Boston Zero Waste Plan This document includes the proposed Zero Waste Plan outline and the Zero Waste Plan elements (sections 7 and 8) to be discussed at Meeting #3 of the Zero Waste Advisory Committee. Contents Proposed Zero Waste Plan Outline ....................................................................................................... 0 7. Recommended Services, Rules, Outreach & Education ................................................................... 2 A2. Reuse Collection and Facilities ......................................................................................... 2 A3. Residential Collection System ........................................................................................... 2 Services ......................................................................................................................................... 2 A4. Neighborhood Drop-off Centers ........................................................................................ 3 A5. Zero Waste Research Option ............................................................................................ 3 A6. City Leads by Example ...................................................................................................... 3 A7. City-Owned Transfer and Processing Facilities ................................................................. 3 B1. Waste Reduction and Recycling Requirements ................................................................ 3 Rules.............................................................................................................................................. 3 B3. Products and Packaging Waste Reduction ....................................................................... 4 B4. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP) .................................................................. 4 B5. Zero Waste Venues & Events ........................................................................................... 4 C1. Outreach and Technical Assistance .................................................................................. 5 C2. Behavior Change Marketing .............................................................................................. 5 Outreach & Education .................................................................................................................... 5 C3. Awards and Certifications ................................................................................................. 6 C4. Community Waste Prevention and Recycling Grants ........................................................ 6 C5. Zero Waste Economic Development ................................................................................. 6 8. Impact Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 7 Estimating Diversion Potential and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................... 7 Estimating Costs for Implementing Zero Waste Options ............................................................ 9 Cost/Benefit Analysis ............................................................................................................... 11 Estimated Potential Jobs Impacts ............................................................................................ 12 Proposed Zero Waste Plan Outline Summary (2-3 pages, in a separate document) Draft 7-9-18 0 1. Letter of Transmittal 2. Advisory Committee 3. Acknowledgements 4. Table of Contents 5. Project Overview a. Planning Process b. Guiding Principles c. Evaluation Criteria 6. Existing System 7. Services, Rules, and Outreach & Education – included for Meeting #3 8. Impact Analysis – included for Meeting #3 a. Cost/Benefit Analysis b. GHG and Job Impacts 9. Implementation a. Goals and Milestones b. Funding Options c. Data and Reporting d. Timeline I. Short-term (2019-2024) II. Medium-term (2025-2030) III. Long-term (2031-2040) Appendices: A: Zero Waste Initiative Details B. Economic Development Recommendations Draft 7-9-18 1 Boston Zero Waste Plan 7. Recommended Services, Rules, Outreach & Education Nineteen Zero Waste options are recommended for implementation in the short-, medium- and long-term. Each of these options has sub-tasks that are included as initial steps, and more will be added by City staff over time; a brief description of each is provided. For more details on each option, see Appendix A. For each option, the potential diversion from landfills and wasteto-energy in tons per year (TPY) and the potential diversion rate increase is estimated based on full implementation of the option. Those diversion estimates are compiled for all the options on Table 8.1 in the Impact Analysis that follows this section. The total estimated costs at full implementation and the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) reduced are also provided for each