From the Ground Up Unearthing Fairness for Ohio Kids Ohio Early Childhood Race and Rural Equity Report 2018 This report was made possible by: W.K. Kellogg Foundation (Battle Creek, MI) with generous support from: United Way of Greater Cincinnati The George Gund Foundation Mt. Sinai Healthcare Foundation United Way of Central Ohio Published: July, 2018 © 2018 All Rights Reserved. Groundwork Ohio. About Groundwork Ohio: Groundwork Ohio is a nonprofit, nonpartisan advocacy organization committed to advancing quality, early childhood education in Ohio. Groundwork advances quality early childhood systems in Ohio by engaging, educating and mobilizing diverse stakeholders and strategic partners to promote data-driven and evidence-based early childhood policies. Contents INTRODUCTION: Executive Snapshot............................ 5 What is Equity? .................................. 6 Brain Science ...................................... 8 What is Disaggregated Data? ..........10 Regional Approach ..........................11 1 SECTION 1: Breaking Ground for Success ...........12 3 SECTION 2: Laying the Foundation .....................36 Incidence of Trauma ..............................................38 Early Intervention ...................................................40 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care ....................44 Access to Head Start..............................................94 Access to Preschool ............................................ 103 Access to Early Childhood Experiences................ 111 Kindergarten Readiness ..................................... 113 Strong Foundation Walls ................130 Access to Healthcare Coverage ........................ 132 Oral Health .......................................................... 135 Incidence of Lead Poisoning ............................ 139 Incidence of Asthma ........................................... 141 Early Childhood Obesity .................................... 143 Third Grade Reading Acheivement .................. 146 Early Childhood Suspension & Expulsion................154 Prenatal Care ..........................................................14 Preterm Birth ...........................................................15 Infant Mortality .......................................................21 Early Childhood Poverty ........................................23 Access to Home Visiting........................................30 Access to Early Head Start ....................................34 2 SECTION 3: 4 SECTION 4: Taking an Evaluative View .............156 Special Education ............................................... 158 Juvenile Justice ................................................... 161 Eighth Grade Math Achievement...................... 170 High School Graduation..................................... 174 Postsecondary Attainment ................................. 189 5 SECTION 5: A CALL TO ACTION Drafting a New Blueprint for Success ..204 Sources ...........................................209 Contributors ...................................218 “ Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it ” is faced. – James Baldwin American novelist & social critic ACH IE VING E Q UITY F O R O H IO KIDS RE Q U IRE S A LL OF US TO BEGIN TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE THINGS WE CAN CHANGE BY CHALLENGING OUR ASSUMPTIONS, INVESTIGATING THE EVIDENCE AND R E CO GNIZ ING W H AT WE DO NOT YET KNOW. 4 Executive Snapshot In 2018, Groundwork Ohio made a steadfast commitment to understanding how effective Ohio’s education and child health systems are at addressing the needs of our most at-risk children, specifically children of color and those who live in rural Appalachia. This was no small task as we analyzed data that spanned five state departments and utilized resources from an additional three, all with different data collection methodologies and computer tracking systems. Nonetheless, this comprehensive effort—the 2018 Ohio Early Childhood Race and Rural Equity Report—proved worthwhile as it illuminated the fact that: 1. Gaps between children in poverty and their higher income peers emerge much earlier than state and federal policy recognizes and persist long into adulthood. 2. Race and rural geography play a determinative role in these gaps. 3. The sheer volume of metrics in which these early gaps emerge should serve as a clarion call to policymakers that more must be done. This report explores the undeniable and sobering truth that some children are much more likely to start behind, and thus will stay behind, than others. While these children include those living in poverty, the data illustrates that poverty alone does not tell the whole story. A child’s race foretells a distinct and critical narrative that must be examined separately to fully understand the problem, as even those children of color who are not poor are too often not achieving at the rate of their white peers. The report also finds that while some children share similar heartbreaking outcomes in both urban and rural parts of the state, Appalachian children experience unique barriers that must be understood. Failing to acknowledge these different experiences serves none of them. All of the data charts and graphics in this report are important and yet they are impossible to digest all at once. But start somewhere. Regardless of which metric you choose to examine first, understand this: kids who have poor outcomes in one metric share the same profile of the kids who have poor outcomes in another – whether that measure is educational or health related. The data is extremely predictive in the earliest years of a child’s life and forecasts how that same child will likely perform later. In other words, after all of the data analysis, from birth to career readiness, where a child begins in Ohio determines where she ends up. It follows then, that if we intervene to change outcomes for kids at the beginning of their development, before the gaps emerge and when science tells us is most effective, we can lay the foundation for their lifelong success. Given this, we propose an irrefutable solution—increase state investments in high-quality early childhood education for Ohio’s most vulnerable children. At-risk children who have access to high-quality early childhood experiences within their first five years of life are significantly more likely to be Kindergarten ready, graduate high school, have higher earnings and better health and are less likely to be held back a grade, reliant on public assistance or engage in criminal activity. These improved outcomes not only position our youngest Ohioans for lifelong success but also yield the greatest return for Ohio taxpayers. Nobel Laureate economist Dr. James Heckman quantifies the return on public investment in high quality early childhood programs to be upwards of 13%. Early childhood education is powerful prevention policy for the state which pays huge dividends for taxpayers. We can either invest now in proven strategies or pay much more later in well-documented public expense. As we prioritize increased investments in early childhood education, we must also analyze outcomes through an equity lens and be relentless when it comes to closing gaps. We know we cannot make significant demographic-level gains unless we target sub-groups of our most at-risk children. We must hold ourselves accountable to delivering quality early childhood interventions that change the outcomes for the kids who need them the most. We look forward to having you join us in drafting a new blueprint for success for all of Ohio’s children as we renew our commitment to laying the strongest foundation for our most vulnerable while ensuring the state’s future economic prosperity. Sincerely, Shannon Jones Groundwork Ohio Executive Director 5 5 How are Brains Built? BRAINS ARE BUILT ON A FOUNDATION OF EARLY EXPERIENCES. 90% 90% OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT happens from birth to 5 years old. In the first few years of life, more than 1 million new neural connections are formed every second. These neural connections, the brain’s architecture, are formed through the interaction of baby and her environment and early, enriching experiences. These critical interactions with adults lay the foundation for all later learning, behavior, and health. WHILE GENES PROVIDE A BLUEPRINT FOR BRAIN ARCHITECTURE, NEURAL CONNECTIONS MUST BE REINFORCED BY REPEATED USE. 6 BRAINS ARE BUILT, NOT BORN. All children are born with the ability to reach their highest potential. But, connections that form early provide either a strong or weak foundation for the connections that form later. Unfortunately, not all children have access to early enriching experiences. A A B C D Without consistent and responsive caregiving, the brain architecture does not form as expected and will lead to disparities in learning and behavior. Gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children begin emerging as early as 9 months of age. This is why, without intervention in the most critical early years of a child’s brain development, we see gaps in disadvantaged children’s health and educational achievement. THE GAPS WIDEN AS CHILDREN GROW OLDER, LEAVING DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN UP TO 2 YEARS BEHIND THEIR HIGHER INCOME PEERS BY AGE 5. 7 DISEASE TRAUMA P OV E R T Y HOMELESSNESS POOR HEALTH NEGLECT RACISM HUNGER ABUSE VIOLENCE When a child faces challenges throughout their life, the strength of their foundation is what matters the most. STRESS What is Equity? DISEASE HOMELESSNESS P OV E R T Y POOR HEALTH NEGLECT HUNGER RACISM ABUSE VIOLENCE If, however, we gave every child what they need to succeed and built their foundation up in their earliest years, they would all be better prepared to withstand the storm. STRESS But, every child has unique assets and barriers to healthy development, and builds their foundation in different environments. This is equity. CHILDREN WHO START BEHIND, USUALLY STAY BEHIND. FOR EXAMPLE: In Ohio, only 40% of kindergartners come to the classroom ready to learn. IT’S NO SURPRISE THEN, THAT ONLY 43% OF THE ADULT WORKFORCE HAS A POSTSECONDARY DEGREE OR CREDENTIAL LEADING TO A JOB AVAILABLE IN OHIO TODAY. 8 SOME CHILDREN ARE MORE OFTEN LEFT BEHIND THAN OTHERS. When a child’s health & educational achievement gaps are predictable by race, class, geography or other social factors we call them inequities. This report explores the following questions: WHO ARE THESE CHILDREN? WHAT DO THEY LOOK LIKE? WHERE DO THEY LIVE? The mental and physical health, social skills and cognitive capacities laid in a child’s earliest years are all critically important for success in school, the workplace and the larger community. Achieving equitable outcomes for all children requires: INVESTING IN THOSE WHO ARE MORE OFTEN LEFT BEHIND, & GIVING THEM WHAT THEY NEED TO BUILD A STRONG FOUNDATION FOR LIFELONG SUCCESS. 9 Disaggregated Data Our first step is gathering and analyzing disaggregated data. In order to advance equity for Ohio’s children we have to know who Ohio children are and how systems are serving or failing to serve them. Usually, data is reported in the aggregate. For example, only 40% of all Ohio kids arrive in Kindergarten ready to learn. Without disaggregating data by breaking it apart by race, geography and other demographic variables, we fail to understand the whole story. DISAGGREGATED DATA EXAMPLE Kindergarten readiness data, disaggregated by race: % Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten, by Race & Ethnicity (FY 17) 50% 47% 41% 40% 34% 25% 24% Black 23% White Asian or Pacific Islander Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS This more detailed data becomes a powerful tool in preparing more Ohio kids to be ready to learn. Understanding who is more often left behind and investigating the barriers for these children has the potential to influence how we provide the supports and resources necessary to help all children thrive and achieve equitable outcomes. 10 Regional Approach This report provides data on early childhood outcomes & interventions in Ohio, spanning five state agencies serving children. When possible, we have disaggregated this data based upon economic status, race and ethnicity. Additionally, when feasible, we have analyzed data for a representative subset of communities across the state with varying demographics, geography and economies. These communities include Franklin County (Columbus), Montgomery County (Dayton), Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Cuyahoga County (Cleveland), Summit County (Akron) and the Ohio Appalachian Region comprised of 32 Counties (Adams, Ashtabula, Athens, Belmont, Brown, Carroll, Clermont, Columbiana, Coshocton, Gallia, Guernsey, Harrison, Highland, Hocking, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Mahoning, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Perry, Pike, Ross, Scioto, Trumbull, Tuscarawas, Vinton, Washington). LAKE LUCAS ASHTABULA OTTAWA ERIE SANDUSKY PUTNAM HANCOCK VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN FO RD AW CR HARDIN MEDINA MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HURON SENECA RICHLAND PAULDING TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY WAYNE MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER PREBLE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI OM TG ON COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE NOBLE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN MORGAN WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING ATHENS ATHENS VINTON CLERMONT BELMONT BELMONT PICKAWAY WARREN CLINTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON ADAMS HARRISON HARRISON M FAIRFIELD BROWN CARROLL CARROLL K US ROSS HAMILTON COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE FAYETTE UM MAHONING STARK HOLMES MERCER PORTAGE TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ASHLAND WILLIAMS JEFFERSON FULTON SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE Cleveland area Akron area Columbus area Dayton area Cincinnati area Applachian Region 11 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success 12 • PREN ATA L CA R E • PRETER M B I RTH • INFA N T MORTA L I TY • EAR LY C H I L D H OOD P OV E RTY • ACC E S S TO STATE & FEDERAL LY FU N DED H O M E V I S I TI N G • ACC E S S TO E A R LY HEA D STA RT The groundwork for a child’s healthy development is laid during the brain’s rapid growth throughout pregnancy. To ensure babies are healthy, we have to support mothers with timely and frequent, high-quality prenatal care. In Ohio, many babies are born prematurely and too many do not make it to their first birthday. Poverty disproportionately impacts young children and families of color, making it even more difficult to overcome adversity and maintain healthy development. Empowering parents and caregivers to support their baby’s development through health and educational interventions allows Ohio to ensure that babies are positioned to thrive during their first year and beyond. Ohio must do a better job of reaching our most atrisk babies and families early. 13 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Prenatal Care Experiences occurring before birth can have consequences for the physical and mental health of a child that persist across the lifespan. Having a healthy pregnancy is one of the best ways to promote a healthy birth and is critical for a child’s development as his or her brain begins developing rapidly early in gestation. In order to influence a baby’s development, pregnant women require timely, high-quality health care, as well as emotional support. Factors that influence prenatal brain development include maternal stress and anxiety, social and cultural stressors, poverty, nutrition and substance use. In 2016, there were 69,683 births by Medicaid recipients and 64,978 births by non-Medicaid recipients in Ohio. Medicaid births thus accounted for 51.8% of total births in 2016. Pregnant women in families with income up to 200% of the federal poverty level are eligible for the Medicaid program Healthy Start (also called the State Children’s Health Insurance Plan, SCHIP). Of the pregnant women served by Medicaid, the following chart shows the difference in timeliness of prenatal care received by white and black mothers in the first quarter of 2017. "Timely" is defined as the percentage of deliveries that received a prenatal care visit in the first trimester or within 42 days of enrollment in the Medicaid program. 2017 (Q1) Statewide Percentage of Medicaid Mothers Receiving Timely Prenatal Care by Race Black, Non Hispanic Medicaid births in Ohio accounted for 51.8% OF TOTAL BIRTHS in 2016. 69.3% White, Non Hispanic STATE OVERALL Reflections Data Source: Ohio Department of Medicaid Maternal and Infants Health Measures Report, Winter 2017 14 72.1% 71.3% GIVEN THE FACTORS IMPACTING PRENATAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT INCLUDE MATERNAL STRESS AND ANXIETY, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STRESSORS, POVERTY, NUTRITION AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE...WHAT OTHER METRICS WOULD BE HELPFUL IN EVALUATING DISPARITIES AMONG THE EXPERIENCES OF PREGNANT WOMEN? SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Preterm Birth A “preterm birth” is defined as any birth occurring prior to 37 weeks gestational age. It is important for babies to be born full-term because the brain, lungs and liver need those final weeks of pregnancy to develop fully. Not only is premature birth the leading cause of death for infants, it results in increased risk of disability, breathing problems, difficulty feeding, cerebral palsy, developmental delays, vision and hearing problems. In the United States, 1 out of every 10 births was preterm in 2016. 11.9% of all Ohio births are preterm. Preterm birth rates, however, for moms receiving Medicaid are 50-70% higher than the rates for more affluent (above 200% FPL) moms not on Medicaid. Tables 1 and 2 and Chart 1 provide a comparison of preterm birth rates for Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients in Ohio. Data Source: Report on Pregnant Women, Infants and Children, Appendix D, Ohio Department of Medicaid, December 29, 2017. Table 1 2016 Preterm Birth Rate for Medicaid Patients in Ohio & Selected Regions 2016 Preterm Birth Rate for Non-Medicaid Patients in Ohio & Selected Regions Region Region Appalachian Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit STATEWIDE Chart 1 8% Preterm Births 1,565 1,374 1,563 902 626 513 10,293 Medicaid Total Births 11,623 8,361 9,947 5,646 3,762 3,093 69,863 Appalachian Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit STATEWIDE Preterm Births Total Births 691 618 968 475 294 287 6,204 8,073 6336 8948 4977 2864 2903 64,978 Non-Medicaid 16.4% 16% 12% Table 2 15.7% 16% 16.6% 16.6% 14.7% 13.5% 8.6% 9.8% 10.8% 9.5% 10.3% 10% 9.6% 4% Appalachia Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit STATEWIDE 15 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Preterm Birth Tables 3-7 and Charts 2-8 analyze 2016 preterm birth rates in Ohio and the 6 selected regions by race and ethnicity. Birth rate data disaggregated by race and ethnicity was downloaded form the Ohio Department of Health Ohio Public Health Data Warehouse. Note that the race and ethnicity birth rate data reports are slightly different than the numbers reported by Medicaid, likely due to differing data collection methods. Table 3 Table 4 2016 Preterm Birth Rate Black Persons in Ohio & Selected Regions Region Preterm Births Full-term Births Total Births 2016 Preterm Birth Rate White Persons in Ohio & Selected Regions % Preterm Births Region Preterm Births Total Births % Preterm Births Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit Appalachian 915 755 484 256 233 66 4,792 5,113 3,008 1,488 1,086 613 5,707 5,868 3,492 1,744 1,319 679 16% 12.9% 13.9% 14.7% 17.7% 9.7% Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit Appalachian 725 1,056 579 440 437 1,764 7,176 9,661 5,734 3,936 3,767 16,108 7,901 10,717 6,313 4,376 4,204 17,872 9.2% 9.9% 9.2% 10.1% 10.4% 9.1% STATE TOTAL 3,458 20,837 24,295 14.2% STATE TOTAL 10,095 94,770 104,865 9.6% Table 5 Table 6 2016 Preterm Birth Rate Asian Persons in Ohio & Selected Regions Region Preterm Births Full-term Births Total Births 2016 Preterm Birth Rate Persons of Unknown or Other Race in Ohio & Selected Regions % Preterm Births Region Preterm Births Full-term Births Total Births % Preterm Births Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit Appalachian 49 109 47 NA 32 0 573 206 376 194 362 48 622 315 423 NA 394 48 7.9% 34.6%* 11.1% NA 8.1% 0.0% Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit Appalachian 10 10 1 5 NA 0 90 98 37 108 NA 0 100 108 38 113 NA 0 10.0% 9.3% 2.6% 4.4% NA NA STATE TOTAL 237 2,843 3,080 7.7% STATE TOTAL 31 373 404 7.7% *The Franklin County preterm birth rate for Asians is so high as to be of questionable accuracy. Table 7 2016 Preterm Birth Rate Hispanic Persons in Ohio & Selected Regions Region Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit Appalachian STATE TOTAL 16 Full-term Births Preterm Births 147 150 62 1 3 11 523 Full-term Births 871 1,359 583 230 138 337 5,627 Total Births 1,018 1,509 645 231 141 348 6,150 % Preterm Births 14.4% 9.9% 9.6% 0.4% 2.1% 3.2% 8.5% SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Preterm Birth 2016 Preterm Birth Rates by Race & Ethnicity in Selected Regions Cuyahoga County 20% 15% 16% 10% 14% 9% 5% Black White 10% 8% Asian Unknown or Other Hispanic 35% Franklin County * questionable accuracy 20% 15% 10% 13% 10% 9% 5% Black White Asian Unknown or Other 10% Hispanic Hamilton County 20% 15% 10% 14% 9% 11% 10% 5% 3% Black White Asian Unknown or Other Hispanic 17 1 SECTION Breaking Ground for Success Preterm Birth 2016 Preterm Birth Rates by Race & Ethnicity in Selected Regions Montgomery County 20% 15% 15% 10% 10% 5% N/A Black White Asian 4% Unknown or Other 0.4% Hispanic Summit County 20% 15% 18% 10% 10% 5% 8% N/A Black 18 White Asian Unknown or Other 2% Hispanic SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Preterm Birth 2016 Preterm Birth Rates by Race & Ethnicity in Selected Regions Appalachian Region 20% 15% 10% 10% 9% 5% 0% Black White Asian N/A Unknown or Other 3% Hispanic STATE OF OHIO 20% 15% 10% 14% 10% 5% Black White 8% Asian 8% Unknown or Other 9% Hispanic 19 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Preterm Birth 1 IN EVERY 7 African Americans babies are born premature. 1 IN EVERY 10 White babies are born premature. 1 IN EVERY 12 Hispanic babies are born premature. 1 IN EVERY 13 Asian babies are born premature. 1 IN EVERY 13 Reflections Children of unknown or unreported race are born premature. WHILE DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO IN ADDITION TO BEING AFRICAN PRENATAL CARE ARE LESS APPARENT AMERICAN OR LOW INCOME, AMONG PREGNANT MOMS OF OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SIMILAR SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS PRETERM BIRTH INCLUDE BEHAVIOR IN THE PREVIOUS MEASURE OF FACTORS SUCH AS STRESS AND “PRENATAL CARE”, THERE IS A CLEAR TOBACCO SUBSTANCE USE. DISPARITY IN BIRTH OUTCOMES WHAT OTHER SUPPORTS MAY BASED UPON RACE. BE HELPFUL TO MOMS WITH TO DECREASE THE INCIDENCE OF INCREASED RISK OF PRETERM PRETERM BIRTH AND CLOSE THE BIRTH TO DRIVE HEALTHY RACIAL DISPARITY, HOW DOES OUTCOMES FOR THEIR BABIES? THE QUALITY AND FREQUENCY OF PRENATAL CARE NEED TO CHANGE? 20 SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Infant Mortality Infant mortality is defined as the death of a live-born baby before their first birthday. An infant mortality rate is the number of babies who died during the first year of life per 1,000 live births. In 2016, 1,024 Ohio infants died before their first birthday out of the 138,200 births. Ohio ranks 41st out of 50 states for infant mortality with rate of 7.4 for every 1,000 live births. Why are Ohio’s black babies dying at nearly 3X the rate of white babies? Overview of Ohio infant mortality rates: Table 1 Table 2 2016 STATEWIDE Infant Mortality Rate by Race Race Black White Asian Unknown American Indian ALL RACES Estimated Births 24,275 105,200 4,750 3,975 <10 138,200 Infant Deaths 369 610 18 25 2 1,024 2016 STATEWIDE Infant Mortality Rate by Ethnicity Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) 15.2 5.8 3.8 6.3 unknown 7.4 Ethnicity Hispanic Non-Hispanic TOTAL Estimated Births 7,400 131,000 138,400 Infant Deaths 54 970 1,024 Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) 7.3 7.4 7.4 Note: The birth estimates vary when disaggregating them by race and ethnicity due to gaps in the data that identify these demographics. Chart 1 Combined Data: 2016 STATEWIDE Infant Mortality Rate by Race & Ethnicity (per 1,000 births) 16 15 8 6 6 7 7 4 2 Black White Asian Unknown Hispanic ALL RACES 21 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Infant Mortality Table 3 and Chart 2 provide similar infant mortality rate data for the six geographic regions selected for this study. The results shown for the 5 counties and the Appalachian region mirror that of the state as a whole. The infant mortality rate for white babies is significantly lower than that for black babies in every region. Due to very small numbers in many counties, infant mortality data for other race and ethnicity groups were not available for county-level analysis. Table 3 White Black 2016 Infant Mortality Rates by Region and Race Region Total Live Births White Infant Deaths White Mortality Rate (per 1k) Total Live Births Black Black Infant Mortality Deaths Rate (per 1k) Cuyahoga Franklin* Hamilton Montgomery Summit 7,917 10,690 6,349 4,400 4,186 38 62 40 22 18 4.8 5.8 6.3 5.0 4.3 5,705 5,855 3,497 1,746 1,319 85 89 50 22 24 14.9 15.2 14.3 12.6 18.2 125 6.7 1,041 15 14.4* Appalachia*** 18,575 * The black infant mortality rate for Appalachia should be viewed with caution as it is based on a small number of infant deaths. Chart 2 2016 Infant Mortality Rates by Region and Race (per 1,000 births) 18 14.4 14.9 15.2 White Black 18.2 14.3 12.6 10 6.7 4.8 5.8 6.3 5.0 4.3 2 22 Reflections Appalachia Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit IS MEDICAL CARE SUFFICIENT TO CLOSE THE INFANT MORTALITY GAP? WHAT FACTORS BEYOND MEDICAL CARE AFFECT THE HEALTH OF INFANTS AND THEIR FAMILIES? HOW DO HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION, EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT AND OTHER SOCIAL DETERMINANTS IMPACT INFANT HEALTH? SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Early Childhood Poverty What does living at 100% of the federal poverty level (FPL) mean? For a family of three, it means making an annual gross income of $20,160. What makes YOUNG CHILDREN 1 in 5 in Ohio OHIO CHILDREN LIVE IN POVERTY. MORE VULNERABLE to poverty? Children under 6 are the most vulnerable to poverty with 26.4% of 0-5 year olds living at or below 100% FPL. 2016 Federal Poverty Guidelines: Family Size Gross Annual Income Gross Monthly Income Approx Hourly Wage 1 $11,880 $990 $5.71 2 $16,020 $1,335 $7.70 3 $20,160 $1,680 $9.69 4 $24,300 $2,025 $11.68 5 $28,440 $2,370 $13.67 6 $32,580 $2,715 $15.66 7 $36,730 $3,061 $17.66 8 $40,890 $3,408 $19.66 OVER 8, add per person $4,160 $347 $2.00 Data source: U.S. Census 2016 American Community Survey B-17020 23 1 SECTION Breaking Ground for Success Early Childhood Poverty For Ohio as a whole, as well as for all the selected regions, white and Asian children have significantly lower instances of poverty than do black, Hispanic and other minority children. STATE OF OHIO 2016 Childhood Poverty by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Age Below Poverty 0-5 Age Above Poverty TOTAL 0-5 Age Children % 0-5 Total Population % 0-5 Below Poverty Black 67,871 57,959 125,830 14.9% 53.9% White 105,470 474,545 580,015 68.7% 18.2% Asian 1,790 13,963 15,753 1.9% 11.4% Multiracial/Other 27,197 43,373 70,570 8.3% 38.5% Hispanic 20,404 31,908 52,312 6.2% 39.0% All 0-5 Age 222,732 621,748 844,480 100% 26.4% STATE OF OHIO 2016 % EARLY Childhood Poverty by Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Year Olds BELOW Poverty Level: 100% 54% Black 18% White 0% 24 11% Asian 39% 39% Multiracial or Other Hispanic 26% ALL 0-5 AGE SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Early Childhood Poverty Poverty rates for the Appalachian Region of Ohio are higher than statewide poverty rates even for white children who fare better than their racial and ethnic minority peers. What factors contribute to these higher poverty rates, especially among children? There are far less children of color in the Appalachian Region compared to the entire state, however, these children are still more likely to experience poverty than their white peers. Why may this be? Appalachian Region 2016 Childhood Poverty by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Age Below Poverty 0-5 Age Above Poverty TOTAL 0-5 Age Children % 0-5 Total Population % 0-5 Below Poverty Black 4,473 1,814 6,287 4.7% 71.1% White 30,334 85,646 115,980 86.3% 26.2% Asian 93 531 624 .5% 14.9% Multiracial/Other 3,789 3,434 7,223 5.4% 52.5% Hispanic 2,011 2,184 4,195 3.1% 47.9% All 0-5 Age 40,700 93,609 134,309 100% 30.3% Note: There are a total of 6,287 black children under the age of 6 living in Ohio's Appalachian Region spanning 32 counties. 48.