]Nkf / x'Dnf lhNnfsf &)
jif{ k'u]sf Ho]i7 gful/s / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]
lhNnfdf cfjthfjt ubf{ xjfO{ oftfoftdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf
nflu cfjZos sfo{ljlw agfO{ tf]lsPsf] xjfO{ ef8f b/df ?=
43

 !))) cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . ;fy} b'u{d If]qsf nflu
vfBfGg 9'jfgLdf ;d]t cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf
nflu ?= $ s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-206_

;'v]{tb]lv s0ff{nLsf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df ul/g] xjfO{ p8fgnfO{
lgoldt / ;'rf? ug{ xjfO{ ;]jf k bfosnfO{ xjfO{ OGwgdf cg'bfg
lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-207_

j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, u'0f:t/ sfod / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{
;xh ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu t'ngfTds nfesf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
klxrfg, k aw{g / ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿, sfnf]ahf/L tyf
sf6]{lnË lgoGq0f, vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ dfkg k of]uzfnf :yfkgf
tyf k b]z leqsf k]6«f]n kDkx¿sf] :t/f]Ggltsf] dfkb08 tof/ u/L
sfof{Gjog ug{ ?= ! s/f]8 () nfv ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-208_ g]kfn

;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjodf k b]zsf] pko'Qm :yfgdf slDtdf

() lbgnfO{ k'Ug] u/L k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ e08f/0f ug{ k]6«f]lnod
e08f/0f s]Gb  :yfkgfsf nflu ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g] 5 .
lj1fg tyf k ljlw
-209_

o; k b]zsf] ;du  ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf, ;~rf/, lj1fg /
k ljlwsf] pRrtd ljsf; / pkof]u ul/g] 5 . jftfj/0fLo k b'if0f
dfkg k of]uzfnf :yfkgf, ax'p2]zLo cfw'lgs k ljlw s]G› :yfkgf
tyf lj1fg / k ljlwsf] k bz{gL ul/g] 5 . lj1fg / k ljlwsf]
cWoog / cjnDagsf ;fy} pBf]u, jg, ko{6g tyf jftfj/0fsf]
44

 j}1flgs cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL zf]w ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u
ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ?= % s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg'g
-210_

…;d[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu zflGt ;'/Iff, ;'/lIft k b]z hgck]IffÚ sf]
d"n dd{nfO{ ÅboËd ub}{ rf]/L, 8s}tL, u'08fubL{, sfnf] ahf/L,
ha/h:tL c;'nL, dfgj a]rlavg, dlxnf lx+;f h:tf ck/fwsf]
k efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ ljz]if zflGt ;'/Iff cleofg
;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ¿= !) s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .

-211_

k b]zsf hgtfnfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k Tofe'lt lbnfpg cfjZos
sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L k b]z k x/L u7g Pj+ k b]z k x/L d'Vofno
nufot cfjZos ;+/rgfx¿ tof/ ul/g] 5 . o;sf] nflu
cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-212_

…Jofj;flos ;]jfsf] cfwf/, k ljlwo'Qm k x/L ;]jfsf] lj:tf/Ú sf]
gLlt cg'?k ;'/Iff ;]jfdf k ljlwsf] clwstd k of]u ug]{
sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ug{ cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-213_

nfu" kbfy{ lgif]w, dlb/f lgoGq0f tyf ;fj{hlgs, ef}lts k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0f sfo{df x'g] clgoldttf / l9nf;':tLsf] cGTosf nflu d"t{
sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L k efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ s]xL ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
45

 -214_

:yfgLo cfjZostf, ef}uf]lns cj:yf / ljlzi6Ls/0fsf cfwf/df
;'/Iff ;]jfsf] juL{s/0f u/L ko{6sLo If]qdf ko{6sLo k x/L ;]jf,
u fdL0f e]udf ;fd'bflos k x/L ;]jf / gu/ If]qdf gu/ k x/L
;]jfsf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-215_

:yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Fusf] ;xsfo{df …xfd f] k x/L, xfd f]
;fem]bf/LÚ sfo{qmdåf/f ;x/b]lv ufFp;Dd ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt
lbnfpg …k x/L o'jf xft]dfnf] cleofgÚ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .

