we 10 51019111 

?93109?

 

 

Exhibit
1365

State of Minnesota v. 3M (30.,
Court File No. 27-CV-10-28862

 

1365.0001

A Chemical History of 3M
1933- 1990

Neil MacKay

Published by
The 3M Chemical, Film & Allied Products Group
The Bureau of Engraving, Inc.
Minneapolis, Minnesota

1991

Copyright © 1991 3M

I

III

1365.0002

 Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Chapter 2

Enclosed is a copy of the newly published
hardcover book "A Chemical History of 3M
1933
1990".

Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5

Thi.~; book is authored by Neil MacKay, a
former 3Mer. It offers an intriguing
journey back in time introducing the
people who lived through the early years
of this Division.

Chapter

6

Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter

This story offers not just some "dry
history", but instead, some great insight
into why and how things happened when
they did. It includes some extraordinary
memories and recollections by those who
built the firm foundations of the PCPD.

9

Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter

13

Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20

Gil Foster

Chapter 21

Division Vice President

Chapter 22
C!lapter 2?,
Chapter 24

Joe Simons’ Stuff
The Second Ph.D.
The Research Laboratory

1
6
13

The Simons Connection
A Critical Year
Help Wanted, Found
A Group is Formed
Two Remarkable Achievements
Faith, Hope and Dissolution
The Turning Point
Selling Hangtags
Whips, Whistles and Balloons
A Big Score
Pilot Plants
A Bittersweet Acquisition
A Remarkable Turn Around
The Long Wait
A Decade of Churning

21
32
44
57
69
79
89
97
105
115
123
133
142
148
156
166
175
182
190
199
205

The Paper Chase
Manufacturing Evolves
Engineering’s Role
The Pendulum Swings
"A Sense of Excitement"
Today and Tomorrow

Appendix I and II

0

1365.0003

 Preface
You should know why this book was written.
First, it is the story of a good 3M business developed over fifty
years. During that time, a great many smart people lived with the
risk, aggravation, uncertainly and hard work which bought the
business to its current condition. Those people deserve credit for their
contributions.
One purpose of this book is to record that small amount of history
that written records, old photos and memory will allow. Undoubtedly,
many of the most important contributions and contributors have gone
unremembered and unrecorded, but not unappreciated--to all of those
pioneers who built the first fifty years of 3M’s chemical business,
this book is meant to be a remembrance and a sincere public recognition of their efforts.
It is particularly unfortunate that for practical reasons of time and
cost, this story could not be expanded to include the contributions
of those who built the business outside the United States. Many of
the names would be the same, but there would certainly be many
new ones as well. 3M’s chemical business today derives half of its
revenue from OUS markets, so the efforts and successes of those
involved in Asia, Europe, Canada, Africa and Latin America are
unrecorcled here, but certainly not unrecognized or unappreciated.
The second purpose of this book is to serve as an enabler for the
future of the business, Make no mistake, a clear understanding of
the past is a significant enabler for the future.
It is no accident that this is not a story of chemistry. It is clearly
not a story of molecules, compounds, good science or technology.
It is a story of people. This business was built by human beings who
more often than not had to rely on and invest their faith, vision and
i)C!’~ll~d .iUdglllCnt. The opporltmity I’~r failure mi~y have been the
single most powerful driving force behind the development of the.
business. Mistakes were made and failures were abundant, but there
is no evidence hcrc of fear of failure or mistakes. Those setbacks
and difficulties seem to have been accepted and integrated as part
of the education of the business.
William L. McKnight, who provided the foundation for 3M’s
business p~inciples, w~s one of the early sponsors of the chemical
opportunity at 3M. His early stated vision of empowerment may very
well have been written with this business in mind:

~D

1365.0004

 "As our business grows, it becomes increasingly necessary
to delegate responsibility and to encourage people to exercise
their initiative. This requires considerable tolerance.
"Those people to whom we delegate authority and responsibility, if we use good people, are going to want to do their
jobs in their own way. These are characteristics we want, and
people should be encouraged as long as their way conforms to
our general pattern of operations.
"Mistakes will be made, but if a person is essentially right,
the mistakes made are not as serious in the long run as the
mistakes management will make if it is dictatorial and undertakes to tell those under its authority exactly how they must
do their job.
"Management that is destructively critical when mistakes are
made kills initiative, and it is essential that we have many people with initiative if we are to continue to grow."
-- William L. McKnight
To all of those people involved today in this enterprise, who have
the opportunity and responsibility to shape its next fifty years, there
are some very valuable lessons here.
This book has two audiences--those who wrote the past and those
who will write the future. The former will read it with a sense of
pride in accomplishment. The latter will read it with a sense of question about 3M luck, about the personality of the business, about plain
hard work, about determination to succeed and permission to fail.
Mr. McKnight would likely have agreed that these things are the root
of the business.

M. C. Harnetty
Vicc-Presideat

Vice-President

Chenticals. ’Film anti Allied

Industrial Chemical

Proda~:Is Group

Products Division

G. D. Foster

F.T. Vikingstad

Vice-Presldent

Vice-President

Protective Chemical

Specialty Adhesives

Products Division

& Chemicals Division

1365.0005

Introduction
A few words of background might be of value to some readers.
Chemicals fall into two broad classes--commodity and specialty
chemicals.
Commodity chemicals--acids, sodas, solvents and the like--are
produced in mountainous quantities by many companies all over the
world. They are economically priced at a few cents to five dollars
a pound and are sold by the truckload and carload. Most carry no
brand name because they are so much alike. Most are raw materials
or intermediates used to manufacture an endless variety of products.
Despite the low prices per pound the sheer volume of commodity
chemicals results in a multi-billion-dollar-a-year industry.
Specialty chemicals are very different.
They are produced in relatively low volumes and sell at higher
prices, as much as twenty to fifty dollars a pound or more. Many
are designated by brand names and are manufactured for specific uses.
Fluorochemistry is a broad science within the spectrum of specialty
chemicals. In turn, 3M’s specialty chemical business consists of only
a narrow band within the science of fluorochemistry.
3M’s best known specialty chemical product is ScotchgardTM protector, an anti-stain, anti-soiling treatment for carpets, furniture fabrics
and other materials. Other 3M fluorochemical products are not as
widely known because they are not consumer items and are sold chiefly to industry and government.
3M entered the fluorochemical business when the technology was
new and exciting. In the decades that followed, 3M developed its
fluorochemistry from a laboratory phenomenon to a broad range of
products sold throughout the world. This book recounts the history
of that development and the development of other chemicals which
are sold as products or used by 3M divisions to produce man.y
products.

 Dedication
Without the contributions of the men and women who lived it, this
history could not have been written. The anecdotes and other information they provided were not available from any other sources.
Many of those contributors also read sections and chapters in progress or the completed manuscript to verify accuracy and readability.
That does not mean, however, that the author can be absolved from
the responsibility for the credibility or readability of what is printed
on these pages.
When recollections of two or more people were in conflict, the
author chose what appeared to be the most plausible version or melded
two or more versions into one. Memories become tarnished after
thirty or forty years, so parts of this report may conflict with your
own recollections.
To all those men and women and to all the rest who were involved
in fluorochemicals at 3M, including researchers, sales and marketing
personnel, administrators and staff, this book is dedicated. Special
thanks to the following:
Bob Adams, Art Ahlbrecht, Charlie Bentz, Hugh Bryce, Bob Burford, Lou Cove, Gil Foster, Dick Guenthner, Doug Hall, Lyle Hals,
Cliff Hanson, Mike Harnetty, Jim Hendricks, Wil Hirsch, Carlene
Holt, CliffJaps, Frank Kuettel, Les Krogh, Don LaZerte, Sid Leahy,
Bill Leder, Ted Lucas, Bill Lundquist, Paul Novotny, Bill Paterson,
. Bill Pearlson, Bill Petersen, Dick Raths, Gayle Rengel, Jim Rogers,
Duanc Sanderson, Jack Sargent, Tom Savereide, Bill Skown, Joe
Selden, Patsy Sherman, Dave Shryer, AI Smith, Sam Smith, Frank
Vikingstad, Larry Wagner, Don Wardrop, Stan Zaluda, Lamar
Zollingcr.
Additional thanks to Bill Pearlson, technical editor for the author
and Gayle Rengle, both of whom spent hours reading and correcting this manuscript.
Neil MacKay

1365.0006

 NOTICE
Fluorocarbons are not harmful to our atmosphere.
The chemicals that attack our ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons
or CFCs.
3M does not produce chlorofluorocarbons.

1365.0007

 CHAPTER

Joe Sim0ns’ Stuff
In the late ’1930s and early 1940s a body of American scientists
(knowingly or unknowingly, depending on their need to know) were
working to create the first atom bomb. To accomplish that, they had
to discover a method of separating uranium-235, which is the fissionable variety, from ordinary uranium-238. One suggestion was
to handle the uranium as uranium hexafluoride vapor, a highly corrosive, poisonous material.
Easier said than done.
As a matter of fact, it was impossible. No one knew how to do
it, but all agreed that if it could be done, the job not only would be
Herculean, but extremely hazardous. And, if and when uranium hexafluoride vapor was produc6d, additional questions would have to
be answered. How could fluorine be stored? What super materials
would have to be invented to manufacture storage tanks, pipes, pumps,
valves, gaskets and even lubricants that would not burst into flames,
explode or corrode on contact with fluorine? How could they ship
the vapor from one factory to another? How could they protect the
people who would handle the vapor?
Those were just a few of many questions that had to be answered
by scientists in the Manhattan Project, the code name for the A-bomb
development program.
Columbia University in New York City, where an atom smasher
had been installed in the basement of the Physics building, was headquarters, but thousands of scientists also were participating in universities and government installations across the United States. Scientists at the University of California, the University of Chicago, Duke,
Johns Hopkins, Purdue and Cornell also were conducting theoret-

OO

1365.0008

 3

2
ical studies. Company researchers who helped Were employed by
Hooker and the Harshaw chemical companies. Government supervised production and testing facilities were at Hartford, Washington,
Los Alamos and Alamagordo, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge,
Tennessee.
After the war, some of those researchers landed at 3M, including
several who joined the Fluorochemical Project. Lyle Hzls, a retired
3Mer, was enjoined from telling anyone, even close relatives, about
his employment or employer during two years at Columbia, where
he was one of several thousand men and women working for the
Manhattan Project. Buildings on and near the Columbia campus comprised the hub of activity until the project was moved to the football
stadium at the University of Chicago.
Although the Manhattan Project scientists were gingerly treading
new ground, they did have some fluorine history to fall back on.
The study of organic fluorine compounds dates almost from the beginning of organic chemistry.
Fluorochemicals are componds of fluorine and any of a number
of other elements. Fluorine is one of nature’s commonest elements,
more abundant than copper, a hundred times more abundant than
iodine, One of the places it is found is in fluorspar, a rock used before
the founding of the Holy Roman Empire as a flux for smelting iron
and the primary source of commercial fluorine today.
Fluorine, which can be liberated from the rock by using sulfuric
acid, appears as a hydrogen fluoride gas. That is the form in which
it usually is handlcd commercially before it is separalcd from its
hydrogen and combined with something else.
As the Manhattan Project scientists well knew, handling fluorine
is a m~ior problem. In its pure, uncontrolled state--fortunately never
found in.nature~it is one of the most active, most dangerous elements
known to man. The greenish-yellow gas will burn steel, water and
even asbestos, which earned it a nickname~the wildest hellcat.
Strangely, its wildness contributes to fluorine’s unique stability when
it is combined with certain compounds.
It was first isolated more than a hundred years ago, in 1886, by
French chemist Henri Moissan, who reacted gaseous fluorine with
carbon tetrachloride to make a reactive fluorocarbon. He was nearly killed for his effort, but lived to win a Nobel Prize.
There the matter stood until after the turn of the century when

1365.0009

methods of preparing organic fluorine compounds were advanced
by the contributions of a Belgian chemist named Swarts. His work
on the replacement of chlorine with fluorine laid the foundation for
the commercialization, of the compounds of carbon, chlorine and
fluorine.
German scientist Otto Ruff made the first liquid fluorocarbons at
room temperature. His published findings preceded more extensive
efforts in this country by a number of academic groups.
The mid-1930s were exciting years for the development of fluorine
chemistry as academic research and industrial development grew
rapidly. A scientist named A! Henne, who had been Swarts’ student
in Belgium," developed the manufacturing process for a
chlorofluorocarbon while working for General Motors in Detroit,
GM arranged with DuPont to manufacture its product which was named Freon 12TM. Later DuPont developed a similar product named
Freon 22TM- DuPont’s product is widely used as a coolant for
refrigerators, a blowing agent for foamed plastics, a degreasing solvent and more.
DuPont chemists also polymerized tetrafluoroethylene trade named TeflonTM- Contemporaries at I. G. Farben in Germany did the
same with chlorotrifluoroethylene.
Other scientists also were pursuing fluorine chemistry in industry
and campus laboratories. Phillips Petroleum Corporation used it to
develop a system that produced high octane gasoline. Farben patented
several successful applications.
At Penn State College (now University), Professor Joseph A,
Simons, working independently, produced liquid fluorocarbons, including high boiling point compounds.
Pre-war rcscarchcrs knew that the more fluorine there was in an
organic compound, the lower its boiling point. Because or that, highly
fluorinated compounds tended to be gases at room temperature. Furthermore, all research on organo-fluorine compounds was by direct
fluorination or exchange reaction.
Simons used direct fluorination of carbon in his laboratory, but
believed that he could make more complex fluorocarbons by running fluo._rination under milder conditions. If nothing else, that would
avoid the possibility of explosions and fires associated with direct
fluorination.
With that in mind, the professor directed his students to study

 4
the effects of various heavy metals on the reaction. His supposition
proved to be correct. Research showed that catalysts, particularly
mercury, modified the reaction. Simons and his crew produced--in
small amounts--liquids made only of carbon and fluorine that boiled at 100°C and higher.
Only an ounce or two of the colorless liquid fluorocarbon had been
made in Simons’ laboratory by the time Manhattan Project scientists found out about it. A minute quality was supplied for testing
by the atomic scientists at Columbia University, It was enough to
verify the Penn State professor’s claims. The A-scientists were elated
to have found what they referred to as "Joe’s Stuff.’"
That enthusiastic reaction in the laboratory at Columbia can only
be imagined more than 50 years later, but there was a tempering factor. Simons’ output was a liquid and the atom scientists also needed
solids and gases. However, they believed that problem could be solved. By the Spring of 1942 the work had gone so well it was taken
from the Columbia laboratory and given to several industrial firms
for production.
A major obstacle in producing an atom bomb had been overcome.
000

Joe Simons was a complex man~ He has been described as brilliant,
prejudiced, loyal, humorless, friendly, abrasive, stubborn, arrogant
and egotistical. He also was a man of ideas and an extraordinary
researcher, and the best teacher I ever met, one man attested.
He was a good friend to the graduate .~tudents who worked for him,
but oulsiders were adversaries. Consequently, nearly everyone introduced to Simons had the same initial reaction--completely negative.
Simons" personal problems included the fact that he was short in
stature and concerned about it. In an effort to appear taller, he wore
hats with high crowns and shoes with lifts.
It was Simons’ personality, including a penchant for trying to control people, that worked against him in his attempts to sell his
fluorochemical research achievements before 3M came into the picture. Simons" brashness also prevented him from participating in the
Manhattan Project. After he had helped the war effort with his
research, he was invited to join the fluorochemical research studies.
He would on one condition: that the project be moved from Columbia to Penn State. His suggestion was rejected.
So, Simons stayed on at Penn State, devoting time and effort
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1365.0010

to his concern that the process used to produce his fluorochemical
for the government (a process the Manhattan Project continued to
use) was very dangerous. It required reacting highly explosive fluorine
gas directly or indirectly with a hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon to produce fluorocarbons.
An alternative method required two steps, which made the process expensive when producing Compounds consisting of more than
two carbon atoms. (DuPont successfully produced Freon
refrigerating/air conditioning gases containing one and two carbon
atoms with the two step process.)
Simons was sure he could find a better way.
He began by reviewing an experiment carried out by one of his
graduate students, Howard Frances, back in 1936, Frances had
dissolved acetic acid in liquid hydrogen fluoride, then subjected the
solution to an electric current. That electrolysis produced several products, but the most important achievement was that the hydrogen
atoms attached to carbon had been replaced by fluorine.
So, in 1942, bolstered by Frances’ results, Simons set out to perfect
the electrofluorochemicalprocess. Frances had proved that fluorocarbons could be made by applying direct current. The chore was to
refine that proven concept.
Simons pursuit of a successful experiment which had lain dormant
tbr seven years was another .step that led to 3M’s support of the professor’s research.
Those experiments and the patents developed from them would
link Simons’ name with 3M for all time.

 CHAPTER 2

The Second Ph,D,
To set the stage for the meeting of 3M and Simons, we return to
St.Paul to a sunny Monday morning in June 1936 when Dr. James
Hendricks arrived to begin his first job.
He had ridden a streetcar to the 3M location on the East Side after
arriving from Chicago by train the previous afternoon. As the bright
yellow streetcar rolled eastward, Hendricks paused on the sidewalk
to take in the scene. A short block away protruding above the low
store fronts on East Seventh Street were the tops of the buildings
that housed 3M’s offices, laboratories and manufacturing facilities.
Hendricks was the second man with a doctor’s degree to be hired
by 3M. His destiny was to be one of a handful of scientists and technicians who helped organize 3M’s central research laboratory in 1937.
That laboratory, the great-grandfather of today’s 3M Corporate
Research Laboratory, was vital to 3M’s acquisition of Simons’ patents
eight years later.
But, on that sunny Monday morning more than half a century ago,
Hendricks had no inkling of his future. He was content with the
thought of beginning his first job after completing his graduate studies
at the. University of Illinois.
He walked the short block to Fauquier Avenue, crossed and turned
left past a three-story white stucco office-laboratory building on the
corner. In mid-block, he turned to enter a small one-story wooden
structure that housed 3M’s Rubber Cement and Tape Laboratories.
Employees called it the Sanitary Farm Dairy Building because
3M--then formally called Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing
Company and informally "the Mining"--had purchased the structure seven years before from a St. Paul milk company. The building
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1365.0011

faced south, a stone’s throw west of Forest Street. Opposite was a
broom factory, which would be bought and razed by 3M a few years
later to allow construction of a two-story administration building
(Building 21) in 1939 plus the much larger office Building 42 in 1951.
Those structures would house 3M offices and international head,
quarters until the Maplewood campus Building 220 was built and
occupied in the early 1960s.
The white stucco building Hendricks had passed at the corner was
Building 2 which faced Fauquier Avenue with Building 1 nestled
behind it. The latter, two stories high and faced with yellow brick,
was constructed in 1911, making it the oldest 3M building in St. Paul.
Building 2 had followed in 1919. Both are still in use, occupied by
departments of the 3M Industrial Abrasives Division.
Building 15, the dairy, was demolished in 1937 and Bu_ilding 20,
an abrasives factory, was built on that site that same year.
But, in 1936, Buildings 1,2, 14 (built in 1929) and the dairy structure on the north side of Fauquier Avenue formed 3M’s administrative
and laboratory row. In those laboratories, men and women conducted
tests and simple experiments on products and raw materials used to
make tapes, rubber cement and other adhesives, coated abrasives and
minerals.
3M had been operating laboratories of sorts since 1916 when Sales
Manager William L. McKnight set up a facility to determine standards for 3M sandpaper. Itwas a testing facility more than a
laboratory, but noteworthy as a distant forebear of 3M’s specialty
chemical businesses.
The first step forward from that point was taken in the abrasives
test laboratory in 1921 when workers began developing a better varnish to bond minerals to backings in making sandpaper, Those efforts would result in a technological triumph in the coated abra.sives
industry--a varnish that could withstand soaking in water without
softening. It was named 3M WetordryTM sandpaper, then revolutionay, still important today to the Industrial Abrasives Division.
When Hendricks arrived in St. Paul, 3M was thirty-four ye)ars old.
The company was founded in the summer of 1902 in Two Harbors,
Minnesota, to mine corundum to be sold in bulk to manufacturers
of abr~i~ive grinding wheels. By 1905, 3M had moved from Two
Harbors, a few miles south to Duluth. In January 1906, by then in
the business of making sandpaper, 3M recorded its first sale, a two-

 9
dollar order from the South Bend Toy Company.
The mining operation was abandoned after it was learned that the
substance being dug from the earth near Two Harbors was not corundum, but low grade anorthosite unfit for abrasives. 3M not only
lost sales and had to Contend with returned goods, but had to buy
mineral to make its own sandpaper as well.
In 1907, the fledgling firm hired as an assistant bookkeeper a young
man named William Lester McKnight. Soon the new assistant was
advanced to cost accountant, 3M’s first. Two years later, an office
manager was needed for the Chicago Sales Branch and he was given
that job.
In 1910, 3M was relocated to St. Paul because the man who had
the most money invested, Lucius P. Ordway (3M’s President from
1906 until 1909), wanted the company to be nearby so he could keep
an eye on it.
Eleven years later, in October 1921, Mr. McKnight, by then VicePresident of the company, hired a man who would become 3M’s fifth
president and who would have impact on the Flurochemicai Project
a quarter-century later. He xvas Richard P. Carlton, who before his
early death in June 1953, became known as the father of 3M research.
He began at 3M with the title Factory Engineer, but quickly moved
toward directing the various laboratories. Another distinction was
his engineering degree from the University of Minnesota which made
him the first 3M technician with a degree from an accredited college.
When the waterproof sandpaper project got under way, Francis
G. Okic, a Philadelphian who had invented and patented the process, came to St. Paul. Okie was an inventor, not a scientist, so in 1928
3M hired Dr. Barney Oakes from paint manufacturer SherwinWilliams m w~rk on new formulalion.s. O~kes. who h~d the distinction of being 3M’s first Ph.D., was involved with 3M’s chemical
industry, among other things, for many years until his retirement
in 1959.

Opposite: Eastside St. Paul location shows (from right) Buildings
2, 14 and 20 along Fauquier Avenue and the back of Building
21 on east side of the street. Parking lot behind Building 21 was
site for-Building 42 in 1951. At left, across Mendota Street, tape
plant Building 24 is under construction, East Seventh Street angles
from left to right in foreground. Forest Street is at right.
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1365.0012

 II
I0
Another pioneer in 3M specialty chemicals was Joseph Kugler who
began in 1927 in the abrasives area where one of his first assignments
was to design a mineral storage building. He got into chemicals by
joining the waterproof sandpaper laboratory project in the early 1930s.
We can assume that 3M’s first waterproof sandpaper.was made with purchased
resins, but we know that soon the company
was making its own varnish. Oakes, in a
letter dated February 2, 1933, referred to
"the several weeks of January that we have
been operating our new varnish plant."
That would indicate that chemical manufacturing at 3M dates from that year.
Dr. William E. Lundquist (who joined
3M in 1942 and retired in 1977) recalled
stories that iri the 1920s 3M made varnish
Barney Oakes
in pots over open fires in Building ! 1 at
the Old East Side plant location*. As could be imagined, that process was dangerous and varnish fires
flared up frequently.
Another addition to the chemical b.usiness
in the late 1920s or early 1930s was Walter
Eilers, who was hired from Minnesota
Paint Company (now Valspar) in Minneapolis to operate the varnish department.
In 1935, chemical manufactt~ring at 3M
took another slop forward into research
distinct from varnish-making or similar
c~tmpounding. It began with General
William Lundquist
Motors’ interest in the development of a
source for waterproof abrasive discs. GM
needed to wet sand the lead filler used to patch gaps between fenders
and bodies after the cars came off the assembly line. The excess lead
needed to be sanded away for appearance sake, but dry sanding created
clouds of toxic dust that flew everywhere.
GM issued an appeal to all abrasive manufacturers; at 3M Kugler
was assigned to that problem. His first solution was what 3M called
*Much of the early hislory cited was rec~rded by Lundquist from di~ussions with Kugler

in the mid-1940~.
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1365.0013

35 Oil, which was a slightly reacted phenol-formaldehyde resin
in water. Because there was no better equipment, 35 Oil was formulated in a small open glazed box referred to as the "horse trough."
The mixture was stirred with a canoe paddle wielded mostly by Howard Brinker,
who would become 3M’s phenolic expert
in later years.
Producing resins under those circumstances was disagreeable, to put it mildly, so Kugler passed a complaint along to
management. In a letter dated June 12,
1935, on the subject of Mixing Equipment
for No. 35 Oil, Kugler indicated that the
complaint had been satisfied. The letter, addressed to a E. M. Johnson, who was in
Joe Kugler
charge of the Engineering Department,
with copies to Carlton, Oaks and Lloyd Hatch, is reproduced here:
"I would appreciate having you order the 200 gallon Pfaudler
glass lined mixer for No. 35 Oil as soon as possible. With the coming warm weather the fume condition is becoming almost unbearable.
The present horse trough and handling equipment affords little or
no protection. To supply both Wausau and Copley* this equipment
is being used to practically its full capacity. Mr. Carlton is favorable
to this purchase.
"I would like to see the general layout plan for this installation
before the auxiliary equipment is ordered.
J. H. Kugler"
That acquisition allowed the horse trough to be retired after about
six months of duty.
Lundquist believes Kugler’s mixer was a two hundred gallon glasslined kettle which was in Building 1 l when Lundquist arrived in 1942.
"That two hundred-gallon kettle together with a forty-gallon glasslined kettle were the only heated and cooled kettles at 3M when I
joined the company," he said.
Lundquist also said that although No. 35 Oil might have been an
original solution for General Motors’ problem, "It was also necessary
to develop a phenolic resin binder which was accomplished in short
*The resin also was being used as a primer on roofing granules at 3M manufacturing facilities
in Wausau, Wisconsin, and Coptey, Ohio.

 12
order." Lundquist’s notes also said that "For most of the compounding work, direct fired~, open varnish kettles were used from perhaps
1923 until we moved to Chemolite in 1948, and even for a while
thereafter."
The horse trough operation developed into a separate Resin Department around 1936. "l~hat marked the separation of chemicals from
abrasives and planted~ the seed for the independent chemical operation of the 1950s.

The first thing Hendricks did when he walked into the Rubber Cement laboratory in 1936 was to seek out his new boss, Grant Merrill, who gave his new employee a tour of the facility. First stop was
the room containing the cement and tape laboratories.
"I saw heavy steel tables stacked high with tin plate cans full of
exoerimental adhesives," Hendricks recalled years later. "It was quite
a departure from the lab that I was used to at the University of
Illinois...At first I thought that the research in reclaimed rubber
cements was just mixing things together and noting the results.
However, I learned letter, as I became more experienced, that there
was an art to compounding. You had to know raw materials, their
properties, physical properties, chemical properties, and so on, raw
materials such as reclaimed rubber, resins, solvents and oxidants,
dispersing agents and so forth."
In August 1936, six weeks after he began working, 3M’s adhesive
operations including the Rubber Cement Laboratory were moved to
Detroit, Michigan, to be near the automotive industry. That move
not only accomplished the obvious, but became a pilot study of how
3M business units could operate independently without day-to-day
supervision by top management*. That experience might have influenced the formation of the Central Manufacturing Division (CMD)
and seven other divisions in 1948, a structure 3M has followed ever
since.

,!
1

*la 1990, living in retiremerlt in White Bear L~ke, Minnesota, Hendrieks recalled .that in
1936-37, 3M management people including Mr. McKnight and Carlton visited Detroit
regularly--usually monthly--to review the business and the product development work in the
laboratory. The department heads also went to St. Paul for meetings.
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1365.0014

CHAPTER

3

The Research Laboratory
In 1937, 31q,l established its first pure research laboratory. It would
be the nursery where the fluorochemical research project would be
placed and begin to grow eight years later.
The General Research Department, as it was named, was distinctly
different from the product improvement laboratories which had been
established by various divisions over the years. The new laboratory
was dedicated to developing new technologies; division laboratories
were dedicated to finding methods of improving existing products.
An example was the Tape Division laboratory which was organized
as a product improvement center for ScotchTM masking tape,
developed in 1925 and Scotch cellophane tape, which was in
vented in 1930.
Dr. Harry N. Stephens, an organic
chemist at the University of Minnesota,
who had been a consultant to 3M, was hired
to organize the General Research Department. He hired Hendricks from Detroit,
then went outside to hire Dr. L. Wallace
Comell and Dr. William Sohl. Cornell and
Sohl were the fourth and fifth Ph.Ds hired
by 3M, joining Oakes, Hendricks and
Stephens. By 1990, 3M would employ
more than 1,000 men and women with docHarry Stephens
torate degrees in the St. Paul area alone.
Gilbert Gehrenbeck, a Chemical Engineer, completed Stephens’
roster. Gehrenbeck, a UofM graduate and a 3M employee since 1928,
had pursued research on electrical tapes with Stephens while the

 15

14
latter was at the UoflVl.
The vision of Mr. McKnight and Carlton was borne out when the
research department began to shape the future of 3M. The
Laboratory’s impact on the new fluorochemical technology alone,
when it arrived in the mid-forties, was outstanding.
The establishment of two other 3M departments within six years
after the organization of General Research in 193,7 not only was additional evidence that the company was determined to develop new
technologies, but provided a system for developing 3M
fluorochemicals into marketable products. A New Products Department (NPD) was formed in 1940 under the leadership of Joseph C.
Duke, but a few months later, he turned the department over to Bert
S. Cross, who would be 3M’s President in the 1960s. NPD was
responsible for turning General Research accomplishments into salable
products. In 1943, a Product Fabrication Laboratory (the Profab lab)
was set up to develop manufacturing processes for new products
developed by NPD.

had been employed. Dr. Stephens liked the sound of Central Research
and adopted it for his laboratory in the 1940s.
The General Research Department’s first home was a modest room
fifty feet long and twenty feet wide in the basement of Building 2.
Directly behind it, separated only by a partition of shelving, was the
Tape Laboratory in the basement of Building I. That proximity allowed General Research scientists to use the Tape Laboratory’s equipment, which was a decided advantage. Off-setting that were the curtains of dust that streamed down on desks, files, floors and personnel whenever a jumbo roll of coated abrasives was accidentally dropped in the slitting department on the first floor.
"The labor.atory," Hendricks said, "consisted primarily of heavy
steel tables. We had some homemade mixing equipment, tape
spreaders, coating equipment, a reaction vessel and drying and heating
equipment. The tape lab had rubber mills, with Baker-Perkins experimental mixers, churns and other ordinary equipment that you
find in a laboratory."
In 1938, its second year, General Research escaped to the basement of Building 14, which had been built west of Building 2 in 1929,
There were no dust clouds,_ but another problem confronted the researchers. The drying ovens for No. 5 maker which manufactured
abrasives was on the first floor. So, while
the new quarters provided more space and
better facilities, the atmosphere, even with
air conditioning, was stifling. Almost every
day the thcrmomelcr in the laboratory
rcgistcrcd eighty to eighty five dcgrccs
because of the heal r.’~tliating throngh lhc
ceiling.
Projccts pursued at that time in the
Laboratory were hardly esoteric. Nor. were
lhe scientists carrying ottl pure research.
Hendricks developed a waterproof adhesive
Mr. McKnight
tk~r beer bottle labels. Bcfi~re mechanical

The 1.uboralocy in 1937. Bill Sohl is at left, Hendricks holds file.

rcfi-igcration was wide-spread, boltlcd bccr und soft drinks ,sold in
taverns, drug stores and other retail spots were cooled with ice. Soaking in ice water caused labels to slip from beer bottles, so Hendricks
formulated a water-resistant adhesive. The program flopped because
he could not make the new adhesive compatible with the automatic

The General Rcscarch Department name. originated by Carlton,
was accepted at 3M, but after Bill Lundquist and Cort Agre joined ’
the organization they referred to it as Central Research. That was
DuPont’s name for its research laboratory, where Lundquist and Agre
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1365.0015

 II
16
labeling machines of the day. Other problems that kept the staff busy
during those first years included improving adhesives for 3M’s tape
products, glass bead studies and searching for a coating to make it
easier to unwind masking tape from rolls.
Two more moves were to be made before the Department found
a permanent home. In 1939, after a year in Building 14, the
Laboratory was moved to the third floor of Building 2. The research
team occupied space vacated by Mr. McKnight and other management people who had moved down the block and across Fauquier
Avenue to the new Building 21. The Laboratory remained in Building
2 until 1945.
After he arrived in 1942, Bill Lundquist contrasted 3M’s research
operation with DuPont’s experimental station in Wilmington,
Delaware. DuPont’s staff had a preponderance of researchers with
doctor’s degrees. Division laboratories at 3M employed men with
bachelor’s degrees or with no advanced education. 3M also was more
informal than DuPont, with Mr. McKnight and Carlton personally
and constantly involved with the laboratory programs. Lundquist
recalled meetings with management that ended with authorizations
being signed before anyone left the room.
During its firsl eight years, the Central Research Department grew
six-fold. Thirty people were employed there in 1942 when the
Laboratory was moved upstairs in Building 2. By 1945, when the
Laboratory was relocated to the Benz building, sixty-three names
were on the payroll. Twelve were Ph.Ds, including Director Stephens,
Hcndricks, by then in charge of the Colloid Section, and Sohl, head
of the Organic Section. (Two others on the original team, Gehrenbeck
and Cernell, had moved to other jobs in the company.) The other
fifty-one laboratory workers were a sixty-forty mix of men and
women, technicians and secretaries.
The relocation of Central Research Department from Building 2
to the Benz building was a m~tior step h~rward for the Laboratory.
The Benz building, still occupied today by 3M laboratories, had six
fl~ors, so Laboratory employees finally had ample elbow room. The
structure, a one-time liquor warehouse, stands several miles west
of thc origin~d 3M phmt site and cast of St. Paul’s downtown business

Opposite: Harold Scholberg holds the attention of visitors to an
open house at the new CRL in the Benz building .in 1945.
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1365.0016

 ~9

18
district. The facility has been modernized over the years and in 1990
housed the Protective Chemical Products Division Laboratory and
several Other 3M laboratories.
"In 1945," Jim Hendricks recalled decades later, "the top floor
of the Benz building was the last word in laboratory facilities (at 3M).
We had a big open house and Mr. McKnight took great pleasure in
escorting the mayor of St. Paul through our new laboratory."
Hendrick’s impression of the Laboratory as a grand facility must
have been influenced by the time spent in the monastic basements
of Buildings 2 and 14. Others who came to 3M in the late 1940s
have different memories of the converted whiskey warehouse and
candy factory.
Be that as it may, a program produced for an open house on May
4, 1945, made the Benz building seem almost palatial,
"The location (of Central Research) is on the top floor with high
ceilings and easy access to vent hoods through the roof" the section
on Outstanding Features of This Laboratory began. "The space is
divided into areas for each section. Technical people of one kind are
kept together. The facilities of the various areas are designed for the
functions of that area."
Ventilation, incandescent lighting and "walls and ceilings (that)
have been painted to lend a pleasant atmosphere and furnish adequate light" were noted. Asphalt tile floors described as "less tiring
than concrete" were noted.
"The chemical benches are of the latest design. Experience dictated the drawer and conapartmcnt arrangcmcnts. The bench tops arc,
except for a few instances, impregnated fine sandstone in place of
the conventional s¢~apstoncs. Pipcwork in the benches is hiddcn. At
present this is nol imp~rtanl because the supply lines comc in
overhead. Later...all service pipes will be hidden. Utility outlets for
gas, water, steam and electricity have been generously provided."
Tall vent hoods each vcntcd to thc outsidc and with its own blower,
s~ffcty glass in the windows and other safety features such as a board
between each bench to block flying glass in the event of an accident
z~s well as to "foster concentration" were in the new building. Special
rooms were provided for shop, constant temperature, optical,
photographic and microplant work.
"The Central Library, which services the Central Research
Laboratory and the Departmental Laboratories, is located on the fifth
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1365.0017

floor. Many technicai and trade periodicals are on display. Some important scientific journals have been bound."
The naen who joined 3M in the late 1940s saw the building in a
much different light. They had not only worked in modern college
laboratories, but had toured other industrial r~search laboratories in
the course of job interviews. Compared with those facilities, the Benz
building definitely.was not posh.
Dr. J. D. (Don) LaZerte, who came to 3M in 1949, recalled steam
locomotives noisily shunting boxcars in the nearby railroad yard. The
engines not only huffed and puffed and slammed and banged, but
they emitted cinders and soot that billowed high into the air~ The
ash drifted through the Open windows into the sixth floor fluorocarbon laboratory during warm weather. In colder months, closed windows blocked ash pollution, but there were no storm windows, so
the laboratory was an icebox.
Dr. Lester C. Krogla, who retired in 1990 as Senior Vice-President
for Researchand Development, sometimes mentioned the Benz
building in presentations. He was charmed that it began its career
as. awhiskey warehouse.."(It) was built bf poured concrete with factory-type windows..."
he once said. "One thing you did have to say for it was that if you
needed tO set up a new piece of equipment, nobody complained about
spoiling the appearance of the surroundings."
The sixth floor was one big space that held nine benches set in
two wide rows running north and south. The Organic Section took
tnp the southeast corner with the Colloid Section in the southwest.
The .Analytical Section was the first row. Two benches were used
by the Iron Oxide Pigment Group, thrcc by the Fluorochemical Proiecl. C~rl Miller’s dry copier project, Harold Sch¢~lberg’s surface
chemistry and Nelson Taylor"s glass bead project filled the rest o/
that row.
One level down, on the east side of the fifth floor, were the one
hundred ampere electrochemical cells: A two thousand ampere cell
tbr larger experiments was in the pilot plant behind the building in
a garage that once house whiskey delivery trucks.
¯

¯

¯

When Charles (Charlie) Bentz joined 3M’s Special Products
Labi~ratory in 1943 it contained a Varnish Department and a Resin

 2O
Department. Bentz worked on monomers and polymers* in the Resin
Department for about six months, then was transferred to a small
3M plant in Illinois. When he returned to St. Paul, he was assigned
to a factory in Building !1 as its Process Engineer. That factory
manufactured adhesives for tapes, phenolics and varnishes for
abrasives, monomers for adhesives, polymers for magnetic tapes and
a small line of furniture and automotive finishing compounds for outside sales.
Central Manufacturing Division (CMD) was formed and had built
a factory near Hastings in 1948. Oakes was General Manager of the
division which was responsible for producing resins and chemicals
as manufacturing materials for other 3M divisions. Five years later,
when:Special Products Laboratory was transferred to CMD, there
were four process buildings and a combination warehouse-officelaboratory at Chemolite.
Begun in 1945, Special Products Laboratory was located on the
third floor rear of Building 2 in space vacated by Central Research
when it moved to the Benz building. There were eight people in the
Special Products Laboratory working with acrylate polymers and
monomers trying to discover a replacement for synthetic rubber. That
laboratory was an ancestor of the industrial chemical laboratory and
similar laboratories that followed.
In 1953, Kugler replaced Oakes at CMD and chose Lundquist as
his Technical Director. (Both Kugler and Lundquist were involved
in early development of 3M’s film-making technology and manufacluring, which began as a projcct in the Chcmical Divisiol~.)

*The building unils of nlany piastics anti rubbers are carbon-and-hydrogen-containing-molecnles
known as u~onomcrs. With the help of entalysts, m~mnmers cnn be connecled inlt) long ~llolectil~r
chnins which t~re polymers. F~r example, ethylene is a ruonomer of polyethylene, a polymer.
The shape of the molecul:~r chnin helps to determine a pr~lyruer’s properties. In a fiber, the
m~dcculcs might lle slraight, giving strcnglh :rod sliffness. In synthetic rubber they are tangled:
stretch them slraight ~md they try Io ct~rl up llgain like rubber bands, providing sp,ringness.

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1365.0018

CHAPTER

4

The Simons Connection
3M becam6 associated with Joe Simons through the company’s support of another research project at Penn State.
In 1942, Central Research Director Stephens arranged with Dean
Frank Whitmore of Penn State’s College of Chemistry to undertake
a project for 3M. The goal was to perfect organo silicone compounds;
3M was trying to develop a silicone rubber that would be impervious to heat as a material for making gaskets for military searchlights.
In that early war year, silicones were new and exciting: Today,
a half-century later, silicones are used routinely in many homes as
spray-on waterproofing treatments for shoes, boots, tents and other
materials requiring protection from water or water stains. Modern
silicones also are inexpensive and less effective competitors to 3M’s
fluorochemical protectors; less effective because while they seal
against water, they offe.i no protection against oily stains.
Stephcns met Dean Whitmore while pursuing a 3M managemcn!
mandate to ferret out new technologies being developed on U.S. college campuses. Stephens’ link to Penn State was his acquaintance
with Dr. Nelson W. Taylor, who was a graduate student at the UofM
during Stephens’ tenure and by 1942 manager of Penn State’s
Ceramics Department. Coincidentally, Taylor also knew Simons from
their graduate days at the University of Califi)rnia.
3M’s Central Research Department, in operation five years, was
a beehive ofactivity. However, in the main, 3M scientists were pursuing product development and not pure research. Clearly, the company needed something to fulfill the mission of the Central Research
Laboratory. So, Stephens was an eager courier, running from campus to campus seeking at least one infant technology that 3M could

 23

22
possess and develop.
Besides 3M’s interest in a silicone material for gaskets, the company was interested in finding a new or improved method of manufacturing silicone compounds and was making some progress on that
in St. Paul. When Stephens mentioned the possibility of a joint study
on that subject with Penn State, Whitmore referred him to Simons,
who shared laboratory space with Whitmore on the top floor of the
Physics building. Simmons had never worked with silicones, but
agreed to with the financial support of 3M. He assigned a graduate
student, Wilbur (Bill) Pearlson, to manage the project.

l)r. Harry Stephens, Director, Central Rese~rch l,:dmralot’y, with
Mrs. Stephen,,; in 1945.
A graduate chemist from the University of California at Berkeley
in 1938, Pearlson eventually journeyed east hoping to earn an adwinced degree under Whitmore. Upon his arrival at Penn State, he
found that the dean did not have a fellowship to offer him. Whirmore steered the eager student to Simons, who held three fellowships
for a National Defense Research Council (NDRC) project on radioactive gases as counter measures to chemical warfare. Each fellowship
was for eighteen months at one hundred and twenty five dollars a
month. Pearlson began with Simons in late winter of 1941 and stayed
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L

until 1947.
In the NDRC project, Pearlson was introduced to fluorine
chemistry. ’
He retired from 3M’s Commercial Chemicals Division Laboratory
in 1985 after 38 years, with the company, retaining clear recollections of Harry Stephens, including a conversation during a dinner
meeting one evening near the campus. It began with Pearlson reviewing the laboratory efforts for the previous six months. Nothing had
worked, Pearlson said, and added that he and the four other graduate
students involved were running out of ideas.
Before the two men left the restaurant, Stephens came up with twenty ideas which he generated in a process that unnerved Pearlson. First,
Stephens uttered a few words on the subject, then lapsed into silence
that lasted four or five minutes. Then he offered an idea and enlarged
on it briefly, then sat thinking in silence again. That long process
continued until Pearlson had nervously jotted down the final idea.
He was, he recalled, impressed with their quality and by the fact
that Stephens was so well-informed about a wide variety of existing
industrial processes.
The irony is that by the summer of 1944 one of the ideas on the
graduate students’ original list bore fruit, so Stephens’ ideas were
never pursued. A patent for the new process was signed and sent
b~ck to 3M. Almost simultaneously, the Journal of the Chemical
Sucicty published a six-page report on General Electric’s silicone
production accomplishments. ’qt set down in detail exactly what we
hml tlouc," Pearls~u~ remembered.
3M cuntinucd its silicone contract* with l)can Whitemorc for
several yc~u’s, but with GE’s revelation il wns clear thal any valnablc
patent coverage was no longer p~ssible.

Is there such a thing as 3M luck’/. Or, arc business opportunities
so generously scattered that every wide awake company gets its share?
in any event, luck played ~ role in what transpired. The facts were
that before 3M became aware of Simons and eventually his electrofluorochemical research, the professor had tried to sell hi,~
technology to several other companies. DuPont and Westinghouse
retired 3M execulive eslin~ated the value ol Iller silicone conlract I(~ Penn ~tatc at $5,000
$1(},0(~) :~ year,

±

1365.0019

I

 25

turned him down, partly because of the professor’s personality.
"He wouldn’t release his patents," Bill Pearlson said years afterwards, "unless DuPont (or Westinghouse) would hire him and give
him complete control of the product d~velopment."
Hugh Bryce, another retired 3M scientist, recalled that DuPont
was well acquainted with Simons’ superdevcloped ego. "He was a
consultant for DuPont for about two years," Bryce said, ,during
which time he tried to run their lives. Not just their business lives,
but their personal lives as well."
Lyle Hals, who also knew Simons, did not remember negative traits.
Hais was, however, impressed with Simons’ ability t~ figure columns of numbers in his head. He also recalled that Simons was a
glass blower and a proficient plumber. "He scoffed at lab coats,"
Hals said, "and never removed his suit coat. He believed a good
researcher never spilled anything. And, he didn’t."
So, by 1944, the year after 3M became involved with Simons in
the silicone project, the professor’s fluorochemical achievements still
were bridesmaids. Because of GE’s findings, the 3M-financed silicone
research project was to be terminated, but Simons, not one to let
corporate funds slip through his fingers, convinced 3M to transfer
the balance of its grant to his electrofluorochemical project.
Simons and graduate student Frances had applied for their first
patent on the preparation of organic fluorine compounds by electrochemical fluorination in 1941. By .1944, Simons, working with
Walter Harland, had the research to the point that it attracted 3M’s
interest. The following year, 3M acquired Simons’ patents.
"Dr. Stcphens," Jim Hendricks ,said, "really deserves the maj~r
credit for getting 3M into the Fluorochemical Project and pushing
it through to agreements with Simons and getting it into the
mercial phase."
At that time, Central Research Department was busy with several
major projects. Magnetic audio recording tape was under development. 3M’s copying project, which would result in the invention of
the first dry copying machine, was under way. So was a project to
develop reflective glass beads, the raw material for reflective sheeting
still popular today for traffic signs on streets, highways and freeways.
Another important project, which didn’t have the pizzaz of recording tape, copying machines or reflective signs, led to further perfection of 3M’s acrylic polymer tape. Into that arena, fluorochemical
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1365.0020

technology~3M’s first pure research project--was drawn.
Soon after Simons’ patents were transferred to St. Paul, 3M researchers projected that they could have a pilot plant cell in operation
within two years. To that end, three Chemical Engineers, Ed Kauck,
AI Diesslin and Lloyd Picard, were dispatched to Penn State to learn
how to operate one. Diesslin and Picard stayed in Pennsylvania six
months. Kauck stayed an entire year.
There they learned the fundamentals of operating a cell plus advanced techniques from Pearlson and other graduate students in
Simons’ laboratory.
Dr. Fred Steele of 3M’s iron oxide research program was assigned
by Stephens ,to be 3M’s contact with Penn State.
Nelson Taylor, the ceramicist who left the UofM for Penn State,
had in 1944 accepted a 3M offer to manage 3M’s glass bead chemistry
project. By 1947, he was in charge of the new fluorochemical development program, That change came about--at least to some extent-because Stephens wanted to hire Pearlson and transfer the laboratory
work from Penn State to St. Paul. As part of the hiring process,
Stephens invited Pearlson to recommend the man who would be his
boss in the new Project. Pearlson talked with Jim Hendricks, head
of the Colloid Section, Bill Sohl, head of the Organic Section, and
Taylor, who was in the Physical Chemistry Section*, then told
Stephens he would like to work with Taylor.
In 1950, Tom Brice left-Penn State and joined the Project at
Pearlson’s invitation. Both made large contributions to the technology
that bec,ame ScotchgardTM protector and other 3M fluorochemical
products.
The first cell run at 3M was conducted in the Benz building
laboratory in November 1946 using a 50 anapere cell built by 3M
based on a design obtained from Penn State.