% of black children 0-5 years old living in the Appalachian Region reside in Mahoning County and 22.6% reside in the neighboring Trumbull County. The remaining 29% of black children under 6 reside among the 30 other Appalachian counties. Appalachian Region 2016 % EARLY Childhood Poverty by Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Year Olds BELOW Poverty Level: 100% 71% 53% Black 26% White 0% 15% Multiracial or Other 48% Hispanic 30% ALL 0-5 AGE Asian 25 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Early Childhood Poverty 2016 Childhood Poverty by Race & Ethnicity Cuyahoga County Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Age Below Poverty 0-5 Age Above Poverty TOTAL 0-5 Age Children % 0-5 Total Population % 0-5 Below Poverty Black 16,574 15,049 31,623 35.2% 52.4% White 4,974 35,500 40,474 45% 12.3% Asian 225 1,865 2,090 2.3% 10.8% Multiracial/Other 2,961 5,550 8,511 9.5% 34.8% Hispanic 2,980 4,236 7,216 8.0% 41.3% All 0-5 Age 27,714 62,200 89,914 100% 30.8% Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Age Below Poverty 0-5 Age Above Poverty TOTAL 0-5 Age Children % 0-5 Total Population % 0-5 Below Poverty Black 14,778 14,010 28,788 26.8% 51.3% White 7,048 45,856 52,904 49.2% 13.3% Asian 531 Franklin County 4,120 4,651 4.3% 11.4% Multiracial/Other 3,539 7,740 11,279 10.5% 31.4% Hispanic 3,806 6,127 9,933 9.2% 38.3% All 0-5 Age 29,702 77,853 107,555 100% 27.6% Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Age Below Poverty 0-5 Age Above Poverty TOTAL 0-5 Age Children % 0-5 Total Population % 0-5 Below Poverty Black 10,795 9,108 19,903 30.8% 54.2% White 4,789 28,466 33,255 51.4% 14.4% Asian 134 1,338 1,472 2.3% 9.1% Multiracial/Other 1,974 4,059 6,033 9.3% 32.7% Hispanic 1,548 2,503 4,051 6.3% 38.2% All 0-5 Age 19,240 45,474 64,714 100% 29.7% Hamilton County 26 SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Early Childhood Poverty 2016 % EARLY Childhood Poverty by Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Year Olds BELOW Poverty Level: Cuyahoga County 100% 52% 36% 30% Black 0% 41% 12% 11% White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL 0-5 AGE Franklin County 100% 51% 31% Black 13% White 0% 11% Multiracial or Other 38% Hispanic 28% ALL 0-5 AGE Asian Hamilton County 100% 54% 33% Black 14% 0% White 9% Multiracial or Other 38% Hispanic 30% ALL 0-5 AGE Asian 27 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Early Childhood Poverty 2016 Childhood Poverty by Race & Ethnicity Montgomery County Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Age Below Poverty 0-5 Age Above Poverty TOTAL 0-5 Age Children % 0-5 Total Population % 0-5 Below Poverty Black 5,513 3,399 8,912 22.6% 61.9% White 4,852 19,003 23,855 60.4% 20.3% Asian 122 392 514 1.3% 23.7% Multiracial/Other 1,913 2,402 4,315 10.9% 44.3% Hispanic 890 1,011 1,901 4.8% 46.8% All 0-5 Age 13,290 26,207 39,497 100% 33.6% Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Age Below Poverty 0-5 Age Above Poverty TOTAL 0-5 Age Children % 0-5 Total Population % 0-5 Below Poverty Black 3,467 3,401 6,868 18.7% 50.5% White 3,201 21,175 24,376 66.4% 13.1% Asian 189 Summit County 28 973 1,162 3.2% 16.3% Multiracial/Other 981 2,146 3,127 8.5% 31.4% Hispanic 391 803 1,194 3.3% 32.7% All 0-5 Age 8,229 28,498 36,727 100% 22.4% SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Early Childhood Poverty 2016 % EARLY Childhood Poverty by Race & Ethnicity 0-5 Year Olds BELOW Poverty Level: Montgomery County 100% 62% Black 53% 44% 20% 24% White Asian Multiracial or Other 47% Hispanic 34% ALL 0-5 AGE 0% Summit County 100% 51% Black 0% 13% White 16% Asian 31% 33% Multiracial or Other Hispanic 22% ALL 0-5 AGE Data source: U.S. Census 2016 American Community Survey B-17020 29 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Access to State & Federally Funded Home Visiting Ohio’s voluntary, evidence-based home visiting programs include the state-funded Help Me Grow program and the federally-funded Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) program. For eligible families who elect to participate in a home visiting program, providers regularly visit the homes of vulnerable families (typically once per month) starting while the mother is still pregnant and continuing through the first few years of the child’s life. A total of 106,222 home visits were completed in 2017 for families served by both Help Me Grow and MIECHV. During this critical period of physical, emotional, and cognitive development for young children, parents receive support and guidance on how to create a safe, stimulating environment that promotes growth and learning. Voluntary, evidence-based home visiting programs allow motivated parents to learn how to succeed in their new role and provide children a healthy start with their first and most important teachers—parents. Ohio's voluntary home visiting program utilizes three evidence-based models: 1. Healthy Families America; 2. Nurse-Family Partnership and; 3. Parents as Teachers. Although there is slight variation within each model, the primary goals of Ohio's evidence-based home visiting programs are to: • • • 30 Cultivate parents’ ability to form strong, positive attachments with their children and to keep them safe. Promote children’s healthy physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development by monitoring their progress, guiding parents in recognizing their children’s and their own needs, and accessing appropriate services. Improve maternal and child health. In 2017, 9,612 FAMILIES were served in HOME VISITING PROGRAMS. 7,381 by Help Me Grow funds 2,231 by MIECHV funds There is a $5.70 return on investment for every public dollar invested in evidencebased home visiting programs. Returns are seen as a result of the following outcomes: School Readiness: • Increases scores on 1st-3rd grade math and reading tests by 25% • Decreases language problems by 68% Family Health: • Decreases instance of low-weight births by 48% • Decreases number of major injuries before age 2 by 32.6% Family Self-Sufficiency • Increases the likelihood of mothers to be enrolled in an education or training program by 5 times • Decreases reliance on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) payments by 5.6% for 12 years post-partum SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Access to State & Federally Funded Home Visiting Percentage of 2017 Ohio Home Visiting FAMILIES SERVED in Help Me Grow & MIECHV by Region Chart 1 Help Me Grow MIECHV 100% 90% 80% 65% 80% 73% 77% 64% 50% 35% 20% 36% 27% 10% 23% 20% 10% Appalachia Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit STATEWIDE Note: While the majority of home visits are supported by Help Me Grow, MIECHV funding supports Ohio’s home visiting infrastructure while also serving a certain percentage of families among 27 communities in Ohio. Data Source: Ohio Department of Health Percentage of 2017 Ohio HOME VISITS Provided by Help Me Grow & MIECHV by Region Chart 2 Help Me Grow MIECHV 100% 93% 87% 81% 78% 62% 62% 38% 38% 68% 50% 22% 19% 13% 10% Appalachia Cuyahoga 32% 7% Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit STATEWIDE Data Source: Ohio Department of Health 31 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Access to State & Federally Funded Home Visiting FY17 Percentage of Ohio Families Receiving Home Visits that are Below 50% of the Federal Poverty Level by Region Chart 3 100% 71% 50% 67% 69% 68% 58% 54% 51% 10% Appalachia Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit STATEWIDE Data Source: Ohio Department of Health Reflections 96% of families served by home visiting programs are at or below 200% of the federal poverty level. 32 32 IN ORDER TO GAUGE WHETHER THE STATE IS REACHING THE MOST AT-RISK FAMILIES, WE CAN EVALUATE THE PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES SERVED IN DIRE POVERTY, 50% FPL OR LESS. WHAT OTHER DATA WOULD BE HELPFUL IN EVALUATING WHETHER THE PROGRAM IS REACHING THE MOST AT-RISK CHILDREN AND FAMILIES? SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Access to State & Federally Funded Home Visiting FY17 Home Visits by Race/Ethnicity of Parents * Note that ethnicity was not reported by race so the 492 persons shown as Hispanic/Latino are included in the total of 9,612 persons shown in the breakdown by race. Table 1 Chart 4 Race & Ethnicity # of Households Visited % of Households Visited White Black Multiracial/Other Unknown Race 4275 2200 574 2563 44.5% 22.8% 6.0% 26.7% TOTAL 9612 100% Hispanic 492* 5.1% 22.8% Black 44.5% 6% Multiracial/Other White 26.7% Unknown Race FY17 Percentage of Ohio Families Receiving Home Visits THAT ARE RACIAL MINORITIES by Region Chart 5 70% 66% 59% 48% 40% 10% 65% 38% 32% 14% Appalachia Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit STATEWIDE Reflections Data Source: Ohio Department of Health RECALL WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT EARLY CHILDHOOD POVERTY IN OHIO: 43.9% OF BLACK CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS OLD AND 18.2% OF WHITE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS OLD ARE LIVING AT OR BELOW 100% FPL. CONSIDERING THAT POVERTY DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTS YOUNG BLACK CHILDREN, DO OUR FAMILIES SERVED BY HOME VISITING ACCURATELY REFLECT THOSE MORE LIKELY TO BE AT-RISK? 33 33 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Access to Early Head Start Early Head Start (EHS) programs provide intensive, comprehensive child development and family support services to low-income infants and toddlers under the age of 3 and pregnant women. EHS is designed to nurture healthy attachments between parent and child (or child and caregiver). Services encompass the full range of a family’s needs from pregnancy through a child’s third birthday. These services are designed to promote the development of children and to enable their parents to fulfill their roles as caregivers and teachers and to move toward self-sufficiency. EHS programs promote the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of infants and toddlers through safe and developmentally enriching care. This prepares children for continued growth and development and lifelong success. Programs also assist families in meeting their own personal goals and achieving self-sufficiency across a wide variety of domains, such as housing stability, continued education, and financial security. EHS programs promote the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of INFANTS and TODDLERS through safe and developmentally enriching caregiving. EHS programs provide options for home-based, center-based and family child care services. Home-based services are provided through weekly home visits to children and families in addition to bimonthly opportunities for group learning among parents and children. Education and child development services are delivered through center-based classroom settings located at an EHS center, school, child care center, or family child care setting. Eligibility for EHS requires the family to be at or below 100% of the federal poverty level, however, EHS programs are allowed to serve a small percentage of children form families between 100% and 130% of FPL as well others who demonstrate need in other ways. To measure access, the next page shows a comparison between eligible 0-2 year olds at or below 130% FPL compared to eligible 0-2 years enrolled in Early Head Start. 34 SECTION Breaking Ground for Success 1 Access to Early Head Start FY17 Statewide Early Head Start Children Served by Race & Ethnicity Table 1 Est. # of Eligible Children (0-2) % of Eligible Early Head Start Children (0-2) Race & Ethnicity # of Early Head Start Children (0-2) Black 2,780 42,725 6.5% White 4,476 68,822 6.5% Asian 85 1,136 7.5% Multiracial/Other 966 17,278 5.6% Hispanic 663 12,934 5.1% ALL CHILDREN 8,970 142,895 6.3% at/below 130% FPL Being Served FY17 Statewide Percentage of ELIGIBLE 0-2 YEAR OLDS Served in Early Head Start by Race & Ethnicity Chart 1 8% 6% 7% 7% 8% 6% 4% 5% 6% 2% Black White Data Source: Ohio Department of Education Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL RACES 35 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation 36 • I NC I D E N CE OF T R AU M A • EA R LY I N T E RVE N T I O N • ACC E S S TO P U B L I C LY FU ND E D CH IL D CA RE • ACC E S S TO H E A D STA RT • ACC E S S TO P R E S C H O O L • ACC E S S TO E A R LY CH IL D H O O D E XPE R IE NCE S • KIN D E R GA RT E N R E A D IN E S S During a child’s first five years, Ohio has a critical opportunity to lay a strong foundation for the state's most-at risk children by investing in enriching early experiences. Quality early childhood programs have the ability to close gaps between at-risk kids and their more advantaged peers by the time they enter Kindergarten. Identifying barriers to children’s success and providing interventions must happen in the first five years of life to give all children the best shot at reaching their full potential. Children in Ohio are facing unimaginable levels of trauma and adversity before they even enter school. Ohio must do better to reach families and children through quality home visiting, child care and preschool programs. In order to improve kindergarten readiness and lifelong success for Ohio kids, the state needs to ensure early development is happening in high-quality learning environments. 37 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Incidence of Trauma Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events that have the potential to cause long-lasting negative effects. During the earliest and most critical years of development, children are highly vulnerable to adversity. As the frequency and length of ACEs increase, so do the impacts on physical and mental health, academic achievement, and self-sufficiency. Ohio ranks 46th in the nation for kids having three or more ACEs, putting them at higher risk for long-lasting negative effects. What constitutes an ACE? Ohio ranks 46TH in the NATION for kids experiencing childhood trauma. The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study conducted in 1995 outlined ten ACEs that predict negative outcomes later in life. Today, these have been adapted to create the ACE test—an eight question survey to determine the number of significant adversities a child has experienced. The commonly accepted questions on the ACE test ask whether a child has ever: 1. Lived with a parent or guardian who became divorced or separated 2. Lived with a parent or guardian who died 3. Lived with a parent or guardian who served time in jail or prison 4. Lived with anyone who was mentally ill or suicidal, or severely depressed for more than a couple of weeks 5. Lived with anyone who had a problem with alcohol or drugs 6. Witnessed a parent, guardian, or other adult in the household behaving violently toward another 7. Been the victim of violence or witnessed any violence in his or her neighborhood 8. Experienced economic hardship “somewhat often” or “very often” (i.e., the family found it hard to cover costs of food and housing) 49% OF OHIO KIDS HAVE HAD AT LEAST ONE ACE. 1 in 7 Ohio kids has had THREE or MORE Adverse Childhood Experiences, putting them at much higher risk for long-term negative effects. 38 SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Incidence of Trauma Risk of Adverse Childhood Experiences in the United States by Race/Ethnicity Almost half of all children in the United States have had at least one ACE, but black and Hispanic children are at much higher risk than their white peers. 40% Reflections OF WHITE CHILDREN HAVE HAD AN ACE. 51% OF HISPANIC CHILDREN HAVE HAD AN ACE. 61% OF BLACK CHILDREN HAVE HAD AN ACE. WHAT ARE THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF THIS KIND OF TRAUMA? EXPERIENCES DURING THE FIRST SEVERAL YEARS OF LIFE SHAPE WHO A CHILD BECOMES. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO IMPACT LONG-TERM MENTAL HEALTH, PHYSICAL HEALTH, AND BEHAVIOR— INCLUDING SMOKING, ALCOHOLISM, DRUG USE, MISSED WORK, DEPRESSION, SUICIDE ATTEMPTS, HEART DISEASE, DIABETES, SEVERE OBESITY, CANCER, AND STROKE. ON AVERAGE, PEOPLE WITH SIX OR MORE ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES HAVE A LIFE EXPECTANCY OF 60 YEARS, WHICH IS SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER THAN THE 80 YEAR LIFE EXPECTANCY FOR PEOPLE WITH NO ACEs. 39 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Early Intervention Ohio Early Intervention (EI) is a collaborative home and community-based system administered by the Ohio Department of Developmental Disabilities that provides coordinated, evidenced-based intervention services to parents of infants and toddlers with disabilities or developmental delays. EI serves infants and toddlers under age three who have a diagnosed physical or mental condition likely resulting in a delay in adaptive, cognitive, communication, physical, or social-emotional development. Early Intervention services are based on need and not income. Families served by EI have a local team consisting of a service coordinator and service providers that work with the family in order to develop an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP). The team works through the family’s IFSP to utilize supports and enhance the child’s learning and development. Table 1 All families, with the necessary supports and resources, can enhance their children’s learning and development. Number of Early Intervention Children Served in FY17 by Region & Race/Ethnicity Region White Children Served Black Children Served Hispanic Children Served Asian Children Served Multiracial or Others Served All Children Served in FY17 Cuyahoga 1,232 782 248 89 82 2,436 Franklin 1,203 576 217 112 136 2,247 Hamilton 646 380 64 16 47 1,157 Montgomery 664 190 39 18 85 1,000 Summit 576 147 35 37 33 830 Appalachian 2,690 94 75 0 104 3,087 3,023 1,410 498 1,182 21,601 STATE TOTAL 15,488 * Note: Some rows may not add up to the total number of children served because some data had to be estimated due to masking for privacy reasons when reported numbers were less than 5. 40 SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Early Intervention All Ohio Children Ages 0-5 Table 2 Race & Ethnicity Total # 0-5 Age White 580,015 Black 125,830 Hispanic 52,312 Asian 15,753 68.7% White 14.9% Black Multirace/Other 70,570 ALL 0-5 AGE 6.2% 844,480 8.4% Table 3 FY17 Early Intervention Statewide % of CHILDREN SERVED Race & Ethnicity Total Children Served by EI White 15,488 Black 3,023 Hispanic 1,410 Asian 498 71.7% White 14% Black Multirace/Other 1,182 ALL 0-5 AGE 21,601 6.5% 5.5% Reflections 1.9% 2.3% RELATIVE TO THE EARLY CHILDHOOD POPULATION IN OHIO, EARLY INTERVENTION IS SERVING A RACIALLY PROPORTIONATE POPULATION. FOR EXAMPLE, 14.9% OF ALL OHIO CHILDREN 0-5 ARE BLACK AND 14% OF THE TOTAL POPULATION SERVED BY EI ARE BLACK. GIVEN WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE DISPARATE INCIDENCE OF PRETERM BIRTH AND ITS CONSEQUENCES, IS EI SERVING ALL THE CHILDREN WHO NEED SERVICES? IF NOT, HOW CAN WE BETTER SERVE THESE CHILDREN AND FAMILIES? IF WE ARE SERVING ALL KIDS WHO NEED EI SERVICES, WHY DO WE CONTINUE TO SEE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN LATER OUTCOMES? 41 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Early Intervention REGIONAL ANALYSIS: White Black Hispanic Cuyahoga County Asian Multirace/Other FY17 Early Intervention % of CHILDREN SERVED Children Ages 0-5 32.1% 35% 45% 50.6% 10.2% 8% 9.6% 3.4% 3.7% 2.4% Franklin County FY17 Early Intervention % of CHILDREN SERVED Children Ages 0-5 25.6% 26.8% 49% 53.5% 9.7% 9.2% 10.6% 6.1% 4.3% Hamilton County 5% FY17 Early Intervention % of CHILDREN SERVED Children Ages 0-5 32.8% 51.4% 30.7% 55.8% 6.3% 9.3% 42 2.3% 5.5% 4.1% 1.4% SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Early Intervention REGIONAL ANALYSIS: White Black Hispanic Montgomery County Asian Multirace/Other FY17 Early Intervention % of CHILDREN SERVED Children Ages 0-5 19% 22.6% 4.8% 60.4% 3.9% 66.4% 8.5% 1.3% 10.9% 1.8% Summit County FY17 Early Intervention % of CHILDREN SERVED Children Ages 0-5 18.7% 69.4% 66.4% 3.2% 3.2% 8.5% Appalachian Region 17.7% 4.2% 4% 4.5% FY17 Early Intervention % of CHILDREN SERVED Children Ages 0-5 90.8% 86.3% 4.7% 3.1% 0.5% 5.4% 3.2% 2.5% 3.5% (0% Asian) Data source: U.S. Census 2016 American Community Survey B-17020 43 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care The vast majority of Ohio kids who receive publicly funded early childhood experiences do so through child care programs. Ohio offers publicly funded child care (PFCC) to children of working parents living at or below 130% federal poverty level (FPL). The length of child care services is determined by the parents’ qualifying work and/or school schedule, ranging from hourly care to over 60 hours per week, and parents’ financial contribution is determined by income level. Child care for 0-4 year olds provides a critical opportunity to impact kids during the most important period of development, in addition to a necessary support for working families. Publicly funded child care serves 30.5% of eligible 0-4 year olds in Ohio. While initial eligibility is 130% FPL families may continue to access PFCC until they are earning up to 300% FPL provided there is no break in eligibility under the Ohio Administrative Code. Only a small population of children, however, benefit from this second tier of eligibility due to the nature of low-income jobs, family circumstances and compliance with the rules. For example, between March 2017 and February of 2018, an average of 10,183 children between 130% and 200% FPL and an average of 1,525 children between 200 and 300% FPL accessed PFCC each month. This is approximately 9.2% and 1.4% percent of the total PFCC population respectively. Table 1 2017 Statewide 0-4 YEAR OLD CHILDREN SERVED in PFCC by Race & Ethnicity (Compare to Eligible 0-4 Year Olds) Race & Ethnicity # of Infants in PFCC # of Toddlers in PFCC # of Preschoolers in PFCC Total # 0-4 Age in PFCC # of Eligible 0-4 Age <=130% FPL % Eligible 0-4 Age in PFCC Black 7,412 11,794 20,854 40,060 71,209 56.3% White 3,416 6,012 12,263 21,691 114,703 18.9% Asian 23 69 136 228 1,893 12.0% Multirace/Other 1,235 2,062 3,562 6,859 28,796 23.8% Hispanic 614 1,027 2,197 3,838 21,557 17.8% 20,964 39,012 72,676 238,159 30.5% TOTAL CHILDREN 12,700 Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 44 SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care 2017 Statewide Percentage of ELIGIBLE 0-4 YEAR OLD CHILDREN SERVED in PFCC by Race & Ethnicity Chart 1 50% 56% 30% 19% 10% Black White 18% 12% Asian Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 Reflections 31% 24% Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN WHY ARE MORE ELIGIBLE BLACK FAMILIES UTILIZING PUBLICLY FUNDED CHILD CARE THAN ELIGIBLE WHITE FAMILIES? A FAMILY OF THREE WITH ONE ADULT AND TWO CHILDREN LIVING AT 130% FPL HAS A GROSS ANNUAL INCOME OF $33,176. IF THE AVERAGE COST OF PRIVATE CHILD CARE FOR AN INFANT IS $9,364 AND A FOUR YEAR OLD IS $8,003, HOW DO FAMILIES EARNING OVER $33,176 AFFORD TO WORK WITHOUT THE SUPPORT OF PFCC? WHERE DO THESE YOUNG CHILDREN STAY WHILE THEIR PARENT(S) IS AT WORK? 45 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Appalachian Region 2017 Children Served in PFCC by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Infants in PFCC # of Toddlers in PFCC # of Preschoolers in PFCC Total # 0-4 Age in PFCC # of Eligible 0-4 Age <=130% FPL % Eligible 0-4 Age in PFCC Black 331 483 866 1,680 4,541 37.0% White 802 1364 2764 4,930 32,575 15.1% Asian 4 5 7 16 96 16.7% Multirace/Other 135 212 377 724 3,990 18.1% 303 2,097 14.5% 7,350* 43,299 17.0% Hispanic TOTAL CHILDREN 1,272 2,064 4,014 *Note: The ODJFS County Level Data on Publicly Funded Childcare does not identify Hispanic children by race. As a result, the total of Hispanic children is duplicative with the breakdown of children served by race. The total number of children served is correct, however, the percentages of children served by racial group are slightly overstated as a result. The percentage of Hispanic children served is exact. 40% 37% 20% 15% 17% 18% 15% 17% 5% Reflection Black 46 White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN THE APPALACHIAN REGION HAS THE LOWEST ACCESS RATE IN COMPARISON TO THE OTHER COMMUNITIES EXAMINED, WITH ONLY 17% OF ELIGIBLE CHILDREN BEING SERVED BY PFCC IN 32 OHIO COUNTIES—NEARLY 1/3 OF THE STATE. SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Cuyahoga County 2017 Children Served in PFCC by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Infants in PFCC # of Toddlers in PFCC # of Preschoolers in PFCC Total # 0-4 Age in PFCC # of Eligible 0-4 Age <=130% FPL % Eligible 0-4 Age in PFCC Black 1815 3078 5243 10,136 17,177 59.0% White 239 478 976 1,693 5,155 32.8% Asian 1 11 29 41 233 17.6% Multirace/Other 153 236 416 805 3,069 26.2% 792 3,088 25.6% 12,675* 28,723 44.1% Hispanic TOTAL CHILDREN 2,208 3,803 6,664 *Note: The ODJFS County Level Data on Publicly Funded Childcare does not identify Hispanic children by race. As a result, the total of Hispanic children is duplicative with the breakdown of children served by race. The total number of children served is correct, however, the percentages of children served by racial group are slightly over-stated as a result. The percentage of Hispanic children served is exact. 70% 59% 50% 44% 33% 30% 26% 18% 10% Black Reflection 26% White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN WHAT BARRIERS DOES THE APPALACIAN REGION HAVE IN SERVING YOUNG CHILDREN IN A CHILD CARE ENVIRONMENT COMPARED TO ITS URBAN PEERS? 47 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Franklin County 2017 Children Served in PFCC by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Infants in PFCC # of Toddlers in PFCC # of Preschoolers in PFCC Total # 0-4 Age in PFCC # of Eligible 0-4 Age <=130% FPL % Eligible 0-4 Age in PFCC Black 1849 2698 5186 9,733 15,543 62.6% White 291 529 1119 1,939 7,413 26.2% Asian 5 23 42 70 558 12.5% Multirace/Other 502 769 1291 2,562 3,722 68.8% 1,221 4,003 30.5% 14,304* 31,239 45.8% Hispanic TOTAL CHILDREN 2,647 4,019 7,638 *Note: The ODJFS County Level Data on Publicly Funded Childcare does not identify Hispanic children by race. As a result, the total of Hispanic children is duplicative with the breakdown of children served by race. The total number of children served is correct, however, the percentages of children served by racial group are slightly overstated as a result. The percentage of Hispanic children served is exact. 80% 69% 63% 46% 40% 31% 26% 13% 10% Black 48 White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Hamilton County 2017 Children Served in PFCC by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Infants in PFCC # of Toddlers in PFCC # of Preschoolers in PFCC Total # 0-4 Age in PFCC # of Eligible 0-4 Age <=130% FPL % Eligible 0-4 Age in PFCC Black 1427 2335 4256 8,018 11,194 71.6% White 193 364 840 1,397 4,966 28.1% Asian 1 3 7 11 139 7.9% Multirace/Other 131 259 479 869 2,047 42.5% 230 1,605 14.3% 10,295* 19,951 51.6% Hispanic TOTAL CHILDREN 1,752 2,961 5,582 *Note: The ODJFS County Level Data on Publicly Funded Childcare does not identify Hispanic children by race. As a result, the total of Hispanic children is duplicative with the breakdown of children served by race. The total number of children served is correct, however, the percentages of children served by racial group are slightly overstated as a result. The percentage of Hispanic children served is exact. 80% 72% 52% 43% 40% 28% 10% 14% 8% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 49 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Montgomery County 2017 Children Served in PFCC by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Infants in PFCC # of Toddlers in PFCC # of Preschoolers in PFCC Total # 0-4 Age in PFCC # of Eligible 0-4 Age <=130% FPL % Eligible 0-4 Age in PFCC Black 579 909 1564 3,052 5,941 51.4% White 159 359 711 1,229 5,229 23.5% Asian 4 4 7 15 131 11.4% Multirace/Other 35 72 153 260 2,062 12.6% 104 959 10.8% 4,556 14,322 31.8% Hispanic TOTAL CHILDREN 777 1,344 2,435 *Note: The ODJFS County Level Data on Publicly Funded Childcare does not identify Hispanic children by race. As a result, the total of Hispanic children is duplicative with the breakdown of children served by race. The total number of children served is correct, however, the percentages of children served by racial group are slightly overstated as a result. The percentage of Hispanic children served is exact. 50% 51% 32% 30% 24% 11% 10% Black 50 White Asian 13% Multiracial or Other 11% Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Summit County 2017 Children Served in PFCC by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Infants in PFCC # of Toddlers in PFCC # of Preschoolers in PFCC Total # 0-4 Age in PFCC # of Eligible 0-4 Age <=130% FPL % Eligible 0-4 Age in PFCC Black 426 694 1091 2,211 3,915 56.5% White 97 201 457 755 3,615 20.9% Asian 2 2 10 14 213 6.6% Multirace/Other 33 66 114 213 1,108 19.2% 30 442 6.8% 3,193* 9,293 34.4% Hispanic TOTAL CHILDREN 558 963 1,672 *Note: The ODJFS County Level Data on Publicly Funded Childcare does not identify Hispanic children by race. As a result, the total of Hispanic children is duplicative with the breakdown of children served by race. The total number of children served is correct, however, the percentages of children served by racial group are slightly overstated as a result. The percentage of Hispanic children served is exact. 50% 57% 34% 30% 21% 7% 10% Reflections Black White Asian 19% Multiracial or Other 7% Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN GIVEN WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT BRAIN SCIENCE (THAT DISPARITIES EMERGE AS EARLY AS 9 MONTHS OF AGE AMONG LOW INCOME LEARNERS COMPARED TO THEIR HIGH INCOME PEERS), HOW MAY THE QUALITY OF THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS CHILDREN ARE ACCESSING THROUGH PFCC MATTER? 51 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care ACCESS to child care does NOT mean access to QUALITY CARE. In 2005, Ohio established the state child care quality rating and improvement system, Step Up to Quality (SUTQ), with the goal of increasing access to high-quality programs as part of Ohio’s Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge Grant. In SUTQ, early care and education programs earn 1- to 5-star ratings based on meeting nationally researched quality program standards administered by the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services. A high-quality learning environment means: 1. Enriching curriculum aligned with standards 2. Highly-educated teachers 3. Lower teacher-to-student ratios 4. Consistent communication and engagement with families Ohio’s 5-star early care and child care rating and improvement system. As part of the Race to the Top Grant, the state set statutory goals that mandated 100% of licensed child care providers be high-quality rated (3 to 5 stars) by 2025; to ensure adequate progress towards this goal, all programs are required to be rated (1 to 5 stars) by 2020. Reflections High-quality, comprehensive child care programs for Ohio’s earliest learners offer a 13% return on public investment because they improve children’s educational success, health outcomes, and long-term positive behavior. 52 STEP UP TO QUALITY HAS BEEN INDEPENDENTLY VALIDATED IN OHIO WITH THE FOLLOWING FINDINGS: 1. HIGHER QUALITY & BETTER OUTCOMES: There is a strong correlation between children scoring higher on Ohio’s Kindergarten Readiness Assessment and attendance at a 3-5 Star Rated program. 2. HIGHER RATINGS MEAN BETTER QUALITY: Programs that are Star Rated showed higher quality classroom practices compared to programs that are not Star Rated. 3. HIGHER ATTENDANCE MATTERS: Students who attended publicly funded child care programs over a longer period of time scored higher on average on the Kindergarten Readiness Assessment. SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care QUALITY MATTERS for Ohio kids, but WHO HAS ACCESS to high-quality learning environments? Table 2 2017 Statewide PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity Children in Unrated Programs Children in 1-2 Star Programs Children in 3-5 Star Programs Total # of 0-4 Age PFCC Children Black 26,326 8,347 5,387 40,060 White 11,949 5,630 4,112 21,691 Multirace/Other 4,316 1,686 1,085 7,087 Hispanic 2,349 834 655 3,838 ALL CHILDREN 44,940 16,497 11,239 72,676 Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 Percentages of PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity: unrated 1-2 stars 3-5 stars Chart 2 70% 65.7% unrated 60.9% unrated 55.1% 61.2% 61.8% unrated unrated unrated 40% 20.8% 1-2 stars 10% 13.4% 3-5 stars Black 26% 23.8% 1-2 stars 19% 3-5 stars White 1-2 stars 1-2 stars 21.7% 22.7% 15.3% 17.1% 15.5% 3-5 stars Multiracial or Other Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 3-5 stars Hispanic 1-2 stars 3-5 stars ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 53 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care BLACK CHILDREN ACCOUNT FOR OVER HALF OF THE PFCC POPULATION. YET: Black children are more likely to be in an unrated setting and less likely to be in a high-quality learning environment than their white peers. WHAT FACTORS MAY BE IMPACTING THIS GAP IN OPPORTUNITY? MOST KIDS Reflections ACCESSING PFCC ARE IN UNRATED CHILD CARE PROGRAMS AS OF FY2017. 