option. Recommended Options Services A1. Residential and Commercial Organics Diversion Phase in food and food-soiled paper collection with efficient collection containers for residents and industrial, commercial and institutional generators (ICI). Phase in by neighborhoods as processing capacity expands. Waste Diversion Impact: 186,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 16% Total New Costs: $4,750,000 GHGs reduced: 188,000 A2. Reuse Collection and Facilities Pickup reusable items by appointment and on a regular basis (e.g., by reuse organizations ahead of recycling and trash pickup). Explore whether a reuse center for durable goods for resale, repair and recycling would be helpful to existing reuse businesses, and, if so, help establish one. This will help reinvest resources where they are needed. Waste Diversion Impact: 22,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 2% Total New Costs: $240,000 GHGs reduced: 117,000 A3. Residential Collection System Move, in phases, from a tax-based system to a more equitable fee-for-service, cartbased system that incentivizes reduction, reuse, recycling and composting. Charge Save Money And Reduce Trash (SMART) rates to households for materials discarded above a base amount covered by property taxes and show a separate line item on property taxes for trash costs. Only continue to provide City-sponsored collection service to multi-family and mixed-use buildings that meet efficiency and diversion standards. Select best qualified lowest priced vendor. Waste Diversion Impact: 28,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 2% Total New Costs: $380,000 GHGs reduced: 97,000 Draft 7-9-18 7-2 A4. Neighborhood Drop-off Centers Phase in drop-off centers for recyclables and hard-to-reuse, -recycle or -compost materials neighborhood by neighborhood to make the new system more accessible, particularly to those who live in apartments and small businesses. Waste Diversion Impact: 4,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase <1% Total New Costs: $560,000 GHGs reduced: 14,000 A5. Zero Waste Research Option Promote/start/encourage a Zero Waste research and development (R&D) network to share best practices, organize workshops and webinars, and expand R&D to innovate and find solutions for hard-to-reuse, -recycle or -compost materials and products and identify new business opportunities and priorities of products to ban. Waste Diversion Impact: 6,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 1% Total New Costs: $110,000 GHGs reduced: 13,000 A6. City Leads by Example Pair trash containers at public facilities (e.g. City buildings, airport, parks) with recycling containers, and with composting containers if food is served nearby. Set Zero Waste goals and metrics; monitor and annually report diversion, waste reduction, and Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP, see B4) progress by department or building. Use locally-made compost. Include sustainability practices in employee performance reviews. Support development of domestic markets through residential recycling and composting processing contracts by providing a premium revenue share to the processor for using local or higher quality markets; allowing the City to redirect materials to a local market and for the City to contract directly with a local market and to pay the processor to sort to that specification, providing a higher revenue share if they do so. This will help demonstrate the City’s commitment to Zero Waste and the culture change that will be required. Waste Diversion Impact: 7,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 1% Total New Costs: $130,000 GHGs reduced: 14,000 A7. City-Owned Transfer and Processing Facilities Identify potential sites for a City-owned transfer and processing facility or existing facilities that could be purchased, then conduct study to evaluate feasibility. This will help decrease truck mileage and associated greenhouse gases, and provide a more cost competitive collection system. Waste Diversion Impact: N/A Total New Costs: $2,500,000 GHGs reduced: N/A B1. Rules Waste Reduction and Recycling Requirements Enforce state and local recycling ordinances for residents and businesses to divert more and meet higher quality standards. Require residents and businesses to separate their recyclable and compostable materials from trash. Require ICI generators to subscribe to recycling and composting services. Require and enforce recycling plans from ICI generators. Waste Diversion Impact: 161,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 14% Draft 7-9-18 7-3 B2. Total New Costs: $1,760,000 GHGs reduced: 377,000 ICI Hauler and Generator Requirements and Incentives Require haulers to provide City-established minimum levels of recycling and compost collection services to all their customers, and require that they not pick up contaminated loads. Require