S E M I N A R
THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

TORONTO, MAY 31 AND JUNE 1,

1971

OCEAN MARINE TRANSPORTATION
CRUDE OIL k~D PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

R.S.
Grout
Manager,
Marine
Division
Transporta
ti0n
Department
Imperial
Oil Ljroited

 --.
PROTECTION

THE EC
1,

19 71

Introduction
Earlier
escape

of

of

world's

the

further

oil

into

these

tanker

under

Operational

t daJ" Har,;
K ..

flee

t,,·

the

br

discharge.

I Ki

or

have

questions

on these

to

them

to

any
attempt

Vugraph

I

-

emissions

answer
(Escape

of

groundings,
to

be

approximately
(Hudson

time.
that
per

collisions

receives
year

is

much

,·i th

the

operation

this

subject

Accidental

and

in

limitations

respect

Oil

~~e

into

ot.~er

100,000

tons

to

and

the
is

oil

mishaps

it

the

garbage

If
I will

period

you
be

pleased

~o follow

0

Sea)
of

per

and

ships.

however,

the

to

and

sewage

discussion

While
attention

from

of

.r.1atters,

and

greater

lts

discuss

1 n t

Institute}
public

briefly

develop

time

disc..,arge

The accidental

referred

ategories

Duet

disposal

,,·ill

I

a

significance,

res

i '

.

relative

air

y Clare

year
is

into
has
at
this

operational

estimated

the
been
the

sea

due

to

estimated
present

type

of

discharge

escape
currently

of
to

oil

be

cont'd

••...

 almost
that

on
about

about

80 1h

of

2oi

ships

11 rw

111

th

O

z<'d

oi l i n to

us

the

first

sea .
, it

in

v ely

small

s e v e r e an d i mmediate
Ship

as is

the

such

society

case

in

incidents

concern

in

II

-

the

some,
seven
period

s ame ratio

has

threat

to

and

accidents
have

later.

(World

been

the

can

form

a relatively

high

occurring

has

about

environment.
seas

for

.

It

is

the

created

are

literally

, continue

p ar ti c ul ar

that

be only

present

on the

been

of

concentrated

local

h uma n a c ti v ities

to

the

occur

frequency

effects

on

public

interest

years.
Tonnage
of

better
The
to

in

thus

escape
to

un fortunately

accidents

all

to

accidental

occurs

and mor e in

years.

for

the

he vugraph,

estimated

and

recent

1964

is

area

all

The record

last

it

and will,

these

only

prC'v ntion

r •fer

the

generally

lo sses

years

of

Vugraph

to

examine

a new phenom e non b ut

hundr e ds of

on

J n pol 1u ion

While

total

a relati

arc

'l'h •s

lt·d"

r wiJJ

d by

OF OU , '1'0 Shl\

10 % o f the

and

"unconlrol

1t

be noted

r.ibut;

CO ll

t:h • f:I •c• •

ht

ESCAPE

Let

of

in

proccdurco

ACCIDENTAL

not

(ll•,1..;ll.ircJI• l

l

do no L fol low c ·r.t

operating

.hould

pt·r · y •,ir.

hip

h

, catcgor

which

t ,,o,

tankers,
than

a nd this
all

total

1970 was
other

Losses)

lo ss

may be

oth e r v essels
ratio

for

s l i gh tl y less

ships.

Th e r esult

a surprise
over

the

tankers

over

70% of

than
is

the

the

same

on
cont'd

.•...

 3

either

a number

While

the

other

ships

of ships

tanker

record

I do not

as acceptable

pollutants,

to

the

stranding,

the

major

crew

of

the

number

of

people

the

ship

and

The growth
transportation
given

escape

by ships

oil

from

environmental
in

entire

total

III

In

mately
at

ten

1400

the

1950

the
of

million

free

fleet

grew

by 6501

to

cargos

respect

to

a ship

performance

were

those

held

and

of

by

by the

A relatively

for

this

small

to

day

10,500

the

War II

present

an

community.
concerned,

and

an

damage.
Fleet

demand

or

World

can

and

in

A large

local

world

day

and

since

tanker

per

oil

matter.