When 3M began working with Simons early in the 1940s, Simons’
laboratory was equipped with two three-to-six ampere cells. Each
was an iron pipe three inches in diameter and ten inches high with a
steel rod through the center and a nickel electrode around the rod.
The bottoms were sealed and the top caps could be bolted down.
* William Wetzel of Ihe Inorgithic Section, who was immersed in iron oxide research, was
nt~t considered. He was too busy helping to develop America’s first audio tape.

 27

26
The cells were operated by a generator which conveded alternating
current to direct current. A four-ton refrigerator was used to condense the gases which were produced and alsoto cool the cells to
retard the evaporation of the anhydrous
hydrofluoric acid or HF.
In 1945, three one-hundred-ampere cells
designed in Simons’ laboratory and
fabricated at 3M replaced’the original cells
at Penn State. Each new cell consisted of
a twelve-by-twelve-inch jacket with a sixby-,six-by-ten-inch electrode pack inside.
That design and those types of materials
were used for years to make new cells.
In essence, a cell is a steel pot with a
cover which can be tightened to make it a
Tom Brice
pressure vessel. The electrode pack inside
can be compared roughly with the anode and cathode plates of a
storage battery. At the bottom of the cell is a valve where fluorocarbons, which are not soluble and settle to the bottom, can be drawn
out as clear, colorless liquids. Some of the fluorocarbons produced
are vented with the hydrogen as gases.
The cell process begins with organic carbon-hydrogen compounds.
The hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms in a simple
relatively safe, one-step process, during which the product is completely fluorinated. No chlorine is involved and all the hydrogen atoms
are replaced.
Complete fluorination gives 3M products vastly different propertics compared with their organic counterparts. They .’dso are vastly
different from chlorofluorocarbons (which are frequently and crroncously referred to as fluorocarbons.) In a l]nal step, the pr¢~ducl
is purified, usually by distillation. Inert fluids are complete in
themselves. Reactive organic prcnlucts arc mixed with other chemic,~ls
to make a variety of products.
The process is versatile, too. With only minor adjustments a cell
can be used to make a wide range of fluorochcmicals simply by changing the organic feed stock, which is the raw material. In most other
methods, each product needs its own processor or at the very least,
major adjustments are necessary. Capacity of the Simons cell can be
expanded easily by adding cells. That versatility is vital when a
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1365.0021

number of products are produced in relatively small quantities.
The biggest advantage, of course is that the electrolytic cell process does not involve free fluorine. Using anhydrous hydrofluoric
acid (HF) as the raw material eliminates the difficult and dangerous
use of free fluorine. Consequently, ordinary materials can be used
to build cells and other equipment because HF, while corrosive, can
in the absence of water be contained in steel and other metals.
If the process as explained here appears simple and easy, be assured
that it is not. Operating a cell is an art more than a science and what
3M has learned about that art over the decades is a closely guarded
secret. During the last half of this century, other companies~Phillips
Petroleum and Shell Chemical Company to name two--and the U.S.
government hay+ tried and failed. The exception is Rimar Chemicals
of Italy, which operates a few cells to produce a limited range of
products.

While Simons was refining his electrofluorochemical research, in
1942, 3M noted its fortieth anniversary. The company, which started
with one product (the annual report stated) "now manufactures many
diversified products used throughout the world daily in virtually every
phase of everyday life." That hyperbole was exposed immediately
by a list of those products and product lines: Scotch tapes, sandblast
stencil, No-MarTM tape for protecting surfaces, rubber and resin
cements, colored roofing granules, color pigments, flint mineral for
abrasives, silica sand, ScotchliteTM reflective materials ("for safety
marking of highways and railroad crossings and for commercial adverlising signs"), polishing and rubbing compounds, oil sheet packing
and gaskets, protective material for shoes "and many others." Diversification was attributed to research "on a constantly growing scale"
beginning with waterproof sandpaper.
3M was operating its headquarters, four factories, thirteen branches and warehouses with three thousand seven hundred employees,
including two hundred and eighty salesmen. Twenty-seven hundred
stockholders shared the dividends, which increased from twenty cents
a share in 1923 to two dollars and forty cents in 1941.
As a contribution to the war effort, 3M built a sulfuric acid plant
in 1942 on an old roofing granules plant site in Copley, Ohio, to
supply gun powder manufacturers. 3M also joined four other corn-

 29

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panics to form the National Synthetic Rubber Corporation to operate
a government-owned synthetic rubber factory in Louisville, Kentucky.
That venture was not very profitable becausethe cost of raw materials
and the selling price of the product were controlled by the federal
government. Operating the plant, however, allowed 3M "to acquire
technical information regarding the manufacture and use of synthetic
rubber which may be valuable should synthetic rubber play an important part in the post-war economy." Inland Rubber Corporation
was acquired by 3M in 1941. Later, that subsidiary’s name was changed to Midland Rubber Corporation. Subsequently some of the firm’s
assets were disposed of by 3M.
3M and many other U.S companies suffered from raw material
and manpower shortages during the war, but that situation was reversed in the post-war boom years. By 1948, 3M could report that manpower in Central Research and division laboratories had increased
about twenty percent that year. 3M also was operating sixteen factories (compared with four in 1942) in fifteen cities and warehouses
or sales offices in eighteen cities. The 1948 report also stated that
3M was in the middle of a twenty million dollar expansion program.
In 1949 two new corporate positions were created. Mr. McKnight
became Chairman of the Board, Archibald G. Bush Chairman of the
Executive Committee, and Richard P. Carlton replaced Mr. McKnight
as 3M President. In the previous year, Carlton had been appointed
Executive Vice-President of Production, Engineering and Research.
Sales in 1949 totaled $I 14,925,274 compared with $63,548,337
in 1945. Profits were $15,398,176 or nearly five times larger than
the prollts reported in 1945. During that same period, the ntuliber
of employees grew from 6,795 to 8,759.
That was the almosphere at 3M when the fluorochemical technology
was placcd in Cenlral Research in 1945.
When Diesslin returned from training at Penn State, he was appointed manager of the Pilot Plant. Don Wardrop, a Chemical
Engineer who had jtfincd 3M and the Project in 1946, became
Diesslin’s assistant.
Wardrop and Roy McKenzie, the Project Engineer, designed and
supervised the construction of the two-thousand-ampere cell which
was placed in operation in the Pilot Plant in the spring of 1947.
Building a cell that size was a decided gamble because Simons had
made only grams of a number of different substances and produced
only pounds of the CF gases (CF4, CzF~. C]Fs) that the pilot plant

1365.0022

was designed to produce in larger quantities.
Simons’ technology also could only produce inert fluorocarbons,
so 3M’s goal was to develop reactive materials while also coming
up with new, profitable uses for inert fluids. No one knew how to
produce reactive fluorochemicals, but they were certain that it could
be done. Even during the early research at Penn State, Simons believed that by their very nature reactive fluorochemicals would be superior
repellents of water, oil and other staining liquids.
"We knew;" Jim Hendricks said, "that if you replaced the
hydrogen with fluorine atoms in organic materials, you were going
to get very unusual properties. And, surely something of value would
come out of those unusual properties." Furthermore, 3M management often "prea6hed that we want something unique and novel."
"The work to develop an inert refrigerant fluid was obvious because
3M’s laboratory cells were producing materials which were biologically inert and stable. That program failed, however, because 3M’s selling price was too high. Another reason was that 3M’s product did
not perform as well as those of competitors.
3M also pursued the use of inert fluids as dielectric coolants for
transformers and electronic equipment. A small quantity of the liquid could be pumped from a sump in a transformer housing and
sprayed over the windings to cool by evaporation. Westinghouse Electric Corporation built two large tranformer_s which used 3M’s inert
liquid successfully, but 3M still could not produce and sell its fluids
at an attractive price.
Inert fluids were ahead of their time. Nearly two decades later,
in Ihc latc 1960s, they became popular as coolants for electronic
devices and equipment.
A major obstacle to the reactive fluorocarbon research was the
laboratory staff’s inability to analyze the solids and gases produced
in the cells. The problem was caused in part by the newness of the
technology. Another factor was that testing equipment of the type
fot,nd in laboratories in later years simply did not exist in the 1940s
and 1950s. Some help was obtained from Professor Alfred O. Nier*
at lhe UolqVI who ran 3M leslg on the university’s new mass spec-

* Nicr supp¢~rted the Manhattan Projecl through uranium studies anti tests in his laboratory
before the war nnd later worked fulhime a! Oak Ridge, Tennessee. developing speclromelcr
~ep~ralions o1’ uraniuw~ isotopes,

 3~

3O
trometer, but that could not be done on a regular basis. Adding to
the analysis problem was the fact that 3M scientists continually broke
new ground in chemistry so that available test methods soon bcc~une
obsolete,
"Almost ever~ day we made a new molecule which had never been
on the face of the earth before," one participant remarked years afterward. "We made new compounds, tried to identify what we had and
filed patent applications."
Still there were no signs that indicated the research to develop a
reactive fluorochemical was getting anywhere~
"It was pretty clear," Bill Pearlson said not long ago, "that we
weren’t going to go very far with the kind of materials we could make.
They showed all the characteristics of the fluorocarbons-incompatibility with oil and water, thermostability--but there was
no good way of converting those stable compounds into the kind of
organic molecules that could be commercial. We needed a "hook"
so we could transform the material into polymerizable molecules,
the raw materials for organic ~yntheses.
"That’s the job I was assigned when I came up from Penn State
to St. Paul."
Luck intervened again in 1948 to end the search for reactive
fluorochemicals. Acidic impurities had to be removed fr0m.the gases
produced in the pilot plant cell, so an ammonia scrubber was rigged
to the cell’s output system to remove CO2 and excess HF. The standard charge used for that was butyric acid, but Ed Kauck suggested
substituting butyric anhydride, which would minimize the water and
therefore decrease production oftoxic reactive oxygen Iluorinc
(OF.,). After Kauck’s suggcstion was adopted, the scrubber--six inches in diameter and ten feet high--became plugged with. pounds of
a soft, grcasy mash of white particles. When allowed to dry. lhe
strange substance became a greasy powder.
Some of it was sent to Wctzel’s Analytical Section where infrarcd analyst Donald Weiblcn learned that it did not match any ct~nventional pattern or scale. During a discussion with Pearlson, Weiblen
mentioned that the powder seemed to sublime, that is change from
a solid to gas without going through an intermediate liquid state when
placed under high vapor pressure. That directed Pearlson onto another
track. Could the powder be an amide?
Experiments were run to convert the substance to a nitrate and an
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1365.0023

acid. Both proved out, which established the compound’s identity.
The cell’s production of perfluorsacyl fluorides had been converted
to perfluorosacyl amides in the scrubber. Weiblen’s experiments also
provided him with new patterns in infra-red spectra for.future analysis.
The material was turned over to the .Organic Section to develop
its chemistry. Researchers in that department headed by Dr. Matthew W. Miller began testing and studying it. Dr. Thomas S. Reid,
Dr. Don Husted and Arthur H. Ahlbrecht learned that they could
esterify the greasy powder. They could reduce it to alcohol and make
acrylates.
And, they also discovered, what had come from the scrubber was
a fluorinated carboxylic acid. At last, with luck, 3M scientists had
produced reactb)e fluorochemicals.
There still were many obstacles to hurdle beforesuccess was achieved, but at least the race was underway.

 33

CHAPTER

5

A Critical Year
Nineteen forty-nine was a critical year.
Four years had elapsed since 3M had acquired Simons" process.
A considerable amount of money had been spent, an array of chemical
compounds had been developed, but still there were no products-or sales--to show for all that.
The strain on the exchequer was demonstrated the previous year
when Taylor, in a letter to a scientist he wished to hire, wrote that
money was not available to allow him to make a salary offer.
The Project also had become a target of sniping by 3M management people whose careers were tied to other, less favored product
lines.
Two occurrences in 1949 helped change that gloomy picture. A
government contract was obtained, providing outside money for continued research. And, an internal meeting cleared the air and breathed
new life into the Prqiect. Both the Air Force contract and the meeting
were very important to 3M.
The meeting held on April 21 was called by President Carlton,
who had been close to lhe Prqiect from its inception while he was
Vicc-l’rcsidcnt of Research and Manufacturing. Now as President*,
he was approaching another important decision point. He could recommend thai the company allocale enough money to maintain the current level of research. Hc’could reduce his funding request, which
would force a cutback. He could request no money at all and kill
the Project. the latter an unlikely choice given Carlton’s, Stephens’
and Mr. McKnight’s intense interest in fluorocarbon technology.
+In 1949. LIt+yd A. Hatch, a 3M Vice-President, replaced President Carlton as c~+ordinalor
research and ne~v product development. Hatch hmd been in charge of the Rooling Granules
Divisitm.

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1365.0024

Their support was as strong in 1949 as it had been in 1945.
There may have been another reason that contributed to the selection of the meeting date. The grumbling among the nonfluorochemical management people representing other groups and
divisions had increased with each passing
year. Those men had their own research
and development programs that could use
more corporate funding. Each was aware
that his value to 3M was measured by his
achievements and that R&D turned ideas
into profitable products sooner if more
manpower was ,applied. They looked enviously at a research venture that didn’t appear to be product oriented, that did not appear to be going anywhere, but which was
allowed to continue with an abundance of
Richard Carlton
manpower supported by company profits.
3M’s annual stockholders meeting was approaching. Those other
management people would-expect Carlton to provide evidence then
that the Project deserved funding for another--its sixth--year.
Carlton took a novel approach--and it turned out an ultra-important
step--to help him make his decision. He polled key people in the
Project to find out whether they were fervid, lukewarm or in between. He asked them to defend their stands. Why did they feel the
way they did’? He extracted a consensus by letting the participants
express what they felt had been accomplished and what they still expected to achieve.
Everyone in the room, from the oldest veteran to those whose
employment could be measured in weeks or months, was asked to
speak. At the end, each was asked to submit written answers to three
questions: Is this project commercially sound? What will be the dete?mining factors of success or failure? How should 3M proceed to determine as rapidly as possible the likelihood of the Fluorocarbon Project becoming a financially successful proposition?
"The meeting wasn’t to decide whether to continue the Project
or to kill it," Hugh Bryce said many years later, "but if the people
at that meeting hadn’t been willing to stake their own careers on their
decision, Carlton might have been less supportive than he was."
Thirty men, including twenty-seven connected with the Project,

 35

34
attended the meeting in the New Products Department conference
room in the Benz building. Their accomplishments arc preserved in
the meeting minutes and their reports drafted and submitted to Carlton
afterward.
At one point in the meeting it was noted that, "!It is not known
with certainty at the present time whether 3M has a commercially
valuable fluorocarbon program Or not.’" That observation was overwhelmed by a wave of enthusiasm and bullishness from Pro.ject
participants.
~
Dr. Charles Walton, General Manager cffthe New Products Department, opened the discussion. "3M Management has asked for an
expression of faith in the prqject on the part of tho~e closest to it,"
he said.
President Carlton said that management
was "firmlY behind the project," but anxious to "bring along specific products
which could be sold." Walton mentioned
that at that time there was no proof that any
one compound was ready for sale. "Results
have not indicated that we are past the
research stage," he concluded.
Dr. H. M. Scholberg, head of the Electrochemical Section, led the defense. He
expressed bclicf in the anticipated size of
Chuck Walton
the t’luomcarbon market and confidence in
the Project. Others concurred and enlarged on~ the long-range
possibilitics. ,
A question was raised. Was 3M right or wrong in putting "all of
its eggs in one basket, depending on the Simons process when several
other methods of making fluorocarbons are known’?" Pearlson, whosc
experience with fluorocarbons dated back more than half a decade,
fielded that question.
Hc defined two competing processes he felt had some merit:
fluorides and halogen exchange. Metal fluoride, he said, involves
using elemental fluorine, which not only is more expensive than the
HF used in the Simons process, but also is extremely hazardous. Both
it and the halogen exchange.process also are multii-step processes,
compared with the one-step Simons process. Sumrning up, he said
the "Simons process with its one-step operation thus appears to be
0
0
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1365.0025

inherently the most efficient.’"
"Is the project fundamentally sound for 3M?" Carlton asked. Dr,
J. F. Dowdall, head of the New Products Division Laboratory, replied
~hat most 12entral Research work had been concerned with patent
coverage for the process and products. He said that from now on
more consideration would be given to the fimdamentals 0f cell operalion and the commercial aspects of the program.
Mr. Carlton then asked (the minutes stated) what we would do if
a customer requested the production of fluorocarbons in large volume.
Dr. Walton replied that we would use our present knowledge of the
production of the requested product, figure a selling cost and erect
the plant to produce it on a contract basis. Such a policy would naturally presume we know how to produce the product requested.
Mr. Carlton asked whether the group has enough confidence in
the process to recommend the building of a plant.. ,which might cost
as much as a million dollars should (that) reliable prospective customer
(be found).
Everyone except Dr. W. E. SoN and !2. L. Jewett voted yes on
that question. The two dissenters urged caution before making such
a large capital investment "where so little is known of the process,
the products and their uses (the minutes noted).."
Those who voted ’yes’ did so with the understanding that the specific
compound or compounds involved would greatly affect their decision.
Walton inquired about the advisability of making a small scale installation at Hastings (not the previously considered five hundred thousand dollar scmi-works u.nit) in a large "shell" capable of containing ti~rther expansion. Erwin Brown of the Engineering Department
suggested that it would be better to:add fractionating and other
rec~wery equipment to lhe present pilot plant rather than build a new
half-a-million dollar semi-works plant at Hastings.
Such a plant (the minutes said, indirectly quoting Brown) would
give the flexibility necessary to conduct very much needed basic
chemical engineering studies of the process and equipment at the twothousand-ampere-cell level before trying to design a semi-works unit
at the ten-thousand-ampere-cell level.
The minutes concluded with a five-point summary:
1. Thai-we have no current established market for any fluorocarbon material which, has been released so far.

 37

36
2. That the construction of a semi-w’~rks plant on even a
moderate scale is not advisable until a specific market is
developed.
3. That the project is still in the research phase in both the
laboratory and in market development.
4. That is it not known with certainty at the present time whether
3M has a commercially valuable fluorocarbon program, or
not.
5. That customers hungry for specific salable products are sorely
needed.
Those negative statements notwithstanding, the Project gained new

Marshall Hague (left) and Joe Hoettinger run ZST heat strength ’
tests on au early KeI-FTM polymer in the Benz building
laboratory in 1961.
0
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1365.0026

vigor from that meeting, The enthusiasm of the overwhelming maiority of the men in that room carried the day.
Pearlson’s recollection was that Carlton said near the end of the
meeting, "Look, I’m going to have to make a recommendation for
next year and I’m going t° have to sign my name to it. I would like
each of you to project the future of this program. Make your recommendation and sign your name to it." And, they did.
"There were two votes for dropping back to perhaps a two-orthreeman program until we could find a product that could be sold and
from the profits we could build up the research--the standard 3M
pattern," Pearlson said. "The rest of us felt we had a bear by the
tail and the only way we were going to survive was going full bore
until we could develop the thing to where it would stand on its own
feet."
Hugh Bryce had been employed only two weeks when he made
his remarks.
"I was impressed with the enthusiasm shown by almost everyone,"
Brycc recalled forty years later. "And, I was struck by the fact that
there wasn’t a businessman in the bunch. I simply said that I was
a new employee who was interested in fluorochemistry, so when Dr.
Pearlson offered me a job, I took it. I said I hadn’t been here long
enough to do much myself, but that in that short period of time I’ve
been very impressed with the people in the program. Because of that,
I said, it’s bound to be successful."
I believe, Bryce added, that "’Mr. McKnight wanted to find out
if we wcrc genuine." And, Bryce noted, the Fluorochemical Projccl was the Ih’sl pure research I3rqiect in the history of 3M. "In cvcry
~thcr case (Wetordry sandpaper and dry photo copying for exampie) there was a product involved. In the fluorochcmical project we
didI~’t have a p~~dttcl at Ihal lime."
Mr. McKnight’s stance, Pcarlson remembers, w~s that "if any
~cchnical man was willing to bcl his carccr on a pr~iect, that pro.icct
will slay alivc.’" Tht’ applicali~u~ ol’lhat rule can als~ hc
dry ct~pying process prqiect, which was going on in Central Research
at that timc, and other succcssful pro.iects at 3M during the last
half-ccntnry.
Don LaXcrte, who retired in 1987 as Technical Director of Industrial Chemical Products Division~ was a newcomer in the meeting,
having arrived only the month before.

 39

38
He remembered being excited about the "new horizon" offered by
fluorochemical technology as well as being impressed by his new
colleagues. "I had joined what looked like a remarkable team,"
LaZerte said.
It is interesting to note, Bryce added, that the "positive individuals
that day became the bulwark of the Project, while those who were
less enthusiastic or the two who voted against the Project left the
company or went to other divisions."
Robert I. Coulter, 3M patent attorney, attended the meeting and
filed answers to Carlton’s questions. In that response, he espoused
releasing data and samples in order to stimulate outsiders to help define
uses and markets. His wording implied that some insiders felt a need
for secrecy.
"It seems to me," Coulter wrote, "that the job of developing the
whole potential field of end compounds and their uses must inevitably
require the labors of many persons outside the company. Many years
will be required and so it seems to me that too much stress should
not be placed upon the value of delaying the release of data and
samples in an attempt to hog the field. I should think that during the
next several years there might be quite a fair business in supplying
research chemicals at a price that would return a profit on raw
materials and labor, at least, and provide needed experience.
"I have no doubt that the fluorocarbon chemical field will have
become quite important twenty years from now...Yet no one can safely assume that some major demand will not arise within the next couple of years, perhaps based on some use that no one has yet dreamed
of. Thtlt is why I think it is so important that Ihcrc be no ttnduc dclay
in disseminating information and making samples available, not for
just a few compounds but for as many as possible."
Coulter also noted that the importance of patent "coverage" on
the extensions of the primary field "has been over-stressed by some.’"
Profits are not made from patents, but are made "on the sale of products and the bigger the market the better." He said it was to 3M’s
"ultimate advantage to have many other persons working in the field
and to be stimulated in part by the idea that they may get patents."
"An overly aggressive policy on filing patent applications may only
serve to discourage others from doing work on use development...In
the tape field it has not been company policy to attempt...to patent
all tape uses, but rather to quickly disseminate all ideas on uses for.
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1365.0027

Lloyd Downs removes a eurethane foam sample from curing oven.
tape and to encourage others to develop uses."
Joseph Selden’s written comments are interesting. They show him
as a fence-sitter, neither for nor against the Project. That from the
man who was to be given credit for many fluorochemical marketing
and sales achievements in the following decade. The Project was "a
gamble" ~Uld "speculative," he wrote. "Since so nluch ltloney and
energy have already been expended, it would seem inadvisable to
drop the fluorocarbon project abruptly...but expenditures...should
rmt he prolonged unduly..."
"We were capable of producing refrigerant gases in salable quarttitles," Don Wardrop explained years later, "so we were confident
wc could m~tnul’acture fluorocarbons in reasonably large quantities,
tOO."

(A list ef Central Research Department employees concerned with
the Fluorochemical Project and dated April 21, 1949, contained
twenty-three n~mes. They were: Harry Stephens, Director; James
O. Hcndricks and Nelson W. Taylor, Assistant Directors. Polymer
Section: Frank A. Bovey, Leader; Joseph F. Abere. Catalytic

 4~
Section: W. H. (Bill) Pearlson, Leader; Hugh G. Bryce, Lyle J. Hals,
Donald LaZerte, Lewis F. Beer. Analytical Section: Harold M.
Scholberg, Leader; Edward A. Kauck, Assistant Leader; R. E. Drummond. Organic Section: Matthew W. Miller, Leader; Thomas S.
Reid, D. R. Husted, J. L. Rendall. Pilot Plant Section: A: R. Diesslin,
Leader; Donald J. Wardrop. Three engineers listed were Donald R.
Guthrie, Division Engineer; R. R. McKenzie, AC&S Division
Engineer; Erwin P. Brown, Engineering Division. New Products
Division personnel were J. F. Dowdall, Laboratory Head; G. M.
Ide, Clifford L. Jewett, James M. Rogers, Joseph W. Seldon, and
William E. Sohl, Marketing.
The men at the meeting were Abere, Beer, Bovey, Brown, Bryce,
Diesslin, Dowdall, Drummond, Guthrie, Hals, Hendricks, Husted,
lde, Jewett, Kauck, LaZerte, McKenzie, Miller, Pearlson, R. W.
Perlich, Reid, Rogers, Scholberg, Sohl, Taylor, Walton, Wardrop
and Weiblen. Cyril P, Pesek, Vice-President of Engineering & Properties, also attended.
All of them, with the exceptions of Pesek and Perlich, filed answers
to the questions. Selden and Rendall as well as Coulter also submitted statements. (See Appendix I.)
¯

¯

¯

In the early 1940s, 3M’s ability to attract top flight researchers
was limited because the company did not have a carrot, an exciting
new technology, to dangle before job-seekers. That changed in 1945,
with the beginning of fluorochemical research.
Financing u scientific payroll, also a problcm, changed in 1949
with the government research contract. The Air Force wanted an oilresistant synthetic elastomer (rubber) that would be stable at high
temperatures and flcxiblc at low ones.* The dollars received from
that contract, which lasted into the early 1950s, has been forgotten,
but one 3M executive estimated it might have been a quarter of a
million dollars a year based on his recollection that it supported
fifteen to thirty people, a twenty percent expansion of the Central
Research work force.
3M’s dependence on that Contract is illustrated by the hiring of
* M. W. Kellogg’s chemical division, which was purchased by 3M in 1957. obtained

n

similar

conlrllCl from lhe Air I;orce as an add-on Io a COrllrllttl i! had obtained earlier frmu the Quarter111aslcr Corp~.

0
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1365.0028

LaZerte. He interviewed with 3M in 1948 while attending Northwestern University graduate school, Evanston, Illinois. A fellow student suggested that LaZetle investigate Minnesota Mining and
Manufacturing Company as a possible employer, but he dismissed
the. suggestion. He was notinterested in working for a mining company, but when a 3M recruiter arrived on campus,. LaZerte stopped
by 3M’s table out of curiosity. He was inclined toward silicone
research, until he was told about 3M’s fluorochemical project. And,
he learned that 3M despite its apparently descriptive name, was not
a mining company after all.
An interview was arranged in St. Paul where Nelson Taylor told
LaZerte before he left to catch his train back to Chicago that 3M
wanted to hire fiim. He would be contacted, Taylor added, but after
the days turnedto weeks and then months, LaZerte wrote to Taylor
in the fall of I948. In his return messiage~ Taylor said there was no
money available, but ifLaZerte would be patient the situation might
change.
LaZerte had to finish his graduate work, so he was content to wait.
Finally, in March 1949, after 3M obtained the Air Force contract,
Taylor made an offer and LaZerte moved to St. Paul. LaZerte
remembers Taylor as a man who did not fit the common image of
a. scientist.
"Nelson Taylor was not a calm, deliberate manager," LaZerte
recalled, "and was definitely a non-c0nformist. On hot days=the
Benz building was not air-conditioned--Nelson occasionally worked
without shirt or tie. On rare occasions he would gargle liquid air,
a very dangerous practice. Despite those idiosyncrasies, he led us
through some trying times and deserves.much credit for our initial
successes."

LaZcrtc is a quiet, soft-six)ken man who s6mctimes still pronounces
words with the accent of Western Canada, his native country.
"During my hiring interview, Nelson said things I realized later
were designed to get me angry. Soon I found myself arguing with
him, wondering all along what effect it would have on my possible
future with 3M. At the end of my interview, he told me he iiked
people who had some fire inside and said he would hire me."
LaZerte’~s first trip to 3M for that interview was an adventure itself.
"I rode the train to St. Paul--the method of travel in 1948--and
when I stood outside the Union depot 1 saw., as I recall, that I was

 42

43

in the two hundred blbck of East Fourth Street. I knew that 3M’s
address was in the nine hundred block of East Seventh Street, so I
picked up my suitcase and started to walk there." More than an hour
later, he arrived at Sew~nth and Arcade on St. Paul’s East Side where
he got his first look at the company where he was to live out his
career.
He recalled Dr. Steiphens as a "quiet, modest man," who after
talking with the newcomer at some length directed him to the streetcar and to the Benz building west of Payne Avenue north of Seventh
Street.
Another memory was that Harold Scholberg, a future colleague,
invited LaZerte home’ for dinner that evening, which touched the
young visitor.
Others hired in 1949, most likely because of the Air Force contract, included Dr. Robert M. Adams, Hugh Bryce, Davis (Dave)
Shryer and William Petersen. Adams retired in 1985 as 3M’s VicePresident of Research and Development. Bryce retired in 1982 as
Staff Vice-President for Central Research. Shryer, with a bachelor’s
degree in chemical enlgineering, was hired into the New Products
Division and retired frOm ICPD marketing in October 1989. Petersen
was Marketing Director of Commercial Chemicals when he retired
in the mid-1980s.
Three others hired by Central Research in 1949 were Clifford Japs,
Harvey Anderson and Alfred Smith. Japs and Smith had graduated
from the UofM with engineering degrees that June. Japs stayed with
Central Research for eighteen years and retired in the mid-1980s as
Manufacturing Director of CCD. Smith retired about that same time
as Technical Director of Industrial Specialties Division.
Hirings into the early 1950s also depended to s~nae exlent on tbc
Air Force contract. A Ichemist hired part-time in 1952, Patsy Sherman, discovered the polymer that became the first Scotchgard protector, the brightest stair in 3M’s specialty chemical products galaxy.
Others, like Bill Lundquist (1942) arrived earlier. Lundquist stayed
on to become Technical Director of Central Manufacturing Division
and laler the Chemical iDivision. Charles Bentz began at 3M in 1943
and retired forty-seven iyears later from the Specialty Chemicals Division. Don Wardrop, a c, areer man with 3M who was closely associated
with chemical pilot plants, also arrived in 1943. Taylor, as noted
earlier, joined 3M in,1944, Pearlson in 1947 and Brice in 1950.
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Clifford W. Hanson, a chemical engineer, graduated from Iowa State
University and joined 3M in 1948. He retired inthe mid-1980s as
Vice-President of SCD. Jack Sargent joined in 1950. Sam Smith came
in 1951. Les Krogh began working fulltime in 1952 after several
stints as a summer employee.

 45

6

CHAPTER

Help Wanted, Found
The 1950s were development years.
The first industrial product sales were made.
Scotchgard ~’ain and stain repeller was developed.
Other products for industry and government--some still being sold
todaypwere formulated and transferred to the marketplace.
And, in the final year Of the decade, the Project turned a profit
for the first time.
The groundwork for those achievements was laid in 1949 when
3M decided to go public with its technology. For three years, 3M
scientists had been coming up with one inert compound after another.
Patent applications had been sent to Washington. But, that was about
all. The problem was that while 3M had a wonderful new technology,
no one concerned knew where to apply it. The need was for application information. To get it, 3M would have to involve scientists in
olhcr companies. They would have to be told about 3M’s technology
to stimulate them to begin lhinking about ways to incorporate
fluorochcmicals into new and existing products or manufacturing
operations in their companies.
As it turned out, going public proved to be a great idea, but the
proposal, was not supported unanimously at 3M. The pro-publicity
f~ctiou believed that outsiders would create products and markets.
Opponents feared those other companies would obtain samples,
develop applications and patent them, stealing what rightfully belonged
to 3M. Those negative thinkers had not accepted Robert Coulter’s
advice to management following the April 1949 meeting. Patent attorney Coulter had written that, "Patents do not of themselves bring
in profits that 3M is interested in. Profits are made on sales of prCxlucts

and the bigger the market the better."
Fortunately, the activists won the debate. And, the resulting publicity generated sales.
The first public announcement, however, was made not by 3M,
but by Penn State. In 1949, while 3M was debating going public,
Simons--over 3M’s objections~sent graduate student Tom Brice to
present six papers at an American Chemical Society (ACS) meeting
in Portland, Oregon. In the audience was 3M’s Bill Sohi, by that
time out of Central Research and in the New Products Department
with responsibility for finding applications for fluorochemicals. When
Brice finished, half the audience surrounded Sohl, eager to learn more
about 3M’s capabilities. Their interest was so emphatic that on the
following morni’ng, NPD General Manager Walton took over personal control of marketing fluorochemicals. Sohl was reassigned to
marketing vapor coating products.
The next year, the Project joined the paper trail with Pearlson as
one of the presenters. "We gave seminars at any company that would
give us time," he said. "We accepted invitations for ACS tours. Every
chance we got we presented our stable materials--showing their
unique low temperature fluidity, their low surface tension, their stability to oxidation or reduction. I’d end my presentation something like
this: ’Now, you know something about these unusual compounds--all
the possibilities they offer for solving problems that have been intractable up to now. So, do you have any proble~ns?"
DuPont did. In 1950, the Delaware giant approached 3M with
an emulsifier for a polymerization its laboratory team had developed,
but was unable to compound. Having heard about 3M carboxylic
acids, DuPont wondered if 3M could produce a compound based on
DuPont’s forn~ula. After study, the Project team decided it could not,
but suggested that DuPont try an alternative carboxylic acid with
fluorine (instead of the hydrogen DuPont wanted) on the end. DtrPont’s scientists were reluctant. They were certain that only their
formula could meet their needs, but because their compound could
not be made economically, they gave 3M’s a try. They liked the results
and still were buying the compound forty years later.
The effect on 3M when DuPont accepted its product was
understandable elation. "For the first time we had a customer out
there who was going to buy the materials today, and next week, and
optimistically, next year. We were in business!" Pearlson exclaim-

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IIII

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1365.0030

 47

46
ed in a speech years afterward.
The yield on that product was about fifteen percent. The rest was
inert fluids for which there was no known use. Those by-products
were stored in the yard at Chemolite. Three or four years later an
application was found and the by-products became pr~fitable mainly
because all the costs had been written off against the original production. That was a bonanza!
There were some notable failures along the way, too. "Many hundreds of trials resulted in no success (in some quests)," Les Krogh
once said. One example, in 1950, involved a team which while working on surfactants developed a mixture that seemed to have commercial possibilities.
"Wouldn’t it be nice," on( researcher said, referring to the
breakthrough, "if we could treat a paint can and it would drain
clean?" They made that wish come true by coating the interior of
a clean can~ pouring paint into it, then pouring it out again. The can
drained clean without a trace of residue.
After Mr. McKnight was told about the "breakthrough" he
challenged the team to prove the result. Another can was coated and
filled with paint to prepare a demonstration for 3M’s chairman. They
assembled in his office the next morning and performed their
demonstration t~n his desk. However, when the paint was poured from
the treated can, instead of coming out clean, paint residue stuck to
the sides and bottom as it always does. "Mr. McKnight was not impressed." Pearlson said needlessly. Additional studies proved that
the chemical lincr had dissolved into the paint overnight, dissipating
its effectiveness.
The sale to DuPont, however, must have cheered Mr. McKnight
because his bclicf in fluorochemical tcchnology had ncvcr wavered
even it~ the darkest pcriods. Rogers recounted a story/tom a presenlation to 3M’s Executive Committee in late 1949 or early 1950 on
a rcqucstf~r a spccial appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars
l’or the Project. Mr. McKnight, Bush, Carlton and other committee
n~cmbcrs met with Taylor, Pearlson and several others in the second
floor conference room in -headquarters (Building 21) on Fauquier
Avenue.
"The meeting lasted all afternoon," Rogers remembered years
afterward. "There were a lot of questions and the answers didn’t
seem to satisfy thc committee members. I thought the Project was
0
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1365.0031

dead." One stumbling block was the number of.research people in
the Prqiect: ninety-nine.
Through the longdiscussion, Mr. McKnight sat in silence until
the hands of the wall clock reached four forty-five. Then he took
charge, beginning with a compliment for his committee.
"You’ve all asked very good questions," he said and paused. "Obviously," he continued, "these people":-Taylor and the rest--"don’t
have any promising commercial outlets at the moment., but I’d like
to say that the one hundred thousand dollars we’re being asked to
appropriate might amount to one hundred million dollars in the seventeenth year of the patent*. I believe we ought tO grant the request."
His motion carried and the meeting was adjourned.
Rogers, like LaZerte, recalled that Nelson Taylor was a major force
in preserving the. Project when questions were raised concerning its
value or its future. "His dogged determination to make it a success
always was apparent at the semi-annual review meetings," Rogers
said:
Hugh Bryce recalled an important meeting held in 1951. One morning Taylor told Bryce that management wanted to review accomplishments and hear a rep.ort on future prospects. Bryce was to
present that information to Lloyd Hatch and Walton.
"’I didn’t know what to do," Bryce said.
’!I didn’t have enough ideas to take to a
meeting. I turned to Bill Pearlson, who suggested I solicit ideas from everyone in the
lab..l ended up with more than two hund~rcd ideas which I wrote down on threeby-five-inch index cards." The ideas fell
into five broad areas: unique nonflammable liquids, supersurfactants, surf
face repellents and elastomers for "virtually everything under the sun."
Bryce’s presentation may have resulted
Hugh Bryce
in the following paragraph in 3M’s 1951
annual report: "This (chemical) group continues to make major basic
contributions of entirely, new Unrelated products, such as
Fluorochemicals. These versatile new.carbon compounds each containiug a high percentage ofl fluorine, serve as Chemical intermediates
*Mr. McKtfighl was t~verly oplillJislic in that instance.

 48
for use in the manufacture of other products giving greater weather
resistance, greater heat and chemical stability, unusual optical properties, greater surface activity, increased fire resistance and greater
fungus resistance. Among products that may eventually be affected
are resins and coatings, pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, solvents,
refrigerants, fire-extinguishing compounds, surface-treating agents,
dielectrics, hydraulic fluids, coolants and lubricants. Fluorochemicals
give the company its first basic position within the chemical industry
and should permit greater diversification of the company’s product
line."

Carlton, stricken by a terminal illness, resigned as President in
May 1953. The gloom in the Project not only was caused by the scientists’ feelings for Carlton, but by concern over who might replace
him. Could a new man possess Ihe same fervor for research, the same
belief in the Project? Eventually, after a period during which Mr.
McKnight assumed the job temporarily, Herbert P. Buetow became
3M’s sixth president.
That worried the laboratory. Buetow was not a scientist. Nor was
he an engineer. He had a financial background, had served as 3M’s
Controller (1935). Treasurer (1939) and Executive Vice-President
in Charge of Finance (since 1949). Would the Project survive without
a research champion as President? The fears proved unfounded,
however, and the Project continued.
COml~llfiuls by other 3M pcol~le ~mtsidc tile Project persisled over
the money spcnt on tluorochcmical research. "’That’s not Io say that
wc didn’t get c~opcration from other divisions and groups," Rogers
said. An cxamplc was when Charles Mt~rphy, Markcting Manager
of the abrasives divisi~n, lined up a series of calls for Rogers and
Maynard.Olson, who wanted to discuss protective chemicals with
pet~plc in the leather industry. "We got in to see cvcryonc we wanted
and we were well received." Rogers said, "because of the abrasive
division’s reputation."
An in,cresting sidelight to events in the late 1940s and early 1950s
was employee reaction to the annual appearance in lhe Benz building
of Professor Joseph Simons. His yearly visits to St. Paul were
specified in his contract to allow him to audit the program and collect his royalties. He was promised office space in the Benz building
0
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1365.0032

during his stay which caused a problem because there were no empty
offices. Each year someone had to vacate his office for a few days,
removing his files, folders, photos, wall decorations, nameplate and
so on. On the morning of Simons’ arrival, a nameplate prepared for
him was on the wall outside the empty room.
The professor routinely drove up in a hired limousine which had
whisked him from the Ambassador hotel near Summit Avenue. Both
lirno and lodgings irked the Benz building occupants because they
knew who was picking up the tab.
Simons did, however, provide a bit of comedy by appearing in
his high crowned hat and elevator shoes. The 3Mers also got perverse
gratification fro,m knowing that Simons earned little or no royalties
for many years.

Joe Simons (left) with Richard P. Carlton and a Simons cell at
Chemolile, 1951.
In 1951 Tom Reid developed a chromium complex of carboxylic
acid that caused fabrics to shed oil as well as water. It was an exciting development. At last, 3M had a stain-resisting product that

 5~
worked as the researchers had predicted it would. And, it was inexpensive compared with carboxylic acid. But, like so many new
developments, there was a glaring shortcoming: The chrome complen was green, a color that readily transferred when the chrome complex was applied to fabrics.
Green-dyed paper looked better than green-dyed fabric, so paper
samples were used when the chrome complex was dcmonstratcd to
Walton, As the meeting proceeded in the Benz buillding conference
room, the technicians struggled to retain their enthusiasm after they
saw that Walton was not impressed. When he finally spoke, he said
to Stephens: "Everything is green." He said it like green was a dirty
word.
"I don’t know, Chuck, the green on the brown paper doesn’t look
too bad," Stephens countered. He said that a man he knew at
Marathon Paper Company might be interested in using the product
to seal paper packaging materials against grease and similar
substances. Then Walton came up with a contact at Dan River Mills.
Someone carted a quantity of chrome complex to Marathon and someone made a pilgrimage to Dan River. The latter’s representatives were
taken by the demonstrated effectiveness of the product--until they
learned its price. Two dollars a pound! That was too much to pay
for treating paper!
LaZerte applied chrome complex to the summer slipcovers of a
chair and sofa in his living room. The fabric accepted the spray-on
liquid readily and dried acceptably. It seemed to work well until the
covers were removed that fall, but the following spring when B~rb~ra LaZerlc rcmovcd thcm from winter storage, slhc saw that they
were spotted with ugly brown splotches. Quickly, she telephoned
her husband.
LaZcrtc took his wifc’s complaint in stride, in fact, he irritated
her by seeming to change the sub.ject. Was the sun shining in Highland
Pilrk, thc St. Paul area where the LaZcrtes lived? he asked. Mrs.
L~Zcrtc began to protest her husband’s apparent non sequitur qucslion, but he convinced her to hang the slipcovers on the clothesline
in the sunlight. In a few hours the spots were gone.
"’We had recognized that feature as a problem," LaZerte said,
"That’s why I knew what to do. Oxidation had caused the spots,
which the sun bleached out in one afternoon."
The green color was a more vexing problem.
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1365.0033

"Our marketing man used to come around every Monday morning to say on bended knee, ’Please, can’t you give us a white chrome
comp~ x.
Pearlson claimed years later.

