Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 1 of 24 The Honorable James L. Robart 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 9 10 11 JOHN DOE, et al., Plaintiffs, 12 13 14 Civil Action No. 2:17-cv-00178JLR v. DONALD TRUMP, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 JEWISH FAMILY SERVICE OF SEATTLE, et al., 18 19 20 21 22 Plaintiffs, v. DONALD TRUMP, et al., Defendants. Civil Action No. 2:17-cv-01707JLR DEFENDANTS’ REPLY IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO DISMISS AND DISSOLVE PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AS MOOT (RELATING TO BOTH CASES) 23 24 25 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - i Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 2 of 24 1 2 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................................... 3 Plaintiffs’ Reconstituted Claims Do Not Confer Jurisdiction on this Court.................... 3 5 The Temporary SAO Deprioritization and Temporary FTJ Implementation Period Have Concluded, and Plaintiffs Cannot Establish Any Exception to Mootness. ............ 8 6 Plaintiffs’ Discovery-Related Arguments Are Misguided. ............................................ 13 7 The President of the United States Should Be Dismissed as a Named Defendant. ....... 16 8 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - ii Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 3 of 24 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 CASES Baker v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 6 F.3d 632 (9th Cir. 1993) ........................................................................................................7 Barnett v. Obama, No. SACV 09-cv-82, 2009 WL 3861788 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2009), aff’d sub nom. Drake v. Obama, 664 F.3d 774 (9th Cir. 2011) .............................................16 Bayer v. Neiman Marcus Grp., Inc., 861 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. 2017) ....................................................................................................6 Bell v. City of Boise, 709 F.3d 890 (9th Cir. 2013) ..................................................................................................12 Burke v. Barnes, 479 U.S. 361 (1987) ..................................................................................................................8 Calderon v. Moore, 518 U.S. 149 (1996) ..................................................................................................................6 Chafin v. Chafin, 568 U.S. 165 (2013) ..................................................................................................................6 Church of Holy Light of the Queen v. Holder, 443 F. App’x 302 (9th Cir. 2011) .............................................................................................4 Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 698 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2012) ..................................................................................................6 Doe v. Trump, 288 F. Supp. 3d 1045 (W.D. Wash. 2017)...................................................................... passim Foster v. Carson, 347 F.3d 742 (9th Cir. 2003) .......................................................................................... 7-8, 13 Franklin v. Massachusetts, 505 U.S. 788 (1992) ................................................................................................................16 Jones v. Medtronic, 89 F. Supp. 3d 1035 (D. Ariz. 2015) ........................................................................................4 Karuk Tribe of Cal. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 681 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2012) ..................................................................................................6 McCormack v. Herzog, 788 F.3d 1017 (9th Cir. 2015) ................................................................................................12 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - iii Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 4 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Newdow v. Bush, 391 F. Supp. 2d 95 (D.D.C. 2005) ..........................................................................................16 Newdow v. Roberts, 603 F.3d 1002 (D.C. Cir. 2010) ..............................................................................................16 Olagues v. Russoniello, 770 F.2d 791 (9th Cir. 1985) ..................................................................................................12 Porter v. Bowen, 496 F.3d 1009 (9th Cir. 2007) ..................................................................................................6 Protectmarriage.com-Yes on 8 v. Bowen, 752 F.3d 827 (9th Cir. 2014) ..................................................................................................12 Rosebrock v. Mathis, 745 F.3d 963 (9th Cir. 2014) ............................................................................................ 12-13 Stanley v. Univ. of S. Cal., 13 F.3d 1313 (9th Cir. 1994) ....................................................................................................5 Swan v. Clinton, 100 F.3d 973 (D.C. Cir. 1996) ................................................................................................16 Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer, 137 S. Ct. 2012 (2017) ............................................................................................................12 Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct. 377 (2017) .............................................................................................................11 Trump v. Hawaii, 585 U.S. ___, No. 17-965, 2018 WL 3116337 (U.S. June 26, 2018) .......................................3 Tyler v. Cuomo, 236 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................................................................................. 6-7 United States v. Brandau, 578 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir. 2009) ..................................................................................................6 United States v. Chem. Found., 272 U.S. 1 (1926) ......................................................................................................................7 OTHER AUTHORITIES DHS OIG, DHS Implementation of Executive Order #13769 “Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States” (Jan. 27, 2017), https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2018-01/OIG-18-37-Jan18.pdf ..................7 Exec. Order 13,780, 82 Fed. Reg. 13,209 (Mar. 6, 2017) .......................................................................................10 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - iv Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 5 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Servs., Forms, I-730, Refugee/Asylee Relative Petition, https://www.uscis.gov/i-730 (last updated Feb. 8, 2018) .......................................................10 Press Release, DHS Announces Additional, Enhanced Security Procedures for Refugees Seeking Resettlement in the United States (updated Jan. 31, 2018), https://www.dhs.gov/news/2018/01/29/dhs-announces-additional-enhanced-securityprocedures-refugees-seeking-resettlement..............................................................................10 Proclamation 9645, 82 Fed. Reg. 45,161 (Sept. 24, 2017) .......................................................................................3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - v Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 6 of 24 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Plaintiffs’ latest filings confirm that they seek to unmoor this action from the claims they 3 alleged and the relief they sought in their complaints so that they can manage Defendants’ 4 administration of the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (“USRAP”) with this Court’s 5 supervision. Their oppositions to Defendants’ motion to dismiss repeatedly state that a case is 6 not moot if this Court can grant any “effectual relief,” see Doe Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to 7 Dismiss (“Doe Opp’n”) at 1, 6, 14, ECF No. 147; JFS Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“JFS 8 Opp’n”) at 1, 5, 7, ECF No. 146, yet neither opposition brief articulates what that relief would 9 entail here. Rather, Plaintiffs apparently seek some sort of amorphous remedy for the “effects of 10 unlawfully suspending processing and admission of [Security Advisory Opinion (“SAO”)] SAO 11 and [following-to-join (“FTJ”)] FTJ refugees” in the October 23, 2017, Joint Memorandum to the 12 President titled “Resuming the United States Refugee Admissions Program with Enhanced 13 Vetting Capabilities” (“Agency Memo”). See JFS Opp’n at 7; see also, e.g., Doe Opp’n at 8 14 (“The parties continue to dispute the existence and effectiveness of the steps Defendants have 15 taken to discontinue the enjoined policy, undo the harm caused by the Agency Memo, and restore 16 the status quo as ordered by this Court.”). 17 Plaintiffs never before sought such an amorphous and potentially expansive remedy in this 18 action, and their attempt to do so now conflicts with their prior representations to this Court 19 regarding what their claims entail. As the Court recognized, Plaintiffs sought only “to enjoin both 20 the SAO and FTJ provisions of the Agency Memo to the extent those provisions indefinitely 21 suspend the processing of FTJ refugee applications or prohibit the entry of FTJ refugees,” and “to 22 enjoin the SAO provisions of the Agency Memo to the extent those provisions suspend the 23 admission of refugees or inhibit the processing of refugee applications from those SAO countries 24 for 90 days.” Doe v. Trump, 288 F. Supp. 3d 1045, 1072 (W.D. Wash. 2017) (citing parties’ 25 complaints and preliminary injunction briefing). Plaintiffs did “not seek to enjoin the agencies’ 26 efforts to implement screening mechanisms for FTJ refugees . . . [or] from conducting the[] 90-day REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 1 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 7 of 24 1 ‘detailed threat analysis and review’ of the SAO countries,” nor did they “seek a guarantee of 2 immediate admission into the United States for the refugees at issue.” Id. at 1072-73. All 3 Plaintiffs sought, and all the Court granted, was an injunction enjoining those provisions of the 4 Agency Memo that “prohibit[ed] the admission of refugees from SAO countries and impede[d] 5 the processing of their refugee applications for 90[] days” and that “indefinitely prohibit[ed] the 6 admission of FTJ refugees and indefinitely suspend[ed] the processing of their refugee 7 applications.” Id. at 1073. Yet those temporary provisions expired months ago in accordance 8 with their terms. 9 permanently enjoin; there simply is no case or controversy as Plaintiffs themselves defined it. There is nothing left for the Court to adjudicate, declare unlawful, or 10 Thus, Plaintiffs’ claims that challenge the Agency Memo are moot, notwithstanding their 11 suggestion that their claims amount to something more, including eradicating the “effects” of the 12 Agency Memo before this Court issued its injunction and unspecified “remedial measures to 13 mitigate the ongoing effects of the suspensions,” JFS Opp’n at 1, 9. That argument is both 14 procedurally and substantively flawed. First, Plaintiffs have never sought such relief, and their 15 attempts to do so now arise from their mischaracterization of a prior Order of this Court. And 16 second, the amorphous relief Plaintiffs try to articulate but fail to describe with any degree of 17 specificity only reinforces that there is no further remedy this Court could provide them. 18 Finally getting to what this case is about, Plaintiffs also try to assert that they can continue 19 to challenge the Agency Memo’s temporary SAO deprioritization and FTJ suspensions. But it 20 has been clear for months that those policies expired by their terms. And no exception to mootness 21 applies here. From the outset, these policies were temporary; and they cannot recur in the future 22 because the actions on which they were predicated have concluded—that is, the review of SAO 23 countries and the FTJ security enhancements called for by the Agency Memo have been 24 completed and implemented. Plaintiffs offer nothing more than bare speculation that such actions 25 could be repeated, which is insufficient for this Court to retain jurisdiction. 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 2 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 8 of 24 1 Plaintiffs’ challenges to the Agency Memo have been moot for months, and this Court 2 accordingly should grant Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Though the Doe Plaintiffs note that their 3 operative complaint also includes claims challenging Proclamation No. 9645, 82 Fed. Reg. 45,161 4 (Sept. 24, 2017), see Doe Opp’n at 1 n.4, the present motion to dismiss seeks dismissal only of 5 their refugee-related claims, see Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“MTD”) at 6 n.3, ECF No. 145; thus the 6 status of Plaintiffs’ Proclamation-related claims is irrelevant to the present motion. Defendants 7 also note that the Supreme Court held just this week that the President permissibly exercised his 8 “broad discretion” under the Immigration and Nationality Act in issuing that Proclamation, Trump 9 v. Hawaii, 585 U.S. ___, No. 17-965, 2018 WL 3116337, at *8-17 (U.S. June 26, 2018), and 10 further recognized that in light of the deference accorded to the political branches in this area, an 11 Establishment Clause challenge to the Proclamation is, at most, subject to a rational basis standard 12 of review, and the Government’s national security justification survived that review, id. at *20- 13 25. Even apart from the Court’s decision in Hawaii, however, the Plaintiffs’ refugee-related 14 claims here should be dismissed as moot. ARGUMENT 15 16 I. Plaintiffs’ Reconstituted Claims Do Not Confer Jurisdiction on this Court. 