By 1970
per

of

and Tanker

barrels

barrels

movement

oil

susceptible

T2 equivalents.

forty

this
to

Demand

million

this

passengers,

demand

involved

the

regard

damage.

becomes

{Oil

than

cargo.

an entire

is

better

sea,

the

to

community

Vugraph

at

a stricken

threat

relatively

with

and

a new dimension

of

Society

in

b~sis.

marine

loss

suffered

tonnage

basis.

concerns

of

a total

we can

mass

or

owners

or

been

believe

collision

families

has

has

on an absolute
Prior

the

basis

and

Growth)

for
the

oil

was

approxi-

tanker

fleet

oil

demand

had

grown

300%,

while

the

tanker

T2 equivalents.

stood
to

By 1980

cont'd

•....

 4

economists
barrels

foresee
per

more than

a doubling

day)

and

double

to

it

over

the

vu9raph

was

(eighty

million

tanker

tonnage

will

T2 equivalents.
this

rapid

a progressive

(Growth

In 1950
575 feet

long

in

the

growth

increase

in

tanker

in

tanker

size

afloat

was

a 30,000

on a draft

of

to a 326,000

DWT ship,

had

increased
1135

growth

a number of forces.
through

economies

portation

savings

contribute

Important

side

therefore

the

risks

waterways

are

lessened,

benefits

at the

arrested

to construct,

feet
in

of

constructed

today.

size

scale.

that

traffic

30,000
in

fold

of

81 feet.

a reaction

to

cost

was

resultant

trans-

energy

costs.

congestion

and

in

competent

restricted
sea-

of tankers

had been

D~·IT, industry

would

already

one

for

DWT

the

ten

and stra4dings

development

every

is

The

stab.ilizing

of

t~an

on a draft

to

man and handle

for

more

as are demands

19 50 level

tankers

by

motivation

collision

If size

eight

feet.

tanker

of

are

By 1970

35

long

The initial

reduction

going manpower.

Size)
tanker

tanker

The rapid

Tanker

largest

maximum size

lanes

demand

same period.
IV -

ship,

with

oil

estimated

22,000

Coincident
requirements

is

in

large

high-density
crude

carrier

have

traffic
being

 5

By 1980
industry

would

100% in
If

the

all

units;

less

tonners

sea

with

only

ships

but
with

always

I believe
action
just

been
this

by one
not

little

tanker

and

without

represents
vessel,

belief
is

it
that

significantly
by offshore

greater

number

of

harbours.

control

of

deep

agreement

to be

covered

be required.

smaller

handled

congested

4,800

was

tenner

risk

ships,

fleet.

require

associates,

continue

country,

the

support

case.
from

sea

shipping

basis

and

Unilateral
others,

is

effective.
While

is

one

on an international
will

of

would

250,000

pollution

in

- an increase

increase

a substantially

handled

mix,

we would

than

larger

size

world's

demand

industry

today's

units

the

one

threat

The regulation
has

the

with

600 new upits

and port

than

in

tonncrs,

admittedly

fewer

terminals,
smaller

ships

if

pollution

total

more

of

my, and my marine

the

3,500

30,000

While

is

stayed

however,

by 250,000

a greater

we had

require

number

we built

more

if

or

it

may be a widely

no regulation

of

ocean

held

belief

shipping,

that
such

there
is

not

the case.

cont'd

•••..

 All

worl

h

.n

'l

'
y

th
(i i )

(iii)

(A)

n ,1

rn,
n•

1.

ft

CiTil

for

sh i p wn r
a spill

h1.

•'

~

t :

i ,\li.

l :

h~

I

.t

h:

w

.1

n • 1u

:

. l;

t:

n ,1 m

n l

L

r

nv nt'

w

th

r i_h

from

wat rs.

Currently

und r

i l.

:, ,\:, by

Vtmb r

l :,

1 \l ~· -·t

'l'h

..

h

, T n

to existing

n vh '

f

1·

'-'

th

V

l'\

,' 1 .\ I OOO I O' 0 •

h

1iv

i ., ·

:, n.
i 1

t

d.

ui r

:......n,1

h;. \ , t1. 11 d

l

· n t

n s

rn tion

l

O.