54 ONLY 15.5% OF ALL CHILDREN ACCESSING PFCC ARE IN HIGH-QUALITY SETTINGS PROVEN TO IMPROVE CHILD OUTCOMES. WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO SERVING CHILDREN IN HIGH-QUALITY SETTINGS? SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Appalachian Region 2017 Region PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity Children in Unrated Programs Children in 1-2 Star Programs Children in 3-5 Star Programs Total # of 0-4 Age PFCC Children Black 952 462 266 1,680 White 2,781 1,486 663 4,930 Multirace/Other 375 267 98 740 Hispanic* 132 116 55 303 ALL CHILDREN 4,108 2,215 1,027 7,350 *Note: Hispanic child counts represent the subset of students of any race that are Hispanic. These students are already included in the “All Children” total figure. Appalachian Region Percentages of PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity: unrated 1-2 stars 3-5 stars 60% 56.7% unrated 55.9% 56.4% unrated unrated 50.7% unrated 40% 43.6% unrated 27.5% 36.1% 1-2 stars 30.1% 38.3% 1-2 stars 30.1% 1-2 stars 1-2 stars 1-2 stars 10% 15.8% 3-5 stars Black 13.4% 13.2% 3-5 stars 3-5 stars 3-5 stars White 18.2% Multiracial or Other Hispanic 14% 3-5 stars ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 55 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Cuyahoga County 2017 County PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity Children in Unrated Programs Children in 1-2 Star Programs Children in 3-5 Star Programs Total # of 0-4 Age PFCC Children Black 6,286 2,404 1,446 10,136 White 1,079 273 341 1,693 Multirace/Other 538 150 158 846 Hispanic* 503 153 136 792 ALL CHILDREN 7,903 2,827 1,945 12,675 *Note: Hispanic child counts represent the subset of students of any race that are Hispanic. These students are already included in the “All Children” total figure. Cuyahoga County Percentages of PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity: unrated 1-2 stars 3-5 stars 70% 62% unrated 63.7% 63.6% unrated unrated 63.5% unrated 62.4% unrated 40% 23.7% 1-2 stars 10% 14.3% 3-5 stars Black 20.1% 18.7% 19.3% 22.3% 3-5 stars 1-2 stars 1-2 stars 16.1% 17.7% 17.2% 15.3% 3-5 stars 1-2 stars 1-2 stars White Multiracial or Other Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 56 3-5 stars Hispanic 3-5 stars ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Franklin County 2017 County PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity Children in Unrated Programs Children in 1-2 Star Programs Children in 3-5 Star Programs Total # of 0-4 Age PFCC Children Black 7,482 1,467 784 9,733 White 1,346 403 190 1,939 Multirace/Other 1,922 490 220 2,632 Hispanic* 862 253 106 1,221 ALL CHILDREN 10,750 2,360 1,194 14,304 *Note: Hispanic child counts represent the subset of students of any race that are Hispanic. These students are already included in the “All Children” total figure. Franklin County Percentages of PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity: unrated 1-2 stars 3-5 stars 90% 76.9% unrated 73% 75.2% unrated 70.6% 1-2 stars 18.6% 1-2 stars 16.5% 9.8% 8.4% 8.7% 8.3% 69.4% unrated unrated unrated 50% 10% 15.1% 1-2 stars 8.1% 3-5 stars Black 20.8% 1-2 stars 3-5 stars White 3-5 stars Multiracial or Other 20.7% 3-5 stars Hispanic 1-2 stars 3-5 stars ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 57 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Hamilton County 2017 County PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity Children in Unrated Programs Children in 1-2 Star Programs Children in 3-5 Star Programs Total # of 0-4 Age PFCC Children Black 5,747 1,666 605 8,018 White 720 469 208 1,397 Multirace/Other 552 222 106 880 Hispanic* 146 57 27 230 ALL CHILDREN 7,019 2,357 919 10,295 *Note: Hispanic child counts represent the subset of students of any race that are Hispanic. These students are already included in the “All Children” total figure. Hamilton County Percentages of PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity: unrated 1-2 stars 3-5 stars 80% 71.7% unrated 62.7% unrated 63.5% unrated 68.2% unrated 51.5% unrated 40% 33.6% 1-2 stars 25.2% 20.8% 1-2 stars 10% 7.5% 1-2 stars 12% 14.9% 3-5 stars 3-5 stars 24.8% 22.9% 11.7% 8.9% 1-2 stars 3-5 stars 3-5 stars Black White Multiracial or Other Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 58 Hispanic 1-2 stars 3-5 stars ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Montgomery County 2017 County PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity Children in Unrated Programs Children in 1-2 Star Programs Children in 3-5 Star Programs Total # of 0-4 Age PFCC Children Black 2,065 475 512 3,052 White 573 274 382 1,229 Multirace/Other 147 51 77 275 Hispanic* 47 26 31 104 ALL CHILDREN 2,785 800 971 4,556 *Note: Hispanic child counts represent the subset of students of any race that are Hispanic. These students are already included in the “All Children” total figure. Montgomery County Percentages of PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity: unrated 1-2 stars 3-5 stars 70% 67.7% unrated 61.1% unrated 53.5% unrated 46.6% 45.2% unrated 40% unrated 31.1% 28% 3-5 stars 16.8% 10% 3-5 stars 3-5 stars 22.3% 1-2 stars 18.5% 1-2 stars 15.6% 29.8% 3-5 stars 21.3% 3-5 stars 25% 1-2 stars 17.6% 1-2 stars 1-2 stars Black White Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 59 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care Summit County 2017 County PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity Children in Unrated Programs Children in 1-2 Star Programs Children in 3-5 Star Programs Total # of 0-4 Age PFCC Children Black 928 798 485 2,211 White 243 217 295 755 Multirace/Other 78 61 88 227 Hispanic* 5 11 14 30 ALL CHILDREN 1,249 1,076 868 3,193 *Note: Hispanic child counts represent the subset of students of any race that are Hispanic. These students are already included in the “All Children” total figure. Summit County Percentages of PFCC CHILDREN by PROGRAM QUALITY and Race & Ethnicity: unrated 1-2 stars 3-5 stars 50% 46.7% 3-5 stars 42% unrated 36.1% 30% 1-2 stars 39.1% 38.8% 3-5 stars 3-5 stars 32.2% 39.1% 36.7% 1-2 stars unrated 33.7% 1-2 stars unrated 28.7% 27.2% 34.4% 1-2 stars 3-5 stars unrated 16.7% 10% unrated 21.9% 3-5 stars 26.9% 1-2 stars Black White Multiracial or Other Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 60 Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care How does child care PROVIDER intersect with QUALITY CARE ? TYPE There are three types of settings licensed to provide child care in Ohio: TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME Care occurring at the residence of the administrator where 7-12 children are served at one time or 4-12 children at one time if 4 or more children at one time are under 2 years old. Care occurring at the residence of the administrator where 1-6 children are served at one time and no more than 3 children are under 2 years of age. Any place that provides care for 13 or more children at one time or any place CENTER that is not the residence of the administrator where care is provided for 7-12 children at one time. CHILD CARE The following pages of analysis show a breakdown of programs by: 1. Provider type (Center, Type A Home, Type B Home) 2. Quality level (1- to 5-star) 3. Race and ethnicity of the children they are serving. FY17 Statewide % of Children by Race in PFCC by PROVIDER TYPE TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER Total Black Children Total White Children Total Children 1,223 537 50 Hispanic Multirace/Other Total Children Total 0-4 Age Children in PFCC 154 1,914 83% CENTERS 5,974 2,648 547 874 9,986 32,863 18,506 3,241 6,059 57,528 3% TYPE A 14% TYPE B 8.4% 61 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Publicly Funded Child Care FY17 Regional % of Children IN PFCC BY PROVIDER TYPE TYPE TYPE A HOME CHILD CARE B CENTER HOME TOTAL PFCC Children Statewide 1,914 (3%) 9,986 (14%) 57,528 (83%) 69,428 Cuyahoga County 202(2%) 1,715 (13%) 10,758 (85%) 12,675 Franklin County 38 (.3%) 810 (5.7%) 13,456 (94%) 14,304 Hamilton County 556 (5%) 2,235 (22%) 7,504 (73%) 10,305 Montgomery County 86 (2%) 363 (8%) 4,107 (90%) 4,556 Summit County 90 (3%) 381 (12%) 2,722 (85%) 3,193 Appalachian Region 319 (4%) 1,801 (25%) 5,240 (71%) 7,360 Cuyahoga County Franklin County Hamilton County 2% TYPE A 85% CENTERS 94% 13% 0.3% CENTERS TYPE B TYPE A 22% TYPE B TYPE B Summit County TYPE A CENTERS 5.7% Montgomery County 5% 73% Appalachian Region 2% TYPE A 90% CENTERS 8% CENTERS TYPE B Reflections 3% TYPE A 85% 12% 4% TYPE A 71% CENTERS TYPE B 25% TYPE B HAMILTON COUNTY AND THE APPALACHIAN REGION ARE MORE RELIANT ON FAMILY HOME CHILD CARE (TYPE A AND B HOMES) THAN OTHER COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE SYSTEM. OTHER COMMUNITIES INCLUDING FRANKLIN COUNTY ARE EVEN MORE DEPENDENT THAN THE STATE AS A WHOLE ON CENTER BASED CARE. WHAT CHALLENGES OR ASSETS DOES THIS BRING WHEN BUILDING 62 CAPACITY FOR QUALITY CARE IN THESE COMMUNITIES? SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO RICHLAND VAN WERT MEDINA AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Black Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN PORTAGE TUSCARAWAS HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY JEFFERSON SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 STATEWIDE BLACK CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Black Children Black Children Black Children in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 871 318 34 1,223 5,233 722 19 5,974 20,222 7,307 5,334 32,863 TOTAL 26,326 8,347 5,387 40,060 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 2.8% 0.3% 3-5 STARS 71.2% 3-5 STARS 87.6% 26% UNRATED 12.1% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS 3.1% Black Children TYPE A UNRATED Total # in Unrated Provider Black Children Served in Type A 61.5% 16.2% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 22.2% 1-2 STARS 14.9% Black Children Served in Type B 82% Black Children Served in Centers 63 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR RD FO HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY COLUMBIANA CARROLL GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI White Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN PORTAGE JEFFERSON VAN WERT MEDINA RICHLAND HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 STATEWIDE WHITE CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level White Children White Children White Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 373 132 32 537 B 2,245 387 16 2,648 CHILD CARE 9,331 5,111 4,064 18,506 5,630 4,112 21,691 TYPE A HOME TYPE White Children HOME CENTER TOTAL 11,949 TYPE TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0.6% 6% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 69.5% UNRATED 84.8% 24.6% UNRATED 14.6% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS 2.5% White Children Served inType A 64 50.4% 22% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 27.6% 1-2 STARS 12.2% White Children Served inType B 85.3% White Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO RICHLAND VAN WERT MEDINA AW CR HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Hispanic Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN PORTAGE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY JEFFERSON HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 STATEWIDE HISPANIC CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Hispanic Children Hispanic Children in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 42 6 2 50 475 69 3 547 1,832 759 650 3,241 TOTAL 2,349 834 655 3,838 A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Hispanic Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0.5% 4% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS UNRATED Total # in 1-2 Star Provider TYPE 84% Hispanic Children in Unrated Provider 12% 1-2 STARS 86.8% UNRATED 12.6% 1-2 STARS 56.5% 20.1% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 23.4% 1-2 STARS 1.3% Hispanic Children Served in Type A 14.3% Hispanic Children Served in Type B 84.4% Hispanic Children Served in Centers 65 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR RD FO HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Multirace Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN PORTAGE JEFFERSON VAN WERT MEDINA RICHLAND HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 STATEWIDE MULTIRACIAL/OTHER CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Multirace Children Multirace Children in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 87 58 9 154 763 107 4 874 3,466 1,521 1,072 6,059 TOTAL 4,316 1,686 1,085 7,087 A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0.5% 5.8% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 56.5% 87.3% 37.7% UNRATED 12.2% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS Multirace Children Served in Type A 66 Multirace Children TYPE A 2.2% Total # in 1-2 Star Provider TYPE UNRATED Multirace Children in Unrated Provider 17.7% 3-5 STARS 57.2% UNRATED 25.1% 1-2 STARS 12.3% Multirace Children Served in Type B 85.5% Multirace Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 WHY Reflections DO CENTERS SEEM TO BE AT AN ADVANTAGE WHEN IT COMES TO BECOMING HIGHLY-RATED,OR RATED AT ALL, AS COMPARED TO HOME CHILD CARE PROVIDERS? WHY ARE CHILDREN OF COLOR MORE LIKELY TO BE IN FAMILY HOME CARE PROVIDERS THAN WHITE CHILDREN? 67 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO RICHLAND VAN WERT MEDINA AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX COLUMBIANA CARROLL Cuyahoga County SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Black Children by Provider Type & Quality Level PORTAGE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY JEFFERSON HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 CUYAHOGA COUNTY BLACK CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Black Children Black Children Black Children in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 108 61 10 179 1,182 282 13 1,477 4,996 2,061 1,423 8,480 TOTAL 6,286 2,404 1,446 10,136 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 5.6% 0.9% 3-5 STARS 60.3% 3-5 STARS 80% UNRATED UNRATED 34.1% 19.1% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS Black Children Served in Type A 68 Black Children TYPE A 1.8% Total # in Unrated Provider 14.6% Black Children Served inType B 16.8% 58.9% UNRATED 3-5 STARS 24.3% 1-2 STARS 83.7% Black Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO RICHLAND VAN WERT MEDINA AW CR HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX COLUMBIANA CARROLL Cuyahoga County SHELBY DARKE Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI White Children by Provider Type & Quality Level PORTAGE TUSCARAWAS HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING JEFFERSON SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 CUYAHOGA COUNTY WHITE CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level White Children TYPE A HOME TYPE B White Children White Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 7 3 3 13 82 36 1 119 990 234 337 1,561 273 341 1,693 White Children HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TOTAL 1,079 TYPE TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0.8% 3-5 STARS 23.1% 53.8% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 68.9% UNRATED 23.1% 63.4% 30.3% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS 0.8% White Children Served inType A 7% White Children Served inType B UNRATED 21.6% 3-5 STARS 15% 1-2 STARS White Children Served in Centers 92.2% 69 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO RICHLAND VAN WERT MEDINA ASHLAND HANCOCK AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX COLUMBIANA CARROLL Cuyahoga County SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Hispanic Children by Provider Type & Quality Level PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 CUYAHOGA COUNTY HISPANIC CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Hispanic Children Hispanic Children in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 7 1 0 8 99 36 3 138 397 116 133 646 TOTAL 503 153 136 792 A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE CENTER HOME 0% 2.2% 3-5 STARS 12.5% 1-2 STARS Hispanic Children Served in Type A 70 CHILD CARE B HOME 1% Hispanic Children TYPE A UNRATED Total # in 1-2 Star Provider TYPE 87.5% Hispanic Children in Unrated Provider 3-5 STARS 71.7% UNRATED 61.5% 26.1% 1-2 STARS 17.4% Hispanic Children Served in Type B UNRATED 20.6% 3-5 STARS 18% 1-2 STARS 81.6% Hispanic Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR RD FO HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX COLUMBIANA CARROLL Cuyahoga County SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Multirace Children by Provider Type & Quality Level PORTAGE TUSCARAWAS VAN WERT MEDINA RICHLAND HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING JEFFERSON SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 CUYAHOGA MULTIRACIAL/OTHER CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Multirace Children Multirace Children Multirace Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 6 2 2 10 88 29 2 119 444 119 154 717 TOTAL 538 150 158 846 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Multirace Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 1.7% 3-5 STARS 20% 60% UNRATED 3-5 STARS 20% 1-2 STARS 1.2% Multirace Children Served in Type A 21.5% 73.9% UNRATED 61.9% 24.4% 1-2 STARS 14.1% Multirace Children Served in Type B UNRATED 3-5 STARS 16.6% 1-2 STARS 84.8% Multirace Children Served in Centers 71 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT AW CR RD FO HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN Y ER PREBLE T ON CARROLL M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MIAMI Black Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA Franklin County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 FRANKLIN COUNTY BLACK CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Black Children Black Children Black Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 5 16 0 21 446 96 0 542 7,031 1,355 784 9,170 TOTAL 7,482 1,467 784 9,733 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Black Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 8.5% 23.8% UNRATED 82.3% 76.2% UNRATED 1-2 STARS 0.2% Black Children Served in Type A 72 76.7% 17.7% 1-2 STARS 5.6% Black Children Served inType B UNRATED 3-5 STARS 14.8% 1-2 STARS Black Children Served in Centers 94.2% SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER ASHLAND HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON CARROLL M HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT K US NOBLE FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI White Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA Franklin County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE PERRY JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 FRANKLIN COUNTY WHITE CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level White Children White Children White Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 6 1 0 7 64 11 0 75 1,276 391 190 1,857 TOTAL 1,346 403 190 1,939 TYPE A HOME TYPE B White Children HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE TYPE A HOME 0% 3-5 STARS 85.7% 3-5 STARS 85.3% 14.3% UNRATED 1-2 STARS 0.4% CENTER HOME 0% UNRATED CHILD CARE B White Children Served inType A 68.7% 14.7% 1-2 STARS 3.9% White Children Served inType B 10.2% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 21.1% 1-2 STARS White Children Served in Centers 95.8% 73 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT AW CR RD FO HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN Y ER PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MIAMI Hispanic Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA CARROLL Franklin County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 FRANKLIN COUNTY HISPANIC CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Hispanic Children Hispanic Children Hispanic Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 10 0 0 10 117 7 0 124 735 246 106 1,087 TOTAL 862 253 106 1,221 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Hispanic Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 100% 3-5 STARS 94.4% UNRATED 67.6% UNRATED UNRATED 5.6% 1-2 STARS 9.8% 3-5 STARS 22.6% 1-2 STARS 0% 1-2 STARS 0.8% Hispanic Children Served in Type A 74 10.2% Hispanic Children Served in Type B 89% Hispanic Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM CARROLL BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Multirace Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA Franklin County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 FRANKLIN MULTIRACIAL/OTHER CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Multirace Children Multirace Children Multirace Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 6 4 0 10 161 32 0 193 1,755 454 220 2,429 TOTAL 1,922 490 220 2,632 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Multirace Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 9.1% 60% 83.4% UNRATED UNRATED 72.3% 16.6% 1-2 STARS 40% UNRATED 3-5 STARS 18.7% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS 0.4% Multirace Children Served in Type A 7.3% Multirace Children Served in Type B 92.3% Multirace Children Served in Centers 75 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER ASHLAND HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON CARROLL M HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT K US NOBLE FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Black Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA Hamilton County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE PERRY JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 HAMILTON COUNTY BLACK CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Black Children Black Children Black Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 436 55 6 497 1,885 97 0 1,982 3,426 1,514 599 5,539 TOTAL 5,747 1,666 605 8,018 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Black Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 1.2% 0% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 10.8% 87.7% UNRATED 11.1% 1-2 STARS 95.1% 61.9% UNRATED UNRATED 4.9% 1-2 STARS 6.2% Black Children Served in Type A 76 3-5 STARS 24.7% Black Children Served inType B 27.3% 1-2 STARS 69.1% Black Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON CARROLL M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI White Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA Hamilton County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE MAHONING ASHLAND HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 HAMILTON COUNTY WHITE CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level White Children White Children White Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC A 24 1 1 26 TYPE 99 5 0 104 597 463 207 1,267 TOTAL 720 469 208 1,397 TYPE HOME B White Children HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 3-5 STARS 3.8% 3-5 STARS 92.3% UNRATED 3.8% 1-2 STARS 95.2% UNRATED 47.1% 4.8% 1-2 STARS UNRATED 16.3% 3-5 STARS 36.5% 1-2 STARS 1.9% White Children Served inType A 7.4% White Children Served inType B White Children Served in Centers 90.7% 77 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Hispanic Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA CARROLL Hamilton County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS VINTON CLERMONT HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 HAMILTON COUNTY HISPANIC CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Hispanic Children Hispanic Children Hispanic Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 5 0 1 6 24 1 0 25 117 56 26 199 TOTAL 146 57 27 230 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Hispanic Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 3-5 STARS 83.3% 16.7% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 96% 58.8% UNRATED 13.1% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 4% 1-2 STARS 28.1% 1-2 STARS 0% 1-2 STARS 2.6% Hispanic Children Served in Type A 78 10.9% Hispanic Children Served in Type B 86.5% Hispanic Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Multirace Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA CARROLL Hamilton County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS VINTON CLERMONT HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 HAMILTON MULTIRACIAL/OTHER CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Multirace Children Multirace Children Multirace Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 25 2 6 33 139 10 0 149 388 210 100 698 TOTAL 552 222 106 880 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Multirace Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 3-5 STARS 75.8% 18.2% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 93.3% UNRATED 6.1% 6.7% 1-2 STARS 55.6% UNRATED 14.3% 3-5 STARS 30.1% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS 3.8% Multirace Children Served in Type A 16.9% Multirace Children Served in Type B 79.3% Multirace Children Served in Centers 79 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT AW CR RD FO HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER PORTAGE COLUMBIANA CARROLL JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE Montgomery County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Black Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 MONTGOMERY COUNTY BLACK CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Black Children Black Children Black Children in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 50 34 0 84 278 39 1 318 1,737 402 511 2,650 TOTAL 2,065 475 512 3,052 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0.3% 3-5 STARS 59.5% 40.5% Black Children Served in Type A 80 3-5 STARS 87.4% 1-2 STARS 2.8% Black Children TYPE A UNRATED Total # in Unrated Provider UNRATED 12.3% 1-2 STARS 10.4% Black Children Served inType B 19.3% 65.5% UNRATED 3-5 STARS 15.2% 1-2 STARS 86.8% Black Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER PORTAGE COLUMBIANA CARROLL JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE Montgomery County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI White Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 MONTGOMERY COUNTY WHITE CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level White Children White Children White Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 1 0 0 1 38 0 0 38 534 274 382 1,190 TOTAL 573 274 382 1,229 TYPE A HOME TYPE B White Children HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 100% 3-5 STARS 100% UNRATED 44.9% UNRATED 32.1% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 23% 1-2 STARS 0% 0% 1-2 STARS 0.1% White Children Served inType A 1-2 STARS 3.1% White Children Served inType B White Children Served in Centers 96.8% 81 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT AW CR RD FO HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE STARK HOLMES MERCER COLUMBIANA CARROLL JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE Montgomery County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Hispanic Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS VINTON CLERMONT HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 MONTGOMERY COUNTY HISPANIC CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Hispanic Children Hispanic Children Hispanic Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 46 26 31 103 TOTAL 47 26 31 104 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Hispanic Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 0% 3-5 STARS 100% UNRATED 30.1% 44.7% UNRATED 3-5 STARS UNRATED 25.2% 1-2 STARS 0% 0% 1-2 STARS 0% Hispanic Children Served in Type A 82 1-2 STARS 1% Hispanic Children Served in Type B Hispanic Children Served in Centers 99% SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER PORTAGE COLUMBIANA CARROLL JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE Montgomery County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Multirace Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS VINTON CLERMONT HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 MONTGOMERY MULTIRACIAL/OTHER CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Multirace Children Multirace Children Multirace Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 1 0 0 1 7 0 0 7 139 51 77 267 TOTAL 147 51 77 275 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Multirace Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 100% 3-5 STARS 100% UNRATED 52.1% UNRATED UNRATED 28.8% 3-5 STARS 19.1% 1-2 STARS 0% 0% 1-2 STARS 0.4% Multirace Children Served in Type A 1-2 STARS 2.5% Multirace Children Served in Type B 97.1% Multirace Children Served in Centers 83 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Black Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA CARROLL Summit County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 SUMMIT COUNTY BLACK CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Black Children Black Children Black Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 60 19 0 79 267 60 0 327 601 719 485 1,805 TOTAL 928 798 485 2,211 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Black Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 26.9% 3-5 STARS 75.9% 81.7% UNRATED UNRATED 24.1% 1-2 STARS 3.6% Black Children Served in Type A 84 33.3% UNRATED 18.3% 1-2 STARS 14.8% Black Children Served inType B 39.8% 1-2 STARS 81.6% Black Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON CARROLL M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI White Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA Summit County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 SUMMIT COUNTY WHITE CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level White Children White Children White Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 3 1 0 4 26 3 0 29 214 213 295 722 TOTAL 243 217 295 755 TYPE A HOME TYPE B White Children HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE TYPE A HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 75% 3-5 STARS 89.7% UNRATED White Children Served inType A 3-5 STARS UNRATED 10.3% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS 40.9% 29.6% UNRATED 25% 0.5% CHILD CARE B 29.5% 1-2 STARS 3.8% White Children Served inType B White Children Served in Centers 95.6% 85 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Hispanic Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA CARROLL Summit County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 SUMMIT COUNTY HISPANIC CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Hispanic Children Hispanic Children Hispanic Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 11 14 29 TOTAL 5 11 14 30 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Hispanic Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 100% 3-5 STARS 48.3% 3-5 STARS 0% UNRATED UNRATED 13.8% UNRATED 37.9% 0% 0% 1-2 STARS 3.3% Hispanic Children Served in Type A 86 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS 0% Hispanic Children Served in Type B 96.7% Hispanic Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Multirace Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COLUMBIANA CARROLL Summit County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 SUMMIT COUNTY MULTIRACIAL/OTHER CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Multirace Children Multirace Children Multirace Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 1 6 0 7 25 0 0 25 52 55 88 195 TOTAL 78 61 88 227 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Multirace Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 100% 14.3% 26.7% UNRATED UNRATED 45.1% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 85.7% 1-2 STARS 28.2% 0% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS 3.1% Multirace Children Served in Type A 11% Multirace Children Served in Type B 85.9% Multirace