-216_

k x/Lsf] Jofj;flos Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ o;} cfly{s jif{df pRr
k ljlwo'Qm k fb]lzs tflnd s]G› Joj:yfkg ug{'sf ;fy} ljlzi6
k s[ltsf] kj{tLo k x/L k lzIf0f k lti7fg :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . o;sf
nflu ?= !) s/f]8 ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-217_

k b]z k x/Lsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf ;xh kx'Fr k'¥ofpg]
p2]Zon] Ps k x/L ljBfno :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5' .

-218_

k b]z leq /x]sf sf/fuf/ ejgx¿sf] dd{t, ;Def/ / ;'wf/ ul/g]
5 . sf/fuf/leq /x]sf s}bL aGbLx¿sf] rfnrng ;'wf/ ub}{
;Lkd"ns tflnd lbOg] 5 . s}bL aGbLx¿åf/f pTkflbt j:t'x¿
vl/b ug]{ Joj:yf k b]z ;/sf/n] ug]{5 .

-219_

nfu' kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gdf km;]sf o'jf–o'jtLx¿nfO{ ;xL dfu{df
lxF8fpgsf] nflu hgr]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ / ;f]
46

 sfo{sf nflu :yflkt ;+3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ cfjZos ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-220_

l8lh6n s0ff{nL k b]zsf nflu of]hgfa4 cfwf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug{
k To]s lgjf{rg If]qsf slDtdf Ps :yfgLo tx / Ps ljBfnonfO{
l8lh6n k ljlwo'Qm agfpg cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-221_

;"rgf k 0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt / kx'Frof]Uo agfpgsf nflu ;'v]{tdf
Data Center

sf] :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu ¿= # s/f]8 ah]6

ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
-222_

…;a}sf

nflu

;"rgf,

;a}lt/

;~rf/Ú

sf]

cjwf/0ffnfO{

sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;~rf/sf] kxF'raf6 al~rt ufFp–a:tLx¿nfO{
b'O{ jif{leq k"0f{ ?kdf ;~rf/ k 0ffnLdf cfa4 ug{] Joj:yf ul/g]
5.
-223_

s0ff{nL k b]zsf ;a} dGqfno / dftxtsf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{
Ps jif{leq k ljlwo'Qm agfO{
Administration

-224_

Less

Paper

tyf

Smart

sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .

;~rf/sdL{x¿sf] k];fut bIftf / ljifout Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
tyf cfd;~rf/sf] If]qdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg sfo{ cl3 a9fpg
k b]z :t/Lo cfd;~rf/ k lti7fg u7g u/L ;~rfng ug{sf nflu
cfjZos ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .

-225_

;'zf;gsf] kIfdf cg';Gwfgd"ns kqsfl/tfnfO{ k f]T;fxg ug{ ;f]
If]qdf cljlR5Gg lqmofzLn eO{ ;dfhdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg u/]sf
47

 cu h kqsf/x¿ dWo]af6 k To]s jif{ k ];

:jtGqtf

lbj;sf]

cj;/df Pshgf kqsf/nfO{ ?= ! nfv /fzLsf] …s[i0f;]g OR5's
kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/Ú k bfg ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
-226_

kqsf/x¿sf] :jf:Yo ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ yk ;lqmo x'g
clek ]l/t ug]{ p2]Zon] kqsf/ :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmd nfu" ug{
cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-227_

/]l8of] / 6]lnlehg tyf k fb]lzs ;dfrf/ ;ldlt h:tf ;~rf/
dfWodx¿ ;~rfngdf NofO{ hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/nfO{
;Ddfg ug{ ah]6sf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-228_

k b]z ;/sf/sf cflwsfl/s b:tfj]hx¿ k sfzgsf nflu k fb]lzs
d'›0f ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/g] 5 .

-229_

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug{ k efjsf/L sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L
sfof{Gjog ug{ / ljkb\ kLl8tx¿sf] p2f/sf nflu x]lnsK6/ ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg cfjZos /sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-230_

åGå kLl8t, ;lxb kl/jf/, 3fOt] / ckfËx¿sf] /fxt / /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ l;h{gfsf nflu ¿= % s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-231_

…sfg'gsf] cgle1tf IfDo x'Fb}gÚ eGg] sfg'gsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt
;a}df ;';"lrt u/fpgsf] nflu dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'g,
sfg'gL ;fIf/tf, ;'/Iff lzIff h:tf ljifodf ;r]tgf cleofg
;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
48