..

\

b

h · • l ·,l i l ity

L

size

t 1n 1

th

\ i

r in

int

t

L,m. 1 ;; in

national

l

l\\

·n·nti.

n

m ttt t:

1y

l

of c r

owner supported

fund to suppl

under

Liability

the Civil

t

n t · n, wh 1 ·h

by pollution

officers,

ti

I\

l l ut · n

f

Publi

lanes,

,.

nl

Li

governments

shipping

l\\ '

l

\ll\

, •h 1 ·h

:mi

the

or revisions

.

'

nti

dr

The

l

l\,\

l

n in

Shipown
(B)

i. I\ l

)

in :;.;

wer

of

\\' I\

:· l .rn Lu

,tnd

.

·n, ti

t wo n w

pollution

ships'

t .

l th

p r v n in

1969,

t\ ••

:.~ \

1

At

l

1\ll,\t

1

int

s f

l

1\,

.. h \ ~

th

t

Ci)

of

n tt i

( Int

Vu r :lJ2h \

h

nv n

h i1

\ ' l\tl

1·

l

bi l ity

· u . l · nh n t . n t

n t •d • • • •

 7

In addition
vast

majority

for

of

to

international

shipowners

seaworthiness

have

by one of

societies,

such

American

Bureau

as Lloyd's

their

the

This

requirement.

All

ocean-going

tankers

require

his

ship

highest

classification

the

recognized

classification
Due to

damage

due

to

international

or

is

a general
charter

the

the

insurance
parties

shipowner

of

maintain

a specified

and

society.

the

oil

classification

Shipping

that

the

certified

of

Esso

ior

in

ships

recognized

Register

of Shipping.

and chartering

conventions

need

spills

for

financial

protection

and because

conventions

can

from

ratification

be a rather

of

lengthy

process,
/

the

major

have

oil

companies

established

Vugraph

(Financial
1969

Vqluntary

Pollution)

was

protection

to

ten

million

world's

a plan

announced

CRISTAL

(Contract

the

world

plans.

to

This

national

Currently

a plan,

the

Liability

of

is

major

supplemental

Regarding

an

$100

over

tonnage

year

TOVALOP (Tanker

proyides

governments

tanker

as

Concerning

established.

this

in

insurance

referred

Agreement

commercial

owners

Protection)

dollars.

Early
world

tanker

two voluntary

VI In

Owners

and

Interim

for
per

80% of
entered
oil
to

for

Oil

financial
GRT up to

the
in

companies

free
TOVALOP.
of

the

TOVALOP, named
Supplement

to

Tanker

cont'd

••

 8

Liability

for

Oil Pollution)

1 of thirty

·a tot

million

dollars

nd the public

governments
This

which will

will

fund

persistent

oils

is

These
be necessary

by pa.yments

80% of the

over

covered

under

when and if

the Civil

governments

bodies,

the major

oil

organization

named the Oil

Forum.

group

is

(Inter-Governmental

action

with

international
the

oil

agency

respect

companies'

Liability

escape

I

working

coordinates

to marine

matters

..

of oil

at

my formal

I would

between

in 1970

like

an
Marine

with

IMCO

Organization),

a

international
and drafts

received

delegation

ratified.

legal

closely

I am pleased

conclude

are

International

which

Government

not

convention

communication

Consultative

forum has

of

of course,

established

currently

Marine

Before

accidental

will,

Companies

conventions.

the Canadian

movement

and international

companies

owners

plan.

more effective

industry,

Nations

this

spills.

from cargo

worlds

plans

the oil

United

to national

Cargo Owners Fund convention

To provide

This

free

two voluntary

and the proposed

protection

up to

from damage due to oil

be supported

and currently

provide

proposed

to state

strong

that

support

from

IMCO•
remarks
to review

on the
briefly

cont'd

•••••

 9

some of
to

the

safer

activities

undertaken

navigation

near

masters,
is

available

At the

Esso

Grenoble,
pilots

a tanker

all

facility,

in

scale

of ocean

of

the

students

have

systems

are

these

evaluatiops

Esso,

we believe

be greatly
approach

the

and
the

the

function

of

currently
Esso

Holland.
ment

and

government

being

masters

at

This
the

ship

recognition

for

of

a need

avoida~ce
With

tankers.