17 Notwithstanding their previous representations regarding what this case is about, 18 Plaintiffs now claim that this Court could still provide relief by requiring Defendants to prove that 19 the “effects of unlawfully suspending large swaths of the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program for 20 approximately two months have been completely and irrevocably eradicated,” JFS Opp’n at 1 21 (internal quotation marks omitted), and that Defendants have taken “proactive steps to undo the 22 harm caused by the FTJ suspension,” lest “family reunifications to which Plaintiffs are statutorily 23 entitled will be delayed by many more months, if not years,” Doe Opp’n at 9. This tack is flawed 24 both procedurally and substantively. 25 Procedurally, Plaintiffs have never before sought such expansive relief, and the requested 26 relief in their complaints (which they do not bother to mention) bears no resemblance to what they REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 3 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 9 of 24 1 now purport to seek. It is well-established that Plaintiffs cannot amend their pleadings via this 2 motion practice, e.g., Jones v. Medtronic, 89 F. Supp. 3d 1035, 1052 (D. Ariz. 2015) (refusing 3 argument not alleged in complaint, explaining that complaints “may not be amended through an 4 opposition to a motion to dismiss” and collecting cases to that effect), appeal docketed, No. 15- 5 15653 (9th Cir. Apr. 6, 2015), and Plaintiffs should not be allowed to do so here, see Church of 6 the Holy Light of the Queen v. Holder, 443 F. App’x 302, 303 (9th Cir. 2011) (“The injunction is 7 therefore overly broad because it reaches beyond the scope of the complaint . . . .”). Plaintiffs 8 cannot be heard to speculate now about any lingering effects of the Agency Memo from the first 9 two months following its implementation, as they never sought any sort of emergency restraining 10 order and have not pleaded claims for retroactive relief. 11 Lacking any support from their complaints, Plaintiffs instead attempt to justify their 12 shifting demands in light of the Court’s Order Denying Motion for Stay Pending Appeal (“Stay 13 Order”), ECF No. 106, an Order that Plaintiffs apparently construe as a command that the 14 Government undo all possible effects of the roughly two-month SAO deprioritization and FTJ 15 suspension. See JFS Opp’n at 9 (“[T]he Court denied Defendants’ Emergency Stay Motion and 16 ordered them ‘to take actions that are necessary to undo those portions of the Agency Memo that 17 are enjoined’ and ‘to restore the status quo’ ante . . . .” (quoting Stay Order at 6)); Doe Opp’n at 18 13 (“The Court specifically rejected Defendants’ argument that they should be excused from 19 taking any ‘affirmative actions’ to comply with the preliminary injunction and ordered Defendants 20 to ‘restore the status quo prior to the issuance of the Agency Memo.’” (same)). But Plaintiffs’ 21 contention ignores the rest of the Court’s instruction. The Court did not direct Defendants to 22 restore the status quo writ large; it rather directed Defendants to “restore the status quo prior to 23 the issuance of the Agency Memo with respect to the processing of applications from FTJ 24 refugees and refugees from SAO countries.” Stay Order at 6 (emphasis added). 1 And the Court 25 26 1 While Doe Plaintiffs acknowledge this qualifying language at two points in their brief, see Doe Opp’n at 6, 9; JFS Plaintiffs never do. REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 4 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 10 of 24 1 added another qualification that Plaintiffs do not acknowledge, as it went on to clarify that “this 2 requirement does not transform the preliminary injunction into a mandatory one,” id., a key point 3 since a mandatory injunction would have been necessary for any affirmative requirement that the 4 Government try to create a world anew where the Agency Memo never existed. See Stanley v. 5 Univ. of S. Cal., 13 F.3d 1313, 1320 (9th Cir. 1994) (“A prohibitory injunction preserves the status 6 quo. A mandatory injunction goes well beyond simply maintaining the status quo pendente lite 7 [and] is particularly disfavored. When a mandatory preliminary injunction is required, the district 8 court should deny such relief unless the facts and law clearly favor the moving party.” (citations 9 and internal quotation marks omitted)). 10 What the Court stated in its Stay Order—and what Plaintiffs ignore—was that Defendants 11 were to immediately resume processing SAO and FTJ refugee applicants, even as Defendants 12 continued their SAO security review and enhancement of vetting protocols for FTJ and principal 13 refugees. And as Defendants have explained repeatedly throughout these proceedings, including 14 through statements under oath by agency officials, Defendants did in fact immediately resume 15 such SAO and FTJ refugee processing. The Court required Defendants to rescind guidance 16 suspending the admission of these refugee groups and to reverse any deprioritization instructions; 17 Defendants did so. See MTD at 12-13. The Court never directed Defendants to eliminate all 18 lingering effects of the Agency Memo, and for good reason—Plaintiffs never requested such 19 relief. 20 Even apart from the procedural flaws with Plaintiffs’ newfound claims, they still cannot 21 show that this Court can grant effective relief such that this action is not moot. It is altogether 22 unclear what Plaintiffs mean when they say that Defendants must somehow undo the “effects” 23 caused by the Agency Memo. Plaintiffs nowhere explain how it is that the Government might set 24 back the clock or create a counterfactual world in which the Agency Memo had never been 25 promulgated. It is likewise unclear how either Plaintiffs or the Court could possibly evaluate the 26 success of any such endeavor, since there are no criteria, no benchmarks, and no means to REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 5 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 11 of 24 1 ascertain what the composition of the admitted refugee population might have looked like in a 2 parallel universe without the Agency Memo. E.g., Decl. of Jennifer B. Higgins in Supp. of Defs.’ 3 Notice of Compliance with Prelim. Inj., Ex. B (“First Higgins Decl.”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 114-2 (“It is 4 not feasible to state with particularity which locations would have been selected for circuit rides 5 in the second quarter in the absence of the Joint Memorandum.”). 6 In opposing dismissal, Plaintiffs rely on a string of distinguishable cases. In some cases, 7 defendants continued to engage in challenged conduct, or there was a clear risk that conduct would 8 resume. E.g., Chafin v. Chafin, 568 U.S. 165, 173 (2013) (petitioner whose daughter had been 9 taken abroad by her mother contended that child belonged in United States and sought custody of 10 her); Karuk Tribe of Cal. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 681 F.3d 1006, 1018 (9th Cir. 2012) (agency 11 continued to approve “Notices of Intent,” the subject of plaintiffs’ challenge, during pendency of 12 appeal); United States v. Brandau, 578 F.3d 1064, 1068 (9th Cir. 2009) (although shackling policy 13 was formally modified, government counsel conceded that practice appeared to be ongoing); cf. 14 Porter v. Bowen, 496 F.3d 1009, 1017 (9th Cir. 2007) (prior secretary of state’s nonbinding letter 15 to prior speaker of assembly stating that he would not seek to prevent the operation of certain 16 websites “[u]ntil . . . legislative corrections are made” not enough to moot action where incumbent 17 secretary “could initiate the prosecution of . . . websites at her discretion”). 18 In other cases, parties sought a concrete remedy still available to redress the harm they 19 had alleged. E.g., Calderon v. Moore, 518 U.S. 149 (1996) (per curiam) (decision in state’s favor 20 would release state from burden of holding new trial); Bayer v. Neiman Marcus Grp., Inc., 861 21 F.3d 853, 874 (9th Cir. 2017) (plaintiff sought nominal damages as a form of equitable relief);Ctr. 22 for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 698 F.3d 1101, 1106 n.2 (9th Cir. 2012) 23 (observing in footnote that challenge involving pipeline’s construction, operation, and 24 maintenance was not moot upon completion of pipeline because it was possible to mitigate 25 adverse effects on species and habitat); Tyler v. Cuomo, 236 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2000) (changes 26 to the structure of a low-income housing project could minimize adverse impact on plaintiff REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 6 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 12 of 24 1 homeowners’ properties); Baker v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 6 F.3d 632, 638 (9th Cir. 1993) (noting 2 in passing that plaintiffs’ age discrimination claim was not mooted by airline merger because 3 successor liability was available and plaintiffs were harmed by alleged violation of injunction 4 barring predecessor airline from preventing pilots age 60 and older from downbidding to second 5 officer positions, i.e., plaintiffs themselves remained unable to downbid). 6 Here, by contrast, the challenged provisions of the Agency Memo have obviously and 7 indisputably expired; Plaintiffs are not seeking a damages remedy; and their recently stated 8 nebulous make-whole relief would turn the mootness doctrine to dead letter, as a plaintiff could 9 always allege some lingering effect of a former policy, particularly in litigation against the 10 Government. Given that the question of mootness goes to the very core of a federal court’s 11 constitutional power, such an easy workaround to this essential doctrine should not be permitted, 12 particularly where, as here, Plaintiffs have never sought such relief, let alone articulated a 13 jurisdictional basis for it. 2 See Foster v. Carson, 347 F.3d 742, 746 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding case 14 moot, explaining that “Plaintiffs filed suit to ‘jump-start’ the criminal proceedings that the 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 Plaintiffs’ endless speculation that the Government may not have complied fully with the preliminary injunction, see Doe Opp’n at 2, JFS Opp’n at 10, no more saves their moot claims than does their abstract plea for make-whole relief. It is now obvious that no matter how much evidence Defendants voluntarily supply, see infra Part III, Plaintiffs will always quarrel with it. E.g., JFS Opp’n at 11 (complaining that Defendants did not apprise Plaintiffs of the number of SAO interviews added to second-quarter circuit rides); id. at 12 (fretting that “all of the guidance and notifications” that Defendants dispatched in the immediate wake of the preliminary injunction Order predated the Court’s Stay Order). JFS Plaintiffs’ passing reference to a DHS Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) report, ostensibly to show that DHS adopted an overly narrow interpretation of a preliminary injunction in “comparable circumstances,” id. at 12 n.9, is especially misleading. That same report found that “[w]hile the media reported instances of misconduct, [OIG] did not substantiate any claims of misconduct on the part of CBP Officers . . . at the ports of entry,” and that “at the ports of entry, CBP largely complied with court orders, albeit with some delay and confusion as to the scope of some orders.” DHS OIG, DHS Implementation of Executive Order #13769 “Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States,” at 2 (Jan. 27, 2017), https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2018-01/OIG-18-37-Jan18.pdf. Of course, JFS Plaintiffs simply seek to distract with this citation, as the Government is entitled in this action to a presumption that it has properly discharged its official duties, see United States v. Chem. Found., 272 U.S. 1, 14-15 (1926), which the Government has nevertheless bolstered repeatedly with evidence in a good-faith attempt to assuage Plaintiffs’ speculative and unfounded concerns. REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 7 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 13 of 24 1 [Budget Reduction Plan] had suspended. Those proceedings, however, now are underway, and 2 we cannot undo their past, but completed, suspension.”). 3 Given the ambiguity of Plaintiffs’ most recent filings and the amorphous nature of the 4 relief that they apparently contemplate, Defendants can only surmise that Plaintiffs are trying to 5 back away from their representation that they “are not arguing that they (or their family members 6 or clients) are ‘entitled’ to admission as refugees.” JFS Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 7 5, ECF No. 79; see also Doe, 288 F. Supp. 3d at 1073 (recognizing that plaintiffs “do not seek a 8 guarantee of immediate admission into the United States for the refugees at issue”). Indeed, 9 Plaintiffs again apparently seek the admission of refugee applicants beyond the named plaintiffs 10 in this case, arguing that FTJ procedures—which are not at issue here, see Doe, 288 F. Supp. 3d 11 at 1072-73—have allegedly “denied” FTJ applicants the opportunity to travel to the United States. 12 Doe Opp’n at 8-9; compare Doe Mot. to Join Disc. at 1, ECF No. 136 (arguing that unnamed 13 refugee applicant is “affected by” the Agency Memo), with Defs.’ Resp. to JFS Pls.’ Mot. for 14 Reinstatement and Doe Pls.’ Mot. to Join at 6-7, ECF No. 142 (pointing out that claim lacked any 15 supporting evidence and that declaration of an immigration attorney (who is not counsel in this 16 action) regarding his unnamed client (who is not a party) is irrelevant to this action). Plaintiffs 17 have not challenged the FTJ procedures in their complaints and cannot raise new claims in their 18 oppositions to a motion to dismiss. 