 -232_

o; jif{nfO{ …sfg'g lgdf{0f jif{Ú sf] ?kdf lnO{ hg;xeflutfdf
s0ff{nL ;Da[l4 d}qL sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . sfg'gL cWoog,
cg';Gwfg tyf sfg'g th{'df ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg k b]z sfg'g
cfof]usf] u7g ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .

d'VodGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\
-233_

s0ff{nL k b]zdf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg sl/a %@ k ltzt hg;+Vof /x]sf]
5 . pQm ul/aL k ltztnfO{ % jif{leqdf cfwfdf emfg{] nIo
lnOPsf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ s0ff{nL /f]huf/
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . a]/f]huf/L b/ 36fpg Ps 3/ Ps
/f]huf/ sfo{qmd cGt{ut jif{df slDtdf !)) lbg /f]huf/Lsf]
Uof/]G6L ul/g] 5 .

-234_

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;dGjodf o'jf z}lIfs a]/f]huf/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
z}lIfs k df0fkqsf] cfwf/df C0f lbg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
Jofj;flos k :tfjsf] d"NofÍg u/L pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df ;/n
dfWodaf6 C0f pknAw u/fpg a}+sx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g] 5 .

-235_

…s0ff{nL pHofnf] sfo{qmdÚ nfO{ d"t{?k lbO{ k b]zsf] ljleGg
lhNnfsf] u fdL0f If]qdf ljB't k'¥ofpg ?= %) s/f]8 ah]6
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-236_

cJojl:yt / 5l/P/ /x]sf a:tLnfO{ PsLs[t u/L ljsf; / ;]jf
;'ljwf ;xh agfpg d'VodGqL PsLs[t a:tL tyf gd'gf ufpF
49

 ;x/ ljsf; sfo{qmd cleofgsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg] Joj:yf
ldnfOg] 5 . o; sfo{sf nflu ?= @% s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]h u/]sf]
5' .
-237_

k b]zdf pTs[i6 glthf Nofpg] h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{nfO{ k fljlws pRr
lzIffsf nflu d'VodGqL 5fqj[lQ sf]ifsf] Joj:yf u/L 5fqj[lQ
k bfg ul/g] 5 .

-238_

k b]zsf] bLuf] / Jojl:yt ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg If]qsf lj1x¿
;lDdlnt Ps PsLs[t s0ff{nL ljsf; lj1 ;d"x -lyÍ 6\ofÍ_ u7g
ul/g] 5 .

-239_

e i6frf/k lt z'Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cjnDag ub}{ e i6frf/,
clgoldtf, l9nf;':tL, 3';vf]/L, sld;gtGqnfO{ s8f lgoGq0f
ug{sf] nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;Fusf] ;xsfo{df
cg'udg, lgoGq0f / sf/jfxLnfO{ k efjsf/L 9Fun] cufl8 a9fOg]
5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos gLlt, sfg'g / ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 .

-240_ ef}uf]lns

;"rgf k 0ffnL

(Geographical Information System-GIS)

sf]

dfWodaf6 pTkfbg If]qx¿nfO{ gS;f+sg u/L k fyldsLs/0f ul/g]
5 . ;fy} s0ff{nL k b]zsf dxTjk"0f{ ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf]
k"j{;DefJotf, ;DefJotf cWoog u/L lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k ltj]bg
lghL If]q;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf tof/ ug]{ / ;DefJo cfof]hgfx¿sf]
a[xt s0ff{nL ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu
cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5' .
50

 -241_

k b]z ;efsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf k b]z ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf]
1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos tflnd, uf]i7L /
;]dLgf/ ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf]
5' .

cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf
-242_

cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;d]tsf] b[li6n] k5fl8 /x]sf]
s0ff{nL k b]zdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] plrt Wofg k'Ug g;s]sf]
w/ftnLo oyfy{tf xfd f ;fd" 5 . Go"g cfGtl/s ; f]t /x]sf] /
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;d]t kof{Kt cg'bfg /sd k fKt x'g g;s]sf]
;Gbe{df xfdL ;fgf] cfsf/sf] ah]6df afFlwg afWo 5f}+ .
t/ o; k b]zn] g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ljz]if cg'bfg, ;dk'/s cg'bfg,
cfGtl/s C0f / cGo ;xof]usf] nflu bfaL k]z ug]{ cu flwsf/
/x]sf] 5 . k r'/ ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf ePsf] o; k b]zdf cGt/f{li6«o
ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ / lghL If]qsf nufgLstf{x¿ ljsf; / ;d[l4
ofqfdf ;fem]bf/L / nufgL ug{ OR5's /x]sf 5g\ .
xfdL;Fu cfˆgf] ;fwg ; f]tn] ;DkGg ug{ g;lsg] k z:t cfsif{s
7"nf / a[xt cfof]hgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf cfof]hgfx¿df nufgL
ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kxn sbdL / cGo ;xof]uL ;d'bfosf]
;xof]u ckl/xfo{ 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ax'kIfLo nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t
ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;dGjodf nufgLstf{x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf
s0ff{nL nufgL ;Dd]ng ul/g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} k b]zdf hGdL x'sL{
51