In 1953, a second successful 3M fluorochemical product was produced. Although the product being sold to DuPont was the Project’s
first success, this new product created more of an impact at 3M. DuPont had never made its application public, so it couldn’t be sold
to any other customer. The new product opened up the first market
for a 3M specialty chemical product.
The new prod.uct also began with publicity plus the initiative of
a technical man employed by the Udylite Corportion, Detroit,
Michigan. With 3M’s help, Udylite developed the product application, which it patented under the name Zero Mist.TM The product
itself was patented by 3M.
A foam blanket stablized by 3M’s surfactant suppressed acid mist
and spray that in the past had escaped from chromic acid tanks during metal plating. Udylite supplied chemicals to the plating industry
and added Zero Mist to its product line.
The lead that resulted in that product was generated by a presentation Pearlson made in Detroit. Afterwards, the usual, ring of listeners
stayed to ask questions. One man, who loitered after the others left,
approached Pearlson almost furtively. "I don’t want my competitors
to know what I’m talking about, but you’ve got what I’ve been looking
for for ten years," he said. He introduced himself as Henry Brown,
Udylitc’s Research Director, and requested a test sample.
"How large a sample do you want?" Pearlson asked.
Fluorochemicals were expensive: 3M did not want to hand out s:~mples
by thc pound, the quantity that everyone seemed to expect, Pearlson.
said.
"Ill had a couple ofgrams," Dr. Brown replied, "I think I could
show whether or not it would work. If I had ten grams, 1 could run
a program."
Because of Brown’s secrecy, Pearlson did not know exactly which
sample to send to Detroit. All Brown had told him was that the product had tobe soluble and stable in chromic acid. Pearlson discussed that with Jim Rogers, who like Pearlson knew that Miller, Reid
and Ahlbrecht "had a lot of things in bottles" in their laboratory.

 e

52
"In that assortment were things that would be stable in chromic
acid," Rogers said years afterward. "1 said to Bill, ’Let’s send him
something, anything, and let him evaluate it."’
Within two weeks, 3M received a five-page handwritten letter praising the acid as the most remarkable product since sliced bread.
Udylite, Brown wrote, would pay almost any price for production
quantities of the product. He also confided in 3M, explaining thai
he had added 3M’s acid to a plating bath of hot, concentrated sulfuric
and chromic acid. In untreated baths, he added, gas bubbles rose
to the surface, burst and created a vicious mist that wafted everywhere.
In some plating shops the mi,~t even meandered through open windows and chewed lacquer from parked cars. Some plants spent more
money buying and maintaining ventilation equipment required to make
the plant livable than was spent on the power used for plating.
Brown said his experiments had led him to believe that 3M’s
fluorochemical acid could withstand the acids in the tank. His supposition was correct. In fact, a fluorochemical was Brown’s only
chance for success because they were the only known organic compounds not affected by the oxidizing conditions of plating tanks.
As usual, it was too early to toss hats in the air. Success never
was instantaneous. Rogers made a-once-month sales calls on Udylite
for a year-and-a-half during which time a dozen tests of various 3M
products were conducted.
One problem was that while the acid worked well, it evaporated
rapidly. Udylite, despite Brown’s assertion about paying any amount
of money for the product, could not afford to keep replacing it. 3M
researchers had to develop somcthing less volatile to prevent il from
dissipating. Several compounds were tried without success. At a dead
end, the 3M rcscarchcrs reviewed what they had already tried.
Sulfonic acids arc essentially non-volatile, but 3M had not made them.
Why not try the impossible again? The result: perfluorosulfonic acid.
"It was beautiful," Pcarlson remembered. "It went in the bath
and stayed there. They had their foam blanket, but they still had to
use too much of it to make it practical. We set out to sulfonate
cthylbcnzcne, but couldn’t wait for the necessary equipment to be
installed, so in winter in Minnesota we did our sulfonating in a fiftygallon drum in a tent at Chemolite. We had some really earnest process engineers who really worked hard. And, we were successful
and had a customer who wanted our product."
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I~[DIAT~LY

P~re~ase ~rder date~ ~-~l-g3 records t~e Project’s ~rst s~le ~
a product with a known application.
In usc, 3M ~s fluorochemical gormed a yellow foam blanket which
prevented most of the mist and spray from escaping ~rom the tanks.
The blanket provided up to a seventy percent reducdon in chemical
waste, which improved working conditions and eliminated the need
to wash exhaust f~ns and plating equipmem so often.
The ~rst producdon order was obtained on September 21, 1953,

 55

54
by a task force of 3Mers who flew to Detroit in the company’s
Lodestar airplane. The group consisted of President Buetow, VicePresident of Sales Lou Weyand, Oakes, Taylor and Rogers. They
obtained an order for thirteen hundred pounds at twenty dollars a
pound for a bottom line of twenty six thousand dollars. Udylite requested that one hundred pounds be delivered immediately with the
rest delivered in one hundred-pound quantities on request. "That was
a good thing," Rogers said, "because it took us a long time to make
that material."
When Buetow and the others returned from Detroit they told the
Laboratory staff that the price they had sold the product to Udylite
was one-third less than the minimum price needed to make a profit.
That revelation did not faze the laboratory crew; while the travelers
were in Detroit, the laboratory workers had found a way to double
the yield of the sulfonic acid from the cell. While the sales team was
cutting the price one third, the laboratory had reduced manufacturing costs fifty percent.
Taylor told a 1956 sales meeting that it cost 3M more than two
hundred thousand dollars to develop that product for Udylite. How
much of that was fact and how much was sales meeting hyperbole
is impossible to assess a third of a century later.
In the early 1950s, another fluorochemical was placed on the market
with some success. Trifluoroacetic acid, the first of a group to be
produced, was an intermediate used principally as a solvent in the
preparation of dyes, pharmaceuticals, resins and plastics.
Those carly products were produced in the semi-works plant which
had been discussed at the 1949 meeting and which was built and placed
in operation in 1951. The cell was capable of producing fluorochcmicals in ton lots and larger, which allowed 3M to supply prospects with quantities of compounds they could test in their own pilot
plant or’semi-works facility.
In 1954, 3M’s semi-works plant began producing another product
that served an unspectacular, but important (and unfi)rtunatcly low
volume) industrial need. FC-101 was a fluid for sight glasses on fi~rccfeed lubricators. A sight glass is a transparent gauge built into a
machine such as an air compressor so operators can check the quantity of oil being fed to an inaccesible moving part or bearing. When
the glass is filled with FC-101, drops of the lubricant move upward
along a wire in the center of the glass because oil is lighter than the
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1365.0035

tluorocarbon and cannot mix with it, either.
Traditionally, sight glasses contained a glycerine-water mixture,
but oils containing detergent additives broke down the resistance of
the mixture, causing the glass to cloud up. FC-101, a typical inert
fluorochemical, also has found wide application in industrial gauges
that use detergent oil and for shipboard devices.
In 1955, 3M’s scientists and manufacturing personnel also came
up with a fluorochemical rubber compound that was to position the
company in industrial markets to stay. 3M brand fluoro-rubber 1F4
could withstand temperatures above 3500 F for more than five hundred hours without losing its dimensional stability. It could withstand deteriorative agents such as synthetic lubricants and hydraulic
fluids which disintegrate or swell other synthetic and natural rubbers. It had unusual resistance to most solvents and was easy to work
with. IF4 could also be processed on standard rubber machinery,
molded, extruded, vulcanized and strengthened by the addition of
carbon black and curing agents in the same manner as natural rubber.
Its properties made 1F4 good for making seals, hoses, tubes and
gaskets for the automotive and aircraft industries. It could also be
used for protective coatings and as a substitute for metal type in printing operations.
The hope that fluorochemical rubber could be used as a raw material
for automobile and truck tires didn’t prove out because its ability
to withstand severe temperatures and deteriorative situations was not
needed for tires. Besides, the price was considerably higher than the
pricc ~t’ natural rubber.

In the 1950s, a fluorochemical order dep~rtmenl was sel up at
Chcmolitc under the supervision of Stanley Karwoski, who had been
in quality control in the Benz building. Lawrence Wagner who began
as an Order Clerk in the department in 1957, was promoted to Supervisor and replaced Karwoski in 1958 after the latter joined the sales
force. During that same year. the department moved to St. Paul where
it was located on the fourth floor of Building 42.
Also in_1958, Steve Gorman came to St. Paul from Jersey City
Chemical Division to become the Chemical Division’s first Office
Manager. Wagner, who replaced Gorman, has held the position of
Office Manager for the Chemicals, Film and Allied Products Group

 56
for many years.
Not long ago, Wagner found in the file an order dated January
4, 1956, from California Research Corporation, Richmond, Califor-

C HAPTER7

nia, requesting three pounds of FC-26 at fifty dollars a pound. Later
that month, Shell Oil Company in Emeryville, California, bought
a half pound of FC-26 for twenty five dollars. There were twenty
two other fluorochemical sales that year. The largest order was twenty
pounds of FC-26 for twelve hundred dollars (the price had been raised
ten dollars a pound in April.) The product is still being sold by ICPD.
In September 1957, Richard Raths started as a mail room clerk
in the new Central Research Laboratory building on the present-day
campus. At the time only the laboratory (Building 20 I) and one division laboratory (Building 207) were on the site. In 1990, Raths was
the head of the Order De’partment in Building 223 that handles all
3M specialty chemical sales.

A Group Is Formed
A Chemical Products Group was formed April !, 1955, with Barney
J. Oakes, Genet:al Manager of Hastings Chemical Division, as Group
Vice-President.
It encompassed four divisions--Hastings and Color & Acid, both
formed in 1948, Irvington, acquired in 1953, and a new
Fluorochemical Division.
Hastings Chemical Division, originally Central Manufacturing Division, produced materials for other 3M divisions to use in manufacturing and also sought outside customers*. Joe Kugler replaced
Oakes as Hastings’ General Manager.
Color & Acid Division was an acid plant in Copley, Ohio, built
in 1942. It produced oxides as color pigments for the Roofing
Granules and the Adhesives and Coatings Divisions as well as sulfuric
acid and pigments sold outside. Originally it was the Color and
Chemical Division and as recently as 1953 the Color and Sulfuric
Acid Division. In 1952, the Division’s first General Manager, R.
F. Sheahan, had been replaced by Arthur K. Telfer. Teller, who
would head the Chemical Division in 1960, had been hired from DuPont Graselli in 1939 when 3M set up its first color project.
Irvington Chemical Division, a part of the Irvington Varnish’&
Insulator Company in Irvington, New Jersey, was composed of two
sections, Electrical Products and Chemical Products, The chemical
section polymerized liquid obtained from cashew nut shells as a raw
material for brake linings. Robert Jones, whose father had sold Irvington to 3M, was the Division’s General Manager.
The fotrrth business unit, the Fluorochemical Division, was formed
*Jim Rogers said permission had to be sought from Ha.~tings’ inlernal customers before the
Division was allowed to sell outside the company.

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 59

58
with the Group on April i with Nelson Taylor, head of the
Fluorochemical Project, appointed General Manager. The Division
consolidated all research, production, marketing and sales of 3M
fluorochemical products formerly in the New Products Department.
After 27 years with 3M, Oakes, 62, was nearing retirement so the
vice-presidency was an honor more than an assignment. Managernent of the Group was handled by Joe Selden, who was given the
odd title (for 3M) of Assistant General Manager. Selden, who was
General Manager of the New Products Department, took the Group
job with the understanding that he would replace Oakes when the
veteran retired.
Selden was no newcomer to 3M or the company’s specialty
chemical business. He arrived in 1946 with eight years of business
experience including production, sales and marketing. By 1953, he
was Manager of the Thermofax TM copying
products project and helped launch it in the
New Products Department.
He was described by a former co-worker
as "a young bright and entrepreneurial
guy" in his mid-thirties in 1953. Another
said, "Joe Selden was one of the most
astute men in the organization tbr seeing
business opportunities. He really pushed us
into the marketplace."
Decades later, when told those remarks,
Selden smiled and said. "Maybe il
Joe Selden
because I was the only guy in the prog, ram
who had any marketing experience at all."
A native of New Jersey, but reared in Michigan, Selden earned
an industrial engineering degree from Penn State in 1938. He was
a tr~inee a¢ a Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company plant in Jackson,
Michigan, and I~ter was transferred to the engineering department
in Akron. Ohio. In 1940, he joined sales and marketing, but when
the U.S. entered World War II, Goodyear got into war production
so Selden became Assistant Production Superintendent in a Goodyear
aircraft plant in Phoenix, Arizona. Later he worked at a similar factory in Ohio, where planning and scheduling were a part of his job.
In peacetime 1945 he Was assigned to Goodyear’s new Chemic~d
Division, which marketed various rubber chemicals to the rubber,
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1365.0037

plastics and paper industries. By 1946, he was District Sales Manager
in Chicago. Among his customers were Hugh Tierney, Richard Drew
and others at 3M in St. Paul. Soon, 3M offered Selden a job. After
eight years with Goodyear, he had itchy feet. He accepted.
Upon his arrival in St, Paul, he discovered fly specks on his career
plan, To his surprise, his boss was Dr. Charles Walton, Manager
of the New Products Department, who had preceded Selden to 3M
only by a matter of months. The two men had known each other at
Goodyear, where their relationship was less then cordial.
The New Products Department had been established in 1940. Joseph
Duke, S~les Manager in the Philadelphia district, was placed in
charge, but when a Sales Manager was needed for the abrasive
business, Duke transferred to that job. Bert-Cross, who had joined
3M in the late 1920s, replaced Duke in NPD. Then the Department
died after Cross took its most promising product, reflective sheeting,
and left to begin his move toward becoming General Manager of a
new Reflective Products Division in 1948. NPD was resurrected in
1946 by Mr. McKnight, who hired Walton as its manager after setling up safeguards to prevent the Department from foundering again
because of the success of a single product.
Another surprise for Selden was that while 3M provided him with
regular paychecks there was no specific job for him at 3M. For six
months, he,moseyed around the company looking for a niche to fill.
Carl Miller s dry copier project-in NPD looked most inviting. Selden
joined it and tried to drum up customers for 3M’s new copying
nmchine, which could copy typcd or handwritten sheets ~1" paper by
burning words into a flimsy, heat-sensitive brown paper developed
by 3M. It was unique because competitive copiers used wet
technologies requiring liquid chemicals, but, despite that apparent
advantage, customers didn’t leap on the 3M bandwagon.
Selden said many years afterwards that the copier project would
have bccn sold with relief to the highest biddc~, but there were no
bidders. In fact, he said, the Thermofax copying products program
was nearly dead on the day two representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) appeared in St. Paul. Prove the machine’s
capability, they challenged, and the CIA would purchase fifty of them.
Fifty machines! There was not one on hand. There was no paper,
either. The visitors were not advised of those problems, but were
stalled long enough for the project team to get busy again. In a matter

 6~

6O
of months bo~h shortages were rectified.
On a Labor Day weekend, Miller and Selden boarded a train to
Washington with a copying machine and enough paper to allow two
presentations to be made to the agency. Selden’s account of what
happened is not unique in the annals of 3M projects.
The huge presentation room was filling rapidly and hardly any of
the several hundred chairs were vacant when Miller whispered that
the Thermofax copier Would not operate. "Keep talking," he told
Selden when the meeting began. Selden talked in detail about the
wonderful technology that soon would be demonstrated. Then, after
Miller signaled that the copier was working, additional patter was
needed to fill the time required for the machine to produce each copy.
Despite the problems, the presentatioh was a success. So was the
afternoon session. Not long afterward, the CIA ordered fifty machines
and the program was ’,saved.
That experience might have helped Selden solidify his belief that
his future was not copying machines, although removing himself from
the program proved difficult. President Buctow told Cross to take
the revived copying woject into his division. Cross agreed, but insisted that Selden be part of the deal. Selden solved that by grooming Ray Herzog, who became Selden’s replacement before the move
was made*.
That left Selden freeto accept the top job in NPD because Walton
had left to be General Manager of Adhesives, Coatings and Sealers
Division. At that time:, 1953, Lloyd Hatch, Vice-President of the
General Staff, had, among other things, the responsibility for Central Research Lahorat~ry and New Product l)evelopntent. After
Walton left NPD, Hatc~h assumed personal control of fluorochcmical
research, which had gained Department status in 1951.
That situation prevailed when Selden joined N PD. "I’o his sorrow,
Selden soon learned that it was not a pleasant workplace. Hatch had
little faith in the future of fluorochemicals so was at odds with Nelson
Taylor, Manager of Ithc Fluorochcmical Department. The two
bickered about business almost every day, Selden said.
Hatch’s negative attitude also caused problems for Stephens,
Director of Central Re’catch, and Selden, General Manager of NPD,
*Herzog w~ts nn Itpl ptlpil. He succeeded Cross its Vice-President after the Duplicating Products Division wits formed. Later hc was ~t Group Vice-President, 3M President and Chairman and Chief Executive Oflqtcer.

0
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1365.0038

because both men reported to him. Soon after Selden’s arrival Hatch
told Stephens that he would recommend that fluorochemical research
be abandoned. Stephens, who had been
close to Mr. McKnight for more. than fifteen years, not only blocked Hatch’s
recommendation, but got himself promoted
to Vice-President of Research which got
him out from under Hatch’s jurisdiction.
The promotion announcement, written by
Mr. McKnight, said that Stephens would
report to President Carlton.
Stephcns also asked Mr. McKnight if
remove Selden (tom Hatch’s supervision,
which was done, although the change was
Lloyd Hatch
not announced. The two actions effectively
distanced Hatch from fluorochemicals.
Selden’s contacts with fluorochemicals began in his first years at
3M when be made several business trips with Bill Pearlson to discuss
fluorochemicals with refrigeration equipment manufacturers, Selden
and Pearlson also visited the UofM in 1947 and 1948 in attempts
to interest university researchers to study fluorochemicals.
Selden did not attend the historic April 21, 1949, meeting--he was
away on 3M business--but he filed a report to answer Carlton’s questions. His written remarks indicated that he rode the fence on the
future of fluorochemicals. Forty years later, Selden explained that
he did not at that time know enough about the Project to take a stand.
Men associated wilh Iluorochcmical marketing anti the laboratory
in Scldcn’s era said he must be given much of the credit for the early successes of 3M’s specialty chemical development. Men close to
him praised Selden not only for his marketing ability, but for his
knack for placing people in the right jobs. He also fostered teamwork between htboratory, sales and marketing--not always an easy
task--which contributed to the success of his organization.
Jim Rogers recalled that during the Scotchgard rain and stain
repeller development period, Selden suggested that a yard of treated
fabric be professionally dry cleaned. That, he said, would help to
determine the 3M product’s effectiveness when combined with dry
cleaning chemicals.
When the cloth was returned from the cleaners and tested a few days

 63

62
laler, ’the fabric’s repeilency had disappeared. In time, research proved
that the fluorochemical had not washed out. Nor had it been altered
by dry cleaning. Instead, a detergent used
in the cleaning process to remove watersoluble spots had deposited a film coating
on the 3M chemical. While it appeared that
the fabric was being staiqed or spotted in
dry cleaning tests, those stains and spots
actually were on the detergent residue. Until that discovery was made, however,
fluorochemical research was directed away
from clothing that required dry cleaning
, .,,
\
and was concentrated on providing grease
resistance to paper products.
Bob Adams
"Selden helped that program in the long
run by that first dry cleaning test," Rogers said, "but at the moment he made the laboratory mad as hornets. In the few day,s required to have that material dry cleaned, he set the program back
two years."
There also were many things done outside the Laboratory. One was the formation of a Group sales organization composed of seven salesmen from three divisions.
Four were from Irvington, two from
fluorochemical sales and one from Hastings
Chemical Divisi~n. The new organization
s~dd all Ilrt}thlclS Inatle hy Ihc Gr~ul3.
Bob Adams and Lylc Hals camc from
flnorochcmicals. Since 1954, the previous
year, whcq hc was namcd F, aslcrn RcLyle ltals
gion Sales Representative, Fluorochemic~l Products, Adams had been based at the 3M branch office in
Ridgcficld, New Jersey. Hals had been transferred to the Cleveland,
Ohin, br~nch earlier in 1955 from his New Products sales position
in St. Paul, where he had worked for Rogers even before Adams
came on board.
All the Group salesmen had technical degrees. Adams had a doctorate in chemical engineering. Hais had a master’s in chemistry.
Of the four from Irvington, Anthony P. Genovese and Ray E. Brown

~

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1365.0039

had bachelor degrees in chemistry and E. V. Tyne and R. V. Curtis
were chemical engineers, T,he seventh man, J. M. Thompson, was
a chemical engineer who had been in Hastings-’ Special Products
Laboratory.
.
The Group kept Adams in, Ridgefield and Hals ih Cleveland while
the others were assigned tO Cincinnati, New York, Philadelphia,
Dciroit and Los Angeles.

Adams, when he joined 3M in 1949, started as a chemist in Central Research’s Polymer Section. He got into marketing for two
reasons. First, New Products Department management believed that
men with technical backgrounds were needed if meaningful dialogues
(and subsequent sales) were to develop during calls on the scientific
community. Sec6nd, Adams believed from observation that sales experience was a requisite for advancement at 3M.
Adams was offered the sales position in 1953 as a result of a presentation at a technical demonstration for 3M management. Mr.
McKnight, with newly-elected President Buetow, Vice-President Bert
Cross and others attended. So did Rogers and Hals, the two-man New
Products chemical sales-marketing team. Years later, Adams recalled
that day. His assignment was a polymer with a low refractive index
he had prepared for Reflective Products Division. That program never
reached fruition, but Adams’ presentation impressed his listeners,
e,spccially Cross, by then Vice-President of the ~raphic Products
Group. -At least," Adams recalled with a smile, "he remembered
my name. ""
Rogers, too, was impressed by Adams’ "style and lightness." Not
I~ng aflcrward when Rogers was authorized to ~dd a man, he approached Adams. By accepting the job, Adams became 3M’s first
fiekl S~des Representative fi~r chemical products.
Sales Manager Rogers chose a roundabout route to 3M, where he
stayed until he retired in the late 1970s. A graduate of the University of Illinois in 1940 with a bachelor’s degree in chemistry, he joined
American Cyanamid, where he stayed nine years. His first post was
in new products development in Stamford, Connecticut. Later he was
with the firm’s Industrial Chemicals Division in New York City.
He met Chuck Walton after he joined the Commercial Chemical
Development Association, which was set up to help member companies get started marketing new products. Walton. an officer of the
association, sensed that Rogers was not interested in a scientific

 65

64

Technicians Ed Glaze (left) and ,lack Hanson in the CRI~ tent
pilot plant at Chenmlitc, circa 1950.
career and eventually offered him a marketing job in St. Paul.

It must have been difficult for Adams to fight discouragement after
hc and his family were settled in the East. Not only was he isolated
from 3M headquarters, but he had nothing to sell and did not know
who to sell it to. The division’s one best-selling product, the mist
suppressing foam used by chrome platers, was being sold exclusively
by Udylite Corporation. And, the account was serviced by Hals
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1365.0040

from St. Paul (and later Cleveland.) The emulsifier produced for Dupont was bought through its plant in Parkersburg, West Virginia,
which also was Hals’ account. That product could not be sold
elsewhere because 3M did not know how it was being used. (Long
afterward, 3M learned lhat it was used in making Teflon products.)
Adams called on DuPont in Wilmington, Delaware, and firms like
Union Carbide, Celanese, Shell Oil and International Paper headquartered in New York City. He recited his fluor~hemical technology
story over and over again, trying to find people who might have an
idea or two for using an inert liquid, a surfactant, a polymer (rubber) or paper sizing in some manufacturing process.
"Our biggest problem was that we couldn’t accommodate them
al our price," Adams said, concealing a hard fact with pleasant words.
3M’s products were too cxpeusive for most companies to even consider testing. Adams was offering a fluorinated rubber at many dollars
a pound to companies that were buying natural rubber for forty-five
cents. Other products in Adams’ sample case were priced as much
as twelve hundred dollars a pound.
"The people we sold product,~ to--or to whom we tried to sell
them--were always aticr us lo lower our prices. And, to produce
products for specific applications," Adams said.
Hals mentioned another problem. He had to make calls on every
company he drove past because it was impossible to qualify a prospect without going in and asking questions.
"I’d find someone willing to talk to me," Hals said. "Then I’d
reach inh+ my bag and l+ull out s<>mcthin+g." It n+ligl+t I+c a wetting
;.Igcul. ()r. an acid, Scotchgard repeller, a paint additive t’rom Kellogg,
+t protective coating, a cashew resin. "Anything to get started with
the hope of gelling the prospcct Io imagine a possible application."
3M’s annual report for 1955 included a brief report that the.
Fluorochcmical Division "is now marketing these unique chemicals
in the chrome plating industry+‘ and that it had ’+developed new applications for treating paper and textiles and is test marketing a new
fluorinated synthetic rubber."
Hals, a native of Rush City, Minnesota, earned a chemistry degree
from Macalester College in St. Paul. With a recommendation from
~ chemistry professor, he obtained a job with the Manhattan Project
at Columbia University in New York City. He worked two years
in the fluorocarbon laboratory researching direct fluorination of hydro-

 67

66
carbon oils and lubricants for use with uranium hexafluoride.
Between 1947 and 1949, while attending Penn State on a scholarship, Hals worked with Joe Simons. He earned a master’s degree
in organic chemistry before Nelson Taylor hired him for 3M’s
Fluorochemical Project.
Hals left the laboratory in 1950 to pursue market deyelopment under
Jim Rogers and stayed five years before he was transferred tO
Cleveland, Ohio, as a Sales Representative in ’I 955. He became Area
Sales Manager for the Chemical Division in 1961: and was transferred to New York in 1966. In 1984, he was made Sales and Marketing
Manager, Contract Manufacturing, for the Chemicals, Film and Allied
Products Group.
He retired to Ramsey, New Jersey, in 1985 where he organized
Biomedical Models Company, which imports anatomical models for
sale to medical and chiropractic schools and others. ’
In another progression, Doug Hall, who had a background in textile finishes, was hired in 1956 as the Group’s first Merchandising
Manager. Hall, a native New Yorker, had worked in the textile industry eleven years.
His contact with 3M began in 1953 when Hugh Bryce called on
Pacific Mills in New York City to demonstrate 3M’s protective treatment for textiles. Hall, who was the Supervisor of Pacific Mills Textile
Finishes Department, set up a mill trial in Lawrence, Massachusetts,
and later in Brookneal, Virginia. The development period cofitinued
into 1956 at which point Pacific Mills became a customer. During
thosc three ycars, Hall bcc~nue acquainted.with Adams, Selden and
Bill Petersen, who worked for Bryce in NPD’s laboratory. After Burlington Industries bought Pacific Mills in 1955, Hall became ripe for
rccrniting. In 1956 he accepted an offer and in August moved to St.
Paul where hc shared Rogers’ office on the first floor of Building
21 on Fauquier Avenue for a few months.
Late in that same year, Adams was transferred back to headquarters
to become Sales Manager lor the Fluorochemieal Division. And.
although there were only a few Group salesmen spotted around the
United States, another layer of sales management was established.
Frank Woznak, who had been with lrvington, was given a new job
as Eastern Region Sales Manager and Rogers became Sales Manager
for the Western Region. The result was not atypical in the Group-there were too many managers and not enough sales dollars. The
0
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1365.0041

Color and Acid and lrvington Divisions were profitable. And,
Hastings Chemical would have been profitable except for bookkeeping
adjustments. But, the unprofitable Fluorochemical Division absorbed
most of the profits of the other divisions.
On May 1, !957, Dr. John W. Copenhaver joined 3M as Associate
Director of Central Research Department, Copenhaver, Associate
Director of Research at Kellogg since 1949, was placed in charge
of the Fluorochemical Section, Polymer Section and Organic Preparations Group in Central Research. He had earned his Ph.D. at the
University of Illinois in 1934 and worked for Socony-Vacuum Oil
Company, Rohm & Haas Company and General Aniline & Film Corporation before j6ining Kellogg.
In the early 1960s Copenhaver replaced Dr, Carl E. Barnes as
Director of Central Research after the latter resigned from 3M. Barnes
came to 3M in the 1950s and replaced Stephens after he retired.

 cHAPTER 8

Two Remarkable Achievements
"One of the truths of science is that most big discoveries are not
designed. They are accidental. If discoveries could be made by predictions, 3M and everyone else could hire a few computer operators
and fire the rest of us." Patsy Sherman said that years ago in an interview then laughed to temper her remark.
Invention or discovery is a process of trial and error. Some researchers say luck or serendipity play roles. The work also requires the
ability to glean successful segments from a series of experimental
failures. The promising segments are saved, the rest discarded.
Knowledge and experience also must be applied if a researcher is
to steer a successful course. Events that led to the development of
Scotchgard rain and stain repeller were no exceptions.
Take, for example, that spring day in 1953, when a chemist in
Ihe Polymer Section of Central Research, preparing to run a test on
a viscosity sample, spilled some of the liquid. Her frown turned to
chagrin, then anger when she noticed that a few drops had splashed
onto her new tennis shoes. Joan Mullin was even more distrcs,’;ed
when the dried fluorochemical elastomer resisted efforts to remove
it wi~h soap and water, alcohol or other solvents.
A year later, the remaining elastomer that had not been spilled began
to point the way to success in the search for a stain and water repeller.
It also prepared a place in the Minnesota Inventors Hall of Fame
and carved a niche in 3M history for a twenty-three-year-old chemist
named Patsy._Shennan. Sherman had prepared the sample that splashed
onto the shoe, an incident which has been popularized as the point
of discovery of Scotchgard repeller. Sherman’s work in the developmeat of Scotchgard repeller went much deeper than that happy acci0
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1365.0042

 7~

7O
dent, but it was tree that by 1954 that particular sample directed 3M
researchers away from trying to eradicate
the green from the chrome complex and
pointed them toward polymers. That
change in direction led the scientists quite
rapidly to a fluorochemical latex liquid
which became the base for the repeller in
1956.
Sherman, who was reared in Minneapolis, earned bar.helot degrees in
chemistry and mathematics in 1952 at
Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter,
Minnesota. Jobs were scarce, so when 3M
Patsy Sherman
offered her a temporary position she
accepted and was assigned to a research project funded by the Air
Force, an extension of the original 1949 contract. The understanding was that when the contract was terminated, Sherman’s employment would end, too. At that time the Air Force was still seeking
a synthetic rubber that could stand up to jet fuel and temperature extremes. Sherman’s work on that latex product, identified as poly FBA,
was 3M’s first venture into what eventually developed into
FluorelTM fluoroelastomers.
Dr. George Rathmann was an interested observer as Mullin failed
to remove the polymer. He dipped several cotton swatches into the
remaining polymer sample, tucked the swatches in an envelope and
look it to Hugh Bryce. head of the New Products Laboralory. The
lcnacious material, Rathmann told Bryce. might have value ira test
could be devised to measure it. Bryce agrccd as hc dmppcd lhc
envelope in his desk drawer.
The swatches in the envelope lay untouched until Bill Pctersen
returned from military service. Petersen, a chemical engineer and
a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, joined 3M and Central
Rcscarch in 1949. Two years later the Air Force recalled him for
duty in Korea. He returned in 1953 to join Bryce’s Product Development Department, which Pctcrscn described as "a handful of guys
each working on a different product development project." His colleagues were Maynard Olson, John Ernlund (later replaced by Jack
Hessburg), George Blake, Murray Olyphant, Jr., and Vern Welschingcr.
0
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1365.0043

Peter~sen’s assignment was surfactants, the type later sold to Udylite
Cnrporation. In 1954 he was reassigned to research into treatments
for textiles because Ernlund, who was researching chromium complex treatments, had dropped textiles to concentrate on paper. (Later,
paper and paperboard research was pursued by Hessburg and Gayle
TM
Rcngcl which led to Scotchban protector products which still are
being sold to the paper industry today.)
When Petersen turned to textiles, Bryce handed him the envelope
containing Rathmann’s swatches with the suggestion that Petersen
develop a method to evaluate them. Petersen did so and after running tests on the latex-treated samples, told Bryce that the polymer
showed promise, as a durable oil and water repellent treatment for
cotton fabrics. With that, the arrow pointing to success was ready
for the bow. Feathers, shaft, head, varnish and decorations included
Sherman’s formulation, the spilled sample, Rathmann’s swatches,
Brycc’s retention of them and Petersen’s test development and
evaluation.
Petersen’s test data was passed to Central Research with a request
for additional fluorochemical polymers to evaluate. In response,
researchers in the Organic Section began producing monomers--the
raw materials for polymer--and the Polymer Section began producing
polymers. Those were sent to the NPD Laboratory for testing.

For years 3M scientists had known that hidden somewhere was
~ key to unlock the commercial potential of fluorochemicals. And,
they suspected an effective oil and water repeller for fabrics might
lic bchind that locked door. Their suspicion was based partly on
research into how liquids wet solid surfaces begun in 1948 by Dr.
William Zisman at the United States Naval Research Laboratory:
3M’s samples among all those tested by Zisman imparted the greatest
resistance Io the spread of normal liquids.
3M research was directed by live objectives which had been identified by a prCxtuct development .team. Those objectives were to develop
a coating that (1) would impart functional oil and water repellency
to fabrics, (2) would be effective at low concentrations to keep costs
in line, (3[t-would be durable--able to withstand wear, washing or
dry cleaning, (4) could be applied in water, which was the common
vehicle in both textile and paper industries, and (5) would not ira-

 ’73

72
part an undesirable feel or look to fabrics.
Poly FBA applied to fabrics showed promising oil repellency, but
its water repellency was marginal at best. Clearly, 3M needed a new
fluorochemical, most likely a polymer, which would meet most if
not all five criteria. With poly FBA as a starting point, Sherman and ~
Samuel Smith, Sherman’s supervisor, began making other polymers
for evaluation on fabrics. To do that, they needed .new monomers.
The Organic Section in CRL where the monomers and polymers
were prepared was headed by Dr. Matthew W. Miller*. Four men
provided the fluorochemical chemistry: Dr. Thomas S. Reid,
discoverer of the chrome complex, Dr. Donald Husted, and their
assistants, George Smith and Arthur Ahlbrecht. Miller, Reid, Smith
and Ahlbrecht were destined to become members of the Carlton
Society**.
One of the most prolific chemists was Ahlbrecht. In 1989, he related
how the tempo of the research accelerated in 1955 and 1956 as the
Laboratory workers created countless new monomers which were
converted to polymers by Sherman and Smith~ In NPD’s Laboratory,
Petersen, Chauncey Martin, Mel Vietor and Tom Berger were busy
developing and refining test methods and evaluation procedures to
screen the ever-increasing numbers of new samples. In one exciting
month in 1955, Ahlbrecht prepared.more
than a dozen different acrylates.
To keep pace, the analytical section provided overnight feedback which normally
required a week. Ahibrecht dealt with tiny
alllt~unls----I¢ll granls was a lypical
monomer batch--which were delivered
overnight to Sherman and Smith for
polymerization. By the next morning, they
were being evaluated in Petcrsen’s area.
When the results were announced, the
group would make adjustments based on
Matt Miller
them and prepare another batch of samples.
"Within twenty four hours of making a monomer, we would know
how good it was," Ahlbrecht said, "in terms of oil or water repellency
*Between 1954 and 1962. Miller was Technical Director of whal is ttxlay the Industrial Abrasives
Divi.sion. Then he returned to CRL a,g A,~s~ciate Director where he slayed until he retired.
~’~3M founded Ihe Carlton Sociely in 1964 to recognize outstanding ctmtributions tn the com-

p~my’s scientific anti technical pr~gress. More than 150 men and women have been honored.
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1365.0044

and durability." Prior to that time, the cycle required two work
weeks, but the excitement generated by the continuing progress caused
everyone in both laboratories to work harder and faster than ever
before.
Hundreds of samples were evaluated. Some were too sticky. Others
dried to a powder that flaked easily. Some had excellent oil repellency,
but little or no effectiveness against water. With other samples, the
reverse was true. Still others affected the softness of fabrics. And,
many would have been prohibitively expensive. It was not easy to
find a balance between properties and economy.
"It was a frustrating period," Sherman
said years afterward. "Sometimes it seemed we were never going to be successful. ~
Never going to be able to combine the
desired properties in a product that could
be priced at what people could afford."
Those projected high production Costs
~
were a difficult barrier. To leap it, Sherman and Smith had to invent a new emul- ,~
sion polymerization process, a major
breakthrough. In that emulsion, water-because it would not blend with the chemArt Ahlbrecht
ical--was mixed with a small quantity
of an inert water-soluble organic solvent in which the fluorochemical
monomer was somewhat soluble. With that, water became a carrier,
bul slill fitiy t~r more naonomers wenl through the cycle before Sherman and Smith were able to settle on one. Smith, a polymer chemist,
w~s the visionary. Sherman proved Smith’s ideas while contributing
ideas of her own.
The first Scotchgard rain and stain repeller was announced in.
September 1956, but the first totally effective product was not
developed tmlil 1960, which was after Smilh and Shcrman had
transferred to the Chemical Division Laboratory. By that time, hundreds of experimental products had been made. "’We got lucky,"
Sam Smith said. "The number of combinations you can put together
is infinite."
The laboratory designation for that successful 1960 product was
FC-208, which was a segmented copolymer with a non-fluorinated
naonomer. At last, 3M had a product which imparted both good oil

 75

74

ineffective. It also was learned that formulations that changed the
feel of a fabric were unacceptable to fabric manufacturers.

Patsy Sherman, inventor of Scotchgard ra~t and stain repeller,
with Sam Smith in 1972. Smith, Sherman’s supervisor, worked
with her to improve rain and stain repeller in .the 1950s.
and water rcpcllcncy to all fi~brics. It was durable ~when washed or
dry cleaned and contained only half the expensive fluorine required
in previous formulations. The latter bottleneck was broken by the
fact that FC-208 was a copolymcr with an inexpensive, c~mmercially
available monomer.
Today’s-Scotchgard protector is not just one product, but a family
of products tailored for specific application. The realization that one
product would not serve every need was learned through experience.
In 1956, for example, the first commercial stain-resistant product
worked well on wool fabrics, but was ineffective on cottons. Another
fact learned through experience was that the repellers had to work
in harmony with a variety of finishing agents manufacturers used
to impart softness or body to their fabrics. Unless 3M’s products
were compatible, they would fall out of dispersion and be rendered
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1365.0045

In 1966-67, Sherman and Smith collaborated again to develop a
product technology that was even more demanding and more astounding than the development of the rain and stain repeller. Bill Petersen
called it "’The most brilliant piece of chemistry that came out of the
Scotchgard repeller program." Brilliant indeed! It created a revolution in the textile industry.
The new development came about because permanent press fabrics,
which are highly finished blends of cotton and polyester fibers, were
discovered and popularized in the 1960s. The fabrics were and still
are easy to care for so they gained immediate consumer acceptance
lbr shirts, blouses, pants and other apparel. Quite different from other
fabrics, permanent press materials require more synthetic fibers and
larger quantities of resins and finishing chemicals. That created problems. Permanent press materials tended to attract oil-borne stains and
would not release them during laundering. At first that appeared to
be an excellent opportunity for 3M, but to their dismay, the Chemical
Division researchers could not find a fluorochemical finish that would
,solve the problem.
They also learned that the challenge was daunting, if not impossible. A successful product would have to ward off oily stains, but
when and if stains occurred, the product would have to allow them
tt~ be washed out during laundering. Repelling oily substances was
no problem; 3M products had been doing that for years, That,
however, worked against Scotchgard repeller during laundering;
Iluorochcnficals simply could not go against their nature. They could
not release stains into water. It was-an axiom which could not be
changed.
Harris Laboratory in Washington supported the conventional
wisdom. Its scientists had proved in a series of tests between 1962
and 1965 that an oil-stained garment which had been treated with
~ fluorochcmical finish could not be washed clean. Smith and Sherman disagreed with Harris. They even pointed to a possible way to
¯~nlve the stain release problem in a report to management in 1965.
That report also signaled an end to the two scientists’ repeller collaboration, but as it turned out the parting was only temporary.

 77

7~
In the report, Smith theorized that a possible path to success might
be the design of a "flip-flop" or dual action polymer that would be
hydrophobic and oleophobic in air and .hydrophilic in water.
Fluorochemicals are by nature hydrophobic and oleophobic; they will
not mix with water or oil. Cotton is hydrophilic; it soaks up water
like a sponge and readily releases oil stains in a detergent solution.
Scientific discussions between the two researchers were terminated
in 1966 when Sherman went on maternity leave~ During her absence,
Smith turned to a new venture, that of creating polymers as raw
materials for structural adhesives. That new research appeared to
have severed the partnership permanently.
When Sherman returned to work, she resumed research on
fiuorochemical formulations. And, in her free time, she thought about
possible solutions to the stain release challenge. Eventually she reached a dead end. The problem she wrestled with can be explained nonscientifically by using a greasy frying pan as an example. When the
pan is dipped in water, the grease, which is lighter than water, should
float to the surface. Instead it stays put because the grease has a lower
surface energy than water.
A way had to be found to put a hydrophobic (water-hating) polymer
together with a hydrophilic (water-loving) polymer. It was not lX)ssible
to simply mix them. Neither would stand for that. Sherman had to
find a way to put them together in one super molecule, to find a
hvdrophilic substrate that could be married to bread-and-batter
fluorine chemistry. To accomplish that, she would have to develop
an entirely new class of fluorochcmicals. Even testing Ihe concept
would require a significant departure from existing technology.
Try as she might, Patsy Sherman could not solve the enigma. We
rcnlcmber that the apple fell nn Isaac Newton’s head. Anti, Carl M tiler
was reputed to have developed 3M dry copying technology because
he saw a solar-heated leaf in the snow. Sherman’s inspiration was
far less memorable. It arrived quite prosaically one aftcrnoon while
she was reading in the Benz building library. In an article on an
unrelated subject, Sherman spotted what she thought might be the
other half of the molecule that could be chemically adapted to provide her novel composition. Luck or serendipity led Sherman to that
article. And, Dame Fortune continued to beam on her. She learned
that the author of the article, which had been written eight years
earlier, still was at 3M as a polymer researcher in CRL. And, to
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1365.0046

cxtend Sherman’s lucky streak, John Erickson told her that he still
had several ounces of his solid material.
Sherman used it .to run an experiment that proved her theory.
A research team, headed by Smith, was organized to develop her
product and lay the groundwork for a patent application. In 1967,
the team effort led to the commercialization of Scotchgard dual action Stain ReleaseTMtreatment for fabrics. It was an instant success
in the marketplace*.
Sherman developed sixteen patents over thirty years. Smith
developed thirty-one based on polymers and novel methods of synthesizing polymers. Together, Sherman and Smith share thirteen
patents on fluorochemical polymers or polymerization processes.
Sherman holds three other patents filed between the late 1950s and
the late 1970s. Smith holds three other fluorochemicai patents, one
shared with William Schultz, a chemist, and two with Arthur
Ahlbrecht**.
Smith was inducted into the Carlton Society in 1969. In May 1974
Sherman became the first and (through 1990) only woman member
of that organization.
A native of the Bronx, New York, Smith earned a bachelors degree
in chemistry from City College in New York in 1948 and a masters
degree in organic chemistry from the University of Michigan in 1949.
His first job was with the Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton,
Wisconsin, where his boss, Dr. AI Borders, left in 1950 to join 3M.
Smith followed a year later and was assigned to the Polymer Section
headed by Frank Bovcy. He worked with Patsy Sherman and Joe
Abere. Abere le0 soon afterward andSmith replaced him as Sherman’s supervisor. In 1967, Smith was designated as a Research
Asmcime (now called Corpor~tte Scientist), which is the highest scientific position at 3M, equal to Technical Director. He has been with*
3M’s l~ilm Technology Center since 1982.
In 1988, Smith earned the American Chemical Society Creative
Invention award for his contributions to the Scotchgard protector program and for two other areas of technology. He is the only 3M
*F.arlicr in the 1(~6( s. Deering-Millikcn developed it stain release product, VisaTM , but kept
it it propriclary secret for use on its own product.s.

**Belween 1048 and 1956, Ahlbrecht co-authored a dozen pntents with Dr, Donakl Husted
alld a dozen more wilh others in CRI.. In 1’956. he joined Ihe ~brasives lab~ratory :rod was
Ihc division’s lcchnical Director from 1964 to 198"). He rctlred in 1~88 ~ts Qmdily Director
of the lndustri~fl Abrasives Division.

 78
scientist ever to win that honor.
Sherman became a Senior Researcli Specialist, 3M’s second highest
technical rank, in 1967 while in the Chemical Division Laboratory,
where she worked from 1957 until 1973. She was Commercial Products Development Manager in Chemical
Resources Division until 1982, when she
assumed her present administrative position as Manager of Technical Development
for the corporation.
Dr. Thomas J. Brice and Paul Trott
shared the important discovery that showed by changing the class of feed materials
in the Simons cell a new class of
fluorochemicals could b~ produced. Those
fluorocarbon sulfonic .acids became the
es~;ential building blocks for the developSam Smith
ment of Scotchgard protector products. In
1969, Brice was inducted into the Carlton Society for his joint invention of fluorocarbon sulfonic acids and for training and guiding
young chemists in research. A native of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Brice
graduated summa cure laude from Coe College before earning his
d~x:torate from Penn State. He retired in 1985 ag a Corporate Scientist in the Life Sciences Sector after thirty five years with 3M.

cHAPTER

9

Faith, Hope and Dissolution
On September ½2, 1955, only a few months after the Chemical
Products Group came into existence, General Manager Oakes had
an opportunity to talk about his Group to 3M’s Technical Forum.
A written record of that meeting, dated six weeks later on November
7 and signed only with the initials "de," indirectly quoted Oakes.
The information below was taken from that report.
The four divisions were interested predominantly in chemical products as opposed to fabricated products, Oakes said. They were formed into a Group to facilitate 3M’s growth into the chemical field with
the Divisions the home for 3M chemical products. Emphasis would
be on growth and profits and continued service to other divisions,
he said.
The Color and Acid Division at Copley, Ohio, suffered from the
problems of any isolated operation. It was difficult to coordinate the
Division’s work with that of the other Divisions, particularly to obtain the benefits from association with people engaged in fundamental research and new product work. No change from the basic pattern was being considered, Oakes said, but some re-evaluation of
products might be needed to improve the growth of the Division.
The Irvington Chemical Division, concerned with products derived
from cashew nut shell liquid, had developed a wide variety of new
products with potential applications in new fields. It all began in the
mid-1930s after a research chemist, Dr. Mortimer Harvey, who worked for National Biscuit Company, began investigating various nuts
as sources olZproteins and oils. Harvey was intrigued by cashew nuts
and made a thorough study, of them.