Children Served in Centers 87 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT CR FO AW RD HARDIN WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE MAHONING ASHLAND HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG PREBLE ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Black Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT BELMONT K US NOBLE NOBLE PERRY HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ATHENS ROSS VINTON CLERMONT HAMILTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE FY17 APPALACHIAN REGION BLACK CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Black Children Black Children Total # in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 20 8 1 29 431 49 2 482 501 405 263 1,169 TOTAL 952 462 266 1,680 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Black Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 3.4% 0.4% 3-5 STARS 69% UNRATED Black Children in Unrated Provider 3-5 STARS 89.4% 27.6% UNRATED 10.2% 1-2 STARS 42.9% UNRATED 22.5% 3-5 STARS 1-2 STARS 34.6% 1-2 STARS 1.7% Black Children Served in Type A 88 28.7% Black Children Served inType B 69.6% Black Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE FO WYANDOT CR RD AW HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG PREBLE ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI White Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT BELMONT K US NOBLE NOBLE PERRY HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE FY17 APPALACHIAN REGION WHITE CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level White Children White Children White Children Total # in Unrated Provider in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC A 179 67 10 256 TYPE 950 170 3 1,123 1,652 1,249 650 3,551 TOTAL 2,781 1,486 663 4,930 TYPE HOME B White Children HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE TYPE A HOME 0.3% 3-5 STARS UNRATED CENTER HOME 3.9% 69.9% CHILD CARE B 26.2% 1-2 STARS 3-5 STARS 84.6% UNRATED 15.1% 1-2 STARS 46.5% UNRATED 18.3% 3-5 STARS 35.2% 1-2 STARS 5.2% White Children Served inType A 22.8% White Children Served inType B 72% White Children Served in Centers 89 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT CR FO AW RD HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG PREBLE ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Hispanic Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN BELMONT BELMONT K US NOBLE NOBLE PERRY JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ATHENS ROSS VINTON CLERMONT HAMILTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE FY17 APPALACHIAN REGION HISPANIC CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Hispanic Children Hispanic Children TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER Hispanic Children in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 2 2 0 4 60 12 0 72 70 102 55 227 116 55 303 TOTAL 132 TYPE CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 0% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 83.3% 50% UNRATED UNRATED 50% Hispanic Children Served in Type A 24.2% 3-5 STARS 16.7% 1-2 STARS 30.7% UNRATED 44.9% 1-2 STARS 90 Hispanic Children TYPE A 1.3% Total # in Unrated Provider 1-2 STARS 23.8% Hispanic Children Served in Type B 74.9% Hispanic Children Served in Centers SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE FO WYANDOT CR RD AW HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG PREBLE ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI Multirace Children by Provider Type & Quality Level COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE BELMONT BELMONT K US NOBLE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN SCIOTO ADAMS GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE FY17 APPALACHIAN REGION MULTIRACIAL/OTHER CHILDREN Enrolled in PFCC by Provider Type & Quality Level Multirace Children Multirace Children Multirace Children in 1-2 Star Provider in 3-5 Star Provider in PFCC 9 15 0 24 170 23 3 196 196 229 95 520 TOTAL 375 267 98 740 TYPE A HOME TYPE B HOME CHILD CARE CENTER TYPE Multirace Children TYPE A CHILD CARE B HOME CENTER HOME 0% 1.5% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 86.7% 37.5% UNRATED UNRATED 11.7% 1-2 STARS 62.5% Multirace Children Served in Type A 18.3% 37.7% 3-5 STARS UNRATED 44% 1-2 STARS 3.2% Total # in Unrated Provider 1-2 STARS 26.5% Multirace Children Served in Type B 70.3% Multirace Children Served in Centers 91 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to PFCC DO BABIES CARRY A BIGGER BURDEN? THE YOUNGER THE CHILD IS, THE LESS LIKELY THEY ARE ACCESSING PUBLICLY FUNDED CHILD CARE. FY17 STATEWIDE PFCC CHILDREN Enrolled BY AGE & Quality Level # Children in Unrated Programs # Children in 1-2 Star Programs # Children in 3-5 Star Programs Total # Infants: 8,206 2,855 1,639 12,700 Toddlers: 13,096 4,807 3,061 20,964 Pre-school: 23,638 8,835 6,539 39,012 16,497 11,239 72,676 Reflections ALL 0-4 AGE: 44,940 92 0-4 Age Children in PFCC WHAT OTHER INFORMATION DO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHY BABIES ARE NOT ACCESSING THIS SYSTEM AT THE SAME RATE AS OLDER CHILDREN? SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to PFCC Ohio Infants Ohio Toddlers 12.9% 14.6% 3-5 STARS 3-5 STARS 64.6% UNRATED 62.5% UNRATED 22.5% 22.9% 1-2 STARS 1-2 STARS Ohio Pre-schoolers ALL 0-4 Ohio Children 16.8% 15.5% 3-5 STARS 60.6% UNRATED 61.8% UNRATED 22.6% 1-2 STARS Reflections 3-5 STARS 22.7% 1-2 STARS WHILE FEWER INFANTS ARE ACCESSING PFCC COMPARED TO OLDER CHILDREN, THEY ARE ALSO LESS LIKELY TO BE IN A HIGH-QUALITY PROGRAM. WHY? 93 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Head Start Head Start is a federally funded program that supports young children’s growth and development in a positive learning environment through a variety of services and models based upon the needs of the local community. ESTABLISHED SERVES AS A PRESCHOOL PROGRAM. PREDOMINANTLY. 50 YEARS AGO The program supports a child’s early learning, health and family well-being. Eligibility for Head Start is 100% of federal poverty level (FPL), however, programs may enroll up to an additional 35% of children from families between 100% and 130% FPL and up to 10% of children that are above 130% FPL that demonstrate need in other ways. Head Start plays a key role in providing quality early childhood opportunities in Ohio. Children who participate in Head Start have innumerable benefits both immediately and throughout their life course from school readiness to postsecondary attainment. The impact is stronger among certain at-risk subgroups of poor children—including Hispanic children, African-American children, dual language learners, and children who are homeless or are in foster care. 3&4 YEAR OLDS The IMPACT of Head Start during the CRITICAL YEARS of a child’s development is stronger among AT-RISK subgroups of POOR CHILDREN. The Head Start Impact Study found that children in the program scored better than a control group in all measured domains of cognitive and social-emotional development. Further, Head Start children were more likely to be immunized, receive dental checkups, have healthy eating patterns and have a significantly healthier body mass index. 94 SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Head Start STATEWIDE FY17 Percentage of Head Start Children Served by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Head Start Children* Est. # of 3-4 Age <=130% FPL % of Eligible 3-4 Age in Head Start Black 12,167 28,484 42.7% White 15,494 45,881 33.8% Asian 489 757 64.6% Multirace/Other 3,409 11,518 29.6% Hispanic 3,310 8,623 38.4% ALL CHILDREN 34,869 95,264 36.6% *All children in the statewide and community analysis to follow include 1,552 2-year olds and 610 5-year olds. This analysis compares the total number of children to eligible children ages 3 and 4 because 94% of children served in the program are 3 or 4 years old. 90% 65% 50% 43% 34% 30% 38% 37% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 95 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Head Start Cuyahoga County FY17 Percentage of Head Start Children Served by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Head Start Children Est. # of 3-4 Age <=130% FPL % of Eligible 3-4 Age in Head Start Black 3,031 6,871 44.1% White 301 2,062 14.6% Asian 54 93 57.9% Multirace/Other 342 1,228 27.9% Hispanic 228 1,235 18.5% ALL CHILDREN 3,956 11,489 34.4% Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services 90% 58% 50% 44% 28% 15% 10% Black 96 White Asian Multiracial or Other 34% 19% Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Head Start Franklin County FY17 Percentage of Head Start Children Served by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Head Start Children Est. # of 3-4 Age <=130% FPL % of Eligible 3-4 Age in Head Start Black 1,934 6,217 31.1% White 739 2,965 24.9% Asian 180 223 80.6% Multirace/Other 307 1,489 20.6% Hispanic 550 1,601 34.4% ALL CHILDREN 3,710 12,495 29.7% Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services 90% 81% 50% 31% 34% 25% 21% 30% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 97 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Head Start Hamilton County FY17 Percentage of Head Start Children Served by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Head Start Children Est. # of 3-4 Age <=130% FPL % of Eligible 3-4 Age in Head Start Black 1,807 4,478 40.4% White 436 1,986 21.9% Multirace/Other* 272 874 31.1% Hispanic 355 642 55.3% ALL CHILDREN 2,870 7,980 36.0% *Note: Due to a data anomaly with the number of Asian children in Head Start, Asian children were combined with multiracial and other children for the purposes of the Hamilton County analysis. 90% 55% 50% 40% 36% 31% 22% 10% Black 98 White Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Head Start Montgomery County FY17 Percentage of Head Start Children Served by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Head Start Children Est. # of 3-4 Age <=130% FPL % of Eligible 3-4 Age in Head Start Black 1,364 2,376 57.4% White 978 2,091 46.8% Asian 7 53 13.3% Multirace/Other 261 825 31.7% Hispanic 210 384 54.7% ALL CHILDREN 2,820 5,729 49.2% Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services 90% 50% 57% 55% 47% 49% 32% 13% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 99 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Head Start Summit County FY17 Percentage of Head Start Children Served by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Head Start Children Est. # of 3-4 Age <=130% FPL % of Eligible 3-4 Age in Head Start Black 702 1,566 44.8% White 378 1,446 26.1% Asian 60 85 70.3% Multirace/Other 175 443 39.5% Hispanic 48 177 27.2% ALL CHILDREN 1,363 3,717 36.7% Data Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services 90% 70% 37% 50% 45% 40% 27% 26% 10% Black 100 White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Head Start Appalachian Region FY17 Percentage of Head Start Children Served by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Head Start Children Est. # of 3-4 Age <=130% FPL % of Eligible 3-4 Age in Head Start Black 1431 1,816 78.8% White 7947 13,030 61.0% Multirace/Other* 1043 1,635 63.8% Hispanic 607 839 72.4% ALL CHILDREN 11,028 17,320 63.7% *Note: Due to small numbers, Asian children have been combined with Multiracial and other children for the Appalachian Region 90% 79% 61% 64% 72% 64% 50% 10% Black White Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 101 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Head Start HEAD START’S REACH IS GREATER IN SOME COMMUNITIES THAN OTHERS. Reflections Head Start is particularly critical for 3 and 4 year olds in the Appalachian Region with the program serving 63.7% of all eligible 3 and 4 year olds at 130% FPL. This Ohio region is similar to other rural areas across the nation. 102 WITHOUT HEAD START, RURAL CHILDREN WOULD NOT HAVE ACCESS TO QUALITY EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAMS, PARTICULARLY CENTER-BASED CHILD CARE CENTERS. HOW HAS THIS FEDERALLY FUNDED PROGRAM FILLED IN WHERE STATE SUPPLY OF CHILD CARE HAS NOT DELIVERED? SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Preschool The Ohio Department of Education (ODE) provides publicly funded preschool services for typically developing children through the Early Childhood Education (ECE) grant program. ODE awards a set of early childhood grants to qualified providers in school and private child care settings. Qualified providers must be highly rated (3-5 stars) under Step Up to Quality, Ohio’s quality rating and improvement system. These grants can fund preschool slots for children in families that are at or below 200% of the federal poverty level (FPL). Children who participate in the ECE program receive a high-quality preschool experience for 12.5 hours per week. Children in high-quality preschool, like other high-quality early childhood programs, reap immediate and longterm benefits throughout their life. They are more likely to demonstrate kindergarten readiness, less likely to be held back and more likely to graduate from high school. They are also more likely to find and hold living-wage jobs, more likely to be in good health and less likely to be involved in criminal behavior. The economics behind these benefits supports the case for highquality preschool with a $9.20 return on investment through age 40 for every public dollar invested. Children who have ACCESS to preschool RECEIVE a HIGH-QUALITY exprience for 12.5 HOURS per week. $9.20 ROI 8.4% THROUGH AGE 40 FOR EVERY $1 INVESTED IN PRESCHOOL 103 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Preschool FY17 ODE Early Childhood Education (ECE) Slots by Region for 3-4 Year Olds Table 1 Region # of ODE ECE Slots Total # of 3-4 Age Under 200% FPL Cuyahoga County 1,628 14,848 Franklin County 1,639 17,129 Hamilton County 1,037 10,383 Montgomery County 900 7,606 Summit County 641 5,259 Appalachian Region 4,982 24,400 STATEWIDE 18,387 132,443 Chart 1 Percent of Eligible Children Served by Early Childhood Education Slots Cuyahoga County Franklin County 11% Montgomery County Reflections 11.8% Hamilton Region 9.6% Summit County 12.2% 10% Appalachian Region 20.4% STATEWIDE 13.9% COMPARED TO OTHER HIGH-QUALITY EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAMS SUCH AS PUBLICLY FUNDED CHILD CARE AND HEAD START, THE ECE PROGRAM IS SERVING RELATIVELY FEWER CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, THE 12.5 HOUR WEEKLY EXPERIENCE OFTEN MUST BE SUPPLEMENTED BY ADDITIONAL CHILD CARE SERVICES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF WORKING FAMILIES. IF A CHILD FALLS BETWEEN 130 AND 200% FPL, THUS QUALIFYING FOR ECE PRESCHOOL BUT NOT PFCC OR HEAD START, WHAT CHALLENGES MAY THEIR FAMILY FACE IN UTILIZING THE PROGRAM? 104 SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Preschool The second publicly funded preschool program provided by the Ohio Department of Education is special education preschool. Children age 3-5 with disabilities are eligible for special education preschool services through Ohio’s K-12 school districts and Education Service Centers. ODE’s special education preschool services are open to all children with disabilities and there is no income eligibility criteria. Table 2 FY17 Number of Children Served By ODE ECE & Special Education Preschool by Region Total # of Preschool Children Served by ODE Region # of ODE ECE Slots # of Preschool 1,628 Special Ed Children 1,858 Franklin County 1,639 2,163 3,802 Hamilton County 1,037 809 1,846 Montgomery County 900 989 1,889 Summit County 641 717 1,358 Appalachian Region 4,982 3,449 8,431 STATEWIDE 18,387 20,600 38,987 Cuyahoga County 3,486 The following tables provides a summary of the number and percentage of ODE preschool children who are economically disadvantaged. The ODE “economically disadvantaged” student meets any of the following conditions: 1. Students who are known to be eligible to receive free or reduced-price lunches—a program through the United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A) National School Lunch Program. The Federal eligibility criteria for free and reduced-price lunch is 185% FPL. 2. Students who have not submitted an application for free or reduced-price lunch or who have not been directly certified as eligible but reside in a household in which a member is known to be eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. 3. Students who are known to be recipients of or whose guardians are known to be recipients of public assistance. 4. Students whose parents or guardians have completed a Title I student income form and meet the income guidelines specified. Also, some districts have opted for the federal Community Eligibility Program (CEP) that enables eligible school districts to identify all or nearly all of their students as disadvantaged in order to remove the stigma associated with identifying a need for school lunch and breakfast. Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, FY17 School Report Card 105 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Preschool Table 3 FY17 Number of ODE Preschool Children Served by Economic Status & Region # of ODE Preschool Children Region # of ODE Economically Disadvantaged 2,584 Total # of ODE Preschool Children Cuyahoga County NOT Disadvantaged 2,084 Franklin County 1,958 2,150 4,108 Hamilton County 894 1,596 2,490 Montgomery County 1,380 1,464 2,844 Summit County 307 711 1,018 Appalachian Region 2,367 4,252 6,619 STATEWIDE 20,053 17,886 37,939 4,668 Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, FY17 School Report Card Note: The total number of ODE Preschool Children reflected here is lower than the number reflected in Table 2 because different data sets were utilized to gather economic status information and not all children are coded as either disadvantaged or not disadvantaged. Chart 2 FY17 Percentage of ODE Preschool Children that are Economically Disadvantaged by Region 90% 69.8% 64.1% 50% 55.4% 52.3% 64.2% 51.5% 47.1% 10% Cuyahoga Franklin Data Source: Ohio Department of Health 106 Hamilton Montgomery Summit Appalachia STATEWIDE SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Preschool FY17 Number of Preschool Children Served by ODE by Race and Region Table 4 # White Preschool Children # Hispanic # Multirace/Other # Asian Region # Black Preschool Children Children Preschool Children Preschool Children Total # Preschool Children Cuyahoga 1,904 Franklin 1,209 2,125 208 89 129 4,455 1,966 421 256 161 Hamilton 4,013 990 1,039 163 125 92 2,409 Montgomery 855 1,673 46 70 79 2,723 Summit 252 582 24 43 56 957 Appalachia 436 5,626 132 188 0 6,382 STATEWIDE 7,042 25,579 1,614 1,456 666 36,357 Preschool Note: An accounting of the race of preschool children served by ODE in the ECE program only was not available for FY17 at the time of this report. Accordingly, race for preschool children was reported as an aggregate of both ECE and Special Education program participants. Table 4 and the following regional charts provide a summary of ODE Preschool children served by race for the state as a whole and the six communities selected for this analysis. FY17 ODE Percentage of Preschool Children Served by Race STATEWIDE 90% 70% 50% 10% 19% Black 4.4% White Hispanic 5.8% Multiracial or Other 107 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Preschool Cuyahoga County FY17 ODE Percentage of Preschool Children Served by Race 90% 50% 43% 48% 4.7% 10% Black Franklin County White Hispanic 4.9% Multiracial or Other FY17 ODE Percentage of Preschool Children Served by Race 90% 50% 49% 30% 10.5% 10% Black 108 White Hispanic 10.4% Multiracial or Other SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Preschool Hamilton County FY17 ODE Percentage of Preschool Children Served by Race 90% 50% 41% 43% 6.8% 10% Black Montgomery County White Hispanic 9% Multiracial or Other FY17 ODE Percentage of Preschool Children Served by Race 90% 61% 50% 31% 10% 1.7% Black White Hispanic 5.5% Multiracial or Other 109 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Preschool Summit County FY17 ODE Percentage of Preschool Children Served by Race 90% 61% 50% 26% 10% 2.5% Black Appalachian Region 90% White Hispanic 10.3% Multiracial or Other FY17 ODE Percentage of Preschool Children Served by Race 88% 50% 10% 7% Black 110 2.1% White Hispanic 2.9% Multiracial or Other SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Access to Early Childhood Experiences This summary combines the early childhood education experiences of children to determine how many 0-4 year olds are participating in the following early childhood programs in Ohio: 1. Publicly funded childcare (PFCC) 2. Head Start 3. Public preschool (Early Childhood Education grants and Special Education preschool) The analysis below provides an overview of the early childhood services discussed in earlier sections of this report—showing the number of children served and the percentage of children served relative to the total number of 0-4 year old children eligible for these services at 130% FPL. FY17 Children Age 0-4 Receiving PFCC, Head Start, and ODE Pre-K Early Childhood Services, by Region Region # Children 0-4 Age in PFCC* # Children # Children Receiving 0-4 Age PFCC & in Head Start** Head Start Est. ECE & Total # Children Served # Children 0-4 Age Less Than 130% FPL % Children 0-4 Age Served of Eligible Preschool 130% FPL*** Cuyahoga 12,675 3,956 Franklin 14,304 3,710 -1,084 -764 1,975 17,522 28,723 61.0% 1,580 18,830 31,329 Hamilton 10,295 2,870 60.1% -317 1,249 14,097 19,951 Montgomery 4,556 70.7% 2,820 -858 1,146 7,664 14,322 53.5% Summit Appalachia 3,193 1,363 0 543 5,099 9,293 54.9% 7,350 11,028 -187 3,142 21,333 43,299 STATEWIDE 49.3% 76,276 34,869 -3,709 13,135 120,571 238,159 50.6% Special Ed ECE *PFCC Child Care Children 0-4 includes some 5 year olds who may have been 4 years old at some point during FY17. Additionally, there are some families accessing PFCC above 130% FPL given Ohio’s two-tiered eligibility system (i.e. you continue to receive PFCC if you remain continuously eligible up until the point your income reaches 300% FPL). Only about 10% of the whole PFCC population of children (not just 0-4 year olds) who are utilizing PFCC are above 130% FPL. **Head Start Children 0-4 include 652 pregnant women, some of whom may have given birth during FY17, and 610 five year olds who may have been 4 years old at some point during FY17. ***Early Childhood Education grants (200% FPL eligibility) and Special Education Preschool Program (eligibility not based on income) participant numbers have been adjusted to reflect only those children in these programs at or below 130% FPL. Note: This analysis does not include utilization overlap between Head Start and ECE. This overlap is not known at the time of this report. The analysis also does not include utilization overlap between PFCC and ECE, however, there are an estimated 2,000 kids double-counted in PFCC and ECE which likely inflates the percentages accessing these programs by about 12%. 111 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Early Childhood Experiences OHIO ONLY OF CHILDREN AT OR BELOW 130% FPL HAVE ACCESS 50.6% TO AN EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE. Access does not equal quality. Our largest state-funded program serving the most children (PFCC) primarily serves children in unrated settings, so Ohio cannot ensure these children have access to the high-quality learning environments that are driving positive child outcomes. 80% FY17 % of 0-4 Year Olds Receiving PFCC, Head Start, and ODE Pre-K Early Childhood Services Relative the Number of Children Eligible, by Region 70.7% 61.0% 60.1% 53.5% 50% 54.9% 49.3% 50.6% 10% Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit Appalachia STATEWIDE Reflections Data Source: Ohio Department of Education 112 GIVEN THAT THE PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN ACCESSING EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN THE URBAN COMMUNITIES ANALYZED ABOVE ARE ALL HIGHER THAN THE STATE PERCENTAGE, WHAT MUST BE OCCURRING IN THE REMAINDER OF THE STATE THAT LOWERS THE STATEWIDE PERCENTAGE? HOW SHOULD OHIO CONSIDER HELPING CHILDREN AND FAMILIES ABOVE 130% FPL WHO DO NOT QUALIFY FOR STATE FUNDED EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAMS? SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Kindergarten Readiness One of the primary purposes of providing Ohio’s most at-risk children access to high-quality early childhood experiences is to prepare them for school. This is critically important because we know that a child's readiness to begin Kindergarten predicts their future success—including their ability to be proficient in reading by the third grade. The Ohio Kindergarten Readiness Assessment, among other uses, assesses children in public and community school kindergarten programs at the beginning of the school year. The assessment is based on Ohio’s Early Learning and Development standards and focuses on the following four areas of early learning: 1. Social Foundations—including social-emotional development, and learning approaches 2. Mathematics 3. Language and Literacy 4. Physical Well-Being and Motor Development Tables 1 and 2 and Chart 1 below provide a breakdown of the students across the state of Ohio by race and ethnicity who scored at the three different levels on the FY17 KRA: Demonstrating Readiness Approaching Readiness Emerging Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR FO RD HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT MEDINA ASHLAND HANCOCK VAN WERT STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM RICHLAND PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT IN K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON Kindergarten Readiness by Race COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY HENRY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWREN Table 1 CE FY17 Ohio Students DEMONSTRATING READINESS for Kindergarten by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness # Students 8.4% Emerging Readiness TOTALS Black 4,778 7,851 7,392 20,021 White 37,562 28,104 14,263 79,929 Asian 1,219 963 782 2,964 Multiracial 2,406 2,787 1,760 6,953 Hispanic 1,657 2,777 2,784 7,218 Other/Unknown 173 220 257 650 American Indian 41 54 41 136 ALL STUDENTS 47,836 42,756 27,279 117,871 Data Source: Ohio Department of Education School Report Cards “Download Data” webpage, State Data, State Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) data 113 2 Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR FO RD HARDIN MEDINA MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HANCOCK VAN WERT STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM ASHLAND PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT IN K US M NOBLE FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON Kindergarten Readiness by Race COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY HENRY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE RICHLAND SECTION PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWREN Table 2 Chart 1 50% CE FY17 % of Ohio Students DEMONSTRATING READINESS for Kindergarten by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students 8.4%% Students Approaching Emerging Readiness Readiness Black 23.9% 39.2% 36.9% White 47.0% 35.2% 17.8% Asian 41.1% 32.5% 26.4% Multiracial 34.6% 40.1% 25.3% Hispanic 23.0% 38.5% 38.6% Other/Unknown 26.6% 33.8% 39.5% American Indian 30.1% 39.7% 30.1% ALL STUDENTS 40.6% 36.3% 23.1% FY17 % of Ohio Students DEMONSTRATING READINESS for Kindergarten by Race & Ethnicity 47% 41% 41% 34% 25% 24% 23% 5% Black 114 White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON 2 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR FO RD HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT MEDINA ASHLAND HANCOCK VAN WERT STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM RICHLAND PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY CHAMPAIGN MIAMI CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT IN K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON Kindergarten Readiness by Economic Status COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE DARKE PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY HENRY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWREN CE OHIO CHILDREN 40% Reflections ONLY OF ENTER KINDERGARTEN READY TO LEARN. WHAT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO GET ALL CHILDREN READY FOR KINDERGARTEN? DOES THIS DIFFER FOR CHILDREN OF COLOR? HOW CAN WE SHARE THIS INFORMATION WITH FAMILIES? Table 3 FY17 Ohio Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS* Economic Status # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness # Students 8.4% Emerging Readiness TOTALS NOT Disadvantaged 30,810 17,229 6,002 54,041 Disadvantaged 16,853 25,307 21,020 63,180 Other/Unknown 173 220 257 650 ALL STUDENTS 47,836 42,756 27,279 117,871 Data Source: Ohio Department of Education School Report Cards “Download Data” webpage, State Data, State Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) data *The definition of economically disadvantaged is clarified in the Sources & Definitions section at the end of this report. 