Case 1:19-cv-00338 Document 1 Filed 01/11/19 Page 1 of 39

Dale M. Cendali
Joshua L. Simmons
Miranda Means
KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP
601 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10022
Telephone: (212) 446-4800
Facsimile: (212) 446-6460
dale.cendali@kirkland.com
joshua.simmons@kirkland.com
miranda.means@kirkland.com
Attorneys for Plaintiffs
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE,
INC. and ROCKSTAR GAMES, INC.,

Case No. 19-cv-338
ECF Case

Plaintiffs,
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT ACTION
- against JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
PINKERTON CONSULTING &
INVESTIGATIONS, INC. and PINKERTON
SERVICE CORPORATION,
Defendants.
COMPLAINT
Plaintiffs Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. (“Take-Two”) and Rockstar Games, Inc.
(“Rockstar”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), by and through their attorneys, Kirkland & Ellis LLP,
for their Complaint, hereby allege against Defendants Pinkerton Consulting & Investigations,
Inc. (“Pinkerton Consulting”) and Pinkerton Service Corporation (“Pinkerton Service”)
(collectively, “Defendants”) as follows:

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NATURE OF THE ACTION
1.

Plaintiffs bring this declaratory judgment action to remove the cloud that

Defendants have created over Plaintiffs’ recently released videogame, Red Dead Redemption 2
(“Red Dead 2”). As discussed in detail below, Red Dead 2 is a historically accurate videogame
set in the Wild West in the late 1800s. In Plaintiffs’ depiction, among numerous other historical
elements, they have included references to the historic Pinkerton National Detective Agency and
Pinkerton agents, which at that time played an infamous role in law enforcement. Defendants
claim to hold trademark rights in the names “Pinkerton Detective Agency” and “Pinkerton,”
which are used in Red Dead 2. Defendants assert that Plaintiffs have infringed those rights by
referencing the historical Pinkerton National Detective Agency and Pinkerton agents and using
the Pinkerton National Detective Agency’s historical badge in the game. By doing so,
Defendants ignore well-established First Amendment principles that protect expressive works,
like Red Dead 2, from exactly the types of claims that Defendants have lodged against Plaintiffs.
Put simply, Defendants cannot use trademark law to own the past and prevent creators from
including historical references to Pinkerton agents in depictions of the American West.
2.

Red Dead 2 is a gripping Wild West adventure, which tells the story of an outlaw

gang being pursued by bounty-hunters and mercenaries. Among the gang’s pursuers are agents
of the historic Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Red Dead 2 is set in a huge, virtual
American landscape that recreates miles of western lands, from mountains to rivers and from
pristine lakes to newly industrialized towns. Red Dead 2 is essentially an interactive film and the
main storyline takes over 60 hours to unfold. Historical references are woven into the fabric of
the game at every level: players encounter and participate in historical events, hunt with
historical weapons, and listen to historical music performed on era appropriate instruments. The
game’s reference to the historical Pinkerton National Detective Agency and its agents is but one
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of a myriad of ways that Red Dead 2 accurately portrays the historical Nineteenth Century
American landscape.
3.

It is an established historical fact that the Pinkerton National Detective Agency

played a key role in the history of American law enforcement and the taming of the Wild West.
In the late 1800s, the U.S. Department of Justice employed Pinkerton agents to enforce federal
law, pursue local investigations, and hunt down fugitives. Pinkerton agents, or “Pinkertons,”
were hired to track numerous Wild West outlaws such as Jesse James, the Reno Gang, and the
Wild Bunch including Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Pinkertons also were employed by
wealthy business owners and robber barons to protect their interests, often resulting in violent
clashes between Pinkertons and civilians. For example, the Pinkerton National Detective
Agency became active in union busting, participating in one of the most violent union busting
episodes in American history. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency was so active in
American society during the Nineteenth Century that the term “Pinkerton” entered the lexicon as
a term for private detectives.
4.

Indeed, because of their centrality in the zeitgeist of the American West,

Pinkerton agents have long been a staple in works of historical fiction about the Wild West.
Many of these works are discussed below.
5.

In Red Dead 2, Pinkertons are hired by an affluent businessman to hunt down a

Wild West gang that has been interfering with his business interests. The inclusion of Pinkertons
in the Red Dead 2 story is neither excessive nor exceptional: Of the 106 “missions” that
comprise the 60 hour storyline, the Pinkerton characters appear in only 10. Moreover,
expressive use of the term “Pinkerton” in a historical story set in the Wild West to describe a
Pinkerton National Detective Agency employee is common in historical entertainment. The term

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has been used in films like The Long Riders, television shows like Deadwood, songs like Elton
John’s “Ballad of a Well-Known Gun,” and books like The Pinkerton Detective Series.
6.