19 II. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 The Temporary SAO Deprioritization and Temporary FTJ Implementation Period Have Concluded, and Plaintiffs Cannot Establish Any Exception to Mootness. Finally getting to what this case is about, Plaintiffs also try to argue that the challenged provisions in the Agency Memo did not expire by their own terms, and that exceptions to mootness apply. Both points are mistaken. A challenge to a legal provision is moot when the provision expires by its own terms, Burke v. Barnes, 479 U.S. 361, 363 (1987), and that is exactly what happened here. Regarding the SAO provision, the Agency Memo states that the deprioritization was to occur only “during REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 8 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 14 of 24 1 the temporary review period,” with directions to “complete the additional review of the SAO 2 countries no later than 90 days from” October 23, 2017. Agency Memo at 2 (emphasis added). 3 After that review concluded on January 22, 2018, Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen 4 Nielsen issued her determinations in the operative January 29, 2018, Memorandum to L. Francis 5 Cissna, Director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (“Nielsen Memorandum”), ECF 6 No. 145–2 at 1, making clear that the “90-day review of SAO countries . . . is no longer in effect 7 by its terms, and the prioritization set forth in the [Agency Memo] is not hereby renewed.” Id. at 8 3 (emphases added). Although JFS Plaintiffs accuse Defendants of “seeking to conflate the SAO 9 review (which the Agency Memo said was to be no more than 90 days) with the SAO suspension” 10 and “treat[ing] the references to ‘prioritization’ as if that is the SAO suspension,” JFS Opp’n at 11 15, 17, they fail to recognize that there is no SAO “suspension” apart from the deprioritization 12 spelled out in the Agency Memo. 3 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 3 JFS Plaintiffs rely on an out-of-context remark by undersigned counsel at the December 21, 2017, hearing. The undersigned did not state that there is any suspension apart from the deprioritization. Rather, the undersigned truthfully conceded that he did not (at that point) know what new policy might displace the soon-to-expire 90-day SAO refugee review: THE COURT: So you’re saying it ends at 90 days, and it cannot be continued? MR. DUGAN: I don’t know what will come to pass after the 90-day period. THE COURT: So it’s indefinite? MR. DUGAN: Not—not this provision . . . not this policy. It may be that the government will implement some further policy based on [the] review that will take place over 90 days. .... MR. DUGAN: I mean, perhaps the government will conclude at the end of the 90 days that refugee admissions may resume in March, or perhaps the government will decide that further security measures are needed for certain countries. We just don’t know. Tr. of Dec. 21, 2017, Hr’g at 35:3-35:11, 38:1-38:5, attached hereto as Exhibit A. Neither undersigned counsel nor Defendants have ever suggested that there was any suspension apart from the 90-day SAO deprioritization that the Court enjoined. REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 9 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 15 of 24 1 The FTJ provision likewise expired by its own terms. That provision explained that the 2 Government sought to “implement adequate screening mechanisms for [FTJ] refugees,” and that 3 it would “resume admission of [FTJ] refugees once those enhancements have been implemented.” 4 Agency Memo at 3. Those enhancements were implemented long ago. See U.S. Citizenship & 5 Immigration Servs., Forms, I-730, Refugee/Asylee Relative Petition, https://www.uscis.gov/i-730 6 (last updated June 18, 2018). Indeed, Doe Plaintiffs have repeatedly acknowledged these newly 7 implemented procedures. See Decl. of Lisa Nowlin, Exs. A & B, ECF Nos. 137–1 & 137–2; Doe 8 Opp’n at 8-9. And lest there be any doubt, the Declaration of Jennifer B. Higgins in Support of 9 Defendants’ Response to JFS Plaintiffs’ Motion for Reinstatement and Doe Plaintiffs’ Motion to 10 Join, ECF No. 142–2 (“Second Higgins Decl.”), makes clear that the “new measures to more 11 closely align the vetting for . . . [FTJ] refugee beneficiaries with vetting done for principal and 12 derivative family member refugees” were implemented as of February 1, 2018,” id. ¶ 8, thus 13 bringing an end to the FTJ implementation period, see id. (“USCIS and DOS have implemented 14 the additional security measures for FTJ derivative refugee beneficiaries called for in the October 15 23, 2017, memorandum . . . .”). 16 representations by Government officials regarding the SAO and FTJ provisions (one of which 17 was made under oath and the other of which has been publicly reported by DHS 4). Plaintiffs offer no evidence to rebut or undercut these 18 Plaintiffs try to discount the fact that the SAO and FTJ provisions are expressly limited 19 and tied to events that will trigger their expiration. Doe Plaintiffs suggest that the absence of a 20 specific ending date “completely distinguishes this matter from Trump v. Hawaii[, 138 S. Ct. 377 21 (2017) (mem.)],” Doe Opp’n at 15, where the Supreme Court vacated as moot the challenge to 22 Executive Order (“E.O.”) 13,780 after the prescribed 120-day review period concluded. But that 23 is a distinction without a difference: both policies are expressly temporary, and thus the litigation 24 25 26 4 See Press Release, DHS, DHS Announces Additional, Enhanced Security Procedures for Refugees Seeking Resettlement in the United States (updated Jan. 31, 2018), https://www.dhs.gov/news/2018/01/29/dhs-announces-additional-enhanced-securityprocedures-refugees-seeking-resettlement. REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 10 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 16 of 24 1 here is every bit as moot as the challenge to E.O. 13,780. Plaintiffs offer nothing to suggest that 2 a court’s subject-matter jurisdiction (and, as in Trump v. Hawaii, the applicability of the 3 Munsingwear doctrine) turns on something as trivial as whether a temporary policy is drafted so 4 as to expire upon a date certain rather than the happening of a certain event. And Doe Plaintiffs 5 mistakenly assert that the Agency Memo “did not set any time limits on the FTJ provisions.” Doe 6 Opp’n at 15. In fact it did: those provisions were to expire “once those enhancement have been 7 implemented,” Agency Memo at 3, and those enhancements have been in place for months. While 8 Plaintiffs suggest that a precise date is a prerequisite to qualifying a policy as temporary, they do 9 not adequately explain how a policy set to expire upon the happening of an event is materially 10 different from a policy set to expire by a date certain. Both are expressly temporary. 11 Even assuming that there could have been some ambiguity ab initio about the timing of 12 the challenged policies, the Court need not disregard intervening events and adjudicate the instant 13 motion on the basis of only information that was available eight months ago. As a factual matter, 14 the SAO review ended in late January, followed by issuance of the Nielsen Memorandum. ECF 15 No. 142–2 at 9. And as a factual matter, the FTJ implementation period concluded on February 16 1. E.g., Second Higgins Decl. ¶ 8. Thus, not only did the Agency Memo project that these policies 17 would be short-lived, the policies were in fact short-lived, and they have long since expired. There 18 is nothing left to litigate and nothing left to enjoin. 19 Plaintiffs try to argue that the voluntary cessation exception to mootness applies. But the 20 expiration of these policies was the inevitable and intended outcome from the moment the Agency 21 Memo was executed. In fact, this Court allowed the Government to continue its underlying 22 screening and evaluative efforts that would bring about the end of these short-term policies. Doe, 23 288 F. Supp. 3d at 1086. And these policies cannot recur, because the actions on which they were 24 predicated—a threat analysis of individuals from SAO countries and the implementation of 25 specific screening mechanisms for FTJ refugees that were called for in the Agency Memo—have 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 11 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 17 of 24 1 concluded. See Rosebrock v. Mathis, 745 F.3d 963, 971 (9th Cir. 2014) (“[C]ourts presume that 2 a government entity is acting in good faith when it changes its policy.”). 3 Plaintiffs’ authority does not suggest otherwise, and only shows the uncertainty regarding 4 recurrence of challenged conduct that is not present here. Compare id. at 970 (case was moot 5 where agency official directed employees to enforce regulation consistently), with Trinity 6 Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer, 137 S. Ct. 2012, 2019 n.1 (2017) (“parties agree” 7 that allegedly wrongful conduct could reasonably be expected to recur), McCormack v. Herzog, 8 788 F.3d 1017, 1025-26 (9th Cir. 2015) (“abandonment seem[ed] timed to anticipate suit,” and 9 decision to not re-file criminal charges was based on determination of insufficient evidence); Bell 10 v. City of Boise, 709 F.3d 890, 899-901 (9th Cir. 2013) (“Special Order” did not moot case where 11 “[t]he record [wa]s vague as to how [it] was created”; Chief of Police could alter or abandon it 12 “with ease”; it was not referenced or incorporated in the challenged ordinances; and it “fail[ed] to 13 fully address Plaintiffs’ allegations”); Olagues v. Russoniello, 770 F.2d 791, 795 (9th Cir. 1985) 14 (investigation terminated because of insufficient evidence; means remained available to conduct 15 similar investigation in future; and plaintiffs identified adverse effects of not having ruling). 16 Nor is this case capable of repetition yet evading review, a doctrine “concerned not with 17 particular lawsuits, but with classes of cases that, absent an exception, would always evade 18 judicial review.” Protectmarriage.com-Yes on 8 v. Bowen, 752 F.3d 827, 836 (9th Cir. 2014). 19 The Government implemented the new procedures for FTJ refugees, and thus would have 20 resumed admissions of such refugees on February 1, 2018, even absent this Court’s preliminary 21 injunction. And the Nielsen Memorandum neither continued the deprioritization of SAO refugee 22 applicants nor called for any other suspension or deprioritization of any classes of refugee 23 applicants. In fact, that policy is far different than the 90-day deprioritization ordered by the 24 Agency Memo, as the Nielsen Memorandum calls for additional screening and vetting actions; 25 assessment of risk when considering the overall refugee admissions ceiling, regional allocations, 26 and groups of applicants considered for resettlement; and periodic review and updating of the REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 12 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 18 of 24 1 SAO list. Nielsen Mem. at 2-4. It would be impermissibly speculative to infer that the Nielsen 2 Memorandum—which contains no expiration date—might suddenly lapse and the Government 3 would again deprioritize the admission of SAO nationals to redo a study that it has already 4 completed. See Foster, 347 F.3d at 748 (“The mere fact that a similar order . . . might someday 5 issue does not establish a ‘reasonable expectation’ that such an order will issue. We have held 6 that a mere possibility that something might happen is too remote to keep alive a case as an active 7 controversy.”). 8 In sum, Plaintiffs can offer nothing more than naked conjecture about possible recurrence 9 of the challenged policies, and such conjecture plainly is insufficient to support an exception to 10 mootness. See, e.g., id. at 748-49 (“the speculative contingences present here do not provide us 11 with a basis to pass on Plaintiffs’ significant constitutional challenge to the now-expired 12 [policy]”); cf. Rosebrook, 745 F.3d at 794 (“[I]n light of the presumption that the Government 13 acts in good faith, we have previously found the heavy burden of demonstrating mootness to be 14 satisfied in ‘policy change’ cases without even discussing procedural safeguards or the ease of 15 changing course.”). 16 III. Plaintiffs’ Discovery-Related Arguments Are Misguided. 17 Plaintiffs persist in demanding discovery in this moot case, though they offer no basis 18 beyond rank conjecture from which the Court might infer that discovery would likely yield further 19 information germane to the Court’s assessment of its subject-matter jurisdiction. In support of 20 their argument, Plaintiffs highlight what they perceive to be information asymmetry—i.e., the 21 Government knows more about its initial implementation of the challenged provisions of the 22 Agency Memo and its subsequent compliance with the preliminary injunction Order than 23 Plaintiffs do. See JFS Opp’n at 4 (Defendants have “given no information about what they did to 24 implement the SAO and FTJ suspensions before they were enjoined, or what they have done since 25 the injunction to ‘undo’ the pre-injunction decisions they made to effectuate the suspensions”); 26 id. (Defendants “have not produced copies” of the guidance they issued following entry of the REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 13 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 19 of 24 1 injunction); Doe Opp’n at 10 (Defendants “have not provided the Court with copies of any of 2 th[eir] guidances, instructions, or cable”). Plaintiffs’ complaint is misguided. A party in civil 3 litigation always has more information about its own internal processes and procedures than does 4 its opponent. Moreover, a party is not automatically entitled to discovery into an opposing party’s 5 compliance with an injunction; therefore, the party subject to an injunction need not produce to 6 the other side all guidance regarding injunction compliance in order to avoid such discovery. 