A SEMINAR
THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ENVIROl1l1E'l'fAL /'P.()'f'P.C'f'TOU
SKYLINE HOTEL - TORONTO - HAY 30/JUtrE

1, 1.9/l

CONSUMERIMPLICATIONS SESSION

- STATIONARY EMISSIONS -

.

'

MAY., 1971

PREPARED BY - D. L. McGILLIVRAY

-

 -

nt

1:

:t

•t · ,n

l

n

·y Fm· . si
t

.

,.).

t.: •

'hi

h

s

~

the pr

associated

.rbecue,

cigarette,

in the liminte

· time

In hi s
c ntri

ut i n

3'

or w t r

i n the

· A.

Ju s t

n

es.

them in

incinerating

fur n ces,

as
thermal

plants

boilers

and stoves

variety

infinite

makes

ny d gree of depth virtually

impossible

ur disposa l .

t

rs

nearlier

tr. Clare

ur es of polluti

n t

indicated

the air

re fre s h •our memory , e \;"ould like

t

pipe

k food.

r

ur es and their

f

resentati

£ caj

· 11 th

s l,

with

mind. SU h as your "hydro"

1 ~c furn

l

those

r:a- and mop shakers,

t

t

i~

f ...,.is ussing

l&:

t·u

•

ily
t

..ipl. ~ity

Th

,;

all

~'n r lly

v~rJ
.1.

ns include

the relative

contaminant

burden

to show his vugraph

again.
Thr ugho ut our dis cuss io ns we have been using
of Healt h Education

and i,el f are

the US Department

da ta t o put the contribution

f rorn various

sources

in broad perspective.

This h as bee n done - as Mr. Clare

pointed

out - since

to be the be st data available

purposes

until

it

appears

such time as similar

automotive

emissions

reasonably

well,

applicable

even in relative

can at least

it

data is available

is considered

however,

terms

be used to highlight

for reference

for Canada.

to app ly di r ectionally

we would caution

has already

th at i t is probably

to Canada
les s

to emissi ons f r om stationary
the problem

For

sources,

areas.
I
I

but

 - 2 -

Maj or St a t io nary Sourc es of Emissions
VuGraph 1
You will
and heating

is next

pollution.

You will

of three

air

at 21.4 %, t h e colum n under power generntio

note that,

to Motor Vehicles
further

contaminants,

note

plants,

general

and residential

principal

and commercial

interest

able bounds I shall

with other

potential

thermal

dustries

is a major source

nitro gen oxides

for heating

and par~iculates.

f r om thermal

as distin

generating

ct from processi

These sour ces represent

for combustion

purposes

to air

ng

the chief

and as such are of

industry.

my presentation

and ke ep i t wi t hi n r eas on-

essentially

be dealing

end us es incl uded i n th i s

major air

pollution

The contribution

involved.

from stationary

from nuclear

mills,

with

contaminants

forms of pollution

such as steel

egory is indicated

cl ass ification

emissions

heating.

contribution

to simplify

and the three

dealing

oxides,

to the petroleum

In order

category

uses

fuels

this

includes

industrial

consumers of fossil

that

sulphur

This cl?ssification

in terms of total

n

pulp mills,

plants

next

vugraph

sources

su ch as the

or from pro c essing

in-

etc.

by each end use included

in this

I wi l l not be

for

in the overall

cat -

the USA.

VuGraph 2
You will note that thermal electric
plants
are the largest
contr~butors
to total emissions by a large margin and are the largest
contributors
to sulphur oxides and particulates.
Industrial
heating
is
~~x: at.abo~t
half th~ total of Thermal Generating
plants
but is slightly
i~gs~~s~:n~~:~r;e~o~=~d~hcon~~ibut~on.
Residentia~
and co mmercial
h eating
indi 'd 1
. .
an
e ot er two sources
in total
and for the
vi ua contaminants
mentioned.
VuGraph 3
In an effort
to provide a comparison of the effect
of various
fuels on emissions
an estimate
of the emissions
from each t y pe per million
of fuel
BTU's is shown in this vugraph.
Approximately
5 1/2 to 6 gallons
oil represents
1 MMBTU's.

On this

basis

it will

be seen

that

emissions

decrease

 progressively

as we go from co

These data are based on fu•l·
over the past several

r•rHn

1•11r.11Iv,

ut

to

1110,

w11.

dl 1 I 11111 , 11 ln

111ppllctd

th, • 11111,k,•I

lo

years.

Coal is the worst oft•nd·r
and sulphur

!11, I tJl !1

I ti> It, ivy

oxides and about 15 Lim

C<Jlllrfl)lltf11g
1

rdw11I

%'i.111tJ1

10 11111r.llflltrt.lc1tl11L(•

11fl111;~

nwlt:C'

11

h•nvy

,ii

fuel oil.
Distillate

fuel

than coal and 30% less
the other

two fuels

in turn io 1ow r

than heavy fuel

in contribution

oil

j

- · or. r

n nitrog<•n ox tel

- and 1

to sulphur

v ry much lowl' •

oxides,

(80%

t 111111

60%

lo

respectively)
The only significant

contribution

from gas is Jn 11ltrog

n

oxides.
Particulates

from either

considered

of concern.

