1 91010R Level 1 Geography, 2018 91010 Apply concepts and basic geographic skills to demonstrate understanding of a given environment 2.00 p.m. Friday 9 November 2018 Credits: Four RESOURCE BOOKLET Refer to this booklet to answer the questions for Geography 91010. Check that this booklet has pages 2–9 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MAY KEEP THIS BOOKLET AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION. © New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority. 2 RESOURCE A: Grand Canyon National Park and its location N Grand Canyon National Park is dominated by the spectacular Grand Canyon, a twisting 1.6 kmdeep and 433 km-long gorge, formed during some 6 million years of geological activity and erosion by the Colorado River. The canyon is located in the Colorado Plateau, a large area of flat, uplifted land that sits 2400 m above sea level. The area is home to many Native American tribes, including the Navajo, who live on reservations (areas of land managed by the tribe) near the canyon. 3 RESOURCE B: Features of Grand Canyon National Park and surrounding area 18 North 93 15 168 NEVADA ARIZONA UTAH 50 Miles To Tonopah 95 Lake Mead 59 To Barstow 95 LAKE MEAD NATIONAL RECREATION AREA A A D A NI EV R N IFO L CA Road closed in winter l o ad or Tuweep er Riv Hackberry North Rim NAVAJO INDIAN RESERVATION Small settlement Cameron 64 89 WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT 180 64 SUNSET CRATER VOLCANO NATIONAL MONUMENT Seligman Ash Fork Large settlement Major road 40 Flagstaff 89 National forest 160 64 Tusayan KAIBAB NATIONAL FOREST 66 Topock Recreation area Desert View Grand Canyon Village Williams 40 89 Valle 66 Grand Canyon National Park ALT HAVASUPAI INDIAN RESERVATION Peach Springs Key: Indian reservation 89 Jacob Lake GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK Grand Canyon Skywalk Kingman Colorado R To Los Angeles VERMILION CLIFFS NATIONAL MONUMENT 67 Co 68 163 Needles Fredonia 389 HUALAPAI INDIAN RESERVATION 93 UTAH ARIZONA Page KAIBAB NATIONAL FOREST Pearce Ferry Lake Mohave MOJAVE NATIONAL PRESERVE Kanab KAIBAB INDIAN RESERVATION PIPE SPRING NATIONAL MONUMENT GRAND CANYON– PARASHANT NATIONAL MONUMENT Henderson Boulder City 9 Unpaved roads are impassable when wet 169 Las Vegas 9 St. George 169 GRAND STAIRCASE-ESCALANTE NATIONAL MONUMENT GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA 89 L. Powell Ri v 0 To Bryce Canyon N.P. ZION NATIONAL PARK 17 er To Salt Lake City 50 Kilometers Colorado 0 TUZIGOOT NATIONAL MONUMENT ALT 89 Sedona 179 WALNUT CANYON N.M. MONTEZUMA CASTLE NATIONAL MONUMENT RESOURCE C: Photograph of the Grand Canyon looking east Minor road 4 RESOURCE D: Visitors to Grand Canyon National Park in 2016 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Number of visitors (000s) RESOURCE E: Average monthly rainfall and maximum temperature at Grand Canyon National Park 35 30 25 Average maximum 15 temperature 10 (°C) 20 5 0 65 60 55 50 45 40 Average 35 rainfall 30 (mm) 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Feb WINTER Mar Apr SPRING May Jun Jul SUMMER Aug Sep Oct AUTUMN Nov Dec WINTER 5 RESOURCE F: Tourist activities in Grand Canyon National Park, and the year they started 6 RESOURCE G: Future development of Grand Canyon National Park Three main developments are being proposed for Grand Canyon National Park. They are: The Grand Canyon Escalade: A billion-dollar development with hotels, restaurants, shops, a Native American Navajo tribal cultural centre on the canyon rim, and a gondola connecting the rim to the canyon floor. The Tusayan housing development: A major development is also being planned to expand the tiny, Canyon-adjacent town of Tusayan by 2200 homes and 280 000 square metres of commercial space with luxury hotels, upscale shops, spas, and a dude ranch (a ranch that caters for tourists). Uranium mine development: Uranium is relatively common in the rock surrounding the Grand Canyon. Mining began in 1950, and mines have opened and closed over the years as the price of the mineral has risen and fallen. Because of a current spike in the price of uranium, many mining companies are seeking permission to reopen mines close to both the North and South Rims. 7 RESOURCE H: Map showing the location of the proposed developments at Grand Canyon