Next page: 3M’s Copley, Ohio, plant in 1950.
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Cashew nuts were, Cakes said, native to Brazil and Mozambique,
although they occurred elsewhere in limited quantities. The trees grow
wild in jungles, stand fifty feet tall and have umbrella-shaped leaves.
The seed pod on each tree is shaped somewhat like a lima bean and
is suspended from the fruit which is similar to a persimmon. When
ripe, the fruit and seed pod fall to the ground, where they are
harvested. The fruit, crushed and fermented, becomes a base for an
alcoholic beverage. The seed pod containing the cashew nut is a
spongy, porous shell with liquid comprising a third of its weight.
At that time, the pods were boiled in a kettle over an open fire io
release the liquid, which let the pods float to the surface so they could
be removed and dried. Then, the brittle pods were cracked to harvest
the nuts.
The liquid remaining in the pot--the cashew nut shell liquid or
CNSL--drew Harvey’s attention. It must be handled carefully; in
contact with skin it reacts much worse than poison ivy. Harvey’s
interest may have been aroused by the fact that while it was a waste
material with no known use_it was highly reactive.
His experiments showed that CNSL had properties similar to
phenolic resins, which at the time were popular raw materials for
making BakeliteTM and other thermo-setting plastics. What made
CNSL plastics different was that when they were subjected to high
temperatures they became soft arid sticky instead of hard and brittle.
Harvey tested his find against known uses for phenolic materials,
hut struck out every time. Paint made with CNSL could cause "poison
ivy" lilt t’lllllllt’l, Molded arliclcs gilvc llcople who haudlcd lhcui a
poison ivy reaction, too. Somehow Harvey found a practical
applicalion--brakc linings for automobiles. He learned that CNSL
nlixcd wilh asbestos I’ihcrs and other ingredicilts cotild be n~olded
i~to an efl~ctivc brake lining. Heat applied over time is a foe of brake
linings. CNSL hclpcd linings stay soft and sticky instclid of bccomiiig hard m~d britlle. CNSL also made brakes operate without squcaking or chattering, which really interested automobile manufacturers.
Harvey had left National Biscuil Company and was self-employed
whcrl hc rtiadc conlacl with lrvington Varnish and Insulator Company, which took him and CNSL under its wing. He was provided
with a laboratory and severaltechniciansto work on applications for
the eleclrical industry. The manufacture of resins for the brake lining industry was begun and within a few years fifteen percent of
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82
every brake lining made in the United States was Harvey’s material.
3M acquired CNSL and Ha.rvey with lrvington.
Unfortunately, other uses were never found for CNSL, nor was
it possible, because of their nature to grow the trees in plantations.
But, in 1955, there still was hope for new products and Oakes told
his audience that the Division’s growth would be helped by the construction of a pilot plant and laboratory in Irvington, New Jersey.
At lrvington as at Copley there were difficulties caused by the Division’s isolation from St. Paul. Oakes wanted to maintain lrvington
as its own unit, but to integrate it into 3M’s technical groups to allow
Irvington to benefit from those contacts. To do that, an Irvington
representative was invited to the Technical Forum monthly meetings
and during that visit to confer with technical people in St. Paul.
The Fluorochemical Division, Oakes said, had several products
in regular production, two surfactants, in particular. One was a mist
suppressant used in chrome plating (Udylite), the other an emulsifier
in a specific polymerization (DuPont). Products for the paper field
and the textile field had not reached commercial status, but were approaching it, he said.
He also noted that confusion had risen over the use of the term
"pilot plant." The Hastings Division operation at Chemolitc was
not a production unit, but to call it a pilot plant put it in a category
that had so many definitions that it confused top management. Oakes
said he preferred the term "semi-works plant."
Hastings Chemical Division, he said, served a well-established function of supplying chemicals to other operating divisions for their end
products. In addition, it was preparing several products for sale outside the company.
In the Group, Oakcs said the integrity of each division would be
maintained and each would be responsible for its own growth and
development. As the divisions grew, he said there was the possibility
of salesmen handling primilrily thc products of just one divisiun, but
that luxury did not seem feasible at the time. Selden, who spoke later,
said the Group sales force plan, the status quo, was set for five years.
Thc Group, Oakcs said, might grow by purchasing other chemical
c~mpanies.
In the question period, Oakes said the ratio of internal to external
sales was about fifty percent in each category. There was, he said,
no question that external sales would increase rapidly, but added
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that the Hastings Division had to maintain its responsibility to provide products for internal use, which was important in the successful
growth of 3M products.
Earlier in 1955, at a sales meeting held after first quarter results
were in, Oakes told sales representatives and others in the Group
that manufacturing standards must be raised because "you can cash
in on that" with customers. He stressed the value of quality control
and said that while two divisions had had quality control for a long
time, the other two were just getting started. He did not name those
divisions.
There were, he said, sixty-five people in the four division
laboratories.
Selden said the Group’s ten salesmen were expected to sell two
million eight hundred thousand dollars worth of products in 1956
and twenty-five million by 1960. The Group lagged five point two
percent below forecast for the first quarter, Selden added.
He also discussed sales costs and what salesmen were expected
to spend and earn in their territories. An average call, based on a
Group survey, he said, cost the Group four dollars and seventy cents
at a sales rate of six dollars an hour. Each man was expected to average
seven hundred and fifty dollars in sales for each call, "a pretty good
average," Selden said.
The survey also indicated that forty-seven percent of the sales calls
were for fluorochemical products which produced twenty-eight percent of the sales dollars. Irvington Chemical Division products were
presented on thirty-eight percent of the calls which resulted in seventyone percent of the sales. Hastings products got exposure on twelve
percent of the calls, but generated only one percent of the sales. When
products of more than one division were prescnted in a call, that call
was credited to all divisions concerned. Copley products were not
sold by that sales force.
At that sales meeting, Nelson Taylor said that the Fluorochemical
Division’s goal was "uninhibited research for uninhibited markets,"
but did not explain his remark. He also said, "We probably spent
two hundrcd thousand dollars to find the right product for Udylite
application" adding that it was "a very nice business." Besides, he
said, that proWl]Jet led to perfluorosulfonic acid, which was "important
f~r much of our future development."
Go~)d profits, he said, were generated by the sales to DuPont as

 85

84
well as Udylite. He predicted one million dollars in sales for
fluorochemicai products that year.
Bob Jones, General Manager of lrvington, talked about cashew
nut shell liquid research. The liquid’s heat stability led lrvington from
paint manufacturing into the brake lining business, with the first patent obtained in 1956. "We are permanently entrenched" in the brake
lining business, Jones said, calling it "our first honest-to-goodness
product." He also pointed out that lrvington Division bought fifty
percent of the world supply of cashew nut shell liquid e’very year.
lie said space was "tight" at lrvington and that the plant was
understaffed.
Sam Baumann who spoke for Copley said it was one of fifteen
sulfuric plants in Ohio. There also were fifteen in Georgia and fifteen in Illinois. Copley’s production was sold within a one-hundredmile radius of the plant, typical of the industry. The acid sold for
a penny a pound and generated a twenty percent profit.
The Division was the world’s largest producer of synthetic
chromium oxides and it also produced synthetic iron oxides. The
former were used as a pigment for 3M roofing granules and for paint
and concrete. The latter were a pigment in manufacturing floor tiles.

Manager AI I)eisslin (right) hnlds the interest ol’ visitors to the
Chemolite pilot plant. They are (front row, from left) Joe Simons,
Richard Carlton, Archibald Bush, William L. McKnight and
Harry Stephens and (back row, from lef0 Nelson Taylor and
Charles Walton.
Baumann said millions of pounds of iron oxides in twelve different
shades were produced in the first quarter. And, if required, Copley
could manufacture millions of tons of chromium oxide in a year.
A spokesman for Division Engineering told the meeting that the
staff of eight engineers assigned to the Group would be increased
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to ten by June I in order to handle close to two million dollars worth
of project authorizations, including a new polymer building at
Hastings, a warehouse at Copley and "fluorochemical expansion."

On the very day that Oakes xetired in 1959, the Group was disbanded and its Divisions were compressed into one business organization, a new Chemical Division. That drastic action was recommended
by Selden, who was to have succeeded Oakes as Group VicePresident, but instead became:General Manager of the Chemical Division. (He was made Vice-President a year later.)
Decades later Selden discussed his action. The earnings of the
Group did not warrant "five ofeverything"--five general managers,
five technical directors and so ion. (The fifth division was the chemical
operation of M. W. Kellogg Company which had been added to the
Group in 1957.) It was a case of consolidate now or have it forced
on me later on," Selden sai,d.
The Group’s financial problem, Selden asserted, was misleading
because of 3M’s accounting System. While it appeared that only the
Color and Acid Division and,the Irvington Chemical Division were
making money, Selden said that Hastings, accounting reports to the
contrary, was profitable, too. IOnly the Fluorochemical Division had
not yet turned a profit at that time.
The system that altered Hastings’ picture was that while 3M divisions were to buy Hastings’ chemical pr~xluction at free market price.s,
Ihal was nol th~nc, luslcatl, Seklcn said, Iho acc~untiug departmcnl,
"was able t~ decide al lhc cnd of each ycar h~w much prolit, if any,
Ha.stings was to make.’"
His recollection was that Group sales wcrc bclwccn thirty-five ~rtd
fifty million dollars a year, "certainly less than one hundred million
dollars."
When the ax fcll, five general managers, five technical directors
and five sales managers lost tlheir jobs. The general managers were
Nelson Taylor, then in his si:xties, who reluctantly accepted 3M’s
retirement offer and moved to Mexico; Bob Jones of the lrvington
Division; TeJfer of Color & Acid; Kugler of Hastings and Louis
Rubin of the Jersey City Chemical Division (Kellogg). Jones took
his demotion in stride, but his father who had sold lrvington to 3M
and was a major 3M stockholder, raised Cain, Selden said. Arthur

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86
Jones’s complaints had no effect on 3M management, however, and
Selden’s decision was allowed to stand.
That draconian solution to the Group problem resulted in a need
to staff a new division. General Manager Selden appointed Bob Adams
as Technical Director, Commercial Chemicals, the position Adams
had filled since 1958 for the Fluorochemical Division. Bill Lundquist was appointed Technical Director, Internal Chemicals. Commercial chemicals included all products sold outside 3M. Internal
chemicals covered products formerly handled by Hastings Chemical
Division.
Other appointments were:
Dr. Hugh Bryce to Development Manager, Fluorochemicals. He
had been in charge of the Product Development and Applications
Laboratory of the Fluorochemica!s Division.
Dr. Frank Honn, formerly of Kellogg, became Development
Manager, KeI-FTM brand products. He had been Technical Director
of the Jersey City Chemical Division since 1957.
Dr. AI Reynolds became Development Manager for resin products,
He had been Sales Manager of the Hastings Chemical Division, which
he joined in 1955. His new responsibility was for commercial resin
TM
products including 3M, CardoliteTM, FTM and Cardosol
products.
Dr. W. H. (Bill) Pearlson was made Supervisor, Fluorination
Research and Development, responsible for fluorination processes.
Pcarlson, at one time a Section Leader in Central Research, most
recently lind been Supervisor, Process Development Laboratory,
Fluorochcmicals Division.
Dr. Don LaZertc became Supervisor, Ftuorochcmicals Process
Development Section, rcsponsiblc tot conamcrcial products. Since
joining 3.M in 1949, LaZerte had been in the Catalytic Section, Central
Research, and later in the Process Development Section,
Fhtorochcmicals l)cpartmcnt, NPI). In 1954, he became Group
Supervisor, Process Department Section, headed by Pearlson.
D. A. Stivers was made Supervisor, Rubber Compounding and
Services Laboratory. Stivers had joined 3M in 1956 after several years
as a compounder in the rubber industry.
E. J. Grajec became Supervisor, Textile Products Development,
responsible for application development and technical service. He
had joined 3M in 1958 as a Technical Service Representative for
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flt~orochemical textile products in the East. Before that he v~as Assistant Director of Research and Development for Collins and Aikman
and had worked three years as a chemist with Geigy Chemical
Company.
A Central Research announcement said that Clifford C. Japs had
been promoted to Supervisor in the Process Section responsible for
preparing pilot plant quantities of polymers and scaling up polymers
produced in his section. The announcement was by A1 Frye, Section
leader.

Selden left the Chemical Division in 1960 and returned to the New
Products Division. He was replaced by Art Teller, former Plant
Manager at Copley and later Group Production Manager. Selden,
as Vice-President and General Manager of NPD, replaced John Pearson, who transferred to another division.
Selden resigned from 3M in 1968 to
become President of the Industrial and
Marine Divisions (I 3 companies) of North
American Rockwell in Pittsburgh. Three
years later he was President and Chairman
of Crane Carrier, Tulsa, Oklahoma, builder
of large trucks, including ready-mix
vehicles and mobile crane carriers. After
three years ai Crane Carrier, Selden went
to Sands Measurement, a Dallas, Texas,
maker of electronic scales, some capable
of weighing moving railroad cars, From
Erwin Brown
1976 until he retired, Selden was selfemployed as a new product consultant in Tucson, Arizona.

In the early Fifties, Kugler, General Manufacturing Manager of
the Central Manufacturing Division, (which became Hastings
Chemical Division in 1955), got 3M started in the polyester film
business. A film project authorized in February 1954 in the Internal
Chemicals section of the Chemical Division became a Film Departmcnt in 1961, Erwin W. Brown, former Manager of Electrical Products in the Irvington Division, was Project Manager reporting to

 88
Kugler. In 1962, the Film Department was separated from Internal
Chemicals and Brown began reporting to Telfer. The final step in
that evolution was the creation of the Film & Allied Products Division on May 31, 1963. Today it is the Specialty Film Division of
the Chemicals, Film & Allied Products Group.
Kugler, who began at 3M in 1927, retired in 1965. He died in
1976 at the age of 73.

The Turning Point
At a sales meeting in 1966, Bill Petersen* talked about the marketing
challenges of the 1950s to an audience which included young men
and women newcomers to the stain repeller program.
"There were no tests by which to evaluate our products," Petersen
said. "There were no yardsticks of performance or economics. And,
there were no guidelines as to what fabrics they should--or
shouldn’t--go on.
"The first sales calls were made in 1954. Imagine the reaction to
our intreductory offer--fifty dollars a pound! Fortunately, a few brave
souls in the industry were intrigued by what.they saw and agreed
to work with us, so by February 1955 we were ready for our first
mill trial."
That began in late 1954 when Selden met in New York with
marketing people representing Deering-Milliken Company. They expressed interest in seeing what 3M’s experimental textile protector
product could do on their new fifty-five percent wool-forty-five percent DacronTM blend fabric. To run a tesl, they would need twenty
gallons of FX-401 and need it quickly; the fabric was ready for pro-.
duction and that schedule could not be changed.
Twenty gallons was a monstrous quantity. Selden estimated it would
require six weeks or more to produce it, but he kept that information to himself. He said he had to consult his boss before making
a decision.
There are managers who believe that given an incentive their
employees can do anything. Oakes also was desperate to get the rain
and stain repeller show on the road. After talking with Selden, he
*Petersen left the laboratory in 1968 Io become General S;des and Marketing Manager after
Teller became the Chemical Divisi~m General Manager.

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telephoned Deering-Milliken, then called Selden back into his office.
"I agreed to their February (1955) deadline," Oakes said. Delivery
was to be at a mill in Pendleton, South Carolina.’
Selden relayed that information to his team. The p~’oblem of covering the thirteen hundred miles between St. Paul an,d Pendleton ran
a distant second to the challenge of producing twenty gallons of
FX-401. Until that moment, 3M had made only one-liter-size
batches in the laboratory. Production planning began at once in
December 1954. Production would start in January !to be completed
in late February. The margin for error was thin a~ tinfoil, but the
schedule was based on the best estimates of laborato~ and pilot plant:
The lesser consideration was allowing time for Petersen and Bryce,
who were assigned to the mill trial, to cart the product to South
Carolina in a station wagon.
Only a few people talked about the possible weather in February in the Upper
Midwest. That was an .intangible, but it was
likely to be harsh. Ice-slicked or snowdrifted roads would be a major obstacle to
two men rushing to meet a mill trial
deadline.
But, first things first. Bob Burford’s
responsibility was pilot plant production.
An experienced operator, he had been with
3M since 1947. Married and the father of
two, Burford was, at tirol time, attending
the UofM. In nccd of money, he weal jobhunting and 3M hired him. Every day from midni!’ght to 8 a.n~. hc
and auothcr man operated the electrochemical cell: for the Project.
Later he was on the four to midnight shift. In June 1949 he gr~duated
with a de~ree in chemistry.
Burford’s crew worked day and night to fill four five-gallon glass
carboys. The last one was topped by nightfall on a F~ciday, three days
before the Monday deadline in South Carolina. At last, Petersen and
Bryce were ready to set out on their expedition. The two men recounted the story years later.
"Faced with a typical, almost impossible marketinlg deadline, Hugh
Bryce and I loaded the world’s only supply of FXI-401 in a rented
station wagon and headed south. We didn’t dare st6p until we were
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out of the freezing zone for fear of ruining the product," Petersen
said. "We would have flown, but the FX-401 could have frozen in
the cargo hold. If it froze, it would coagulate and be useless.’"
Leaving Chemolite at 5 a.m. on a Saturday, they headed toward
Iowa on a two-lane blacktop in that era before freeways laced our
countryside. "The first one hundred and fifty miles were on icecovered highways," Bryce recalled. By Saturday night, after driving through Cairo, Illinois, they were in western Kentucky, where
they parked the wagon in a service station with a heated bay. Then
they rented a room and grabbed a few hours sleep before continuing
~heir odyssey early Sunday morning.
"Selden had warned us not to go over the Appalachians. He was
afraid we’d get caught in a mountain snowstorm and go into a ditch,"
Bryce said. "But, Bill and I knew we didn’t have time to go far enough
south to go around them, so we risked the mountains south of Knoxville." The mountain trip went without a hitch. The tired pair and
their precious cargo reached Pendleton about ten o’clock--bedtime-Sunday night.
"We didn’t get to sleep. Instead, we spent the rest of the night
getting set to run our mill trial. Those trials went extremely well
especially toward the end of the week," Bryce said.
Although the mill trial was successful, Deering-Milliken decided
against using 3M’s product. The trial had its merit, however, because
it demonstrated the feasibility of applying fluorochemicals using the
padding method* and 3M gained experience in scaling up a mill run.
l)uring Ihal sumc period of the 1950s, 3M also conducted mill trials
~t Pacitic Mills plants in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and Danville.
Virginia. In the course of those trials, 3M developed Scotchgard
rcpcllcr finishes for both worsted and woolens applied by exhaustion in a (lye beck. That contact resulted in Doug Hall leaving Pacific"
Mills to become 3M’s first Merchandising Manager for Scotchgard
repeller.
The turning point came in 1955, Petersen said. That year marked
the commercialization of the first oil and water repellent finish the
Wor.ld had ever seen.
"From that point on, it was no longer strictly a technical problem.
*In padding, a fabric is passed through a tank of (in this case) fluoroehemical, then through
squeeze rolls to remove the excess. In another tnethod kn(~wn as exhaustion, fabric is circulated in a t~mk called a dye beck until all the fluorochemical is abs~rbcd into the fabric.

 92

93

Unsophisticated early day publicity phot features Bill Petersen
and fabric. Cutline says "Oil and grease stains on permanent
press trousers now can be released after normal home laundry.~’
Pelersen was Textile Products Manager in the Chemical Division
Laboratory a! the time.

In fact, figuring out ways to sell these products (which were never
cheap) was about as tough a job as making them," Pctersen said.
The first treated fabrics were worsted,.; and woolens, but by 1956,
an improved version of 3M’s product was being applied on worsteds
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and polyester-worsted blends. 3M also had developed a product for
treating upholstery fabrics.
In 1959, 3M took aim at the wash-and-wear cotton market and
introduced "the radically new concept of commercially applying
fluorochcmicals from solvents," Petersen said. That led to a whole
new family of solvent-based Scotchgard repellers.
A few years earlier, in the mid-1950s, a new application was found
for the chrome complex. It enabled the manufacturer of Hush PuppiesTM leisure shoes to overcome a major marketing problem. The
story has been told from two viewpoints. The sales version featured
James McFadden, the 3M Sales Representative in Detroit, who was
described as very industrious and very curious.
It began with Jim Rogers, the Sales Manager, and a colleague driving sixty miles down the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Red Wing
to call on S. D. Foote Company, a shoe manufacturer. When McFadden found out about that, he headed for Wolverine, a shoe manufacturer in Rockford, Michigan.
Wolvcrine ev~Ived from a tannery founded in the late 19th Century by a German immigrant whose talent was tanning cordovan
leather (horsehide) for work shoes and gloves. At its peak, the tanncry cmph~yed two hundred people, but the firm fell on evil days
after the evolution of trucks and tractors depleted its raw material.
In the late 1950s, Adolph Kraus, a grandson of the founder, set
out to revitalize the company, which could tan cowhide, sheepskin
,’and other hides, but could not compete with the giants in the industry.
As luck would have it, ~nc day an invcnlor walked in wilh a n~achinc
hc said would replace hand skinning of pigs.
Skinning was an art. One slip and the knife would pierce the fragile
.’;ki~ and il was ilnpossiblc to ski~ the han~s al all. A skinner was
Ibrtunatc to wind up with three or four square feet of pigskin. Thc
inventor provcd that his machine could skin a pig, hams and all in
half thc linlc il look a skinner. The machine also produced skins from
six to tcn feet square, well above the hand-skinning average.
Adolph obtained an exclusive license to build and sell Ihe machines,
hut he and his customers s~on realized that while they could machineskin pigs fa~Ler and easier than ever before, the skins were no better
than then machinelcss competitor’s. And, there still was only one
basic use--dress gloves--because untreated pigskin stretches and is
ruined by exposure to water. Adolph hired a chemist to solve that

 95

94
problem, but a variety of waterproofing products he tested were unacceptable because they made the pigskins stiff as boards.
While the quest for an acceptable treatment continued, the tannery
acquired a German process and began manufacturing pigskin leisure
shoes. The shoes were inexpensive and because the leather was sueded
to mask the blemishes, attractive. At first sales boomed, but then
complaints began piling up. Purchasers learned to their regret that
once exposed to rain or snow their shoes were ruined. Into that crisis
stepped Jim McFadden with his story about a 3M wonder product.
It protected leather against the elements and did not make it boardlike in the process. His story was documented by testing, and after
Adolph bought 3M’s product his pigskin shoes were rescued and were
still being sold in 1991.

Just bPush them off.

They’re water-repellent and soilresistant
because they’re treated with ~cotithgard
.................

An early 3M advertisement for Scotchgard leather protector and
tlush Puppies pigskin shoes. 3M’s product saved Hush Puppies
from disaster by protecting them from terminal damage from
rain, snow and mud.
The other vcrsion of the same story is entirely different, Which
is correct or where the versions might blend is lost in the mist of
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3M specialty chemical history. In any event, the laboratory version
has Maynard Olson of the Fluorochemical Division Laboratory and
Hugh Bryce making contact with Foote, the Red.Wing shoe manufacturer, in 1955 or 1956. Trials proved that the 3M treatment would
make leather repel both water and oil, but still Foote was not convinced, so no sales resulted. With that knowledge, however, Olson
and others involved knew that they could help Wolverine after contact was made. First trials proved that the chrome complex would
repel water when applied to pigskin, but the sticker was that Wolverine
would have to change its manufacturing processes in order to use
3M’s product. Furthermore, the tiny holes left in the skin when the
hair was removed were not sealed, so moisture could penetrate the
leather. Buffing to produce the suede also tore skin fibers, which
caused the chrome complex to lose oil repellency. Some shoe colors
were affected more adversely than others, too. Olson and Chemist
John Lamb of Wolverine worked together for three or four years
before they solved the problems. The solution was a two-part treatment designated as FC-233, _which was a liquid in part A and a powder
in part B.
During the development years, 3M was in competition with Pennwalt Corporation, which had a product similar to the chrome complex and was trying to sell it to Wolverine.
Refined versions of FC-233 are still used on Hush Puppies shoes
today.
(Adolph prodnced the name Hush Puppies from deep fried cornmeal dough balls which cowboys squatting around their campfires
supposedly tossed to their dogs to keep them from howling. He also
coined ~he slogan "To quiet your barking dogs" and soon Wolverine,
another Adolph appcllati(~n, was producing ten thousand dozens of
pairs of shoes per week.)
Maynard Olson spent thirty-one years at 3M, all in specialty
chemicals, after he was hired by chance in 1951. Olson was raised
in West Salem, Wisconsin~ and obtained a chemistry degree from
the state university. His first job offer came from Linde Air Products in Buffalo, New York. While considering that offer, a friend
invited Olson to ride with him to St. Paul where the friend had an
interview with Minnesota Mining andManufacturing Company.
In the 3M employment office on the first floor of Building 42,
Olson’s chum suggested that Olson might as well fill out an employ-

 96
ment application, too. He did and soon was interviewed by Hugh
Bryce, who made Olson a job offer a few days later.
"They were really eager to hire chemists," Olson said years later,
"because of the rapid expansion of the fluorochemical areas." He
accepted the offer and was still in the CCD Laboratory when he retired
in 1982. Olson’s friend, Robert Bowman, was also hired. He had
a long career at 3M, beginning in CRL and ending with retirement.
After FC-233 had proved itself, Olson visited tanneries al’! over
the United States trying to find another customer, but ran into constant problems. The product’s best feature was its dry-cleanability
besides its repellency. Its shortcoming was its high price.
In the 1970s, Olson helped develop FC-100, an additive for tanks
in the electrowinning process used to obtain copper from copper ore.
FC-100 was the copper industry version of FC-95, the Udylite product, and in fact was developed after it was learned that FC-95 did
not work with copper. The benefits of the copper electrowinning process compared with smelting were more efficiency and less pollution.

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1365.0056

Selling Hangtags
The history of Scotchgard protector also was being written in the
field by men like Bob Peiffer, James McAndrew and Joseph Tischio
in the New York sales office.
McAndrew had been selling for Goodyear for eight years and living in St. Paul when he became enamored of 3M and Scotchgard
repeller in 1959. He applied for a job and Sales Manager Doug Hall
hired him in January 1960. He was sent to New York where
the Scotchgard repeller sales team and 3M’s Hartford City Paper
Company operations were tenants of 3M’s International Division in
its office at 99 Park Avenue.
Peiffer was the field Sales Supervisor in Manhattan. With him were
Sales Representatives Richard Engebretsen and Tischio, who was
Sales Correspondent. Tischio joined the team the same week MeAndrew arrived in the city.
"We were ~mmteurs in the textile business," McAndrew recallcd, "which was good because we didn’t know what we couldn’t do."
He and other salesmen even sold hangtags, those merchandizing tags
that are attached to treated furniture in showrooms around the world.
Hangtags are produced by the millions and have been give-away items"
for more than a quarter of a century, but in the early 1960s the New
York neophytes considered hangtags salable merchandise.
During one memorable afternoon, McAndrew spent hours tryng
to convince Lou Ganze of Rain or Shine, a manufacturer of women’s
rainwear, to buy fifty dollars worth of hangtags. At the day’s end,
Ganz took _M_cAndrew to dinner at lhe expensive Four Seasons
restaurant, then told McAndrew to be back in the Rain and Shine
office early the following morning. "We picked up where we’d left
off the previous day," McAndrew said. "Ganz didn’t want to pay

 98

99

fifty dollars for our tags, although he must have paid two hundred
dollars for our dinner the night before. Anyway, I finally convinced
him and he bought the tags."
Another recollection of the naivete of the sales organization concerned attempts to sell Scotchgard repeller in spray cans with a
minimum order of eighty cases.
There were better days, too. Ingenuity is one facet of smart selling. McAndrew followed that rule after ,lerome Kandell of Kandell
Fabrics, a slip cover manufacturer, refused to buy Scotchgard repeller
because he was certain in his own mind that his biggest customer,
Macy’s, would not want to pay for it. So, McAndrew made a sales
call on Macy’s.
"Do you know," he told Macy’s buyer, "that Kandell refuses to
give you a fantastic product?" McAndrew demonstrated his product
and convinced the buyer. Macy’s buyer called Kandell and said that
from that point on Macy’s slipcovers must be treated with 3M’s
repeller.
Cracking J. C. Penney was much more difficult. A typical sales
call on Penney buyers, even with an appointment, inevitably resulted
in long waits. "When l’d inquire after waiting perhaps an hour-anda-half, the secretary might tell me the buyer had left for the day,’"
McAndrew said. Frustrated, he finally made an appointment to meet
with Penney’s president in his office on Thirty-Fourth Street.
"What do my buyers think of it?" the president asked after the
salesman had demonstrated Scotchgard protector’s effectiveness.
McAndrcw told him he had no idea because he could not get in to
see one of them. "I can’t buy anything," the president explained.
"That mnst be done through them." He dictated a memo to his buyers
requesting them to provide him wilh information on Scotchgard
rcpcllcr.
"After that," McAndrew said, smiling, "Penney’s buyers began
lclcphoning inc."
Joe Tischo is an anachronism~a professional salesman and a 3Met
lbr more than thirty-five years in an era when many sales people
view selling as a stepping-stone job. Although he is only fifty-nine
years old, Tischio is the last old-time Scotchgard rain and stain repeller
salesman still in harness. With his long service, Tischio could retire
tomorrow, but has no intention of doing so.
There are some things that bother him. In recent years, for instance,
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1365.0057

he has been working with Sales Managers who are quite different
from the men Tischio knew three decades ago. Despite that irritant,
his enthusiasm and interest in customers ~nd in representing his product are still strong. So, he plans, to keep on working, at least for
the time being.
Some people mentioned in this book were hired by chance, but
Yischio really joined 3M by mistake in 1955. Almost from birth,
he was destined for the grocery business. Ten members of his family,
including his father and his uncle Joe, were or had been A&P grocery
store managers when Joe graduated from high school in 1949.
Automatically, Tischio joined the family trade and by 1955, back
from service in Kbrea, was making one hundred thirty-seven dollars
a week as a store manager in Newark, New Jersey. ("I had been
trained by my uncle Joe and my store ran like a clock.")
The ambitious employee wanted to attend night school college under
the GI Bill, but A&P refused his request to be transferred to a day
job in A&P’s home office. Tischios are store managers, he was told.
A&P management simply could not imagine him in an office job.
So, Tischio looked elsewhere for a compatible job. College aptitude
tests indicated he was suited fog accounting or sales. He left A&P
and became an Accounts Payable Clerk for Irvington Varnish and
Insulator Company in Newark. lrvington had four divisions-electrical, plastics, cashew nut shell oils and chemicals. Tischio was
assigned to chemicals.
He was quite surprised when he got his first paycheck which indicaied hc was working for a division of Minnesota Mining and
Manufacturing Company. "Who’s that?" he asked a co-worker.
"None or" my friends would believe I was working for a large corp~ration. ! wasn’t the corporate type," Tischio recalled not long ago.
"I wouldn’t have taken the job had I known. I always considered
mysel(an entrepreneur." But, he stuck with the job because by then
he had enrolled in night school at Seton Hall University in South
Orange. He earned a business degree there in 1962.
On the job at Irvington in 1959 while in Production Planning,
Tischio attracted the attention of Supervisor Bob Peiffer in the New
York sales office. Peiffer, taken by Tischio’s outgoing personality,
orfeted him a job as Sales Correspondent, the training desk for
salesmen. At that time, the New York office consisted of Peiffer (later
field Sales Manager) and Sales Representatives Richard Engebretsen

 101

100
and McAndrew, who had been there only a few days when Tischio
arrived. Engebretsen was also new, a replacement for Robert Small,
who had lost his sight as a result of a skiing accident,
Aside from part-time help from an industrial chemicals salesman
in Chicago, Ed Rasmussen, the New York staff was the national sales
organization for Scotchgard repeller in 1960. Sales effort was concentrated in the apparel industry with its billions of yards of fabric,
but Tischio’s training consisted of making calls in the home furnishing
industry where the output was measured "only" in millions of yards.
The focus began to change in 1961 when Tischio sold more product to curtain and drapery makers than the other members of the
New York team sold to the apparel field. And, the following year,
Tischio became a fulltime salesman.
McAndrew was made New York Sales Manager in 1963 after Peiff~r, by then Regional Sales Manager, returned to St, Paul to be Commercial Sales Manager for Scotchgard protector. Peiffer replaced
Doug Hall, who had gone to another 3M division. In 1965, Tischio
was advanced to Supervisor in New York.
Major changes took place in 1968. The Chemical Division
reorganized with sales managers assigned to industries instead of being
responsible for all markets. McAndrew became Sales Manager,
Carpets. Tischio was made Sales Manager, Home Furnishings. Joe
Diehl became Sales Manager, Apparel.
McAndrew was also responsible for sales to the carpet industry
out of the High Point, North Carolina, branch~ He finally transferred there in 1972 to be closer to that market. (His prcdcccss¢~rs in
High P~inl were Ed Gill and Paul Duqttcsnc.) After spending six
years i~ High Poinl, McAndrew moved his base to the new Sales
and Tt’chnical Service ~fficc in Chaltan(~oga, Tennessee. The
estahlishmcn! of the office in Chattanooga was vital to the success
<~f 3M’s carpet stain repeller business because the carpet industry
was, and still is conccntratcd just across thc statc line around Dalton,
Georgia.
McAndrew retired in 1988.
In 1964, Frank Wozniak, Sales Manager for Irvington Varnish,
became General Sales Manager of the Chemical Division. In a
reorganization of 1968, he was transferred to New York to be National Accounts Supervisor, where he became mentor and friend of
Joe Tischio. "F~rank didn’t know much about the produ~:t, but he
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1365.0058

Chauncey Martin conduct!~ a demonstration in the Scotchgard
repeller laboratory in 1957 for (from left) Sales Representatives
Dave Towler, Fred Troester, Fran Ruggles and Cliff Travls.

Was a great salesman,’" Tischio said. "There was something magical
about him whcn he was with a customer. Even today, customers still
ask about him." And, one Wozniak axiom Tischio will never forget
is, "Thc customer is always right."

 103

102
The work Tischio did for 3M during his long career was not just
training for some other job at 3M. "The way I look at it, 3M is the
horse and I’m the jockey," he said. "3M has the power, but I’ve
got the feel of the marketplace in my hands, One is no good without
the other. My job is not a function, like washing my hands or eating
dinner. I don’t leave the office at the end of the day and forget about
it. Sales are an integral part of my life."
In 1990, there were one sales manager and five sales representatives in the New York sales office. Three representatives work for
John Stanaway, Sales Manager, Apparel. The other two report to
John Riley, Sales Manager, Home Furnishings, in High Point. Charles
Hill in Chattanooga is Sales Manager, Carpet. Together with Ron
Kiel, National Sales Manager, who is in St. Paul, Stanaway, Riley
and Hill supervise Scotchgard protector sales for the entire country,
Since 1987, Tischio has had the title of Merchandising Sales Manager
in New York.
Apparently every man or woman who has ever sold Scotchgard
protector had made at least one major miscue while demonstrating
the product. Tischio and McAndrew made a sales call in the 1960s
at a dcparlment store in Boston. During the discussion, Tischio reached over the buyer’s desk and sprayed Scotchgard protector on the
man’s necktie. After the tie was dry, Tischio tipped a drop of salad
oil from a demonstration bottle onto the fabric. As advertised, the
oil beaded up nicely on the treated surface, then it rolled down the
length of the tie and plopped onto the buyer’s trousers.
"Dammit!" the man exclaimed. "You’ve saved a two dollar nccklic
anti ruinctl my sixty dollar slacks!" Tischio paid for tile dry cleaning.
Golf supplemented salesmanship in at least one instance. McAndrcw
had a problem obtaining an order from a division vice-president at
Spring M ills, a major producer of fabrics. After McAndrcw Icarncd
that the man had attended Seton Hall with Joe Tisdhio, he enlisted
his colleague in the campaign.
"Joe," McAndrcw said, "I call and call on that guy and can’t
get him to sign. You knew him when you were students at Seton
Hall. How about getting together with him someday to see if you
can soften him up?"
"I knew Nick Milos in school and still know him today," Tishio
said. "1 played golf with him and we got all of his business,
Scotchgard stain and release treatment applied to Spring Mills sheets."
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1365.0059

Unfortunately, repeated washings caused the 3M treatment to lose
its effectiveness and eventually Spring Mills stopped buying from
3M. "But, you know something," Tischio said, "Nick is now president of the Bed, Bath and Linen Association and runs a consulting
business, Milos Marketing. He still talks about finding a permanent
stain release product .for sheets."

Bill Sold explains lhe operation of a Simons cell for newspaper

reporters at an open house in the 1940s.

A favorite Tischio story concerns Vice-President Cecil March, who
at the time was in charge of the Group. It seems that March won
a door prize, a golf putter, at a sales meeting in St, Paul.
"We weren’t suppose to leave the hotel where we were meeting--to
keep us out of trouble--but, another salesman and I sneaked out near
the end of the evening program and went looking for a dance floor,"
Tischio said. He is an excellent dancer and once helped support his
family by t~ching dancing in an extension class for Newark Public
Schools.
"Just before we left the meeting, Cec March won the door prize.

 At the end of the meeting, he insisted that the putter be raffled off
again. Unfortunately for me, my ticket was chosen. I was gone. of
course, and Wozniak found out where I’d-been. If ]he hadn’t been
such a good friend..."
3M set up a unique licensing system for mills to regulate the application and quality of finishes of materials using its products. Performance standards, tests and test procedures, a perf0~mance moniloring system and an identification program were to become patterns
for competitors to follow later on.

Whips, Whistles and Balloons
By the 1950s, 3M had developed a large central Advertising (and
publicity) Department on the top floor of Building 42. The department, directed by Charles Moosbrugger and his assistant, Roger How,
included more than seventy men and women--division contact men,
creative people, copy writers, artists, division publicists and clerical
workers.
Ross Garrett and Stan Prater of Moosbrugger’s Staff Advertising
organization worked with the chemical Group. So did Russ Roth,
a division publicist, and artist Frank Kuettel, assisied by Frank Thornburg, who was in charge of the Art Department in Staff Advertising. With their help, the Group tackled the
job of_ naming Hs products, which at that
time carried only laboratory identification
numbers. One of the first trade names and
the castle symbol identified with it was born
in 1955.
A series of names were considered and
discarded bclbrc Scotchguard was settle on.
Then the "u" was dropped to spell it
Scotchgard. The castle developed with it
symbolized the strength of the product. At
first, a knight in armor was suggested, but
Frank Kuettel
Kuettel and Thornburg protested. The
figure would be cumbersome and use too much space in future advertisements. Knights also had become tedious through overuse by other
companies.
Kuettel drew hundreds of sketches before the symbol was accepted.

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1365.0060

 _ 107
Originally it had a plaid crosshatch interior, but that was discarded.
The final red and black castle symbol charmed trade magazine editors,
who reproduced it in their publications from.publicity photos mailed
by Roth. That particular "free" publicity caused a great stir in the
Division, which did not have much money for advertising. Publicity
had to be relied upon to carry most of the promotion load.
The Scotchgard name was a "grabber" because it linked 3M’s
honored Scotch trade name with the repeller’s protective feature.
However, it generated a blast from Jack Borden, the Tape Division’s
General Manager. His division had marketed Scotch brand tapes for
so many years that they believed they owned the name. He did not
use that argument, however, but hid his proprietary feelings behind
an expressed fear that if Scotchgard repeller failed as a product it
would reflect unfavorably on his entire Scotch brand line. That appeal did not carry with management and the protective product donned
the name which was destined to become respected and widely known,
one of the leaders in 3M’s long line of respected brand names.
The development of the demonstration bottle began with Doug Hall.
One day the Merchandising Manager walked into the office he shared
with Jim Rogers. He was carrying a glass laboratory tube eighteen
inches long and an inch-and-one-half in diameter sealed with a glass
stopper. Inside were three layers of liquids, red, green and colorless.
Hall shook the bottle. The liquids swirled together in a multi-colored
mixture. He set the glass on Rogers’ desk, and in a few moments
the mixture settled into three distinct layers again. The colorless liquid :it tile I~ollonl, Hall explained, was Scotchgard reptile,-. The
green in the middle was colored water. The red on top was tinted
salad oil.
"’lsu’t thal terrific?" hc said. Rogcrs did not share Hall’s enthusiasm, even after Hall explained his "sure-fire" demonstration
idea. It was, he said, a quick, easy, economical way to show how
Scotchgard repeller rc.iccts both oil and water. It made the invi.~iblc
action of the product visible to everyone.
Two weeks later, Lou Weyand, Executive Vice-President of the
Tape Gr(~up, borrowed HaWs oversized bottle and took it to New
York for a mccting with security analysts. When he returned, Weyand
was very complimentary to Hall.
"When 1 shook that bottle," Weyand said, "after explaining its
contents, then let it settle again, everyone in that room knew ira0
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1365.0061

mediately how Scotchgard repeller performs." It was a great merchandising idea, he told Hall. Rogers, at his desk, nodded in agreement, then presented Hall with a sheepish grin after Weyand left.
Hall’s merchandising tool has been replicated thousands of times
in the last fifty years. It still is a quick, easy and economical way
to demonstrate Scotchgard protector. The credit for its creation goes
to Bob Adams and Tom Brice, who filled that first cylinder Hall noticed during a visit to the laboratory.
Hall’s first question was, "Can the liquids be colored to make their
separation more apparent?" The scientists tinted the water and oil.
That essentially is the way Scotchgard protector demonstration bottles are made today.
In 1956, Ross Garrett of Staff Advertising presented the first advertising program at a Group meeting and mentioned that Start Prater
had been assigned to the account, too. In his presentation, Garrett

Early Scoi~hgard protector demonstration kit containing three
vials and three swatches. Sophisticated versions still are in use
as a quick, easy way to prove the product’s effectiveness.

 !09

108
referred to the staff copy writers as "’producers," a public relations
kind of appellation no doubt designed to add a touch of class to the
operation when making first contacts with a new 3M business unit.
Ted Lucas joined 3M and staffadvertising in 1956 to write advertising copy and produce advertising and merchandising materials for
several divisions. He arranged for printing brochures and merchandising pieces as well as preparing advertisements for coated abrasives,
pressure-sensitive tapes, chemicals and other products. One vivid
memory tidbit retained by Lucas was that Scotchgard stain release
originally carried the unwieldy name Scotchgard dual-action fabric
protector.
At a sales meeting at Wonewok* in 1956, Garrett presented the
Group advertising program. Scotchgard paper size treatment was to
be introduced in a brief campaign in the Paper Trade Journal and
h~dustrial Packaging. The former was read by manufacturers and
converters, the latter by consumers of heavy duty packaging products. Direct mail advertising asing advertising reprints and a reply
card as self-mailers would support the three-m6nth media campaign,
Garrett said. Later, he continued, "when we get the green light"
the advertising department would run one
advertisement in Rubber Age to introduce
Fluorel elastomers.
In the 1950s, the staff advertising
organization began to disintegrate as groups
chose to operate their own advertising
departments. For example, Ber~ Cross’
Graphic Products Group Advertising
Department headed by George Sandell was
thriving in 1954.
The Chemical Division Advertising
Department was organized in 1960. As
Ted Lncas
work demands grew, Manager Prater hired
Ted Lucas, Matt Howard and Fred Detloff from Staff Advertising.
After some time, Detloff moved to another division’s advertising
department and Howard left the company, but Lucas stayed in
chemicals until he retired. Paul Novolny, who replaced Howard in
1962. was ICPD advertising Marketing Communications Manager
in 1991.
*A 3M mceling center f(~r customers and 3M groups near ~ark Rapids. Minnesota.

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1365.0062

In 1960, 3M’s artists continued as a staff group with Kuettel assigned to the Chemical Division. Roth was assimilated into a new Department of Communications (later 3M’s Public Relations Department.)
Carlene Holt, who joined 3M in 1956, was Prater’s secretary in
staff advertising and followed him into the Chemfcal Division. In
1991, she was PCPD’s Senior Marketing Communications Coordinator.
On her first day in the Chemical Division, secretaries in the Sales
and Marketing Departments stacked scores of sales leads on Holt’s
desk. Each inquiry not only required assessment (and culling if warranted), but the prospect’s information had to be typed on a multipage form. That seemed formidable to secretaries not trained in advertising processes, so the task had been set aside awaiting the advent
of someone like Holt. She tackled the stack as her first assignment
and after a long drought more than one hundred lead cards were mailed to salesmen in the field. In the beginning, advertising and sales
promotion budgets were thin. A shoe manufacturer in Milwaukee
requested a supply of labels to apply to his shoe boxes. Prater refused the request because no -money was available for that type of
promotion.
Holt remembered that MacManus Johns & Adams (MJA) advertising agency used its employees as models in .advertising illustrations to avoid paying talent fees. Most of the promotion money
available was allocated to the fiirniture and carpet markets (where
the industry still congregates each year.) The Division leased a permanent office-showroom in the Furniture Mart in Chicago fi~r years
before 3M’s interest in carpet protection required a move to the
Chicago Merchandise Mart.
Models dressed as Scots in tartan kilts manned 3M’s ten-foot booth
at the Chicago Furniture Mart and later in Dallas, Atlanta_and.
elsewhere after 3M expanded to those cities. Demonstrating
Scotchgard repeller on treatexl and un reated fabrics and carpet samples
was the best way to show its effectiveness. Prospects couldn’t see
it, feel it or smell it, so the term "’Invisible Shield" was in vogue
for a time. Another problem was that uses had to be shown on other
firms’ products--sofas, carpets and the like. Choosing one customer’s
brand over another still is a choice which must be dealt with in advertising 3M’s product today.
New products, especially products introduced twenty-five and thirty

 111
110

years ago, thrive on outlandish promotions. The men who publicized
Scotchgard repeller contributed some of their 6wn. The "Spotless
Look" featured a mechanical leopard displayed at trade shows for
mill operators and retailers. Scotty girls wearing tartan outfits dumped
dirt on carpet samples and vacuumed them up again to demonstrate
how dirt could not harm protected .carpets. In time, those treated
areas on samples were formed in S-shapes (for. Scotchgard
repeller), castle-shapes or (for use by mills) in the form of a mill
logo. And, when the models complained about the dirt and dust contaminating their clothing and their skin, the advertising geniuses came
up with a portable booth on wheels. It was a box six feet high with
a Plexiglass TM window, Opposite the transparent plastic were
shoulder high holes with sleeves and gloves of a black protective
material attached. A model would insert her hands through the holes
and into the gloves to spread the dirt, then pickup a small vacuum
clcancr inside the booth and use it to whisk the dirt awaY. The box
was a bright idea, butit didn’t last long because models had an aversion to working it.
.
In a more ambitious move to attract attention to Scotchgard repeller,
Lucas hired the pipe band and Scottish dancers from Macalester College in St. Paul and flew them to Chicago. The thirty young men
and women attracted a lot of attention in the hallways of the Furniture Mart, but their performances also generated enmity with exhibitors. They complained that they lost most of their audiences
whenever the pipes began to skirl.
Mcctmnical leopards, demonstration boxes, Scottish pipers and
dancers were f~llowcd by more eye-catching and car-tingling events,
not only in the Chemical Division but throughout 3M. Advertisingsales promotion personnel referred to lhem as "whips, whistles and
balloons." That encompassing phrase has bcen adopted with admiraOpl’~site pare: "Set off, if you will, on a voyage of discovery in lhe
realm of your own imagination. The versatility and variety of
3M Chemical Products invite you to explore their potential in your
field," reads the not-too-well-written lead of this 1959 advertis-

ment. At right is a list--plastics, elastomers, textile finishes, corrosion control materials, acids, alkalines and more. "Explore
them~write for detailed data now" is the call to action for readers
of Scientific American magazine.
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1365.0063

 113

!12
tion over the years by 3Mers in other functions who understand and
believe in the efficacy’ of promotions. Detra~:tors call promotions a
waste of profits. They are in the minority, however, and whips,
whistles and balloons: are still fixtures at 3M and other companies
today,
The development of stain release treatment and the spray can served
as brand ne~v merchandising springboards. One stain release
demonstration kit consisted of a Tupperware TM cake pan with cover,
a package of cold water laundry soap, a six-inch embroidery hoop,
a vial of salad oil, an eye dropper, a face tissue and pieces of treated
fabric. The fabric was stretched over the hoop and a few drops of
oil applied. Then, hoop and fabric were submerged in the soapy water.
Presto! The oil stain lifted and rose to the surface. Nearly five thousand kits were assembled and distributed in one two-year period,
Lucas said. He laughed as he remembered that he had bought the
Tupperware pans from: a housewife-saleswoman in the 3M area. "She
probably retired with the money she made," he added.
Embroidery hoops :also were part of a spray can demonstration
kit, Untreated fabric was stretched over the hoop, then half the fabric
was treated from a can. After the repeller dried, drops of oil were
applied to each surface. It beaded up on one and soaked into the other.
All merchandising ideas were not fruitful. One example was a hat
promotion for the spray can in the 1960s. The Division bought
thousands of shapeless felt hats which were offered to grocery stores
as a self-liquidating item for spray can customers. The floppy wide
brimmed hats, each with a sewn-on emblem of a National Football
League team, were heralded as Fun Hats--one size fits all, shapes
to the wearer’s fancy, a three dollar value for one dollar and seventy
five cents by mail witlh a proof of purchase. A proinotion package
sent to grocers was shaped like an over-sized football. "Take the
ball and...RUN WITH IT!" exclaimed the headline. Inside the promotion folder, grocers wcre promised "PROFIT PUNCH in your
laundry supplies section!" Other copy blocks carried additional
messages including one that said that ten million football fans would
see a full page Scotchgard repeller advertisement in Life magazine.