Regulations

- Current

would now like

I

future

Status

outlook

for emission

The situation

fuel

and Future
to turn

to a review

widely

across

in their

will

for other

to use their

provide

a , pattern

regulations

r

of the current

governing

Government is the most advanced
probably

type or from gas

10

Outlook

regulations

varies

oil

for illustrative

stationary

i:. t

Ontt do

to the probl'm

Provin ces to follow,

nd
T would 1 lk

purposes.

VuGraph 4
The concentration
constitute
vugraph.
contaminants

pollution

of air

by the Ontario

Limit .es are expressed
i

in the smoke stack

on the ground or on its

closest

contaminants

in terms

which are defin

in Lhi

of the concentration

of th

are

plume at the point
neighbour.

d to

indicated

Government

where

11n,l

•ml 1ion1.

Canada but as th

approach

tlt•

it

fmping e

 - ,,Ti
,H\
'

t't

L\t

t >

t'

l

-

tht•,

h1111•

It

nu, ·

111 1 ,n111.J 1,1w ,

Pl

,•11111Hh

,w,1\
n

• l'

ht

1111 I

lm.111d

1il pliur

t ct d by 1-1m,
II,

1L

Llll' ·on

n mntc h , Lh

b • m •L.

•d

~· ciro::iteB:

niCrogcn ox!clcs to fill

room, Lhe regulation
amount can neither

This

2.'..JOPPM o( ni trogcn

you smell

gulntion

r

sulphur

limit

that

small paper cli p i n to this

dioxide

dust,

when you

equal

Normal dust

If we dispense

in weight

to that

room , the maximum limit

I am sur e you wi l l a l l recall

which

smoke and other

in air.

rapidly.

smoke or ot her fi ne particulates

of

is exceeded.

they float

and settles

i s l arge in comparison

limit

the gas cannot be

matt r is very fine

so small in siz

gas, but does

odor threshhold

so small,

is

smoke

oxides.

The regulation

:f. below th

nLruUon
Wh n

taste.

be

cigarett~

nlso an invisible

i

clloxld,

- Susp nd d p rticulote
solids

all

•:

lnLo thl

cl

ernl 1h u r dloxl<l

d

th

p11

dor nnd un ticid

·111

t:h • f o 11 owing

11111cl1·

Cr!nn'J which

w.,y of Curch •r illustration

r.,>nl'. tin

I

1

J11,t

t

m

stri.k

111•1

lly

~h rp
PPM or

0.3

lht,,

! Pd.

- As y u 1 nt w

hnv

1 h;1v"

lnvl

r.1t l,rn w, uld

r :

is

ti,,

,•up wn· di•

f11•1

1 tt

lnco rnor1~ iam!Jiar

,, ~:111,1111111 vlll11•·

being

of a

would be met.

in situations

when smoke

far exce eded th is conce ntr a tion.
Because of the number an d variety
areas
almost
cerning

such as metropolitan
impossible
the level

two jurisdictions

c ent er s , reg ulations

to administer.
of sulphur

of sources

To dea l with

content

- the Toronto

in f u els

based
this

in highly

concentrated

on impingement

problem

regulations

have been introduced

Metropo li t an area

are
con-

covering

and the Montreal

Urban

CoDDDunity.

VuGraph 5
The limits

in force and pr oposed for the future

two areas are shown in this vugraph.

covering
I

/

these

 -

Type 2 fuel s - th e k i nd
generally

ranged from 0.3 t o 0.7 5i.

in the fu t ure such fuel s i n Toronto
sulphur

limit

'.j -

\1 ,,d

f in

du1111·.tf 1• 1,, itl11 v. -

1l l p li11r 1; 11n1• · 11I.

/1111

w ill

t,,

,: ,,q,dr:t·d

l,1 ,

hi, , ,.

~1111 111,t1•

111H•t .

1

<J.~ 7.

and in Montr ea l a 0.4 % l i mi t In 19/2.

Type 4, 5, and 6 are us ua ll y li!,;li1· r v1•,1 •1;•,1t 1 or "t,,.w,/'
fuel s used for commercial,

i ndu s t ria l o-r h <•trnfll

i s t he pre dominan t one and you wi l l note
y lo wer limits

progressivel

Lh ;J t

In later
air

qual ity measur ement s .

L<J

u ] phur

t J {I' '.

'f J y '· ~

11 b<.: rr·rl'Ji cc:11 t () 1•.<.:1:t
l. ';i. b y 1')72/71.
r.r.1.n
e e.

<lr.:p<.:ndin~

Lc:v cla down LO 0.2% on type 2 fuela
fu els may be: rcrpJ.ire d .