haulers to collect food and food-soiled paper from ICI customers when sufficient processing capacity exists in the region for food scraps and food-soiled paper. Require haulers to offer incentive-based pricing of trash and recycling services for ICI customers. Increase permit fees for ICI sector to cover new program costs, such as increased inspections and technical assistance. Require haulers to report to the City by service category the performance of their trash, recycling and composting services; public set-out rates; and diversion amounts by targeted materials for all containers serviced in the City. Waste Diversion Impact: 110,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 10% Total New Costs: $1,250,000 GHGs reduced: 356,000 B3. Products and Packaging Waste Reduction Ban or place fees on food-ware or packaging and adopt point-of-sale fees for products that are toxic or hard-to-reuse, -recycle or -compost (e.g. expanded polystyrene aka Styrofoam). Advocate for redesign of products that are not reusable, recyclable or compostable. Participate in the Massachusetts Product Stewardship Council and Product Stewardship Institute. Support Right to Repair and other products and packaging waste reduction legislation. This will help eliminate problem materials that cause contamination and lower value to materials collected. Waste Diversion Impact: 19,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 2% Total New Costs: $210,000 GHGs reduced: 33,000 B4. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP) Update 2008 Executive Order on sustainable food, waste reduction, and EPP. Train and support staff in waste reduction and EPP. Expand EPP through use of state contracts and vendors for sustainable products. This will help create the demand for manufacturers to use reusables, recyclables and compostables. Waste Diversion Impact: 10,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 1% Total New Costs: $120,000 GHGs reduced: 19,000 B5. Zero Waste Venues & Events Require managers of large venues and organizers of all events that are already required to obtain a City permit to collect three streams (recycling, compost, trash) and adopt Zero Waste best practices to reduce waste generated and implement reuse, recycling and composting. Phase in requirements based on size or complexity of venue or event. Provide venues and events with waste-reduction training and technical assistance. This will be one of the ways the City can demonstrate its commitment to Zero Waste and the culture change that is needed to achieve that. It will help train residents and businesses on how to reuse, recycle and compost right. Waste Diversion Impact: 5,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase <1% Total New Costs: $160,000 GHGs reduced: 9,000 B6. Draft 7-9-18 Reusables Disposal Ban Ban, in phases, specific types of reusable, repairable and dismantlable products from 7-4 the trash based on demonstrated viable end-use markets. Require transfer/processing/disposal facilities to charge an extra fee to accept reusables that are documented in good working condition and for those facilities to arrange for those products to be reused. This will help reinvest resources where they are needed. Waste Diversion Impact: 6,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 1% Total New Costs: $70,000 GHGs reduced: 36,000 B7. C1. Deconstruction, Construction and Demolition Requirements Require deconstruction, recycling and source separation at construction and demolition sites. Require that C&D recycling facilities divert 75% of materials they receive, certified by the Recycling Certification Institute. Require collection of three streams (recycling, compost, trash) on every construction site over a minimum size. Separate clean wallboard for reuse and composting and separate painted wallboard to minimize hazards at C&D facilities. Require C&D waste recycling plans phased in by type and size of project. Waste Diversion Impact: 6,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 1% Total New Costs: $160,000 GHGs reduced: 22,000 Outreach & Education Outreach and Technical Assistance Inform residents, businesses and institutions of waste-reduction services and rules (integrate into Greenovate Boston, promotional campaigns in multiple languages, advertisements, Public Service Announcements, how-to guides, uniform messages, universal recycling and trash signs, website resources, and mobile apps). Periodically audit residential and commercial customer containers; provide targeted outreach and technical assistance (tools, training, door-to-door outreach, and classroom presentations) to generators (including their janitorial and food service vendors) who require more assistance as indicated by audits. Recycling Works is immediately available to assist on that. This will be one of the most important ways the City can demonstrate