7 Further, Defendants have already produced substantial evidence in connection with the 8 voluminous motion practice that has taken place over the past six months, notwithstanding that 9 this moot case remains at the pleading stage (indeed, Defendants have not yet answered the 10 operative complaints). Such discovery included detailed explanations, submitted under oath by 11 agency officials, of injunction compliance efforts and forecasts of SAO refugee processing, as 12 well as descriptions of technological challenges and the agencies’ efforts to address them, and 13 corrections of clerical errors. 5 In addition to injunction compliance, the evidence established that 14 the SAO deprioritization has concluded, which was reflected, among other places, in the Nielsen 15 Memorandum, a sensitive document marked “For Official Use Only” (“FOUO”) that was not 16 publicly available until Defendants tried to work with Plaintiffs in good faith by providing it to 17 them even though Defendants had no obligation to do so. And Defendants provided a sworn 18 declaration that shows that the FTJ implementation period has concluded, even though it was 19 public knowledge that the enhanced security measures had been implemented. See supra Part II. 20 Plaintiffs’ accusation about a “black box,” JFS Opp’n at 8, is contradicted by the record here. 6 21 22 23 24 25 26 5 See Decl. of Jennifer L. Smith in Supp. of Defs.’ Emergency Mot. for Stay of Prelim. Inj. Pending Appeal, ECF No. 95–1; Decl. of Kelly A. Gauger in Supp. of Defs.’ Notice of Compliance with Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 114–1; First Higgins Decl.; Decl. of Hilary E. Ingraham Supporting Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Stay Proceedings, ECF No. 120–1; Decl. of Kelly A. Gauger in Supp. of Defs.’ Resp. to JFS Pls.’ Mot. for Reinstatement and Doe Pls.’ Mot. to Join, ECF No. 142–1 (“Second Gauger Decl.”); Second Higgins Decl. 6 Plaintiffs accuse Defendants of “adopt[ing] a remarkably narrow interpretation of this Court’s injunction,” JFS Opp’n at 3, and not providing evidence showing that they “undertook REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 14 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 20 of 24 1 Notwithstanding Defendants’ good-faith efforts to continually share evidence—which 2 they were under no obligation to do—Plaintiffs have repeatedly demonstrated that they will be 3 dissatisfied with any evidence provided. For example, Defendants represented under oath that 4 the State Department’s Congressional Liaison made an “inadvertent error” by misstating in 5 informal correspondence that a temporary hold on SAO admissions extended into January. Yet 6 Doe Plaintiffs refuse to accept this straightforward fact, voicing instead unsubstantiated 7 skepticism, see Doe Opp’n at 11, that in no way disproves that the e-mails reflect an inadvertent 8 misstatement by one agency employee who played “no role in the administration and processing 9 of applications for refugee resettlement in the United States.” Second Gauger Decl. ¶ 4. 7 10 Given Plaintiffs’ nebulous descriptions of the remaining relief that they seek and the 11 expansive evolution their arguments, it seems more likely that what they really want to do is probe 12 the agency’s administration of the USRAP more generally. Indeed, JFS Plaintiffs claim it to be 13 their “sincere hope that, following that discovery, the parties will be able to come to a mutual 14 agreement on the additional actions needed, if any, to eliminate the ongoing effects of suspending 15 large portions of USRAP, without the further assistance of this Court.” JFS Opp’n at 18. But the 16 two Agency Memo provisions that Plaintiffs challenged expired long ago, and the discovery 17 requests that Plaintiffs envision plainly wander beyond that dispositive point. Thus, there is no 18 basis for discovery here. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 any action to comply with this Court’s Jan. 9 Order” denying Defendants’ stay motion, id. at 13. What Plaintiffs fail to appreciate is that the Government has always complied with this Court’s injunction. See Defs.’ Notice of Compliance with Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 114. 7 Nor, as JFS Plaintiffs apparently believe, see JFS Opp’n at 13 n.11, is the Second Gauger Declaration unreliable because it ostensibly contains “double hearsay”; the salient point is that the Acting Director of the Admissions Office of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration has confirmed that the statements in the Congressional Liaison’s e-mails were incorrect. That is not hearsay; it is testimony within the Acting Director’s personal knowledge, and it is unrebutted. REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 15 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 21 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 IV. The President of the United States Should Be Dismissed as a Named Defendant. Plaintiffs assert that the President is a proper party, but they appear to concede (as they must, given long-settled authority) that an injunction cannot lie against the President in the performance of his official duties. See JFS Opp’n at 18 n.15. JFS Plaintiffs suggest that the President should nevertheless remain in this suit, as they “have also sought declaratory relief,” but they do not explain how declaratory relief affords what they now claim to seek—eradicating the “effects” of the Agency Memo and unspecified “remedial measures to mitigate the ongoing effects of the suspensions.” Id. at 1, 9. Nor do they explain why declaratory relief should be treated any different than injunctive relief, and a declaratory judgment against the President would similarly offend the separation of powers. Courts have treated declaratory relief substantially the same when considering these questions. Swan v. Clinton, 100 F.3d 973, 976 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (“[S]imilar considerations regarding a court’s power to issue relief against the President himself apply to [a plaintiff’s] request for a declaratory judgment”); Newdow v. Bush, 391 F. Supp. 2d 95, 105 (D.D.C. 2005) (“[T]he reasoning is equally applicable to declaratory judgments.”). As Justice Scalia wrote in Franklin v. Massachusetts, 505 U.S. 788 (1992), the issuance of a “declaratory judgment against the President” is “incompatible with his constitutional position that he be compelled personally to defend his actions before a court.” Id. at 827 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment). “Many of the reasons” that the Supreme Court acknowledged in recognizing absolute immunity from damages liability “apply with equal, if not greater, force to requests for declaratory or injunctive relief in official-capacity suits that challenge the President’s performance of executive functions.” Id. Declaratory relief would prove equally distracting and “produce needless head-on confrontations between district judges and the Chief Executive.” Id. at 827-28; see also Barnett v. Obama, No. SACV 09-cv-82, 2009 WL 3861788, at *12-13 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2009), aff’d sub nom. Drake v. Obama, 664 F.3d 774 (9th Cir. 2011). “A court—whether via injunctive or declaratory relief—does not sit in judgment of a President’s executive decisions.” Newdow v. Roberts, 603 F.3d 1002, 1012 (D.C. Cir. 2010). REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 16 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 22 of 24 1 Plaintiffs misread the plurality opinion in Franklin as supporting their position. The 2 plurality there warned that an entry of injunctive relief against the President is “extraordinary” 3 and should “raise[] judicial eyebrows,” but it declined to resolve whether injunctive relief in that 4 case could have been appropriate because “the injury alleged [was] likely to be redressed by 5 declaratory relief against the Secretary [of Commerce] alone.” 505 U.S. at 802-03 (emphasis 6 added). It is unremarkable that an injunction or a declaratory judgment might enter against federal 7 agency officials in some instances, but such relief “is incompatible” with the President’s 8 constitutional position. Id. at 827 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment). 9 While this Court should decline to exercise any further jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ moot 10 refugee-related claims, it should at minimum dismiss the President from further proceedings. CONCLUSION 11 12 For the foregoing reasons and the reasons set forth in Defendants’ moving papers, the 13 Court should dismiss JFS Plaintiffs’ Complaint and Doe Plaintiffs’ refugee-related claims in their 14 Third Amended Complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, and should dissolve the 15 preliminary injunction as moot. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 DATED: June 29, 2018 Respectfully submitted, CHAD A. READLER Acting Assistant Attorney General AUGUST E. FLENTJE Special Counsel JENNIFER D. RICKETTS Director, Federal Programs Branch JOHN R. TYLER Assistant Director, Federal Programs Branch /s/ Joseph C. Dugan MICHELLE R. BENNETT DANIEL SCHWEI KEVIN SNELL REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 17 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 23 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 JOSEPH C. DUGAN Trial Attorneys U.S. Department of Justice Civil Division, Federal Programs Branch 20 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Fax: (202) 616-8470 Email: joseph.dugan@usdoj.gov Attorneys for Defendants 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 18 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150 Filed 06/29/18 Page 24 of 24 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I certify that on June 29, 2018, a copy of the foregoing document was electronically filed with the Clerk of the Court using the CM/ECF system, which will send notification of such filing to all counsel of record. DATED this 29th day of June, 2018. /s/ Joseph C. Dugan JOSEPH C. DUGAN 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 REPLY IN SUPP. OF MOT. TO DISMISS & DISSOLVE PRELIM. INJ. AS MOOT - 19 Doe, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-00178 (JLR) Jewish Family Service of Seattle, et al. v. Trump, et al., No. 2:17-cv-01707 (JLR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 20 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20530 Tel: (202) 514-3259 Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 1 of 66 Doe v. Trump, No. 2:17-cv-00178JLR (W.D. Wash.) Jewish Family Service of Seattle v. Trump, No. 2:17-cv-01707JLR (W.D. Wash.) 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WRGD 7 ( 05 - VWLFH 2857 )/(17-( R R J VW )OH WMH IRU WKH GHIH GD WV 7 ( R 7KD N 2857 VHO 7KD N , YH DVNHG L WKH 'HSDUWPH W RI 7KD NV R DGYD FH EHKDOI RI WKH YDULR V SDUWLHV KR LV JRL J WR EH VSHDNL J D G , GHUVWD G WKDW UHJDUGV WR WKH JRYHU PH W D G WR WKH 'RHV 7KH FR UW KDV JUD WHG SHUPLVVLR , KDYH D FROG D G PLFURSKR H DV , FD KHDUL J PH E W LI DW D PL WHV EHW HH , LOO KD J DV FORVH WR WKH WLPH R 7KDW KR HU WKDW 7KH JRYHU PH W PL LOO WKH WKLV PL WHV IRU UHE WWDO PL WHV IRU UHE WWDO RFF S 6R R PRVW RI SUREDEO WHV VSOLW KDYH UHVSR VH H SUREDEO JHW DOO RI WKRVH GR H SULRU WR R U EUHDN DIWHU WKH SODL WLIIV KDYH WKH -)6 SODL WLIIV IRU , J HVV WKDW V WLPL J JRHV L R LWK WKH 'RH SODL WLIIV IRU LOO EH IROOR HG E VHO G GHSH GL J R WKH PD VWDUWL J H[F VH PH W R FR , N R KDYH GLIILF OW SOHDVH OHW PH N R V JJHVWHG WR WKH FR UW WHV WKDW V R H SHUVR IRU -)6 WR KDYH W R WKHUHIRUH :H UH JRL J WR SURFHHG L PL L E W 7KH 'RH SODL WLIIV WKH H PD LOO EUHDN KDYH ILYH D G WKH -)6 SODL WLIIV KDYH ILYH KDYH 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ULWWH KDYH D WKRULW 7KH FR UW P VW LV YDOLG FR FHGHV WKH L YDOLGLW W RI WKH L GHIL LWH JOREDO V VSH VLR 7KH DGPLW L WKHLU SDSHUV WKDW WKHUH LV FRPSOHWH V VSH VLR LV UHT LUHG L RI ILOH WR MRL WKH PHPR EHFD VH WKH R HHG IRU D DGPLVVLR V WKDW WKH S W L VD SODFH SURFHG UHV Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 7 of 66 WKDW WKH DOUHDG DOUHDG LPSOHPH W IRU SUL FLSDO UHI JHHV DUH LPSOHPH WL J WKHP L UHI JHHV L W R FR W R IRU IROOR H R JK WR VDYH WKH PHPR )L DOO DWLR DO VHF ULW RW D VKUHG RI HHG IRU WKH V VSH VLR -RVHSK V VLW DWLR OD V EHDU KR PHPR LV IDPLO WR UHFHLYH WKHLU WUDYHO SDSHUV OO WKDW LV OHIW L VWRSSHG DUH KLV IR U EHFD VH WKDW RI 'HIH GD WV RIIHU DJH F EHH WR MRL WULHV 1HLWKHU LV WKH WDOLVPD LF L FD WDWLR HYLGH FH RI WKH DUELWUDU D G ILYH D G WKH UHDVR HDU ROG VR V HUH ERU FR VLGHUHG WR EH 6RPDOL DWLR DOV VWHSSHG IRRW L D G LW VWUDL V FUHG OLW 6RPDOLD WKDW WKHUH FR OG EH D 7 ( V , 2857 .H HYH D WKH YH D G WKDW V WKH UH WKR JK WKH YH HYHU WR WKL N WR EH JDL HG FOHDUD FHV RI WKHVH FKLOGUH /HW PH L WHUU SW GHUVWD G LW 6HFWLR L DGGLWLR DO L IRUPDWLR VHF ULW WKH WKH SURFHVV LV IRU KLV KLOH WKH IURP DGGLWLR D G WKH R R DW WKLV SRL W UH SURFHHGL J GHU 8 6 F 06 7 ( /,1 2857 7KDW V FRUUHFW 6RPHWKL J WKDW M VW UROOV RII R U WR J H 06 7 ( 1 -RK KH /,1 , YH EHH 2857 E R VD L J LW D ORW GRHV WKDW H[WH G D LWV VWULFW OD J DJH VSR VHV D G FKLOGUH " ULJKWV WR -RVHSK LW DSSOLHV R O WR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 8 of 66 06 /,1 ,W DSSOLHV WR LW LPS WHV ULJKWV WR -RVHSK EHFD VH WKH SURFHVV IRU H WHUL J WKLV FR IROOR KDW WR MRL UHI JHHV LV WKH , SURFHVV WU IRU D G WKDW LV H FKDOOH JH 7KH , SHWLWLR WKH IDPLO LV PHUHO WKH LJJL V KDYH 6WDWH 'HSDUWPH W WKH 7 ( D EH HILFLDU R ULJKWV GHFODUDWLR R U EULHI LV ILOHG E WKH SUL FLSDO UHI JHH RI KLV SHWLWLR HEVLWH RWHG D G R UH JRL J WR G L WKH D G DOVR DW WKH , EHOLHYH DGPLW WKDW WKH SHWLWLR 2857 G VR LWKR W KLV SHWLWLR DW SDUDJUDSKV D G L )RRW RWH RI EHOR JV D W WR VOR GR D OLWWOH ELW 06 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WKH JRYHU PH W DJH FLHV WR 1L WK H UH KHUH WDONL J DER W DW R DO 0U HVHUW KHOG WKDW DJH F LI LW KDV D GLUHFW D G LPPHGLDWH HIIHFW R 'RH V WKH VVRF DW R DFWLR WKH GD LV IL DO WR GD E VL HVV RI WKH V EMHFW SDUW G L U PS IR WKLV GLVWULFW FR UW G WKDW WKH L GHIL LWH GHOD DSSOLFDWLR V DV OHJDO DFWLR DJH F V EMHFW WR UHYLH DFWLR 7 ( R W R - GJH -R HV 2857 :HOO DJDIH RI LPPLJUDWLR V IILFLH W WR T DOLI OHW