ship

navigation

of
the

the

can
systems

new hardware.
training

, p:ans

attendance
course
by

example

~y

a modern

Grenoble

and

mates

Oil

conducted

simulator

a good

firs~

being

is _supported
is

handl~ng

and

Esso

of

with
the

ar.d

in

collision

introd~ction

developed

facility

activity

process

school

Grenoble.

three

along

a big

at

research

to

training

by Imperial

on three

by the

As a supplement
are

course

whole

for

authorit~es~

training

operated

?rench

This

The masters

time,

the

school

classroom

.

other

in

officers.

given

evaluation

improved
to

are

present

under

to

ships

completed

At the

respect

a lake

and pilotage

tankers

two ocean-going

Limited

navigating

addition

the

at

navigation

shipowners

discussions,
models

established

and other
to

with

of tankers.

In 1967,
Alps,

by Esso

the
of

effective

in
at
Dutch

1971

Del=t,
go·.rern-

jointindus~~y/
coopera~ion.

cont'd

•••••

 10

OPERATIONAL ESCAPE OF OIL TO SEA
wish

I

for

oil

escape

into

discharge.
need

now to
the

This

on the

ballast.

turn

to

sea

from

discharge

empty

leg

of

the

second

ships:

results

is

and

water

i.e.

voyage

carried

in

reason

operational

primarily

a tanker

The ballast

major

from

to

take

some of

the

on water

the

ships'
0

cargo

tanks

from

oil

arrival
the

residue
at

oily

the

adopted

separation
loading

Vugraph

oil

"Load

with

it

only

cargo

is

necessary

voyage

is

a small

and with

loaded

proper
to

volume
the

ago,

on top

settling

of
slops

of

them,

was

conunonly

is

at

of high

concentration

which

arrive

balance

tank
discharge

procedure,

years

possible

discharge

operational

This

With

Upon

and planned

this

seven

contaminated

to

handling

On Top".

The high

and

tanks.

these

careful

industry

slops

and
the

oil
the

ballast

are

retained

hence

the

term

On Top"~
VII

procedure
of

oil

water.

on board

in

reduced.

procedures
port

becomes

it

ballast

greatly

as

concentration

"Load

the

be

to

port

With

by the

referred

clean

loading

during

however

therefore

and clingage

ballast.

washings
can

the

into

-

(Operational

If

the

it

is
the

oil

Escape)

industry

estimated

that

sea

today

would

had
the
be

not

introduced

operational

this
discharge

approximately

cont'd

•••••

 11

4,300,000

With

tons.

tanker

fleet

actual

operational

950,000
"Load

following

the

tons.

Of this
contribute

changes

in

present

world's

tanker

the

operational

VII

-

the

it
of

is

oil

today

tankers

200,000

employing

practices

sea

With
of

that

the

the
at

tons.

estimated

into

world's

procedure,

estimated

operating

(Corrective

There

(A)

total,

the

the

the

would

no

total

be

2,000,000

by 1980.

Overlay

be

On Top"

is

about

fleet,

escape

80% of

"Load

discharge

On Top"

tons

approximately

are,

Measures)

however,

corrective

measures

that

can

taken.
The universal

adoption

On Top"

might

reduce

200,000

tons.

low

as

devices
is

on b~ard

estimated

715 million
will

be

by tanker
this

these

would

This
to

meet

to

the

International

Prevention

of

the

Pollution

I

briefly

The drawbacks

to

to
this

this

control

required

and

level

of
of

Convention
the

Seas

convention

approach

to

and

standards

of

to

"Load

figure

an investment

lower

the

amendments

referred

be

require

of

ton

sensing

probably

dollars.

required

2,000,000

Better

would

operators

as

it
of

discharge
the

1969

on the
by

Oil.