 xfn b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf /xg' ePsf pBdL, Jofkf/L, Joj;foL,
k]zfsdL{, /fi6«;]jsx¿, ljleGg b]zdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf
>ldsx¿ tyf ljb]zdf /x]sf u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{
k b]zsf

ljleGg

cfof]hgfx¿df

nufgL

ug{

clkn

ub}{

nufgLstf{nfO{ k f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 .
o; k[i7e"lddf s0ff{nL k b]zsf d]?b08 cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;DefJotf
cWoog, lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k ltj]bg -8LkLcf/_ / lgdf{0fsf nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljz]if cg'bfg, ;dk"/s cg'bfg, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cfGtl/s C0f, ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u Pj+ lghL If]qsf]
nufgL cfslif{t ul/g] 5 .
k b]z ;/sf/n] g]kfn ;/sf/ / bftf jf lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{df
b]xfo adf]lhdsf cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ zL3 tfsf ;fy ;DkGg ug{
;dGjo tyf ;fem]bf/L ug]{5 .


e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g, gn l;+ uf8, km"sf]6 s0ff{nL, a]tg s0ff{nL
hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿,



hd'gfxf lxN;f k wfgdGqL cGt/f{li6«o b 't dfu{ -kmf:6 6«ofs_,



x'Dnf / 8f]Nkf lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] /0fgLlts /fhdfu{x¿,



s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ b'O{ n]g :t/f]Gglt,



e]/L sl/8f]/ l5Gr' 8f]Nkf wf] df]l/Dnf ;8s lgdf{0f tyf
:t/f]Gglt,



gfUdf /f/f gfSr] nfUgf ko{6sLo dfu{ :t/f]Gglt,
52

 

blIf0f l;dfgf alb{ofb]lv gfSr] nfUgf;Dd ;8s :t/f]Gglt,



;'v]{t alb{of ;'?ª dfu{ lgdf{0f,



d';Lsf]6 hd'gfxf gfsf ;8s,



;'v]{t pkTosf a[xt rqmky,



;'v]{t b}n]v ;8s :t/f]Gglt,



rf}/hxf/L hfh/sf]6 h'Dnf sfdL a'9f zxLb dfu{,



/fKtL nf]s dfu{ :t/f]Gglt,



s0ff{nL, e]/L, aaO{ lnˆ6 l;+rfO{,



h8La'6L k zf]wg s]Gb ,



cf}iflw pBf]u :yfkgf,



l;d]G6 pBf]u :yfkgf / ;~rfng,



vlgh pBf]u :yfkgf,



k fb]lzs /+uzfnf lgdf{0f,



s0ff{nL ko{6g ;ls{6 lgdf{0f,



cuf{lgs s[lif Joj;fo k a4{g sfo{qmd,



k fb]lzs s[lif k lti7fg :yfkgf,



s0ff{nL cfo'j]{b ljZjljBfno :yfkgf,



;'v]{t d]l8sn sn]h :yfkgf,



Po/ PDa'n]G; ;]jf ;~rfng,



s0ff{nL ljZjljBfno k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f,



PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; tyf gd'gf ufpF ;x/ sfo{qmd,
53

 

k fb]lzs k]6«f]lnod e08f/0f s]Gb  lgdf{0f,



ljz]if cfly{s If]q :yfkgf,



b}n]vsf] UofF; / k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ cGj]if0f, pTvgg .