its commitment to Zero Waste and the culture change that is needed to achieve that. It will help train residents and businesses on how to reuse, recycle and compost right. Waste Diversion Impact: 17,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 1% Total New Costs: $1,170,000 GHGs reduced: 36,000 C2. Behavior Change Marketing Plan and conduct waste-reduction behavior-change marketing campaigns to increase adoption of Zero Waste behaviors. Implement the MassDEP Recycling IQ kit to reduce recycling contamination. This will be a methodical way for the City to determine Zero Waste best practices by documenting how residents and businesses successfully respond to more precise information to reuse, recycle and compost right. Waste Diversion Impact: 26,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 2% Total New Costs: $1,260,000 GHGs reduced: 54,000 Draft 7-9-18 7-5 C3. Awards and Certifications Promote Mayor’s Greenovate Waste Reduction Awards and develop a subcategory as a Zero Waste Challenge. Provide a Zero Waste window sticker for businesses meeting the Zero Waste Challenge. Promote TRUE Zero Waste certification of public and private facilities. This will be a way for the City to inspire residents and businesses to reduce, reuse, recycle and compost right. Waste Diversion Impact: 3,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase <1% Total New Costs: $60,000 GHGs reduced: 7,000 C4. Community Waste Prevention and Recycling Grants Provide grants for waste reduction, reuse, repair, recycling and composting outreach and business development. This will be a way for the City to innovate and demonstrate how residents and businesses can more easily reduce, reuse, recycle and compost right. Waste Diversion Impact: 9,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 1% Total New Costs: $120,000 GHGs reduced: 18,000 C5. Zero Waste Economic Development Support development of new reuse, recycling and composting processing, manufacturing and retail businesses and robust markets (including collection, repair, resale, and manufacturing) for reusables, recyclables and compostables. Develop job recruitment and training programs for skills needed by Zero Waste service providers (e.g. drivers, repair and marketing of reusables). Support measures to improve the safety, health, and jobs of workers in waste-reduction activities. This will help the City to create a Zero Waste Economy that demonstrates its leadership in innovation and creating and retaining jobs in the region. Waste Diversion Impact: 13,000 TPY Diversion Rate Increase 1% Total New Costs: $255,000 GHGs reduced: 22,000 Draft 7-9-18 7-6 8. Impact Analysis Estimating Diversion Potential and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data from the MassDEP 2016 Waste Characterization Study were used to estimate the diversion potential for each initiative. This diversion potential is diversion from disposal, in addition to what the City already diverts in its recycling programs. This study evaluated samples from the residential and commercial sectors. The samples were characterized by material type. The percentages of each material type and the total tons by material type were estimated for each generator sector. To estimate the diversion potential of each initiative in this plan, a “capture rate” by material type was determined. For example, waste reduction and recycling requirements for residential generators was estimated to divert 25% of the clean cardboard from residential garbage to residential recycling. This would result in an additional 2,400 tons of material diverted from disposal annually. It is possible that implementation of this program will result in much higher capture rates. However, conservative assumptions were used for these calculations. The City will be able to refine this analysis once it has fully implemented each program. The U.S. EPA Waste Assessment Model (WARM) was used to estimate the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions anticipated to be achieved through implementation of each initiative. WARM identifies the metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) reduced by material type for each ton diverted from disposal. For example, the 2,400 tons of clean cardboard from residential generators that is diverted from disposal annually through waste reduction and recycling requirements is estimated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 3.4498 MTCO2e per ton or 8,400 MTCO2e per year. Table 8.1 lists the estimated diversion tons, greenhouse gas emissions reduction in MTCO2e, and the percentage increase in diversion for each initiative. Table 8.1 Estimated Diversion and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Services A1. Residential and Commercial Organics Diversion A2. Diversion Tons GHG Reduction MTCO2e Diversion Increase 186,000 188,000 16% Reuse Collection and Facilities 22,000 117,000 2% A3. Residential Collection System 28,000 97,000 2% A4. Neighborhood Drop-off Centers 4,000 14,000 0% A5. Zero Waste Research Initiative 6,000 13,000 1% A6. City Leads by Example 7,000 14,000 1% A7. City-Owned Transfer and Processing Facilities NA NA NA Rules B1. Waste Reduction and Recycling Requirements Draft 7-9-18 Diversion Tons 161,000 GHG Reduction MTCO2e 377,000 Percentage Increase in Diversion 14% 8-7 B2. Commercial Hauler and Generator Requirements B3. 