V VHH KR IDU , FD DV IL DO S VK R WKDW OLPE ,PPHGLDWH DFWLR V VSH VLR E W LW OHW V DVV PH WKDW WKLV DV D V VSH VLR 06 /,1 OLNH , VDLG WH WDWLYH DER W LW ,I LW PHW LI WKHUH :R OG DFWLR " HV DV DV D IRU WKUHH GD V FR VLGHU WKDW WR EH D IL DO DJH F KDG L LI LW DV D LI LW RWKL J L WHUORF WRU RU D G LI LW LPSRVHV OHJDO FR VHT H FHV R Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 10 of 66 HFD VH HYH LW LV L YDOLG IRU RYHU LI R IL G WKDW WKH DFWLR KHWKHU LW V IRU R H GD GD V LV DOO WKH WKH T HVWLR D LI EHIRUH H G GDWH L R U WKH PHPR RU IRU WKUHH GD V RU UH DVNL J IRU R RU W WKDW LV EHFD 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JHH WKH WR MRL IDPLO VKDOO EH JLYH D G LW FLWHV WR IDFWRUV WKH DJH FLHV FD PHPEHUV DUH WKH VDPH VWDW V DV WKH L DSSO WR WHOO WKHP KDW WR GHWHUPL H HOLJLELOLW D G RW DSSO 6R DOO WKH HOLJLELOLW DUH DOOR HG WR GR LV ORRN DW WKH IDFWRUV D G JR GR EDVLFDOO WKDW FKHFNOLVW D G VHH LI WKH UHI JHHV PHHW WKRVH FULWHULD D G LI WKH WKH L KDYH WR DGPLW WKHP WHOOV WKH DJH FLHV G L IDFW KDW FULWHULD WKH HYH FD GR LW W DSSO WR UHI JHHV 7 ( 'R R 2857 6R OHW V PRYH DOR J KHUH DJUHH WKDW WKH WKH OD J DJH LV IDFLDOO WKH OD J DJH WKDW V 06 DSSOLHG WKH WKH /,1 E W DOVR WKH DV UHDOO WKDW -RVHSK GLG , D W WR T RWH 7KDW V WKDW FDVH VHG WKDW FDVH LV WR VD VD HO VWD GDUG OHJLWLPDWH D G ER D ILGH" VHG L HV DV RU WKH ULJKW ULJKW D D HO VWD GDUG WDONL J DER W WKDW D G WKH D LW V WKH SRL W WKDW RW KDYH WKH ULJKW WR DVVHUW KLV WKH ULJKW RI KLV IDPLO DV , YH H[SODL HG EHIRUH PHPEHUV LV WKDW W WKH DFW DOO EHOR JV WR -RVHSK 7 ( 2857 :HOO E W P R T HVWLR SURFHVV FODLP L WKLV V UYLYH IDFLDOO OHJLWLPDWH D G ER D ILGH" LV R KDYH D G H GRHV WKDW G H SURFHVV FODLP Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 12 of 66 06 /,1 7 ( UDWKHU OR HFD VH WKHUH V 2857 7KDW EHL J VWD GDUG WKUHVKROG GHSH GL J R KR , PHD R LW V D D W WR ORRN DW LW 06 /,1 :HOO WKH 1L WK LUF LW KDV DOUHDG GHWHUPL HG WKDW EURDG M GJPH WV DUH DYDLODEOH IRU UHYLH G L FDVH R U DOOR HG WR VD VHF ULW R RU LW LV WKDW LW LV RW IDFLDOO WKDW WKH E W WKHUH LV DEVRO WHO WKDW WKHUH LV WKH LW LI YH DVVHUWHG R HYLGH FH L HVVH WLDOO DWLR DO LSHV R W WKH FODLP R HYLGH FH WKH PHPR LWVHOI OO WKH VHF ULW VWDWHG DV WKDW WKH RI WKH 8 LWHG 6WDWHV HYLGH FH L V VSH VLR WKHUH DER W LV HHG V VSH VLR E W WKHUH LV LUF LW JDYH WKHP D URDG PDS L KDW WKH WKH H[HF WLYH RUGHUV WKDW WKH GLG RW D OLFN RI KDW HYLGH FH WKHUH LV WKDW WKH H[HF WLYH RUGHU FDVHV DER W D G WKH IRU WKH HHGHG G WKH 1L WK RU L UH WKH UHFRUG WKH DGPL LVWUDWLYH SURFHVV FODLP EHFD VH WKHUH V KHUH L R W 7KH FR OG VD WKH HDUOLHU L WKH PHPRV HUH JRL J WR S W R W IDLOHG WR S W D WKL J L WKLV PHPR DW DOO W WKHUH LV HYLGH FH L UHSRUWV IURP GLVVH WL J VHF ULW WKH UHFRUG WKDW RI W R '6 6 D WKR VD G 6WDWH 'HSDUWPH W PHPEHUV P OWLSOH GHFODUDWLR V IURP IRUPHU H[SHUWV WKDW WKHVH ED V DFW DOO K UW DWLR DO DWLR DO Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 13 of 66 VHF ULW 7 ( VWD GDUG 6R R 2857 , P JRL J WR D G VWDUW VL J WKDW UH SUHPLVL J ULWH GR R U G H SURFHVV DUJ PH W R RI D IDFW DO UHFRUG WR V SSRUW LW FKDUDFWHUL]L J 06 DUJ PH W R WKH ODFN P , FRUUHFWO R U DUJ PH W" /,1 :HOO H UH SUHIDFL J R U G H SURFHVV WKH IDFW WKDW KH KDV D ULJKW WR KDYH EHH WKDW KLV SHWLWLR WR FR WHVW WKDW 7 ( FRYHU OLFN RI HYLGH FH LV EHL J V VSH GHG D G WR EH JLYH D G WKDW KDV 2857 RW KDSSH HG L OO ULJKW D G , OO KDYH 7KH GLVWL FWLR D ULJKW WKLV FDVH , YH JRW W R RWKHU DUHDV WR VHG DOO RI EHW HH WROG R U WLPH KHUH V EVWD WLYH D G SURFHG UDO U OHV 06 /,1 , P VRUU , PLVVHG WKH EHJL L J RI R U T HVWLR 7 ( U OHV FRPHV 2857 EHW HH S L WKDW WKH DJH F WKH 3 V EVWD WLYH D G SURFHG UDO R GR R K GR 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DJDL KDW , KHDU R WU L J WR S W VD L J LV WKDW , VKR OG PHDV UH V EVWD WLYH YHUV V SURFHG UDO R WKH LPSDFW RI WKH U OH LV WKDW FRUUHFW" 06 /,1 1R RI WKH L GLYLG DO RU H KDV ULJKWV 7KH YH DOUHDG ,W V R RW GHU EHH KHWKHU LW DOWHUV WKH ULJKWV G WKLV GRHV DOWHU KLV ULJKWV IRU KLV IDPLO WR EH DGPLWWHG GHWHUPL HG WR PHHW DOO WKH FULWHULD IRU DFFRUGL J WR WKH SURFHG UH VHW R W L GHFODUDWLR DW SDUDJUDSK HHG WR WR EH UH IRU WKHP WKH UH LWHG L D G DOO WKH 7KH WKLV FR 0V LJJL V KDYH GR H HYHU WKL J WKH WU KDV NLFNHG L HHG DUH WKHLU WUDYHO SDSHUV E W RW JHWWL J WKHLU WUDYHO SDSHUV EHFD VH RI WKHLU Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 15 of 66 IR U D G ILYH 6RPDOL D G WKH 7 ( R HDU ROG VR V YH OLNH , VDLG HYHU HYH 2857 EHH OO ULJKW KR DUH FR VLGHUHG WKHUH /DVW T HVWLR D G , WKL N OO KDYH D OLWWOH ELW RI WLPH OHIW RYHU 7KH 3 JH HUDOO UHT LUHV VLPLODUO VLW DWHG L GLYLG DOV WR EH WUHDWHG VLPLODUO ,W VHHPV WR PH WKDW WKH DJH F SUL FLSDO D G 06 R , P JRL J WR /,1 )ROOR 7 ( 2857 WKH FD FD 06 /,1 SURFHG UHV PHPR VH WR MRL IROOR WR MRL D G FDSULFLR V" ,I WKH WU L J WR LPSOHPH W HUH R O DJDL R U WKH LWKR W D IDFW UR J R V VSH VLR LV 7 ( OHIW LV HHGHG KDSSH L J L W R FR R V VSH VLR WULHV WKDW HHGHG 6R WKH UH WKH IDFH RI WKHLU PHPR WKDW D JOREDO HHGHG 2857 OO ULJKW D G , OO WU 06 WKH LW VHHPV WR WKH FR WUDU VHHP WR EH DGPLWWL J WKDW WKHUH LV DOUHDG WKH YH LPSOHPH WHG D SURRI WKDW D V VSH VLR H KDYH SURRI EHFD VH LW V DOUHDG R RU WKDW LW V DOVR SURFHG UDO U OH W WKH GLIIHUH FH KHUH LV WKDW WKH L UHI JHHV VLPLODUO WKDW EH DUELWUDU FR OG EH KHUH DUJ L J G HIIRUW WR YHW R U OD J DJH LWKR W WKH V VSH VLR V VSH VLR DV D /,1 RW WR DVN D , LI LW KDG T HVWLR V R KDYH DER W WKUHH PL WHV PRUH T HVWLR V DV M VW JRL J WR OHDYH LW IRU WKH FR UW Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 16 of 66 R U R RU , R OG M VW VD FR OG LPDJL H KDYL J D WKD VHSDUDWLR P VHSDUDWLR FR WU VRPHR H V GD KH WKUHH WLPHV L KL HVH IDWKHU FU WR GD P OLIH OLIH WKDW , D G R H RI WKRVH KH WDONHG WR PH DER W WKH WKUHH IURP PH W R GHJUHH , WKL N VWRLF RFFDVLR V LV LPSDFW R RW P FK PRUH , IURP WKHLU IDPLO 7KHUH KDV EHH KDYH VHH WKDW WKHUH V KH , DV D EDE HHNV EHIRUH , DV ERU D G LW WRRN KLP WKUHH HDU H KDG WR FRPH WR WKLV WR VW G IRU KLV PDVWHU V HDUV WR EUL J P PRWKHU D G P VLVWHUV RYHU 7KLV V VSH VLR IDPLO WKH 7KH KDV D GLUH LPSDFW R DUH UHDG WR WUDYHO HHG WR WR EH UH RWKL J WKHUH V IRU KLV IR U 7 ( LWHG L R UHDVR D G ILYH 2857 WKLV FR 7KD N PL WHV 06 LI R ,526( 7 ( 2857 06 ,526( D G OHDYH D IH PL D G WKHUH LV LV HFHVVDU R KLFK , R UH JRL J WR VWDUW H KDYH WU GHUVWD G R YH 6R R OG EH KHOSI O IRU PH LI WKH DUJ PH W KDYH GR H HYHU WKL J WKDW WKH V VSH VLR OO ULJKW GLYLGHG KDOI D G KDOI R RU 7KH HDU ROG FKLOGUH 7KH -)6 SHRSOH KDYH ,W -RVHSK 'RH D G KLV HV PL R R U WHV , G WHOO PH KDW SDUW RI LWK R RU RRG PRU L J R U R OG OLNH UH FRUUHFW WR DUJ H WKH PHULWV RI R U PRWLR WHV IRU P FROOHJH (VWKHU 6 WR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 17 of 66 DGGUHVV D M VWLFLDELOLW FR FHU V WKDW WKLV FR UW PLJKW KDYH R U R RU WKH SODL WLIIV EUL J D VWDW WRU FR VWLW WLR DO FKDOOH JH E DGPL LVWUDWLR WR UHI JHH SURJUDP WKLV WKLUG DWWHPSW E GHUPL H WKH FR JUHVVLR DOO WKLV WLPH E UHI JHH DGPLVVLR V L D PD D G LPSOHPH WV SUHFLVHO D G V VSH GL J WKH FUHDWHG HDUO KDOI RI HU WKDW WDUJHWV 0 VOLP UHI JHHV WKH 0 VOLP ED WKLV DGPL LVWUDWLR KDV SURPLVHG RYHU D G RYHU DJDL 3ODL WLIIV DUUR VWDW WRU 3ODL WLIIV DUH ULJKW WR DGPLVVLR L D G FR VWLW WLR DO FKDOOH JH LV RW DUJ L J WKDW WKH UHI JHHV KDYH D WKLV FR WU HYHU V VSH G WKH UHI JHH SURJUDP WKDW L WKH KDVWH WR FR WL WKH SULRU H[HF WLYH RUGHUV RU WKDW WKH DJH FLHV FD :KDW H DUH DUJ L J LV H WKH UHI JHH V VSH VLR IURP WKH DJH FLHV KDYH YLRODWHG WKH EDVLF SUL FLSOHV RI DGPL LVWUDWLYH OD 3ODL WLIIV WKHUH DUH WKUHH LV DUELWUDU VWDW WRU D V L FODLP LV D W SLFDO KLFK WKH V VSH VLR D G FDSULFLR V D R H RI 3 FODLP D G FKDOOH JHG KHUH KLFK LV V IILFLH W WR GRRP WKH V VSH VLR 7 ( 2857 DUJ PH W IURP VWDW WRU JUR :HOO GR , FRUUHFWO R U EULHIL J GHUVWD G WKDW LI , IL G WKDW GV LV V IILFLH W , GR W HYHU ,526( HV WKDW V ULJKW R U R U HHG WR UHDFK R U HVWDEOLVKPH W FOD VH" 06 R U R RU Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 18 of 66 7 ( 2857 OO ULJKW 06 ,526( G WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO JUR KLFK WKLV FR UW FD R U VWDW WRU D WKRULW IL G WKH V VSH VLR FODLPV 2 H W R RW V SSOLHG D UHDVR HG H[SOD DWLR WKUHH EH E GHU OD I O R R UHJ ODWRU EHFD VH WKH DJH FLHV KDYH IRU WKH V VSH VLR EHFD VH DW WKH H G RI WKH GD GHUVWRRG DV GULYH WR EH EHFD VH WKHUH LV IRU WKLV V VSH VLR GV WKH V VSH VLR WKLV DGPL LVWUDWLR D G FD R O V D WL 0 VOLP ELDV R UWV D DUELWUDU RW L IUHT H WO IL G WKDW DJH FLHV KDYH DFWHG L D G FDSULFLR V PD GR WKH VDPH KHUH HU EHFD VH DOOHJL J D G H UJH WKH FR UW WR VSHFLILHG FR FHU V LV RW H R JK IRU WKH DJH FLHV WR V VSH G KDOI RI WKLV SURJUDP HDUO VWD GDUGV RI WKH 7KH V VSH VLR IROOR OD HYH GHU WKH EDVLF 3 DOVR YLRODWHV WKH 3 EHFD VH LW GRHV WKH VWD GDUGV RI U OH PDNL J DV UHT LUHG G R HYHU KDOI RI WKLV SURJUDP WKDW FODLP V VSH VLR SODL WLIIV DUH DOVR GHU WKDW RW DUJ L J WKDW HHGV WR JR WKUR JK U OH PDNL J JRRG FD VH H[FHSWLR IRU U OH PDNL J RW L YRNHG WKDW H[FHSWLR KHUH 7KHUH LV D E W WKH DJH FLHV KDYH D G VR WKLV U OH VKR OG KDYH JR H WKUR JK WKH DGPL LVWUDWLYH SURFHG UHV UHT LUHG GHU WKH FW 2 WKH FR VWLW WLR DO FODLP KHUH SODL WLIIV RW R U R RU DOWKR JK Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 19 of 66 7 ( 2857 SURFHVV FODLP :K GR , WKL N , W R FR FH WUDWH R R U G H GHUVWD G WKH FR VWLW WLR DO LVV H 2 06 ,526( 7 ( 2857 06 ,526( WKH 3 2ND 2 WKH 2 WKH 3 3 FODLPV FODLPV" HV FODLPV ILUVW R WKH LVV H RI DJH F H[HUFLVH RI D WKRULW 7KH V VSH VLR H[FHHGV WKH VFRSH RI WKH DJH F GHU WKH 5HI JHH 6HFUHWDU RI FW EHFD VH WKH 5HI JHH RPHOD G 6HF ULW FW UHT LUHV WKH WR H[HUFLVH KHU GLVFUHWLR S UV D W WR UHJ ODWLR V WKDW VKH SUHVFULEHV R UHJ ODWLR V WKDW WKH DJH FLHV FD V VSH VLR WKH V VSH VLR UHDVR V WKDW WKH DJH FLHV IRU LW LV WKDW WKHUH DUH UHT LUL J WKH DJH FLHV WR FR WL 7KLV FR FO VRU DFWLR VKR OG EH VHW DVLGH DV DUELWUDU D G FDSULFLR V EHFD VH WKH R O KDYH JLYH W WKHUH DUH FLWH WKDW DOOR V IRU WKH D G WKDW DOR H GRRPV WKLV DJH F 0RUHRYHU V D WKRULW VSHFLILHG FR FHU V H UHYLH L J WKH SURJUDP VWDWHPH W IDOOV IDU VKRUW RI WKH UHDVR HG H[SOD DWLR V WKDW DJH FLHV R H WR WKH S EOLF KH LW WDNHV V HHSL J DFWLR V WKDW DIIHFW SHRSOH V OLYHV 7 ( 2857 M VWLILFDWLR GRHV ,V LW R U SRVLWLR W FKD JH RU GRHV FKD JH LWK GLIIHUH W V EMHFW PDWWHU DUHDV GHIH VH LPPLJUDWLR WKDW WKDW T HVWLR YHUV V VD KH IRU H[DPSOH R GHDO DWLR DO FR V PHU SURWHFWLR RI Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 20 of 66 VRPHWKL J L 06 WKH GU J DUHD" ,526( 7KH VWD GDUG WKDW WKH DJH FLHV KDYH WR SURYLGH VRPH UHDVR HG H[SOD DWLR VWD GDUG L D G WKDW VWD GDUG DSSOLHV L WKH DUHD RI G , DWLR DO VHF ULW R OG SRL W PEHU RI FDVHV R U R U R RU WR OD J FDVH 8 6 D G 'LVWULFW RI D W OOD FR UW WKHUH IR H WLW FR UW IR WKHUH DUH D LPPLJUDWLR , R OG SRL W R UW KLFK LV D FDVH IURP WKH ) 6 SS S L FKD JH L G WKH FR WH[W RI SURFHG UHV G WKH WKR JK WKH DJH FLHV KDG FR G FWHG D G KDG DOVR H JDJHG L WR FR G FW D OR JHU UHYLH H R JK WR M VWLI R RU G WKDW DJH FLHV KDYH DOLIRU LD L WHU DO UHYLH R U KLFK LV D 6 SUHPH D W OOD SRVW L FO GL J DW OHDVW G DV H[DPSOHV RO HU G WKDW HYH FDVH L FO GL J L LV D FDVH WKDW FDPH DWLR DO VHF ULW D VKRUW R RU WR DUHDV EDVLF D G LPPLJUDWLR D G FDSULFLR VO DWLR DO VHF ULW 1RUWKHU HYHU KHUH FR UWV KDYH IR DFWHG DUELWUDULO D G WKDW V D YHU WKH FKD JH L WKDW L D R WVLGH LWVHOI SURFHG UHV WKHUH G WKH U OH FKD JH WKHUH WR EH DUELWUDU DV RW D G WKH D G FDSULFLR V 7 ( DV EDVHG R D G 2857 ,V W LW WKLV FDVH PDWHULDO V EPLWWHG E DWLR DO L WHOOLJH FH" 06 L ,526( :HOO JDYH IRU WKH V VSH VLR :K LV WKH R O VWDWH WKH DJH F PHPR RPHOD G 6HF ULW W WKDW V IILFLH W" UHDVR LWVHOI LV WKDW WKH WKDW WKH DJH FLHV D W WR FR WL H Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 21 of 66 UHYLH L J WKH SURJUDP G LW V LPSRUWD W WR SRL W R W WKDW DJH FLHV KDYH EHH UHYLH L J WKH UHI JHH SURJUDP VL FH WKH EHJL HDU D G WKDW UHI JHHV IURP WKHVH FR L WR WKH FR FR HFWLR WU WKUR JKR W WKLV EHW HH PHPRUD G P WR WKH D HHG IRU WKH V VSH VLR 7KH UHI JHHV IURP WKHVH WKH WU VKR OHVV WKH WKDW WKH 6R WKHUH LV YH VDLG L VLJ LILFD W FKD JH IRU WKH UHI JHHV WKLV FR WULHV KDYH EHH HDU WKL J WKDW WKH FR L J RI WKLV FRPL J R WKH KLFK LV UHDOO D KR DUH LPSDFWHG WULHV FD RW EH DGPLWWHG WR PHHW WKLV LPSRVVLEOH VWD GDUG WKDW I OILOO D FULWLFDO IRUHLJ SROLF L WHUHVW 6R WKH WKH FD R KDYH WKLV H[WUD OD HU FRPH L WR WKLV FR SURYLGHG D UHDVR WR M VWLI 7KH IDFWV WKDW WKH GLIIHUH W WKH WU H[WUD REVWDFOH EHIRUH D G WKH DJH FLHV KDYH WKDW V VSH VLR KDYH ODLG R W L 7KRVH IDFWV R U HHG IRU WKH V VSH VLR R RU ULJKW WKH PHPR DUH DOVR DUH R RW DFW DOO E W HYH WKRVH DUH WKH VDPH IDFWV WKDW WKH 1L WK L RW HUH WLHG WR LI WKH HUH LUF LW KDG UHMHFWHG DSSHDO IURP WKH VHFR G H[HF WLYH RUGHU LUF LW KHOG WKDW WKRVH UHDVR V R D G WKH 1L WK RW H R JK IRU HYH WKH 3UHVLGH W WR V VSH G WKH UHI JHH 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R WKH VDPH T HVWLR , DVNHG VHO W LW PDNH D GLIIHUH FH LI , P GHDOL J SHULRG RI WLPH YHUV V D 06 681 LWK D VKRUWHU L GHIL LWH V VSH VLR " :KDW WKH FR UWV KDYH KHOG LWK V VSH VLR V RI WKLV DW UH WKH KH GHDOL J YH KHOG WKDW GHOD FD VHV LUUHSDUDEOH KDUP 7KH )R UWK LUF LW WHPSRUDU GHOD WHPSRUDU V VSH VLR L WKH , FDVH R OG L MHFW VRPH VDLG WKDW HYH H[F VH PH R OG L MHFW VRPH GHOD DSSOLFDWLR V WLPHOL H D G WKDW GHOD HYH L WR D D D SH GL J LV KDUPI O IRU WKH DIIHFWHG L GLYLG DO G LI , PLJKW SRL W R W WKDW GHOD LV HVSHFLDOO IRU UHI JHHV EHFD VH UHI JHHV UHT LUH VHF ULW FKHFNV D G PHGLFDO D G WKHVH FKHFNV H[SLUH G DV H SRL W R W DV WKH 1L WK DV H H[SODL LUF LW KDV DFN R OHGJHG KDYH FDVFDGL J HIIHFWV IRU UHI JHHV WKH KDUPI O UHPDL VWUD GHG L L HYH G L R U EULHIL J D G D VPDOO GHOD FD WKH PHD WLPH SHULOR V FLUF PVWD FHV KHUH KHUH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 25 of 66 WKHLU OLYHV D G WKHLU SK VLFDO VDIHW LV DW ULVN 7KLV KDUP LV WU H IRU ERWK R U L GLYLG DO SODL WLIIV DV HOO DV WKH FOLH WV RUJD L]DWLR V WKH DVV UHG FOLH WV RI WKH -)6 KR WKHPVHOYHV DUH KDUPHG E WKH PHPRUD G P 7KH -)6 RUJD L]DWLR V DUH KDUPHG EHFD VH WKH PHPRUD G P SHUFHSWLYHO LPSDLUV WKHLU DFWLYLWLHV D G WKHLU PLVVLR :LWK UHVSHFW WR WKH -)6 RUJD L]DWLR V PHD V WKDW WKH UHI JHHV WKH PHPRUD G P DUH UHVHWWOL J GLIIHUH W UHI JHHV D G WKH IH HU KDYH KDG WR GLYHUW UHVR UFHV WR GHDO LWK WKH IDOOR W RI WKH PHPRUD G P OO RI WKHVH KDUPV DUH D DFWLYLWLHV D G D GUDL R L M U WR WKH -)6 RUJD L]DWLR V WKHLU UHVR UFHV 8 GHU D H V WKDW LV V IILFLH W WR V SSRUW RUJD L]DWLR DO VWD GL J 7 ( 2857 /HW PH FKD JH R U IRF V D OLWWOH ELW :KDW VLJ LILFD FH VKR OG , DWWDFK WR WKH 6 SUHPH RUGHU V VSH GL J WKH L M FWLR V LVV HG E R UW YDULR V FR UWV LWKR W H[SODL L J LWV UHDVR L J" 06 7 ( 681 2857 , P VRUU , GLG W FDWFK WKDW ODVW :LWKR W H[SODL L J WKHLU UHDVR L J IRU GRL J VR 06 , 681 HV WKDW V H[DFWO LVV L J WKLV PRVW UHFH W VWD WKH SRL W RUGHU WKH 6 SUHPH GHFOL HG WR VWDWH WKH EDVLV IRU LWV GHFLVLR D SUHFHGH WLDO GHFLVLR G VR WKH R O :H GR W N R FR UVH RI DFWLR R U R RU R UW D G VR LW V RW KDW WR WDNH IURP LW H R OG V EPLW IRU WKH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 26 of 66 FR UW WR WDNH KHUH L EHIRUH LW R WKLV FDVH LV WR GHFLGH WKH FDVH WKDW V WKH IDFWV WKDW DUH EHIRUH LW LWK WKH SODL WLIIV D G WKH KDUPV D G WKH FODLPV WKDW DUH EHIRUH LW EHFD VH RWKHU LVH FDVH R D R UW VWD L IHUH FH WKDW FR OG EH GUD RUGHU R OG EH D 7 ( ULJKW JLYH LI WKLV FR UW EDVHV LWV RSL LR R LW R OG L IHUH FH 2857 LW LWKR W D :HOO WKLV IURP WKH 6 SUHPH R OG EH M VW WKDW ,W V SSRUWHG EDVLV RI WKH FDVHV WKDW DUH R W WKHUH KLFK RI WKHP LV YDOLG D WKRULW DW WKLV SRL W WKH PRVW UHFH W LVV HG RUGHU WKDW FDPH GR FDOOHG LW WKH VWD L RUGHU WKDW FDPH GR " R IURP WKH 6 SUHPH R UW 06 681 :HOO FHUWDL O WKH RSL LR L DV U PS UHPDL V SUHFHGH WLDO D G EL GL J D WKRULW JWR 7KHUH KDV EHH 7 ( 06 HOO 681 R PHD HV 7KH RSL LR V L G D D 2857 WKH 1L WK LUF LW RSL LR " G DOVR WKLV FR UW V RSL LR WKDW FDVH UHPDL JRRG OD KLOH 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RW KDYH M ULVGLFWLR S UV D W WR WKH PHPRUD G P WR UHYLH WKH DJH F D G WKDW V VLPSO R UWV KDYH UHMHFWHG WLPH D G DJDL UHYLH DEOH D G WHV WKLV RWLR DFWLR RW WKH RI EULGOHG H[HF WLYH D WKRULW G VR WKH SODL WLIIV DUH KHUH EHIRUH WKLV FR UW VHHNL J WKLV FR UW V UHYLH EHFD VH LWKR W LW WKHLU OLYHV D G WKHLU I W UHV D G WKRVH RI WKHLU IDPLOLHV UHVSHFWI OO SURYLVLR V L 7 ( 06 UHPDL DW ULVN 6R H G DVN WKH FR UW WR DVLGH WKH )7- D G WKH 6 2 WKH PHPRUD G P 2857 681 OO ULJKW 7KD N R 7KD N R Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 28 of 66 7 ( 05 2857 '8 R 1 VHO" RRG PRU L J FR YH LH W WR WKH FR UW M VWLFLDELOLW LVV HV , R U R RU ,I LW V LOO EH DGGUHVVL J VRPH D G P FROOHDJ H 0U )OH WMH LOO EH WDONL J DER W WKH PHULWV 7 ( 2857 R VHO RWKHU VLGH ILOHG D PRWLR 05 7 ( 05 R U '8 '8 D G , UHDOO DSSHDU L FR UW R U , P KDSS D G , FD 2857 , OO SHUPLW W WKL J KDWHYHU T HVWLR V D W WR DVWH P R R W ILOH D WR D V HU , GR D W WR WKLV FR UW WR GR VR WDON :HOO W 7KH R RU 7KH JRYHU PH W GLG 1 GR W VSOLW DUJ PH WV VHHNL J SHUPLVVLR HV 2857 R RU KDV 7 ( 1 H GR WLPH HHG WR IROOR WR GR LW DVWH ,I R R U WLPH UH JRL J WR WKH U OHV RI WKLV E W WKLV LV RW WKH D H UH JRL J WR SURFHHG G I UWKHU DOOR R 05 D G 7KDW V RW D )/(17-( , H UH R W RI JUDFH WR 7 ( 0U 05 2857 ' JD '8 R KDYH , P JRL J WR W ILOHG D GHUVWD G RWLFH RI R U WKDW R RU , P YHU , P NL G RI D 7KD NV OO ULJKW KDW DUH 1 R DFFHSWDEOH SURFHG UH RUNL J WR UHPHG SL FK KLWWHU WRGD 6R VHO WR SDUWLFLSDWH DSSHDUD FH VRUU FR HV R R U JRL J WR FRYHU" R RU 6R , LOO WDON YHU Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 29 of 66 EULHIO DER W WKH UHFH W VWD D W WR M VW IRF V WRGD KDSS R RUGHUV FR V ODU WR DGGUHVV VWD GL J DV FR UW KDV 05 D D 2857 HOO D G D '8 OO ULJKW 1 HV H DUJ HG L RUGHUV L FW UH (LWKHU WR GH SURSRVLWLR " VSHF ODWH DER W HIIHFW RI D :KDW D WKRULW , PHD EDVLFDOO KDW D 6 SUHPH RUGHU PHD V :K R N R GLYL H KDW WKH 05 '8 DP , 7 ( LV R WKRVH FDVHV KDYH IRU WKDW UH DVNL J PH WR R UW RSL LR H MRL L J D R UW GLG W GR WKDW JRL J WR EH DEOH WR L H RI WKHP PHD W" 1 :HOO V FFHVV 2857 '8 H WKL N WKH V KHDUL J WR VHH R DOO RI D V GGH R U 1 R RU KDW H FD R :HOO WHU D DO VLV D G WKH GR GLYL H LV HUH VNHSWLFDO DER W WKRVH FKD FHV RI V FFHVV R W R H RI WKH RWKHU 05 GR 7KH 6 SUHPH WKDW DW OHDVW ILYH M VWLFHV SODL WLIIV D G WKH 3,V DW WKLV VWDJH KDW EHFRPHV RI WKH DSSHOODWH SURFHHGL JV L 2857 , R OG EH IRU WKH FR UW WR I UWKHU SURFHHGL J DIWHU WRGD 7 ( LVV HV VLU FRUUHFW DSSURDFK DW WKLV M RU WR VWD , P RWKHU T HVWLR V WKH R U V SSOHPH WDO EULHI GR R H RI W R WKL JV , 3OHDVH SURFHHG LWK UHVSHFW WR WKH SH GL J VWD DV SULPDULO R UHYLH DELOLW LWK UHVSHFW WR WKH M VWLFLDELOLW 7 ( 6R G WKH R N R WKDW" WKH PHULWV R GR R N R LW WHU WHVWV" , WKL N P GHUVWD GL J RI WKH WHU IUDPH RUN LV WKDW R KDYH WR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 30 of 66 KDYH DW OHDVW VRPH FKD FH RI V FFHVV R DGGLWLR WR D ULVN RI LUUHSDUDEOH KDUP EDOD FH G PD EH LI R KDYH YHU WKHUH LV D OR HU PHULWV WKUHVKROG W WKL N WKH PHULWV R FD HOO 5LJKW" 6R LW V D JUHDW LUUHSDUDEOH KDUP D G YLVH YHUVD W KDYH D VLW DWLR KHUH WKH FR UW , IL G WKHVH PHULWV DUJ PH WV KLJKO E W WKH LUUHSDUDEOH KDUP D DO VLV YHU YHUVD 7KH FR UW P VW WDNH DFFR L HUH WR SHUV DVLYH SHUV DVLYH RU YLFH W RI WKH PHULWV RI WKH DUJ PH W G EHFD VH LW VWD HG RW R O WKH WKH 0DU OD G FDVH WKDW VSHFLILFDOO FOD VH FODLP YHU FDVH KHUH D DLL FDVH E W DOVR UDLVHV D HVWDEOLVKPH W VLPLODU WR WKH FODLP DW LVV H L , WKL N H FD WKH -)6 L IHU WKDW WKH FR UW KDV VRPH VHULR V FR FHU V D G VRPH GR EWV RU DW OHDVW D PDMRULW RI WKH M VWLFHV GR DER W WKDW HVWDEOLVKPH W FOD VH FODLP 1R GRHV LW GRHV FODLPV KHUH D G LW W DGGUHVV WKH G H SURFHVV FODLP KHUH 7 ( WKH W DGGUHVV WKH VWDW WRU , FD 2857 6R LI , GHFLGH R D G H SURFHVV EDVLV GLVUHJDUG WKH HVWDEOLVKPH W FODLP D G R UH FR FHGL J LI , IL G WKH G H SURFHVV FODLP WR EH YDOLG FD WKDW , H WHU UHOLHI" 05 '8 1 , WKL N LI WKH SODL WLIIV KDYH VWD GL J UWLFOH ,,, WKUHVKROGV SHUV DVLYH WKH R U R RU WKDW WKH HUH WR IL G WKDW VDWLVI YDULR V D G WKH G H SURFHVV FODLP LV WKH 6 SUHPH R UW VWD RUGHU R OG RW VWD G Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 31 of 66 L R U D , WKL N WKDW V ULJKW 7 ( 2857 M VWLFLDELOLW PHD R , DP LVV HV KHUH WLPH R GR 05 R OG VD LVV H R '8 WKDW D G WKH JRYHU PH W S WKDW DUJ PH W D G WU :HOO R U R RU FR UW WKH RSL LR JWR LUF LW (2 LI ILUVW RI DOO IRU LPSRUWD W SRL W R UW GHFLGHG WR LVV H LWV 0 RSL LR V WKH )R UWK LW GLG RW WKH RUGL DU 5LJKW" DV PRRW ,W FD RU LW LUF LW D G WKH 1L WK W KDYH WR GR WKDW ,W V ,W V PEHU RI JUD WHG LW FD RW KHDUG RI GHFLVLR E W LW VD V SURFHVV D G H GR W 6R WKDW V WKH WKDW :LWK UHVSHFW WR FR V ODU WKL N WKDW D D FDVH V DO IRU WKH FR UW WR KDW WKDW VRPHWKL J LV R :KH LOO U OH WKDW WKH FDVH LV PRRW E W OHDYH VRPHWKL J DER W WKH M VWLFHV JRYHU PH W V YLH 5LJKW" GR D GLVPLVV DV LPSURSHUO WDNH WKH VWHS WR YDFDWH H[DFWO EHFD VH VL J HDU FR UVH RI SURFHHGL JV WKH OR HU RSL LR V L WDFW N R , KLFK LV VWLOO JRRG OD EHFRPHV PRRW SH GL J FHUWLRUL WKH FR UW FD GH LW R H PRUH U PS YDFDW U HDUOLHU WKLV IDOO L WKL JV , WKDW RI WKH P OWLSOH FR UWV WKDW KDYH YLVLWHG WKLV WKH 6 SUHPH 7KDW V WKH UHVSR G WR WKDW" 1 WKH R O DV GHG L 7KHVH SHRSOH KDYH VWD GL J G , WKL N WKDW V NL G RI D KH HOO JUR H YH KDG P OWLSOH FR UWV VD VHHPV WR NHHS GUHGJL J LV VHO R UHYLH DELOLW SUHFHGH WLDO RSL LR WKR JK KDV DFW DOO , GR W UHMHFWHG WKH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 32 of 66 JRYHU PH W V DUJ PH W KHUH WKDW FR V ODU R UHYLH DELOLW FR VWLW WLR DO FODLPV DUJ H WKDW DV D G WKH UH UHYLH DEOH M VW YHU R HYHU HVV D J GHWHUPL DWLR H[FO GH D 7KDW KLFK LV WKH 6 SUHPH LWKL WKH SURYL FH RI D OD WR UHYLH HOO RW WR EURDG SROLF LUF LW IR FR UW WKH WKH FR V ODU G L KHUH R FDVH GHFLVLR V WKH D W D KDG D 3 LUF LW GHFOL HG WR EUHDFK LW IR DV DV D FDVH 7KDW LV HI JHH FODLP RW H WHU D G WKH G WKDW WKH 3 RW UHYLH DEOH EHFD VH RI WKH GRFWUL H RI FR V ODU D G WKDW DV EHL J FKDOOH JHG LWK WKH DLWLD DV D VLW DWLR DV EURDG PLJUD WV R ,W KHUH WKH SROLF DV WKH L WHUGLFWLR WKH KLJK VHDV ,W DV L GLYLG DO YLVD GHWHUPL DWLR 7 ( 1L WK RW H DFN R OHGJH WKDW GRFWUL H DSSOLHV WR FDVH E R UHYLH DELOLW RW R W DOLH KDW WKH (OHYH WK SROLF :H GR RI WKH SROLWLFDO EUD FK RI JRYHU PH W WR GHWHUPL DWLR V WKDW E W ULJKW" SODL WLIIV KDYH DUJ HG (OHYH WK LWK UHVSHFW WR GHIHUH WLDOO D WKRUL]HG E R UHYLH DELOLW FODLP HO VWD GDUG VD V WKDW LW LV OHVV H[SUHVVO FDVH RW DSSO VD V :H WKL N WKH FR VWLW WLR DO FODLPV DUH V EMHFWHG D 1R GRHV U PS R O H YH FR FHGHG WKDW WR WKH GHIHUH WLDO R UW JWR 2857 7KH ODVW WLPH , FKHFNHG RW WKH (OHYH WK 05 '8 1 HV R U R RU H UH L WKH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 33 of 66 7 ( DUJ PH W" R GLG WKH 1L WK WUHDW WKDW SDUWLF ODU ,W VHHPV WR PH 05 RSL LR 2857 '8 L WKH W L DV VWLOO JRRG OD FR V ODU 1 WKH YH UHMHFWHG LW UHSHDWHGO HUWDL O D D UHMHFWHG LW L WKH R YDFDWHG FDVH JWR U PS DJDL KLFK LV WKH R O DV , UHDG WKDW RSL LR R UHYLH DELOLW GRHV RW FR WURO R H WKDW LV LW KROGV WKDW LWK UHVSHFW WR FR VWLW WLR DO FODLPV 6R , WKL N WKDW VSOLW WKHP S H ORRN DW SODL WLIIV ULJKW" WKH GRFWUL H FR V ODU VWDW WRU FODLPV KHUH FLWDWLR WR 2857 R UHYLH DELOLW DV W VRPH SRL W JWR U PS WKDW PRUH L VLJKW SURYLGHG E 05 '8 1 , UHDG FR VWLW WLR DO FODLPV 7 ( 2857 R VWLW WLR DO D W WR WDNH DOO 05 7 ( 05 '8 WR WKH 6 SUHPH 1 1 DV JWR JLYH PH R U KROG WKDW" 2U LV U PS DV GLVF VVL J LOO GR W HDK HHG WR GR LW R , GR HDK OO ULJKW 3OHDVH SURFHHG 6R , DOVR WKL N WKDW LW V R UW J LGD FH L WKDW V D RWKHU FDVH D KHUH WKH R HO VWD GDUG R U WLPH 2857 '8 R R OG D R U DGYRFDF " E W , 1R KHUH H FODLPV DUH EORFNHG E FODLPV DUH UHYLH DEOH E W V EMHFWHG WR WKH 7 ( D G WKHUH DOOR VHI O WR ORRN HOO EHFD VH WKH FR UW DSSOLHG WKH HO VWD GDUG WR FR VWLW WLR DO FODLPV 5LJKW" W Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 34 of 66 7 ( D 2857 :KDW GLG WKH 1L WK LUF LW VD DER W HO 05 U PS '8 VDLG D 1 7KH 1L WK HO DSSOLHV R DOOR LV VWLOO JRRG OD L WHUDFWHG LWK LW L WR WDNH DFFR W RI WKDW EL GL J 6 SUHPH 6 SUHPH LUF LW D FDVH E D G , GR DV JWR FDVH EDVLV KR HYHU W WKL N WKH 1L WK WKDW RSL LR DOOR L 6R , WKL N WKDW LUF LW H KDYH D G WKDW WKH FR UW KDV WR FR VLGHU R UW SUHFHGH FH LV VWLOO EL GL J R UW SUHFHGH FH 7 ( 2857 /HW V WDNH D VWHS EDFN 7 R RI -RVHSK V FKLOGUH 7KDW V L R U EULHIL J 05 7 ( '8 1 2857 DUH FR VLGHUHG 6RPDOL FLWL]H V 7KDW V DOO RYHU WKLV FDVH HV VR , P JRL J WR WDNH WKDW DV D IDFW 6RPDOLD LV R H RI WKH FR WULHV FRYHUHG E WKH 6 2 SURYLVLR V 05 7 ( GR W R '8 1 7KDW LV P 2857 OO ULJKW GHUVWD GL J ,I WKDW V WKH FDVH WKH KDYH WR FR FHGH WKDW -RVHSK KDV VWD GL J WR FKDOOH JH WKH DJH F 05 '8 1 PHPR" , WKL N -RVHSK LV SUREDEO WKH VWUR JHVW FDVH IRU VWD GL J 7 ( 05 -RVHSK GRHV 2857 '8 1 ,V WKDW D HV " W WKLV SRL W W KDYH VWD GL J H UH RW JRL J DUJ H WKDW , WKL N WKH UHDOLW LV R FH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 35 of 66 H ORRN DW WKH V SSOHPH WDO GHFODUDWLR V WKDW SODL WLIIV KDYH EHH S W L WR WKH UHFRUG LW V FOHDU WKDW KH LV FORVH H R JK WR WKH EUL N RI WUDYHO VD WKDW KH KDV 7 ( 05 G W EHH 2857 '8 1 KDW , GR HV R OG DUUD W D RW R O IRU R U R U FD GRU R EULHIO HOO DWLR WKDW R RU WKR JK HUH WR H WHU D WKH FR UW LV SHUV DGHG E PHULWV R D W WR VD R OG KDYH WR IL G WKDW W KDYH D FUHGLEOH DUJ PH W WR L M UHG 7KD N LV WKDW LI WKLV FR UW LW , GR DWLR R WKDW SRL W LGH L M FWLR WKDW FLUF PVWD FHV DUH V FK LGH L M FWLR SODL WLIIV 6R RW R O DUJ PH WV R WKDW WKH WKDW WKH FR UW LV SHUV DGHG WKDW R H RU PRUH SDUWLHV KDV VWD GL J E W DOVR WKDW WKHVH FLUF PVWD FHV DUUD W EURDG D G H[SD VLYH UHOLHI G LI H ORRN DW WKH GHFODUDWLR V WKDW KDYH EHH WKH UHFRUG , WKL N KDW L GLYLG DO SODL WLIIV DUH ULJKW" KDYH SURYLVLR V S W L WR H VHH LV WKDW PRVW RI WKHVH RW R WKH EUL N RI WUDYHO RW GHPR VWUDWHG WKDW E W IRU WKH FKDOOH JH WKH R OG HLWKHU DOUHDG R OG EH DEOH WR H WHU WKH FR WU EH L WKH FR WU RU G UL J WKH VKRUW WLPH SHULRG WKDW UHPDL V 7 ( KHUH GR R 2857 :HOO VKRUW WLPH SHULRG WKDW UHPDL V JHW D VKRUW WLPH SHULRG WKDW UHPDL V KH LW FD EHFRPH L GHIL LWH" 05 '8 1 :HOO WKHVH SROLF DUH RW JRL J WR EH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 36 of 66 L GHIL LWH L GR 5LJKW" D G H UH DOUHDG 7 ( LW FD 2857 6R RW EH FR WL HG" 05 WKH , PHD GD '8 1 WKH 6 2 SURYLVLR PRUH WKD R KDOI D LW V D WKHUH UH VD L J LW H GV DW , GR W N R KDW GD GD V D G LOO FRPH WR SDVV DIWHU SHULRG 7 ( 2857 05 '8 6R LW V L GHIL LWH" 1 RW WKLV SROLF 1RW ,W PD RW WKLV SURYLVLR EH WKDW WKH JRYHU PH W LPSOHPH W VRPH I UWKHU SROLF SODFH RYHU ULJKW" EDVHG R UHYLH LOO WKDW LOO WDNH GD V ([F VH PH 7 ( 2857 05 R RU '8 1 , RIWH , KDYH WKDW LPSDFW R DV WROG WR VSHDN VOR O KLFK SHUKDSV , P V FFHHGL J DW WKDW 7 ( 2857 , WKL N R SHRSOH WRGD R U E W PD EH RW UH JHWWL J D YLV DO FO H IURP WKH FR UW UHSRUWHU 05 '8 1 HV , LOO WDNH DFFR W RI WKDW DV , SURFHHG W DV H ORRN DW 7 ( , VR LW U 05 7 ( UH H HG 2857 V IRU '8 1 2857 D G LW FD )L LVK H[SODL L J R U D V HU EHFD VH GD V" HV VLU G WKH LW KDV WKH DELOLW EH UH H HG IRUHYHU , PHD WR EH WKHUH V ORWV Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 37 of 66 RI OD R W WKHUH WKDW VD V H[DFWO L GHIL LWH V VSH VLR WHUPL DWL J L 05 RW JRL J WR EH YLH HG DV GD V '8 WKL N DER W D G LW V WKDW FLUF PVWD FH LV D 1 ,W PLJKW EH KHOSI O IRU WKH FR UW WR KDW WKH GD SHULRG UHSUHVH WV 5LJKW" 6R WKLV MRL W PHPRUD G P FDPH DER W DW WKH FR FO VLR WKH GD VWDUW SHULRG KH LW WRRN HIIHFW UHYLH 5LJKW" 7KH DV RULJL DOO GD GD SHULRG G UL J WKDW SHULRG WKH IDFW WKDW WKHUH H KDG L WHU DO WKDW WRRN SODFH HUH WKHVH HUH FR YH HG WR DVVHVV WKH VHF ULW GLIIHUH W JUR SV RI UHI JHH PD IWHU WKDW SHULRG 5LJKW" W WKH MRL W PHPRUD G P D G WKH DGGH G P WR WKH MRL W PHPRUD G P VSHOO R W WKH UHYLH JUR SV WKDW SHULRG WKDW GLG L WH GHG WR VWDUW E W HYH W DOO D G G UL J WKDW ULJKW" RI RU PD ULVNV WKDW RW SRVH H KDYH W R GRF PH WV L :H KDG WKH MRL W PHPRUD G P RUNL J 2FWREHU :H DOVR KDG WKH UHI JHH RUGHU 7 ( 2857 , P JRL J WR DVN VWD GDUGL]H R U WHUPL RORJ PHPRUD G P 05 DJH F R R H M VW FDOOHG LW WKH ,V WKDW WKH VDPH DV WKH DJH F '8 1 HV R U HHG WR DOO R RU , MRL W PHPRUD G P" LOO FDOO LW WKH PHPRUD G P 7 ( 05 2857 '8 1 UHIHU WR 3UHVLGH W DOO LW WKDW G HV UHI JHH RUGHU RND RI FR UVH E WKDW , Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 38 of 66 6R JH HUDOO 5HI JHH DJH F VSHDNL J DW WKLV SRL W GPLVVLR V SURJUDP KDV UHV PHG GHFLVLR PDNHUV UHFRPPH GHG 3UHVLGH W GHFLGHG V EMHFW WR 6R WKLV LV NL G RI D UR T HVWLR FR E W H UH RW L VSHFLILF UHYLH IOR V R W RI WKDW , GR GD V KDW E W , GR WR H MRL 3 W N R UHYLH W N R :H GR , KDYH FR YHUVDWLR V 7KH FR UW FD R OR VHO GD V R WKDW RI WKH W N R YLRODWLR EDVHG R RI KDW WKH V , VWD G KHUH WRGD L FO GHG L WKRVH UD NL J KH LW VHH KDW WKH G , P V UH LI SODL WLIIV DUH GLVVDWLVILHG KDWHYHU DFWLR