Network and local TV~and Arthur Godrey’s CBS radio network show

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also carried 3M’s advertising for the promotion period.
Many grocers did not nibble at the idea. And. the hats which
carried a negative aura of hillbilly haberdashery, did not grab the

1365.0064

Industrial Chemicals trade show booth with Scotty girl at Chicago
show in 1961. Sign at left rear reads: 3M Brand Paper Chemical
FC-803 solves major packaging problems. KeI-F plastic film
display is at right rear.
fancy of football fans or anyone else. The failed Film Flam hats
became humorous giveaway items at 3M parties and other internal
events for years.

Kugler, General Manager of Hastings Chemical Division from
1955-57 and then General Manufacturing-Manager, Internal
Chemicals, was in 1962 appointed General Manufacturing Manager
¯ of the Chemical Division.
Also in 1962, Adams became the Division’s Technical Director.
Bryce was Adams’ assistant for commercial chemicals and Lundquist for internal chemicals. Cliflbrd W. Hanson was Division Production Manager. Charlie Bentz was appointed Manager, Process

 Engineering and Production Planning for the Division and AI Diesslin
Plant Manager at Chemolite.
When the Chemical Division was split in 1973, Les Krogh was
appointed General Manager of the new Commercial Chemicals Division (CCD), a non-manufacturing sales oriented business unit. Hanson was appointed General Manager of the new Chemical Resources
Division (CRD), which assumed the role Hastings Chemical Division had held fourteen years earlier. CRD manufactured chemicals
in its four plants for internal sales to other 3M divisions and manufactured fluorochemical products for CCD.
In 1973, CCD also began operating its own laboratory under its
new Technical Director Don LaZerte, who had been Manager,
Fluorochemicals Research and Development for the Chemical
Division.
Appointed Technical Director of CRD was Dr. Thomas J.
Savereide, who had been Technical Manager, Internal Chemicals in
the Chemical Division laboratory.
Other changes announced simultaneously were those of Robert L.
Ahlness to Manufacturing Manager for CRD from Technical
Manager, Internal Chemicals in the Chemical Division, and Hugh
Bryce to Executive Director, Central Research Laboratnry. Bryce
had been Technical Director of the Chemical Division and was Chairman of the 3M Technical Council.

The 1960s ushered in what Peterscn called the Age of Finishes.
Until then, 3M had done little or no promotion, used product identification infrequently and had no quality control function. In the
decade of the 1960s, 3M set out to change all that, undertaking the
Herculean task of educating mill operators, finishers, cutters, retailers
and consumers to their need not only for stain repellency, but
specitically for Scotchgard repellers.
"Talk about pioneering," Bill Pclcrsen said. "We were walking
trails no one had ever walked before. There were no oil repellent
finishes on the market and hence no references to them in anyone’s
litcraturc. Wc were writing the book." Programs conce.ivcd and executcd in those early years were copied by competitors years later.
One promotion tool--the three-phase demonstration bottle--still is
being utilized effectively today.
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A Big Score
A very expensive (but self-liquidating) marketing program of the
early 1960s was a bold venture that moved huge quantities of
Scotchgard repeller into the market chain.
It was wrapped in a media campaign that featured the nation’s top
mills and their key customers in expensive magazine advertisements
prepared and paid for by 3M. It cost the Division one and one-half
million dollars, which it borrowed from the corporation, but repeller
sales made up that cost and much, much more. By the end of the
second year, Selden said, "We had repaid all of the costs of the
fluorochcmical program and costs of the Project back to 1945."
It was among the all-time mzrketing coups ever conceived and executed at 3M because it got Sc.otchgard i’epeller into major mills,
the headwaters of the stream flowing to the marketplace. At the same
time, the advertisements publicized Scotchgard repeller and its benefits
to readers of consumer magazines. That made it appear that 3M’s
advertising was aimed at homemakers, to convince them to ask for
Scotchgard repeller when they bought clothes for their families. That
was a residual benefit, but the actual goal was to get the nation’s
biggest textile mills to buy and apply 3M’s product to millions of
yards of cloth in production. Selling large quantities of Scotchgard
repeller to the lop mills was the necessary first step of several required to get consumers to buy treated fabrics.
It would have done little good to stimulate shoppers to request3M’s
product when they were buying shirts, blouses, trousers and dresses
unless treated clothing was available in retail stores at that time. To
accomplish that, mills had to be suppl~,ing treated cloth to clothing
manufacturers who in turn were supplying retail outlets, all in advance

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116
of demand. Shoppers’ requests for treated articles would, of course,
eventually persuade retailers to sell treated articles of clothing. But,
if the secondary goal of the program was achieved, 3M’s media advertisements would stimulate retailers to have in stock merchandise that
had been treated with Scotchgard repeller simultaneously with consumer demand.
And, mills, clothing manufacturers and retailers had to be convinced in advance that consumers wanted treated clothing.
The program was conceived by Roy Mordaunt, a Division Controller turned marketing man, with the help of Prater and the Division’s advertising agency, MacManus John and Adams (MJA). As
planned and executed, key prospects such as Burlington Mills were
promised exposure in 3M’s Scotchgard repeller advertising at no cost
if the mills would buy and apply 3M’s product. Despite the sizable
commitment required by each mill, 3M’s free advertising proposal
attracted them. An additional hook was an offer to identify the mill’s
key customers--White Stag, for example-- in the advertisements as
well.
Selden was taken with Mordaunt when the latter was the Division’s
Comptroller because of "his unusual perception for getting the job
done." So, Selden offered Mordaunt a job that quickly progressed
into his becoming Manager of the Division’s Commercial Development (marketing) Department.
Mordaunt’s plan required figuring how much Scotchgard repeller
had to be sold to make the proposed two million dollars (the original
proposed spending level) advertising campaign profitable. Then, hc
proralcd that amount against the names of the industry’s seven lop
nlills and set out to sell the program.
In a New York hotel suite he held separate meetings with the president and merchandising manager of each mill. In one week he obtained total commitments from every one of them. At those meetings,
MJA presented what was an eye-popping program for the era. It included visuals of advertisements slated for publication in Life and
other consumer magazines, plus projections that millions of
housewives would read the advertisements and so on.
MJA had a vital interest in making the program a success. The
advertising agency had invested its time and money in the creative
materials, which the Division promised to pay for after obtaining
its money from the 3M Management Committee. Borrowing the
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Radio show personality Arthur Godfrey, hired to promote
Seotehgard spray cans poses in the late 1960s with Roy Mordaunt
(left), the Chemical Division’s Commercial Development
(Marketing) Manager, and Charles Willey, Advertising Manager.

money was the next step in the program.
Selden and Mordaunt found out that selling 3M management was
more difficult than selling Burlington, J. P. Stevens and the other
mills. Two days of discussion elapsed before the Committee approved
lhc Divisi~n’s request and only after cutting it to one and one-half
million dollars. Furthermore, approval was delayed until Joe Duke,
Lou Weyand and several others on the Committee had telephoned
the board chairman of several mills to verily their support of their
presidents’ actions. That despite the fact that Mordaunt had showed"
letters from the president and merchandising manager of each mill
spelling out their commitment to buy a specified quantity of
Scotchgard repeller over two years.
To call the result a success would be an understatement. "We sold
tons and tons of" our product," Selden said.
So as not to risk going to the well too often, after that major score
the Division settled back into more conservative advertising programs.
Telfer made some significant changes in the 1960s, starting in 1962.
Bob Adams became Technical Director. Hu~h Bryce was made

 Assistant Technical Director, Commercial Chemicals, and Bill Lundquist became Assistant Technical Director, Internal Chemicals.
Joe Kugler, General Manufacturing
Manager, Internal Chemicals, was advanced to General Manufacturing Manager.
Charlic Bentz was appointed Managcr,
Process Engineering and Production Planning, and AI Diesslin became Plant
Manager at Chemolite.
~:!
In 1964, Frank Wozniak, former Sales
Manager for Irvington Varnish and Insulator Company, by then in field sales
management for 3M, was appointed
General Sales Manager. Mordaunt, whose
Art Teller
title had been General Planning Manager,
became Commercial Development Department Manager.
Four years later, in 1968, Teifer made an appointment that restructured the Division.
In September, Bill Petcrsen, Technical Manager of the protective
chemical laboratory, was appointed to the previously unfilled position of General Sales and Marketing Manager. Petersen had been
running the program from the laboratory,
but the promotion made him the number
two man in the Division. It leap-frogged
him over Wozniak and Mordaunt, the men
responsible for selling und marketing the
Division’s products. General Sales.
;
Manager Wozniak soon transferred to New
York to take over a new position of Nati~mal Accounts Manager. Mordaunt,
manager of marketing functions, left 3M
in 1971.
In October, Petcrscn made changes.
Bill Pelersen
Robert Peiffer and Jim Rogers were given
new titles. Peiffer, Commercial Sales Manager, became National Sales
Managcr, Textiles and Leather Trades for protective chemicals.
Rogers, Industrial Sales Manager, became National Sales Manager,
Industrial Trades.
Pctcrsen also enlarged the marketing department. Lou Cove and
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Gayle Rengel were brought from the Laboratory to become Product
Supervisors. Cove and Rengel, plus James Noel, who joined the
department later on, still were handling marketing functions in the
Industrial Chemical Products Division in 1990. Noel, who joined
3M in 1961, switched from Laboratory to marketing in 1974. Others
who joined the Commercial Development
Department in the 1960s were Don Norton,
Dave Shryer, Ray Brown and Jack Sargent.
In 1971, William Scown, West Coast
Area Sales Manager in Los Angeles,
returned t0 St. Paul to become Marketing
Manager. Two years later, the Commercial Chemical Products Division was formed and Scown was made National Sales
Manager for Industrial Chemical Products.
He replaced Rogers, who had become
Manager of a new project involving Light
Bill Skown
Water AFFF.
Skown held that job until 1981, when he was reassigned to a new
position, Business Development Manager. He retired in 1985,
In that same period, James Johnson was assigned to the laboratory
in High Point, North Carolina. He reported to Joseph Spearman,
Supervisor of the new Quality Control laboratory.
When Petersen left the Scotchgard protector laboratory in 1968,
he was replaced as Technical Manager by Chauncey Martin, who
.itfincd 3 M in 1954 and had been the laboratory Supervisor since 1963.
A native of Sargeant, Minnesota, Martin held a chemical engineering degree from Michigan Technological University in Houghton.
He worked t’~r Petcrsen from 1954 until 1959, then he transferred
Io High Point as Supervisor of the Technical Service laboratory un-,
til he returned to St. Paul in 1963.
Martin joincd marketing in 1973 as Manager, Textile and Leather
(Commercial) Markets, and once again reported to Petersen. Marfin’s sole employee was Donald Velky,* but Richard Galash, John
Miller and Charles Annfield joined the department later on. Lou Cove
was Martin’s counterpart as Manager, Industrial Markets. Cove,
~’ A Sales Rcprcscntaliv¢, Textile and Leather Trades. in Lo~ Angeleg, Velky transferred to
SI. Paul in March, 1969, Io be a Product Coordinalor. He was made Sales Manager
of Scotchban pr~lector products in 1983 and Business Manager in 1986.

 121

120
Galash and Armfield still were in the chemical business in Protective Chemical Products Division in 1990.
Between 1979 and 1982, Martin was CCD’s Product Manager in
Antwerp, Belgium. When he returned to St. Paul he joined the Industrial Electronic Sector Laboratory as Marketing Manager, New
Products Department.
Teller’s era lasted until he retired in 1973, the year the Division
was split into the Commercial Chemicals Division and the Chemical
Resources Division.

Les Krogh, General Manager of CCD, was a Nebraskan who had
earned a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering in 1945 and a
master’s degree in organic chemistry in 1948 from the University
of Nebraska then transferred to the UofM to earn his Ph.D in organic
chemistry. During that period, he worked summers at 3M until he
was hired as a Senior Chemist in Central Research in 1952. In 1954,
he switched to the abrasives laboratory, where he became Manager
of Research and Development. In 1964 he returned to CRL as Director
of the Chemical Research laboratory and later became Director, Corporate Technical Planning and Coordination. In 1969-70, he was
General Manager, New Business Ventures Division (the renamed
New Products Division), then returned to CRL as Executive Director.
Soon after his appointment as General
Manager of CCD, Krogh was made a VicePresident. He left CCD in March 1981 to
become Vice-President, Research and
Development. Industrial and Consumer
Sector. In October 1982 he was appointed
Vice-President, Research and Development, for the corporation. He retired in
1990 as Senior Vice-President, R&D.
Adsms le0 the Chemical Division in
1966 to be Technical Director of 3M’s International Division. In 1968 he was apCliff Hanson
pointed General Manager, New Business
Ventures Division. Between t969 and 1981, Adams was 3M’s VicePresident of R&D. From June 1981 until his retirement in 1985, he
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1365.0068

was Senior Vice-President, Technology Services, for the corporation. In 1983, he became the first honorary member of the Carlton
society and also served on 3M’s Board of Directors from 1970 until
1986. He died in December 1988.
Bryce, after serving as the Chemical Division’s Technical Director from 1966, returned to CRL in 1973 as Executive Director. He
stayed there as Vice-President and Staff Vice-President until he retired
in 1982.

 122

Pilot Plants
Products evolve. They may start with a concept that is researched
and developed in a laboratory, but laboratory success alone does not
assure that a product can be manufactured successfully. That should
be proved before factory expenses are incurred.
To obtain that necessary manufacturing data at reasonable cost,
companies conduct small production runs in mini-factories called pilot
planls. There, production capabilities can be proved using small quantities of materials, which saves time and money compared with trial
runs in manufacturing plants. There is a safety [~ctor, loo. Experienced engineer~ and technicians recognize risks and motlit~ processes
if required so li~ctory scale-ups can be made safely later on. In the
final analysis, lhster, less expensive runs in pilot plants can assure
success fk~r full-scale production. Fluorochemical product manufacluring Iblh~wcd Ihal Irack beginning in the 1940s.
In May 1946, the year after Simons’ patents were acquired, Projcct Engineer Roy McKcnzic designed and Chemical Engineer Don
Wartlr<+p thal~cd specifications tbr a twt+-lhousand-anlpcre cell. That
cell, a giant compared with the cells in the Laboratory, would bc
housed in the Bcnz building garage, the first lluorochcmical pilot
Cell construction contracts were signed that fall+ Remodeling the
garage was hcgun, which included rcmoving the overhead doors no
Opposile: Looking north toward the Benz building in 1954. Pilot
plant is beNnd it and white shed at right was Duplicating Produels Division pilol planl (Building 44). Employees’ cars flank
Ihe 3M buildings on two streets.
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1365.0069

 125

!24
longer required for trucks, walling in an HF room with concrete and
partitioning office space.
AI Diesslin, recently returned from training at Penn State, was appointed Pilot Plant Manager. Ed Kauck became Assistant Manager.
Wardrop and Bob Anderson were shift bosses. Others assigned to
the plant included Lorne McCluskey, Jim Smith, Ted Haas, Ralph
Swonger, Don Snyder, Carl Klaus and Glenn Church. The latter,
hired as a seventeen year old trainee, retired more than forty years
later as a Production Planner in the Specialty Chemicals Division.
The new cell, at the time, of course, the largest Simons cell in
the world, begau operating in the converted garage in 1947. "In two
years we expanded the range of products we could and did produce,"
Wardrop said years later. "The pilot plant
was usually busy and sometimes it was
frantic" as the shift crews worked to produce sample quantities for internal use.
Later, samples also were made for outside
companies on request. "That was slow going. Sometimes it took a year for a company’s researchers to evaluate our products," Wardrop said.
Pilot plant usage was so great that after
only two years, a movement was begun to
replace it with a semi-works plant on the
Don Wardop
3M property near Hastings. Whether to
build the expensive new plant was one of the topics ut the April 19,
1949, meeting.
The semi-works plant--a bridge between a pilot plant and a
nmntffacturing facility--was necessary if the Prqicct were to grow,
although at that point not a single fluorochemical product had been
sold. 3M property near Hastings was the logical plant site because
East Skle residents had complained about discharges of solvents int~ the air from the main plant complex on East Seventh Street.
Relocating the pilot plant would eliminate any possible future complaints frotn other businesses near the Benz building.
Construction of the semi-works plant was begun in 1950 and completed in September 1951. Simultaneous with the construction, a new
cell and other equipment were fabricated. When completed, the onestory brick building designated as Building 15 enclosed six thousand
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1365.0070

square feet and including equipment cost 3M half-a-million dollars.
Expertise gained from four years of operating the Benz building
plant helped get the semi-works plant producing quickly. In operation, the new facility was light years removed from the old plant.
Its ten-thousand-ampere electrolytic cell made it possible to produce
fluorochemicals in commercial quantities of one ton and larger. Prospective customers could be supplied compounds in large enough
quantities to allow evaluations in their own pilot plants or semi-works
operations. The large capacity also allowed immediate production
to begin when the first order was received from DuPont in 1952.
The list of products produced and subsequent sales continued to
expand each year.’By 1959, 3M’s fluorochemical business was profitable for the first time in its fourteen-year history.
Besides the changes inside the semi-works plant, there were two
major ones made outside, too. One answered the question of how
to handle anhydrous hydrofluoric acid (HF), the raw material of 3M
fluorochemicals. At the Benz building, HF was delivered by truck
in two hundred pound steel cylinders. That was changed at Chemolite
to purchases of HF in one ton cylinders that resembled horizontal
propane tanks seen on farms and in small towns today. Each HF
delivery was a filled tank and the truck that made that delivery hauled
away the empty tank.
The other change was to alter the way in which direct current was
supplied to the cell. The motor generator at the Benz plant was too
small to power the ten-thousand-ampere cell, so a rectifier was inslallcd to change allcrnating current to direcl current,
The Benz building plant continued to operate, but in March 1953
the plant’s two-thousand-ampere cell was removed and installed in
the senti-works plant. With that, the pilot plant workers moved to
Chemolite, where Diesslin had been semi-works Plant Manager since
1951. Kauck, who had replaced Diesslin as Manager at the Benz pilot
plant, became Production Supervisor and Wardrop was made
Engineering Supervisor.
The semi-works plant originally was identified as the Central
¯ Research Department, Hasting Fluorochemicai Pilot Plant. In 1953,
it was transf.e_rred to NPD and renamed the New Products Division,
Hastings Fluorochemical Pilot Plant. Not long after that, it changed
hands again. A report in March 1955 identified the semi-works plant
as the Fluorochemical Experimental Production Department. Less

 127

126
than a year later, in May 1956, it was the Fluorochemical Production and Pilot Plant DePartment, then in January 1957, it was the
Fluorochemical DivisiOn Fluorochemical Production Department.
Those name changeslreflect the evolution of the semi-works plant
from an oversized pilot plant into a full-scale manufacturing plant
between 1952 and 1957.
Wardrop, a native of Pennsylvania and a Chemical Engineer who
came to 3M in January 1943, after graduating at the top of his class
at Penn State, was recruited by Dr. Stephens, who offered Wardrop
less money than he could have gotten elsewhere. He took the 3M
job because of the "novelty of being away from home" and the attractiveness of the state of Minnesota. His first assignment was the
acrylic acid project onl the top floor of Building 2, where he also
designed laboratory equipment. His 3M career was interrupted by
Army service from February 1944 until May 1946 when he returned
to become involved with McKenzie in planning the first pilot plant.
"Upon my return after an absence of two years, I was struck by
the general air of optimism about the company," Wardrop said. "1
was certain that 3M was going to do great things in the future." One
change was more people in the laboratory than in 1944. And, most
important, Simons’ technology had been obtained during his absence.
Things moved swiftly after the semi-works plant was placed in
operation. Less than two years later, work was begun on a second
ten-thousand-ampere cell, which was in production by March 1954.
That additional capacity, Wardrop said, changed Building 15 from
a large pilot plant lo the world’s largest Simons’ process chemical
plant, although il was very small compared with production facilities
today. The new cell and those that followed were needed mainly to
kccp up with growth of Sc~tchgard rcpcllcr sales.
By September 1954, construclion was under way on two more tenthousand-ampere cells.~ And, a lwenty-thousand-gallon storage tank
was installed to allow ordering HF in railroad cars. In December
Opposite: (Top) Winter view of tent, snow-free because of heat
loss from inside operatinns. Hay-filled trench (fi~regronnd) may
have held heating pipes. (Bottom) Clifford ,laps at the low
temperature cooling System outside CRL’s tent pilot plant. Tent
was used fiw nearly two years until Building 16 (background) was
ready for occupancy..
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1365.0071

 129
128
1954, the first tank car was delivered and by the following February
the two new cells were in operation.
Growth continued. By August 1957, five new ten-thousand-ampere
cells were operating in a large addition constructed on the north side
of Building 15. That meant that nine large cells were in place, more
than double the capacity of two years before.
A month later, a ten-thousand-ampere cell of a different configuration was installed in an experiment that didn’t pan out, Simons cells
were (and are today) upright cylinders four to five feet high. The
experimental cell was square, an effort to learn whether cell construction costs could be reduced by adopting a shape that was easier
to build.
Additional manpower was needed not only because of the increasing
number of cells, but because the process required attention around
the clock every day seven days a week.
in the early 1950s, CRL’s research facilities c,onsisted of space
on the sixth floor of the Benz building and a small room on the fourth
floor of Building 7, a Hastings Division facility at Chemolite. At
that time, a tent was set up as a safety measure east of Building 7.
There CRL employees made polymers from vinyl chloride and butadiene, both volatile chemicals, for the Tape Division. The tent had
fiberboard sides, a canvas roof and concrete floor. Inside, stood a
twenty-gallon kettle salvaged from the Benz building pilot plant, a
small office space and a distilling area. Because ’the chemicals had
to be isolated from possible sparks, the office telelphone was housed
in a box on a pole fifty feet away. Steam for heat was piped i’ron~
Building 7.
The tent facility was operated around the clock: five days a week
for more than a year. Cliff Japs and AI Smith, who worked there,
said that the emulsifier sold to DuPont to make Teflon products was
developed in the tent. (Even in the middle 1950s, some compounds
were mixed outside using fifty-gallon drums andl canoe paddles to
avoid concentrations of dangerous fumes.)
CRL’s new pilot plant designated as Building 16 was started in 1951
and placed in operation a year later. The building which was shared
with Hastings Chemical Division, contained a small office, a small
laboratory and a maintenance area, plus two bays. Bay one was occupied by CRL, bay two by Hastings.
Duriqg its first ten years, Building 16 was primarily a scale-up
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1365.0072

for internal chemicals. It also was involved with the processing steps
required to finish the production of Scotchgard repeller after it was
processed in a Simons cell in the semiworks plant. In 1962, a two-thousandampere cell was built and installed in
Building16. At that point the plant was
capable of working on innovative processing techniques for protective chemicals.
Japs and Smith had graduated as
engineers from the UofM in 1949. Japs
stayed with CRL eighteen years and retired
in the late 1980s as Manufacturing Director
of Commercial Chemicals Division. Smith
retired in the 1980s as Technical Director
Cliff Japs
of Industrial Specialties Division. Some
others hired by CRL at Chemolite during that period were Jack Hanson, Erwin Korn and Willis Olson.
Eventually, after a new Central Research Laboratory was built on
3M’s Maplewood campus in 1953-55, Stephens built a new pilot plant
there, too. Japs was Pilot Plant Manager and reported to AI Frye,
an Associate Director of CRL. That pilot plant, enlarged over the
years to include another division’s pilot plant, was still being operated
in 1991.
Dr. Wilfried Hirsch arrived at Chemolite in October 1957 to be
a Process Engineer with John Thorpe and Robert J. Olsen. In 1990,
hath Hirsch and Olsen were in the SA&CD laboratory. When Hirsch
arrived, Bob Libey was Pilot Plant Manager, reporting to Bill Lundquist, Technical Director of internal chemicals. Building 16 had been
enlarged lo thrce bays by that time. Later, the fourth and fifth bays
were added to the east end and an office wing built to the north and.
west. That construction also more than doubled the original size of
the plant laboratory.
lnlbrmality was the word at the pilot plant, Wil Hirsch recalled.
"Someone would phone from St. Paul to ask if we could help them.
We’d say, ’Sure, come on down.’ When they arrived we’d take a
few notes and often as not the visiting customer would stick around
to help do -the job."
The world has changed since those informal days. To work with
the Process Development Center in 1991 required completing two

 131

130
order forms, having a product code number on the order and
establishing an SA&CD laboratory contract. Before a pilot plant run
can be made, a Product Information Sheet (PIS) must be filled out.
A detailed chemical description of the product is required. The requester also is given a pilot plant Visitor’s Package which explains
policies.
The use of some chemicals in synthesizing new products also is
restricted or banned by 3M and by law. Benzene and phosgene are
two. Other chemicals require workplace monitoring. And, still others
that are suspected to be damaging to humans must be approved (or
disapproved) by 3M’s Industrial Hygiene Department.
Another major change from thirty years ago is that chemicals
(hazardous or non-harzardous) cannot be transported in personal
vehicles. Samples, like drums, must be properly packaged, labeled
and shipped through the warehouse by approved carrier.
And, that’s just a quick look at some of the changes over the years.
In 1960, Libey was transferred to Decatur to be Production
Superintendent of the Chemical Division’s manufacturing plant. Later
he became the first Plant Manager at Cordova. After that, Libey was
Plant Manager of 3M’s Antwerp plant. Now retired, he lives near
Cordova, Illinois.
After Libey left Chemolite, he was replaced as manager by Rober~
Ahiness, a Project Engineer who had been hired in 1955 and assigned
to the chemical Group. A native of Minneapolis, he earned a chemical
engineering degree from the UofM in 1950, then spent five years
as a Process Engineer with Phillips Chemical Company and served
in the Navy bcforc joining 3M.
Ahlness was in charge of the pilc~t plant from 1960 to 1966 when
he w:l~ made Engineering Mam~gcr fi~r the Chcmical Division. He
held that job until 1973, when hc was appointed Manufacturing
Manager for the new Chemical Rcsources Division, (3M’s Manufacturing Manager title was changed to Manufacturing Director in 1974.)
In 1986, Ahlness became Director of Manufacturing Technology
for the Division (by then called Specialty Chemicals Division) and
retired in April 1990. He operates a consulting firm in Mendota
Heights, Minnesota.
Ahlness’s credits at 3M include designing the first cell that was
installed in Building 16 in 1962 and the first multi-cell system installed in the semi-works plant. He also helped design the Decatur
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1365.0073

plant, introduced computerized drafting to the Engineering Department and was in charge of Chemical Division Engineering during
the design and construction of the plants at Cordova and Antwerp.
Because Ahlness was finishing up other activities, he could not
replace Libey for several months, so for that period the pilot plant
was without a manager. Technician Supervisor Nick Moes was the
number two man, but there was ~ery little to do, Hirsch said.
"Everyone knew his jobs," he said. "And, when we got in a bind,
we called Bill Lundquist."
In 1966, Hirsch replaced Ahlness. As Pilot Plant Manager, Hirsch
had a small office, but no secretary. When he or anyone needed a
letter or memora,ndum typed, they walked across the street to the
Factory Administration office to "wheedle" help. "There were no
sidewalks and no grass, just loose sand everywhere at Chemolite,"
Hirsch recalled. "Every time I walked back from the factory office,
I had sand burs sticking to my socks.’" It was so hot in the summer
in the pilot plant office, Hirsch recalled, that he and the Process
Engineer who shared space often worked shirtless in the afternoons.
"Every once in a while someone would sound an alert. A secretary
was walking over from Factory Administration to deliver some typed
material. We all put our shirts back on so we’d be presentable when
she came into the office."
It was during Hirsch’s tenure that the final two bays were added
to Building 16. The fifth bay was built larger than the others because
Hirsch recommended and Charlie Bentz in Factory Administration
agreed to extend the last bay to the railroad tracks. The tracks blocked
further expansion and set the stage for the construction of Building
70 in thc late 1980s.
Building 16 did not work exclusively with fluorochemicals. In fact,
the new plant was doing more non-fluorochemical than fluorochemical
work. By the mid-1960s, work on copying paper chemistry for Ther-"
mofax copiers, acrylate polymers and monomers for adhesives,
polyester fihns for the Film Project and similar projects accounted
for two-thirds of the business of the pilot plant.
In 1976, Hirsch left Chemolite to go into the laboratory in St. Paul
and Duanc Sanderson replaced him as pilot plant manager.
In St. Paul, Hirsch was assigned to making existing factory processes more compact so they would Work faster, which increased
production without additional equipment. Soon, however, he switch-

 132
ed to producing Chemical Safety Information Sheets (CSIS), forerunners to the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDA) required by the
federal government.
Sanderson managed the pilot plant until 1984 when he was replaced
by Glenn Damerell, By 1990, Damerell not only was in charge of
Building 16, but also supervised a new Process Development Center,
Building 70.
The Center was conceived in the 1980s after it became clear that
Building 16 was becoming a product development plant and that
changes were required to regain the Division’s responsibility for process development. The Process.Development Center, housed in a
state-of-the-art facility, began operating in 1989.
The Simons cell in the Process Development Center looks very
much like cells did years ago, but it is only a distant cousin to earlier
cells. A retired Division employee referring to that cell said, "We
put things on it we never had done before."
Despite the attention given Building 70 these days, Building 16
still is bustling. In 1990, it handled more (but different) projects than
Building 70.
Building 15 at Chemolite--the original semi-works plant of 1952--is
now a fluorochemical production building. There are five other
chemical production buildings at Chemolite (Buildings 4, 5, 6, 7 and
25.) Building 17, which began as Chemolite’s warehouse, now is
a film manufacturing plant.
Building 41, built in the early 1970s, is SA&CD’s Chemolite officc building. It is joincd to thc Procc,ss Development Center and
shares thc Center’s front lobby.

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1365.0074

A Bittersweet Acquisition
A jarring note sounded in 1957 when the Group purchased a division of M. W. Kellogg Company; the discord reverberated for years.
Two retired 3Mers who were involved with the Jersey City Chemical
Division--3M’s name for its new business--still exhibited rancor more
than thirty years later.
By January 1950 major fluorinated elastomer research was being
pursued only by three companies--3M, DuPont and M. W. Kellogg.
The latter, a New York engineering firm, operated a chemical division in a cluster of buildings in Jersey City, New Jersey. It produced
KeI-FTM thermoplastics using a fluorochemical technology Kellogg
had purchased from the federal government. Some fluorochemicai
research also was being pursued by Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company, Linde, General Chemical, Firestone, Sprague Electric, Westinghouse and General Electric in the United States. Imperial Chemical Industries and several other firms were doing the
same overseas. None was a major player in the game.
DuP~mt was fir!! into the markel in 1943 with a thermoplastic resin
sold under the Teflon trade name. The product gained rapid recogni-"
tion and popularity with homemakers who could fry meat without
adding oil or fat to a frying pan factory-coated with Teflon. lnduslrial
applications included gaskets, diaphragms, seals, anti-friction bearings, armored hoses, high temperature electrical tapes and wire insulation as well as anti-sticking coatings.
Kellogg’s_product had been developed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
where Kellogg designed and built a gigantic diffusion plant for the
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) dt~ring the war. Keliogg’s
management was impressed with the plastic pipes, valves, storage

 135

134

tanks and other components made with the product which were used
~o handle and store corrosive chemicals in the AEC’s gaseous diffusion princess. They could see a future for it in the postwar plastics
industry because of the product’s exceptional chemical inertness and
thermal stability.
At the war~s end, Kellogg obtained the rights to the fluorocarbon
resin and bcgan to develop applications. In 1947, four years after
the appearance of Teflon resin, Kellogg introduced KeI-F thermoplastic resin. KeI-F plastics and elastomers found customers in
the chemical, electrical and electronic industries and in medicine and
surgery. It was used as wire insulation and where mechanical strength,
toughness, form stability, clarity and resistance to liquid oxygen and
water wipor were required. (An identical product to the first KeI-F
plastic was made and marketed by Union Carbide & Carbon’s Bakelite
Division in 1947 under the Fluorothene~~ brand name.)
Kellogg’s chemical division produced a number of products under
thc KcI-F brand including plastic resins, dispersions, polymer oils,
waxes, greases and printing inks. It also manufactured acids sold as
raw materials for other products.
At first, the viscosity of KeI-F clastomcrs was so high that they
wcrc almost impossible to process, but years later after compounding modifications, they became more suitable for handling. Some
uses were for O-rings, electrical connectors, tubing and hoses,
especially those requiring resistance to liquid oxygen. Kel-F plastics
tbund application in nose cones of thermal-seeking rockets and as
t’OIIII~(HIelIlS I~)l" pr()ximity fuses in artillery shells, bnt Ih:ll business
declined with the cnd of the Korean War. ffor a time in the mid-1950s
3M was. indirectly, Kellogg’s largest customer because KcI-F thcr~¢~plastic resin wa~ used hy a firm in Chicago Io make wide hell
pal~cr Iraaspt~rts Ik~r ’l’hcrm~ffax copying machines.
In thal cru, 3M also entered the specialty elastomer market with
1 F4 (or lh~ly FI]A) rubber. Its primary use was Ibr aircraft ()-rings,
but it w:~s also lurncd into printing press rollers and fuel line hoses.
A poor balance of acid, steam and heat resistance prevented 1 F4 from
Opposile: The M. W. Kellogg Company’s complex in the late
1950s consisted of five buildings housing the firm’s chemical
operalions, plus others occupied by segmenls of the engineering
division. The large Imildings housed the bulk polmerization
operalions.
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 137
achieving broad acceptance, but at least it was a beginning.
In the early 1950s, Dr. George Crawford, then a Kellogg chemist
(who retired from 3M in the late 1980s) was part of a task force working to invent a solvent-resistant elastomer with a low glass transition
temperature (the temperature at which it would become brittle.) The
work, funded by the Army Quartermaster Corps, was known at
Kellogg as the Arctic Rubber contract. By 1954, four KeI-F products
were being produced, some the result of the Arctic Rubber ~research.
In 1955, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base became a co-sponsor with
the QM Corps and a new requirement--high temperature
serviceability--was added.
A similar contract funded by the Air Force at Wright-Patterson
field was held by 3M between 1949 and 1955. That resulted in poly
FBA and by coincidence helped in the development of Scotchgard
rain and stain repeller.
In 1983, writing about that era, Crawford said that Kellogg’s
research team tested 3M’s FBA (fluorobutyl acrylate rubber), but
discarded it "since it wasn’t really a fluorocarbon polymer, but rather
a conventional acrylic with fluorocarbon tails." He added: :"I can
recall that we regarded the 3M work with some contempt."
Then, a woman member of the Kellogg project used that acid to
make a persulfatc recipe, ran an experiment and came up with a waterwhite liquid. There was disappointment, Crawford said, because the
expected milky latex was not there.
"Forttmately,’" Crawford wrote, "we didn’t throw it out, but hit
il with a salt-ackl coagulant and down came this big chunk of robber-the first Fluorel fluoroelastomer. Because of its composition, it was
referred to as 2/14, which became 2140 later t~n."
. O-rings and scals made with Kcllogg’s synthetic rubber were highly
resislant to heat, gasoline, oil and other enemies that quickly destroy
natural robber. That, and similar products were revolutionary in terms
of the chemical and thermal rcsislance prnpcrties fi~r materials with
clastomeric properties.
About that same time, DuPont introduced VitonTM elastomer
which was similar to Kellogg’s. An ensuing patent squabble ended
when the Patent Office declared interference between the two companies. A cross-licensing agreement made DuPont the patent holder,
but granted Kellogg a license.
Soon after that Kellogg put its chemical division up for sale and
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3M bought it. Selden, who was Assistant Manager of the Chemical
Group at the time, said he was unaware of the negotiations until after
the contract was signed. 3M was represented by Carl Barnes, Director
of Central Research, and Irwin Hansen, 3M’s ~i.ce-President of
Finance, Selden said. Dr. Barnes had been Di.re~:tor of Central
Research Laboratory since 1954 when Vice-Presideht Harry Stephens,
who was ill, retired.
,
Kellogg was represented in the negotiations by. Butch Hanford*,
whom Selden described as a close friend of Barnes, a friendship dating
from their employment at DuPont. Barnes .was convinced that
Kellogg’s process was practical and he wanted 3M to acquire
Keliogg’s patents’, more than one hundred twenty five of them.
Pearlson, who studied the patents later.on, said they were of little
value. It was, he said, as if they had been deliberately "fudged"
to make them more attractive.
In March 1957, Kellogg’s chemical division, with its products,
patents and manufacturing facilities in Jersey City, was transferrd
to 3M. Selden went to Jersey City to try, he said, to create "order
out of chaos." Kellogg, he said, was manufacturing Kel-F plastic
in "hundreds and hundrods of pipes made of ordinary high pressure
steel. They would place monomers in the pipes, seal them and let
them work for as long as two weeks, using kerosene and dry ice to
keep the pipes cool." Pearlson’s recollection was of a big sheet-iron
structure where "’hundreds" of individual tubes were being used to
polymerize monomers and catalysts. The same process, he said, could
have bccn done in a drum with a capacity of one thousand gallons
or n~ore.

Bill Leder, a chemical engineer, began his career as a parttime
employee of Kellogg’s chemical division in 1954, transferred to 3M
in 1957 and retired from SCD early in 1990. (SCD was renamed"
Specialty Adhesives & Chemicals Division in March 1990.) Kellogg’s
complex, Leder said, consisted of five buildings, plus several others
occupied by segments of Kellogg’s engineering division. Two
buildings housed so-called bulk polymerization operations--the
"bomb" pressure cylinders. Another was the monomer manufacturing facility, the fourth a finishing and extruding plant and the of*Dr. William E. (Butch) Hanford. Vice-President of Research and Chemical Manufacturing
~! Kellogg. wrote a hrief account of the development of KcI-F thcrrnoplatic resin in 1954.
Some of Ihal infimnatitm has been used in this chapter.

 139

138
rice. The fifth ~tmcture was the laboratory, a two-slor~ building shared
with M. W. Kellogg engineering’,s chemical research facility.
Leder said the two polymer manufacturing buildings were about
three hundred feet long and two hundred feet wide. Each contained
three or four huge tanks each seventy feet long and four feet deep.
In operation, each tank held one hundred or more steel cylinders each
three feet long and six to twelve inches in diameter.
Leder said Kellogg designed and built a large plant for bulk
polymerization of KeI-F in the early 1950s to replace the steel
"bombs." However, that plant, which included monomer manufacturing, distillation and purification, produced unsatisfactory products.
After experiencing poor results with the bulk plant, Kellogg began
developing emulsion polymers from KeI-F monomers and
co-monomers.
Leder earned his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from
Columbia University in 1950. He worked on silicone products process development at General Electric’s plant in Waterford, New York,
for four years before going to work part-time at Kellogg as a Process Engineer for KeI-F plastics. During that period, he obtained a
master’s degree in applied rnathematics from Rutgers.
In 1957, he became a Process Engineer at 3M’s lrvington plant
in Newark, where he worked ten years. Then, at Chemolite he was
a Production Planning Supervisor until 1974 before he became Global
Planning Manager, Fluorochemicals, for Chemical Resources Division in St. Paul. Since then, he served three years as Technical
Manager of 3 M’s Antwerp plant, four years as Process Engineering
Manager at Ihc Chcmolitc chemical plant and in various other
chemical production jobs in St. Paul. For the six years before he
retired, Lcdcr was International Manufacturing Managcr for SCD
and later Business Dcvclt~pmcnt Manager for lhe Chemicals, Film
and Allicd ,Products Group.

During his first visit to Jersey City, Selden had a run-in with Hanfiml over the fact that no laboratory or laboratory equipment were
listed on the inventory of buildings and materials. "You didn’t buy
thai," Hanford said. He added that 3M would have to pay three hundred and fifty thousand dollars more for that facility and its equipment.
Selden gulped. The laboratory and equipment were not mentioned
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in the ¢(~lllrat;l.

Fortunately for Selden, he was dealt new cards in the game. 3M’s
inspection team learned that two boilers in one of the 3M buildings
were supplying heat to the Kellogg engineering buildings next door.
Hanford was "’surprised and asked if 3M would sell back the boilers,"
Selden said.
"I told him yes, for three hundred fifty thousand dollars," Hanford, red-faced, agreed to a trade, 3M got the laboratory and equipment, Kellogg got the boilers.
Wrangling typified the relationship between 3M and Kellogg over
the next several years. Kcllogg’s version is in Crawford’s history
and a report written in 1960 by Billy Landrum, who had been the
leader of Kellogg’s Arctic Rubber Project. Landrum’s report was
written while he was employed in Central Research Laboratory.
According to Landrum, Kellogg’s management recommended the
development of an emulsion polymerization process as absolutely
essential to the success of Kel-F products. But, he added, "3M made
only abortive attempts to attract the engineers and chemists who were
already working on that development," According to Crawford, 3M
lost the potential market for KeI-F 2140 by neglecting its development. That delay allowed DuPont time to gain control of almost all
of the fluoroelastomer market by the time 3M got into it in February
1959. Pearlson countered that 3M did not have the raw materials
needed to produce Fluorel 2140 in 1957 and, furthermore, had better products to pursue.
There also were differences concerning Kellogg personnel who had
bccn retained by 3M. Major mistakes, according to Landrum, included inept appointments to management positions in Jersey City,
a lack of communications from St. Paul and allowing Kellogg’s sales
Ibrcc to deteriorate. Pearlson thought L, C. Rubin, 3M’s GeneralManager in Jersey City, was a good manager. However, Pearlson
admilted, 3M’s choice fl~r Technic,’d Director, Dr. Francis J. Honn,
who had bcen Section Leader for Applications in the Organic
Chernistry Laboratory, was a "plodder." Landrum disliked everyone
except Hanlbrd, Pearlson added. Landrum, Joe Selden said, "Contributed nothing except constant bitching."
By 1960 igany former Kellogg employees had left 3M. That was
caused, in part, Pearlson said, by the fact that the best Kellogg
employees never moved to St. Paul, but chose to seek jobs in the

 141
East. Leder’s view was that "Kellogg’s good men weren’t sure that
3M was interested in pursuing fluoropolymers." Of sixty-fbur Kellogg
people skilled in fluoropolymers less than half expressed interest in
3M.
A major irritation to 3M personnel was that Kellogg personnel who
came to St. Paul retained the salaries they had been earning in New
Jersey. In many cases, those salaries were higher than those being
paid in St. Paul.
Jim Rogers told an anecdote that pointed up a major difference
between Kellogg and 3M. Kellogg was known for its liberal expense
account policy. So, when Carmen Gianotta, former Manager of
Kellogg’s Customer Service Laboratory, made a West Coast trip for
3M, he flew from Jersey City to Los Angeles, drove a rented car
to Las Vegas and on to San Francisco, In two weeks, he visited a
half-a-dozen accounts.
Not long afterward, Barney Oakes met Rogers in the hallway and
beckoned the Sales Manager into his office in Building 21. He showed
Rogers the less-than-modest expense report filed by Gianotta. What
should be done about it, Oakes asked, apparently having forgotten
that Gianotta was not Rogers" employee. "Well," Rogers replied,
"if he worked for me, l’d fire him." The Customer Service
Laboratory for which Gianotta worked, was headed by Joe Kugler.
Whether Oakes pursued the matter, Rogers never learned.
In a summary to his report in 1960, Landrum wrote that "I do
not think that aside from the decisions reached during the first days
of Ihc acquisition of thc KeI-F business by 3M lhcre have been decisions which in themselves were catastrophic. There has been, rather,
a continuing series of mistakes resulting largely from lack of
understanding of the problems attendant in this type of business. The
Kel-F business will never grow without intelligent leadership on the
part of Management. This leadership cannot be supplied without
understanding the products."
A list that appears to have been attached to a memo on another
subject written by Selden, by then Chemical Division Manager, to
Cecil March, Group Vice-President, provided employee counts
different from Landrum’s. Selden indicated that of twenty-five men
employed by 3M in the Jersey City laboratory, sixteen had resigned
by Scptcmbcr 1960. Among those who stayed were C. Kronche in
St. Paul: Stan Zaluda, who went to the chemical plant in Decatur,
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1365.0078

Alabama, and Dennis Deehan, who entered military service and then
returned to 3M. Deehan was still with the company in field sales
in 1990 and Zaluda also was with Industrial Chemical Products Division in St. Paul,
Of the Kellogg sales force, Selden wrote, eight men had resigned,
leaving only Francis M. Ruggles, who stayed with 3M until he retired.
A list of engineers showed three active: R. F. Schaaf (who left in
1960). R. A. Sundback and William B. Leder. (Sundback of the
Decatur plant as well as Leder retired early in 1990.)
Those lists showed that twenty-seven of forty employees assigned
to Jersey City left 3M within three years.
Jim Rogers reco,unted an early incident involving a Kei-F elastomer
customer. Tennessee Eastman, Kingsport, Tennessee, called Rogers
to say that Tennessee Eastman was having a "major problem" with
3M’s product, which was used as a binder for detonators produced
for atomic bombs. A pickup truck transporting the detonators had
blown up. Investigation revealed tiny shards of glass in the elastomer
binder.
Rogers got firsthand information at Kingsport, then flew to Jersey
City where the elastomer was manufactured.
"’A plant manager and I talked with every employee in the plant,’"
Rogers said. "We finally talked to the man who solved the problem.
He had set a Coca Cola bottle on the edge of the vat and it accidentally fell in.
"I was awfully happy that man was honest with us.~’
Rogers returned to Kingsport and reported his findings, 3M had,
he fold the company, culled the suspect lot. "I walked out," Rogers
said, "with a very large order."
In 1990 Los Krogh said that "With the acquisition of the KeI-F
and Fluorel product lines, we gained expertise with high-performance
polymers.’" Without Kellogg, Bill Leder added, 3M would not be
in the fluoroclastomcr business today.
KcI-F plastics and Fluorel fluoroelastomers were two of the product lines acquired from Kellogg. Others were oils, waxes, greases
and printing inks, which 3M sold for a time, then dropped due to
poor sales. KeI-F thermoplastic polymers and copolymers still are
marketed by 3M.
Today, Kellogg is a large engineeringcompany which designs and
builds chemical plants. It is headquartered in Houston, Texas.