plNnlvt cfof]hgfx¿sf] k s[lt cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k fKt x'g]
ljz]if cg'bfg, ;dk"/s cg'bfg, cfGtl/s C0f Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;dGjodf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u ;d]taf6 ljleGg
cfof]hgfx¿sf]

k"j{;DefJotf

tyf

;DefJotf

cWoog

/

pko'Qmtfsf cfwf/df k fyldsLs/0f u/L qmlds ?kdf sfof{Gjog
ug{ ?= @) ca{ kl/rfng ul/g] 5 .
-243_

s0ff{nL k b]zdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljz]if cg'bfg, ;dk"/s cg'bfg,
cfGtl/s C0f, ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u tyf cGo lghL
If]qsf] nufgLdf ;~rfng ul/g] pk/f]Qm 7"nf ax'p2]ZoLo
cfof]hgfx¿sf] nflu s0ff{nL k"jf{wf/ ljsf; nufgL sf]if :yfkgf
ul/g] 5 . xfn pQm sf]ifdf aLp k'FhLsf] ?kdf ?= ! ca{ ljlgof]hg
u/]sf] 5' .

-244_ …;d[l4sf

nflu ;xsfo{Ú eGg] gf/fsf ;fy hgtfsf] ;xeflutf /

:jfldTjdf …cfˆgf] ufpF cfkm} agfcf}+Ú sfo{qmd cGtu{t :yfgLo
tx;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ljleGg k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/g] 5 . To;sf nflu cfˆgf] ufpF cfkm} agfcf}F
;fem]bf/L sf]if :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . pQm sf]ifdf nflu ?= ^) s/f]8
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .
54

 -245_ :yfgLo

txsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu k b]z

;/sf/n] &( j6} :yfgLo txx?nfO{ /fli6«o k fs[lts ; f]t tyf ljQ
cfof]usf] ;'q cg';f/ k b]z ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 ?= $) s/f]8 ljQLo
;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg k bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-246_

g]kfn ;/sf/af6 sfo{qmd ;"rL ;lxt k fKt x'g cfPsf] ;zt{
cg'bfg /sd ?= ^ ca{ ^$ s/f]8 tt\ tt\ cfof]hgfx¿df vr{ u/L
sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .

-247_ o;

k b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nflu

;fj{hlgs, lghL, gful/s ;fem]bf/L
Partnership-P4)

(Public Private People

df]8]ndf cfof]hgfx¿ 5gf]6 tyf ;~rfng ul/g]

5 . s0ff{nL k b]zdf nufgL ug]{ lghL If]qsf nufgLstf{x¿nfO{
cfos/df 5'6 lbgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu cg'/f]w ul/g] 5 .
nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf nflu ;8s, ljB't nufotsf k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0f, zflGt ;'/Iff, cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo / nufgLstf{x¿sf]
nufgL ;'/lIft x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . To;sf nflu
cfjZos gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
-248_ s0ff{nL

k b]z leqsf] !)) d]ufjf6 ;Ddsf] Ps ;DefJo hnljB't

cfof]hgf 5gf]6 u/L hgtf / k b]z ;/sf/sf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf k b]z
;/sf/åf/f lgdf{0f sfo{ yfngL ul/g] 5 .

55

 -249_ rfn'

cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷)&% df kfl/t ePsf of]hgf /

sfo{qmdx¿ dWo] cfjZostf / cf}lrTotfsf cfwf/df cfufdL
cfly{s jif{df lg/Gt/tf lbO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .
-250_

…s/bftf d}qL s/ k zf;gÚ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy :j]lR5s s/
k 0ffnLnfO{ k f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 . ;/sf/nfO{ a9L s/ ltg]{ ;+:yf /
JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfg :j?k sb/ kq k bfg ul/g] 5 .

-251_

!)) hgf eGbf a9L k ToIf /f]huf/L lbg] Joj;foL kmd{nfO{ ;Ddfg
k bfg ul/g] 5 .

-252_

s0ff{nL k b]zdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug]{, s0ff{nL k b]zsf]
ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg], s0ff{nLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf :yflkt
ug]{ ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ ;Ddfg
ul/g] 5 .

ah]6 sfof{Gjog
-253_

cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv ;Lldt ;fwg tyf ; f]tsf] clwstd
pkof]u ug{ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] k fyldsLs/0f ug]{
Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g] 5 .