Solutions
What altern a t ive solution

operator

11
1I

even lower li rnltR m.::iy be cri.l lr ·d for

years

and 1. O or even O. 5% on the heavier
Alternative

p<JW<·r ~~'·M·r::i · f,.)n.

1t.:

in both cc:nt.:cr t dmm

Normally such fu .el s a r e in the 2.0 to 3.0%

on f uture

tts , t

of a stationary

of contaminants

source

s a r e available

to the consume r or

of emissio ns t o minimize

from his particular

the disch arge

in s tallation?

VuGraph 6
To answer this
of possible

alternative

ques t i on we have endeavour ed to lis t a number
i n t his next vugraph.

From what has a lr ea dy been said

the fir s t two a l t er nat i v es are

obvious.
The operator
coal and oil

can endeavour

Operators
plants
will

and industrial

of lar ge r in s talla

of

quality.
ge n erating

plant s may, or more pr obably,

of sophisticated

of adva nced operating

to meet emi ss ion t a rgets.

or i n t he case

ti ons such as thermal

heatin g or s t ea m raising

and the adoption

fuel

to purcha se a f uel of better

have to go to the in s tallation

equipment
listed

can se l ect a more desirable

and expensive
techniques

control

such as those

 - 6 -

lly

'1'1. hni

a

tc.\·· lb l , u t

H n

tll,

t

of

the

u l 'l.lPf ly

our· '

1

111 1r

C'

nsid

impl.i ution

costs

rel

ration

b

will

the point
Implications

on the added costs

for petroleum

fuels

to the increased

of sulphur
indicates

hardware

it may be desirable
This aspect

to assist

of petroleum

or reduce

in meeting

will

probably

they will

the

to present
and operating

be required

at

be substantial.

fuel

quality

is inherent

and heavy fuels.
nitrogen

the nitrogen

content

oxide

in
Recent

emissions

of the fuel.

be dealing

associated

with

with

the added refining

the reduction

in sulphur

fuels.

to lower the sulphur
to thirty

are of

but as yet has not been evaluated.

costs

In the meantime,

twenty

that

in controlling

In his paper Mr. Sande will

content

involved

in both distillate

to control

and operating

Availability

of consumption

of investments

for petroleum

is under investigation

investments

factor.

Quality

content

that

and for others,

but are unable

of the level

The major implications

information

quality

We only know, that

for Ligui.d Fuels

the reduction

to the point

of them

in the decision.

touching

f c nsumption.

be the deciding

costs

fi. ur s r prescntative
tiv

shown or combinations

for some installations,

nd transportation

maJor

any g n•rnl

practical

on mies involved

W shi1ll
futur

11 of the alternatives

it

content

cents

is sufficient

to say that

of distillate

per barrel.

fuels

will

For heavy fuels

the added costs
be in the order

the added costs

of
will

be in the range of 60¢ to $1.00 per barrel.
Future

energy

demand forecasts

of primary

energy

resources

to meet air

quality

types
that

require

the wise selection

utilization
less

desirable

of the best
fuels

for

objectives
of fuels
technology
oth~r

will

indicate
be necessary

that

specific

available

applications.

of all

to meet our needs

more efficiently
for

utilization

and effectively,
applications

to permit

and,
will

and the

the utilization

of

 - 7 -

In general
more critical
distillate

applications,
fuel

heating

it would seem that

oils

purposes

installations

centers

of fuel

and fuel

should be directed

of population
quality

of s uch co ntrol

b

r

fuels

rcsid

direct

and industrial

mechanical

be a function

ii

ntln1

control

of the cost

th,

1111 1

x

sp

I

1t

in ln

t

•

11;,•r
·

·hole-,

ifl

of emission
of fuel

1111p 1,

om1111•
c 1 ,t
thP

upplicotton
Th

foL

nnd

cl low rd.

or industrialization.

versus

rvt ti

u

h re in Toronto

towards

with coal and residual

b inati ons t here of will
cost

the Hearn Plant

for power generation

critical

gas should

or

quality

oin-

nnd th

equipmen t.

Summary
The major
last

aspects

of this

presentation

are summarized

in my

Vugraph.

Vugraoh 7

1.
sources

are as depicted
2.

oxides

Current

selection

for

for

critical

specific

fuels
equipment

sulphur
with

current

.
will

require

close

source.

installati

and fuel

oxides,

controlled

futur e r eg ulations

of the emitting

Solutions

control

techniques

from combustion

of magnitude.

contam i nant s are nitrogen

and proposed

of appropriate

sophisticated

emissions

The latte r a re readily

of the operation

4.

niques

The principal

and known operating

3.

of stationary

in r apid ly descendi n g order

and particulates.

equipment

control

The majo r s ources

ons will

qualit y,

involve

t he addition

the
of

and the use of adva nc ed operating

installations

tech-

in the power ge n era t ion and industrial

fields.

5.
contents

The implications

in both

to the consumer.

distillate

for

petroleum

and heavy

fuels

fu e l qu a l i t y are
with

lower

at te nd an t higher

sulphur
costs