 1,13

A Remarkable Turn Around
One day in 1973. Krogh, Vice-President of the new Commercial
Chemical Division, checked over the sales figures for Fluorel
elastomer,~. They were not very good, not for a product that had been
in 3M’s sales book for years. That rankled Krogh. It also rankled
him that DuPont dominated the fluoroelastomer seals and O-ring
market with a share of more than ninety-five percent. And, 3M did
not even have most of the remaining five.
Krogh was the first manager of CCD, the selling arm of the former
Chemical Division. Since assuming that position, he had reviewed
the history of Fluorel elastomers. 3M made its new product introduction in 1959, but DuPont was in the market first with its VitonTM
fluoroelastomer. 3M followed with a series of improved KeI-F
elastomers, but the line limped through the 1960s. DuPont also improved its products and retained its stranglehold on the market.
3M’s stagnation continued into the 1970s despite the introduction
in 1968 of FC-2160, lhe first truly low compression set fluoroelastomet ever made. Another 3M elastomer, FC-2170, intnxluced in 1971,
was the first ever to incorporate a cure system. Despite those advantages, neither created much of a stir with processors and molders.
Enough was enough, Krogh thought. 3M fluoroelastomers must
be made profitable or they would disappear. Furthermore, a comment by Jack Whitcomb, Group Vice-President, continued to circulate in Krogh’s mind. 3M had just resolved a patent dispute with
DuPont over fluoroelastomers in which DuPont had agreed to pay
3M a royalty. "lf DuPonl was willing to do that, we must have a
product that’s as good as their’s," Whitcomb had said. (In 1973,
because a large number of patents were filed by both 3M and Du0
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1365.0079

pont, a mutual cross-licensing agreement was signed to allow each
company to continue manufacturing its own products,)
Krogh discussed the problem and his intentions with Marketing
Director Bill Petersen and Technical Director Don LaZerte, "We
should get into this market or quit it altogether," Krogh told them.
Petersen and LaZerte wanted to stay in contention. To do the job, all three agreed, a
fluoroelastomer laboratory would have to
be established. Dr. William Isaacson, a
chemical engineer, was brought in from the
Central Research Process Technology Plant
(pilot plant) to manage the laboratory.
Isaacson hired a research team, men like
Dr. Arthur West and Dr. Allan Worm, who
began developing new and improved products one after another.
Krogh also strengthened Process
Les Krogh
Development and Technical Services by adding manpower. He authorized hiring five new sales people,
stipulating that they be rubber chemists, and approved a hetty increase in the budget for fluoroelastomer advertising. Sales offices
were set up in Boston, Cincinnati, Chicago, Dallas and Los Angeles
in 1974. Technical Service laboratories were established in Japan
and Belgium to serve 3M customers overseas. Four new Fluorel
floomelastomers were introduced.
I)uPont Ibught back. Each time 3M made an improvement in
FC-2174, 3M’s O-ring grade elastomer, DuPont improved its product. 3M responded with improvements of its own. DuPont did the
same. Back and Ibrth the battle raged in the laboratories, factories
and sales territories. Then the war ended quickly. In late 1974, Du-"
Pont gave up; it couldn’t leapfrog anymore. 3M’s fluoroelastomer
sales curvc continued climbing.
Customers benefited greatly because FC-2174 was light years ahead
of O-ring grade elastomers produced by anyone anywhere five years
bcfore. The developmcnt of FC-2172, 73, 75, 78 and 79 presented
an opportunity for 3M to clearly establish a fluc~rochemical leadership role.
An inspired marketing action program tipped the balance in 3M’s
favor. The idea came from Paul Novotny of Advertising and was

 145
developed by him and Dennis Deehan of Marketing in the fall of 1975.
They began by making a list of names of molding companies 3M
wanted as customers. In the program, called "We’re Blowing Our
Own Horn," a series of mail advertising messages were sent to the
targeted firms, In them, 3M offered to give each company" enough
Fluorel elastomer for a trial if they would conduct the trial on their
production line. The only other requirement was that 3M must have
technical representatives at the trial to assure a successful evaluation. The mailings included the advantages and benefits of using 3M’s
elastomer as well as explaining the offer. Apothecary jars filled with
candy were sent with the first mailing. The jars were identified with
the Fluorel elastomer logo as was each piece of candy. Additional
candy as refills for the jars was included with subsequent mailings.
The theme was based on the practice of American frontiersmen who
sounded hunting horns to alert others in their party when they
discovered something new. "You’ll Blow the Horn for FLUOREL"
and "You’ve been hunting for the finest fluoroelastomer" and similar
slogans were in each mailing. Molders who accepted 3M’s challenge
were given four pewter hunting horn mugs and enough of 3M’s
twenty-dollar-a-pound product to conduct their own trial runs.
The promotion was a resounding success as ninety-five percent
of the targeted processors and molders asked to be introduced to
Fluorel fluoroelastomers. But, as often is the case, orders did not
pour in overnight. The story of how one major O-ring manufacturer
went from buyng nearly all of its raw material from DuPont to buying ahnost e×clusively from 3M is one of the ma.ior success storie,~
of the campaign.
Mike Harnetty was Regional Sales Manager for Chemical Division industrial chemical products and Vince Lopez was a new Sales
Representative when the opportunity arose in the Cincinnati 3M Sales
Center. It was set up by the "We’re Blowing Our Own Horn" offer
that was received by thc firm located in Kentucky. Despite an interest in Fluorel elastomcr expressed to 3M’s Sales Representative,
the firm did not accept the offer.
Then, the day before Christmas 1974 during business hours Harnetty’s phone rang in the Cincinnati office. The company’s purchasing
agent said his company would place a maior order for Fluorel
elastomer if 3M could deliver before the end of the year. Harnetty said
3M could and called in Lopez. In the next seven days, the Sales

Representative located and collected enough boxes of FC-2174 to
fill the order by borrowing from other 3M Sales Centers and cleaning out the factory inventory at Decatur, Alabama.
On the day before the new year would dawn, Lopezand Harnetty
were ready to deliver. They loaded dozens of boxes of their product
into a rented moving van and set off on the seventy-mile trip to northeastern Kentucky. By day’s end the load was in the customer’s receiving department and the two jubilant 3Mers were headed home to
celebrate New Year’s Eve.
"That swung the balance," Harnetty
said, "with the help of something DuPont
must have done. Maybe, they missed a
delivery. I think we also amazed the account by doing what they asked us to do.
Whatever the reason, we got all of their
business after that.’"
Mike Harnetty became General Manager
of ICPD when it was established in 1986
and has been Division Vice-President since
1987. He attended Ohio State University,
intent upon becoming a veterinarian and
Mike Harnetty
graduated in 1967 with a bachelor’s degree
in agricultural chemistry. He sold agricultural chemicals for Monsanto Chemical Company for two years, then joined 3M in 1969 as
a Sales Representative for Light WaterTM AFFF and FiuorinertTM
fluids in Cbicago.
By 1971 he was selling Scotchban size in seventeen states. Two
years later, Bill Skown, National Sales Manager for industrial
chcnaicals, reassigned Harnctty to Los Angeles as CCD’s West Coast
Sales Manager and the following year to Cincinnati. In 1977 Har.netty.
was transferred to St. Paul to be CCD’s International Marketing
Manager. Skown took a new job with the Division in 1980 and Harnetty replaced him as National Sales Manager for industrial chemical
products, l~rom 1983 until he returned to St. Paul to take charge of
his new Division in 1986, Harnetty was Managing Director of 3M’s
subsidiary in Venezuela,
Skown was another chemical old timer. He started in 1947 as a
Junior Chemist in the Special Products Division and retired thirty-eight
years later in 1985. He was reared in Lead, South Dakota, and in 1947

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 146
obtained a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from
the South Dakota School of Mines in Rapid City, He had enrolled
there in 1941, but left to go into the Navy in 1943 and did not return
until 1946.
In 1951 he became a Process Engineer at Chemolite and between
1953-56 was in the Polymer Development Laboratory. Skown turned
to marketing in the lrvington Chemical Division in 1956. Reorganization in 1959 found him in sales in Chicago and his first exposure
to fluorochemicals. After seven years as West Coast Sales Manager
in Los Angeles, he was transferred to St. Paul in 1971 as a Market
Manager under Marketing Director Bill Petersen. Eight years as National Sales Manager for industrial chemicals covered the years from
1973 until 1981 when he returned to marketing. In 1982, he became
Business Development Manager before ending his career in that job
in June 1985.

As part of the Fluorel elastomers product line rejuvenation, the
Technical Service department had been turned into a marketing tool.
One requirement was that Technical Service personnel visit all major customers quarterly to discuss customer requirements, needs, applications, processes and so on in addition to handling regular
problem-solving calls. That not only made Technical Service people
visible, but allowed the development of technical relationships with
molders. Furthermore, it gave 3M’s technicians the opportunity to
learn how 3M products and compotlnds were l~crformi~g in
product ion,
More clastomcr products were introduced in 1976 and 1977, In
1978 3M w~n approval ~t’ Fluorcl clastomcrs for use in manufacluring high output flares Ibr the Navy and Air Force. 3M also introduced
a product to the pyrotechnics industry, a fluoroelastomer in strip form
that facilitated lhc preparation of solvent solutions.
More products were introduced in the 1979-82 years. In 1980 the
Fluorcl fluoroelastomer teams from CCD and CRD were awarded
3M’s Quality Award for outstanding program achievement with the
product line, Fluorcl clastomer 2182 won an IR 100 Award from
htdustria! Research and Development magazine as one of the one
hundred unique products developed in the United States in 1981.
A modern major application for KeI-F plastic is to make moldings
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1365.0081

and gaskets for solid propellant rockets, an application developed
by Aerojet General. KeI-F plastics also were used to produce "windows" for the noses of Sidewinder missiles. The windows allow the
missiles to read infrared rays emitted by enemy aircraft engines.
The bottom line of all that happened since Krogh made his decision is that 3M has controlled a major share of the fluoroelastomer
market for many years. That situation is a far cry from the dismal
picture he got from reading those sales figures in 1973.
Specialty chemical markets are relatively small, The
fluoroelastomer market, for example, comprises only about one-half
of one percent of the total elastomer market. However, that tiny
percentage grew ,at a rate of ten to fifteen percent a year through
the late 1970s into the early 1980s, so new companies became interested and entered the business fray. Those firms have become fierce
competitors and DuPont still is strong with its Viton product. In the
late 1970s, Italian and Japanese companies entered the overseas
market, so global competition has been active for more than a decade.
A passing note: fluoroelastomers are strategic materials, so exports to some countries are prohibited by the federal government.

 14~)

The Long Wait
Today’s super-computers run faster and are more compact than
computers built in the mid-1980s. And, you can bet that even today’s wonders will be obsoleted by faster, smaller versions before
the dawn of the Twenty-First Century.
The quest for speed is understandable; the faster the computer,
the more work it can produce. Compactness is a factor because reducing circuit lengths reduces signal travel time and speeds up the computer. Consequently, each of the thousands of wires in a CRAY-2
computer, for example, has been cut to z precise length andcircuits
are packed close together. Compact configurations create problems,
however, because they result in enormous heat buildups. Compact
computers also have obsoleted standard cooling systems--plates cooled with refrigeration lines--because they simply take up too much
splice.

Cray’s solution to that problent was a sealed cabinet with all comTM
ponents immersed in 3M Fluorinert electronic liquid. Fluorinert
liquid not only is an excellent coolant, but because it is inert it cannot react with--harm or be harmed by--other materials. It will not
conduct electricity, can be cooled (or boiled) and has low surface
tension. It flows readily through every tiny space, cooling every circuit
module and logic device, every wire and contact. It is easy to handle; it can be pumped under low pressure into the housing of the
compulcr directly from a heat exchanger. It is, in short, a solution
to a major problem.
No one was dreaming about cooling computers in 3M’s
Fluorochemical Division thirty years ago. Researchers and marketing
men responsible for inert liquids were busy trying to find prospects
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for inerts. And, equally important, find someone willing to pay the
high price 3M had to ask for them.
Inert perfluorocarbon compounds as 3M produc.ts date from the
late 1940s. They were among the first 3M fluorocarbons produced
in the Fluorochemical Project laboratory and pilot plant, but the initial enthusiasm for them evaporated after it was learned that they
were too expensive to be sold as coolants for refrigeration units. After
that, the Project concentrated on pursuing the technology of reactive fluorochemical acids. When that goal was reached in the early
1950s, inert liquids were all but forgotten, lnerts, incidentally, is a 3M
word coined in the 1940s to describe perfluorinated liquids that do
not react with other substances or materials.
Because fluorochemical fluids cannot harm anything and will not
conduct electricity, they can be used for immersion testing. And,
because they can be heated and vaporized, inerts are extremely useful
for heat transfers such as in reflow soldering, a technique used in
manufacturing electronic assemblies.
But, in the 1940s, inerts were a product before their time. Until
Sputnik flew overhead in 1957, until the United States space exploration program, and until the military electronics market began to
develop in the 1960s, inerts did not have a need to fill. After space
requirements forced designers and engineers to miniaturize vehicles,
componets and their cooling syst.ems, inert~ stepped out of the wings
and into the limelight.
The biggest obstacle to convening from a fan to an inert as a coolant
in ~n electronic device, for example, was the fact that the device had
to be redesigned for use with fluids. That made selling inerts a long
process. The benefit that salesmen could point out was that the new
device c~uld be m:~de smaller than its predecessor. Mechanical cooling
devices like fans, cold plates and refrigeration units still compete withinerts, but not in space applications.
One of the first uscs~if not the first--was a RADAR trausformcr
designed and built by Raytheon.

Price as usual was a major mountain to climb. In the late 1950s,
Jack Sargent, a Chemical Engineer in technical service, and Sales
Representative Lyle Hals conducted a seminar on inerts at
Westinghouse. Interest in the 3M product presentation was peaking

 when someone interrupted to ask the price. Hals recited the figure
and the room erupted with hysterical laughter punctuated by remarks
like "You guys got to be crazy!" and "You must be kidding!" Hals
wasn’t surprised. In the five years he had been selling 3M specialty
chemical products he had generated similar reactions almost every
time he quoted a price.

(;hen lcal l lWa’

Operating a tape recorder while it was submerged in a tank of
3M inert liqnid was a feature at trade shows in the early 1960s.
3Mers (left to right) are I,ou Cove, Technical Service; Bill Skown,
Los Angeles Area Manager; Jim Rogers, National Sales Manager,
and Edward T. White, Los Angeles Sales Representative. Cove
and White were still wilh the Industrial Chemical Products Division ill 1990.
The Sargcnt-Hals prcsentation must have had a positive cffcct,
however. Several years later Westinghouse built two prototype one-

hundred-thousand-kilowatt transformers each cooled with about one
hundred gallons of inert liquid. Decades later, in the late 1980s, two
Japanese firms built giant electrical transformers that used 3M inerrs instead of oil as the coolant. In that application, inert liquids
made it possible to install the generators on roofs of buildings without
the risk of fire. Hundreds of gallons of inert fluids filled the cavities
in the monster pieces of equipment.
Sargent was a chemical engineer from the University of Illinois,
who joined the Fluorochemical Project in 1950. Five years later he
was in the Fluorochemical Division, first
as Supervisor of the Electrochemical
Fluorination laboratory, later in Technical
Service.
in 1962 he was assigned to market inert
liquids, KcI-F polymers and some other
products in the Chemical Division.
Manager Roy Mordaunt was developing a
marketing staff in his Commercial
Development Department and Sargent was
the third to join the ranks. The first, Ray
Brown, who handled Scotchgard repeller,
Jack Sargent
was a chemist who had been a Sales Representative for 3M in Ohio. The second was Dave Shryer, a chemical
engineer who also had a 3M sales background. A year or two afterward Don Norton came into the Marketing Department. Shryer was
responsible for KeI-F and Fluorel flnoroclaslomcrs, Norlon for
urclhane and several other products.
Marketing was a blanket covering everything ncccs,sary to find
customcr.s, gel a product sold and keep end-users happy. Besides
market planning and development, Sargent and the others handled
market research, merchandising and provided technical service when
necessary. ’~We also gave technical seminars to customers, trade
associations and technical societies," Sargent recalled.
The space age directed 3M away from large power equipment as
the marketing staff learned that fluids could bc important in high
reliability aerospace and military electronic equipment. 3M’s liquid
enabled airb~-rne radar transmitters and other airborne equipment to
be made smaller and lighter in weight, lnerts also extended the period
of use of equipment and improved performance by lowering operating

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1365.0083

 153
temperatures. A long list of electronic countermeasure and radar
systems in our U.S. Government arsenal still depend on Fluorinert
liquids for cooling. Even today they are specified by name in several
military standards because no other products can fill the bill.
Another application for inert fluids is in electronic test baths where
the fluid is in direct contact with sensitive materials. 3M fluids also
are used to test thermal shock, hermetic seals, burn-ins, electrical
performance and other tests for reliability of electronic components.
Even in non-sensitive testing, inerts save money by saving time
because they leave no residue to be cleaned up.
¯

¯

¯

As was the case with other 3M products, when inerts were new
in industry, some customers did not understand them. In the 1960s,
a customer in Milwaukee telephoned St. Paul. Someone had to be
in the firm’s office the next day to discuss the failure of a guidance
system the firm had built for a Titan II missile. The guidance system,
cooled with an inert liquid, had malfunctioned in flight and the missile
had to be destroyed. The company engineers were certain that 3M’s
product was the culprit.
Because Fran Ruggles, the Sales Representative, was not available,
Sargent found himself facing forty concerned people in a conference
room. He deflected criticism as best he could until the meeting was
adjourned, then in a private meeting reminded 3M’s engineering contact in the firm about a serious discussion they had had months before.
It was not FC-75, Sargent reminded him, but an air bubble in the
fluid that was at Ihult. The bubble had deflected the laser beam designed Io shine through the fluid.
"Fran and I had stressed that many times when we were making
the sale,’’ Sargent said. "All bubbles had to be purged from the fluid
in the system. The engineer didn’t take that seriously until the guidance
syslcm failed."
Sometime during the early days of Scotchgard repeller, Selden
recalled, yields of that product from the cells amounted to only about
fifteen percent. The remaining eighly-five percent were inerts for
which Ihere was hardly any market. Rather than throw them away,
they were sealed in fifty-five gallon drums and stored outdoors at
Chcmolite. Eventually, the stockpile totaled one hundred eight drums
containing ncarly six thousand gallons. Year after year went by before
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1365.0084

incrts found their market niche. When that point was reached, ~he
Division sold its stockpile at a handsome I~rofit.
By the time 1970 rolled around, Lockheed, LTV and other big
defense contractors in the military electronics business were 3M
customers. As the market expanded, Sargent asked for help. Lou
Cove, a chemical engineer who was a Process Development Supervisor in the Laboratory, was provided on an as-needed basis, but
Sargent kept insisting he needed Cove fulltime. As for Cove, he learned that he liked marketing and was agreeable to Sargent’s suggestion, but Bob Burford, Cove’s manager, balked at a transfer.
Then, in 1964, Sargent got a break. Or, to be concise, he broke
an ankle while traveling on business to Newark, New Jersey. After
a week in a Newark hospital and a day in Miller hospital in St. Paul,
Sargent recuperated at home while Cove filled in for him at 3M.
One day he received a telephone call. "Okay Sargent," Burford’s
voice came over the line, "you’ve made your point. You can have
Cove fulltime.’" Cove sometimes refers to the time Sargent broke
his ankle as "the turning point in my career."
The third major use for inert fluids after cooling and testing was
developed in the mid-1970s with the help of Western Electric. That
firm was experiencing problem~ assembling back panels for large
electrical equipment which required soldering. Hand soldering was
not cost effective, so bits of solder were laid on each connection point
and the panels were inserted into "ovens" where hot air made the
solder flow. Then at room temperature the solder hardened and sealed
the circuit.
Hot air is difficult to control and often lhe device got so hot it warped
and became useless. Western Electric gave DuPont a crack at solving the problem, but DuPont’s fluid was not quite inert. And, it was
expensive. Then 3M was given a chance. 3M’s solution was to
vaporize a Fluorinert fluid and immerse the panel in the heated vapor
which melted the solder. Exposing the device to air, cooled and
hardened the solder again.
Western Electric was charmed. So charmed, it began publicizing
its system, which, of course, helped 3M. An engineer in
Massachusetts got excited about building equipment and became the
.driving force behind developing a market for vapor phase solderrag. Today, Cove says, vapor phase soldering equipment, much of
it made by the HTC company in Massachusetts, can be found in shops

 all over the world. The simple device uses a conveyor to transport
the circuit board or any object to be soldered into a chamber where
the fluid is vaporized by electric heaters. The circuit board is conveyed
through the chamber and when it exits the soldering is finished.
Vapor phase soldering is used by manufacturers of electronic
assemblies for coffee makers, microwave ovens, automobile instruments, communications equipment and thousands of other products of industry.
When Cove joined the marketing department, he proved to have staying power. He
stuck with the Division through its various
name changes and splits and in the late
1980s was named Business Manager for
Fluorinert Liquids (which was changed to
Engineering Fluids and Systems in 1989.)
Cove’s career began with a chemical
engineering degree from Illinois Institute
of Technology in 1959 and a master’s
degree in chemistry from the UofM. In
1961 he began at 3M as a Process DevelopLou Cove
ment Engineer in the Chemical Division
Laboratory, where he stayed until he transferred to marketing in 1969.
In 1980 he accepted a position as Sales and Marketing Manager for
the Agriculture Products Project, but since 1983 has been associated
with engineering fluids and systems.
A low spol remembered from tile 1960s was an assignment to present a seminar at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. When
hc arrived, he was ovcrwhehned by the size and facilities of the
meeting room. "’There were hundreds and hundreds of seats in that
auditorium," he recalled, "each row elevated above the one in front
of it to provide a clear view of the huge stage. The acoustics were
superb. So were the projector screens."
One man showed up for the seminar.
"’Hc sat way in the back. I could barely see him." Cove encouraged
the man, who introduced himself as a development engineer, to come
down front where Cove made his presentation while seated on the
cdge of the stage, legs dangling.
Cove predicted theft cooling applications will expand into the largest
busincss area for inerts before the year 2000. Heat removal re0
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1365.0085

quirements are growing, he said, not only in the computer industry-including PCs--but for many other sensitive communications devices
still using fans or refrigeration.

 157

A Decade of Churning
The 1960s have been described as the Chemical Division’s decade
of churning by a retired 3Mer who was in charge of CCD in the
Seventies.
When the decade dawned, one of the division’s most successful
and most profitable products was a surfactant sold as a leveling agent
for self-polishing floor polishes. That application would be diminished
by the development of no-wax floor tiles and linoleum, but the surfactant survived. Another surfactant (still holding its own in the 1990s)
was being sold to Udylite as a mist and vapor suppressant in chrome
plating operations.
When permanent press fell from its pinnacle after a brief heyday,
it took stain release with it. And, the only leather industry customer
buying Scotchgard repeller was Wolverine Shoe Company. Furthermore, Scotchban size was still blocked from entering its most proraising market, I’ood packaging, pending approval fronl the Food and
Drug Administration.
So, while the Division was in the black, there was not one item
in the Division’s protlucl line capable of brightening Ihc cyc and
quickening the step of General Manager (soon to be Vice-President)
Joe Selden.
The Division Laboratory and Commercial Development Department were frustrated by their inability to ferret out more applications for surfactants. They decided to gain exposure by resuscitating
a successful technique from 1950, That tactic was to tell the world
about fluorochemical surfactants and see who might jump up and
say, ’Tve got an application." Instead of presenting papers at
meetings, however, which was the technique used during the previous
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1365.0086

decade, the Division advertised in trade magazines circulated to ~he
chemical industry. Each advertisement invited readers to request information or samples. When replies were received Marketing mailed
back a questionnaire which asked the inquirer to define his application idea.
Application information received was evaluated by the Laboratory
and the Commercial Development Department. Then, if a sample
had been requested, one was sent without identifying its chemical
structure. With that, the Division obtained application ideas without
divulging proprietary information, and interesting leads could be
followed up by telephone or direct contact.
Whenever a sample cast upon the commercial waters resulted in
an order, Mordaunt’s department knew the intended use for the surfactant and could determine whether to pursue the application with
similar prospects. By early 1962 several hundred sample requests
had been filled and a number of small accounts covering a variety
of applications developed. Unfortunately, none looked capable of producing worthwhile profits.
Then, on March 2, a questionnaire was returned from the Naval
Research Laboratory (NRL) near
Washington, D.C. Dr. Richard L. Tuve requested a sample ofa surfactant that could
improve resistance to breakdown of
aqueous foams caused by silicones. A sample was sent and two months later Maynard
Olson followed with a visit. At NRL he
learned that the Navy researchers were trying to develop a fire-fighting foam that
’
would be stable in the presence of siliconetreated potassium bicarbonate, a dry
chemical used to extinguish petroleu~n
Dick Guenthner
fires.
More samples were sent and ideas and information exchanged.
E~entually, Tuve and an employe, Henry Peterson, met with 3M’s
scientists in the third floor conference room of the Benz building.
Maynard Olson, Bob Burford and Dick Guenthner represented 3M.
(Later, Guen~finer began working with surfactants and continued that
endeavor f~r the rest of his thirty-eight-year career. A native of
Bridgewater, South Dakota, with a bachelor’s degree in chemistry

 158
from the state’s university, Guenthner arrived at 3M in 1947 after
spending three years with Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester,
New York.)
When the visitors entered the Benz building, Henry Peterson was
carrying a small can containing gasoline, several sealed test tubes,
a metal tray and an ultraviolet light. Navy scientists, Dick Tuve explained, had mixed a solution of 3M surfactant and water with interesting results which he wanted to show to 3M. Peterson poured
gasoline into the tray and added the solution from a test tube. The
solution had been treated to make it visible under UV light. Peterson turned on the light and the 3Mers saw the fluorochemical mixture spreading across the surface of the gasoline.
"I don’t need to tell you how flammable gasoline vapors are,"
Tuve said. "Now, watch this." Peterson lighted a match and held
it near the surface. Nothing happened. There was no flareup. "There’s
the basis for a new product," Tuve continued. "If it can be combined
with a foam, it could be effective in stopping jet fuel fires. That’s
what the Navy wants and needs. We know that in many airplane
crashes the pilot isn’t killed by the impact, but burns to death in the
wreckage." Lives could be saved if fires could be quelled and victims pulled from the wreckage within three minutes, Tuve said.
The accepted fire fighting product of the day was protein foam,
but that product could not seal the surface of a petroleum fire. When
breaks occurred in the foam, the gasoline vapor could re-ignite.
The Navy had tested hundreds of products, but not one was effective. Foam was a necessary ingredient of any successful product,
he went on, because it provided depth for the blanket and carried
the fire fighting product across the surface to replenish the supply
when and whcrc it was nccdcd.
3M’s scientists went t~+ work and by the summer of 1962 the Navy
researchers +tested a formulation based on 3M’s L-1083 producl on
a fire. The test site was lhe Ansul (’heroical Company in Marinctte,
Wisconsin, because Ansul was the chief supplier of dry chemical
systems to the Navy.
On August 8, Rogers and Frank Warner of 3M’s Government Servicc Departmcnt in Washington visited the Navy laboratory in
Maryland to obtain more information about the Navy’s requirements.
A lot of dcvclopmcnt work remained to be done, Tuve said, before
3M’s surfactant would be acceptable.
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3M, Ansul and the Navy working together continued to develop
~ system fi~r dispensing what was referred to in reports and correspondence as "light water.’" (Navy researchers had begun to use
that term after they learned that their mixture of surfactant and water
formed a thin layer on the surface of gasoline. Soon 3M and others
began using the appellation, too.) Ansui also used 3M samples to
conduct tests involving hydrocarbon vapor suppression and the treatment of dry chemicals. Other companies in the foam business became
interested and began working with the Navy and later 3M under the
assumption that companies in the foam business would manufacture
the fluorocarbon foam when it was perfected.
In the spring of 1963 N~ivy researchers tested a formulation they
believed might be what they were seeking. After they requested more
and larger quantities of the surfactant, 3M decided to get into the
formulating business. The product the Navy seemed to like was
FX-1831 which consisted of one part concentrate and three parts fresh
water. It was stored in pressurized vessels and was expelled by
nitrogen and refrigerant gas. The system was effective, but was
economically limited to small semi-portable systems. Eventually fire
trucks carried 3M’s product and water in separate tanks, the system
still used today.
Ansul Chemical also built fire-fighting units that used dry chemicals
with a premixed solution of FX-1831 and proved that system’s effectiveness in November 1963 iri a test for the Air Force. 3M’s foam
without the dry chemical also was tested against protein foam at that
lime aud ils superiority was obvious to bystanders, including Motdaunt and Burford, the latter 3M’s laboratory contact with the Navy.
That test proved conclusively that "light water" did not need dry
chemicals to he effective because it was superior to protein fi~am all
by itself.
Bolstered by that finding, Mordaunt surveyed the market and learned thai ];X-1831 cotlld nol compete against the six percent protcin
foam concentrate. 3M’s product not only was priced too high, but
il could not be used with existing equipment, so 3M turned its efforts toward producing a competitive product. By August 1965--nine
months after the successful test at Ansul--a satisfactory six percent
light water concentrate designated FC: 1941 was developed. About
that time 3M registered Light Wate~:r~ aqueous film forming foam
(shortened to AFFF) as its trade name, which was approved in 1966.

 Reformulation work and Navy testing continued into 1967. That
spring the Navy in a monitored experiment supplied five major naval
air stations with FC-1941. 3M continued its own testing and pursued the Navy’s request to improve FC-1941’s compatibility with
salt water; Tuve’s group had learned that the product’s effectiveness
was reduced greatly when it was mixed with sea water. Most of 3M’s
efforts, however, were aimed at improving production capabilities
and evaluating FC-1941’s performance with fresh water.
Time dragged on and it seemed that the Navy would never be
satisfied, would never start ordering Light Water AFFF in profitable
quantities. Unfortunately, the balance was tipped by a shipboard
tragedy. On July 29, 1967 the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal was
ravaged by a flight deck fire in the South China sea. The blaze was
contained, then flashed up again and again. It spread to armed jet
aircraft and the resulting explosions and fires killed one hundred and
thirty four sailors and airmen. The disaster also caused more than
one hundred million dollars worth of damage to the carrier, which
limped back to the States for repairs and was out of service for nearly
a year.
The tragedy had been magnified by the failure of protein foam and
dry chemical agents to prevent reflashing of aviation gasoline.
The day after the fire Navy brass in Washington were given Light
Water AFFF demonstrations. Immediately, twelve systems were
ordered flown to the Philippines and placed in service on other carriers. The Navy also urgently requested 3M to develop a formulalion that would be compatible with sea w~ter. That urgency wits
relayed to 3M’s researchers and the result .was offered to the Navy
for testing that yc~tr.
It had taken five years to convcrt the Navy from a prospect It) 3M’s
firsl Light Water AFFF customer. The next priority prospect was
the Air Force.
Mikc Harnetty* now Vice-President of ICPD, was in the vanguard
of that sales expedition. Hc vividly remembers sales calls made at
an air base near Kansas City where Fire Chief Darryl Saul was a
difficult nut to crack. Harnetty made countless calls trying to convcrl the hostile chief into ~ friendly custome), The major problem
was that Saul, likc every Air Force fireman, knew that the Navy had
helped to develop Light Water AFFF. Inter-service rivalries are
*Harnctty’s st;~rling sal~ry in 1969 exceeded his sales quotl~ for Ihat year.

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1365.0088

strong: what one service develops is likely to be eschewed by others,
It was extremely difficult to overcome that prejudice and on each
call, Harnetty, despite his size, absorbed nasty remarks and comments from the fire chief.
(Rude behavior is encountered by every salesman. "You just have
to ignore it and keep coming back," Jim Rogers said. "You must
remember that you’re not trying to make yourself look good. You’re
trying to sell products.")
Saul’s hostility was especially galling to Harnetty because the Air
Force had been using ineffective fire-fighting foams on petroleum
fires for years. Airmen’s lives and the well-being of the men who
fought aircraft fires depended on their equipment. Firemen bet their
lives on those products, so Harnetty and the Division were convinced
that the Air Force could not afford to hold out forever.
Oddly enough, Light Water AFFF lacked credibility with some
prospects. Skeptics simply could not believe that fires requiring five
to ten minutes or more to quell with protein foam could be doused
in one to two minutes with 3M’s new chemical. Articles published
in trade magazines citing the effectiveness of Light Water AFFF in
fighting shipboard and naval base fires were not believed, either.
Unless doubters would agree to a demonstration, those beliefs could
not be changed.
Five years after the Navy began ordering Light Water AFFF, 3M
still had not overcome the Air Force’s resistance. Then 3M luck took
charge. In the early 1970s, an Air Force jet crashed and burst into
flame ~l an air base in England. By coincidence, a group of military
officcrs and a gaggle of news media representatives were assembled
at the base waiting to see a Light Water AFFF demonstration. The
scenari(~ called fc~r two fire trucks to speed into vkleocamera range
where Iircmcn would smother a test blaze. Still-picture cameramen.
and reporters were also poised to record that event.
Moments before the test blaze was to be ignited, the jet crashed
just off a runway a few hundred yards away. The trucks equipped
for the lest sped to the burning plane and quickly doused the flames.
Two airmen, frightened and injured, but alive, were dragged from
the blackened wreckage as cameras whirred, shutters clicked and
writers scrif~ed notes. That publicity w~as fantastic. How many times
does a company get its product right down front in a major news
story? But, as effective as it was, it took an officer to finally con-

 !63
vince the Air Force. Colonel Jack Salmon, a part of the Air Force
officialdom in the nation’s capital, was a convert from the fire in
England. "I’m going to get your product specified no matter what
opposition I run into," he told Jim Rogers. And, he did. Salmon
also predicted that 3M sales of its product to the Air Force would
triple the business 3M was doing with the Navy. He was right about
that, too.

thousand dollars on any project, but no such restraints applied to the
general. Soon every fire truck on the base was converted to carry
3M’s product.
Saul was not the first Air Force fire chief to buy into the program.
Harnetty made the first Light Water AFFF sale to the Air Force in
November 1970 at Elisworth Air Force base, a Strategic Air Command facility, near Rapid City, South .Dakota. Again, tragedy was
the catalyst as a B52 bomber crashed and burned. The base supply
of protein foam was. exhausted before the blaze was extinguished,
so a test quantity of Light Water AFFF that happened to be on hand
was used. It doused the flames quickly and almost as quickly resulted
in a twenty five thousand dollar order for Harnetty.
Since Ihosc early pioneering days with Light Water AFrFF, 3M’s
product has been used to extinguish large and small petrochemical
fircs in the United States and other parts of the world.
In the late 1970s a new formulation was designed to fight alcohol
fires. The change was necessary because alcohol, which has an affinity for water, extracts water from Light Water AFFF concentrate.
The new formulation not only solved that problem, but often is used
in smaller concentrations compared with Light Water AFFF to fight
petroleum fires. It is considered the premier product in 3M’s Light
W:~tcr AFF’F product line.
Years ago, oil-rich lran was 3M’s biggest overseas customer, partly
because it had one of the world’s largest air bases and partly because
han fc,’~red its ncighbors. Later, Saudi Arabia reigned as 3M’s largest
f’~)t’ci~tt ctl.,,tt)mcr,

Fightiug a fire in petroleum storagt~ tanks with Light Water AI,1;F.
But, despite Salmon’s accomplishment, Harnetty’s .job at Kansas
City was not made easier, it still required nearly two years to get
that first order from Fire Chief Saul, but then to Harnetty’s pleasant
surprise, he not only had a customer, but a spokesman for 3M’s product. On order of the chief, demonstrations and seminars were set
up for firemen on all three shifts at the base. Harnetty made the presentations, showed 3M films and distributed written materials. Then,
Sanl set up another prcscntation to a visiting general which was of
great benefit to Harnetty and 3M. Saul was limited to spending ten
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1365.0089

I’~t_’calnsc of ils ~til’

i’()l’t’c nccd.~ and

its large

pclr~chcmical intlustry.
In 1991. :1.,; it has for m~my ycar,s, Light Waler AFFF is stored
:rod i~setl on every Navy, Air Force ~md Army base havi~g a l’lamnutble liqttid fire potential evcrywhcre in the world.
@

O

a,

By the time Les Krogh became General Manager of CCD in 1973,
Light Water AFFF had won acceptance by the military, but had not
penetrated very far into civilian markets except for aircraft rescue
uses. The one exception was California, where fire fighting uses of
3M’s product totaled nearly one hundred percent through diligent
sales efforts. The major obstacle to expanding civilian sales were
the compnnics that manufacture trucks, fire-fighting tanks and ex-

 tinguishing materials. Those firms controlled distribution of products
to that market then as they do today.
To concentrate on that market worldwide, Krogh established a Fire
Protection Systems Project (later Department) with Jim Rogers as
Manager. Dave Shryer, who had been marketing Light Water AFFF
since 1965, joined the project. Bob P, urford became Laboratory Manager. Jim
Salter, Area Sales Manager on the West
Coast, came in as Sales Manager.
Shryer had a successful sales career
before turning to marketing. In 1960 he
became the first 3M Sales Representative
to sell a million dollars worth of chemical
products in one year. With a chemical
engineering degree earned in 1947 at Purdue University, he began in chemical processing and manufacturing areas with ProDave Shryer
cter & Gamble in Cincinnati. But, by September 1949, Shryer was employed at 3M operating a vacuum metalizing pilot plant for the New Products Department in the Benz building.
He was still with NPD in 1955 when the Chemical Group was formed and two years later he was the Chemical Division Sales Representative in Dayton, Ohio, assigned to the Cincinnati branch.
The Fire Protection Systems Department was taken back into the
Division in 1978. It was strong in sales to the government, but had
made lilllc pcnclration inlo Ihc commercial markets. Evcntually,
however, the objective ofa broad-based cfmamercial business was
achieved.
Rogcrs retired on March I~ 1979, and lives in North Carolina.
Shryer retired in 1989 and stayed in the Twin Cities.
An Agriculture Project established in 1973 did not fare any bettcr. Dr. Jack R. Sjolandcr transferred from Director of Corporate
Technical Planning and Coordination to become Project Manager.Sjolander had earned his degree at the UofM before starting with
3M in NPD in 1952.

In the early 1960s Central Research made an extensive effort to
learn whether properties of fluorocarbon derivatives were biologically
useful. 3M scientists proved that certain compounds were capable
of potent and unique activity on germinating seeds and growing plants.
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Speculation was that the compounds functioned as strong nitrogen
acids to impart the properties required for plant penetration and
activity,
Tom Reid, who discovered the chrome complex back in the 1950s,
worked in the United States Department of Agriculture before coming to 3M and talked about his ideas regarding fluorochemical herbicides as early as 1949. Thousands of compounds were synthesized
and evaluatcd as herbicides and plant growth regulators over the years.
The most promising were subjected to exhaustive environmental and
toxicology studies to assure that new products could be developed
safely. And, to satisfy requirements of governmeut ageucies, including
the Environmental’Protection Agency (EPA). By 1968 CRL developed a grass growth regulator. Later the Laboratory developed a herbicide to control a variety of weed species including nutsedge, which
can damage cotton, tobacco and rice fields, plus a chemical to control nematodes.
The Project achieved several near misses, but never made a real
hit, One product, EmbarkTM plant growth regulator ("The best
anyone’s made so far," Krogh said) was unreliable, it slowed the
growth of grass and suppressed seed head formation, but could not
prevent tufts from springing up. And, because those tufts required
mowing, they defeated the purpose which was to limit lawn care.
DestunTM herbicide, an effective pre-emergence control for many
weeds, leached out of the soil and could not be priced competitively. VistarTM herbicide, an effective post-emergence weed treatment,
was cflcctivc agaiusl .johnson grass, but wilhout a line of products
to go with it, the product was useless to 3M. In 1981 the work was
transferred to another 3M business function which later abandoned it.
One product sprang from an experiment lo learn whether laboratory
and marketing people working together could develop entirely new
and unrelated products. Gayle Rengel from Marketing and Jack
Dcviny, Rogcr Ahn and Ken Gillco from the Laboratory developed
a method of curing epoxy coatings with ultraviolet light instead of
heat. They produccd a resin curative that could be activated by exposing it to UV light for a split second. The system was more effective than ov._en-drying methods, but had no relationship to
fluorochcmicals. The development team was disbandcd after a decision was made to work within established product groups.

 167

The Paper Chase
Tom Reid’s chrome complex was nearly obsoleted as a textile treatment by Scotchgard rain and stain repeller, but managed to attain
limited success in upholstery and drapery applications where its color
was not a drawback. It also found use as a leather treatment. More
important, it led to a successful paper treatment product now called
ScotchbanTM papcr prolector.
In its ew~lution to a paper treatment, the carboxylic acid base or
Reid’s chrome complex (FC-804), was replaced by sult~mic acid,
which made it less expensive and improved its stability in water. That
product began as Scotchgard FC-805, but was renamed after the Division decided lo reserve the Scotchgard name for its textile protector. A Scolchgard leather treatment (FC-149) was also renamed.
Bctbrc Scoichban lrealment achieved regulat~ status from the Food
and Drug Adminislralion, il could only be used lbr non-lb~d packaglug. One early applicalion prevcnled asphalt, which was incorporaled
inlo seed corn packaging. From bleeding lhrough and defacing the
hag label. And, Thihnany Pulp and Paper Company used 3M’s producl Io prevenl black wax coatings on carbon papers from migraling
tim)ugh pinholes lo disfigure the other side. That application was
developed in the late 1950s by Gayle Rengel: a laboratory lechnician who w~)rkcd liar Jack I Icssburg. ’I’o carry out his researd~, Rcngcl
had learned how to make paper so he could understand the requirements of w~rious lypcs of paper produced by the industry. To
(h) lhal hc acquired a paper beater, a freeness roster and a lwelveby-Iwelvc-inch sheel mold li)r Ihe I{enz building Ihmrochenfical
labonm~. In time hc became proficienl in making a variety of papers.
Rengel discovered the carbon paper application accidenlally whilc
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running laboratory tests. The discovery came in the tesi in which
Rengel made fifty sheets of carbon paper to which he applied
Scotchban size formulation followed by a wax carbon coating. To
his surprise his experiment worked well on one sheet, but failed on
the other forty-nine. He investigated and learned that he had applied
the wax carbon coating to the "wrong" side of one sheet of paper.
"I had been treating the ink side of the papers because we believed
it was necessary to prevent the ink from getting into the paper. My
mistake proved that applying the size to the opposite side was the
effective method," Rengel said.
The move to obtain government regulation to allow Scotchban size
to be used on food packages was begun by Marathon Paper Company. Marathon, which manufactured food packages, was looking for

Gayle Rengel makes clay coated paper in Scotchban size product
labnratory in the Benz building in the late 1950s.

 169

168
a meth~xJ of preventing oils in margarine and other foods from staining
packages. When the Wisconsin company became aware of 3M’s
fluorochemical repellent Maralhron and 3M began the long process
of dcvcloping a size Io mcct Ibod packaging standards. A tEdcral.
government regulation is required when chemicals are used in food
packages and to get that, extensive testing is required.
At least one humorous incident occurred along the way. Marathon,
while extremely interested, could not use Scotchban size until the
product regulation was written in Washington. The long delay irritated laboratory people in St. Paul who knew a small exposure to
the product would not harm anyone. The grumbling included an oftrepeated observation that to absorb a lelhal dose of those chemicals
a victim would have to eat enough .margarine to fill a railroad car
plus all the wrappers and cartons in which the margarine was
packaged.
Into that atmosphere Marathon sent researchers .Ross Wilcox and
Willard S~inger, who traveled to St. Paul to discuss the required approach to the FDA. Nelson Taylor, Hugh Bryce and Jim Rogers
represented 3M at the meeting in Taylor’s office in the Benz building.
Befbrc the meeting began Taylor dealt fivc paper plates out on his
desk top. Thou he took ajar containing chrome complex and sprinkled
a small mound of the crystals onto each plate. He handed the plates
around, gestured toward the custals and told his audience to eat them.
Despite reservations, Rogers ate his po~ion, considering it a job
quircment, but as he munched hc wondered why the Marathon people were doing the same without protesting. Bryce and Taylor ate
theirs, too. "See." Taylor said. when all .of then] had swallowed,
"those crystals aren’t toxic. They can’t hurt you."
That wa~ his way of emphasizing his conviction thal FDA involvemcnt wus unncccssary. Wilcox and Stinger, accustomed to working
with the Government, fclt otherwise, so the clearance process was
begun. In the meantime Scotchban treatment was sold for non-food
rises.