V WKH JRYHU PH W WDNHV DEOH FR R RU V D G RU L D SROLF GHFLGH ODWHU JRYHU PH W GRHV R U R OG EH DSSURSULDWH IRU WKH FR UW W EHH , P YHU SHULRG DW WKH FR FO VLR FR VWLW WLR DO KDW KDYH HUH SHULRG LOO KDSSH JRYHU PH W PLJKW GR LWK GD SURFHVV WKDW V JRL J R OD I O VWD GDUGV RU , GR G UL J WKDW GDER W D V HU WR W WKL N LW DV KDW WKH D SHUPD H W F FOH RI GD KDW WKH H[FHSWLR V WKDW :H KDYH D GHOLEHUDWH VRUW RI FDVH WU WKH 8 6 D G WKDW V D G WKDW V DUUR LGH WLILHG IRU I UWKHU UHYLH GD V ULJKW" , KDYH R GR EW WKH WKH KDYH YHU LOO EUL J WKRVH FR FHU V WR WKH FR UW V GHFLVLR V W LW VHHPV LW L WKH SURFHVV R OG EH LPSU GH W H KDYH D PR WK OHIW R IRU WKH FR UW WR H MRL LW KH H GR HVSHFLDOO WKLV ODWH WKH 6 2 SURYLVLR W N R LI WKHVH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 39 of 66 SODL WLIIV LOO EH L M UHG , PHD SHUKDSV WKH JRYHU PH W LOO FR FO GH DW WKH H G RI WKH DGPLVVLR V PD UHV PH L 0DUFK GD V WKDW UHI JHH RU SHUKDSV WKH JRYHU PH W LOO GHFLGH WKDW I UWKHU VHF ULW FHUWDL FR WULHV 7 ( W R :H M VW GR 2857 R RUGV WKHUH VHO PHDV UHV DUH HHGHG IRU W N R LW VHHPV WR PH ,UUHSDUDEOH KDUP 7KH R UH PLVVL J S W L D FRPSHOOL J FDVH WKDW WKH VHSDUDWLR RI WKHVH SHRSOH IURP WKHLU IDPLOLHV LV LUUHSDUDEOH KDUP D G LV NL G RI I W UH HOO RW WKH SUHOLPL DU 05 1 ORYHG R HV FD WKDW WR JK O FN EHFD VH LW PD 7KDW V '8 R U SRVLWLR , L M FKD JH L FWLR WKDW WKH VWD GDUG , DJUHH WKDW VHSDUDWLR FR VWLW WH LUUHSDUDEOH KDUP R IURP R H V , GR W GLVS WH G , WKL N WKDW VRPH RI WKHVH SODL WLIIV KDYH YHU FRPSHOOL J FDVHV , YH UHDG WKHLU GHFODUDWLR V D G , GHUVWD G W IRU WKLV FR UW WR H MRL KDYH WR FR FO GH ULJKW" EHH H GR R WKLV SROLF D SODL WLII E R D SODL WLII E 1R FODVV KDV SODL WLII EDVLV WKDW WKH MRL W PHPRUD G P LV FD VL J WKDW KDUP DUH R OG SODL WLII EDVLV W KDYH D FODVV DW WKLV SRL W FHUWLILHG WKLV FR UW WKDW WKHVH SODL WLIIV RW VHSDUDWHG IURP WKHLU IDPLOLHV EHFD VH RI WKH SOHWKRUD RI FLUF PVWD FHV WKDW FD GHOD HG FRPSOLFDWHG G VR KH R FD VH UHI JHH DGPLVVLR V WR EH H[SHFW ORRN DW WKH GHFODUDWLR V KDW R VHH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 40 of 66 LWK WKH H[FHSWLR KR HUH RI -RVHSK 'RH DLWL J OR J EHIRUH (2 WKDW WKH HUH FOHDUD FHV PD , WKL N DLWL J L :H KDYH SHRSOH 1RYHPEHU RI EH -RK 'RH V VR KDV EHH SULO RI WKDW KH KR VD IRU VHF ULW 2 H RI WKH SODL WLII V IDPLO PHPEHU , WKL N LW DLWL J VL FH 1RYHPEHU RI :H KDYH D RWKHU SODL WLII L DUH SODL WLIIV KRVH VSR VRU R OG WUDYHO E J VW DV WROG L D G KHUH H DUH WKH IDOO RI 6R IRU WKH FR UW WR IL G WKDW WKLV SURYLVLR RU WKHVH FKDOOH JH SURYLVLR V DUH KDUPL J WKH SODL WLIIV WKH FR UW R OG KDYH WR FR FO GH WKDW WKRVH RWKHU SRVVLEOH IDFWRUV WKDW FD DIIHFW UHI JHH DGPLVVLR V DUH D G , GR EDVHG R W N R RW WKH FD VH RI WKH GHOD WKDW WKH FR UW FD WKH HYLGH FH L GUD WKLV UHFRUG WKDW FR FO VLR H[FHSW SHUKDSV IRU -RVHSK 'RH 7 ( 2857 WKHLU DUJ PH W R SODL WLIIV DUH YHU DGPLVVLR IROOR ,W VHHPV WR PH WKDW WKDW NL G RI W U V LWV KHDG UHI JHHV WKH DJH F R O G LW VHHPV WR PH WKH , R JKW WR U OH L SURFHVV WKHP PHPR WKH FDUHI O UH WKDW R UH WKH RW GHPD GL J E W SDUWLF ODUO V VSH G WKH SURFHVVL J RI WKHP WKHP EDVHG R UH YHU FDUHI O WR VD RI WKHVH UHI JHHV WR MRL 7KH WKH RW DOOR HG WR V VSH G WKH SURFHVVL J RI 7KDW V DOO WKH LI , FUHGLW KDW R WKHLU IDYRU EHFD VH UH DVNL J M VW WROG PH R UH JRL J WR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 41 of 66 05 '8 1 6R , J HVV D FR SOH RI EULHI UHVSR VHV WR WKDW )LUVW WKH PHPRUD G P GRHV VKLIW SURFHVVL J UHVR UFHV D D IURP DIIHFWHG ULJKW" FR DW OHDVW LW VD V RW DIIHFWHG D G , WKL N WKH FR UW , WKH 6 2 SURYLVLR H UH UHGLUHFWHG SURFHVVL J UHVR UFHV WR WULHV WKDW DUH FOHDU LWKL WKH VWDW V T R 6R , GR GHUVWD GV WKDW V EMHFW WR FDVH E KLFK WKH PHPRUD G P DOVR DFN R OHGJHV 6 2 FR D W WR EH YHU FDVH H[FHSWLR V WKH IRF V LV RW R WULHV W , WKL N WKH UHOLHI WKH SODL WLIIV DUH DVNL J IRU SHUKDSV , P PLVWDNH WKD E W DV , UHDG WKHLU SDSHUV M VW SOHDVH FR WL H MRL WKH FR UW WR GR 7KH 5LJKW" UH 7KDW V KDW WKH RI WKH IROOR 6 2 SURYLVLR EURDGHU WKD 7 ( FW 7KH UH DVNL J H SURFHVVL J UH DVNL J WKH FR UW WR H MRL WR MRL ,W V RW DVNL J WKH FR UW WR LVV H D RUGHU UHT LUL J WKH JRYHU PH W WR FR WL SDSHU RUN LV PRUH H SURFHVVL J R U SDSHU RUN WKHVH SROLFLHV D G LPSOHPH WDWLR LPSOHPH WDWLR SHULRG D G WR H MRL 6R , WKL N WKH UHOLHI WKH WKH UH DVNL J IRU LV WKDW 2857 8 GHU WKH ,PPLJUDWLR WKHUH LV D FOHDU ULJKW IRU WKH IROOR D G 1DW UDOL]DWLR WR MRL L GLYLG DOV WR FRPH WR WKLV FR WU R YH V VSH GHG WKDW ULJKW R R N R R 7KDW GRHV W PHD WKDW YH GR H LV V VSH G WKDW ULJKW LWK WKH DJH F WKDW DOO PHPR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 42 of 66 :KDW WKH UH VD L J LV UHPRYH WKDW V VSH VLR D SURFHVV WKDW ,PPLJUDWLR DV L H[LVWH FH D G FR WL KLFK LV J DUD WHHG E D G 1DW UDOL]DWLR FW , P PLVVL J KDW H WKH R UH WU L J WR WHOO PH KHUH 05 '8 1 6R LWK UHVSHFW WR WKH LPSOHPH WDWLR SHULRG IRU WKH IROOR L J WR MRL KDW H YH H[SODL HG L SURYLVLR , WKL N L WKH GHFODUDWLR DSSH GHG WR R U RSSRVLWLR WR WKH 'RH EULHI WKLV SHULRG RI WUD VLWLR L JRDO SDUWLF ODU RUGHU IRU WKDW H LV WKDW G UL J V WR DFKLHYH R U KLFK LV WR EUL J VFUHH L J D G YHWWL J PHFKD LVPV IRU SUL FLSDO D G IROOR DEOH WR FR WL WR MRL UHI JHHV L WR SDULW H DUH H SURFHVVL J WKRVH UHI JHHV EHFD VH RI WKH WHFK LFDO FRPSOH[LWLHV RI EUL JL J WKHVH V VWHPV L WR SDULW , RWKHU ERWK RUGV :H FD LW V W R RW SRVVLEOH DW WKLV WLPH IRU R H KD G LPSOHPH W DOO WKHVH SURFHVVHV D G SURFHG UHV WR DFKLHYH WKH JRDOV FR WL H WR SURFHVV UHI JHHV DV G M VW R H IL DO SRL W R 7KH JRYHU PH W V D G DW WKH VDPH WLPH H KDYH GR H L L WHUHVW PDL WDL V WKDW FR FHU GHUO L J FR FHU IRU ERWK RI WKHVH WKH DWLR DO G VR DV OR J DV WKH JRYHU PH W WKH JRYHU PH W GRHV R OG EH SU GH W WR DGPLW RU FR WL WKH SDVW WKDW FKDOOH JH SURYLVLR V LV R H WKDW OLHV L VHF ULW V WR GR RW EHOLHYH LW RU IRU WKDW PDWWHU WR H SURFHVVL J UHI JHHV V EMHFW WR WKRVH FDVH E H[FHSWLR V KHUH LW V FOHDU WKDW DGPLVVLR R OG EH L FDVH WKH RW Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 43 of 66 DWLR DO L WHUHVWV IRU WKH 8 LWHG 6WDWHV 7 ( 2857 , P DUH GLYLGL J WKLV WKLV R S E W OHW PH VHH 05 '8 7 ( J FDVH 1 HV 2857 PD D W WR SDVV 05 J L '8 1 HDK R U EULHI , GR KDYH EHH W P D G R U EULHIL J GR LJ RUHG R R LV LW WKDW PH WLR R J , GR W N R W WKL N LW RYHUVLJKW R K H RYHUORRNHG DV L WH WLR DO ,W R U SDUW GHUVWD GL J RI WKDW FDVH LV WKDW LW L YROYHG D FR SOH RI GLVWL J LVKL J IDFWRUV SODL WLIIV L VSR VH ) VLU UHVSR G WR WKH KROGL J L WKDW FDVH 5LJKW" SURFHVV VKH GRHV KHU R DV WKDW WKH H UH WDONL J R DER W G H 5LJKW" RI FR UVH 6KH FD W EH EHFD VH VKH LV W KDYH WKH DELOLW EHKDOI -RVHSK 'RH V VSR VH LV DFW DO GH LDO WKH FR WU 6R WKDW V R H IDFW DO GLVWL FWLR 5LJKW" EH HILW W L RW D R D G WR DVVHUW D FR VWLW WLR DO FODLP RWKHU IDFW DO GLVWL FWLR LPPLJUDWLR 2 H HUH ERWK WKH SHWLWLR HU D G KLV 6R , WKL N WKLV FDVH SODL WLII R R R U FROOHDJ H KLFK LV DW 1R KHUH L ,W V M VW FRPSOHWHO , D G WKLV PDWWHU KDYH VSH W D ORW RI WLPH WDONL J DER W WKH PD R WR KLP 7KH SODL WLIIV L LW RW V UH KR FD :H KDYH LV WKDW W T DOLI J L YROYHG D IRU WKLV HYHU GH LHG D LPPLJUDWLR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 44 of 66 EH HILW WR D RI WKH DPHG SODL WLIIV KHUH DUH VD L J LV WKHUH LV D SD VH 5LJKW" OO D G G UL J WKDW SD VH RW EH SURFHVVHG DW WKH VDPH SDFH DV R RUPDOO R H PD R OG EH SURFHVVHG DW W , WKL N PD EH WKH PRVW LPSRUWD W GLVWL J LVKL J IDFWRU IRU J LV WKH OD J DJH RI WKH VWDW WH WKH OD J DJH RI WKH VWDW WH VD V SDUDSKUDVL J SHWLWLR 7 ( 6R WKHUH LV 2857 7KDW V , 7KH JRYHU PH W E W , OO GLUHFW T RWH 5LJKW" 5LJKW" L J , P VKDOO DSSURYH WKH WKDW KDW LW VD V VKDOO DSSURYH WKH SHWLWLR 05 '8 ELW GLIIHUH W 1 HDK ,W VD V 7KH OD J DJH L LV D OLWWOH VKDOO EH H WLWOHG OD J DJH DV V JJHVWL J WKDW WKH H WLWOHPH W LWK WKH EH HILFLDU J 6R H UHDG WKDW LI D UHVWV WKH VSR VH D G WKH FKLOG WKH VWDW WH PDNHV SUHWW KHUHDV L FOHDU WKH H WLWOHPH W UHVWV R 7 ( 2857 :HOO UHIHUH FH EDFN WR WKH 05 '8 1 UHI JHH SUL FLSDO WWRU H W VSHFLILFDOO VKDOO EH JUD WHG :HOO VWDW WH" LW FURVV DSSOLHV WKH JH HUDO ULJKW" H HUDO V GLVFUHWLR IROOR L J WR MRL DGPLVVLR E W GRHV DGPLWWHG S UV D W WR WKH D G WKH VD V WKDW UHI JHHV VKDOO EH H WLWOHG WR WKH VDPH VWDW V DV WKH SUL FLSDO UHI JHH 7 ( 2857 :HOO OHW PH WU D G S W RUGV L R U Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 45 of 66 PR WK , WKL N , M VW KHDUG R M VW VD WKDW DOO )7- UHI JHHV KDYH D ER D ILGH UHODWLR VKLS LWK D 8 LWHG 6WDWHV SHUVR WKH VWDW WH E YLUW H RI KR LW V GHIL HG L HV" 1R" 05 '8 1 IROOR L J WR MRL , WKL N WKDW V FRUUHFW UHI JHH D G HLWKHU D VSR VH RU D FKLOG WKDW LV FR VLVWH W J LGD FH RI R ,I T DOLI R DUH D ULJKW" R VR , WKL N WKDW V ULJKW LWK WKH 6 SUHPH UH , WKL N R UW V GHIL LWLR RU KDW FR VWLW WHV D ER D ILGH UHODWLR VKLS 7 ( 2857 , GR W N R KR R UH GLYLGL J S R U WLPH 05 '8 7 ( 1 3HUKDSV , VKR OG 2857 , GR W D W R WR WRVV R U FROOHDJ H GHU WKH E V 05 , GLG '8 1 7 ( 05 , OO WU R U 2857 LW WR VSHDN VR , OO GHIHU WR R RU 0D LW SOHDVH WKH FR UW E W , P S WKH DSSHDUD FH LVV H DV VRR IRU WKH DJH F G UL J WKH , P KHUH WR RW V UH , P UHDOO D G D V HU WKH PHULWV T HVWLR V IRU WKH PHULWV GLVDSSRL WHG LI OO ULJKW )/(17-( DGGUHVV WKH PHULWV 2 )OH WMH PLJKW EH YHU W JLYH KLP WKH RSSRUW KLP DW WKLV WLPH FOHD 0U HHGHG R U R RU D G DV SRVVLEOH WKLV LV D UHDVR DEOH D G DSSURSULDWH KHDGV WR VROYH WKH SUREOHPV WKH RUOG LGH UHYLH W D LGH WLILHG RI WKH UHI JHH SURJUDP D G WR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 46 of 66 WDFNOH WKRVH SUREOHPV SURPSWO D G WKH JDSV L WKH IROOR VFUHH L J D G WKH VFUHH L J RI UHI JHHV L WKH 6 2 SURJUDP WKDW DUH PRUH FR ,W DV VWDW WRU RW DUELWUDU D WKRULW D WKRULW D G WKH D G ERWK DGPLVVLELOLW IROOR R D G FDSULFLR V YH WDONHG DER W WR MRL L WU N R WKH RUGHU WR DSSURYH D ERWK DSSOLFD W HOO H FD L UHI JHH RU D WKRUL]HG WR GHWHUPL H GHWHUPL DWLR WKH UHI JHH D DO VLV WKDW KDSSH HG RYHU WKH WKDW VKDOO E W WKH UHDO VR UFH RI HHG WR PDNH WKDW DGPLVVLELOLW GHWHUPL HG VSHFLILF WKHUH P VW EH D IL GL J RI G WKH DJH FLHV DUH VWDW WRULO KDW WKH WR DGGUHVV ERWK FRPHV IURP WKH SURYLVLR WKDW VD L D D G WKHUH LV DPSOH R D G WKRVH WKL JV D WKRULW D G D G WKH VR UFH RI WKH VWDW WRU UHT LUHG WKH VWDW WRU L WR MRL L L WKHVH W R FDVHV H UH PDNH WKRVH DGPLVVLELOLW GD V G WKH RW FRPIRUWDEOH GHWHUPL DWLR V LWKR W DGGLWLR DO VFUHH L J :LWK WKH IROOR SRS ODWLR LV WR MRL WKH VSHHG T LFNO H UHDOL]H WKLV :H UH JRL J WR JHW WKDW E W G UL J WKDW SHULRG R DGPLVVLELOLW DGGLWLR DO VFUHH L J SLHFHV L 7KH DJH FLHV DUH FORVH R GR H HOO RW JHWWL J WKH VDPH OHYHO RI VFUHH L J DV WKH UHVW RI WKH UHI JHH SURJUDP GHWHUPL DWLR VDLG RUOG LGH E )HEU DU :H H FD S WR RW PDNH D HHG WR JHW WKRVH SODFH WKDW 7KH 7KH DOUHDG D WLFLSDWH EHL J KDYH WKH WKL JV L Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 47 of 66 SODFH L .H D D G 7KDLOD G DUH EHL J SURFHVVHG WKHUH WDFNOH WKDW SUREOHP WR MRL DSSOLFDWLR V , WKL N LW LV D UHDVR DEOH G WKH GHWHUPL DWLR JRL J WR EH DEOH WR PDNH D VFUHH L J LV VR IROOR DGPLVVLELOLW S WR SDU LV D UHDVR DEOH M GJPH W D SUHGLFWLYH M GJPH W WKDW WKDW WKH DWLR DO VHF ULW WKDW D H UH GHFLVLR WR RW WLO WKDW DWLR DO VHF ULW , WKL N LV VRPHWKL J SURIHVVLR DOV DUH H WLWOHG WR PDNH 7 ( 2857 :HOO WKH GLIILF OW GULIW PH EDFN L WR VRPH PHULWV PH LV D 3 05 DOO , YH JRW L IUR W RI )/(17-( 2857 6 UH G LW VHHPV WR PH WKDW WKH 1L WK LUF LW IRU SURFHG UDO U OHV LYH PH R U EHVW FDVH IRU SURFHG UDO UDWKHU WKD V EVWD WLYH , WKL N SURP OJDWHG D 05 WKL J )/(17-( V EVWD WLYH VLGH R G DJUHH R EHVW FDVH WKDW WKH DJH F PHPR LV HFD VH LI LW LV LWK PH R IDFW R , ORVH EHFD VH R HYHU M VW VRUW RI GLG LW :H GR KDYH D DUJ PH W R WKH E W OHW PH ILUVW WDON DER W SURFHG UDO , WKL N WKHUH V SUHWW WKDW D K V EVWD WLYH W S W LW R W IRU FRPPH W GHOD D W WR VD V WKDW , P V SSRVHG WR GR WKHVH H[FHSWLR V DUUR O GLG R FDVH 7 ( FOHDUO KH LV DJH F JRRG FDVH OD WKDW D DSSURYDO LPSOHPH WV LV D SURFHG UDO U OH H VLWH LV WKH H J ERU RR FDVH L D G WKH WKH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 48 of 66 ' LUF LW 2I FR UVH 7 ( 05 WKH 2857 R )/(17-( V R UH RW ER G E WKDW FDVH ROG LV LW" , GR W UHPHPEHU , WKL N LW V IURP , WKL N LW V D - GJH :DOG GHFLVLR - GJH :DOG LV D JUHDW M ULVW 7 ( DOVR 2857 E W WKDW V 05 DV JRL J WR VD , P )/(17-( 7 ( P , 2857 , WKL N VKH V GHDG RW V UH , P RW V UH , FHUWDL O GR W D W WR RIIH G R H RI FROOHDJ HV 05 )/(17-( WKH LPPLJUDWLR , WKL N L RW W , DOVR WKLV FLUF LW FR UWV KH LPPLJUDWLR RW DFWHG R DSSOLFD WV DUH RYHU D SHULRG RI WLPH WKH FODLP LV D PD GDP V FODLP VHHNL J DJH F UHDVR DEO D G DUHD L ILHOG DSSOLFDWLR V DUH V DOO D W WR SRL W WR D GHOD HG V DOO WR WKH DJH FLHV L G WKRVH DUH YHU D VLJ LILFD W DPR IDPLOLDU L W RI OHH D WKH LV JLYH WDNL J WKDW DFWLR 7KLV KDV NL G RI JRW LW EDFN DUGV ULG RI WKH SROLF DFWLR 7KH WKDW V FD VL J WKH GHOD VKR OG EH VD L J R U GHOD UH DVNL J WR JHW E W WKH KDV JR H R WRR OR J L DSSOLFDWLR DUHD UHDOO L GLYLG DO FDVHV G L OH JWK WKH LPPLJUDWLR G , WKL N VDPH WKL J LV WU H H N R GHOD V DUH RIWH IURP WKH UHI JHH SURFHVV WKH ,W WDNHV VLJ LILFD W SHULRGV RI WLPH WR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 49 of 66 GR DOO WKLV VFUHH L J D G YHWWL J D G VD L J H IR G W R LPSRUWD W JDSV L RUOG LGH UHYLH E :HOO R U UHI JHH SURJUDPV DIWHU DWLR DO VHF ULW SURIHVVLR DOV HHG D OLWWOH PRUH WLPH WR FORVH WKRVH JDSV UHDVR DEO D IRU WKH DFW DOO DWLR DO VHF ULW D G H 7KDW V D YHU SURIHVVLR DOV WR DGGUHVV WKLV SUREOHP 7 ( 2857 :HOO R U 6HFWLR DUJ PH W FR FO VLR 6HF ULW LW VHHPV WR PH WKDW WKH R UH PDNL J ,I , WDNH WKDW WR LWV ORJLFDO , P JRL J WR JLYH WKH 'HSDUWPH W RI 6HFUHWDU GLVFUHWLR DU UHI JHH SURJUDP H WLUHO D WKRULW WR VK W GR IRU DV OR J DV WKH WKDW V WKH ORJLFDO FR FO VLR WKDW R RPHOD G D W UHDFK LI WKH , PHD H DFFHSW R U SUHPLVH 05 FRUUHFW KHUH )/(17-( , GR , WKL N WKH VKRUW SHULRG RI WKH D G GR H L , WKL N LW FD GD V IRU R H )HEU DU WKH RWKHU W WKL N WKDW V RI WKH GHOD V H WKL N LV JRL J WR EH LW GRHV W KDYH D IRF V WKDW WHOOV R RW JRL J WR ODVW WKDW OR J EHFD VH WKH SJUDGL J WKH YHWWL J SURFHG UHV L UH DFW DOO FR V ODWHV DUR 6R H N R M VW G WKH RUOG LW V WHPSRUDU 6R KH 7KH DIIHFWV D LOO D G KDYH D E W LW KDV D WKDW V GR H LW V GR H G SHULRGV RI WKDW OH JWK DUH RW WKH NL G RI SHULRGV WKDW V EVWD WLYHO DSSO LW V H G GDWH R R OG VD LW L GLYLG DO V ULJKWV DOO WKH SODL WLIIV DGPLVVLELOLW LOO KDYH WKH ULJKW WR GHWHUPL DWLR R FH