-254_ s0ff{nL

k b]zsf] ;d[l4sf] vfsf ;lxt bL3{sfnLg / cfjlws of]hgf

th{'df u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ s0ff{nL
k b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u u7g ul/g] 5 .
-255_

k b]zdf ;~rflnt /fli6«o uf}/j tyf k b]z uf}/jsf cfof]hgf
nufot k fyldstf k fKt dxTjk"0f{ ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] cg'udg
56

 / d"NofÍg k efjsf/L agfpg of]hgf cfof]hgf cg'udg dfu{bz{g
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
-256_

of]hgf, cfof]hgf tyf sfof{no ;~rfng cg'zf;go'Qm agfpg
ljQLo ;'zf;g ;DaGwL /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

-257_

cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ sfof{no k d'v tyf cfof]hgf k d'vnfO{
lhDd]jf/ agfpg kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf lbUbz{g
k 0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .

-258_ ;DalGwt

;lrjnfO{ ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] ;du  lhDd]jf/ agfOg]5 .

;DalGwt ljefuLo k d'v / cfof]hgf k d'vnfO{ cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/ agfOg]5 .
-259_

k b]z / ;+3 Pj+ k b]z / :yfgLo ;fem]bf/Ldf ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg]
tyf k b]z :jo+n] ;~rfng ug]{ ;Defljt cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;"rL
kl/of]hgf a}+s

-260_

(Project Bank) tof/

u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .

s0ff{nL k b]zsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] nflu k fKt ul/g] ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]unfO{ k efjsf/L If]qdf kl/rfng ug{ s0ff{nL
k b]z ljsf; ;fem]bf/ d~r
Partners Forum)

-261_

(Karnali Province Development

u7g u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] 5 .

s0ff{nL k b]zsf] ;d[l4sf] vfsf tof/ ug{ ;xfotf ;~rfng
;DaGwL /0fgLlt tof/ u/L ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿af6 k fKt ;xfotfsf]
k efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/
57

 s0ff{nL ;Dd]ng

(Development Partners Karnali Summit)

cfof]hgf ul/g] 5 .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf
-262_

u}/ ;/sf/L If]q, ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L, lghL If]q tyf gful/s
;dfhsf] ;dGjo / ;xof]udf cfly{s ljsf;sf] bLuf] nIo xfl;n
ug{ gLltut Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

-263_

;a} :yfgLo txx¿df cfw'lgs a}+lsË ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg
;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;a} :yfgLo tx;Dd a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf :yfkgf ul/g] 5 .

-264_

k b]zdf s/sf If]q klxrfg u/L k fb]lzs s/ sfg'g tTsfn
NofOg]5 . 5l/tf] s/ k zf;lgs ;+/rgf dfkm{t s/ tyf u}/s/
c;'nL tyf ;+sng sfo{ k efjsf/L agfOg]5 .

hgzlQm, sfof{no ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg
-265_

k b]zdf /xg] dGqfno / cGtu{tsf ;+u7gx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/af6
x:tfGt/0f eO{ cfPdf ;f] ;+/rgfdf k b]zsf] cfjZostf cg';f/
kl/dfh{g ug]{ / x:tfGt/0f eO{ gcfPdf cfjZostf cg';f/ gofF
;+/rgf :yfkgf u/L k b]zn] ;~rfng ug]{ cfof]hgf tyf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .

-266_

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfdk lt lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg sfo{ljj/0f
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t, dof{lbt /
st{Jolgi7 agfpgsf] nflu cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g] 5 .
58

 -267_

k b]zdf /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk ]l/t / pRr dgf]ano'Qm agfpg
ckgfpg] pkfo tyf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf
;'emfj k]z ug{ ul7t sfo{bnaf6 k fKt ;'emfj qmdzM sfof{Gjog
ub}{ nlug]5 .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
ca d cfufdL cfly{s jif{ @)&%.&^ sf] /fh:j kl/rfngsf] gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd k :t't ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' .
-268_

s/bftf, nufgLstf{ / cfd gful/sn] ck]Iff u/]sf] cfbz{ s/
k 0ffnLaf6 k ]l/t eP/ cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] /fh:j gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zox¿ b]xfo cg';f/ k :t't ug{ rfxG5' M
-s_ ;a} cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf NofO{
/fh:jsf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] agfpg],
-v_ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L s/
k 0ffnLnfO{ nufgLd}qL agfO{ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u tyf
Joj;fosf] k a4{g ug]{,
-u_ s/sf] ;+/rgf / s/sf b/x¿df ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ u/L s/
k 0ffnLnfO{ yk k ultzLn / ;dGoflos agfpg],
-3_ s/ sfg'gsf] kfngfdf hf]8 lbFb} s/5nL tyf r'xfj6
lgoGq0f ug]{,
-ª_ u}/s/ /fh:jsf] If]q lj:tf/ Pj+ s/sf b/x¿nfO{
;dfof]hg u/L /fh:j j[l4 ug]{ .
59