A t}~od con~ac! rcgulaiion was nol achieved in Ihal work wilh
Marathou, but came later at~cr the development of Scotchban size
FC-807. A temporary solution during the inlerim was to inse~ a barricr sheet bclwcen Ihe Scolchhan size on the outer wrap and the con.
tents. That system is still being used in some applications today.
Even after the FDA regulation for food uses was obtain0
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cd, Scotchban paper size*--Iike many innovative products--was difficult to sell. The product was so different from competitive products (mainly glassine papers) that it was difficult to get prospects
t0 grasp its utility and value. There was the matter of the.high price
of Scotchban size, too.
"We would compare one of their stained packages with one of
our clean mockups," Rengel said,"but mill representatives had trouble understanding what we were showing them." There was nothing
to gee, nothing to touch, taste or smell, only the claims made for
the product by the 3M representative. A technical ma~n at KVP
Sutherland Paper Company (later Brown Paper Company) in
Kalamazoo, Michigan, was one skeptic who converted himself.~, In
th~ beginning, he was convinced that 3M’s treatment was nothing
more than a coating containing titanium dioxide, a chemical used
in clay coatings to resist staining, which maintains the coat!ng’s white
appearance.
That was not true, Rengel insisted. The discussion was getting
nowhere when the technician took Rengel’s mockup and left the room.
He must have.run a test on the package, because when he returned
he agreed that the material did not contain titanium dioxide.
"That led to a mill trial and KVP became one of our biggest
customers. And, that man never seriously questioned any of our
statements again," Rengel said.
Rengel, still at 3M in 1991, started there in April 1951. A native
of Minneapolis, his first job out of high school in 1949 was in the
chemistry laboratory stockroom at the UofM. A broken leg its the
result of a motorcycle accident in 1950 cost him his job and, after
a long hospital stay, he was job hunting again in 195 I. Hired by 3M
as a Laboratory Technician, hc was assigned to shift work on clectrolluorination cells in the Fluorochemical Project. Between 1953
and 1959 hc worked in Hugh Bryce’s Applications Section where
he treated papers and textiles for John Ernlund and Bill Petersen.
(Ernlund wits working on paper treatments, Peterscn on textiles.
George Blake wits studying surfactants and Murray Olyphant inert
fluids.) Married and starting a family in 1954, Rengel enrolled at
thc LlolM while working fulltimc and graduated in 1950 with a
hachch,r’s degree in chemistry.
*The first rcgulatitm covered uses for animal fi~otl packaging. DuPont actually was first on
the market with a papc’r treatment f<~r food products with its Zonyl RPTM product.

 171

170
As a chemist, Rengel was assigned to the Project’s paper laboratou
headed by Maynard Olson and later Bob Burford. At peak times the
laboratory employed three or four men, including Dick Sward, who
retired from the Quality Control laboratory,and Ed Pcrrault, who
retired from Central Research Laboratory. Sometimes Rengel was
¯ all by himself. For ten years he ran tests and experiments while also
handling technical service work. In many 3M divisions technical
service has its own department, but in the
chemical areas technical service was and
is handled by Laboratory personnel. In the
Scotchban size market, for example,
salesmen and technicians worked together,
frequently running paper mill tests day and
night. Often odd hours were the rule
because production could only be interrupted at a point when the plant was making a changeover from one grade to
another.
Rengel’s technical service work took him
Gayle Rengel
into paper mills, often with Ray Brown of
Marketing and Bill Skown and later Sam Bauman of Sales. He saw
the inside of his first paper mill under trying circumstances. A mill
trial run was scheduled in 1959 at Sorg Paper Company in Middlctown, Ohio, where Rengcl was to work under the tutelage of Lyle
Hals of the Cleveland branch. Hals and Rengel prepared the test a
day in advance, lhcn when they were finished, Hals dropped a bomb.
He had a conflict and could not stay for the test. Rengel would have
to conduct it by himself. Concern bordering on fear caused him to
lose sleep that night.
The ncxt morning hc tricd to shake off his nervousness as the
FC-805 trial got under way on Sorg’s paper line. Middletown’s city
water supply was alkaline so he monitored the pH fitctor of the treating
soluti~m Io keep abreast of any changes. 3M’s product worked
at pH four. so when the pH factor began changing Rengcl knew the
point could bc reached soon where thc rcpcllcncy of paper would
bc affected.
"1 Sial’tell to rnn ttpslairs I~ loll the forcm,’m, who I’m sure woultl
hax;c stopped the test," Rcngcl said. "Then, I remembered one
the last things Lyle said to me before he left the day before."
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"lf things go wrong tomo, rrow," Hals had told him, "and you
can’t change them, don’t panic. Just keep quiet and hope for the best."
Rengel returned to the line and continued to test samples ripped from
the web. To his surprise, the pH stabilized within acceptable range.
He smiled as he realized how close he had been to having the test
end with failure. "We ran ten tons of acceptable paper and turned
Sorg into a customer," Rengel said.
Skown, when he was a Sales Representative out of Chicago, came
up with the idea of treating r~onwoven paper used to m~ke surgical
. drapes which consist of thin :nylon scrim sandwiched 6etween thin
layers of paper. A shortcoming was that body fluids could saturate
and migrate through the porous material, which also was used to make
surgical gowns for surgeons and nurses.
Another division of 3M made surgical drapes and gowns from film
that solved the saturation and migration problem. But, because they
were not porous, the gowns were uncomfortable under certain conditions while the paper/nylon drapes and gowns were not. Scotchban
size made the paper/nylon drapes and gowns into more, successful
competitors to 3M’s product. ,(Because of its diversity, 3M divisions
often find themselves in internal competition. It is an a~ceptcd fact
of business life in the corporation.)
Rengel was also responsible for devising test methods for
Scotchban size. He developed tests for new formulations in the
laboratory and also tests that~could be used by customers and prospects to make quality control checks of their own treated products.
A simple Icst for use on surgical drape malcrials was developed
with the help of Skown and a paper company. A twelve-inch ruler
held on end was allowed to fall onto a treated sheet witl) a drop of
fluid placed on the surface. If the impact did not force thee fluid into
the treated sheet, the test was considered a success.
,
In 1969 Chemical Division’ Marketing Director Bill Petersen invited Rcugcl to market Scotchtban size, so he hung up his laboratory
coat and joined Roy Mordaunt’s Marketing Department. (Two years
later, Mordaunt left 3M and was replaced by Skown, who was West
Coast Area Salcs Manager.) Rcngcl was appointed CCD Marketing
Manager in c.h_arge of industria~l products in 1983. When the Induslrial
Chemical Producls Division was formed in Iq85, Ihe lille of Bnsiness
Managcr was used, which Rengel assumed for Chemical Specialties
and Fire Protection products. ;In 1988 he became Business Planning

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172
Manager, which involved compiling the Division’s global strategic.
plan and working on agreements, contracts and companywide business
improvement programs.
Rogers once made a Scotchban size call with a brash young
salesman, who, during his demonstration in the prospect’s office,
accidentally spilled cooking oil on the desk pad. As the oil spread
into a pool and soaked into the pad, the salesman said, "If your desk
pad had been treated with our product, Mr. Jones, it wouldn’t have
been ruined."
"I don’t think we turned that One into a sale," Rogers said.
Another Scotchban size sales, carl in 1971 was at the Brown Paper
Company in Kalamazoo. Brown was a 3M customer, but DuPont
had set up local distribution and was using that to tempt Brown to
switch its account. Area Sales Manager Fran Ruggles recommended
st~cking an inventory in the Chicago branch warehouse, but Sales
Manager Rogers did not want to incur that additional expense.
~"I knew I could convince Brown that we could serve them just
as well frbm our plant in Decatur (Alabama). Sales Representative
Mike Harnctty, who had been with 3M a couple of years, and I went
into l~rown togcthcr."
Rogers, Harnetty and their contact talked business without getting
to the main discussion. As the meeting seemed to be.drawing to a
close, Rogers got ready to broach the subject when the Brown
representative said: "Mr. Rogers, I want to tell you before you leave
that Mike has convinced us that 3M can assure good service without
stocking your product in Chicago." From that moment Rogers was
certain thi~t Flarnctty would have a successful career at 3M.
Paper mills produce oil- and grease-resistant paper by applying
Scotchban size in solution as the paper is calendered or being pa~sed
through a size press. Because it can be applied on most lines with
ekisting equipment, application costs are reduced. And, because the
treatment does not affect the strength, porosily, flexibility, appearance
or color c~f papers, it is idcal for many applications.
Scotchban protector was and still is used to make paper cups impervious to wax pcnctration and to prevent wax bleed-through in cartous used for food ~aaterials such as cake mixes. And, to prc~cnt
oil. stains in bags aud cartons of pet food. It is an effective oil barrier
t~r c~rrugatcd cartons and a treatment for fiber drums and paperboard containers used for items like machinery parts, putty, caulk0
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1365.0094

ing and sweeping compounds. End user benefits are lower costs compared with metal conlainers as well as reduced shipping costs. Another
use is on paper drip cloths used to protect new cars and trucks in
transit. Others are on outdoor paper tarpaulins and wrappers for reams
of typing and copying papers.
Another major use was developed over the long period of time
in the late 1960s and 1970s. Lyle Hals met employees of.the Keyes
Fibre Company at a convention in 1967. Keyes, Hais was told, needed
something to protect its paper plates from becoming soggy~or stained
from food. The need was very important to Keyes because plates
and trays molded from paper pulp were its only produc~s. It took
years ’of testing many different trial compounds--and an FDA
regulation-~but finally Keyes Fibre Company became a prize
customer which bought 3M’s product by the truckload, Hals said.

 174

CHAPTER

20

Manufacturing Evolves
In March 1990 the Division that manufactures specialty chemicals
for 3M was renamed for the sixth time in forty-two years. The change
was necessary because Specialty Chemicals Division had been merged
with the manufacturingsegment of the Adhcsivcs, C6atings and
Sealers Division which was dissolved.
The new Specialty Adhesives and Chemicals Division (SA&CD)
Iraccs its lineage to the Central Manufacturing Division (CMD), which
was started at Chcmolitc in 1948", but its roots go dccpcr than that.
Chemical manufi~cturing at 3M can be discerned in varnish-making
at 3M nearly scvcnly ycars ago.
People who know 3M only as the mulli-billion dollar:company it
is today must be reminded that forty five years ago the ~(orporafion
was ever-so small. Worldwide sales were only about sixiy-lhrcc
million dollars, which was still a huge increase over Ilie less than
nine million dollars recorded in 1935, ten years earlier. In the
mid-1940s, 3M divisions were the size of 3M depa~menis today.
And, sonic fiicl~wics were liny, tom In 1944-46, liar example,
Charlic Bonlz was the Resideni Engineer at a 3M plant in Lemonl,
Illincfis. which employed six production workers. The phlnl produced
a walc’llWool’ing sli!~Sl:lllCC 3M al)plied Io a gralitlle stul]icilig nialcrial
Oppnsite: Seven buildings, including a large warehouse (left), a
waler tower and slorage tanks (left) comprised Chemolite in lhe
winter of 1949.
’qn bdwecn wclc Ihlsiings (’hen’fieal I)ivisitln

(19551.

Cheiliical Division. Internal Chemicals

f lq59). (’h~liiit’al I~12~;lllir,.:i~s Divlsltm (19"73). ~p¢chlliy Ch~iili~ill~ arid Film l)ivisi~m (I

_......................................
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 177
176
for tennis courts.
The first workforce at Chemolite in 1928 totaled twenty, including
six or eight people in a quality control laboratory. That startup crew
expanded rapidly, however, as half-a-dozen buildings were under
way hcfore lhe end of the first year.
Near the beginning of the 1950s Central Manufacturing operations
at Chemolite included a high temperature reactor building, a storage
building containing varnish tanks, a milling and mixing plant, a
chemical and polymer building and a combination warehouse,
office, laboratory and tank farm--Buildings 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
CMD produced a variety of 3M products besides chemicals:
abrasives, film, alkalize, low adhesion backside adhesives, phenolics,
CenterlightTM reflective paint, polishes and more.
Chemolite received its name in the early 1950s. Before that time,
CMD’s operation was called the Hastings plant, which caused confusion because of the site’s proximity to the city of Hastings. Truckers
making first deliveries invariably drove into the city of Hastings and
had to be r~directed back up Highway 61 to the 3M location. The
name Chemolite was a composite of chemical and Scotchlite in honor
of its first tenants.
CMD’s specialty chemicals in 1948, the first year, had a sales value
of about eight hundred thousand dollars. That figure climbed to a
million dollars in 1950 and to a million dollars a month by 1960.
Specialty chemical sales from the production at Chemolite, Decatur,
Alabama, Cordova, Illinois, and Antwerp, Belgium, total hundreds
of millions ~f dollars Ioday.
More than production has incrcascd. Sincc 1960 3M chemical plant
productivity also has increased about five hundred percent. That huge
increase included improved output from Simons cells nnd corresponding improvcn~ents in other prnducl lines. SA&CD also has achicvcd
cighly percent of its goal to computerize its manufacturing processes.
The result is improvement in opqrating costs and.product quality.
Like its ancestors, SA&CD is responsible for supplying most of
lhc spccialty semi-finished materials and finished products, including
adhesives, used at 3M. Manufacturing plants operated by more than
fifty divisions and departments are SA&CD customers. And, more
than thirty divisions spend a million dollars each year buying specialty
chemicals from SA&CD, In fact, if you exclude outside purchases
of solvents, which are low cost commodity chemicals used in many
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manafacturing processes, and the raw materials needed to produce
specialty chemicals, SA&CD provides sixty to eighty percent of 3M’s
chemical needs,
Those raw materials and intermediate,~ supplied by SA&CD are
vital in the production of an array of 3M products. SA&CD’s
adhesives are applied to hundreds of tapes--Magic, vinyl, masking,
strapping, packaging, cloth, cellophane, damping, mounting, duct,
electrical, filament, film, foam, so on. Adhesive for Post-ItTM
removable notes and the anti-static coating for surgical drapes,
laminated absorbent material used in face masks, binding agents used in ScotchbriteTM pads and insulating resins for electrical products
are SA&CD products. So are the imaging chemicals in 3M dry silver
film and paper, photographic chemicals, binder resins in magnetic
tapes and coated abrasives, and the resins that bind reflective glass
beads to freeway signs. Raw materials include specialty chemicals
used to produce high-strength bonding materials for the aerospace
industry. And, that only scratches the surface.
SA&CD products and raw materials are transferred internally at
cost, which is a marked financial advantage for its 3M customers.
It is not, however, the only reason 3M divisions and departments
find SA&CD’s output attractive. Another is that by buying inside,
divisions are assured that their technologies are safe from competitors’
eyes and ears. An example is 3M’s Post~lt note technology, an
adhesive that grips many surfaces, but releases easily. How that is
made to work is a secret, but if the adhesive was produced outside,
the process would have to be divulged, creating a risk of pirating.
Keeping processing technologies inside provklcs another advantage,
too. Many improvements made in 3M manufacturing processes are
not patented because patents can be obtained and studied by anyone
while profn’iclary infornmtion cannot.
There is no corporate rule that 3M divisions must buy specialty
chemicals internally, but SA&CD’s expertise, convenience, security
and costs persuade divisions to buy inside.
Another advantage is flexibility. Because much of SA&CD’s proccssing cquipment is versatile, it can be used to manufacture product A today and be switched at little Or no expense to make product
B t~mmrrow. That flexibility allows customer divisions to defer
Next page: Decatur, Alabama, plant with Tennessee River visible in the background,

 179

178

delivcrics or increase orders on short notice, which might be hnpossible in dealings with outside chemical companies. Fle:xibility also
means that SA&CD is able to sell its excess productiofi~ capacity to
outside chenaical c~mpanies. And, somelinacs SA&CD bdys specially
c’hcmicals from outside s~tn’ccs to mccl sudden increased internal
dctuands. That process of buying and selling seems Io go on
continually.
SA&CD’s impact on the sales and profits of its customers by providing raw and semi-finished materials at attractive transfer costs
somctinlcs is ovcrlooked by those beneficiaries. 3M management,
however, is very aware of the important rtde thai SA&(’I) plays in
the success of the company. And, some 3M divisions--cfiiefly ICPD
and PCPD--could not obtain specialty chemical products or raw
materials in the quantities they require from outside sources.
Dcspitc its rccord of stellar performances SA&CD employees
somctimcs complain that their Division is not fully appreciated. There
is a bclicf that line divisions which compete in global markets do
not respect a division which does not, That is misplaced thinking,
because SA&CD is organized and operates the way other 3M divisions do. It has a profit and loss statement on which its performance
is based and it does not have a captive market. SA&CD customers
are free to buy where they wish and occasionally ask 3M Purchasing to obtain price quotations on specialty chemicals from outside
sources. More often lhan not, the quotations prove how well off they
arc having SA&CD as their primary supplier.
SA&(’I) bcg:m puhlicizing its value in 1989 by investing in a h~wkey publicity program directed not.at the corporation, but at sixteen
hundred SA&CD employees aronnd the world. A scrics of posters
were poslcd in plants and other installations each quarter to make
employees aware of their contributionk to the c¢~rporation. Each poster
highlighlcd a 3M product that SA&CD helps produce--Scotch Magic
mcnding tape, Scotchgard fabric protector, Scotch-Brite scrubbing
sponges and Scotch vide¢~assettes. A letter mailed to each employee’s
home Iold about Ihc Division’s role in 3M product quality. Employees
also were invited to obtain a free sample of the product featnred each
quarlcr.
The fi~thcr-~f specialty chemical manuli~cturing at 3M was Joseph
Kuglcr, wh~ first signed the payr~ll in 1927 and stayed in chemical
producti¢~n thirty-eight ycars. Kuglcr, a chcmical engineer, was in
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1365.0097

 180
!81
gradualc sch~l ~ll ihc Uol2vl when I,Ioyd Halch lured him l~rom Ihc
campus. Kugler retired in 1965 and died in 1976 at the age ofseventy
three.
Another figure .in 3M’s rise to eminence in specialty chemical
manufacluring was William McNamara, the first manager of the semiworks plant at Chemolite and a driving force in getting Chemolite
established.
Charlie Bentz worked for McNamara, who was a chemical engineer
from the UofM. He also was an agitator who knew how to get things
done. One evening Bentz received a telephone call at home in the
wake of a heated argument which had taken place in McN.amara’s
¢~ffice that afternoon. The flare-up had culminated in Bentz stalking
out, as angry as a hazed bulldog. McNamara’s opening words on
the phone sounded solicitous. "Bentz, are you still mad?" he said
after hearing Bentz’s hello. "Yah damn right!" Bentz said.
"’Okay, .forget that," said McNamara, unfazed, "here’s an idea
I want to talk about..." and continued on talking business. Bentz
smiled bro~adly at the recollection forty years later.
Men who managed the internal chemical laboratory in the 1950s
and 1960s also made notable contributions to specialty chemical
manufacturing. George Harrison and Los Axdahl were monomer experts. Erwin Ulrich and Frank Brown made strides in acrylate
adhesive polymer Icchnology. Howard Brinker and Harvey Anderson were experts of their day on phenolics and varnishes. Cliff Hanson, Bill Lundquist and Bentz, who have been featured earlier in this
ho~k, are lhe three other inlcrnal chemical vclerans whose employmcnt dates fr()m the 1940s.
In 1953, after McNamara transferred to another division, Bentz
was Manager of the Chemolite plant. Hanson, who had been Manager
of the Chcmolilc Pilot Phmt and Supervisor in the Fluorochemical
lahoratory, ~,cplaced Bentz as Plant Superintendent.
AI that time, Bentz and Hanson recalled, the plant employed one
.~hifl that produced two thousand gallons of chemicals a day. Five
ycars later, three shifts worked around lhe clock and produced fifteen thousand gallons a day.
In 1945 Bill Lundquist left Central Research to become Director
of Research and Development in the tape laboratory. He returned
to the chemical business in 1953 as Kugler’s Technical Director
internal chemicals, At the time Hastings Chemical Laborat¢~ry was
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iI~ 13uilding 2 on St. I’aul’s East Side.
SA&CD is directed by General Manager Frank T. Vikingst~d, who
joined the Division on July !, 1989. He had been with 3M nearly
twenty-seven years, but. until 1989 had no
expcricncc in 3M’s chemical business.
Vikingstad, a St. Paul native, did his
undergraduate studies and obtained a
master’s degree in chemical engineering
l¥om the UofM in 1964. During his first
twenty-five years at 3M he handled a
variety ~f engineering jobs, starting in the
Adhesives. Coatings and Sealers Division
pilot plant. From 1983 to 1987 he was
Director of Engineering and Staff Manufacturing at 3M’s subsidiary in Japan. In 1988
Frank Vikingstad
he left Information and Imaging Technologies Sector where he was Director of Engineering to become
M.. anufacturing Director of Consumer Video and Audio Products Division. Eleven months later he was made General Manager of SCD.

 ]83

CHAPTER21

Engineering’s Role
Planning, building, equipping anti remodeling factories is part of
SA&CD’s history that included a resource called the 3M Division
Engineering Department. Division Engineering, established sixty two
years ago, bad been in existence twenty years by the time the SCllliworks plant was built at Chcmolitc.
,
The 3 M concept of having employees design and supervise the consift,orion otO3M plants was begun in 1929. The first department head,
E. M. Johnson, was in charge for twenty years. After he retired in
1948, Johnson was replaced by Cyril Pesck. an architect who modernized the department 3M operates today.
Johnson was a forceful figure in the company, although his appearance was unprepossessing. Hc stood just five feet four inches
tall and had a clubtbol that forced a pronounced limp. Some described
him as a fiery engineering genius, although, according to his successor, "His was a machine design group nlore than anything else."
What is tlllcontcstcd is thai Johnson was an autocrat who kept strict
control over 3M’s capital expenditures. His shortcomings included
an im, bility to delegate, Imndling one project at a time and a penchant tbr ()vcrbuilding equiprnenl. An example of the hitter is a rock
crusher Johnson designed lind built in the 1930s that was still being
~pcratcd in the 1980s at the 3M plant in Wausau, Wisconsin.
()ldtimcrs aver it was the finest crusher ever built; superior to those
()il the markcl today.
Former C[~O Bert Cross sling Johnson’s praises. "He didn’t require books," Cross said, "Believe the, he knew everything and it
was all in his head. He was also a malhemaiical genius. We lacked
all sense of engineering uniil hc came to work."
When Cross arrived at 3M in 1926, he was appalled at the state
0
0
0
0

1365.0099

()f engineering. During his first visil, lie rcporlcd. "All I saw was
an outfit that really lacked everything. They had a very crummy faclory. I don’t know why they let me go through the plant, but they
did. There was a coating machine making sandpaper only by the grace
t)f God and breaking down regularly."
While he was there, the winder needed some repair work, Cross
sakl. "which l’m sure they did with haywire and a lot of beautifully
selected cuss words.;’ He recalled that the foreman became angry
and threw a wrench at the machine. "That was our engineering departmcnt on the day I first saw it."
Before he was employed by 3M, Johnson worked for Herman Behr
Company in New York, where he designed and built sandpaper
machinery. Johnson left to join 3M after Manning Abrasives bought
Bchr and formed Behr-Manning Company.
A few years after Johnson arrived 3M joined eight other abrasive
companies to forna the Durex Abrasives Corporation te manufacture and sell a’brasives outside the United States. (Durex was dissolved
in 1950.) Johnson and an old Behr colleague named Krupie were
chosen as lead engineers to design and build a plant for Durex in
Birmingham, England, in about 1930. That project yielded the first
sandpaper maker that could coat both paper and fabric backings. Based
on that design, 3M built a Jess complicated machine in St. Paul and
was using it before the one in E_ngland was placed in operation.
Stirrup was difficult for the Durex factory in Birmingham. One
problem caused two weeks of downtime including the final night when
Croks and all engineer worked until dawn to get the maker running.
That morning, the machine operated well until ten o’clock, then was
shut down while the English operators took a break for tea. During
the break, the glue solidified in the pots, mixing tanks and pipes and
the mineral .jammed the hoppers. The result was two more weeks
of downtime.
"Thal’s why I still hate tea and coffee breaks." Cross said years
later.
In or about 1940, Johnson designed and built 3M’s first electrostatic
abrasive coatcr. It used an electric charge to make the sharp points
{~1" file minerial grit face up as the minerals were being glued to the
backings, an innow~tion which greatly improved the effectiveness of
3M abrasives.
J~)hnson’s right-hand man, W. A. Thomas, was in charge of approv-

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184
ing-and disapproving--purchases by laboratory personnel and did
his job with a vengenance. He was ruthless in preventing laboratory
staffs from spending money--even their own money--for equipment.
To enforce his edict, Thomas stalked the laboratories after hours and
on Saturdays. Wl~en he spotted a piece of equipment or an add-on
he had not authorized, he removed it on the spot and consigned it
to the scrap heap.

Robert Bauer (Id’t) explains a project tu (frum left) Bill Lundquist, C. B. Sampair, Richard Carlton arid Cyril Pesek at CRL
open house in 1945.
By 1940 the l)ivision Engineering Department was housed in part
of the basement of Building 2 I. Some men who worked there with
j¢~hnson and Thomas were Harvey Liv¢rmore, Jim Trask, Walt Vhorman, AI Horning, Jim Rt~gaslcski, Francis B. Richerson, Ourdon
Jones and Bob Merchant. Ed Piret, a Chemical Engineer from the
UolM, worked with Special Products, the forerunner of the Chemical
Group. After Pesck arrived, Piret left to take charge of the UofM’s
Chemical Engineering Department.
Changing times forced 3M’s management to begin thinking of re-

1365.0100

placing Johnson. In the early 1940s, management realized that 3M
would not be able to operate the Engineering Departmen[.effectively
during the expansions planned for after World War II wi!h Johnson
in charge. They needed someone who could delegate, "who could
oversee multiple projects, who could hire talented, experienced
engineers and give them decision-making responsibilities.
Cyril Pcsck was the man they found. An architect and one-time
varsity basketball player at the UofM, Pesek was in charge of building
plants for Northern Ordnance, a war contractor in Fridley,~Minnesota.
His final defense job was to supervise construction of a s~ilfuric acid
plant in Roscmount, south of St. Paul. Then, as the war pit:tt, re began
to brighten, the government decided to Sell that plant arid assigned
Pesek Io assist potential buyers.
3M was interested, so nine executives including Carltoq and Cross
toured the facility. Pesek did not make a sale--the plant was too large
for 3M’s use--but in the process he sold himself. Soon afterward,
Carlton made him a job offer, which Pesek did not accept immediately. He had planned to reopen his architectural office in Minneapolis
at the end of the war. but after weighing that ambilion against
Carltem’s ¢~tfcr, he joined 3M in 1943.
His assignment was to build a modern Engineering Department,
a project that had to be delayed five years because management would
not offend Johnson by replacing him. So Pesek did not get the job
until after Johnson retired in 1948.
With that change, the engineering philosophy changed abruptly.
Pesck told his engineers that while they must stand firm on pro.iccl
quality, they must remember that they wcrc working for the divisions and not vice versa. Johnson’s inclination to refuse requests was
also changed.
Anothcr major change coincided with 3M’s restructuring into product divisions in 1948. Pesek sold his idea that one engineer should
represent each division, including sitting on the division Managemcnt Committee, while remaining as a member of Pesek’s department.
Pesek’s role was that of an administrator who gave support to his
engineers when they encountered problems or had conflicts with the
divisions thc3~-served. He took personal responsibility for obtaining
management approval for division requests for capital projects. He
and the division engineer involved would meet with Carlton to get

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186
his aye or nay on a project request, but after Carlton’s death Pesek
presented those requests directly to the Board of Dir~.ctors.
While he did not ignore the staff he inherited, Pesek brought in
outside engineers who had worked with him during thd war. He attracted skilled employces from other areas of 3M, too. ,As new divisions were formed, the Engineering Department hired men like John
Pcarson, Gerry Mueller, Erwin Brown, Bill Ludka, Hal Rehfeldt,
Joe Ling and Clair Larson.
"(Pesek) was strictly an administrator and he let you do your job,"
AI Homing, who had "grown up" under Johnson’s tutelage, said.
"Maybe I like him especially because he let me do my job."
John Pearson, who was one of Pesek’s successors, said there was-and probably still is--a conflict of philosophies between Engineering and the divisions.
~
"Divisions are often willing to trade equipment quali~, to save time
and Costs," Pearson said. "When they want something, they want
it now and’cheap. They don’t realize that you pay for that equipmcnt throughout its life with maintenance and problems. If you get
something quick and cheap you’ll be living with thost~ costs for a
long time. "Pcsck recognized that there are trade-offs, but you
shouldn’t trade off too far either way. That’s one of the roles filled
by Division Engineering."
~
Don Guthrie, who succeeded Pesek in 1966, joined Division
Engineering after Pesek came to 3M. Guthrie had been With the Acid
and Color Division in Cc~pley, Ohio, but joined Engineering from
Ccntral Rcscarch. Pesek and Guthric werc acquaintances because
Pcsck’s officc in the Bcnz building was close to Centt~al Research.
Guthric was Pesck’s first chcrnical engineer and he brought needed
skills tt~ lhc organization. Hc also atlracted other chemical engineers
and started Engineering Research in 1952 which evolved inlo tile
3M Enginccring Systems and Technology organization:of today. He
left Engineering in the early 1960s to be Technical Director and then
Vicc-Prc.~ident of the Coa~cd Abrasives and Related Products Division. Hc returned in 1966 t¢~ succeed Pcsck, then in 11974 became
Excculivc Vicc-Presidenl of Engineering and Manufi~cturing. Two
years later hc left thc Dcpartnncnt and was succeeded by Gerry
Mucllcr.
Pearson t~ltl a story that involved Gathrie, Bill Mc.Namara and
Barney Oakcs. The latter, Pearson said, had a "habit o~f not running

1365.0101

his people as a team, but playing them one off another." Because
of that, ~3uthrie and McNamara, Oakes’ Manufacturing Director,
had an understanding that when Oakes telephoned either of them,
that man would call the other immediately before Oakes could contacl him. "That way," Pearson said, "Guthrie and McNamara always
had a united front (with Oakes)."
Division Engineer Frances Richerson was connected with 3M’s
spccialty chemical operation for many years. As engineer for the
Hastings Chemical Division in 1948, he was involved in the construction of the first building at Chemolite while serving on a team
led by Guthrie. Other members were Bert Cahill and Bob Johnson
with help from Roy McKenzie.
"The engineering team," Richerson said, "developed a reputation ~ls ’doers.’ Bert Cahill, for example, made all the process piping and equipment layout drawings from sketches and flow sheets
prepared by Charlie Bentz (Process Engineer) and me. That working relationship between project and process engineering, paved the
way for later close working relationships between Engineering and
Manufacturing."
In 1957, Richcrson directed the staff Ihat began the design of the
Decatur chemical plant and then helped build it in 1960-61. In 1962
he moved to Decatur to take on a new 3M position of Plant Engineering Manager. In that job he directed two resident engineers, one of
whom was assigned to the film plant, in matters concerning
maintenance and construction. Richerson also was Projec!~ Manager
for construction of the factory in Antwcrp, Belgium, aild was in
Europc from 1969 until 1972. Upon his return to St. Paul he left
chemicals to concentrate on environmental and energy cot~struction
projects for 3M.
A native of Bagby, Virginia, he earned a chemical engineering
degree at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1938. He spent a year in
a DuPont rayon-nylon manufacturing plant in Richmond, Virginia,
before becoming a civilian employee of the United States Chemical
Warfare Service at Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas. He .joined 3M
in 1945 after an advertismcnt he placed in Chemical Engineering
ma~azinc caught the eye of someone at 3M. He became a Project
Engineer and stayed with the Dcpamncnt until he retired in 1979.
lu 1990, cloven years aficr leaving 3M, Richcrson, by then seventythree-years-old, was working as much as forty hours a week as

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188
as Vice-President, Engineering, for United Bio-Fuel, Richmond,
Virginia. United Bio-Fuel Company manufactures products from solid
wasle.

While it is true that the semi-works plant evolved into a full-scale
specialty chemical production facility, the first factory built as a
chemical manufacturing plant was in Decatur, Alabama, in the early
1960s. Several years were invested looking for a plant site, purchasing
property, designing the plant and so on before construction began.
The four and one half million dollar factory was located on a five
hundred acre tract--later expanded to one thousand acres to accommodate a film plant--on the Tennessee River in northern Alabama.
The factory’s thirty-two employees produced and shipped its first
specialty chemicals in May of 1961. (The nearby Specialty Film Division plant was announced in June 1961 and was in production by
mid-1962. By 1990 the two plants employed more than three hundred fifty men and women.)
,
Enlargement of the production capacity was begun during the plant’s
first decad& when Simons cells were added to expand fluorochemical
production previously limited to Chemolite. By adding Kel-F thermoplastics production at Decatur in 1963 the old Kellogg factory in
New Jersey became obsolete as far as 3M was concerned. That plant
was sold back to Kellogg.
A third specialty chemical plant was built and began operating in
August 1970 on the Mississippi River at Cordova, Illinois. Eighty
employees opened the plant, which enclosed one hundred and fifty
Ihousand square feet on a three hundred and seventy-five acre site.
Its I~cation placed it close to 3M plants in the Middle West and also
to an anaplc water supply available from the river.
At lhc start Cordova produced chemicals for internal 3M Use, but
I]u~r~chcnfical cells were added in 1975. And, in 1986, a multimillion dollar expansion was completed, including a three story proccss building containing fiflecn thousand square feet. Since 1973 Cordova also has manufacturcd magnetic coatings for video and computer tapes. The plant now employs about three hundred and fifty
people.
Rated by prodnclion capacity, the three domestic plants--Decatur,
Cordow= and Chcmolitc--are nearly Ihe same size.
The first .overseas plant was built in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1972.
It began a~ an internal chemical plant to serve four factories operated
hy 3M Eu¢opc. A Simons cell was added in 1976 and a Product

1365.0102

l)cvclopmenl Lahoratory was opened in 1983. Fluorcl fluol:oelastomer
manufacturing was added in 1986.
Antwerp, like the domestic specialty chemical pJants, supplies
customers worldwide~ but Europe is the plant’s biggest market.
Besides placing 3M in that market, the Antwerp facility gave the company credibility in Europe. It also allowed 3M to offer employment
on the Continent to chemists and engineers graduating from European universities. An added benefit is that Antwerp gives 3M an onthe-scene look at what is happening in the European specialty chemical
community.
The specialty chemical plants in the United States and the multiplc product plant in Antwerp--as well as all 3M plants around the
world--are tributes to Division Engineering.

In the 1980s 3M divested itself of the Copley, Ohio, plant which
it had operated since World War If, and its Irvington operation, acquired in the 1950s,
By 1982 Copley had become unprofitable. Raw material costs were
rising and increased competition for sulfuric acid business had depresscd selling prices, SCD dismantled the facility and leased the building.
Not long afterward the property was sold.
Newark, while profitable, did not meet the 3M standard of profitability, so the division was sold in December 1984. Dr. William
G. Paterson, who was to handle the sale, thought it would be an easy
task. Twenty-five companies from around the world c~presscd an
intcrcsl, but in the end none made an offer. Irvington did not fit their
business. Or, the price was too high. Or, financing was not available.
Those were just some of the reasons. The result was that Paterson,
l)ircct~=r, Business Development for the Chemicals, Film and Allied
Products Group, was left without a single prospect.
The sale finally was made under favorable terms to Anthony M.
Stonis, SCD’s Plant Manager in Antwerp. Stonis left 3M to become
President of the busincss,renamcd the Cardolite Corporation after
one of its product lines. He was still in charge in 1990.
It should be noted that Cardolitc still mannfactures products derived
from cashew nut shell liquid.

 The Pendulum Swings
Scotchgard protector is a beauty, admired by consumers. Her name
appears in articles and advertisements in slick magazines, on television, on hang tags attached to furniture, on carpets and wall treatment samples in showrooms in many parts of, the world.
3M’s industrial specialty chemicals are Plain Janes, the sister scarcely noticed by the retail public. That is because her advertising and
publicity appear in trade magazines and in direct mail advertisements
mailed to business offices, industrial plants, various departments of
government and the military.
No customer quizzed in a retail store could be expected to identify Light Water AFFF or KeI-F elastomers or even to associate them
with 3M. However, nine out of ten shoppers who were surveyed a
few years ago recognized the Scotchgard protector name. That high
level of recognition was achieved in part because Scotchgard prorector advertising, merchandising pieces and sales presentations conrain promises that the product fulfills. Another reason is that
Scotchgard protector has been supported by advertising, merchandizing and publicity for marc than lwenty-five years.
It is fun to speculate on what the product might have been named
(Fabricgard? Fabri-Gard? 3MGard?).had Jack Borden, Vice-President
¢~f the Tape Division, prcw61ed. Scotch* had been a trade name for
the Tape Division’s line ofccllophane, masking and other tapes for
many years before the Scotchgard brand name was devised. Borden
believed his division owned the name, but 3M management thought
3M applied adhesive only Io  he edges ol- its masking tape. A painler in an auto body repair
sht~p. Wht~ expcrlcnccd trouble with Ihe tape because o1" 3M’s stingy use of the adhesi’0e, growled
at a 3M salesroom, "’Why be s~ Scratch with lhc adhesive?"

1365.0103

{~thcrwise.
Gil foster is Vice-President of the Protective Chemical Products
Division, which markets Scotchgard protector products throughtout
the world. Although he is a relative newcomer to flu6rochemicals,
Foster sometimes is called "Mr. Scotchgard" by ~eople in his
organization because of his contributions to the product’s success
in the last sixteen years.
,
Foster joined Commercial Chemicals Division in 1975 as National
Sales Manager for Scotchgard protector after fifteen y~ears with the
company. A native of Croydon, Indiana, he earned a bac!~elor’s degree
in history and speech at Indiana State University in 1957’-. As a second
lieutenant from the university’s ROTC program, he e0~rolled in Air
Force flight school and later was a special investigati’i~ns agent for
the Air Force in the Defense Department.
~..
A civilian again in 1960, he joined 3M as a sales trainee in the
Reflective Products Division. He spent four years as a sales representative in Detroit, then switched to Dynoc, a 3M subsidiary in
Cleveland, Ohio, to sell decorative trim products to the automotive
industry. In 1969 he became Midwest Region Sales Manager for
Decorative Products Division(formerly Dynoc) in Detroit.
In 1957 Krogh was looking for someone to inject vitality into his
Scotchgard protector program so he hired Foster as Sales Manager
after Bob Peiffer transferred to another division. Foster stepped into
a difficult job. His charge was to revamp the Scotchgard protector
sales force into an effective organization
and reverse the falling sales curve. Sales
had plummeted fifty percent to less than ten
million dollars in recent years and
Scotchgard carpet protector, introduced
three years before, had only two customers.
Foster changed his sale forces from product specialists who traveled the country
to full line sales people in territories. Some
men and women were reassigned. Others
were replaced. After a study of the
business, Foslcr got Krogh’s approval to
(;il l,’~)sler
concentrate ihe sales eflbrt in the carpet
market. The revitalized sales forced began to write new orders, the
sales curve began to rise. By 1976 black ink had replaced the red.

 193

192
That allowed moncy to be added to thc promotion budget. In one
super event, a nylon carpet was unrolled on the graveled surface of
a future Los Angeles freeway and a truck dumped a load of dirt* on it.
A bulldozer spread it around. A power roller packed it down. Finally,
a crew shoveled and vacuurned away the dirt to reveal the trcated
surface, a huge Scotchgard protector logo, which was spotless. Untreated areas were a dirty mess. Overhead, a cameraman in a
helicopter filmed footage for a one-minute TV commercial.
"It was," Foster attested, "impressive." It was also the "Dirtiest Commercial Ever Aired" according to an article in the Sales
Digest published by 3M’s Public Relations Department. Charles M.
Kent, Jr., CCD’s Advertising Manager, was quoted as saying that
months earlier only eight mills were applying Scotchgard carpet prolector to fifty-three carpet lines. As of June 1976, more than seventy
mills were applying the 3M product to more than two hundred carpet
lines.
;
One story t.hat made the rounds centered on a prospective customer
who hnd given 3M a cold shoulder following a carpet protector presentation. He saw the "dirtiest commercial" one night on TV and called
Ihc 3M Sales Represcntalive the next day. "It’s absolutcly
unbelievable! No product is that good!" he protested. Nevertheless,
the commercial not only helped turn him into a customer, but also
led him to become an enthusiastic supporter of 3M’s product.
One success led to another, Foster said, with the "bandwagon
effect" helping to bring about more and more improvements. Opening
a laboratory and technical service ccnlcr in Tennessee was anolhcr
positive faclor, hc said. That facility was opened late in 1978 in Chattanooga although its territory was across the state line in Dalton,
Georgia. Dalton, thirty-nine miles from Chattanooga, is the hub of
our nation’s carpet industry. Sixty-five to seventy percent of the
carpeling pr~xluced in the United States comes from mills within sixty
miles of Dalton.
"’This facility is necessitated by increasing demand for Scotchgard
brand protector products and 3M’s commilmcnt to provide technical
services and assistance to customers," Vice-President Krogh said
in 1978.
"Almost ovcrnight we had a going concern in the center of the
*3M qt~alily c~nlrol includes lhc dirt used in Icsls and promotions. Tt~ assure con~i.’slcncy,
it i~ still being prt~duccd on demand at Chcmolilc lind s~lcl to the Divisi~m.

1365.0104

carpet business," Foster said.
The building in Chattanooga formerly housed a 3M subsidiary,
American Lava Corporation. It was large enough to contain a carpet
protector gales office, too, In fact, the new building was three times
the size of the previous laboratory-service space formerly used in
the 3M High Point (North Carolina) Branch.
Personnel in Chattanooga included Sales Manager Jim McAndrew
and four salesmen and Technical Service Manager Jim Johnson and
fifteen technical service people. McAndrew had been Sales Manager
for the furniture business in High Point and Johnson had been a
technical serviceman there.
Anaggressive marketing prograrn in 1978 included a contest called
"Aim for the Top," Teams consisting of Sales, Marketing and
Laboratory personnel representing each industrial product market not
only raised sales significantly, but also generated teamw?rk throughout
the Division. Two teams increased their sales performances by more
than twenty-five percent.
In January, 1979,.a European Scotchgard carpet protector promotion was annonnced at the Frankfurt (Germany) International Trade
Fair for Home Furnishings Textiles.
;
The snowballing carpet business rolled on into other sales areas
of the Division. "Success in carpets grew more success in other
businesses," Foster said. "We got consumers to understand what
Scotchgard protector was on carpeting and that made it easier to make
them aware of Scotchgard protector in textiles." Furthermore, enthusiasm in the Division sales department kept climbing, he said,
as sales personnel reahzed they were part of real ~inner.~ for the
...
first tirne."
That success and enthusiasm included sales accoml~’~l!ishments for
Scotchban treatment for paper, which was healthy enough in 1983
to warranl its own sales force and laboratory under Mahager Donald
Velky.
Therc were good and bad things in the early days of the Scotchgard
protector program. False starts included an apparel program, chiefly
girls" dresses, suit fabrics and rainwear. The attraction for 3M was
the enormous size of the market. What was not considered was that
girls" drcss~],; and suit fabrics do not require stain resistance. Mothers
wash dirty dresses. Men and women have their suits dry cleaned.
As for rainwear, DuPont’s Zepel protector and silicone products had

 195

194
swept that business. Another factor not discerned immediately was
that clothing is not a big ticket item.
There were sales and successful uses, but nothing that was going
to be a big producer. In 1966, 3M reported that besides upholstered
furniture, people could buy treated yard goods, draperies, hunting
and fishing gear, shoes, leather goods, auto interiors and convertible tops, upholstered lawn furniture, window shades, mattress ticking and, of course, jackets, slacks, coats and the like.
Basically, it was the upholstered furniture industry that kept hopes
alive. That was the market 3M turned to after it became apparent
that apparel was not going to be a big winner. In upholstered furniture there was a need for 3M’s product.
All that trial and error took time. Scotchgard stain repeller was
introduced in 1955 and perfected by 1960. Stain release followed
in 1967, but carpet protector was not marketed until 1972, seventeen years after the advent of Sc¢~tchgard pr¢~tector. In 1974 Krogh
announced that thirty formulations of Scotchgard protector finishes
were being s~Id w¢~rldwide. Carpet protector, the savior, did not turn
a profit until 1976.
Penelralion into the drapery or wall covering market came later.
’rhc home furnishing industry is Scotchgard protector’s primary
markct today, with carpets Ihc strongest sales area.
"We had to lcarn by expcrience that the benefits offered
by Scotchgard protector were of real interest to people who buy furniture. When they buy a sofa, they want to do whatever is possible
t¢~ kccp it I¢~¢~king clean and new," Foster said.
"Later we learned that people who buy carpeting arc also interested
in protecting it from stains. And, we began to see a consumer interest in protecting draperies."
In the process 3M began t¢~ perceive the tie that binds upholstered
furniture to carpeting to draperies. All are home furnishings. All arc
expensive items people will pay to protect. All suffer from cleaning-once cleaned they are not a~ good as they were.
Another product that made a contribution to 3M’s success, Foster
said, was Scotchgard protector in aerosol cans, introduced in 1963.
"The aerosol can," Foster said, "was launched as an add-on to 3M’s
mill-application program, It surprised everyone by becoming a selfliquidating merchandising item. Consumers who bought spray cans
tested Scotchgard themselves while checking to see whether they’d

1365.0105

3M President Bert Cross holds the Burlington Industries invoice
dated 12-31-65 that raised the Chemical Division sales total to
one million dollar. Standing (l’rom left) are Frank Woznak, Sales
Manager, Cecil March, Group Vice-President, and Arthur Telfer,
Division Vice-President.

applied it correctly. Then, when the can was placed on a kitchen shelf
it was a constant reminder of the product, the brand name and 3M."
For the first time a product that had been intangible in magazine
advertisements, TV commercials or in-store promotions became apparenl, real-- a can, its spray, a wet surface that dried to invisibility
on a chair or sofa. Scotchgard protector not only became visible,
but the man or woman who purchased a can got involved in its use,

 197

196
Since 1963, 3M has sold millions of cans, each a kind of lest kit
aud mini-billboard that proclaims its brand name. It also has been
noted that in the three countries where the Scotchgard protector brand
name is most significant--the United States, Canada and Austraiia-spray cans are ~old.
After Scotehgard protcctor in cans went on the market Roy Mordaunt’s Marketing Department began receiving letters from users.
"Probably no one told you this before, but your product is perfect
for preventing underarm perspiration stains on dresses," one woman
wrote. Another said that a girls’ drum and bugle corps sprayed the
feathers on their hats to keep them from wilting in rainy day parades.
Other customers sprayed tennis balls to keep them clean and treated
trout flies to keep them floating. One user sprayed her horse’s mane
and tail to keep him looking perky in case of rain at a horse show.
The account of how one and one half million dollars were spent
on advertising to convince mills to buy and apply Scotchgard repeller
(Chapter i 3.) was not the entire promotion story. Mills and manufacturers were ,reached through many personal contacts, too. 3M sales
representati~)es made demonstrations which included present and
future advertising and sales promotion plans. Prospects were also
shown results of past promotions. Slowly, by dint of effort day after
day, most mills and manufacturers were convinced 3M could and
would turn retailers and consumers into bclievers.
Thousands of demonstrations have been made over the years and
are still being made today. The technique is very effective.
"Once you’ve seen it, you never forget it," Foster said. "’There’s
magic conneclcd wilh spraying a pr~spcct’s nccktie, spoiling it with
salad oil, then proving that it can bc returned to his neck still g~od
as new." For grander demonstrations the division’s trade show booth
incorporated a miniature watcrfidl tumbling down on treated fabric
to show lhe product’s ability to repel liquids.
Making Scotchgard protcctor a widely known product was achieved
witht~ut spending vast sums of money on advertising and sales promotion after that first big splash in the early 1960s. In later years,
barring one exception--the introduction of the aerosol can--3M has
never financed a multi-milli~m dollar consumer advertising program
for Scotchgard protector in any year. However, the Division always
has spent relatively large numbers of dollars to woo thc trades.
Budgcts for advertising and merchandising and a much larger budget

1365.0106

for a manufacturers’ support program h,qve equaled more than twenty
percent of product sales every year.
"We take pride," Foster explained, "in knowing that we spent
our money--and still spend our money--where it does the most good.
Our tagging program is one of the best ways we know for making
one dollar do the work of many. We print Scotchgard protector tags
and made them available to our customers, generally at no cost to
them. We also participate in customers’ tag programs, allowing them
so much per thousand if they use our Scotchgard protector trade name
properly on their tags."
No one in or outside of 3M could begin to tot~! the number of
tags~cach carrying the Scotchgard protector name and message-that havc been printed and di,stributed over the years. Certainly it
amounts to tens of millions, each one a tiny advertisement reaching
home furnishing purchasers in display rooms everywhere.
Sears, the nation’s largest retailer, has been closely identified with
Scotchgard protector for more than thirty years. In the mid-1950s
Sears laboratory workers were involved in testing,ldeveloping
specifications and in discussions of performance propert!es for 3M’s
product. The program for Sears to market clothing treated with
Sc~)tchgard rain and stain repeller was sealed at a meeting between
Sears and 3M executives on December 24, 1956, making Sears the
first retailer to offer stain protected clothing.
When Scotchgard stain release-was introduced in 196":/, Sears was
instrumental in marketing and promoting the new product. In the early
1970s Sears worked closely with 3M to help set standards for the
industry’s I]rsl carpet protector announced in 1972. Scars was also
in the forefront with Scotchgard stain release in the early 1980s with
its McKids’~ clothing line, one of the most successful children’s
labcls ever devised by Sears. The giant retailer also worked closely
with the release of carpet protector and more recently stain release
for carpets.
In Ihe early 1980s Sears came up with the idea that 3M should
develop a Scotchgard protector for wood furniture. That product,
introduced in 1985, was one of the Division’s four major marketing
announcements of the decade.
Onc of those came in 1983 when CCD beg,’m a program whereby
Levitz Furniture Company sold and applied Sct~tchgard protector in
spray booths built into its stores. The following year 3M’s Gold Seal

 198
Warranty Program allowed a purchaser of furniture treated with
Scutchgard protector to buy a warranty that stated that if the treatment should ever fail, 3M would repair or replace the damaged furniture. (Levitz had been selling furniture that had been mill-treated
with 3M’s preatuct since 1979.) And, in 1986, Scotchgard stain release
for carpets was announced as the latest addition to the line.
Growth of Scotchgard protector sales has been remarkable since
before the start of the last decade. In 1977 sales were seventy-five
percent more than in 1976. By 1987 global sales were nearly five
times greater than they were ten years earlier.
Bill Petersen, retired Marketing Director of the Commercial
Chemical Division, has a favorite story involving a product
demonstration in Chicago years ago. He was making a presentation
at Marshall Fields department store where the merchandizing manager
was a "difficult sell." Petersen treated an upholstered chair from
a spray can, then sprayed a dresser to show that,his product would
not harm wood. He also sprayed half of a yard-square cloth handed
to him by a ~arshall Fields employee, who then left the room. When
the man reappeared soon afterward he wore a broad smile. He had,
he said, used the treated cloth as a dust rag with spectacular results.
He held the cloth up for inspection by everybody in the room. Half
the cloth was matted with clinging dust. The other half was spotless.
To this day, Petersen said he does not have the remotest idea whic.h
side had been treated and which had not. The moral, he added, Is
it’s not what you see, but what you perceive.
In 1980 CCD commemorated the twenty fifth anniversary of the
Chemical Products Group by listing Ihirteen charter members still
with the Division. They were: Bill Petersen, Don LaZerte, Bill
Pearlson, Lyle Hals. Dave Shryer, Dick Guenthner, Gayle Rengel,
Maynard Olson, Joe Kcaling, Dick Danielson, Bill Skown and Stan
Zaluda.
Twenty-six other charter members still were at 3M in other areas.
They were: Hugh Bryce, Harry Paulus, Jack Sargent, Gordie Anderson, Ray Brt~wn, Cliff Hanson, Duane Morin, Dick Heine, Dick
Sward, Chauncey Martin, Flip Grasso, Les Axdahl, John Umber,
Ton1 Billings, Frank Brown, John Hakanson, Mel Sater, Jack Hanson, Gcorge Harrison, George Rothweiler, Charlie Bentz, Wally
Schmidt, Slan Karwoski, Ray Sundback, Chester Kabina and Jim
H incklcy.