National Park RESOURCE I: Uranium mining 8 RESOURCE J: Perspectives on the Grand Canyon National Park Escalade Project Environmental perspective People raft the Colorado River for the beauty and solitude. This development will mean that more people will visit the heart of the Grand Canyon in three days than currently do in one year. Not only will the Escalade be an eyesore, its construction will also increase erosion of the canyon wall. This will lead to an increase in silt into the Colorado River, which will decrease water quality. Roger C River rafting company operator Economic perspective The Grand Canyon Escalade Project is a game changer. It will be a major benefit to the tourism industry, and inject money into the local economy. We estimate that it will create 3500  jobs in both construction and tourism. The Navajo tribe will also stand to make US$40 million–$70 million per year. That’s a massive boost, which will bring security to their people for the future. Jennifer M Project developer Cultural perspective I oppose this project because it’s located within sacred ceremonial grounds. The location is home to Navajo deities (heavenly bodies), and is the backbone and foundation to all Navajo ceremonies which have been held there for centuries. Our ancestors would never forgive us if we didn’t fight this. We need to protect our sacred grounds. Otto T Navajo representative Social perspective Simone B Tourist The Grand Canyon is such a beautiful and breathtaking environment—it’s simply spectacular. Therefore I am concerned that the Escalade will cause overcrowding. On the other hand, at the moment the only way to see the bottom of the canyon is to ride a mule down. That is something not everyone, including me, can do. So if the Escalade is built it will allow all people to access and enjoy this beautiful place. 9 Acknowledgements Material from the following sources has been adapted for use in this examination. Page 2 Resource A: • (map) https://goo.gl/maps/T7Zbq22tWVn • (text) https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/management/statistics.htm Page 3 Resource B: http://npmaps.com/wp-content/uploads/grand-canyon-regional-map.pdf Resource C: https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2014/01/27/11/grand-canyon -getty.jpg Page 4 Resource D: https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/Reports/Park/GRCA Resource E: https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/weather-condition.htm#CP_JUMP_2664461 Page 5 Resource F: • (hiking) http://www.thepicturepeoplela.com/blog/2016/1/11/rim-to-rim-hiking-the-grand-canyon • (rafting) https://www.oars.com/adventures/grand-canyon-rafting-phantom-ranch-to-whitmore-wash • (cavern) https://www.tripadvisor.co.nz/Attraction_Review-g31306-d2426215-Reviews-Grand _Canyon_Caverns_Tours-Peach_Springs_Hualapai_Reservation_Arizona.html • (skywalk) https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/us/24grand.html • (zipline) https://www.attractionticketsdirect.ie/grand-canyon-helicopter-flight/latest-news/best-ways -see-grand-canyon Page 6 Resource G: • (text) http://www.geontusa.com/2grand-canyon-on-the-precipice/ • (Escalade) https://gearjunkie.com/grand-canyon-escalade-project • (Tusayan sign) https://www.grandcanyonnews.com/news/2017/jul/18/tusayan-town-council-settles -2017-budget-ten-x-hou/ • (Tusayan aerial photo) https://grandcanyoncvb.org/images/tusayan_slideshow/tusayan-slides -aerial-strip.jpg • (uranium mine) http://www.knau.org/post/congressional-republicans-push-end-grand-canyon -uranium-ban Page 7 Resource H: http://www.geontusa.com/2grand-canyon-on-the-precipice/ Resource I: • (truck) http://karoospace.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Uranium-dust-truck.png • (caution sign) https://cdn.indiancountrymedianetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/Uranium-Mine -Navajo-2007-AP-Susan-Montoya-Bryan.jpg • (danger sign) https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jMk1S79Yjww/VZFyGDb6b3I/AAAAAAABLvE /fqPY000W4jw/s1600/11693860_725025807609771_3698920228222060906_n.jpg • (mine) http://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=finance-asia%2Fcontent%2FUranium+1.jpg Page 8 Resource J: (silhouettes) https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/man-and-woman-avatars_766415.htm