previously.
the

problem

are

as follows:
cont'd

•••••

 12

(i)

The required
separator

devices

have

serious

limitations.

ment

in

fieJdis

practices

the

would

of

at
followed

loading

ports

The

to

in

case

investment
estimated

of

the

much of
It

in

is

our

oil

escape
handling

This

is

the

Venezeulan

also

the

available

and water.

eastern

Great

not

and

Canada's

and

is

estimated,

Caribbean
require-

procedure

Lakes

pro-

we in

coastal

operations.

reduced

ballast

performance

is

ballast

ports.

most

where

operational

this

of

operational

shore

loading

originate.

marine

operating

time

of
the

of

at

follow

adequate

reducing

all

cedure

Imperial

rigid

separation

installation

facilities

ments

industry.

monitoring

voyages

proper

means
be

the

subject

difficult.

On short

Another

equip-

continuing

and

requires

available
Improved

the

by Esso

and

sensing

currently

The procedure

for
(B)

this

research

is
(iii)

control,

and

of
(ii)

ship-board

discharge,

it

tons.

The

25,000
not

handling
in
to

from
shore

shore
be

one

the

discharge

tanker

but

facility.

facilities
billion,

would
from

The
to
600

could

stem

the

dirty

required

accomplish
million

be

this

is

dollars.

cont'd

••••.

 13

The major
is

that

could

reservation
it

meet

objection
(C )

· with

tends

to

with

local

localize

the

approach,

b e t o p rovide

this

approach

discharge

jurisdictional

and

problems

and by far

the

segregate~

ballast

for

n ew ta nke r s constructed
shipyards

are

fully

commitments

into

for e cas t

requ i red

after
booked
and

1975

this
and

segregated

ball as t systems,
ly n e ed to

and

opera ti ng reasons.

other

operations

and would

for

the

this

result,

The pre-1976

newbuilding

on other

would

be 2 billio

fleet

would

into

the

sea.

not

fac i lities

means
If

it

is

estimated

1976.

Even

vessels

will

tanks

for

to

8,000

of

at

oil

from

tons

sea

19 7 6 , to

per

unless

year
shore

investachieve

n , 700 million
be prov ided

with

drydocking

The additional

s after

additional

total

The slop

amount

provi ded .

ballast

rely

cargo

to b e disposed

were

ment

segregated

would

have

facilities

c lean

world

with

1974

tonnage

such

on all

Free

Of the

after

would

systems

1976.

periodical

costly,

1976.

tanker

1980

most

through

41 % wi l l · be delivered

these

to

s.

A third

that

respect

dollars.

with

an d wo uld

have

to

to mi n imi ze d ischarge

of

oil

these

ship s met

the

revised

1969

cont'd

•••••

 ...

standards
their

(D)

through
annual

The

total

then

be

It

128,000

to

to be the

"Load

of

shorter

cases

ashore

may be the

In

the

example

of

tanker

where

and an annual
This

would

remaining

discharge

For this

I have

25% of

for

For

in

the
the

voyages

6,000

example the

approximately

156,000

and

point

effective

discharge
example,

system

of

oil

on some

may be most
treatment

chosen
1980

it
are

procedures
of

long

effective.

of ballast

voyages

would

be

followed

total
tons

tons

1969

per

result.

standards.

The

assumed

would
facilities

be

to
put

would

year.

annual
and

would

are

ballast

The shore
tons

75%

haul

loadings
all

that

long

150,000

tanker
where

a~sumed

is

new revised

treatment.
about

this

solution.

discharge

meet

be on short
ashore

best

would

three

up to

operational

movements,

On Top"

the

practical

On Top"

loadings

"Load

approach

discussed

level.

the

for

this

tons.

year.

