CRIME AND JUSTICE INSTITUTE SB 200 Performance Measurement Data November 2017 Crime and Justice Institute at CRJ Boston, MA CRIME AND JUSTICE INSTITUTE Public and Status Complaints Public Complaints Continued Decline, Status Complaints Continued Increase Complaints to CDW by Most Serious Offense, FY12-FY17 25,000 20,857 20,000 16,179 15,312 15,000 10,000 7,836 5,801 7,090 5,000 0 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 Public Complaints FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 Status Complaints 3 Key Questions • What is driving the increase or decrease in complaints? • Changes in referral practices (e.g. truancy) • Changes in policy (e.g. contempt of court) • If you examine the data differently, do you see a different trend? • E.g. status complaints without truancy • E.g. public complaints without contempt 4 Increasing Proportion of Truancy Complaints Among Status Complaints Charge Level for Status Complaints FY 2012 FY 2016 FY 2017 Habitual Truancy 52% 68% 71% Beyond Control 32% 16% 12% Runaway 8% 12% 11% Alcohol Possession < 18 4% 3% 2% Tobacco Possession < 18 3% 1% 2% Other 0% 0% 1% Total 7,836 5,801 7,090 5 Misdemeanors Account for Half of Public Offense Complaints Charge Level of Public Offense Complaints Charge Level FY2016 FY2017 Freq. % Freq. % Class A Felony 105 1% 119 1% Class B Felony 415 3% 509 3% Class C Felony 1,215 8% 1,190 8% Class D Felony 5,387 33% 5,338 35% Class A Misdemeanor 5,723 35% 5,065 33% Class B Misdemeanor 2,414 15% 2,339 15% Contempt 218 1% 43 <1% Violation 683 4% 698 5% 16,160 100% 15,301 100% Total 6 Taking Out Contempt, Still See Consistent Public Complaints Decline Since FY 12 Felony and Misdemeanor Complaints 20,000 19,021 18,000 16,631 16,000 15,704 15,408 15,259 FY 2015 FY 2016 14,560 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2017 7 Public Complaints Trend is Mostly Driven by Misdemeanors Misdemeanor Complaints 10,000 9,509 9,000 8,267 8,000 7,785 7,063 7,000 5,723 6,000 5,065 5,000 4,000 3,385 3,000 2,832 2,560 2,489 2,414 2,339 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 2,000 1,000 0 FY 2012 Class A Misdemeanor Class B Misdemeanor 8 But Felony Complaints Have Increased Since 2014 Felony Complaints 6,000 5,000 4,538 5,387 5,338 1,215 1,190 4,357 4,062 3,963 1,119 984 958 1,034 347 363 329 355 415 509 123 123 109 110 105 119 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Class A Felony Class B Felony Class C Felony Class D Felony 9 Key Questions • How much of this is variation in youth characteristics vs. variation in system decision-making? • Crime trends • Felony charging trends 10 Proportion of Black Youth Among Complaints Steady Over Last 3 Years Racial Breakdown of Complaints, FY12-FY17 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 72% 71% 69% 68% 66% 68% Other 50% Hispanic 40% White non-Hispanic 30% Black non-Hispanic 20% 10% 23% 24% 26% 27% 27% 27% FY2012 (N=28693) FY2013 (N=24518) FY2014 (N=22424) FY2015 (N=22055) FY2016 (N=21980) FY2017 (N=21370) 0% 11 Higher Proportion of Black Youth Among Public Versus Status Offenses Status and Public Offenses by Race, FY2017 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 65% 75% 50% Black non-Hispanic 30% 10% Hispanic any White non-Hispanic 40% 20% Other 30% 19% 0% Public Offenses Status Offenses 12 Steady Increase in Proportion of School-Related Status Complaints Over Last 4 Years Proportion of School-Related Status and Public Complaints FY 2012-2017 90% 80% 71% 70% 63% 77% 73% 66% 63% 60% 50% 40% 30% 25% 28% 27% 29% 26% 25% 20% 10% 0% 2012 2013 2014 Public 2015 2016 2017 Status 13 Disorderly Conduct, Minor Assault, Abuse of a Teacher Account for 1/3 of School-Related Public Offenses Top 10 School-Related Public Offense Charges, FY 2017 Top 10 Offenses Freq. % 2nd Degree Disorderly Conduct 4th Degree Assault/Minor Injury Possession of Marijuana Abuse of Teacher 4th Degree Assault/No Visible Injury 2nd Degree Terroristic Threatening 3rd Degree Assault 3rd Degree Terroristic Threatening Unlawful Possession of Weapon on School Property Public Intoxication, Controlled Substance (Excludes Alcohol) 563 410 381 319 289 213 213 140 129 92 15% 11% 10% 8% 7% 5% 5% 4% 3% 2% 2,749 71% Total 14 Black Youth Have Greater Representation Among Non-School-Related Public Complaints Race and Ethnicity of School-Related and Non-School-Related Public Complaints, FY 2017 100% 90% <1% 4% 1% 5% 80% 70% 60% 72% 63% Other 50% Hispanic 40% White non-Hispanic 30% Black non-Hispanic 20% 10% 24% 32% 0% Public Offense School-Related Complaints (N=3,740) Public Offense Non-School-Related Complaints (N=10,992) 15 Black Youth Have Greater