 -269_

k b]zdf s/sf If]q klxrfg u/L k fb]lzs s/ sfg'gsf] pko'Qm
Joj:yf ug]{ / 5l/tf] s/ k zf;lgs ;+/rgf dfkm{t s/ tyf u}/
s/ c;'nL tyf ;+sng sfo{ k efjsf/L agfOg] 5 .

-270_

s/ k zf;gnfO{ r':t 5l/tf] / nfut k efjL agfOg] 5 . k b]zsf]
cfˆg} ;+/rgf :yfkgf geP;Dd ;+3Lo ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo txsf
;+/rgf dfkm{t ;dGjofTds ?kn] s/ c;'nL ul/g] 5 .

-271_

cfufdL cfly{s jif{df o; k b]zdf nufOg] s/ tyf z'Nsx¿sf]
ljj/0f cfly{s P]gsf cg';"rLx¿df pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .

;efd'v dxf]bo,
-272_

ca d dflysf If]qut gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu
ah]6 ljlgof]hg / ; f]t Joj:yfkgsf] cg'dfg k :t't ub{5' .

-273_

cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ?=
@* ca{ @* s/f]8 @* nfv @* xhf/ ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' . s"n
ljlgof]hg dWo] rfn' tkm{ ?= ^ ca{ ^# s/f]8 *$ nfv *% xhf/
/ k'FhLut tkm{ ?= @! ca{ @$ s/f]8 $# nfv $# xhf/ tyf
ljQLo Joj:yfkg tkm{ ?= $) s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5' .

-274_ cfufdL

cfly{s jif{sf] nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] vr{ Joxf]g]{ ; f]t dWo]

cfGtl/s /fh:jaf6 ?= %) s/f]8, rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] vr{ geO{
afFsL /xg hfg] cg'dflgt /sd ?= %) s/f]8, ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6
/fh:j afF8kmfF8 jfkt k fKt x'g cfPsf] /sd ?= % ca{ %! s/f]8
^^ nfv !% xhf/ / ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfgaf6 k fKt x'g
60

 cfPsf] ?= ( ca{ !# s/f]8 !$ nfv / ;zt{ cg'bfgaf6 ?= ^ ca{
^# s/f]8 $! nfv %) xhf/ kl/rfng ul/g] 5 . To;} u/L
;dk"/s / ljz]if cg'bfgaf6 ?= % ca{ k fKt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . ;f] cg'bfgaf6 ;d]t gk'u x'g hfg] ?= ! ca{ cGtl/s C0f
kl/rfngaf6 Joxf]g]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5' .
dfggLo ;efd'v dxf]bo,
-275_

cGTodf, ah]6 tof/Lsf qmddf lgb]{zg ug{' x'g] k b]z k d'vHo",
dfggLo d'VodGqLHo", dfggLo ;efd'vHo", dfggLo dGqLHo"x¿,
;+;bLo bnsf g]tfHo'x¿, dfggLo pk;efd'vHo" nufot k b]z
;efsf dfggLo ;b:oHo"x¿, ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf
g]tfHo"x¿k lt xflb{s cfef/ k s6 ub{5' . ah]6sf l;4fGt,
p2]Zo, k fyldstf / gLltx¿df Jofks 5nkmn u/L k b]z
;efsf dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] lbg' ePsf ;'emfjsf] nflu xflb{s
wGojfb JoQm ub{5' . ah]6 5nkmnsf qmddf ;'emfj lbg'x'g]
k b]z ;/sf/sf k d'v ;lrj tyf ;lrjx¿, k b]z dGqfno tyf
lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿, jl/i7 lj1x¿, pBf]u jfl0fHo
;+3 nufot lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf a'l4hLjLx¿,
;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfsf k d'v tyf k ltlglwx¿, kqsf/ tyf
k b]zleq / k b]z aflx/ /xg' ePsf lbbLalxgL bfh'efOx¿
;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . ;fy} k :t't ah]6
sfof{Gjogdf ;a} kIfsf] k"0f{ ;xof]u k fKt x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .


wGojfb
61