1365.0107

"A Sense of Excitement"
Dr. Sidney M. Leahy, Vice-President of the Chemicals, Film and
Allied Products Group, has been with 3M thirty-four years. Starting in 1956 in Central Research; he reached his present position
through the Industrial Abrasives Division, Traffic Control Materials
Division (TCMD), Sumitomo 3M Limited (a subsidiary in Japan),
and Memory Technologies Group. He has been a Research Chemist,
a Research Supervisor, Product Development Manager, Department
Manager, Technical Director, Division Vice-President, Senior
Managing Director and Group Vice-President. From 1979 until 1981
he was Senior Managing Director in Japan, then returned to be VicePresident of Memory Technologies Group before moving to his present assignment in 1983.
3M is organized into divisions, groups and sectors. Four sectors
(until 1991) supervise twelve groups which oversee more than forty
divisions, departments and other operating units. In 1990, the
Chemicals, Fihn and Allied Products Gr~mp was in the Industrial
and Electronic Sector headed by Vice-President.Harry A. Hammerly.
Leahy’s Group includes the three chemical divisions, ICPD, PCPD
and S.A&CD, plus the Specialty Film Division and two departments.
Leahy had never worked with specialty chemicals when he took
over the Group, which was not important. Group Vice~Presidents
are not involved with the day-to-day operations. That is the responsibility of the Division Managers. Leahy is a businessman who brought
to his job business acumen and decision-making ability learned during more than thirty years with the corporation.
Hc has a bachelor’s degree in chemistry earned in 1952 from Reed
College, Portland, Oregon, and a doctorate in chemistry earned in
1956 from the University of Washington in Seattle.

 201

2’00

Lcahy’s distance from .~pccially chemicals during the I’ormative
decades (although at times he was a customer of SCD) providcs him
with an interesting perspective. In 1956, his first year at 3M, "there
was a mysliqt~c, an aura, a sense ofcxcitcmeat tha~ remained with the men and
women from the Fluorochemical Project."
Researchers outside the Project were not
envious, but rather admired those pioncers,
hc szdtl.
"Art Ahlbrecht (in the 1950s) was fond
of reminding us of ’the way we did i~ in
the Fluorochemical Project." That included
team play and thoroughness. And, Leahy
said Bob Adams called the Pro.jeer "~
microcusm, a 3M model for how things
Sial Leahy
should happen."
’
Lezhy sa~d a perception lingers to this day that chemical laborato~
pcaple thin~ of themselves as an elitist group, as men and women
who follow their own leads and are difficult to m~nage. They arc
considcrcd "difl~rent" by scientists in other laboratories, who arc
themsclvcs, of course, bondcd by their own technologies.
Since 1980 turnover in the specialty chemical laboratories has been
among the lowest in 3M. There are three reasons for that, Leahy
believes. First, rapid growth in the 1980s allowed laboratory personncl to bc wcll-suppo~cd and thercforc contented. Second, gpecialty
chemical laboratory people arc difl~rent Imm nlher men and womcn
in 3M laboratories from a ~tandpt~int of education and skills. Third,
lqaorochcmical technology is not interchangeable with other 3M
lcchnnlogics.
A modern version of thc [:luorochcmical Prqjcct will never be seen,
Lcahy addcd. "Those people were entrepreneurs who lavished time
and money on the development of fluorochemical products.’" But,
limes have changed, he points out. The corporation has grown too
big Ibr that Io recur. Now, when a worthwhile program is conceived
"we load up the front end with rcsources (manpower and equipment)
and complete lhc job thnroughly and quickly."
Lcahy citcd an cxamplc from his experience as Vice-President of
the Mcmo~ Tcchnology Group in the late 1970s. Videotape cassettes
were selling at rctuil for twenty-five dollars, far too much if 3M was

OO

1365.0108

to develop a ntarket for home rccording and playback units. To lower
that price 3M’s manufacturing costs would have to be slashed and
intensive cost reduction programs would have to involve~every division cmploycc from laboratory to factory.
~
The consumer videotape laboratory employed twent~ people in
1980. Four years later employment was at four h~ndred and
videocassette manufacturing costs had been reduced to +he-seventh
the original cost. "A variety of talent and enough talent Was applied
in all arc~s. Costs were reduced through sheer power," Lcahy said.
That talent was hired from other divisions. After the goal was reached
some were invited to stay. The m~jority.moved on to other 3M
laboratories armed with another positive paragraph on their resumes.
The task force approach was possible because 3M is in effect a huge
talent pool of twelve thousand men and women Who can be attracted
into exciting programs when necessary. What a change from 1936
when Jim Hendricks became the second man with a doctorate in the
company!
A different challenge confronted Leahy in the chemical group in
1983. Although new to the Group job he quickly discerned vestiges
of the cntreprcneurial spirit of the early days. The evidence was one
hundred thirty-two active research projects in the CCD laboratory.
Those that would be successful would contribute perhaps a million
dollars each in annual sales, inconsequential amounts to a multi-billion
dollar corporation.
I.e:d~y’s job was Io convince his scientists to drt~p ninety percent
of those projccts, team their talents and concentrate on the ten percent that could promise major profits. It is not difficult to imagine
the resistance to that suggestion. Whose project would be dropped?
Whose would be saved? Who would lead the ten teams? Who wnnld
tbllow?
Expecting that reaction, Leahy employed a technique he had used
belbre. Meeting and sleeping room,s were reserved in a center away
[’tom thc campus. Twenty managers ~nd key specialists were invited
to a week-long meeting. An outside facilitator led the discussions,
which kept comments to the point and away from personalities. Even
then it was not pleasant, Leahy recalled, but the facilitator from a
management consulting company was able to convince the group and
get members to agree that Changes had to be made.
Then the question was how doukl the laboratory make a more

 2O3

202
significant contribution? The new concept was accepted by some,
but t~thers continued to protest. Tradition was being meddled with.
It would be impossible to make the proposed changes. Besides, there
were not enough resources to carry out the work outlined by the
facilitator. Leahy promised to obtain the resources--which meant he
had to convince 3M management to allow him to spend some Group
profits for several years in return for a promise of greater profits
later on. With that agreement obtained, the laboratory staff was nearly
doubled and sophisticated equipment purchased. The one hundred
and thirty-two projects were reduced to key projects.
One of them was stain release, which was introduced in 1986. An
add-on to Scotchgard carpet protector, stain release provides protcction against difficult stains. The story of how the product was
markctcd in the face of strong competition from DuPont’s Stain
Masterrr~ protector is nearly as interesting as the product is profitable. The original raarket for its new product, tl~e Division believed,
was luxury carpeting, which is about ten percent of the carpet market.
That direction was being steered when DuPont entered the arena in
1987 with its product supported by a massive advertising and promotion u:m)paign. In I,eahy’s words, "It crcatcd a buying irenzy
:m the market.." Thc excitement of tbc two advertising campaigns-alth~3ugh 3M’s was low key compared with DuPont’s--creatcd such
consnmcr demand thai carpeting in every price range was being treated
with one or the other product and snappcd up in showrooms across
Ihc counlry.
"l)tdhml’s advert ising increased the market so ranch," l,cahy said,
"lhal wc als~ bctwfitcd. The dcmatld fbr treated carpeting doubled,
expanding the markct five-fold.’" 3M’s markei share--which had been
Ihc lion’s portion in 1986 with Scotchgard carpet protector--was
reduced, bul Ihc increased business crealcd by the greatly enlarged
markcl tirade that an casy pill to swallow. "Besides," Leahy said,
"thc game isn’t over. It’s still under way.’" He seemed to be saying
that 3M wanted its lion’s share of the market back again,
Not everything pr(~uced by the laboratories turns into an immediate
success story. An inexpensive polymer was developed, but no onc
could find a large market for il. "It took years," Leahy said, "for
t~s to sttmfl~le onto an exccllcnl usc--slabiliz, ing a foam for blocking
otlor~ and air pollution in wastc disposal sites. So, patience is required
when a development doesn’t seem to match our early vision.

1365.0109

"Sometimes it has to wander around until it finally finds a friend."

Since the end of the 1980s the word protector has been applied
to all PCPD products: Scotchgard carpet protector, Scotchban paper
protector, Scntchgard wood protector and so on.
"That’s what we are and what we represent," Leahy said, "protection." The .word is important to homemakers because the furniture
and furnishings they buy are expensive, sometimes even once-in-alifetime purchases. For a small extra cost they get protection for a
houseful of things that need protection. We’ve expanded to everything
in the house--sofas and chairs, wall coverings, even wooden table
tops--dining room tables, coffee tables, end tables--a@ surface."

Cordova, Illinois, plant on Mississippi river in 1971.

 204 __

Today and Tomorrow
In the 1980s, 3M established ten new laboratories called Technology
Centers, each staffed with exceptional scientists who were directed
to focus on a single technology.
The collective responsibility of those men and women is to assure
the future often technologies that are of strategic importance to 3M.
They must make certain that those technologies never become obsolete, that they remain state-of-the-art as long as they are vital to
the corporation.
The first Technology Center @as established in 1981 to protect
the future of pressure-sensitive adhesive technology. The nine that
followed arc responsible for film, encapsulation, nonwoven materials,
ceramics, weathering, electronic circuitry, hardgoods, software and
fluorochemicals.
The Fluorochcmical Technology Center was opened in September
1987 in Building 236, also the homc of the ICPD and SA&CD
Laboratories. (PCPD’s Laboratory is in the Benz building.) The
Fh~orochemical Center employs twenty-five technical people and
scvcn support employees who are seeking to find better ways to make
carbon fluorine compounds. That effort produces more efficient
manuf~cturing processes for flunrochemicals and new molecules wilh
polcnlial Ibr developing unique products. The lqnorochemical Center
start includcs scientists like George Moore, a 3M Corporate Scientist. and one of our nation’s foremost organo-fluorine chemists.
Opposite: (;curtal Research Laboralory (]~uilding 201) slands
alone on the 3M Maplewood campus. Highway 12 (now Interstate
94) is in the foreground.
0
0
0
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1365.0110

 207

206
The Technology Center concept w,’~s developed in the 1970s because
of a management concern that 3M research was becoming fragmented.
The cause of that was growth. As 3M divisions used their technologies
to develop new products, those products were spun off inlo new
divisions which straightaway created their own research laboratories.
Those laboratories pursued technologies which were the same or
similar to their parent division.
Another concern was that long-range research sometimes was
neglected. That came about because divisions, facing rising costs,
did not have the resources to pursue programs that might not reach
fruition for a decade or more.
Fluorochemical research, although not a prime example of fragmenting, is conducted by ICPD, PCPD and SA&CD in their separate
laboratories and to a lesser degree in the Industrial and Electronic
Sector Laboratory and by Corporate Research. ICPD and PCPD
laboratories are concerned with product development and advances
in technology that will develop into products in one to five years.
The Sector ’frame is five to ten years in the future. And, Corporate
Research is concerned with technological breakthroughs that can produce profilable products in ten years or more.
Technology Centers are hybrids, part Sector, part Corporate
Research. A Center’s scientific eyes look toward the latest scientific
developments being reported worldwide as well as on 3M-developed
opportunities for the technology in a time frame of three to ten years.
Vice-President Harnetty of ICPD said that the Fluorochemical
Technology Center "is the single most critical coml~nent of our Division’s global slr~tcgic plan fi)r fluorochcmicals. Without the Center
we would not have the direction for technological development and
expansion."
"We arc currently tied Io the Simons cell," Vice-President Foster
of Protective Chemical Products Division said. "The Technology
Ccuter is working to improve the efficiency of that cell and to find
compounds that can result in new products."
Fostcr’s and Harnctty’s divisions support the Fluorochemical
Technology Center financially, although, by 3M rule the Center’s
achievements arc available to all 3M laboratories. In turn, ICPD and
PCPD have access Io the accomplishments of the other 3M
laboratories and Tcchnology Centers.
The Fluorochemical Technology Center is directed by Dr. Thomas
0
0
0
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1365.0111

S:tvereide who reporls to Group Vice-President Leahy. Savereide
left the Industrial Abrasives laboratory in 1969 to become Chemical
Division Laboratory Manager. In 1973, the year CRD was formed,
he became its Technical Director. Later Savereide was with Sumitomo
3M and Corporate Research before taking his present assignment
in 1987.

Harnetty of ICPD remembers vividly how difficult it Was to market
fluorochemical products years ago. It was a case of Sales, Marketing
and Laboratory needing to educate their prospects. When that job
was completed, Sales Representatives had to justify 3M’s higher
prices. Only then were they able to get a prospect to sign an order.
"None of those users, with few exceptions," Harnetty said,
"believed that he needed our products. Each was satisfied with what
he had. We had to convince each one otherwise. In the process, we
replaced products that were cheaper, but not as effective as ours."
For example, Light Water aqueous film forming foam replaced
lower cost protein foam which had been used for years as an agent
for sm¢~thering petroleum fires. Success did not come easily. Fire
fighters found it difficult to believe that any new product could replace
the one they had been working with for years. Even the United States
Navy, which came up with the idea in the first place, was deterred
by the cost of 3M’s product and did not switch from protein foam
until after a tragic shipboard fire. In civilian markets, the same problems had to bc overcome. Public fire departments and private ones
operated by rctineries, petroleum storage facilities and industrial plants
had to be convinced, too.
It is almost a contradiction of the above paragraphs to recall that
in the beginning fluorochemical product applications were pointed
out to 3M by would-be customers who needed to find a new product
to satisfy their need. But that was the case, because, in the 1950s,
3M scientists had no idea that surfactants were needed in electroplating
shops. Udylitc Corporation helped out with thatdevelopment. Navy
scientists found out that a 3M product could be effective in fighting
petroleum fires and helped to develop Light Water AFFF. The Air
Force nectl-t~d a super material t~ make hoses and gaskets lbr its planes
so it got 3M involved in that research. Fluoroelastomers for manufacturing O-rings, hoses, gaskets and seals were the result.

 208
3M specialty chemical products can be separated into five business
areas:
¯ Fluoroelastomers are rubber-like polymers used in thousands of
pr~lucts. They can be nmde soft and pliant or tough and wea~r-rcsistanl
and are used to fabricate O-rings, seals, metal bonded composites,
hoses and coatings. Their resistance to high temperatures and aggressive fluids makes them ideal for automotive, commercial and
military aircraft and petroleum production uses. Other elastomcrs
are flexible in low temperatures, which makes them ideal for other
applications, The chief trade name is Fluorel fluoroelastomers, first
developed in 1957.
"
¯ Engineering Fluids and Systems are surfactants used in heating
or cooling applications. They dissipate heat in super-compuiers and
other electronic equipment. They transfer heat efficiently in Certain
solder reflow operations and have become the industry standard for
testing semiconductor devices. Trade names are,Fluorinert liquids
and Fluorinert liquid heat sink.
¯ Chemica[intermediates are used to make other finished products,
including Scotchgard protector. Surfactants are used in electroplating
baths and to make shiny, easy to apply waxes and satin-smooth
coatings. Fluorochemical acids and salts improve the action of a range
of products from catalysts to battery electrolytes. Trade names are
Fluorad intermediates and surfactants.
¯ Light Water AFFF and ATC agents are used to fight fires and
suppress toxic and obnoxious vapors, odors and dust in landfills and
hazardous waste site~.
¯ Scotchgard protectors resist soiling, staining and water-spotting
especially in apparel and home furnishings. Even hard surfaces such
as wallp~per and vinyl flooring are protected with fluorochemical
products. The Scotchgard trade name is applied to carpet protector,
fabric protector, leather protector, rain and stain repeller and stain
release and wood protectors.
¯ Scotchban fluorochcmicals are incorporated into paper, paperboard and nonwoven fabrics during the manufacturing process as bartiers to oils, greases and watery liquids. That includes paper products nsed in fast f~xnl and convenience packaging, disposable medical
garments, hospital linens, personal hygiene items and a range of other
nonwoven materials used in industry. Trade names are Scotchban
paper protector and Scotchban products for nonwovens.
0
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1365.0112

It is als¢~ interesting to categorize fluorochemical technology by
decades. The 1940s were the technology acquisition and start up years.
The 1950s marked the development of the first products. The 1960s
were marketing development years. The 1970s were boom years for
space age fluids, rubber and Light Water AFFF products. The 1980s
brought prosperity--and a more competitive environment.
Most 3M specialty chemicals--Fluorel elastomers are the
exception--are manufactured with a process invented more than fifty
years ago. 3M’s original patents for the Simons cell expired a quarter
of a century ago so 3M’s fluorochemical technology and the Simons
cell are awfilable to all who wish to utilize them. Competitors stub
their toes on the inefficiency of the Simons cell. The challenger who
operates a cell learns that his output is more dross than;~gold. He produces a small quantity of usable product along with a large amount
of waste materials. 3M, through trial, error and experience learned
how to change intermediates and waste from cells into an array of
products that are sold in half a dozen markets.
"We’ve found ways to make money out of scrap," Harnetty said
with a grin.
~

Complacency, while not banned, is never seen at 3M. If a competitor sets out to overtake 3M, he must start at breakneck speed,
because the corporation will not slow down to wait for him.
"Forty-five percent of our Protective Chemical sales in 19895’
Foster said, "came from products we didn’t have five years before."
More new PCPD products appeared in 1990. Some were for the
leather industry, including one that shows promise for leather proccssing. Another protects resilient flooring against staining and marring. It is possible that it could provide the same protection for exterior surfaces of buildings.
Product improvements are being made constantly. 3M plans to announce a new delivery system for Scotchgard protector foams which
will be more efficient and more hygienic for mills. Scotchgard stain
release, a two-part stain-soil-static system with Scotchgacd carpet prorector, is being improved. The product combats previously hard-tofight stain,~-causcd by acid dyes such as those found in tropical fruit
puuch, grape ,soda and similar soft drinks.
So, the beat of the 1940s continues into lhe 1990s.

 210

APPENDIX

Jet airplanes, space travel, a moon landing, ahost of business products such as electric typewrilers, computers and facsimile machines,
retail products such as PCs, VCRs. camcorders and microwave ovens
have appeared since 1945. II would lake a miracle to finresee what
might be added to that list by the year 2035.
And, that includes the specialty chemical products ~M will add
to its list in the next forty-five years.

But, as far as 3M specialty chemicals arc concerned, why talk about
the future? The future is now.

~

The men who attended the April 19. 1949, meeting were a~ked by President Carlton
to prewide written answers to three questions:
¯
¯
¯

Is the project comh~ercially.sound?
What will be lllle.deternnining factors of ~uccess or faihure?
How should 3M prodeed to determine as rapidly as possible the likelihood
of the fluorocarbon project becoming a financially successful proposition?

Replies from twenty-nine men were included in a written report. Twenty-six were
from people on the list of attendees reported in the minutes. In addition, J. L. Rendall. Joseph Selden and Robert I. Coulter, whose names were not on that list, submitred answers to Carlton’s questions.
Others listed as present at the meeting were the following management personnel:
Cyril P. Pesek. Charles Walton and Nelson Taylor,
Walton added four points of elaboration "to forestall any misinterpretation of the
conclusions" of the meeting under the heading Post-Meeting Elaboration on Conclusions. His one-page memorandum was attached to the meeling minutes. His points
wcr~:

I,

Fluorocarbon materials released to date for customer evaluation have all been
of the unreactive type. Such customer release has been restricted, and has
not been general. While customer interest in such products has been
genuine, it has not been of the type which wouid make 3M desire to build
a production-size manufacturing unit.

2.

In the very near futnre unreactive type fluorocarbon nmterials will be given
general cu~toltllel- release..

3.

No specific selling or advertising program has been initiated as yet in behalf
of 3M fluorocarbons, With present limited p!lot plant facilities, advertising
can only be on a research sample basis.

4.

Field contacts have indicated thnt most customer companies am primarily
interested in "reactive" fluorocarhon materi,’llls, which they can use for
chemic,’d synthesis. Market evaluation of such reactive type fluorocarbons
will have to wail for six !o nine month,~, until pre,~enl 3M research and patent work is concluded. While we believe that "customers hungry for such
products will exist, we have no real proof other than preliminary interest.’"

Wallon’s evaluation was dated May II. 1949, some three weeks after the meeting.
Hcrc. in alphabetical order, are excerpts from the reports:
J. E Ahcre, Polymer Section, Central Research Department: It is my opinion that
fluorinated organic compounds and the products derived therefrom will form the
basis of a business which will be very profitable to one or several companies.
l,ewis F. Beer, Catalytic Section. Central Research Department: With regard to
the question of whether the project is commercially sound, my answer is yes; ht~cever,
this answer is being given with reserwttion, lls soundness :dso depends on how wise
the nmnagcmcul is in selling the pmdttcts. I believe that. if the project is to be considered successful, the process must be impr~wed, before lurge-scale expansion of

0
0
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1365.0113

 the pilot plan! is contemplated or before the building of a semi-works plant.
Frank A. B(wey, Polymer Section Leader. Central Research Department: It seems
tO nle tha[ tile fluorocarbon proje~’l, so fi~r as monomers and polynlcrS arc concern-

is undoubledly sound commercially.
Erwin P. Br~n. En-gin~¢ring Division: I firmly believe that fluorocarbons are
destined to play an impo~ant rol~ in ~hc industrial chemical field within ll~e ncx(
few ycars...We are now in the process of enlarging and modcrnizlng [he small
laboratory (to give research p~rsonad) the tools necessary Io rapidly evaluate
electrolytic pmc~ss...(We) are now in th~ process of considering new cquipmenl
for the present pilot plant.
Hugh G. Bryce, Catalytic Section, Central Research Department: It is my candid
opinion that th~ Fluo~carbon Project is destined to become a financially successful
undcdaking for 3M. I am amazed at the work lhat has been accomplished to dale
and I have been tremendously slimulat~d by the optimism and enthusiasm of (he
personnel working on this Project.
Robe~ I. Coulter, ~tent Attorney: I have no doubl lhat th~ fluorocarbon chemical
field will have become quite impo~am twenty years f~m now. The next five years
in pa~icular are in th~ realm of s~culndon apa~ from supplying research chemicals.
Ycl no one can safely assume that some major demand will not arise within the next
couple of years, perhaps based on some use that no one has yet dreamed eL That
is why I think it so import~m that there be no undue delay in disseminating informalion and making samples available, not just for a few compounds, but For as runny
as possible.
Patents do not of Ihemselvcs bring in the pro~ts that 3M is intcr¢~(~d in. Profits
are made on ~he gale nf products and Ihe bigger the marke{ lhe belier. !1 is 1o 3M’s
ultimate advantage Io have many other ~ons working in the field and to ~ stimulated
in pa~ by the idea thai 1hey may get patents. (He referred to Quaker Oats Company,
as the supplier of ~r~ral~a colorless mobil~ liquid ~pr~uct of oat hulls~n¢fiting
from outsiders discovering the tonnage uses for it. The use oF fuffural in oil r~fining
was developed nnd patented by 8n outsider and provided one of th~ first volum~
markct~.)
I flfiuk some individnals have slresscd 1~o grcally ihc nccd fi~r Ibornughly cxpIof
ins the chemistry of derivatives, and of derivatives of derivatives, and ~f use~.
releasing information and samples on what is available. A c¢~ain amount of such
work is desirable, bul it seems [o m~ that the nutior ~ffcm should bc on p~rf¢cting
Ihe elcc(rochemical process and (lie processes For making the immediate dcrivalivcs
of lhc cell products...
3M’s basic position depends upon lhe electrochemical process ~nd the cell products lhcrcof, and ~hose lumber products derived directly therefrom ~ other proccsscs (such as the thermal processes Ihal are being studied.) The control of lhc
electrochemical process and its use in making compounds having direct use and Ibr
supplying raw nnuerials Ibr I~rlhcr processing (whclhcr by 3M or its customers),
gives to 3M an outstanding posifion in Ihe fluorocarbon field. B~cause of this there
is justification for gambling on the ultimate profit-making possibilities.
A. R I)i¢,sglin, pilot pl~ml Section l.ca(IcL Central Research Department: While
ed,

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the hmg-rangc outlook for the project is good, it is definitely speculative with no
positive assurance of ultimate commercial success. As a research gamble, it is as
gotxl I,I one as cau bc fOl.uld.

J. E Dowdall, New Products Division Laboratory head: The 3M electrochemical
process far the production el fluorocarbons is an extremely interesting and intriguing research project..,To determine whether the fluorocarbon project will become
financially successful requires that more detailed and exact information concerning
yields and costs of fluorocarbong be obtained as soon as possible,,.
R. E. Drummond, Electrochemical Section, Central Research Department: 1 profoundly consider thal we are in a position to immediately proceed with the design
and erection of a semi-works plant consisting of two I0,000 ampere cells. Irreparable
harm may be done if we are unable to supply fair quantities of our products to a
potential customer for his pilot plant work in a relatively shorl time. A long walt...is

as discouraging as any effect of price. During such a waiting period (the customer)
may become deeply involved in some other program.,.
We all have the tendency to wait a little longer to see what improvements we can
make on our process. This is natural since research personnel are inclined to be
perfectionists. However, all industries are continuously improving themselves or are
soon outmoded and out of business, tt is preferable to be in a position of being forced
to improve as we go rather than not get started.
D, R. Guthrie, Division Engineer: There seems to be widespread opinion in the
technical staff that our process can produce products that no other known process
can manufacture. This is certainly a plus for this project if we can continue to hold
this edge. It will be very dangerous for us to become complacent and assume that
we do have the only process, and thai price will not be a major factor in the success
of the proJect,..
I think we should pick twoor three reactive fluorocarbons and concentrate on
them. We should pound away at every possibility of improving yield and lowering
cost, develop our chemical technology and knowledge of behavior of the products.
check process design ideas and gather complete engineering data for plant design.
and get as many samples as possible in the hands of potential users. This project
ix so broad in scope that to allernpt Io ctwer the wl,~lerfront may break the bl,mk belbre
any dcpa~sils from profits are made...the capital inveslment fi~r manulhcturing Ihcilities
in the project will be so high that mistakes and errors in judgment will be very costly. I feel that this pruject is still in the research stage, and I do believe it is a good
re~earch prnjcct.
Lylc J. itals, Catl,dytic Scctkm, Central Research Department: From a chemist’s
poinl of view fluorocarbons are new and unique, therefore, an exciting field of
chemicl,tl research, However, it is a difficult thing for a chemist to evaluate the
economic soundness of his pet project. He is apt to be over optimistic in his
estimates...I Ibel that with the research group we now have organized that after the
next year or eighteen months, sufficient research and development knowledge will
have been accumulated so that a intelligent evaluation of the technical potenlialilies
of fluorocarbons can be made.
J. (). Hendricl~s, Assistanl Director, Cenlral Research Departn]ent: "The project
I~ks so promising n¢~’ Ihat we should proceed with full steam ahead in our laboratory,
pilot plant and market development areas. If we remain alert and aggressive combined with good jt,dgment, success should be ours?’

 D. R, Husted, Organic Section, Central Research Department: I do not feel that
possession of the Simons process for fluorocarbon production is a guarantee of success...Whether it will operate at a profit later, on a production scale, remains to be
proven.. ,We may find it economical to blanket the field with patents and operate
on a larger scale by another process (other than the Simons process.)
I think the process is probably sound, but the results obtained are dependent on
the soundness of the research, the h, readth of patent protection and the cleverness
of the engineer, and nut on any magical formula based on a novel process, just because
it is novel.
G. M. tde. New Products Division: The main claim of the 3M-Simons electrochemical process is economy; it is said that fluorocarbon compounds can be made
more cheaply by this process than by bther methods. This claim has not been proved.
1 believe that commitments of any’ kind should be avoided until the economy of
the process has been proved. I wou~ld like 1o see no expansion of research, pilot
plant, or market development until this most important task is done.
tide included eight pages of information on theorelical costs. Those costs were
refuted by Nelson "Paylor, Assistant Director of the Central Research Department.
See APPENDIX If.)
C. L. Jewett, New Products Divisiion: 1. The fluorocarbon program is an expensive gamble. 2. It is rumored that other substantial compa0ies have studied the
fluorocarbon field and the Simons process and have rejected both. (He mentioned
American Cyanamid and Westinghouse.) 3. The Simons process so far has given
very low and erratic yields in most cases. 4. For the lower molecular weight products and particularly those which also contain chlorine...other Imown processes
are said to be more efficient... 5. Fluorocarbons arc likely always to be expensive.
6. In general, the use of the fluorocalrbons are not known. (He mentioned that DuPe)hi had a long headstart in products ofthe "Teflon" type.) 7. The usual 3M yardsticks (existing equipment, sales outlets, 3M techniques or cheap raw materials) do
hal seem to have been applied to this program. 8. After one or two million dollars
have been invested in research, it will be difficult to drop the project...There will
be a strong temptation to continue or even accelerate the costs.
E. A. Kauck, Electrochemical Section, Assistant l.eader, Central l~esearch Departmeal: I. A large volume fluorocarhlon business is likely, providing selling prices
arc reasonable. 2~ The project is sti:ll a gamble but appears to be a good risk. 3.
3M should continue the project on a research scule.
J. I). l,aZerte, Catalytic Section, Central Research Department: On a long term
basis ! am t~nv;nccd the flut~rocarbnn pro.iect is a sound business venture. However,
I am also convinced that it will be s~ome years yet before fluorocarbons can stand
tm their ~wn feet...Thc most rapid way to a financially sound project would be to
continue Ihe intensive research prngram and to expand the pilot plant to such a size
their those compounds needed by ourselves and by serious potential customers can
he made available.
R. R. McKenzie, Division Enginee:r, Adhesives and Coatings: Fluorocarbons, particularly the reactive variety, will undoubtedly have a major place in chemical industry (sic). Speaking generally, therefore, it is my opinion (a) fluorocarbon project
is a commercially sound bnsiness venture. Whether it is sound for 3M depends on
Ihc business philosophy of 3M management... 3M must plan on spending considerably
more lime ~nd money to achieve a Ifirm position in the chemical field.
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Matthew W. Miller, Organic Section Leader, Central Research Department:
Qualified by two assumptions,..l believe the Fluorocarbon Project and 3M’s investmenl in it are sound.
Fluorocarbon chemicals and substances derived from them are a very recent
development. As such, and when consideration is given their unique physical properties and stability, intense interest in them by chemists and research organizations
is a foregone conclusion. Those few substances which have roached the position of
industrial importance indicate that the development of many other commercially useful
items will follow.
From the literature, patent abstracts, and 3M’s markel research, it is evident that
many concerns are actively engaged in research on fluorocarbons. Others are now
following these proceedings closely. Those interests point predominately toward a
desire for fluorinated molecules containing reactive groups.
The ~lectrochemical process for the production of fluorocarbons, on a research
basis, has already demonstrated its versatility in that a variety of organic chemicals
can be fluorinated using it. Many of them have been heretofore unattainable. Of particular interest is the discovery that chemicals containing a reactive group, such as
the carboxyl group, can be fluorinated and this reactive center retained for subsequent chemical operations, The possibility of employing fluorocarbons as conventional chemicals and by known methods of synthesis cannot only be visualized but
also is a reality.
...Limiting factors...are two in number: (I) The (Simons) process must be competitive economically; and (2) Complete patent protection on the process and the
fluorocarbon chemicals themselves-must be had.
~
The electrochemical, process quite certainly will not revolutionize all fluorocarbon production. It, therefore, has to be competitve economically and be controllable
in such a manner that, predomlnately, the desired product is produced~. These questions can be answered only by continued intensive research on the:cell reactions
and conditions.
(Miller mentioned the value of patents and the "protection of pa~t investments,
should other processes prove more economical, Chemical com~ound p~itenks are more
important here than would be those on a process"’)
thaw slumM 3M proceed to determine tts rapidly as possible the likelihtn~rl qf the
fluorocarbon prt~jec.t becoming a financially successful proposition? The fluorocarbon project is somewhat foreign to 3M’s normal business activities. As now seen,
it puts 3M initially in the role of a chemical raw material supplier. It cannot be contemplated that every possible end use 0r product, or even a small percentage of them,
can be investigated or exploited in a reasonable time. (He suggested that other companies and research organizations be supplied with fluorocarbons and technical information to allow them to conduct investigations and evaluations. Both reactive and
non-reactive fluorocarbons "should be sampled quite freely:")
In the meantime 3M’s efforts should be predominately on research activities conce~’ning the process and its economics, as well as basic research on the chemistry
of fluorocarbons themselves. The former...is necessary because of the competitive
aspect...already apparent in this field...The latter is required to protect 3M’s position firmly as a basic chemical producer and supplier.
W. H. Pearlson, Catalytic Sectibn Leader, Central Reseach Department: Having
been associated with this work since 1942, and actively engaged in research concerntug it since 1944, I have had many occasions fi~r comparing the process with cam-

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 petilive processes as well as with bther lines of chemical research...l was convinced
that the highest probability for furore success would come from...the electrochemical
production of fluorocarbons. Recent advances Jn our laboratories make this feeling
even stronger at present.
...Even at present we are able to produce several types of compounds at a price
which is moderate for specialty Chemicals..lust as soon as an assured market appears, 1 believe we should take advantage of it by preparing for production within
a year.
R. W. Perlieh. Analytical Section Leader, Central Research Department: It is
my opinion that the Fluorocarbon Project is a worthwhile business venture for the
3M Company.
...The field of fluorocarbon chemistry is a new one and the companies who do
the pioneer work in the field will Undoubtedly encounter many difficulties. However,
since it is a new field, the profits to be derived are greater and the development
can be carried on with less competition. The Simons process gives the ~M Company a good start on producing fl~uorocarbons commercially and I am definkely in
favor of continuing the work of the project,
Thomas S. Reid, Organic Section, Central Reseamh Department: If the price will
be low enough to be competitive with existing materials, I think there is no question about the future success of the fluorinated materials. However, if the present
indication of very high prices eo~tinues to hold true, tbes~ new products must do
things which ~be cheaper materials will not do, in order to be successful.
J. L. Rendall, Central Research Department: The wide variety of new chemical
compounds made possible by this process leads me to believe that certainly one
or more of such products will find extensive use by industry and thus make the
project "pay out."
J. M. Rogers, New Products Dilvision: Recent months have brought forth a steady
stream of publicity eoneernlng flu0rochemicals in both technical and popular publications. Popular scientific articles in appealing to the layman too often overemphasize
the glamorous side of research and the fluorochemieal publicity has been no exception to this rule. Some people have unfortunately been led to expect miracles from
the 3M Simons process. Nevertheless, this publicity has served to whet the appetites
of potential customers for fluorochemicals. We are constantly receiving inquiries
from reputable companies who are asking for further information. These inquiries
cover a wide range of interest in al~ types of fluorinated products and come from
representatives of many varied industries. All of the unsolicited publicity and all
of the varied types of inquiries which we have received are an excellent indication
of both the interests and desires of those people and also the broad market potentials of our procJucts. We have in: the 3M Simons process the basis for an entirely
new field of chemistry which has scarcely been tapped.
... From a marketing standpoint; more knowledge is necessary from the field concerning what products the customer is most interested in and what lower priced
materials such as Freons for refrigeration and carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide,
CO2, and chloro-bromo-methane! for fire extinguishers. The current questions in
these fields are whether the increased stability and non-toxic properties of fluorocarbons will warrant the difference in price.
(He mentioned that Celanese. Merck, GE’s plastics division and the major rubber companies had been solicited ~’or their interest in fluorochemicals. All indicated
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a desire for reactive fluorinated chemicals and little interest in inert compounds.)

The proposed release of fluoripated acids should hasten the commercialization of
fluorochemicals (which might find uses) as intermediates in the preparation of such
end products as pharmaceuticals, dyes, resins, plastics, tanning agents and elastomers.
Harold M. Scholberg, Electrochemical Section Leader, Central Research Depart(The potential field of fluorocarbon chemistry) is enormous...Our present
position is strong. We control the only one-step method known for the production
of organic fluorine compounds. Among electrochemists whom I have met at national meetings, 3M is recognized as the leader in fluorine chemistry in this country
... The problem is to make a profit out of fluorocarbons. To do this we must get
into production, If we get into production fast, we will make mistakes in technology.
If we are too slow we will endanger the ready-made interest in the field and our
research casts will become very large.
I am inclined to think that what should be done is expand the Fluorocarbon Pilot
Plant to produce more sample material, intensify the fundamental work, and start
preliminary plans and engineering design for buildings, cells, and auxiliary equipment, where feasible, for a large plant.

ment:

J. W. Selden, New Products Division: The fluorocarbon project as it stands today is still a gamble insofar as commercial success is concerned...the advantages
of this (Simons) process over others have not been conclusively demonstrated.
No established market exists...The long period of market development for such
new chemical products places further emphasis on the speculative nature of this
project,
(Selden went on to note that, "This sort of program can snowball rapidly." He
suggested concentrating on "one or two materials" with the "best chance of early
SUCCESS. ")

Since so much money and energy have already been expended, it would seem
inadvisable to drop the fluorocarbon project abruptly...but expenditures on such
a project.should not be prolonged unduly so that research funds are too narrowly
concentrated on one development.
W. E. Sohl, New Products Division: (Fluorocarbons) are expensive and their
introduction to serve useful needs is far more difficult (than other products) becuuse
they must have all of a lot of different and critical properties... Economically, the
development of the (Simons) process appears to be in only the initial state. This
is indicated most forcefully by the lde report. [Note: it can be founddn this appon-

dix.I The yields are poor and much fragmentation to volatile fluorocarbons or tarring to useless residue occurs. All of these by-products require an expenditure of
the initial starting material and hydrogen fluoride, both of which raise the cost of
the desirable product. The waste of electricity overbalances the theoretical saving
of power claimed for the process.
Donald J. Wardrop, (Process Engineer), Pilot Plant, Central Research Department: In my opinion the fluorocarbon project has a good chance of becoming a
commercial success. I am convinced that fluorocarbon materials havc properties
sufficiently unique so that a number of them will find use in applications where
they will be superior to other materials..
~
D. G. Welblen, Analytical Section, Central Research Department: I believe that
the fluorocarbon project has a very good chance of being commercially successful.
The fact that "’reactive fluorocarbons" can be obtained by our electrolytic process

 as well as inert materials is an important factor in hastening the day when commercial succes,~ will be attained.
APPENDIX I!
E~cerpts from:
THEORETICAL COSTS OF S~OME FLUOROCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
By Nelson W. Taylor
[The following was produced in reply to G. M. Ide’s report which is excerpted
in Appendix I.]
The Fluorocarbon Project has been under way in Central Research for nearly
five years, although not very intensively until about three years ago. The New Products Division...has been charged with the responsibility of developing markets for
fluorochemicals. It is natural and: healthy that many differences of opinion arise
from time to time between the respective groups. As a rule these differences are
resolved or compromised by friendly discussion without any publicity...(but) since
the Ide report is already in your hands, the only way ope9 to present our views
(is this report.)

Without going into further detail it might be said in general that.the status of our
fluorochemical known-how is changing so rapidly that calculations of costs can only
be very tentative and exploratory. The assumptions which are chosen may be far
more slgnifieant than the calculations themselves. With the aid of a sufficient assumption it would be easy to calculate how many angels could ride on the back of a unicorn,
but no one would pay much atlention to the results of the calculations.
In conclusion it should be said that although we cannot accept the pessimistic
analysis of the lde report and although we disagree with the assumptions on which
the analysis rests, we are thoroughly in agreement on one point; this is, that there
is still much to be learned as to the technology of the electrochemical process. Improvement as to control and the end product has been an important.concern to Central Research for the past two or more years. Unfortunately, technical problems
such as the invention of reliable methods of chemical analysis have been difficult,
experimental facilities have been limited and progress has been far from satisfactory. A great deal of effort has also, of necessity, been directed to purely exploratory
work with the object of building up a patent structure on new fluorochemieals. Thanks
to the funds provided for the purpose we are now nearing completion of facilities
which will permit both intensive and extensive work on process development. We
are looking forward to rapid progress in the future.
lit was signed by Taylor, Assistant Director, Central Research Department, and
dated June 8, 1949.]

[Taylor said he did not question the right of anyone in the company "to express
his sincere and considered views" on the merits of the Project.] In this ease, however,
we believe that the average reader of the Ide contribution will get rather a serious
misconception of the present status of the Project, due largely to the extreme oversimplification oftbe treatment of certain research data, So many modifying factors
were ignored that we believe the, conclusions to be completely invalid.
[Tayor began by examining tde~s claim against the economy of the Simons cell.
Economy, Taylor wrote, is only one of the major claims; versatility is the other.]
Other known processes are capable of producing only a very limited number of
compounds while the electrochemical process has yielded several new classes of
compounds which have never been made before., .Certainly in these cases our process is cheaper than any other, for there is no other,
[Taylor took issue with lde’s treatment of the economics of the process "which
are based upon the yield of ’desired product,"’ lde also used the words "ultimate
efficiencies," which Taylor would not accept,I
It seems curious that his calculations are based on the output of oniy two 10,0C0
ampere cells, which corre,~ponds t,o a very small daily production of something between 100 and 500 pounds of an arbitrarily chosen material...costs and efficiencies
based upon such a small pilot operation bear little relation to those ultimately to
be found in a commercial plant.
lAs for "desired product(s)" Taylor said that the criteria for desirability "are
changing so rapidly from week tO week that we have no stable definition" for it.
Often, he said, the "by-product(s) of one day become the product(s) of the next. I
At this stage of the game it would seem to be quite meaningless to select arbitrarily
one product from each operation ;is’ ’desired" and throw the rest away. Next week
we may find that we have thrown the baby out with the bath water,
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