Representation Among Non-School-Related Status Complaints Race and Ethnicity of School-Related and Non-School-Related Status Complaints, FY 2017 100% 90% 1% 5% 1% 6% 76% 71% 80% 70% 60% 50% Hispanic 40% White non-Hispanic 30% Black non-Hispanic 20% 10% Other 19% 22% Status Offense School-Related Complaints (N=5,082) Status Offense Non-School-Related Complaints (N=1,556) 0% 16 CRIME AND JUSTICE INSTITUTE Diversion and FAIR Team Referrals Steady Increase in Percent of Complaints Receiving Diversion Agreement in Last 4 Years Percent of Complaints that Had a Diversion Agreement FY 2012-2017 80% 75% 72% 70% 60% 60% 52% 50% 40% 40% 35% 53% 51% 40% 36% 51% 46% 42% 42% 38% 55% 44% 46% FY 2016 FY 2017 30% 20% 10% 0% FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 Overall FY 2015 Public Status 18 Higher Proportion of Black Youth Represented Among Youth Not Receiving Diversion (vs. Diverted Youth) Racial Breakdown of Youth Receiving Diversion vs. No Diversion FY 2017 100% 90% 1% 5% 1% 5% 80% 70% 60% 59% Other 75% 50% Hispanic 40% White non-Hispanic 30% Black non-Hispanic 20% 10% 36% 19% 0% Diversion Agreement (N=11,729) No Diversion Agreement (N=9,641) 19 Increase in Proportion of Overrides of Diversion for Public Offenses in 2017 Proportion of Judicial and County Attorney Overrides by Complaint Type, FY 2012-2017 40% 33% 35% 30% 28% 28% 28% 28% 26% 25% 20% 16% 17% 18% 17% 15% 11% 10% FY2016 FY2017 10% 5% 0% FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 Public FY2015 Status 20 Consistently High Success Rates for Diverted Youth Over Last 3 Years Success Rates for Youth with Diversion Agreements FY 2012-2017 Case Closures 100% 91% 90% 80% 74% 76% 93% 92% 91% 91% 86% 79% 77% 77% 92% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 Public FY2015 FY2016 FY2017 Status 21 Higher Proportion of Black Youth Represented Among Unsuccessful Diversions (vs. Successful Diversions) Racial Breakdown of Diversion Cases by Completion Type FY 2017 100% 90% 1% 5% <1% 4% 80% 70% 60% 50% 77% 73% Other Hispanic 40% White non-Hispanic 30% Black non-Hispanic 20% 10% 17% 22% Successful (N=5,099) Unsuccessful (N=784) 0% 22 Key Questions • Why do case statuses change? • Changes in case outcomes • Data quality improvements • Timing (active cases) • Can we distinguish outcomes for diversion eligible cases from mandatory diversion cases? • If you examine the data differently, do you see a different trend? • Year to year changes in proportion of overrides 23 Largest Proportion of FAIR Team Referrals Are for High Needs FAIR Team Referrals FY2015-2017 100% 90% 6% 5% 5% 13% 19% 19% 27% 29% 80% 70% 22% 60% Other 50% Failure to Appear 40% Unsuccessful 30% 60% 20% High Needs 50% 47% 2016 (N=2,006) 2017 (N=3,358) 10% 0% 2015 (N=400) Note: FY 17 includes Aug 2016-Sept 2017 24 Increase in Share of Closed Cases that are Successful, Decrease for Court Referrals FAIR Team Closed Cases FY 2015-2017 100% 6% 90% 80% 35% 70% 9% 9% 36% 48% 60% Dismissed 50% Successful 40% 30% 59% Referred to Court 55% 43% 20% 10% 0% 2015 (N=152) 2016 (N=1,449) Note: FY 17 includes Aug 2016-Sept 2017 2017 (N=3,495) 25 Lower Proportion of FAIR Team Cases Result in DCBS Referrals Proportion of FAIR Team Cases with DCBS Referrals FY2015-2017 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 3% 2% 2% 1% 0% 2015 (N=400) 2016 (N=2,006) Note: FY 17 includes Aug 2016-Sept 2017 2017 (N=3,358) 26 Key Questions • What is the relationship between FAIR team referral types and FAIR team outcomes? • High needs cases • Referral to court • What other data do we need to be examining to understand the relationship between SB 200 and the DCBS out of home population? • DCBS data • Dependency, neglect, abuse court filing data 27 CRIME AND JUSTICE INSTITUTE Probation and Commitment for Public Offenses 34% Decline in DJJ Out-of-Home Population From July 2014-2017 DJJ Total Out-of-Home Population (Detention and Placement) July 1 Snapshot 800 700 700 693 637 631 600 490 500 379 400 413 300 200 100 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 29 42% Decline in DJJ OOH Committed Population From July 2014-2017 DJJ Out-of-Home Committed Population July 1 Snapshot 600 507 508 500 503 459 443 372 400 300 265 229 200 100 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 30 DJJ Probation Dispositions Down Another 28% in Last Year New Probation and Suspended Commitment Dispositions, FY 2012-2017 1200 1100 1032 1000 926 747 800 596 600 429 400 200 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 31 DJJ Commitments Dropped an Additional 17% from 2016-2017 New DJJ Commitments FY2012-2017 600 553 511 469 500 391 400 300 265 219 200 100 