most

the

an acceptable

120,000

a combination·of

I have

of reducing

voyages
In

be that

prove

means

per

procedure,

be about

ancapc

tonn

systems

On 'l'op"

rgu would

operational

separate
will

th , "Load

disch

may well

14

the

discharge
investment

would

be

required

cont'd

•••••

 15

would

400 million

be

Clearly
to

the

into

world's
the

indust

of

Such

of

revised

oil

in

a study

the

a possible

serious

More research
the

sea

has

been

shorter

and its

the

"Lo a d On Top"
r ed uc t i o n in

tons

(100,000

through

1980)

term,

i 969 international

thei r target

sea

is

is

threat

required

effect

on the

commissioned

by the

oil

ry.
In

the

situation

environment.

fate

ecology.

the

dollars.

widest

ratification

standards

and

in

wi ll

use

of

b y t a nke r s , in

t he shor t est

attainment
tons

in

conventional

acc omplish

oper a tio n a l dis charge

of

the

1971 , 200,000

possible

procedures
the

universal

the
of

greatest

oil

into

the

time .

SUMMA
RY
Vugra p h V~II

-

(Oi l Indu st r y Ac ti o ns )

To conclude
the

actions

the

other

effects

the

other

procedure
and testing

of

taken

over

major

oil

the

escape

With

respect

major
for

oil
owned

of

I would
the

l ike

last

companies
of

oil

to

improved

seven
to

years

the

sensing

in

sununary

by Esso

disc ha r ges,

introduc

e d th e "Load

ships
and

and
the

sea.

operational

chartered

review

r e duc e a n d combat

into

companies
and

to

in

control

1964 .
d evices

Esso

and

On Top"
Research
has

been

cont'd

••

 lb

and continues

to be carried

Other

of reducir:.g

methods

discussed

in some detai_,
To reduce

the

resulting

a tanker

oil

by Esso

officer

training

masters

will

at

Delft,

at

and

establishing
Improved

1957.

a.re ·.;.:-.c.er cevelopment
~o s ?ple~ent

~~::.e.

a ~ig

necessar-J

establishec.

million

ratification

:..eac. by

in

a-:: Gre:-.o::>!e,

and the public,
basis

Gre:-.ob:..e

?rese~-:.

I

o:: Esso

a c;roup
s~~?

the

s.:.::.~~ator

course

in 1971.

To assist

plar.s

:::.e oi~

ir.ciu.sLry

ir .. :969

?07;...:..oP

-::.at

conventions

1g70 the

Oil

group

actively

in and accelera~e

the

Companies

improved international

prc7~c.e

protec~ior.

dollars

effecti·e
major

oil

Interr.ational

engaged

?rotection

::i4a:-.cia:

of progressive,

maritime

is

at

as

o:: ':a:-..i:ez:-accidents

~ooL ~"e

and eva_'.!a~e

take

CRISTAL, two insurance
to thirty

u..~cer sbl-d7.

a.r:osys-:.e::s

the

To provide

voluntary

are

Zsso

provided

Holland

governments

:e~,e:. o:: d~sC.:"large,

schoo:

equipment

a.~d --;..~eindustry.

ti:e

::re~'.!e::cy

spills,

navigation

navigational
and test

the

o~~ by ~sso

today

on a
and

in

togeth.er

one s:ip,
t::e

to

1971

up

one incident.

drafting

and

:nternational
co:-panies

formed

in

~{a..::ine Porum.

with

IXCO in

This

formulating

standards.

cont'd

••

 17

Marine
being

conducted

with

governments

modern

society.

in

field

but

the

by Esso

outlined

to

"in

meet

of marine
we can
I

progress
today.

RSG/Pf
May 26, 1971

on a broad
house",

the

front

has

and

industry

environmental

needs

to

the

transportation
and will

has

with

The challenges

I believe

considerable

research

meet

already

oil

are

and
of

industry
substantial
Indeed,

them.
been

is

made,

as

I have

 OCEAN MARINE TRANSPORTATION
CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

ESCAPE OF OIL INTO THE SEA
(A)

ACCIDENTAL

(B)

OPERATION14, - CONTROLLED TANKERS

100,000

I

(C )

TOTAL

ESTIMATED AMOUNT
PER YEAR - TONS

200,000

UNCONTROLLED TANKERS

75 0,000

TOTAL

95 0,000

1 ,0 50,000

 TOTAL WORLDSHIP LOSSES

ALL
TANKERS
% OF
% OF ·~·

OTHER VESSELS
% OF
% OF
TO. AGE
NO.