115 2 Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR FO RD MEDINA ASHLAND HANCOCK VAN WERT STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT IN K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON Kindergarten Readiness by Economic Status COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE RICHLAND SECTION NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWREN Table 4 CE FY17 % Ohio Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students8.4%% Students Approaching Emerging Readiness Readiness NOT Disadvantaged 57.0% 31.9% 11.1% Disadvantaged 26.7% 40.1% 33.3% Other/Unknown 26.6% 33.8% 39.5% ALL STUDENTS 40.6% 36.3% 23.1% Data Source: Ohio Department of Education School Report Cards “Download Data” webpage, State Data, State Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) data Chart 2 FY17 % of Ohio Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Not Economically Disadvantaged Economically Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 26.7% 40.6% 57% Reflections ONLY 26.7% OF ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS ARE READY FOR KINDERGARTEN. HOWEVER, BLACK AND HISPANIC CHILDREN, REGARDLESS OF ECONOMIC STATUS, PERFORM WORSE THAN ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS WITH 23.9% AND 23% OF THOSE CHILDREN ENTERING KINDERGARTEN READY TO LEARN RESPECTIVELY. POVERTY IS NOT TELLING THE WHOLE STORY OF WHY KIDS ARE NOT READY FOR SCHOOL. WHAT DO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND TO CREATE A COMPLETE PICTURE OF THE CHALLENGES FACING OHIO KIDS? 116 SECTION Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON 2 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX DARKE CHAMPAIGN M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM CARROLL BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Economic Status COLUMBIANA Cuyahoga County SHELBY REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE JEFFERSON RD FO MEDINA RICHLAND WYANDOT ALLEN SUMMIT HANCOCK VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HURON SENECA PUTNAM TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY HENRY PAULDING ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 CUYAHOGA COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness 8.4% # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS NOT Disadvantaged 2,007 1,091 356 3,454 Disadvantaged 1,296 2,117 2,258 5,671 ALL STUDENTS 3,303 3,208 2,614 9,125 FY17 % of CUYAHOGA COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students Approaching Readiness % Students Emerging Readiness NOT Disadvantaged 58.1% 31.6% 10.3% Disadvantaged 22.7% 37.1% 39.6% ALL STUDENTS 35.5% 36.3% 28.3% FY17 % of CUYAHOGA COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Not Economically Disadvantaged Economically Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 22.7% 35.5% 58.1% Economically disadvantaged kids in Cuyahoga County are doing worse than the statewide population of economically disadvantaged students on the KRA. Why? 117 2 Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE HANCOCK WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR RD FO HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MEDINA MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN Y ER PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Economic Status COLUMBIANA CARROLL Franklin County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 FRANKLIN COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness 8.4% # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS NOT Disadvantaged 2,216 1,088 400 3,704 Disadvantaged 2,117 2,810 2,529 7,456 ALL STUDENTS 4,333 3,898 2,929 11,160 FY17 % of FRANKLIN COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students Approaching Readiness % Students Emerging Readiness NOT Disadvantaged 59.8% 29.4% 10.8% Disadvantaged 28.3% 37.6% 33.8% ALL STUDENTS 39.2% 34.2% 26.6% FY17 % of FRANKLIN COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Not Economically Disadvantaged Economically Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 118 28.3% 39.2% 59.8% JEFFERSON PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE RICHLAND SECTION SECTION Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON 2 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN Y ER PREBLE T ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM CARROLL BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Economic Status COLUMBIANA Hamilton County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 HAMILTON COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness 8.4% # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS NOT Disadvantaged 1,553 737 271 2,561 Disadvantaged 1,069 1,527 1,331 3,927 ALL STUDENTS 2,622 2,264 1,602 6,488 FY17 % of HAMILTON COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students Approaching Readiness % Students Emerging Readiness NOT Disadvantaged 60.3% 28.6% 10.5% Disadvantaged 27.0% 38.6% 33.7% ALL STUDENTS 41.1% 34.5% 24.4% FY17 % of HAMILTON COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS 60.3% Not Economically Disadvantaged Economically Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 27% 41.1% 119 2 Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE HANCOCK WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR RD FO MEDINA HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER PORTAGE COLUMBIANA CARROLL Montgomery County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN Y ER PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Economic Status M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 MONTGOMERY COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness 8.4% # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS NOT Disadvantaged 763 568 191 1,522 Disadvantaged 597 1,052 850 2,499 ALL STUDENTS 1,360 1,620 1,041 4,021 FY17 % of MONTGOMERY COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students Approaching Readiness % Students Emerging Readiness NOT Disadvantaged 50.1% 37.3% 12.5% Disadvantaged 23.8% 42.0% 34.0% ALL STUDENTS 34.9% 39.6% 25.6% FY17 % of MONTGOMERY COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Not Economically Disadvantaged Economically Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 120 JEFFERSON PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE RICHLAND SECTION 23.8% 34.9% 50.1% Economically disadvantaged kids in Montgomery County are doing worse than the statewide population of economically disadvantaged students on the KRA. Why? SECTION Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON 2 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN Y ER PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Economic Status COLUMBIANA CARROLL Summit County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 SUMMIT COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness 8.4% # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS NOT Disadvantaged 1,444 608 181 2,233 Disadvantaged 718 985 949 2,652 ALL STUDENTS 2,162 1,593 1,130 4,885 FY17 % of SUMMIT COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students Approaching Readiness % Students Emerging Readiness NOT Disadvantaged 64.7% 27.2% 8.1% Disadvantaged 27.0% 37.1% 35.7% ALL STUDENTS 43.6% 32.9% 23.5% FY17 % of SUMMIT COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS 64.7% Not Economically Disadvantaged Economically Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 27% 43.6% 121 2 Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA HURON HANCOCK VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN FO RD MEDINA AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER Kindergarten Readiness by Economic Status PREBLE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI OM TG ON COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE FAYETTE HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT BELMONT K US M FAIRFIELD GREENE UM G IN FRANKLIN NOBLE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE FY17 APPALACHIAN REGION Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness 8.4% # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS NOT Disadvantaged 4,459 2,790 1,040 8,289 Disadvantaged 3,458 4,544 3,498 11,500 ALL STUDENTS 7,917 7,334 4,538 19,789 FY17 % of APPALACHIAN REGION Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students Approaching Readiness % Students Emerging Readiness NOT Disadvantaged 53.4% 33.4% 12.5% Disadvantaged 30.1% 39.5% 30.4% ALL STUDENTS 39.2% 37.3% 23.5% FY17 % of APPALACHIAN REGION Students Demonstrating Readiness for Kindergarten by ECONOMIC STATUS Not Economically Disadvantaged Economically Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 122 30.1% 39.2% JEFFERSON SENECA PUTNAM SUMMIT HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE ERIE RICHLAND SECTION 53.4% Economically disadvantaged kids in the Appalachian Region are doing better than the statewide population of economically disadvantaged students on the KRA. Why? SECTION Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON 2 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN FO AW CR RD ASHLAND VAN WERT MEDINA RICHLAND HANCOCK HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX DARKE Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Race & Ethnicity COLUMBIANA CARROLL Cuyahoga County SHELBY REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR EN CE FY17 CUYAHOGA COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS Black 863 1,529 1,486 3,877 White 2,016 1,197 641 3,854 Asian 109 70 55 233 Multiracial/Other 134 104 71 309 Hispanic 132 230 317 679 ALL STUDENTS 3,253 3,130 2,569 8,953 FY17 % CUYAHOGA COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students % Students Approaching 8.4%Emerging Readiness Readiness Black 22.2% 39.4% 38.3% White 52.3% 31.1% 16.6% Asian 46.7% 29.8% 23.5% Multiracial/Other 43.4% 33.7% 23.0% Hispanic 19.4% 33.9% 46.7% ALL STUDENTS 36.3% 35.0% 28.7% FY17 % CUYAHOGA COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness 60% 52% 47% 43% 22% 19% 10% Black 36% White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 123 2 Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR FO RD HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MEDINA MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES DARKE KNOX M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM CARROLL BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Race & Ethnicity COLUMBIANA Franklin County MORROW LOGAN SHELBY REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE JEFFERSON HANCOCK VAN WERT SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE RICHLAND SECTION MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 FRANKLIN COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS Black 948 1,323 1,269 3,541 White 2,744 1,691 819 5,253 Asian 171 171 161 503 Multiracial/Other 276 268 169 713 Hispanic 200 418 489 1,107 ALL STUDENTS 4,340 3,872 2,907 11,118 FY17 % FRANKLIN COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students % Students Approaching 8.4%Emerging Readiness Readiness Black 26.8% 37.4% 35.8% White 52.2% 32.2% 15.6% Asian 34.1% 34.0% 31.9% Multiracial/Other 38.7% 37.6% 23.7% Hispanic 18.1% 37.8% 44.2% ALL STUDENTS 39.0% 34.8% 26.1% FY17 % FRANKLIN COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness 60% 52% 34% 27% 18% 10% Black 124 39% 39% White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON 2 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN FO RD AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Race & Ethnicity COLUMBIANA CARROLL Hamilton County MORROW REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE TUSCARAWAS VAN WERT MEDINA RICHLAND HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING JEFFERSON SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 HAMILTON COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS Black 728 1,041 896 2,665 White 1,534 870 408 2,812 Asian 64 43 42 149 Multiracial/Other 136 147 99 381 Hispanic 76 134 142 352 ALL STUDENTS 2,538 2,234 1,587 6,359 FY17 % HAMILTON COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students % Students Approaching 8.4%Emerging Readiness Readiness Black 27.3% 39.1% 33.6% White 54.5% 30.9% 14.5% Asian 43.2% 28.7% 28.1% Multiracial/Other 35.6% 38.4% 26.0% Hispanic 21.7% 38.1% 40.2% ALL STUDENTS 39.9% 35.1% 25.0% FY17 % HAMILTON COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness 60% 55% 43% 27% 40% 36% 22% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 125 2 Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA HURON HANCOCK VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN FO RD MEDINA ASHLAND SENECA PUTNAM AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER PORTAGE COLUMBIANA CARROLL JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE ERIE RICHLAND SECTION Montgomery County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER Kindergarten Readiness by Race & Ethnicity M O TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS HAMILTON Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR EN CE FY17 MONTGOMERY COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS Black 224 509 468 1,201 White 978 935 435 2,348 Asian 18 14 10 42 Multiracial/Other 68 84 65 217 Hispanic 26 49 45 119 ALL STUDENTS 1,314 1,590 1,023 3,928 FY17 % MONTGOMERY COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students % Students Approaching 8.4%Emerging Readiness Readiness Black 18.7% 42.4% 39.0% White 41.7% 39.8% 18.5% Asian 42.5% 32.8% 24.7% Multiracial/Other 31.5% 38.6% 29.9% Hispanic 21.6% 40.9% 37.5% ALL STUDENTS 33.5% 40.5% 26.1% FY17 % MONTGOMERY COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness 60% 42% 43% 34% 32% 10% Black 126 22% 19% White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON 2 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA HURON WYANDOT ALLEN FO AW CR RD RICHLAND HANCOCK VAN WERT HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MEDINA ASHLAND SENECA PUTNAM SUMMIT HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN Y ER M O TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE MIAMI Kindergarten Readiness by Race & Ethnicity COLUMBIANA Summit County MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE ERIE BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS HAMILTON Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR EN CE FY17 SUMMIT COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS Black 205 373 413 991 White 1,743 996 475 3,214 Asian 19 20 15 54 Multiracial/Other 78 97 63 238 Hispanic 17 20 41 78 ALL STUDENTS 2,062 1,506 1,007 4,574 FY17 % SUMMIT COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students % Students Approaching 8.4%Emerging Readiness Readiness Black 20.7% 37.7% 41.7% White 54.2% 31.0% 14.8% Asian 35.3% 37.0% 27.8% Multiracial/Other 32.9% 40.7% 26.5% Hispanic 22.1% 25.5% 52.4% ALL STUDENTS 45.1% 32.9% 22.0% FY17 % SUMMIT COUNTY Students Demonstrating Readiness 60% 54% 45% 35% 33% 22% 21% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 127 2 Laying the Foundation Kindergarten Readiness LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA HURON HANCOCK VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN FO RD MEDINA AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER MORROW LOGAN REGIONAL ANALYSIS: KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER Kindergarten Readiness by Race & Ethnicity PREBLE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI OM TG ON COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE FAYETTE HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT BELMONT K US M FAIRFIELD GREENE UM G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON SENECA PUTNAM SUMMIT HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE ERIE RICHLAND SECTION NOBLE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ATHENS ROSS HAMILTON Note: Data is only reported at the school district level. The numbers at each KRA performance level are estimated based on Kindergarten enrollment data and used to weight percentages to compute county averages. CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE FY17 APPALACHIAN REGION Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity # of Students Demonstrating Readiness # of Students Approaching Readiness # Students Emerging Readiness TOTALS Black 119 227 255 602 White 7,257 6,567 3,812 17,636 Asian 6 8 3 17 Multiracial/Other 118 143 117 378 Hispanic 43 97 145 286 ALL STUDENTS 7,543 7,042 4,333 18,919 FY17 % APPALACHIAN REGION Students Demonstrating Readiness Race & Ethnicity % of Students Demonstrating Readiness % of Students % Students Approaching 8.4%Emerging Readiness Readiness Black 19.8% 37.7% 42.5% White 41.1% 37.2% 21.6% Asian 34.4% 48.4% 17.2% Multiracial/Other 31.3% 37.8% 31.0% Hispanic 15.2% 34.0% 50.8% ALL STUDENTS 39.9% 37.2% 22.9% FY17 % APPALACHIAN REGION Students Demonstrating Readiness 60% 41% 10% 40% 31% 20% Black 128 34% 15% White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN SECTION Laying the Foundation 2 Kindergarten Readiness WHY ARE WHY ARE BLACK CHILDREN IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY THE LEAST READY FOR KINDERGARTEN? CHILDREN OF COLOR IN THE PRIMARILY RURAL APPALACHIAN REGION FALLING BEHIND? Learn to Earn Dayton has found when they further disaggregate this same data by both race and gender that black males fared even worse than black females. Only slightly more than 1 in 10 black boys start kindergarten ready to learn in Montgomery County. Although there are far less children of color in the Appalachian region, children of color in this primarily rural region of the state are performing worse than the largest urban areas and the state average of children of color ready for kindergarten. ASHTABULA OTTAWA GEAUGA CUYAHOGA HURON VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR FO RD HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MIAMI Y ER M GO PREBLE T ON M BUTLER COSHOCTON LICKING FAYETTE STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT BELMONT NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN WASHINGTON HOCKING ATHENS VINTON CLERMONT HARRISON GUERNSEY IN PICKAWAY WARREN CLINTON HOW ELSE CAN WE ENHANCE COLUMBIANA CARROLL K US M FAIRFIELD GREENE UM G FRANKLIN ROSS HAMILTON OF OHIO KIDS? STARK KNOX UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK A MORE COMPLETE STORY WAYNE MORROW LOGAN SHELBY DARKE PORTAGE MAHONING HOLMES MERCER MADISON WITH GENDER TO TELL MEDINA RICHLAND HANCOCK ASHLAND SENECA PUTNAM JEFFERSON HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN SUMMIT HOW DOES RACE INTERSECT ERIE SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE HIGHLAND IN KINDERGARTEN MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWREN CE AND BEYOND? Reflection Reflection LAKE LUCAS FULTON WILLIAMS 129 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls 130 • ACC E S S TO H E A LT H CA R E COVE R AG E • ORA L HE A LT H • I NC I D E N CE OF L E A D P O IS O N IN G • I NC I D E N CE OF A ST H M A • EA R LY CHI L D HOOD O B E S ITY • 3R D GR A D E R E A D I N G AC H IE V E M E N T • EA R LY CHI L D HOOD S U S P E N S IO N & E XP U L S IO N Children who start behind, stay behind. Most Ohio children are not ready for kindergarten, a trend which persists through third grade and beyond. Without a strong foundation, closing the learning gap between kindergarten and third grade is very difficult. Further, the health and education of young children are inextricably linked. Whether it is their mental or physical health, healthy students are better learners and more educated children have better health outcomes. Poor children, children of color and Appalachian children are disproportionally impacted by poor health outcomes that undermine their ability to excel in school. In order to support the whole child, we have to begin with a strong foundation. 131 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Access to Healthcare Coverage Access to essential healthcare services for all Ohio kids helps to ensure they grow up as healthy, productive adults. Adequate, stable, predictable funding for children covered by Ohio Medicaid is critical to the health of our children, our future workforce and the long-term vitality of the state. Ohio Medicaid offers three programs for children, pregnant women and families with limited income to receive healthcare. Once eligible for Medicaid through any one of these programs, each child (birth through age 20) has access to an important group of services known as Healthchek. Healthchek is Ohio’s Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) Program. It is a service package for babies, kids, and young adults younger than age 21 who are enrolled on Ohio Medicaid. Medicaid programs PROVIDE healthcare coverage for NEARLY HALF of Ohio’s 2.5 MILLION The purpose of Healthchek is to discover and treat health problems early. If a potential health problem is found, further diagnosis and treatment are covered by Medicaid. Healthchek covers preventive services including well-child checkups, immunizations, and dental care and covers a comprehensive array of services for children, including developmental, vision and hearing screenings. This program aims to ensure developmental delays can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible, or averted altogether. children. (1.2 million) The Medicaid program is available to insured or uninsured children (up to age 19) in families with income up to 156% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) and pregnant women in families with income up to 200% FPL. The Children’s Health Insurance Plan (CHIP) program builds upon the Medicaid program and is available to uninsured children (up to age 19) in families with income up to 206% FPL. Healthy Families is a Medicaid program available to families with income up to 90% FPL and a child younger than age 19. Medicaid programs provide healthcare coverage for nearly HALF of Ohio’s 2.5 million children—or 1.2 million kids. Children make up more than 40% of enrollees in Ohio’s Medicaid program. Percentages of Ohio Children Enrolled in Medicaid by County Type Appalachia Metropolitan Rural 59.5% 55.1% 45.5% Suburban 37.9% Source: 2014, Ohio Kids Count, Children’s Defense Fund 132 SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 Access to Healthcare Coverage THE FACTS: Children’s Healthcare Coverage in Ohio: 2,488,091 CHILDREN FY 2017 Healthcare Coverage by Provider Type 45% Employer-Sponsored Insurance: 1,131,068 Other: 152,423 6% 2% 46% less than 1% Uninsured: 54,499 Federal Healthcare Exchange (Obamacare/Medicaid Expansion): 17,456 Medicaid: 1,132,645 Medicaid & Healthy Start (CHIP) serve Ohio’s most vulnerable children. A large share of at-risk children rely on public coverage for the health care they need to thrive. Below are percentages of Ohio children who depend on Medicaid & Healthy Start (CHIP). 81% CHILDREN LIVING IN POVERTY (or near poverty). 44% 47% 100% INFANTS, TODDLERS & PRE-SCHOOLERS in their early years key to healthy development and school readiness. CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES or other special healthcare needs such as juvenile diabetes, congenital heart conditions, or asthma. CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE who face poverty, family dysfunction, neglect, and abuse that results in high rates of chronic health, emotional and developmental problems. 52% NEWBORNS in families—to assure a healthy delivery and strong start during their critical first year of life. 133 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Access to Healthcare Coverage MEDICAID HELPS CHILDREN GROW UP TO REACH THEIR FULL POTENTIAL. CHILDREN ENROLLED IN MEDICAID: • Miss fewer school days due to illness or injury • Do better in school • Are more likely to graduate high school and attend college • Grow up to be healthier as adults • Earn higher wages Reflections • Pay more in taxes FOR OHIO’S YOUNG CHILDREN, HOW ARE EDUCATION & HEALTH INEXTRICABLY LINKED? HOW DOES POOR HEALTH PUT EDUCATION AT RISK? HOW DOES EDUCATION CREATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR BETTER HEALTH? HOW DO CONDITIONS IN A CHILD’S LIFE AFFECT BOTH EDUCATION & HEALTH? 134 SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 Oral Health Healthy mouths and teeth are an important part of a child’s wellness. Tooth decay (cavities) is one of the most common chronic conditions for children in the United States. Untreated tooth decay can cause pain as well as infections that may lead to problems with eating, speaking, playing, and learning. A growing body of evidence has also linked oral health, particularly periodontal (gum) disease, to several chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. In pregnant women, poor oral health has also been associated with premature births and low birth weight. These conditions may be prevented in part with regular visits to the dentist but many children do not have access to regular dental care. Lower income children & those with no private dental insurance have NEARLY 2X MORE untreated cavities & toothaches. BARRIERS TO CHILDREN ACCESSING DENTAL CARE !! $ No Medicaid/dental insurance or Medicaid/insurance not accepted Cannot afford dental treatment Wait time for appointment too long Appointment hours not convenient No transportation to get to dentist 32% 30% 16% 15% 8% 135 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Oral Health ORAL HEALTH STATUS & POVERTY Children from families with lower incomes were less likely to have seen a dentist in the past year than their higher income peers. Children from families with lower incomes were more likely to have a history of tooth decay, untreated tooth decay and reported toothaches. A history of tooth decay means that the child had cavities, fillings, crowns, or teeth missing due to cavities. Percentage of Third Grade Children with History of Tooth Decay, Untreated Tooth Decay and Toothache, BY FAMILY INCOME (2013-2015) History of Tooth Decay 70% Untreated Tooth Decay Toothache 60% 51% 40% 41% 23% 10% 14% Low Income 12% 17% 6% NOT Low Income 10% ALL 3RD GRADERS Note: Low income here is defined as children enrolled in the Free and Reduced Price Meal Program (FRPMP) at school. Children are eligible for this program if their family income falls below 185% of the federal poverty level (FPL). 88% higher income OF CHILDREN IN FAMILIES VS 72% lower income GET REGULAR DENTAL CARE. 136 OF CHILDREN IN FAMILIES SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 Oral Health ORAL HEALTH STATUS & LOCATION Children in Appalachian counties continue to have poorer oral health than children in metropolitan, suburban or rural, non-Appalachian counties. They are much more likely to have a history of tooth decay and untreated tooth decay. Percentage of Third Grade Children with a History of Tooth Decay, Untreated Tooth Decay and Toothache, BY COUNTY TYPE (2013-2015) History of Tooth Decay 60% 58% 51% Untreated Tooth Decay 50% Toothache 51% 49% 30% 27% 0% 18% 11% Appalachian 16% 9% Rural/ Non-Appalachian Metropolitan 17% 16% 11% 7% Suburban 10% ALL 3RD GRADERS IN APPALACHIAN REGION Children with a History of Tooth Decay*: Appalachia Ohio 27% 58% 50% *Note: A history of tooth decay is untreated cavities, fillings and crowns, or teeth extracted (pulled) due to cavities. ERIE PUTNAM HANCOCK WYANDOT ALLEN HARDIN AUGLAIZE MERCER FO RD AW CR MARION Marion SHELBY UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI Clark CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE M BUTLER GREENE MEDINA Knox KNOX COSHOCTON UM COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Carroll HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN BELMONT BELMONT K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE Fayette PICKAWAY NOBLE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN MORGAN WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON Highland HIGHLAND HIGHLAND STARK Coshocton LICKING ATHENS ATHENS ROSS HAMILTON PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE HOLMES MORROW LOGAN DARKE SUMMIT HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE ASHLAND Appalachia holds 7 of the 11 counties where children have the poorest oral health. GEAUGA CUYAHOGA RICHLAND Ohio ASHTABULA OTTAWA CLERMONT 27% 16% Appalachia LAKE LUCAS FULTON WILLIAMS MADISON Children with Untreated Cavities: VINTON PIKE Pike MEIGS Meigs JACKSON BROWN Brown SCIOTO ADAMS Scioto GALLIA LAWRE LAWRENCE NCE 137 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Oral Health ORAL HEALTH STATUS & RACE/ETHNICITY Hispanic children, regardless of race, were more likely to have a history of tooth decay, that is, they were more likely to have cavities, fillings, crowns, or teeth missing due to cavities (see chart below). Parents of black children were more likely to report that their child had a toothache in the last six months than parents of children of other races. Percentage of Third Grade Children with History of Tooth Decay, Untreated Tooth Decay and Toothache, BY RACE & ETHNICITY (2013-2015) History of Tooth Decay 70% Untreated Tooth Decay 58% 50% 19% 10% 14% Hispanic 138 17% 16% 10% Non-Hispanic 55% 53% 49% 40% Toothache 20% 8% White 15% Black 19% 12% Other Races SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 Incidence of Lead Poisoning Lead poisoning can affect nearly every system in the body and is especially harmful to children in their first five years of life because it disrupts the rapid brain development they are undergoing. Lead poisoning can cause damage to the brain and nervous system, slowed growth and development, speech and hearing problems, learning disabilities (e.g., reduced IQ, ADHD), behavioral problems (e.g. juvenile delinquency and criminal behavior) and preterm birth for pregnant moms. At very high levels, lead poisoning can cause seizures, coma and even death. There is no way of reversing damage already done by lead poisoning. There is The primary source of lead exposure among children is deteriorated lead-based paint (dust). Other sources include soil, water and consumer products. Children can also be exposed in utero through their mother’s blood supply. While there is no safe level of lead in the body, public health actions are recommended to be initiated when a child has blood lead levels of 5 micrograms per deciliter of blood. Children living at or below the poverty line and who live in older housing are at greater risk. NO WAY OF REVERSING damage already done by lead poisoning. In 2016, out of the 162,185 children tested there were 4,591 children ages 0-5 with confirmed blood lead levels of 5 µg/dL (micrograms per deciliter) or greater. More than 28% of those children (1,303) had confirmed blood levels of 10 µg/dL or greater. Ohio Cases of Elevated Lead Levels in Children 0-5 Years Old By Region Region # Cases Confirmed Elevated Lead Levels # Cases Unconfirmed Elevated Lead Levels* TOTAL # Confirmed + Unconfirmed # Children Under 6 # Cases of Lead Exposure Per 1000 Children Cuyahoga 1,866 260 2,126 86,440 24.6 Franklin 235 225 460 103,908 4.4 Hamilton 425 110 535 63,122 8.5 Montgomery 125 82 207 38,946 5.3 Summit 153 64 217 36,291 6.0 Appalachian 477 274 751 132,825 5.7 STATEWIDE 4,591 1,848 6,439 823,546 7.8 *Unconfirmed cases are children who had a capillary test of 5 µg/dL or greater and did not receive a confirmatory venous blood draw test. Data Source: Ohio Department of Health Data Warehouse FY 2016. 139 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Incidence of Lead Poisoning Ohio Cases of Elevated Lead Levels PER 1000 Children 0-5 Years Old By Region 30 25 24.6 20 15 Cuyahoga 10 8.5 5 4.4 0 Franklin 5.3 Hamilton Montgomery 6.0 5.7 Summit Appalachian 7.8 STATEWIDE Data Source: Ohio Department of Health Data Warehouse FY 2016. WHY ARE CLEVELAND KIDS POISONED BY LEAD AT Reflections 3X THE STATE RATE? WITH ONLY 162,185 TESTED, HOW MANY CHILDREN MAY HAVE UNDETECTED LEAD POISONING? HOW WOULD HAVING ACCESS TO PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT FURTHER EXPOSURE MITIGATE ITS EFFECTS? LEAD POISONING IS PREVENTABLE. WHAT WOULD IT TAKE TO FIX THE PROBLEM? 140 SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 Incidence of Asthma Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways in the lungs. During an asthma attack, airways become inflamed, making it hard to breathe. Asthma attacks can be mild, moderate, or serious—and even life threatening. While there is no certainty around the cause of asthma, attacks are sometimes triggered by: allergens (like pollen, mold, animal dander, and dust mites), exercise, tobacco smoke, air pollution, airway infections and genetics. There is no cure for asthma. Children with asthma can manage their disease with medical care and prevent attacks by avoiding triggers. 1 in 7 OHIO CHILDREN Disparities in Asthma: 1. Asthma is more common among children, especially younger children, than adults. 2. Income: Asthma is more common among low income residents and residents of Appalachian counties. • have asthma. Nearly 1 in 5 children living at or below the poverty line have asthma. 3. Children with reported asthma are significantly more likely to be in reported poor health, especially in Appalachia. 