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 32 Commitment Offense Profile Looks Similar to 2016 New DJJ Commitments 100% 90% 5% 5% 21% 19% 74% 76% 2016 (N=265) 2017 (N=219) 18% 80% 70% 60% 35% 50% 40% 30% 20% 47% 10% 0% 2012 (N=511) Felony Misdemeanor Violation/Contempt/Other 33 Class D Commitments Declined in Last Year but Class A-C Felony Commitments Increased Most Serious Adjudicated Offense for New DJJ Commitments FY2012-2017 600 500 99 90 100 400 300 179 180 80 141 110 200 100 106 120 109 12 56 93 104 11 42 53 136 154 119 108 93 113 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0 Class A-C Felony Commitments Class D Felony Commitments Class A-B Misdemeanor Commitments Probation Violation/Contempt/Other 34 Prior History Still Most Common Exception for Misdemeanor and Class D Commitments Exceptions for Class D Felon and Misdemeanor DJJ Commitments 100% 90% 80% 70% 64% 65% 60% 50% 40% 8% 30% 23% 20% 27% 10% 13% 0% FY 2016 (N=160) Weapon Used Sex Offender FY 2017 (N=95) Prior History (Neither Weapon or Sex Offense) 35 Racial Disparities in Commitments Are Just as Large as in 2016 Race/Ethnicity of New DJJ Commitments 100% 90% 0% 9% 1% 2% 12% 16% 45% 42% 42% 42% 2016 (N=265) 2017 (N=219) 80% 70% 60% 62% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 28% 0% 2012 (N=511) Black/African American non-Hispanic White non-Hispanic Hispanic/Latino/Biracial Other 36 Key Questions • How much of the commitment decline is driven by front-end system changes vs. deep-end system changes? • Diversion policy • Commitment restrictions 37 CRIME AND JUSTICE INSTITUTE Detention and Youthful Offender Referrals Declines in Detention Have Stopped Over the Last 3 Years as Public Complaints Declined Detention at Intake, FY 2012-2017 3500 3000 2975 2580 2500 2001 2000 1695 1668 1600 1500 1000 500 238 195 171 195 191 179 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0 Detention for Public Complaints Detention for Status Complaints 39 Racial Disparities Second Largest for Detention at Intake Race and Ethnicity 100% 90% 5% 0% 5% 1% 80% 70% 52% 68% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 43% 27% 10% 0% Detention at Intake FY 2017 Black non-Hispanic White non-Hispanic Public Offense Complaints FY 2017 Hispanic any Other 40 Continued Increase in Youthful Offender Referrals in Last Year Youthful Offender Referrals FY 2012-2017 700 631 611 600 480 500 483 490 2016 2017 432 400 300 200 100 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 41 Racial Disparities Still Largest for Youthful Offender Referrals Race and Ethnicity 100% 4% 5% 90% 80% 70% 41% 68% 60% 50% 40% 30% 55% 20% 27% 10% 0% Youthful Offender Referrals FY 2017 Black non-Hispanic White non-Hispanic Public Offense Complaints FY 2017 Hispanic any Other 42 Youthful Offender Confinement Trend Stabilized Youthful Offender Confinements 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 43 CRIME AND JUSTICE INSTITUTE Summary What Questions Should We Be Able to Answer with These Data? • What is driving the trends with public complaints and status complaints? • Are we still seeing the same trends with diversion and commitment? • Are there any unintended consequences from SB 200 implementation? • Overuse of FAIR teams • Racial disparities • Are there any ongoing issues in the juvenile justice system identified and not addressed by SB 200? • • • • Truancy referrals into the system Ongoing racial disparity issues Youthful offender referrals Child welfare system issues 45 What Data Do We Not Have? • Are there any issues in existing data collection? • Case definitions/implications for trends • Comparability of race/ethnicity data across agencies • Consistency in records matching for recidivism analysis • What juvenile justice data are missing/not collected? • Court dispositions • Detention post-adjudication • Validated risk data 46 When Can We Start to Review Recidivism Data? • Comparability in measures • Pre-court diversion recidivism: subsequent complaint • Commitment recidivism: subsequent complaint, subsequent adjudication • Pre- vs. post-SB 200 timeframes? • When did the youth’s case start? When did the youth’s supervision end? • Was either/both dates pre/post-SB 200? • Controlling for changes in the population • More youth with prior history getting diverted • More high risk youth sent to DJJ custody 47 Questions? Contact information: Pamela Lachman Crime and Justice Institute plachman@cri.org Disclaimer This project was supported by Grant # 2014-ZB-BXK011 awarded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this presentation are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. 49