NO.

TONNAGE

1964

0.18

0 .11

0.54

0.42

1965

0.32

0.25

0.68

0.54

1966

0.41

0.37

0.67

0.57

1967

0.43

0.29

0.66

0.49

1968

0.44

0.26

0.61

0.40

1969

0.42

0.45

0.55

0.36

1970

0.47

0.28

0.54

0.34

0.39

0.30

0.61

0.44

AVERAGE
1964/1970

SOURCE: LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIPPING
VESSELS OVER 500 GRT

 FREE WORLDOIL DEMAND
AND
TANKER FLEET

DEMAND
MMB/CD

TANKER FLEET
T2 EQUIVALENT

1950

10

1400

1960

20

3800

1970

40

10500

80

22000

1980

ESTIMATED

 GROWTHIN TANKER SIZE

DWT

1950

30,000

MAXIMUMSIZE TANKER
LENGTH

~

575

35

900

so

1960

ll0,000

1966

200,000

1050

63

1970

326,000

l135

81

ON ORDER

477,000

1245

92

 OCEANSHIPPING
.INTERNATIONALREGULATIONSAND STANDARDS

INTERNATIONALCONVENTIONS
RATIFIED

SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA (SOLAS)
LOADLINE
PREVENTIONOF THE POLLUTION OF
THE SEAS BY OIL

ADOPTED BY

CONVENTION

CIVIL LIABILITY (FOR OIL SPILLS)
PUBLIC LAW

UNDER
.
CONSIDERATION

MANDATORY
ROUTINGS
IN'I'EHNl\TIONl\LCERTIFICATES OF
COMPETENCE{SHIPS OFFICERS)
SIZE OF CARGOTANKS
CARGOOWNERFUND (SUPPLEMENTTO
CIVIL LIABILITY)

(B)

CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES

e.g.

LLOYDS, ABS

ATTEST TO SEAWORTHINESSOF SHIPS

 FINANCIAL PROTECTION
FROM DAMAGEFROM OIL SPILLS

VOLUNTARYPLANS PUT INTO EFFECT
BY SHIPOWNERS AND MAJOR OIL COMPANIES

TOVALOP

PROVIDED BY SHIPOWNER
COVERAGE:

C- R I S T A L

$100 PER GRT UP TO $10,000,000

PER INCIDENT

PROVIDED BY CARGO OWNER
COVERAGE

UP TO A TOTAL OF $30,000,000

PER INCIDENT

TOVALOP AND OTHER LEGAL LIABILITIES

DEDUCTED

 Vll

OPERATIONAL ESCAPE
OF OIL INTO SEA

ANNUAL TONS
CURRENT SITUATION
TODAY, WITHOUT '-'LOAD ON TOP"
ESTIMATED ACTUAL TODAY
ESTIMATED BY 1980

WITH NO CHANGES

4,300,000
950,000
2,000,000

 VI!.1.

SUMMARY
OIL INDUSTRY ACTIONS
RE ESCAPE OF OIL FRO 1 SHIPS

OPERATIONALDISCHARGE

"L
THE

DON T
IBA

E

ER St

Y.
LB.

TANKERNA I ATI
BY ES
l 67.

SAFE NAVIGATION

EVALUATI N OF C LLISI

STE 1 - ES

r

SIMULATORTRAINING, DELFT, H LLAND. ESS
I

FINANCIAL PROTECTION

TOVALOPUP TO $10,000,000.

MARINE RESEARCH PROGRAMS

,l

1971.

ESTABLISHED 1969.

CRISTAL UP TO A TOTAL OF $30,000,000.

OIL COMPANIES INTERNATIONAL
MARINE FORUM (OCIMF)

l

ESTABLISHED 1971

ESTABLISHED 1970 TO ADVISE AND ASSIST RE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONSAND REGULATIONS.
WITHIN ESSO
WITH INDUSTRY
WITH GOVERNMENTS