4. Race & Ethnicity: More than 1 in 5 black Ohio children have Asthma (22.4%). Black children are significantly more likely to have asthma than other races. Blacks Whites Hispanics 22.4% 13.3% 13.4% Asians 7.9% Percentage of Ohio Children with Asthma BY REGION 25% 23% 15% 15% 10% 11% East Central West Central 16% 16% Central Ohio North Central 12% 16% 14% 5% Southwest Northwest Northeast Southeast STATEWIDE Data Source: Ohio Department of Health, 2012 Local Asthma Profiles 141 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Incidence of Asthma Percentage & Number of Children with Asthma BY COUNTY LAKE LUCAS ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS CUYAHOGA 52,623 HANCOCK VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR RD FO HARDIN MEDINA MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM RICHLAND PAULDING WAYNE MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK PREBLE Y ER OM 0 G 8 GREENE T ON 4,5 M BUTLER 2 LICKING MADISON MIAMI 44,272 M CARROLL CARROLL HARRISON HARRISON BELMONT BELMONT MONROE MORGAN MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ATHENS ROSS VINTON CLERMONT HAMILTON 35,330 COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA K US NOBLE NOBLE PERRY MAHONING GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM PORTAGE STARK HOLMES MERCER TRUMBULL TRUMBULL 22,666 LORAIN HENRY TUSCARAWAS ERIE SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE GEAUGA JEFFERSON FULTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE 23.3% 12.3% 16.1% 10.1% 15.8% Reflections Note: Data for the incidence of asthma was reported regionally such that some counties in this analysis share the same incidence rate. 142 CHILDREN MISS APPROXIMATELY 13 MILLION SCHOOL DAYS PER YEAR ACROSS THE COUNTRY BECAUSE OF ASTHMA. BASED UPON THE ABOVE STATISTICS, WHICH CHILDREN ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK FOR FAILURE AND MORE LIKELY TO FALL BEHIND IN THEIR SCHOOLWORK? SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 Early Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity occurs when a child is well above a normal or healthy weight for their age and height. Causes of childhood obesity are similar to those in adults including a person’s behavior (i.e. diet and activity) and genetics. Prevalence of obesity is also dependent upon a child’s community—where they live impacts their ability to make healthy choices. For example, if a child does not have access to healthy food or a community where it is safe to be physically active, they are more likely to be overweight. Children who are obese are more likely to have: 1. High blood pressure and high cholesterol. 2. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes. 3. Breathing problems such as asthma and sleep apnea. 4. Joint problems and musculoskeletal discomfort. 5. Fatty liver disease, gallstones and gastro-esophageal reflux (i.e. heartburn). 6. Increased risk of adult obesity and more severe risk factors for disease as adults. Childhood obesity is related to: 1. Psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. 2. Low self-esteem and lower self-reported quality of life. 3. Social problems such as bullying and stigma. Obesity is an excessively high body weight in relation to height. This proportion is measured by body mass index (BMI). A child’s individual BMI is compared to other children of the same age and sex to determine their BMI percentile. SEVERELY OBESE OBESE OVERWEIGHT HEALTHY BMI at/above 99th percentile BMI at/above 95th percentile BMI at/above 85th percentile (but below 95th) BMI at/above 5th percentile (but below 85th) UNDERWEIGHT BMI below 5th percentile 143 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Early Childhood Obesity Estimated BMI Distribution Among ALL HEAD START STUDENTS, 2014 8% Severely Obese (> = 99th percentile) 19% 61% OBESE HEALTHY WEIGHT 17% OVERWEIGHT 3% UNDERWEIGHT More than More than of Ohio’s of the obese 2014 Head Start students were students were classified as classified as SEVERELY 1/3 overweight or obese. Data Source: Ohio Department of Health, Early Childhood BMI Surveillance Project Ohio Prevalence of Overweight & Obese HEAD START STUDENTS BY COUNTY TYPE In 2014, the prevalence of Head Start students that were overweight or obese DID NOT significantly vary by geographic subtype. Data Source: Ohio Department of Health, Early Childhood BMI Surveillance Project. Note: County type defined by the Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey. 144 40% obese. SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 Early Childhood Obesity Ohio Prevalence of Overweight & Obese WIC Participants AGE 2 TO 5 YEARS BY RACE & ETHNICITY, 2014 While there are differences in prevalence of children who are obese and overweight based upon race and ethnicity, there is a consistent trend among geography when data is reviewed at the county level for WIC participants ages 2-5. 14.2% OVERWT. 5% Black 36% 13.5% OBESE 16.2% OVERWT. White 17.9% OBESE 18.1% OVERWT. Hispanic 28.7% OBESE More than 28.8% 10.6% 29.7% 20% 24.8% 40% 12.8% OBESE 16% OVERWT. Multiracial 28% of age 13% OBESE 15.7% OVERWT. 2-5 Ohio WIC children were overweight or obese in 2014. STATEWIDE Reflections Data Source: Ohio Department of Health, Early Childhood BMI Surveillance Project Note: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides Federal grants to States for supplemental food, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk. In Ohio, these women and children must meet be at or below 185% of the federal poverty level. WHY IS IT CRITICAL TO ACT EARLY TO PREVENT EARLY CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND OTHER HEALTH FACTORS? CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING FIVE REASONS WHY ACTING EARLY (AGES 0-5) IS CRITICAL IN PREVENTING EARLY CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND OBESITY LATER IN LIFE: (Source: Ohio Department of Health) 1. Children in Ohio are gaining weight at younger ages than ever before and carrying the extra weight into kindergarten. 2. Obesity prevention programs focused on 2-7 years olds have shown to be effective, resulting in lasting habit changes. 3. It is easier to impact the habits of 0-5 year olds than to change habits in adulthood. 4. Preferences for food and levels of activity are set by the time children are 2-3 years old. 5. Delayed action regarding obesity prevention can lead to steeply rising costs and morbidity, while early intervention can lead to decreased health risks later. 145 3 SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3rd Grade Reading Achievement A compelling body of research has shown that children who are behind in reading in third grade have a very difficult time catching up over the duration of their primary and secondary education careers. The gap between struggling and fluent readers does not diminish over time. Just as kindergarten readiness predicts third grade reading achievement, third grade reading predicts high school graduation. Children who do not read by the end of third grade are four times more likely to leave school without a diploma than proficient readers. There are six performance levels for third grade reading achievement: Advanced Plus Advanced Accelerated Proficient Basic Limited More than 2.5 times as many non-disadvantaged students (40.8%) performed at the “Advanced” and “Advanced Plus” levels on third grade reading in FY17 than did economically disadvantaged students (14.9%). At the other end of the spectrum, the 27.6% rate at which economically disadvantaged students performed at the Limited (lowest) level on the third grade reading exam was nearly four times that of the non-disadvantaged students (7.2%). Chart 1 Children who do not read by the end of 3rd grade are 4 TIMES MORE LIKELY to leave school without a diploma. FY17 Third Grade Reading Performance of Students BY ECONOMIC STATUS Disadvantaged 45% NOT Disadvantaged 40.8% 27.6% 25% 14.9% 15.5% 22.2% 19.9% 18.3% 22.1% 11.6% 7.2% 5% Advanced & Plus 146 Accelerated Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 Proficient Basic Limited SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 3rd Grade Reading Achievement Chart 2 provides a simple overview of the data in Chart 1. 81.3% OF NOT DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS performed at the proficient or higher level on the FY17 third grade reading test. ONLY 50.3% OF ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS DID SO. Chart 2 FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above BY ECONOMIC STATUS 90% 81.3% 50% 63.8% 50.3% NOT Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 10% Disadvantaged Reflections Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 GIVEN THAT KINDERGARTEN READINESS PREDICTS THIRD GRADE READING AND THIRD GRADE READING PREDICTS HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION... HOW CAN WE BEST POSITION ALL KIDS FOR SUCCESS, ESPECIALLY THOSE ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED KIDS WHO ARE NOT PROFICIENT IN READING BY THE THIRD GRADE? 147 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls 3rd Grade Reading Achievement Chart 3 provides a comparison of third grade reading proficiency in selected regions in Ohio with that of the state overall. All regions exhibit a significant disparity in the performance of economically disadvantaged students compared to their more affluent peers. FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above BY ECONOMIC STATUS IN SELECTED REGIONS Chart 3 Disadvantaged 90% 83.6% 81.3% NOT Disadvantaged 86.6% 80.4% 83.6% 80.9% 81.3% 59.9% 50% 52.5% 44.3% 46.7% 52.9% 50.3% 47.2% 10% Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 148 Summit Appalachia STATEWIDE SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 3rd Grade Reading Achievement Table 1 provides an overview of the number of economically disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged third grade students tested and the number and percentage of those achieving the level of proficiency or above on the exam for selected regions of the state. (The percentages shown in Table 1 are the same as those shown in Chart 3.) Table 1 FY17 Number of Third Grade Reading Students Tested, & Number/Percentage Demonstrating Proficiency or Above, BY ECONOMIC STATUS IN SELECTED REGIONS Region # Economically Disadvantaged Students Tested % Economically Disadvantaged Students Proficient or Above # Economically Disadvantaged Students Proficient or Above # Non-Econ. Disadvantaged Students Tested % Non-Econ. Disadvantaged Students Proficient or Above % Non-Econ. Disadvantaged Students Proficient or Above Cuyahoga 3,864 44.3% 1,712 6,447 83.6% 5,390 Franklin 5,251 46.7% 2,452 8,226 81.3% 6,688 Hamilton 3,322 52.5% 1,744 4,680 86.6% 4,053 Montgomery 2,068 47.2% 976 2,827 80.4% 2,273 Summit 2,497 52.9% 1,321 2,606 83.6% 2,179 Appalachian 7,827 59.9% 4,688 12,467 80.9% 10,086 STATEWIDE 77,152 50.3% 38,783 59,367 81.3% 48,251 Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 149 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls 3rd Grade Reading Achievement ANALYSIS BY RACE/ETHNICITY The data in Chart 4 below shows that black students performed slightly over half as well on Ohio’s third grade reading exam as did white and Asian students in FY17. Only 39.3% of black students performed at the proficient, accelerated or advanced levels, while 71.5% of white students scored proficient or better and 73.9% of Asian students did so. Hispanic and multi-racial students also performed significantly lower in third grade reading than did the white and Asian students. Chart 4 STATEWIDE FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above BY RACE & ETHNICITY 90% 72% 74% 59% 50% 64% 50% 39% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS Note: Due to small numbers of students, the county and Appalachian region graphs by race and ethnicity do not include results for Pacific Islanders or American Indian/Alaskan Natives as part of the "Other" category as do the other counties. Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 150 SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 3rd Grade Reading Achievement REGIONAL FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above BY RACE & ETHNICITY Cuyahoga County 100% 78% 86.4% 64.7% Asian 50% 49.6% White 38.2% Multiracial or Other Hispanic 10% Black Franklin County 100% 71.7% 50% 74.7% 58.6% 41.8% White Asian Black 45.7% Multiracial or Other Hispanic 10% Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 151 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls 3rd Grade Reading Achievement REGIONAL FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above BY RACE & ETHNICITY Hamilton County 100% 82% 79% 65.8% 50% 47.9% White Asian 50% Multiracial or Other Hispanic Black 10% Montgomery Region 100% 80.8% 69.8% 61% Asian 50% 39.2% White Multiracial or Other 53.5% Hispanic Black 10% Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 152 SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 3rd Grade Reading Achievement REGIONAL FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above BY RACE & ETHNICITY Summit County 100% 77.5% 66.7% 50% 63.8% 51.4% White Asian 39% Multiracial or Other Hispanic Black 10% Appalachian Region 100% 92.9% 68.8% 50% 53.7% Asian 58.4% White Black Multiracial or Other 61.3% Hispanic 10% Note: The Appalachian Region graph is based on the simple average rather than weighted average of county test results. Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 153 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Early Childhood Suspension & Expulsion As we continue to follow Ohio’s youngest students throughout their academic careers, we find that in FY17 there were over 34,000 suspensions and expulsions issued to Ohio students pre-k through third grade—the vast majority of those being for non-violent behaviors such as disruption. Young students who are expelled or suspended are as much as 10 times more likely to drop out of high school, experience academic failure and grade retention, hold negative attitudes toward school and face incarceration than those who are not. Considering that most children already do not enter school ready for kindergarten, this alarming impact on over 34,000 of Ohio’s youngest children is devastating. If we look at disaggregated data to further understand the use of suspensions and expulsions, we are again reminded of the children who too often get left behind. Among all suspensions and expulsions given to OHIO KINDERGARTNERS, black students were 7 times more likely to be disciplined than white students and Hispanic students were 1.6 times more likely to be disciplined than white kindergartners. KINDERGARTEN White .............................3.5 Pacific Islander.............0 Black ..............................24.7 Hispanic ........................5.5 Multiracial/Other ........10.1 American Indian..........15.3 & Alaskan Native Asian ..............................0.9 These unconscionable gaps between white children and children of color widen with each passing year for our most at-risk 4-8 year olds. Among OHIO 1ST GRADE suspensions and expulsions, black students were 8.6 times more likely to be disciplined than white students and Hispanic students were 1.54 times more likely to be disciplined than white students. 1ST GRADE 154 White .............................3.9 Pacific Islander.............1.9 Black ..............................33.5 Hispanic ........................6 Multiracial/Other ........12.7 American Indian..........4.3 & Alaskan Native Asian ..............................0.5 Note: Numbers reflect disciplinary action per 100 students. SECTION Strong Foundation Walls 3 Early Childhood Suspension & Expulsion Among OHIO 2ND GRADE suspensions and expulsions, black students were 9.4 times more likely to be disciplined than white students and Hispanic students were 1.8 times more likely to be disciplined than white students. 2ND GRADE White .............................4.3 Pacific Islander.............0.8 Black ..............................40.6 Hispanic ........................7.8 Multiracial/Other ........14.4 American Indian..........10.4 & Alaskan Native Asian ..............................1.2 Among OHIO 3RD GRADE suspensions and expulsions, black students were 8.8 times more likely to be disciplined than white students and Hispanic third graders were 2 times more likely to be disciplined than white third graders. 3RD GRADE White .............................5.1 Pacific Islander.............19.2 Black ..............................45.1 Hispanic ........................10 Multiracial/Other ........19 American Indian..........12.2 & Alaskan Native Asian ..............................1.1 Reflections Note: Numbers reflect disciplinary action per 100 students. WHY ARE CHILDREN OF COLOR BEING SUSPENDED AND EXPELLED AT A HIGHER RATE? HOW SHOULD DISCIPLINARY POLICES REFLECT AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPACT OF TRAUMA ON CHILDREN? HOW CAN WE DECREASE SUSPENSION RATES, WHILE STILL HOLDING STUDENTS ACCOUNTABLE FOR UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR? WHAT ARE PRACTICAL AND EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVES TO OUT-OF-SCHOOL SUSPENSIONS? 155 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View 156 • SPE CI A L E D U CAT I ON • JUV E N I L E J U ST I CE • 8TH GR A D E M AT H AC H IE V E M E N T • HIGH S CHOOL GR A D UAT IO N • POST S E CON DA RY AT TA IN M E N T As Ohio’s children continue to grow, their success is, in large part, a reflection of their earliest experiences. The same kids who are behind in kindergarten and third grade continue to fall behind in eighth grade, and are less likely to graduate high school and struggle to obtain a credential or degree. Ohio’s most vulnerable children often find themselves in the juvenile justice system. When children are not positioned for success early, Ohio pays later. 157 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Special Education Special Education services are provided to students ages 3 to 21 and are guided by both federal (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) and state (Ohio Operating Standards for the Education of Children with Disabilities) requirements. In Ohio, of the 1,674,341 children served in the public school system, 244,777 (15%) are students with a disability who are being educated in consideration of their individual differences, so they can reach their highest level of success in school. The following are the categories of disability defined by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): 1. Autism 2. Blind and Visually Impaired In Ohio, 3. Deaf and Hearing Impaired 15% of STUDENTS 4. Deaf-Blindness 5. Developmental Delay served in the public 6. Emotional Disturbances 7. Intellectual Disability school system are receiving 8. Multiple Disability special education services. 9. Orthopedic Impairment 10. Other Health Impairments 11. Specific Learning Disability 12. Speech or Language Impairment 13. Traumatic Brain Injury FY17 Percentage of ENROLLED STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Students Enrolled # of Students with a Disability % of Students with a Disability White 1,178,393 164,181 13.9% Black 278,839 51,729 18.6% Multiracial/Other 83,803 12,726 15% Asian 38,204 2,280 6.0% Hispanic 91,724 13,350 14.6% Pacific Islander 1,308 160 12.2% American Indian/Alaskan Native 2,070 351 17% ALL STUDENTS 1,674,341 244,777 14.6% Data Source: Ohio Department of Education 158 SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Special Education FY17 Percentage of ENROLLED STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY by Race 13.9% White Black Multiracial Hispanic Asian & Pacific Islander 6.2% 18.6% 15% 14.6% FY17 Students with DISABILITY-EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Students % of Students by Race White 8,594 0.7% Black 5,442 2.0% Multiracial/Other 1,084 1.3% Asian 45 0.1% Hispanic 637 0.7% Pacific Islander 10 0.8% American Indian/Alaskan Native 19 0.9% Emotional disturbance is a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child’s educational performance: 1. An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. 2. An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. 3. Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. 4. A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. Reflection 5. A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. BLACK STUDENTS ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY RECEIVING SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES BASED UPON EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE. WHAT ROLE MAY THEINCIDENCE OF TRAUMA PLAY IN THIS DISPARITY? WHAT ROLE MAY IMPLICIT BIAS PLAY IN THIS DISPARITY? 159 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Special Education FY17 Students with DISABILITY-DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Students % of Students by Race White 3,278 0.3% Black 936 0.3% Multiracial/Other 259 0.3% Asian 112 0.3% Hispanic 297 0.3% Pacific Islander 10 0.8% American Indian/Alaskan Native 110 5.3% Note: According to the Ohio Operating Standards for the Education of Children with Disabilities, a student with a developmental delay is a child 3 to 5 years old that an evaluation team of qualified professionals determines is experiencing a delay in one or more of the following areas: physical development; cognitive development; communication development; social or emotional development; or adaptive development. FY17 Students with DISABILITY-SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Students % of Students by Race White 62,455 5.3% Black 20,944 7.5% Multiracial/Other 4,779 5.6% Asian 560 1.5% Hispanic 6,093 6.6% Pacific Islander 70 5.4% American Indian/Alaskan Native 151 7.3% Reflection Note: Specific learning disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia. Specific learning disability does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of intellectual disability, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. 160 WHAT MORE DO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND TO DETERMINE WHY DISPARITIES APPEAR IN SOME CATEGORIES OF DISABILITY AND NOT OTHERS? HOW CAN WE BETTER SUPPORT CHILDREN OF COLOR BEFORE THEY ENTER SCHOOL TO REDUCE THE NEED FOR SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES FOR THESE CHILDREN? Taking an Evaluative View SECTION 4 Juvenile Justice The Ohio Department of Youth Services (DYS) is the juvenile corrections system for the state of Ohio. DYS is statutorily mandated to confine felony offenders, ages 10 to 21, who have been adjudicated and committed by one of Ohio’s 88 county juvenile courts. During their stay with DYS, youth are engaged in programming that is designed to address their criminological and behavioral needs. Each of the DYS facilities also operates a year-round school that offers general curriculum as well as vocation opportunities. What is an adjudication versus a commitment? An adjudication of delinquency in the juvenile court is analogous to an adult “conviction.” It is a formal finding by the court after an adjudicatory hearing or entering of a guilty plea/admission that the juvenile has committed the act for which he or she has been charged. A commitment, also known as placement or incarceration, is one of the options available to the court as a possible sentence after a youth has been adjudicated. It is the transfer of legal responsibility over the child to the state for placement in a facility. DATA NOTE: The data analysis below looks at both adjudications and commitments for Ohio youth and is disaggregated by race. The juvenile courts report Hispanic ethnicity separately from race and report all races with which a youth identifies. “Other” means race was reported as Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. “Multiple Races” means two or more races were reported for the youth. “Hispanic” means that the youth is of Hispanic ethnicity. Each youth is counted under only one category. 161 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Juvenile Justice LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN CR MEDINA RICHLAND VAN WERT RD FO AW HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON PREBLE PERRY WASHINGTON ATHENS CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 STATEWIDE Number & Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Adjudications % of Adjudications # of Commitments % of Commitments White 1,881 41.8% 118 28.2% Black 2,299 51.1% 250 59.8% Hispanic 145 3.2% 24 5.7% Multiple Races 99 2.2% 14 3.3% Other 13 0.3% 7 1.7% Unknown 59 1.3% 5 1.2% TOTAL 4,496 100.0% 418 100.0% FY17 STATEWIDE Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Adjudications 90% Commitments 60% 50% 51% 42% 28% 10% 3% White Black 6% Hispanic 4% 6% Multiple/Other/Unknown Data Source: Ohio Department of Youth Services FY2017 Profile of Youth Adjudicated or Committed for Felony Offenses 162 MORGAN HOCKING ADAMS BELMONT MONROE PICKAWAY WARREN CLINTON BROWN HARRISON GUERNSEY NOBLE ROSS HAMILTON COLUMBIANA CARROLL K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON Why do children of color make up most of the adjudicated and committed youth populations? COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI PORTAGE JEFFERSON HANCOCK SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE SECTION Taking an Evaluative View Juvenile Justice LAKE LUCAS FULTON 4 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE ALLEN ASHLAND VAN WERT RICHLAND RD FO WYANDOT AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT MEDINA HANCOCK WAYNE STARK MORROW LOGAN PORTAGE MAHONING HOLMES MERCER KNOX COLUMBIANA CARROLL Cuyahoga County SHELBY DARKE Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS VINTON HAMILTON CLERMONT 17% of all adjudications & 29% of all commitments in Ohio are made in Cuyahoga County. 84% of all these are of black youth. This is far more than the entire Appalachian Region of 32 counties. What is happening here compared to other Ohio communities? HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 CUYAHOGA COUNTY Number & Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Adjudications % of Adjudications # of Commitments % of Commitments White 88 11.8% 2 1.6% Black 624 83.8% 103 84.4% Hispanic 26 3.5% 2 1.6% Multiple Races 4 0.5% 7 5.7% Other 2 0.3% 4 3.3% Unknown 1 0.1% 4 3.3% TOTAL 745 100.0% 122 100.0% FY17 CUYAHOGA COUNTY Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Adjudications 90% Commitments 84% 84% 50% 10% 12% 12% 4% 2% White Black 2% Hispanic 1% Multiple/Other/Unknown Data Source: Ohio Department of Youth Services FY2017 Profile of Youth Adjudicated or Committed for Felony Offenses 163 4 Taking an Evaluative View Juvenile Justice LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA HURON SENECA HANCOCK VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO AW CR HARDIN WAYNE STARK HOLMES MORROW LOGAN KNOX Y ER OM TG ON WASHINGTON ATHENS CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 FRANKLIN COUNTY Number & Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Adjudications % of Adjudications # of Commitments % of Commitments White 88 18.4% 10 18.5% Black 373 77.9% 39 72.2% Hispanic 13 2.7% 1 1.9% Multiple Races 0 0.0% 1 1.9% Other 5 1.0% 2 3.7% Unknown 0 0.0% 1 1.9% TOTAL 479 100.0% 54 100.0% FY17 FRANKLIN COUNTY Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Commitments 72% 50% 18% 19% 10% 3% White Black 2% Hispanic 1% 164 7% Multiple/Other/Unknown Data Source: Ohio Department of Youth Services FY2017 Profile of Youth Adjudicated or Committed for Felony Offenses MONROE MORGAN HOCKING ROSS 78% BELMONT NOBLE PERRY PICKAWAY WARREN CLINTON HAMILTON HARRISON GUERNSEY K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI Adjudications COLUMBIANA CARROLL Franklin County SHELBY DARKE 90% PORTAGE MAHONING MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM SUMMIT HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE ERIE ASHLAND SECTION SECTION Taking an Evaluative View Juvenile Justice LAKE LUCAS FULTON 4 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE HURON VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN AW CR RD FO HARDIN PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MEDINA RICHLAND HANCOCK STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA CARROLL Hamilton County MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN JEFFERSON SENECA PUTNAM SUMMIT HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS HAMILTON CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 HAMILTON COUNTY Number & Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Adjudications % of Adjudications # of Commitments % of Commitments White 51 12.2% 6 12.0% Black 349 83.7% 42 84.0% Hispanic 7 1.7% 2 4.0% Multiple Races 3 0.7% 0 0.0% Other 1 0.2% 0 0.0% Unknown 6 1.4% 0 0.0% TOTAL 417 100.0% 50 100.0% FY17 HAMILTON COUNTY Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Adjudications 90% Commitments 84% 84% 50% 10% 12% 12% 2% White Black 4% Hispanic 2% 0% Multiple/Other/Unknown Data Source: Ohio Department of Youth Services FY2017 Profile of Youth Adjudicated or Committed for Felony Offenses 165 4 Taking an Evaluative View Juvenile Justice LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE HANCOCK WYANDOT ALLEN CR MEDINA RICHLAND VAN WERT RD FO AW HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER PORTAGE COLUMBIANA CARROLL JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE ASHLAND SECTION Montgomery County MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE Y ER OM TG ON WASHINGTON HOCKING ATHENS CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 MONTGOMERY COUNTY Number & Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Adjudications % of Adjudications # of Commitments % of Commitments White 88 30.4% 1 5.6% Black 182 63.0% 16 88.9% Hispanic 1 0.3% 1 5.6% Multiple Races 17 5.9% 0 0.0% Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Unknown 1 0.3% 0 0.0% TOTAL 289 100.0% 18 100.0% FY17 MONTGOMERY COUNTY Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Adjudications Commitments 89% 90% 63% 50% 30% 10% 6% White 0.3% Black 6% Hispanic 6% 166 0% Multiple/Other/Unknown Data Source: Ohio Department of Youth Services FY2017 Profile of Youth Adjudicated or Committed for Felony Offenses MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WARREN CLINTON BROWN BELMONT NOBLE PERRY ROSS HAMILTON HARRISON GUERNSEY K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI SECTION Taking an Evaluative View Juvenile Justice LAKE LUCAS FULTON 4 ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA HURON HANCOCK RD FO WYANDOT ALLEN CR RICHLAND VAN WERT AW HARDIN PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MEDINA STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA CARROLL Summit County MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN JEFFERSON SENECA PUTNAM SUMMIT HENRY PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE ERIE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE FY17 SUMMIT COUNTY Number & Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Adjudications % of Adjudications # of Commitments % of Commitments White 84 31.8% 5 83.3% Black 158 59.8% 1 16.7% Hispanic 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Multiple Races 20 7.6% 0 0.0% Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Unknown 2 0.8% 0 0.0% TOTAL 264 100.0% 6 100.0% FY17 SUMMIT COUNTY Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Adjudications 90% Commitments 83% 60% 50% 32% 17% 10% 8% White Black 0% 0% Hispanic 0% Multiple/Other/Unknown Data Source: Ohio Department of Youth Services FY2017 Profile of Youth Adjudicated or Committed for Felony Offenses 167 4 Taking an Evaluative View Juvenile Justice LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA HURON SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO AW CR MEDINA RICHLAND PAULDING HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE DARKE FAYETTE MORGAN MORGAN WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING ATHENS ATHENS CLERMONT HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE FY17 APPALACHIAN REGION Number & Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Race & Ethnicity # of Adjudications % of Adjudications # of Commitments % of Commitments White 425 71.9% 24 70.6% Black 120 20.3% 4 11.8% Hispanic 10 1.7% 6 17.6% Multiple Races 22 3.7% 0 0.0% Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Unknown 14 2.4% 0 0.0% TOTAL 591 100.0% 34 100.0% FY17 APPALACHIAN REGION Percentage of Youth Felony Adjudications & Commitments by Race Commitments 90% 72% 71% 50% 20% 18% 12% 10% 2% White Black Hispanic 6% 168 0% Multiple/Other/Unknown Data Source: Ohio Department of Youth Services FY2017 Profile of Youth Adjudicated or Committed for Felony Offenses MONROE PICKAWAY WARREN CLINTON VINTON Adjudications BELMONT BELMONT NOBLE NOBLE PERRY ROSS HAMILTON HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY K US M FAIRFIELD GREENE UM G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON SANDUSKY HENRY SUMMIT DEFIANCE ERIE TUSCARAWAS WOOD ASHLAND SECTION SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Juvenile Justice ABOUT $95 MILLION ARE SPENT EVERY YEAR ON YOUTH COMMITTED TO A JUVENILE DETENTION FACILITY IN OHIO. THE RECIDIVISM RATE IS NEARLY Reflection 50%. WHEN AND HOW COULD WE MAKE A SMARTER INVESTMENT IN THESE CHILDREN TO PREVENT THEM FROM ENTERING THE JUVENILE COURT SYSTEM AND POSITION THEM FOR SUCCESS EARLY IN LIFE? 169 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View 8th Grade Math Achievement Ohio Reading and Mathematics Achievement Assessments are annual tests given to students in grades 3-8 to measure how well students have learned the reading and math concepts taught in these grades. Research shows that Eighth grade math achievement predicts high school graduation and postsecondary attainment. STATEWIDE ANALYSIS FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above on Eighth Grade Math by Race & Ethnicity 90% 63% 68% 50% 55% 48% 43% 27% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS Note: Due to small numbers of students, the county and Appalachian region graphs by race and ethnicity do not show results for Pacific Islanders or American Indian/Alaskan Natives. Reflection Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, Ohio School Report Card FY17 170 ONLY 54.9% OF ALL STUDENTS ARE PROFICIENT IN EIGHTH GRADE MATH. WHAT IS THE IMPLICATION OF THIS STATISTIC FOR COLLEGE AND CAREER READINESS? AND HOW CAN WE INCREASE MATH PROFICIENCY AMONG CHILDREN OF COLOR? SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 8th Grade Math Achievement REGIONAL ANALYSIS FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above on Eighth Grade Math by Race & Ethnicity Cuyahoga County 100% 50% 68.1% 70.9% White Asian Multiracial or Other 24.3% 10% 50.5% 38.2% Hispanic Black Franklin County 100% 75.1% 65.2% 50% 31.4% 10% White Asian 51% Multiracial or Other Black 43.9% Hispanic Hamilton County 100% 69.1% 50% White 79.5% Asian 28% 10% 51.9% Multiracial or Other 46.9% Hispanic Black Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, Ohio School Report Card FY17 171 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View 8th Grade Math Achievement REGIONAL ANALYSIS FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above on Eighth Grade Math BY RACE & ETHNICITY Montgomery County 100% 69% 54.5% 50% Asian 24.7% 10% White 36.4% Multiracial or Other Black 40.7% Hispanic Summit County 100% 68.5% 51.7% 50% White Asian 25.7% 10% 47.3% 48.4% Multiracial or Other Hispanic Black Appalachian Region 100% 86.4% 54.4% 50% 29.6% 10% White Asian 50.8% Multiracial or Other 42.3% Hispanic Black Data Note: The above graph is based on the simple average rather than weighted average of county test results. Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, Ohio School Report Card FY17 172 SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 8th Grade Math Achievement FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above on Eighth Grade Math BY ECONOMIC STATUS 71.7% NOT Disadvantaged 40.5% Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 54.9% FY17 Percent of Students Proficient & Above on Eighth Grade Math BY ECONOMIC STATUS IN SELECTED REGIONS Disadvantaged NOT Disadvantaged 100% 74.5% 75.6% 78.9% 72.1% 71.8% 67.1% 62.3% 47.7% 50% 37.7% 36.5% Franklin Hamilton 29.8% 40.5% 32% 36% 10% Cuyahoga Montgomery Summit Appalachia STATEWIDE Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 173 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View High School Graduation High school graduation predicts postsecondary educational success. Children who graduate from high school are more likely to continue their education after high school. The following analysis summarizes Ohio FY2016’s four-year graduation rates by race and ethnicity. Considering the number of students graduating on time during the 2015-2016 school year, Save the Children ranked Ohio 29th in the nation for high school drop outs. During FY 2016, for all of Ohio’s 610 “traditional” school districts and all of Ohio’s community schools*, the four-year graduation rate is 83.5%. White non-Hispanic students have the highest graduation rate at 87.9%. Black non-Hispanic students have the lowest graduation rate at 68.1%. *Community schools, often called charter schools in other states, are public nonprofit, nonsectarian schools that operate independently of any school district but under a contract with an authorized sponsoring entity that is established by statute or approved by the State Board of Education. Community schools are public schools of choice and are state and federally funded. Table 1 Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate Black 14,576 6,829 21,405 68.1% White 89,570 12,324 101,894 87.9% Asian, Amer. Indian, Alaskan Native & Pacific Islander 2,541 433 2,974 85.5% Multracial 4,037 1,148 5,106 79.1% Hispanic 3,980 1,476 5,456 72.9% ALL STUDENTS 114,443 22,641 137,084 83.5% Chart 1 90% FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity, ALL OHIO SCHOOL DISTRICTS & COMMUNITY SCHOOLS FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity, ALL OHIO SCHOOL DISTRICTS & COMMUNITY SCHOOLS 88% 86% 79% 68% 84% 73% 50% 10% Black 174 White Asian, Amer. Indian, Alaskan Native, Pacific Islander Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 High School Graduation Only analyzing Ohio’s 610 “traditional” school districts, the 4-year graduation rate is 90.1%. White non-Hispanic students have the highest graduation rate at 92.9%. Black non-Hispanic students have the lowest graduation rate at 78.9%. FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity, ALL OHIO K-12 DISTRICTS Table 2 Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate Black 13,449 3,593 17,042 78.9% White 85,487 6,551 92,038 92.9% Asian 2,291 302 2,593 88.4% Multracial 3,698 563 4,261 86.8% Hispanic 3,709 902 4,611 80.4% Amer. Indian/Alaskan Native 135 26 161 83.9% Pacific Islander 57 10 67 85.1% ALL STUDENTS 108,826 11,947 120,773 90.1% FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity, ALL OHIO K-12 DISTRICTS Chart 2 100% 93% 79% 88% 87% 90% 80% 50% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 175 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View High School Graduation Table 3 below shows graduation rates by race and ethnicity in Ohio’s community schools only. Overall, 36.4% of community school students graduate. THE GAP BETWEEN BLACK & WHITE STUDENTS’ GRADUATION RATES IN COMMUNITY SCHOOLS IS 15.6% This gap is 1.4% higher than the gap between black and white student graduation rates in Ohio’s traditional school districts. Table 3 176 FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity, ALL COMMUNITY SCHOOLS Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate White 4,083 5,773 9,856 41.4% Black 1,127 3,236 4,363 25.8% Hispanic 271 574 845 32.1% Multracial 339 585 924 36.7% Asian, Amer. Indian, Alaskan Native & Pacific Islander 58 95 153 37.9% ALL STUDENTS 5,878 10,263 16,141 36.4% SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 High School Graduation Tables 4 and 5 below separate students in community schools from those in Dropout Prevention & Recovery community schools. Dropout Prevention & Recovery community schools are community schools that primarily enroll students between 16 and 22 years of age who dropped out of high school or are at risk of dropping out of high school and serve a majority of their students through dropout prevention and recovery programs. When Dropout Prevention and Recovery community schools are separated from the ”regular” community schools (which include e-schools), Table 4 shows that 44.6% of students in regular community schools graduate and only 24.8% of students in Dropout Prevention and Recovery community schools graduate. The 44.8% graduation rate for “regular” community schools is less than half of the graduation rate for all K-12 districts and the graduation rate in dropout prevention & recovery schools is only 24.8%. Table 4 FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity, COMMUNITY SCHOOLS (EXCLUDING DROPOUT PREVENTION & RECOVERY SCHOOLS) Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate White 3,074 3,507 6,581 46.7% Black 657 1,093 1,750 37.5% Hispanic 205 313 518 39.6% Multracial 249 304 553 45.0% Asian, Amer. Indian, Alaskan Native & Pacific Islander 44 46 90 48.9% ALL STUDENTS 4,229 5,263 9,492 44.6% Table 5 FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity, DROPOUT PREVENTION & RECOVERY COMMUNITY SCHOOLS Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate White 1,009 2,266 3,275 30.8% Black 470 2,143 2,613 18.0% Hispanic 66 261 327 20.2% Multracial 90 281 371 24.3% Asian, Amer. Indian, Alaskan Native & Pacific Islander 14 49 63 22.2% ALL STUDENTS 1,649 5,000 6,649 24.8% 177 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View High School Graduation Cuyahoga County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate Black 3,377 1,018 4,395 76.8% White 5,384 412 5,796 92.9% Asian 332 36 368 90.2% Multracial 310 50 360 86.1% Hispanic 567 176 743 76.3% ALL STUDENTS 9,970 1,692 11,662 85.5% 100% 93% 90% 77% 86% 86% 76% 50% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 The county and regional 4-year graduation analysis below only include traditional schools and does not include community schools because students attending community schools, including online schools, often reach beyond county or region. 178 ALL STUDENTS SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 High School Graduation Franklin County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate Black 2,556 600 3,156 81.0% White 6,189 494 6,683 92.6% Asian 552 97 649 85.1% Multracial 489 58 547 89.4% Hispanic 568 186 754 75.3% ALL STUDENTS 10,354 1,435 11,789 87.8% 100% 93% 81% 85% 89% 88% 75% 50% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 179 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View High School Graduation Hamilton County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate Black 1,919 579 2,498 76.8% White 3,808 310 4,118 92.5% Asian 188 23 211 89.1% Multracial 233 42 275 84.7% Hispanic 158 61 219 72.1% ALL STUDENTS 6,306 1,015 7,321 86.1% 100% 93% 89% 77% 86% 85% 72% 50% 10% Black White Asian Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 180 Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 High School Graduation Montgomery County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate Black 1,008 282 1,290 78.1% White 3,033 303 3,336 90.9% Asian 92 6 98 93.9% Multracial 170 19 189 89.9% Hispanic 131 19 150 87.3% ALL STUDENTS 4,434 629 5,063 87.6% 100% 91% 94% 90% 78% 87% 88% 50% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 181 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View High School Graduation Summit County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate Black 845 227 1,072 78.8% White 3,662 268 3,930 93.2% Asian 183 91 274 66.8% Multracial 169 36 205 82.4% Hispanic 88 28 116 75.9% ALL STUDENTS 4,947 650 5,597 88.4% 100% 93% 82% 79% 67% 88% 76% 50% 10% Black White Asian Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 182 Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 High School Graduation Appalachian Region FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Grads Graduation Rate Black 758 148 906 83.7% White 17,753 1,588 19,341 91.8% Asian 92 7 99 92.9% Multracial 511 71 582 87.8% Hispanic 317 72 389 81.5% ALL STUDENTS 19,431 1,886 21,317 91.2% 100% 84% 92% 93% 88% 82% 91% 50% 10% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic ALL STUDENTS Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 The county and regional 4-year graduation analysis below only include traditional schools and does not include community schools because students attending community schools, including online schools, often reach beyond county or region. 183 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View High School Graduation The following high school graduation data provides a different perspective on Ohio’s graduation rates by comparing economically disadvantaged* and non-disadvantaged students. All data shown in these tables and charts relates to FY16 graduation rates for students attending the 610 “traditional” K-12 public school districts in Ohio. Community Schools (aka “charter schools”) are excluded from these figures because it is not possible to source which counties these students reside in, particularly for electronic schools. Table 6 FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by ECONOMIC STATUS, ALL OHIO K-12 DISTRICTS Economic Status # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Graduates Graduation RATE NOT Disadvantaged 70,671 3,785 74,456 94.9% Disadvantaged 36,980 7,810 44,790 82.6% ALL STUDENTS 107,651 11,595 119,246 90.3% FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by ECONOMIC STATUS, ALL OHIO K-12 DISTRICTS NOT Disadvantaged Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 95% 83% 90% Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 *The definition of economically disadvantaged is clarified in the Sources & Definitions section at the end of this report. 184 SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 High School Graduation Cuyahoga County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Graduates Graduation RATE NOT Disadvantaged 5,597 381 5,978 93.6% Disadvantaged 4,324 1,286 5,610 77.1% ALL STUDENTS 9,921 1,667 11,588 85.6% 94% NOT Disadvantaged 77% Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 86% Franklin County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Graduates Graduation RATE NOT Disadvantaged 6,143 285 6,428 95.6% Disadvantaged 4,161 1,134 5,295 78.6% ALL STUDENTS 10,304 1,419 11,723 87.9% NOT Disadvantaged Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 79% 96% 88% Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 185 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View High School Graduation Hamilton County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Graduates Graduation RATE NOT Disadvantaged 4,014 373 4,387 91.5% Disadvantaged 2,310 642 2,952 78.3% ALL STUDENTS 6,324 1,015 7,339 86.2% 92% NOT Disadvantaged 78% 86% Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS Montgomery County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Graduates Graduation RATE NOT Disadvantaged 2,629 145 2,774 94.8% Disadvantaged 1,782 453 2,235 79.7% ALL STUDENTS 4,411 598 5,009 88.1% NOT Disadvantaged Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 95% 80% 88% Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 186 SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 High School Graduation Summit County FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Graduates Graduation RATE NOT Disadvantaged 2,951 114 3,065 96.3% Disadvantaged 1,960 480 2,440 80.3% ALL STUDENTS 4,911 594 5,505 89.2% 96% NOT Disadvantaged 80% 89% Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS Appalachian Region FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate by ECONOMIC STATUS Economic Status # of Graduates # of Non-Graduates Total Potential Graduates Graduation RATE NOT Disadvantaged 10,893 649 11,542 94.4% Disadvantaged 8,200 1,203 9,403 87.2% ALL STUDENTS 19,093 1,852 20,945 91.2% NOT Disadvantaged Disadvantaged ALL STUDENTS 94% 87% 91% Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 187 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View High School Graduation FY16 4-Year Graduation Rate of Students by ECONOMIC STATUS IN SELECTED OHIO REGIONS Disadvantaged 100% 93.6% 95.6% 78.6% 77.1% NOT Disadvantaged 94.8% 91.5% 78.3% 79.7% 96.3% 80.3% 94.4% 87.2% 94.9% 82.6% 50% 10% Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Montgomery Summit Appalachia STATEWIDE Reflection Data Source: Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 188 HOW DO OHIO’S HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION RATES IMPACT THE STRENGTH OF THE STATE’S FUTURE WORKFORCE? HOW CAN WE CREATE A CULTURE THAT EMPHASIZES GRADUATING FROM HIGH SCHOOL AND GOING ON TO ATTEND COLLEGE OR EARN A CREDENTIAL? SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Postsecondary Attainment Only 43% of Ohio’s workforce (Ohio residents ages 25-64) have some type of credential beyond high school that qualifies them for available jobs, including high-quality certificates, associate degrees and higher. Currently, 56% of in-demand jobs in Ohio require a postsecondary certificate or above. By 2020, 65% of jobs in Ohio will require a postsecondary degree, certificate or credential. While Ohio has a set a goal to reach 65% attainment by 2025 to match the skills of the workforce to available meaningful employment, the state is far off from reaching this goal. LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO AW CR HARDIN MEDINA MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HANCOCK ASHLAND STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM RICHLAND PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN Educational Attainment by Race & Ethnicity KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT IN K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Ohio Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity Table 1 Race & Ethnicity # of NON High School Graduates # of High School Grads or Some College Black White Asian Multracial/Other Hispanic TOTAL 137,794 603,441 19,055 32,740 53,206 846,236 593,162 4,118,241 39,774 106,343 113,479 4,970,999 # with HIGHLAND JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWREN Persons % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Grads or Some College 140,673 1,799,503 91,110 34,655 36,210 2,102,151 871,629 6,521,185 149,939 173,738 202,895 7,919,386 15.8% 9.3% 12.7% 18.8% 26.2% 10.7% 68.1% 63.2% 26.5% 61.2% 55.9% 62.8% Age 25 or Older MEIGS PIKE Bachelors Degree or Higher TOTAL CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON CE % with Bachelors Degree or Higher 16.1% 27.6% 60.8% 19.9% 17.8% 26.5% Ohio Percentage with a Bachelors Degree or Higher Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity Chart 1 70% 61% 40% 28% 10% 20% 16% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other 18% Hispanic 27% TOTAL Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 189 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO AW CR HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE WAYNE STARK MORROW LOGAN PORTAGE MAHONING HOLMES MERCER Educational Attainment by Race & Ethnicity SUMMIT MEDINA ASHLAND HANCOCK RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING KNOX COLUMBIANA CARROLL Cuyahoga County SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of NON High School Graduates # of High School Grads or Some College Black White Asian Multracial/Other Hispanic TOTAL 40,657 45,140 2,964 5,007 10,191 103,959 160,603 309,452 6,013 13,789 20,805 510,662 Bachelors # with Persons % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Grads or Some College 34,147 209,661 16,064 5,257 5,968 271,097 235,407 564,253 25,041 24,053 36,964 885,718 17.3% 8.0% 11.8% 20.8% 27.6% 11.7% 68.2% 54.8% 24.0% 57.3% 56.3% 57.7% Degree or Higher TOTAL Age 25 or Older % with Bachelors Degree or Higher 14.5% 37.2% 64.2% 21.9% 16.1% 30.6% Percentage with a Bachelors Degree or Higher Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity 70% 64% 40% 10% 37% 22% 15% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other 31% 16% Hispanic TOTAL Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 190 JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN FO AW CR RD HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER Educational Attainment by Race & Ethnicity SUMMIT MEDINA ASHLAND HANCOCK RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA CARROLL Franklin County MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of NON High School Graduates # of High School Grads or Some College Black White Asian Multracial/Other Hispanic TOTAL 22,433 40,064 4,851 5,185 9,483 82,016 104,630 283,490 9,249 15,701 15,060 428,130 Bachelors # with Persons % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Grads or Some College 31,418 245,211 23,416 6,789 6,478 313,312 158,481 568,765 37,516 27,675 31,021 823,458 14.2% 7.0% 12.9% 18.7% 30.6% 10.0% 66.0% 49.8% 24.7% 56.7% 48.5% 52.0% Degree or Higher TOTAL Age 25 or Older % with Bachelors Degree or Higher 19.8% 43.1% 62.4% 24.5% 20.9% 38.0% Percentage with a Bachelors Degree or Higher Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity 70% 62% 43% 40% 10% 38% 25% 20% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other 21% Hispanic TOTAL Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 191 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN CR FO AW RD HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER Educational Attainment by Race & Ethnicity SUMMIT MEDINA ASHLAND HANCOCK RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA CARROLL Hamilton County MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of NON High School Graduates # of High School Grads or Some College Black White Asian Multracial/Other Hispanic TOTAL 20,035 27,364 1,730 2,243 3,362 54,734 86,385 196,099 2,615 6,162 4,708 295,969 Bachelors # with Persons % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Grads or Some College 20,145 157,380 8,566 3,149 3,624 192,864 126,565 380,843 12,911 11,554 11,694 543,567 15.8% 7.2% 13.4% 19.4% 28.7% 10.1% 68.3% 51.5% 20.3% 53.3% 40.3% 54.4% Degree or Higher TOTAL Age 25 or Older Degree or Higher 15.9% 41.3% 66.3% 27.3% 31.0% 35.5% 66% 41% 40% 27% 10% % with Bachelors Percentage with a Bachelors Degree or Higher Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity 70% 31% 36% 16% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other Hispanic TOTAL Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 192 JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN CR RD FO AW ASHLAND HARDIN MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER Educational Attainment by Race & Ethnicity SUMMIT HANCOCK VAN WERT MEDINA RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: TRUMBULL LORAIN HURON SENECA PUTNAM COLUMBIANA CARROLL JEFFERSON SANDUSKY HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE Montgomery County MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of NON High School Graduates # of High School Grads or Some College Black White Asian Multracial/Other Hispanic TOTAL 9,760 24,646 1,072 948 1,634 38,060 47,974 172,539 2,219 4,855 3,975 231,562 Bachelors # with Persons % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Grads or Some College 12,080 75,859 3,964 1,769 1,454 95,126 69,814 273,044 7,255 7,572 7,063 364,748 14.0% 9.0% 14.8% 12.5% 23.1% 10.4% 68.7% 63.2% 30.6% 64.1% 56.3% 63.5% Degree or Higher TOTAL Age 25 or Older % with Bachelors Degree or Higher 17.3% 27.8% 54.6% 23.4% 20.6% 26.1% Percentage with a Bachelors Degree or Higher Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity 70% 55% 40% 28% 10% 23% 17% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other 21% Hispanic 26% TOTAL Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 193 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT RD FO AW CR HARDIN SUMMIT WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA CARROLL Summit County MORROW Educational Attainment by Race & Ethnicity PORTAGE MAHONING ASHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM VAN WERT TRUMBULL LORAIN HURON SENECA LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT K US NOBLE FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of NON High School Graduates # of High School Grads or Some College Black White Asian Multracial/Other Hispanic TOTAL 6,604 22,890 2,670 893 1,058 34,115 33,174 184,013 2,783 4,164 2,640 226,774 Bachelors # with Persons % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Grads or Some College 7,802 100,416 4,202 1,549 1,543 115,512 47,580 307,319 9,655 6,606 5,241 376,401 13.9% 7.4% 27.7% 13.5% 20.2% 9.1% 69.7% 59.9% 28.8% 63.0% 50.4% 60.2% Degree or Higher TOTAL Age 25 or Older Degree or Higher 16.4% 32.7% 43.5% 23.4% 29.4% 30.7% 44% 40% 33% 10% % with Bachelors Percentage with a Bachelors Degree or Higher Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity 70% 23% 16% Black White Asian Multiracial or Other 29% Hispanic 31% TOTAL Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 194 JEFFERSON SANDUSKY HENRY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE PAULDING SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT AW CR RD FO HARDIN SUMMIT WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE MAHONING ASHLAND HANCOCK ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND PUTNAM REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA VAN WERT TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER MORROW Educational Attainment by Race & Ethnicity LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE FAYETTE HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT BELMONT K US M FAIRFIELD GREENE UM G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE NOBLE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity # of NON High School Graduates # of High School Grads or Some College Black White Asian Multracial/Other Hispanic TOTAL 10,108 166,158 951 4,664 5,386 187,267 39,865 901,362 2,702 15,022 11,542 970,493 Bachelors # with Persons % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Grads or Some College 5,437 223,826 3,989 3,218 2,354 238,824 55,410 1,291,346 7,642 22,904 19,282 1,396,584 18.2% 12.9% 12.4% 20.4% 27.9% 13.4% 71.9% 69.8% 35.4% 65.6% 59.9% 69.5% Degree or Higher TOTAL Age 25 or Older % with Bachelors Degree or Higher 9.8% 17.3% 52.2% 14.0% 12.2% 17.1% Percentage with a Bachelors Degree or Higher Age 25 or Older by Race & Ethnicity 70% 52% 40% 10% 10% Black 17% White 14% Asian Multiracial or Other 12% Hispanic 17% TOTAL Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 195 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Postsecondary Attainment Educational attainment by income is only available for persons above and below 100% of the federal poverty level (FPL). The graphs in this section show the percentage of each group that are at the 4 different levels of educational attainment reported by the American Community Survey data. For example, Table 2b and Chart 2 show that 24.6% of persons below FPL are not college graduates while only 8.3% of those above FPL are not college graduates. LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE VAN WERT WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO AW CR HARDIN MEDINA MARION AUGLAIZE SUMMIT HANCOCK ASHLAND STATEWIDE ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM RICHLAND PAULDING TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY MAHONING WAYNE STARK HOLMES MERCER MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY Educational Attainment by Income Level DARKE CHAMPAIGN CLARK Y ER OM TG ON COLUMBIANA CARROLL HARRISON GUERNSEY BELMONT IN K US M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM G FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE PORTAGE JEFFERSON SANDUSKY TUSCARAWAS WOOD DEFIANCE NOBLE PERRY MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS Ohio Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income Table 2a # with # with CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWREN # of High School Graduates Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Income # of NON High School Graduates Degree or Higher TOTAL Persons Age 25 or Older Below Poverty Above Poverty 222,684 561,088 348,569 2,243,234 253,582 1,988,669 82,145 1,999,243 906,980 6,792,234 CE Table 2b Chart 2 Income % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Graduates Below Poverty Above Poverty 24.6% 8.3% 38.4% 33.0% Below Poverty 38% 10% % with Associates Bachelors 28.0% 29.3% 9.1% 29.4% Degree or Some College Degree or Higher Ohio Percentage Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income 50% 30% % with Above Poverty 33% 28% 25% 29% 9% 8% NON High School Graduate 29% High School Graduate Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Degree or Higher Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 196 SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN RD FO AW CR MEDINA HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE STARK HOLMES MERCER Educational Attainment by Income Level MORROW LOGAN PORTAGE KNOX COLUMBIANA CARROLL Cuyahoga County SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN JEFFERSON VAN WERT SUMMIT HANCOCK RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income # of High School Graduates Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Income # of NON High School Graduates # with Degree or Higher TOTAL Persons Age 25 or Older Below Poverty Above Poverty 34,008 62,129 42,081 199,617 36,938 215,751 14,024 253,913 127,051 731,410 Income % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Graduates Below Poverty Above Poverty 26.8% 8.5% 33.1% 27.3% # with % with % with Associates Bachelors 29.1% 29.5% 11.0% 34.7% Degree or Some College Degree or Higher Percentage Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income Below Poverty Above Poverty 50% 33% 30% 10% 27% 27% 11% 9% NON High School Graduate 35% 29% 30% High School Graduate Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Degree or Higher Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 197 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN FO AW CR RD HARDIN Educational Attainment by Income Level PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MEDINA STARK HOLMES LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE Y ER PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI FAYETTE BELMONT NOBLE PERRY WASHINGTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income # of High School Graduates Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Income # of NON High School Graduates Degree or Higher TOTAL Persons Age 25 or Older Below Poverty Above Poverty 26,300 50,095 33,119 167,081 25,703 192,469 13,069 297,537 98,191 707,182 Income % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Graduates Below Poverty Above Poverty 26.8% 7.1% 33.7% 23.6% # with % with % with Associates Bachelors 26.2% 27.2% 13.3% 42.1% Degree or Some College Degree or Higher Percentage Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income Below Poverty Above Poverty 50% 42% 34% 30% 10% 27% 24% 26% 27% 13% 7% NON High School Graduate High School Graduate Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Degree or Higher Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 198 MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY HOCKING BROWN HARRISON GUERNSEY K US M FAIRFIELD GREENE UM G IN FRANKLIN WARREN CLINTON HAMILTON # with COLUMBIANA CARROLL Franklin County MORROW JEFFERSON VAN WERT SUMMIT HANCOCK RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN CR FO AW RD HARDIN Educational Attainment by Income Level PORTAGE MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER MEDINA STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA CARROLL Hamilton County MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE CLARK Y ER PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON MIAMI M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON VAN WERT SUMMIT HANCOCK RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income # of High School Graduates Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Income # of NON High School Graduates # with Degree or Higher TOTAL Persons Age 25 or Older Below Poverty Above Poverty 43,884 84,032 56,882 286,465 45,557 319,463 22,141 479,397 168,464 1,169,357 Income % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Graduates Below Poverty Above Poverty 26.0% 7.2% 33.8% 24.5% # with % with % with Associates Bachelors 27.0% 27.3% 13.1% 41.0% Degree or Some College Degree or Higher Percentage Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income Below Poverty Above Poverty 50% 41% 34% 30% 10% 25% 26% 27% 27% 13% 7% NON High School Graduate High School Graduate Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Degree or Higher Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 199 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE WYANDOT ALLEN CR RD FO AW MEDINA HARDIN MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE STARK HOLMES MERCER Montgomery County Educational Attainment by Income Level MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE Y ER OM TG ON M FAIRFIELD FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY MORGAN WASHINGTON HOCKING ATHENS CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income # with # of High School Graduates Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Income # of NON High School Graduates Degree or Higher TOTAL Persons Age 25 or Older Below Poverty Above Poverty 11,302 24,655 16,844 83,763 17,375 108,619 4,308 89,704 49,829 306,741 Income % of High School Graduates Below Poverty Above Poverty 22.7% 8.0% 33.8% 27.3% # with % with % with Associates Bachelors 34.9% 35.4% 8.6% 29.2% Degree or Some College Degree or Higher Percentage Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income Below Poverty Above Poverty 50% 35% 35% 34% 30% 10% 29% 27% 23% 9% 8% NON High School Graduate High School Graduate Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Degree or Higher Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 200 MONROE PICKAWAY WARREN CLINTON ROSS HAMILTON HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN GREENE M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK PREBLE COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI % of NON High School Graduates COLUMBIANA CARROLL JEFFERSON VAN WERT SUMMIT HANCOCK RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE RD FO AW CR HARDIN Educational Attainment by Income Level MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE MERCER PORTAGE STARK HOLMES COLUMBIANA CARROLL Summit County MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE Y ER PREBLE T ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK M GO COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM BELMONT K US NOBLE PERRY HARRISON GUERNSEY G IN FRANKLIN JEFFERSON WYANDOT ALLEN SUMMIT HANCOCK VAN WERT MEDINA RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HURON SENECA PUTNAM TRUMBULL LORAIN HENRY PAULDING TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE MONROE MORGAN PICKAWAY WASHINGTON HOCKING WARREN CLINTON ATHENS ROSS CLERMONT VINTON HAMILTON HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income # of High School Graduates Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Income # of NON High School Graduates # with Degree or Higher TOTAL Persons Age 25 or Older Below Poverty Above Poverty 8,742 23,757 15,317 103,320 12,548 92,130 4,337 110,325 40,944 329,532 Income % of NON High School Graduates % of High School Graduates Below Poverty Above Poverty 21.4% 7.2% 37.4% 31.4% # with % with % with Associates Bachelors 30.6% 28.0% 10.6% 33.5% Degree or Some College Degree or Higher Percentage Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income Below Poverty Above Poverty 50% 37% 30% 10% 31% 21% 31% 11% 7% NON High School Graduate 34% 28% High School Graduate Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Degree or Higher Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 201 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Postsecondary Attainment LAKE LUCAS FULTON ASHTABULA OTTAWA WILLIAMS GEAUGA CUYAHOGA ERIE AW CR RD FO HARDIN SUMMIT MAHONING WAYNE MARION AUGLAIZE PORTAGE STARK HOLMES Educational Attainment by Income Level MORROW LOGAN KNOX SHELBY DARKE PREBLE ON M BUTLER LICKING MADISON CLARK OM TG COSHOCTON UNION DELAWARE CHAMPAIGN MIAMI Y ER BELMONT BELMONT NOBLE NOBLE PERRY MORGAN MORGAN WASHINGTON WASHINGTON HOCKING ATHENS ATHENS CLERMONT VINTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND MEIGS PIKE JACKSON BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO GALLIA LAWR LAWRENCE ENCE Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income # with # of High School Graduates Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Income # of NON High School Graduates Degree or Higher TOTAL Persons Age 25 or Older Below Poverty Above Poverty 48,012 126,728 82,457 483,497 47,296 329,144 11,180 225,010 188,945 1,164,379 Income Below Poverty Above Poverty 25.4% 10.9% 43.6% 41.5% # with % with % with Associates Bachelors 25.0% 28.3% 5.9% 19.3% Degree or Some College Degree or Higher Percentage Educational Attainment of Persons Age 25 or Older by Income Below Poverty 50% 30% 44% Above Poverty 42% 25% 28% 25% 19% 10% 11% NON High School Graduate 6% High School Graduate Associates Degree or Some College Bachelors Degree or Higher Data source: U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. 202 MONROE PICKAWAY WARREN CLINTON HAMILTON HARRISON HARRISON GUERNSEY NG I K US M FAIRFIELD GREENE FAYETTE UM FRANKLIN ROSS % of High School Graduates CARROLL CARROLL Appalachian Region MERCER % of NON High School Graduates COLUMBIANA COLUMBIANA JEFFERSON WYANDOT ALLEN MEDINA RICHLAND REGIONAL ANALYSIS: HANCOCK VAN WERT TRUMBULL TRUMBULL LORAIN HURON SENECA TUSCARAWAS SANDUSKY HENRY PUTNAM ASHLAND WOOD DEFIANCE PAULDING SECTION Taking an Evaluative View 4 REMEMBER: ONLY 40% OF OHIO KINDERGARTNERS ENTER THE CLASSROOM Reflection READY TO LEARN. WHY IS IT NO SURPRISE THAT THE STATE KINDERGARTEN READINESS MEASURE ALIGNS WITH THE POSTSECONDARY SUCCESS OF OUR ADULT WORKFORCE WITH ONLY 43% OF THE WORKFORCE HAVING THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT THAT MATCHES SKILLS REQUIRED BY JOBS AVAILABLE TODAY? DID THE CHILDREN WHO WERE LEFT BEHIND EARLIER IN THEIR SCHOOL CAREER STAY BEHIND? 203 a New - int for Succes 1. Gaps between children in poverty and their higher-income peers emerge much earlier than state and federal policy recognizes. These gaps persist long into adulthood. 2. Race and rural geography play a determinative role in these gaps. 3. The sheer volume of metrics in which these early gaps emerge should serve as a clarion call to policymakers that more must be done. The solution is to close the gaps for Ohio’s kids where they begin—early. To improve school outcomes and increase the lifelong success of children, Ohio needs greater investments in high-quality early childhood education for our most at-risk children. 205 SECTION 5 Drafting a New Blueprint for Success A Call to Action The return on public investment in high-quality, early childhood programs is upwards of 13%. Providing high quality early childhood education for Ohio’s most at-risk children, during the most critical period of their development, yields the greatest return on public investment. 13% ROI Data source: Dr. James Heckman, Nobel Laureate in Economics Experts conclude that when investments are made early, children are: More likely to... 206 Less likely to... • Be kindergarten ready. • Be held back a grade. • Graduate high school. • Be reliant on public assistance. • Have higher earnings and better health. • Engage in criminal behavior. SECTION Drafting a New Blueprint for Success 5 A Call to Action EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IS A POWERFUL PR E V E N T I O N POLICY FOR OHIO’S MOST AT-RISK KIDS. OHIO CAN INVEST NOW OR WE WILL PAY SIGNIFICANTLY LATER. Just Like... We can pay a few cents for a parking meter... Or, pay for an expensive ticket later. We can buy a low-cost smoke detector... Or, pay to rebuild a home after a tragic house fire. SIMILARLY: We can invest in quality early childhood education... Or, pay later in the costly juvenile justice & adult corrections systems. 207 SECTION 5 Drafting a New Blueprint for Success A Call to Action ONLY 6.3% OF STATE INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION ARE SPENT ON CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO AGE 5. Conclusion Current investments in the education of Ohio's children DO NOT REFLECT WHAT WE KNOW about brian science and the economics of human development. Early Childhood (6.3%) $702,005,000 K-12 (93.7%) $10,484,000,000 TO IMPROVE SCHOOL OUTCOMES AND INCREASE THE LIFELONG SUCCESS OF CHILDREN, OHIO NEEDS GREATER INVESTMENTS IN HIGH-QUALITY EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION FOR OUR MOST AT-RISK CHILDREN. IT IS THE PROVEN INVESTMENT FOR KIDS, COMMUNITIES & TAXPAYERS. It’s time to draft a new blueprint for success. JOIN US. 208 Sources & Definitions Resources & References from the Introduction Pages: EQUITY & DISAGGREGATED DATA Race Equity and Inclusion Action Guide: www.aecf.org/resources/race-equity-and-inclusion-action-guide The Equity Manifesto: www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/pl_sum15_manifesto_FINAL_4app.pdf Diversity & Equity in Early Childhood Systems-Build Initiative: www.buildinitiative.org/TheIssues/DiversityEquity.aspx Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation-W.K. Kellogg Foundation: www.kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/researchandstrategicinitiatives/implicit-bias-review Racial Equity Tools: www.racialequitytools.org Implicit Bias Review: www.kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/researchandstrategicinitiatives/implicit-bias-review Bias Isn’t Just A Police Problem, It’s A Preschool Problem-NPR: www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/09/28/495488716/bias-isnt-just-a-police- problem-its-a-preschool-problem The Harvard Implicit Bias Test: www.implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html BRAIN SCIENCE Center on the Developing Child (2009). Five Numbers to Remember About Early Childhood Development (Brief). Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu. Center on the Developing Child (2009). Key Concepts: Brain Architecture (Brief). Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu. Center on the Developing Child (2007). The Science of Early Childhood Development: Closing the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do. Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu. The Campaign for Grade Level Reading. The 30 Million Word Gap: The Role of Parent-Child Verbal Interaction in Language and Literacy Development. Retrieved from http://gradelevelreading.net ZERO TO THREE (2017). The Basics of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health: A Briefing Paper. Retrieved from www.zerotothree.org KEY DEFINITION Economically Disadvantaged: The portion of a school district’s student population that meets any of the following conditions: 209 1. Students who are known to be eligible to receive free or reduced-price lunches; a program through the United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A) National School Lunch Program. The Federal eligibility criteria for free and reduced price lunch is 185% FPL. 2. Students who have not submitted an application for free or reduced-price lunch or who have not been directly certified as eligible but reside in a household in which a member is known to be eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. 3. Students who are known to be recipients of or whose guardians are known to be recipients of public assistance. 4. Students whose parents or guardians have completed a Title I student income form and meet the income guidelines specified. Also, some districts have opted for the federal Community Eligibility Program (CEP) that enables eligible school districts to identify all or nearly all of their students as disadvantaged in order to remove the stigma associated with identifying a need for school lunch and breakfast. SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Prenatal Care: SOURCES DATA SOURCE www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancy/conditioninfo/ prenatal-care www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/prenatal-care.aspx www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/prenatal-care www.zerotothree.org/resources/706-vol-34-no-4-prenatalinfluences-on-child-development Ohio Department of Medicaid Maternal and Infants Health Measures Report, Winter 2017 Preterm Birth Rates: SOURCES DATA SOURCES Center for Disease Control Report on Pregnant Women, Infants & Children, Appendix D, Ohio Department of Medicaid, December 29, 2017. www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/ pretermbirth.htm March of Dimes www.marchofdimes.org/complications/long-term-health-effects-ofpremature-birth.aspx Ohio Department of Health Ohio Public Health Data Warehouse http://publicapps.odh.ohio.gov/EDW/DataBrowser/Browse/OhioLiveBirths Infant Mortality: SOURCES Ohio Department of Health, New Strategies to Address Infant Mortality in Ohio (2017-2018) www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/cfhs/OEI/New-Strategies-Addressing-Infant-Mortality-in-Ohio-2017-18-FINAL.pdf?la=en Health Policy Institute of Ohio, Social Determinants of Infant Mortality www.healthpolicyohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/SDOIM_FinalCombined_posted-1.pdf Save the Children, End of Child Report 2018 Franklin County www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/ cfhs/OEI/comprofiles/franklin.pdf?la=en Hamilton County www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/ cfhs/OEI/comprofiles/hamilton.pdf?la=en Montgomery County www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/ Files/cfhs/OEI/comprofiles/montgomery.pdf?la=en Summit County www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/ cfhs/OEI/comprofiles/summit.pdf?la=en Mahoning County www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/ Files/cfhs/OEI/comprofiles/mahoning.pdf?la=en DATA SOURCES Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Maternal, Child and Family Health, “2016 Ohio Infant Mortality Data: General Findings” www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/cfhs/OEI/2016-Ohio-Infant-Mortality-Report-FINAL.pdf Ohio Equity Institute Profiles: Cuyahoga County www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/ Files/cfhs/OEI/comprofiles/cuyahoga.pdf?la=en Early Childhood Poverty SOURCES DATA SOURCES Children’s Defense Fund U.S. Census 2016 American Community Survey B-17020 Oregon Center for Public Policy www.ocpp.org 210 SECTION 1 Breaking Ground for Success Access to State & Federal Home Visiting: SOURCES The Pew Charitable Trusts Lee E, Mitchell-Herzfeld SD, Lowenfels AA, Greene R, Dorabawila V, DuMont KA. LeCroy, C.W., Krysik, J. www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2015/10/ using-data-to-measure-performance-of-home-visiting Miller, Ted R. www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/factsheets/2014/02/03/home-visiting-family-support-programs RAND Corporation www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_ MG341.pdf Olds DL, Kitzman H , Hanks C, et al. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908740 Lowell DI, Carter AS, Godoy L, Paulicin B, Briggs-Gowan, MJ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291437 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19135906 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512284 Ohio Department of Health www.helpmegrow.ohio.gov DATA SOURCE From 2017—provided by the Ohio Department of Health Access to Early Head Start: SOURCES DATA SOURCE U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Ohio Department of Education https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/programs/article/early-headstart-programs 211 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Incidence of Trauma: SOURCES Child Trends. The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences, nationally, by state, and by race or ethnicity. (2018) Veto Violence. Adverse Childhood Experiences Snapshot. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaiser Permanente. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. (1997) Early Intervention: SOURCES DATA SOURCE https://ohioearlyintervention.org Ohio Department of Developmental Disabilities FY 2017 U.S. Census 2016 American Community Survey B-17020 Access to Publicly Funded Child Care: SOURCES DATA SOURCES Child Care Aware of America, 2017 State Child Care Facts in the State of Ohio http://usa.childcareaware.org/wp-content/ Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 uploads/2017/07/OH_Facts.pdf Ohio Revised Code U.S. Census, American Community Survey 2016 B17020, B17024 Ohio Administrative Code, Chapter 5101:2 -16 Ohio Department of Job and Family Services. “‘Step Up to Quality’ (SUTQ): Program Standards.” http://emanuals.jfs.ohio.gov/ChildCare/ChildCareManual/Chapter17/5101-2-17-01.stm Compass Evaluation and Research, Inc. “Ohio’s SUTQ: Validation Study Results.” http://earlychildhoodohio.org/sutq/pdf/SUTQValidationStudy2017.pdf Access to Head Start: SOURCES DATA SOURCE U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children & Families, Office of Head Start Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, FY 2017 www.acf.hhs.gov/ohs/about/head-start Benefits.gov www.benefits.gov/benefits/benefit-details/1932 National Head Start Association www.nhsa.org/facts-and-impacts Center for American Progress, “Head Start in Rural America” www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/reports/2018/04/12/449292/head-start-rural-america 212 SECTION 2 Laying the Foundation Access to Preschool: SOURCES DATA SOURCE Ohio Department of Education, FY17 District Profile Report Ohio Department of Education, FY17 School Report Cards http://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Finance-and-Funding/School-Payment-Reports/District-Profile-Reports/FY2017-District-Profile-Report HighScope. “Perry Preschool Study.” https://highscope.org/documents/20147/43324/perry-preschool-summary-40.pdf/f09ff063-ecfc-c266-f8b8-5ef0ee164a39 The Heckman Equation. “The Rate of Return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program.” https://heckmanequation.org/assets/2017/01/HeckmanMoonPintoSavelyevYavitz_RateofReturnPerryPreschool_2010.pdf Access to Early Childhood Experiences: SOURCES DATA SOURCE Ohio Department of Job and Family Services Ohio Department of Education American Community Survey Kindergarten Readiness: SOURCES Ohio Department of Education, Ohio Kindergarten Readiness Assessment http://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Early-Learning/Kindergarten/ Ohios-Kindergarten-Readiness-Assessment 213 DATA SOURCE Ohio Department of Education, FY17 School Report Cards SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls Access to Healthcare Coverage: SOURCES DATA SOURCES 2014, Ohio Kids Count, Children’s Defense Fund Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey, www.cdfohio.org/research-library/kids-count/2014.pdf Georgetown University Health Policy Institute Center for Children and Families & The American Academy of Pediatrics https://ccf.georgetown.edu/2017/04/19/snapshot-source-2 http://grcapps.osu.edu/dashboards/OMAS/child Ohio Office of Health Care Transformation Ohio Department of Medicaid Health Policy Institute of Ohio, Health Policy Brief-Connections between education and health www.healthpolicyohio.org/ wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PolicyBrief_EducationandHealth.pdf Oral Health: SOURCES DATA SOURCE Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Children’s Oral Health www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/children_adults/child.htm Ohio Department of Health, Third Grade Oral Health Screening Survey, 2013-2015, www.odh.ohio.gov/odhprograms/ohs/ohd/statedata.aspx Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Healthy People 2020 www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-lhi-topics/Oral-Health Delta Dental of Ohio, www.deltadentaloh.com/Wellness/ Oral-Health-Resources/Oral-Health-Topics.aspx Incidence of Lead Poisoning: SOURCES DATA SOURCE Ohio Lead Advisory Council, Annual Report 2017 Ohio Department of Health Data Warehouse FY 2016 www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/eh/lead-poisoning---children/2017/2017-Annual-Report.pdf Center for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/factsheets/Lead_fact_sheet.pdf Incidence of Asthma: SOURCES DATA SOURCES American Asthma Foundation Ohio Department of Health, 2012 Local Asthma Profiles www. www.americanasthmafoundation.org/home odh.ohio.gov/odhprograms/chss/asthma/asthdata/locpro.aspx Ohio Department of Health, “The Burden of Asthma in Ohio 2012” www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/chss/ asthma/Burden-of-Asthma-in-Ohio-2012.pdf Early Childhood Obesity: SOURCES DATA SOURCES Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Childhood Obesity Causes & Consequences Ohio Department of Health, Early Childhood BMI Surveillance Project www.odh.ohio.gov/health/healthylife/ecopp/Obesity%20 www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/causes.html Data.aspx Ohio Department of Health, 2016 Early Childhood Data Brief www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/health/HealthyLife/ECOPP/2016-Early-Childhood-BMI-final.pdf?la=en 214 SECTION 3 Strong Foundation Walls 3rd Grade Reading Achievement: SOURCES DATA SOURCE Ohio State University, Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, https://ehe.osu.edu/news/listing/kindergar- Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card 2017 ten-test-reveals-likely-3rd-grade-readers Annie E. Casey Foundation www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/AECF-EarlyWarningConfirmed-2013.pdf Early Childhood Suspension & Expulsion: SOURCES DATA SOURCE U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Policy Statement on Expulsion and Suspension Policies in Early Childhood Ohio Department of Education, FY17 www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/policy-statement-ece-expulsions-suspensions.pdf 215 SECTION 4 Taking an Evaluative View Special Education: SOURCES DATA SOURCE Ohio Department of Education, Special Education-Disability Specific Resources http://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Special-Edu- Ohio Department of Education cation/Students-with-Disabilities Juvenile Justice: SOURCES DATA SOURCE Ohio Department of Youth Services Ohio Department of Youth Services FY2017 Profile of Youth Adjudicated or Committed for Felony Offenses http://www.dys.ohio.gov 8th Grade Math Achievement: SOURCES U.S. Department of Education, “College-and Career-Ready Students” www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/college-career-ready.pdf DATA SOURCE Ohio Department of Education, Ohio School Report Card FY17 High School Graduation: SOURCES DATA SOURCE College & Career Readiness & Success Center Ohio Department of Education, School Report Card FY16 https://ccrscenter.org/sites/default/files/CCRS%20Center_Predictors%20of%20Postsecondary%20Success_final_0.pdf Save the Children, 2018 End of Child Report www.savethechildren.org/us/about-us/resource-library/ end-of-childhood Postsecondary Attainment: SOURCES DATA SOURCE Ohio Department of Higher Education, U.S. Department of the Census American Community Survey (ACS) 2016 5 Year data set, file S1501 for Race & Ethnicity and file B17003 for Income. www.ohiohighered.org/attainment Lumina Foundation, A Stronger Nation http://strongernation.luminafoundation.org/report/2018/#state/OH 216 SECTION 5 Drafting a New Blueprint for Success A Call to Action: SOURCES Preschool Budget: The Heckman Equation https://heckmanequation.org Ohio Department of Education: GRF, Line #200408 “Early Childhood Education”; GRF, Line #200442 “Childcare Licensing.” Ohio Legislative Service Commission. House Bill 49, 132nd General Assembly, “Budget in Detail (with FY 2017 Actual Expenditures).” 14 July 2017. Home Visiting Budget: K-12 Budget: State-Source GRF, LGF, PLF, LPEF Expenditures. Child Care Budget: Ohio Department of Jobs and Family Services: GRF, Line #600535 “Early Care and Education”; DPF, 5KT0, Line #600696 “Early Childhood Education”; GRF, Line #600413 “Child Care State/Maintenance of Effort.” Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services: GRF, Line #336511 “Early Child Mental Health Counselors and Consultation. Department of Health: GRF, Line #440459 “Help Me Grow.” Contributors Shannon Jones 218 Lynanne Gutierrez Executive Director Policy Director & Legal Counsel As Executive Director, Shannon leads Groundwork Ohio’s statewide effort to advance quality early care and education so every Ohio child has the best chance for lifelong success. Prior to joining Groundwork, Shannon served in the Ohio General Assembly for a decade as a state representative and a state senator, where she was chosen by her colleagues for key leadership posts in both chambers. She is the only woman in her party, and first in Ohio history, ever to achieve the distinction of election to the leadership teams in both chambers. Known as a leader who is willing to tackle the most difficult and complex issues, Shannon used her trusted influence to put kids at the top of the legislative agenda. Her efforts resulted in a renewed focus by the state on policies that support the health and educational opportunities of Ohio’s most vulnerable children. Shannon’s most significant legislative effort led to a statewide bipartisan mandate to improve Ohio’s abysmal infant mortality epidemic. She has continued to provide this same spirit of leadership at Groundwork with her fierce commitment to tell the full story of racial and geographic disparities experienced by Ohio’s youngest children through the Ohio Race and Rural Equity Report. Shannon earned a bachelor’s degree from the University of Cincinnati, and in 2008 was selected for the Rodel Fellowship by the prestigious Aspen Global Leadership Institute. She also currently serves as a Warren County Commissioner and as a board member for the Health Policy Institute of Ohio and the YWCA of Dayton. Lynanne Gutierrez supports Groundwork Ohio’s statewide effort to advance quality early care and education through the promotion of evidenced-based and data-driven policies. A dedicated child advocate, Lynanne supports Groundwork’s strategic policy and advocacy efforts through effective communication, research and data analysis. Committed to equitable outcomes for all Ohio children, Lynanne has been the project lead for the Ohio Early Childhood Race & Rural Equity project, including managing the daily work of the report. Lynanne previously worked as a Policy Associate for Voices for Ohio Children. Prior to her advocacy work at Voices, Lynanne was in private law practice for five years. She specialized in child and family law, serving some of central Ohio’s most vulnerable children and families. It was during this time that it became clear to her that in order to best serve children and families, more emphasis must be placed on prevention and systemic change. Before becoming an attorney, Lynanne served as a Senior Legislative Aide in the Ohio Senate. Lynanne has a bachelor’s degree from The Ohio State University and a Juris Doctorate from Capital Law School. Howard Fleeter & Associates Julia Hohner Dr. Fleeter has been a partner in the research and consulting firm Howard Fleeter & Associates (formerly Levin, Driscoll & Fleeter) since 2002. He has extensive experience working with Ohio policymakers and stakeholders on issues of early childhood, K-12 education, and human services policy and finance, tax reform and analysis, state budgeting, cost-benefit analysis, economic impact analysis, and other related fiscal policy issues. Dr. Fleeter provided expert data analysis for the Ohio Early Childhood Race and Rural Equity Report. Dr. Fleeter received a BA from Northwestern University in 1983 and a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1990. He has been a faculty member in the School of Public Policy and Management at Ohio State University and the School of Education at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Julia Hohner advances Groundwork’s mission through strategic communication and policy initiatives. Julia supports the daily work of the Ohio Early Childhood Race and Rural Equity Project through digital, print, and social media communication. Before Groundwork, Julia worked as a Graduate Assistant in John Carroll University’s Center for Service and Social Action. Her efforts focused on managing several service learning opportunities for John Carroll students including the Carroll Reads Early Literacy, We the People, and Youth for Justice programs facilitated at schools in Cleveland and East Cleveland, as well as a social emotional learning program facilitated with residents of the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Detention Center. Prior to her time at John Carroll, Julia worked as a Retreat Associate at CrossRoads Ministry, an urban justice-based retreat center in Louisville, Kentucky. Julia has a B.S. from John Carroll University and will be completing a M.A. in Nonprofit Administration in the summer of 2018. (Dr. Howard Fleeter) JP Design Communications & Policy Associate (Jennifer Peters) Jennifer brings design implementation to briefs and marketing materials for Groundwork. Her designs for the Ohio Early Childhood Race & Rural Equity Report helped to translate the massive amount of data into a cohesive and impactful advocacy story through her graphic and organizational expertise for quality communication. With a diverse background of marketing and design experiences, she utilizes inherent passion and energy combined with industry expertise to produce a variety of projects. Jen received a BFA from Miami University in 2003 and has also been an instructor of visual communication courses at Columbus College of Art & Design. JP’s mission is to provide visual and verbal solutions that meet the appropriate creative and strategic objectives of each, unique client. Special thanks to the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, the Ohio Department of Education, the Ohio Department of Health, the Ohio Department of Developmental Disabilities and the Ohio Department of Medicaid for their collection and reporting of the data analyzed in this report.  Groundwork Ohio appreciates state agency contributions, especially the time and effort of agency staff, as we work together to better serve all Ohio children. 219 Join Us. Ohio Early Childhood Race & Rural Equity Report GroundworkOhio.org @GroundworkOhio SHANNON JONES Executive Director SJones@GroundworkOhio.org LYNANNE GUTIERREZ Policy Director & Legal Counsel LWolf@GroundworkOhio.org JULIA HOHNER Communications & Policy Associate JHohner@GroundworkOhio.org 172 E. State Street, Suite 400 • Columbus, Ohio 43215 Groundwork Ohio is a fiscally-sponsored project of Community Initiatives