WKHVH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 50 of 66 SURFHVVHV DUH S D G U FR VLVWH WO G IRF VL J R D G WKH VFUHH L J FD LWK UHVSHFW WR WKH 6 2 FR VSHFLILF LVV HV WKDW WKRVH FR 7 ( 05 OD L J 2857 :KR DUH WKH 6 2 FR )/(17-( :HOO , FD WKDW R FD UHO R WULHV WULHV UHSUHVH W WULHV" W GLVF VV WKDW H IRUFHPH W VH VLWLYH L IRUPDWLR IRU S USRVHV RI WKLV KHDUL J EH GR H , WKL N H FD ,W V R N R PDNH VRPH DVV PSWLR V SODL WLIIV DOOHJDWLR V IRU S USRVHV RI DGGUHVVL J WKH LVV HV W WKH 6 2 FR L LWLDO WULHV WKLV KDSSH HG DIWHU DW WKDW WLPH WKH VDLG :H HHG PRUH YHWWL J L WKH UHI JHH SURJUDP IRU WKHVH VSHFLILF FR WLPH WKH FR WU DGPL LVWUDWLR OLVW DV SGDWHG L S DV FRPSOHWHG E W WKH WKUHH DJH F WKHUH DUH FR WU WR SJUDGH D G WKH ODVW G KH WKH WKH UHI JHH SURJUDP VWDUWHG KHDGV VDLG VSHFLILF LVV HV ILJ UL J R W D G FR 7KH ODVW SURIHVVLR DOV KDYH UHFRJ L]HG WKHUH DUH VSHFLDO FR FHU V RUOG LGH UHYLH WULHV DV 1DWLR DO VHF ULW 7KH IRU WKRVH FR WULHV LWK UHVSHFW WR YHWWL J D G WHUWHUURULVP L YHVWLJDWLR V WKDW H UH JRL J WR VSH G H HHG GD V JHWWL J WKHUH 7KDW V D UHDVR DEOH SHULRG G , D W WR 7 ( 2857 , UHDOO R VHO SRL W KHUH L D PRPH W :H VWDUWHG R WKLV ODVW -D D W WR , OO OHW R JHW EDFN WR R U E W , KDYH D GLIIHUH W WLPH IUDPH DU D G LW DV JRL J WR EH RU Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 51 of 66 GD V WKH WHOOL J PH D G RK R LW V 'HFHPEHU P , FD D G K GR R UH EDFN , P EHL J YHU W RUU VHHP WR KDYH D SRL WHG W M VW DFFHSW WKH SUHPLVH WKDW R U ILUVW WDUJHW LV JRL J WR EH )HEU DU WU KHUH T HVWLR L J LV :HOO D G PD EH WKLV )HEU DU :KDW , VHH JRL J R L VW DER W LW - GJH DVV UD FH WR LW GD V RU KH GD V WKDW GRHV RWKHU WKD W H UH JRL J WR KDUG 05 SRL W )/(17-( , WKL N P 7KH SURFHVV KDV VKR LVV HV WKDW HHG WR EH VROYHG WLO WKH V PPHU VWDUWHG L L M -D FWLR V DU WKH 6R WKH L LWLDO V VSH VLR DV 1R DV 7KH W DEOH WR VWDUW DWLR DO VHF ULW 7KH L WKH DJH F WKH MRL W PHPR RU L FKD JH E W 7KLV LV LV D R N R W JR L WR RW T LWH IDLU WR VD ORRNHG DW WKH SURJUDP G , DJUHH WKDW GLG H VDLG L WLO - WKH UHFRPPH GDWLR V D G PHPR WKH VDLG H FD JHW HHG WR VWLOO VROYH WKHVH W R DUUR L J IRF V LI LI LI D RWKHU FR WL LV D V EVWD WLYH FKD JH RU R H SURIHVVLR DOV H[W PR WK DWLR DW WKH H G , WKL N WKH WKHUH RU LW VKR V OLWWOH PD EH LW V WLPH WR VWDUW WKL NL J DER W W ULJKW LW HFD VH RI WKH YDULR V FR UW GD V SDVVHG SUREOHPV JRRG DUUR L J R VR LW V WKH UHYLH LW JRL J DJDL VHO PDGH D YHU WDUJHWHG IRF V RI WKH H WLUH UHI JHH SURJUDP HIIHFW FR FR KHWKHU WKLV KHWKHU WKHUH LV PRUH D DO VLV DWLR DO VHF ULW SURIHVVLR DOV Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 52 of 66 D G WKH DJH F GR EW 7KH KHDGV DUH H WLWOHG WR WKH EH HILW RI WKH UH WU L J WR VROYH WKH VSHFLILF SUREOHPV WKH LGH WLILHG G UL J WKLV GD , G OLNH WR IRF V R R OO EH IDPLOLDU GHFODUDWLR ( ) LWK LW ILOHG L , WKL N LW V UHDOO UHYLH ([KLELW ( WKH KLFK DWLR DO VHF ULW WKH RULJL DO :DVKL JWR , WKL N RIILFLDO V OLWLJDWLR WHOOL J ,W VDLG WKH 8 6 IDFHV UHDO WKUHDWV IURP WHUURULVW HW RUNV D G P VW WDNH SU GH W D G HIIHFWLYH VWHSV DSSURSULDWH YHWWL J T RWH D G DWLR DO VHF ULW T RWH FR WL H V UH WKDW LW LV HIIHFWLYH L WHUDJH F 7KH OHJDO L FO GL J ,W VD V WKH YHWWL J V VWHP P VW EH LPSOHPH WHG E WKH JRYHU PH W G WKDW DGPL LVWUDWLR V KDYH FR WL DOO UH HYDO DWHG WR L FO GL J WKUR JK D G SROLF I UWKHU H[SODL SURIHVVLR DOV DFURVV T RWH UHYLH T RWH DOO V FFHVVLYH RUNHG WR LPSURYH WKLV YHWWL J 7KDW GHFODUDWLR WKLV SRL W L GHVFULEHV H[DFWO WKLV OLWLJDWLR 7KH KDW V KDSSH L J DW DWLR DO VHF ULW SURIHVVLR DOV ORRNHG DW WKH RUOG LGH SURJUDP LGH WLILHG W R VLJ LILFD W LVV HV KROH WKL J JRL J H[FHSW IRU WKHVH W R LVV HV WKH R H LVV H D G JDYH WKHPVHOYHV D WLPH OLPLW WR VROYH 7KH RWKHU LVV H JHWWL J VR SURPSWO DJDL JRW WKH D G WKH , WKL N KRSHI OO R LW N R LV LOO DOO EH JRL J Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 53 of 66 7 ( D DORJLHV LI 2857 E W 0 R LIH WHOOV PH N R VH VSRUWV , P JRL J WR JR EDFN WR WKH VRUW RI H M VW KDG R H PRUH PL ,W VWULNHV PH WKDW WKDW V V PRUH WLPH HYHU WR WH KDW H R R OG KDYH R UH VD L J LV H OO WDNH FDUH RI WKLV 2K WKH JDPH - GJH H M VW JLYH HHG D OLWWOH PRUH WLPH V , UHDG KDW WKH 'HSDUWPH W RI R UH DVNL J PH WR GR RPHOD G 6HF ULW UHI JHH SURJUDPV D G VD R N R D G , FD ,PPLJUDWLR HOO D WKRULW WKH 05 D R DGPLVVLELOLW :HOO 7KHUH LV UHI JHH DSSOLFDWLR D ORW WR EH GR H WKHUH LV GHOD GHUVWD G WKH OD D DJH F P VW PDNH D G WKDW LV WKH FRUH RI WKH R WLPH IUDPH IRU WKDW R 7KDW V 7KHUH LV U OH RWKHU LVH R KLFK KDSSH V DOO WKH WLPH L PLOOLR V E W HYHU R H 6R KHOS PH G WKDW" G , WKL N LI PLOOLR V RI FDVHV LWK WKH SURFHVVHV WDNH D OR J WLPH EUL J WKDW NL G RI GHOD UHI JHHV R GHWHUPL DWLR UHT LUHPH W K GR , JHW DUR )/(17-( HDVLO FW V EURDG DSSURYDO D G S WWL J L WR HIIHFW D UHI JHH SURJUDP WKDW WH VLR WR VWRS DOO WKH HHG WR EH LPSURYHG W UHFR FLOH WKDW YHU D G 1DW UDOL]DWLR R OG EH WR JLYH , P RW M VW WDONL J DER W KR DSSOLHV WR FRPH WR R U FR ,W WDNHV WLPH 7KDW VKR OG WU RW EH WKL JV WKDW FR UWV D G WKH 8 LWHG 6WDWHV DUH VRUW RI RYHUVHHL J 7KHVH DUH R UHYLH DELOLW D G WKLV JHWV EDFN WR KLV FR V ODU RI SRL W Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 54 of 66 7KH UHDVR H KDYH VR IH KDYH W R 6 SUHPH FDVHV DGGUHVVL J R UW FDVHV D HO D G , PHD H :H KDYH VR IH FDVHV EHFD VH WKH FR UWV KDYH VDLG D G KHOG WR WKLV EHGURFN SUL FLSOH WKDW R PDGH DER W H WU E D 8 6 7KH GR W ORRN DW WKHVH W SHV RI GHFLVLR V H[FHSW LI WKHUH LV D FR VWLW WLR DO FODLP FLWL]H D G HYH WKH UH W U L J WKDW DUR LW LV YHU G E PDNL J WKLV D DVNL J IRU FR UWV WR RYHUVHH WKLV WKH FDVH L WKH 8 LWHG 6WDWHV RUNV PD KLFK LV M VW FR V ODU GHFLVLR V VRPHWKL J WKH 6 SUHPH R UH DVNL J PRUH WLPH R UW KDV FR D G R D RUPDO LW R UHYLH DELOLW KDV WKHUH V VR RW R 7KH 6 SUHPH UH DVNL J IRU R UW VDLG WKDW LW EDOD FH WKH HT LWLHV L FO GL J IDPLO L , GR LWV W D W E W EDOD FH WKH EDVLF HT LWLHV KR PHPEHUV HUH VHHNL J H WU VSR VHV D G WKH RI WKH ([HF WLYH D G LW VDLG UD FK E WH D FHG VHHNL J LPPLJUD W YLVDV ([HF WLYH RW WKH M VW PH WLR HG R W WKH EDVLF HT LWLHV RI SHRSOH WU R OG D WKDW SURFHVV LV M VW WR UHDG WRR P FK L WR LW FR FDVH 3ROLFLHV DIIHFW WKH H WLUH JOREH WKH FORFN KDV U RUGHU R 3 SDUW EHFD VH WKHUH V VR PD D G L YROYL J WKH FR UWV L VWD D G WKH SUL FLSOH RI FR V ODU RI H V UHG WKDW L GHIHUH WLDO L WR WKH D G RWKHU IRONV DWLR DO VHF ULW FR FHU V H UH JRL J WR OHW WKH UD FK SROLFLHV JR L WR IRUFH G WKDW LV UHDOO GHYHORSPH W L LPSRUWD W WKH FDVH D G LW LV D D G LW UHDOO LPSRUWD W VKR OG PLOLWDWH WR DW Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 55 of 66 OHDVW , GR W WKL N PHULWV GHFLVLR R E W , WKL N RII D G OHW WKLV SROLF PHD LW V UHDOO SRUWLR WR WKH D G U L J IRU WKH WKDW WR LVV H D VKR OG UHO RU R WKDW H[W KH WKH WR KROG GD V , GD V IRU WKH 6 2 RYHU D PR WK IRU WKH IROOR H 2857 R R W RYHU WKH , WKL N HVWLPDWH 7 ( R SOD ,W V VOLJKWO KH VKR OG UHO WR MRL OO KDYH PRVW RI WKH RUOG S VFUHH L J SURFHG UHV R VHO OHW PH DVN R WR WDNH D VWHS EDFN IRU D PRPH W R M VW VDLG GR ([HF WLYH IRU ([HF WLYH UD FK SROLFLHV ([HF WLYH RUGHUV 3URFHG UHV IROOR HG UD FK SROLFLHV FW KH W KDW SRL W KLFK , WKL N LV D WUDPSOH WKH LFH DPH GPL LVWUDWLYH KLFK VD V WKDW WKHUH LV D SURFHVV WR EH H VHW SURFHG UHV WR EH IROOR HG L UHJDUGV WR D P ULDG RI V EMHFWV" ,W VHHPV WR PH WKH R M VW VDLG GPL LVWUDWLYH 3URFHG UHV LV L WHUHVWHG L 05 LW )/(17-( R UHYLH DELOLW , FD FW FR OG EH D 7 ( FDVH 2857 3 UD FK 3 FDVH R N R , PHD FR V ODU RI HYHU HYHU LW V D IL DO GHFLVLR (YHU GH LDO ,W VL JOH GH LDO 6R 7KH WR GR LW DIIHFWV V EVWD WLYH ULJKWV IRU V UH 3 R DWWH WLR ,I WKH ([HF WLYH G , WKL N WKDW V D GHFLVLR FR OG EH D SD DV NL G RI OHD L J R WKHUH FR V ODU GHFLVLR RI D YLVD WKH - GJH DSSOLHV WR WKH VHWWL J RI Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 56 of 66 SROLFLHV 7KLV LV D SROLF L GLYLG DO E V VSH VLR 7KLV LV L GLYLG DO GHFLVLR :H UH WDONL J DER W WKH RI WKH UHI JHH SURJUDP 05 )/(17-( 7KH 3 DSSOLHV WR IL DO DJH F D G WKH GH LDO RI D YLVD LV GHIL LWHO 6R , WKL N DFW DOO V IDU DV WKL N RW D R WKDW V HYH N R LWKL D IL DO DJH F WKH VWD GDUGV RI WKH R U DUJ PH WV DUH SUHWW 7KH ' G L DFWLR RW T LWH FRUUHFW WKH DUJ PH W WKLV LV D SURFHG UDO U OH RI WLPH DFWLR 3 VWUR J , :H KDYH ,W LV D VKRUW SHULRG LUF LW KDV VDLG WKDW V IL H WKLV FR WH[W KHUH UHI JHH GHWHUPL DWLR V WKH SODL WLIIV KDYH V EPLWWHG WKDW V NL G RI WKH WDNH WR RUPDO WLPH IUDPH PR WKV , WKL N D G 7KLV LV D VPDOO SHULRG RI WLPH :H DOVR KDYH WKH SRL W WKDW HYH GHWHUPL H LW V D V EVWD WLYH U OH H[FHSWLR WKDW R OG DSSO LI WKH FR UW HUH WR WKHUH V WKH IRUHLJ WR WKLV NL G RI PD DJHPH W RI WKH VFUHH L J WKDW L YROYHV L WHUDFWLR V D G L IRUPDWLR IRUHLJ FR D G , WKL N WKH R SRL W R LPSDFW UHODWLR V D D FDVH L WKDW LVV H LWK IRUHLJ FR WKH 6HFR G IRUHLJ D G D F PEHUVRPH SURFHVV UHODWLR V LUF LW 7KHVH NL GV RI GHFLVLR V WULHV ,W FR OG EH HPEDUUDVVL J WR WDON DER W WKH LVV HV WKDW DULVH D VOR IRU WULHV D G D DO VLV RI WKDW 7KDW V LV UHDOO SROLF KLFK LV G LW LV RW DSSURSULDWH L Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 57 of 66 , WKL N D RWKHU SLHFH RI WKLV LV M VW ORRN DW WKH RWLFH D G FRPPH W U OHPDNL J SURFHVV LW LV D OH JWK 6R LI WKH JRDO LV WR KDYH D VKRUW GHOD VFUHH L J JHW D S WR VSHHG GD V , PHD RWLFH D G FRPPH W U OH R W VH VH WR DSSO :KH V EVWD WLYH ULJKWV VWD GDUG D G M VW VD V WKDW DGPLVVLELOLW 7 ( UH R R R OG W UHDOO W PDNH RW FKD JH D R H V DGPLVVLELOLW HHG PRUH WLPH EHIRUH H FD PDNH GHWHUPL DWLR 2857 WKDW , DVNHG RI JHW GD V RW FKD JH D H FD WKLV FR WH[W WKDW GRHV GRHV R VR LW GRHV WKDW UHT LUHPH W L WKHUH LV D GHOD VR R H , P JRL J WR DVN R WKH VDPH T HVWLR R U FROOHDJ H D DUH RI D RWKHU OLWLJDWLR WKDW V JRL J R L WKLV DUHD" 05 FR )/(17-( VHO PH WLR HG RODID N KLOH L SKR HWLF E W WKH , EHOLHYH HV 6D IRU PLG -D 7 ( 05 7 ( WKDW 7KHUH LV , WKL N LW LV WKH WKDW FDVH KDV EHH G , GR RSSRVLWLR DUR W N R WR D 3, PRWLR LI WKHUH G D R VFKHG OHG WKDW 2857 )/(17-( 2857 L LOO EH D E W , WKL N VRPHWKL J LV WH WDWLYHO DU DV RSSRVL J YH DGGHG D FODLP UHODWL J WR WKLV H DUH ILOL J D LW R RU )UD FLVFR FDVH WKDW FDVH WRPRUUR KHDUL J R R U 'R R N R KR LV KHDUL J WKDW 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LV VSHFLILFDOO WR OD J DJH UHJDUGL J IROOR WR MRL D HW 2K R UW OHIW WKRVH EURDG L M WKH LPSRUWD FH RI KDYL J ,1 KR H DOUHDG :LWK UHJDUG WR WKH VFRSH RI WKH RUGHU )R UWK D G PHPR WKDW VDLG 7KH SRL W LV KHUH UH JRL J WR EH GR H E ([HF WLYH FHG WKDW WKH D G LPSOHPH W FKD JHV GD V ODWHU SUL FLSDO UHI JHHV D L LVV H WKDW KDV EHH WKH FR UW WR NHHS L EHIRUH D R UW VWD F R U LWK PD GDWRU UHI JHHV D G WKLV LV FR UW G PL G WKDW WKH 6 SUHPH H R OG OLNH R UW GLG YDFDWH LWV HDUOLHU U OL J RI DIILUPL J WKH VWD RW RW RI SRUWLR V RI ([HF WLYH 2UGHU 7 ( 06 2857 /,1 6OR GR , P VRUU D OLWWOH FR VHO R UW UHSRUWHUV KDWH PH , GR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 61 of 66 P EHVW V WKLV FR UW SRL WHG R W L WKH RUGHU R UDWLR DOH SURYLGHG R UW GLG SURYLGH IRU WKH OR HU FR UWV LWK GLVSDWFK FWLR DV 7KH R H SLHFH RI J LGD FH LW GLG SURYLGH WKH 6 SUHPH L M WKHUH 6R H DVN WKLV FR UW WR DSSO DV WR DFW WKH SUHOLPL DU IDFWRUV WR WKH IDFWV RI WKLV FDVH D G H WKL N WKH FR UW VKR OG JUD W R U PRWLR 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JHH SURFHVVHV LV D G FD EH LPSURYHG DOO WKH WLPH LWKR W WKH HHG IRU D V VSH VLR 7KH JRYHU PH W VWDWHG WKDW WKH DJH FLHV DUH IRF VL J L VRPH SUREOHPV DOO E W WKDW LV RW RUGHU WR FR WL D G WKDW WKH FR WULHV L FR WULHV :HOO DUH JRL J WR FR WL RW JLYH SURJUDP H WR UHYLH SDUWLF ODU EHFD VH WKH WKH UH R D HHG WR V VSH G WKH H UHYLH L J WKH UHI JHH SURJUDP DUH R WKRVH OLVWV RI FR WKRVH UHI JHHV DUH DOUHDG KDV KDW WKH PHPRUD G P VD V DW 7KH PHPRUD G P VWDWHV WKDW WKH SURJUDP L KHDYLO RWKHU UHDVR K WKH 6 2 WKDW OLVW RI WULHV D G YHWWHG WKH D G WKH JRYHU PH W D W WR UHYLH D G FDSULFLR V DJH F WKDW DFWLR :H G DOVR OLNH WR FKDOOH JH WKH JRYHU PH W V WKH 6 2 V VSH VLR LV VRPH VKRUW RWLR WKDW L VLJ LILFD W GHOD WKH SODL WLIIV DUH FKDOOH JL J DIILUPDWLYH DFWLR WKH JRYHU PH W D G LPSRVH D OHJDO FR VHT H FH R SODL WLIIV D G WKDW LV WKDW WKH LPSRVVLEOH EDUULHU WR DGPLVVLR R WKHUHIRUH 7KLV NL G RI FLUF ODU UHDVR L J LV D FODVVLF H[DPSOH RI DUELWUDU HUH R 7KH UHI JHHV IURP WKH DGPLWWHG KHUH FULWLFDO 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WKHLU GLUHFW VHUYLFHV DWWRU H V DWWRU H VWDWL J WKDW WKH DWLR DOV RI WKH 6 2 LOO RFF U DW D VOR HU SDFH WKH ILVFDO D G WKHLU WUDYHO 7KH PHPRUD G P LWVHOI UHFRJ L]HV WKDW GHOD WKH OL H WR LWK IL G WKDW DOO RI LWK 8 6 PHPEHUV KHUH KRP WKH SHUVR V RU RU WR KDYH KDG FOLH W UHODWLR VKLSV IURP OR J EHIRUH WKLV UHI JHH ED )L DOO FDVHV WR DGGUHVV R U V IDU DV HT DOLW R RU V T HVWLR R U DER W RWKHU GHUVWD GL J LV WKDW PRWLR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 64 of 66 SULPDULO IRF VHG R UHI JHH ED WKH WKLUG H[HF WLYH RUGHU DV DGGUHVVHG L D G WKDW WKH D V SSOHPH WDO PRWLR WR H[SD G WKH 3, 2 U FOLH WV KR DUH D G WKH IDPLOLHV KHUH ULJKW R D G DLWL J DEURDG L KR DUH GD JHUR V VLW DWLR V DLWL J IRU WKHP HHG UHOLHI H DVN WKLV FR UW WR LVV H WKH UHOLHI WKDW H VHHN 7KD N R 7 ( R 2857 VHO KHOSI O WKD N 7KD N R R FR VHO 7KDW DUJ PH W WKLV PRU L J D G , DSSUHFLDWHG R U DV LOOL J HVV WR L G OJH P T HVWLR V V , L GLFDWHG HDUOLHU PDWWHU G H WR WKH :KLOH P D LW FOHUN VWUR JO SDUWLF ODU GDWH , H DUH T LWH D D V DOR J L DV ILOHG D G FR WL GLVOLNHV P LOO WHOO DOR J D G DUH KRSHI O WKDW R H WKDW WKLV HG SURPLVL J RUGHUV E H DUH T LWH D D D V LOO JHW WKLV R W EHIRUH KULVWPDV 2WKHU WKD WKDW LV WKHUH D WKL J I UWKHU IURP FR VHO DW WKLV WLPH" 05 WKDW R U '8 1 HV R U R RU H WHUHG ODVW R RU HHN :H KDYH D WH[W RUGHU LWK UHVSHFW WR , EHOLHYH WKH 'RH SODL WLIIV D G WKH GHIH GD WV FR FHU L J D -65 D G SHUKDSV D GLVFRYHU SOD 7 ( ,W LV 2857 WKDW PD W EH G H WRPRUUR Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 65 of 66 05 '8 1 2K :HOO WKDW V JRRG :H UH YHU KDSS WR KHDU WKDW 7 ( 05 2857 '8 7 ( 1 2857 ,W V DFW DOO 7KH HHNH G 1R R G H R 0R GD LOO EH IL H VKR OG FR VLGHU WKDW RUGHU UHVFL GHG 05 '8 7 ( HOVH 1 2857 7KD N 7KD N ULWWH R U OO ULJKW WKLV PDWWHU LV WDNH LVV L J D R R R RU VHO KHDUL J GHU V EPLVVLR RUGHU R R UW L UHFHVV DW D P D G RWKL J H OO EH Case 2:17-cv-00178-JLR Document 150-1 Filed 06/29/18 Page 66 of 66 ( 5 7 , ) , , 1D F / WKH 8 LWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW :DVKL 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