110,000 356,000 10% Product and Packaging Waste Reduction 19,000 33,000 2% B4. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing 10,000 19,000 1% B5. Zero Waste Venues & Events 5,000 9,000 0% B6. Reusables Disposal Ban 6,000 36,000 1% B7. Deconstruction, Construction and Demolition Requirements 6,000 22,000 1% Diversion Tons Outreach & Education GHG Reduction MTCO2e Percentage Increase in Diversion C1. Outreach and Technical Assistance 17,000 36,000 1% C2. Behavior Change Marketing 26,000 54,000 2% C3. Awards and Certifications 3,000 7,000 0% C4. Community Waste Prevention and Recycling Grants 9,000 18,000 1% C5. Zero Waste Market Development 13,000 22,000 1% 638,000 1,435,000 55% Total Fully implementing each of the options is anticipated to increase diversion by 55%. This would increase the City’s overall diversion rate from approximately 25% to 80%. This is consistent with the current reported recycling rates of other Zero Waste cities, including San Francisco (83%) and Los Angeles (76%) and higher than other Zero Waste cities, including Seattle (59%) and Austin (42%) (though it should be noted that each city calculates its diversion differently). Table 8.2 lists the current estimated disposal and diversion and the potential increase in diversion for the residential and commercial generator sectors. Table 8.2 Diversion by Generator Sector Residential Commercial Total Current Disposal Tons 190,000 684,000 874,000 Current Diversion Ton 50,000 232,000 282,000 Current Diversion Rate 21% 25% New Zero Waste Option Diversion Tons 136,000 502,000 Total Diversion Tons 186,000 734,000 New Diversion Rate 78% 80% GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 325,000 1,111,000 25% 638,000 921,000 80% 1,435,000 Based on the assumptions in the U.S. EPA WARM, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 1.4 MTCO2e is the equivalent of reducing the number of passenger cars citywide by 261,000 (which is approximately the current number of cars in Boston). For comparison, in 2015, the Boston community emitted 6.4 million metric tons of greenhouse gases from energy use in buildings and other facilities, and for transportation.1 1 City of Boston Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2005-2015 https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/boston_ghg_inventory_2005-2015.pdf Draft 7-9-18 8-8 Estimating Costs for Implementing Zero Waste Options Costs for implementing each option include both staffing costs for full-time equivalent (FTE) staff or contractors, annual outreach costs for materials and promotion, annualized capital costs (including facilities - amortized over 20 years), annualized equipment costs (including carts - amortized over 10 years), other annual costs (including grants, awards, and market development projects), processing costs, and collection costs. These costs can be offset by potential reductions in disposal costs and receipt of grants from the state or other sources. Table 8.3 Estimated Costs for Implementing Each Option Services A1. Residential and Commercial Organics Diversion A2. Reuse Collection and Facilities A3. Residential Collection System A4. Annual Staff Costs FTE Other Annual Costs Processing Costs Collection Costs Disposal Cost Reduction Total Net Annual Cost 1 $100,000 $7,440,000 $9,300,000 ($12,090,000) $4,750,000 0.2 $20,000 $550,000 $1,100,000 ($1,430,000) $240,000 1 $100,000 $700,000 $1,400,000 ($1,820,000) $380,000 Neighborhood Drop-off Centers 0.2 $20,000 $100,000 $200,000 ($260,000) $560,000 A5. Zero Waste Research Option 0.5 $50,000 $150,000 $300,000 ($390,000) $110,000 A6. City Leads by Example 0.5 $50,000 $175,000 $350,000 ($455,000) $130,000 A7. City-Owned Transfer and Processing Facilities NA NA Rules B1. B2. Waste Reduction and Recycling Requirements Commercial Hauler and Generator Requirements Annual Staff Costs FTE $500,000 $10,000 $2,500,000 Other Annual Costs NA Processing Costs $2,500,000 Collection Costs Disposal Cost Reduction Total Net Annual Cost 1.5 $150,000 $4,025,000 $8,050,000 ($10,465,000) $1,760,000 1.5 $150,000 $2,750,000 $5,500,000 ($7,150,000) $1,250,000 B3. Product and Packaging Waste Reduction 0.2 $20,000 $475,000 $950,000 ($1,235,000) $210,000 B4. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing 0.2 $20,000 $250,000 $500,000 ($650,000) $120,000 B5. Zero Waste Venues & Events 1 $100,000 $125,000 $250,000 ($325,000) $160,000 B6. Reusables Disposal Ban 0.1 $10,000 $150,000 $300,000 ($390,000) $70,000 B7. Deconstruction, Construction and Demolition Requirements 1 $100,000 $150,000 $300,000 ($390,000) $160,000 Draft 7-9-18 $10,000 8-9 Outreach & Education FTE Annual Staff Costs Other Annual Costs Processing Costs Collection Costs Disposal Cost Reduction Total Net Annual Cost C1. Outreach and Technical Assistance 5 $500,000 $500,000 $425,000 $850,000 ($1,105,000) $1,170,000 C2. Behavior Change Marketing 5 $500,000 $500,000 $650,000 $1,300,000 ($1,690,000) $1,260,000 C3. Awards and Certifications 0.05 $5,000 $25,000 $75,000 $150,000 ($195,000) $60,000 C4. Community Waste Prevention and Recycling Grants 0.05 $5,000 $25,000 $225,000 $450,000 ($585,000) $120,000 C5. Zero Waste Market Development 1 $100,000 $25,000 $325,000 $650,000 ($845,000) $255,000 20 $2,000,000 $4,095,000 $18,740,000 $31,900,000 ($41,470,000) $15,265,000 Total Assumptions: Staff costs are $50 per hour Capital costs are amortized over 20 years Equipment costs are amortized over 10 years Processing costs are $25 per ton for recyclables Processing costs are $40 per ton for organics Collection costs are $50 per ton Disposal costs are $65 per ton These assumptions are based on average, industry standard, costs for future implementation of programs for all City generators, including commercial businesses and construction projects. The City’s current costs for residential collection vary based on contracts provisions and bid specifications. Draft 7-9-18 8-10 Cost/Benefit Analysis The total annual cost for implementing the Zero Waste options can be evaluated based on the cost per ton diverted and the cost per household and business per month. Total net annual costs are divided by the number of tons diverted to get an average of $24 per ton diverted. Implementing all of the Zero Waste options are estimated to cost each household and each business about $5 more per month on average over current costs. These cost estimates do not include internal costs for residents and businesses, such as the time undertaken for training and sorting. Table 8.4 Costs Per Ton and Costs Per Household and Business Per Month Services A1. Residential and Commercial Organics Diversion A2. Total Net Annual Cost $/Ton Diverted Cost Per Household/ Business Per Month $4,750,000 $26 $1.49 Reuse Collection and Facilities $240,000 $11 $0.08 A3. Residential Collection System $380,000 $14 $0.12 A4. Neighborhood Drop-off Centers $560,000 $140 $0.18 A5. Zero Waste Research Option $110,000 $18 $0.03 A6. City Leads by Example $130,000 $19 $0.04 A7. City-Owned Transfer and Processing Facilities $2,500,000 NA $0.78 Rules B1. B2. Waste Reduction and Recycling Requirements Commercial Hauler and Generator Requirements Total Net Annual Cost $/Ton Diverted Cost Per Household/ Business Per Month $1,760,000 $11 $0.55 $1,250,000 $11 $0.39 B3. Product and Packaging Waste Reduction $210,000 $11 $0.07 B4. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing $120,000 $12 $0.04 B5. Zero Waste Venues & Events $160,000 $32 $0.05 B6. Reusables Disposal Ban $70,000 $12 $0.02 B7. Deconstruction, Construction and Demolition Requirements $160,000 $27 $0.05 Outreach & Education Total Net Annual Cost $/Ton Diverted Cost Per Household/ Business Per Month C1. Outreach and Technical Assistance $1,170,000 $69 $0.37 C2. Behavior Change Marketing $1,260,000 $48 $0.39 C3. Awards and Certifications $60,000 $20 $0.02 C4. Community Waste Prevention and Recycling Grants $120,000 $13 $0.04 C5. Zero Waste Market Development $255,000 $20 $0.08 $15,265,000 $24 $4.77 Total Assumptions: There are 239,528 households in Boston and approximately 27,000 businesses. Draft 7-9-18 9-11 Estimated Potential Jobs Impacts The Institute for Local Self-Reliance developed a methodology for calculating the number of jobs created through recycling. This approach is based on research published in Recycling Economic Development through Scrap-Based Manufacturing (Michael Lewis, 1994) and updated in 2013. For example, 10,000 tons of clean cardboard recycled per year creates:  10.86 processing jobs  8.29 intermediate processing jobs  17.46 manufacturing jobs Not all of these jobs would be created locally. Recyclables are world-wide commodities so manufacturing jobs could be created off-shore. However, the City has an opportunity to create more jobs locally by increasing recycling and encouraging local market development. Table 8.5 shows the estimated number of jobs created through full implementation of the Zero Waste options. Nearly 500 local jobs and 700 additional jobs (which may not be local) could be created. Table 8.5 Jobs from Recycling Residential Commercial Total Draft 7-9-18 New Zero Waste Option Diversion Tons 136,000 502,000 638,000 Potential Local "Processing" Jobs Potential Manufacturing Jobs (may not be local) Total Potential Jobs 94 386 146 547 240 933 480 692 1,172 9-12