Plaintiffs’ references to “Pinkerton Detective Agency” and “Pinkerton” in Red

Dead 2 are protected by the First Amendment and do not infringe any rights held by Defendants.
The Pinkerton National Detective Agency is part of the history of America. Creative works
about the American West are permitted as a matter of law to include such real historical events,
figures, and businesses. Particularly where there is no likelihood that consumers will be
confused about the source of the creative work, trademark owners should not be permitted to use
trademark law to harass authors, chill speech, and diminish the historical tenor of works like Red
Dead 2. Historical fiction—television, movies, plays, books, and games—would suffer greatly if
trademark claims like Defendants’ could even possibly succeed.
7.

Despite the clear applicability of the First Amendment, Defendants sent Plaintiffs

a cease and desist on December 13, 2018, apparently hoping to profit from the recent success of
Red Dead 2. Defendants asserted, without support, that Red Dead 2 is likely to cause confusion

with Defendants’ PINKERTON’S mark, as well as a Pinkerton detective badge:

(the

“Star Badge”) (together, the “Defendants’ Marks”). Defendants demanded that Plaintiffs pay an
ongoing royalty for each game sold to include “Pinkerton” and “Pinkerton Detective Agency” in
Red Dead 2. When Plaintiffs explained that Red Dead 2 is protected by the First Amendment,
Defendants reiterated their demands and stated Defendants were prepared to take legal action if a
license agreement was not reached.
8.

As a result of Defendants’ intransigent and unreasonable position, Plaintiffs had

no choice but to seek an order from this Court declaring that Plaintiffs’ references to “Pinkerton”
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and the name “Pinkerton Detective Agency” in Red Dead 2 do not infringe Defendants’ rights.
Moreover, to deter such unreasonable claims in the future, Plaintiffs seek their attorney’s fees in
bringing this lawsuit due to the exceptional nature of Defendants’ claims.
THE PARTIES
9.

Plaintiff Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. is a Delaware corporation having its

principal place of business in this District. Take-Two is a multinational publisher, developer,
and distributor of video games and video game peripherals.
10.

Plaintiff Rockstar Games, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Take-Two

Interactive Software, Inc. Rockstar Games is a Delaware corporation having its principal place
of business in this District.
11.

Upon information and belief, Defendant Pinkerton Consulting & Investigations,

Inc. is a Delaware corporation having offices in Ann Arbor, Michigan and at 61 Broadway, New
York, New York. Pinkerton Consulting conducts business in this District and offers New York
specific services, including acting as New York State Banking Regulators.
12.

Upon information and belief, Defendant Pinkerton Service Corporation is a

wholly owned subsidiary of Pinkerton Consulting Investigations, Inc. Pinkerton Service is a
California corporation having offices at 4330 Park Terrace Drive, Westlake Village, CA.
13.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton Service exclusively licenses Defendants’

marks to Pinkerton Consulting and Defendants’ marks are used extensively in this District.
JURISDICTION AND VENUE
14.

This is an action arising under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201

and 2202, and the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq.
15.

This Court has subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202

because there is a substantial and concrete controversy between the parties of sufficient
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immediacy that warrants a declaratory judgment. This Court has jurisdiction over this matter
pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1121 and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1338, and 1367 in that this matter involves
an action arising under the Lanham Act.
16.

This Court has general personal jurisdiction over Defendants because Defendants

transact, solicit, conduct, or have conducted business on a continuous and systematic basis in this
District through advertising, promotion, and sale of their services bearing the trademarks at issue.
For example, Defendants have a page on their website, www.pinkerton.com, describing services
provided specifically at Defendants’ New York office. This webpage bears the name
“Pinkerton,” one of the trademarks at issue, and provides contact information for a New York
Director who “leads all of Pinkerton New York’s Risk Management service.” A true and correct
copy of the webpage is attached hereto as Exhibit 1.
17.

Upon information, Defendants’ press kit describes its New York Office as a

“Regional Hub.” Defendants’ headquarters was “moved to downtown New York” in 1960,
where it was headquartered when the “PINKERTON’s” mark was registered in 1970. A true and
correct copy of Defendants’ press kit is attached hereto as Exhibit 2.
18.

Upon information and belief, the Court also has specific jurisdiction over

Defendants because they have purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of conducting
business in New York, including but not limited to by operating offices in New York, by
employing agents who specialize in New York-specific regulations and who solicit New Yorkspecific clients, and by registering with the New York Department of State. In doing so,
Defendants use the trademarks that they assert Plaintiffs have infringed. Thus, a direct
connection exists between Defendants’ actions in this District and the subject matter of this
lawsuit.

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19.

Defendants also have taken steps to enforce Defendants’ Marks in New York

State, including making threats of litigation by sending multiple cease-and-desist letters to
Plaintiffs in this District concerning this dispute and affecting commerce originating in this State.
Defendants additionally asked Plaintiffs to enter into a licensing arrangement regarding
Defendants’ Marks, which further affects commerce originating in this District.
20.

Venue is proper in this District pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)–(d) because a

substantial part of the events giving rise to Plaintiffs’ claims occurred in this judicial district and
Defendants are subject to the Court’s personal jurisdiction.
ALLEGATIONS COMMON TO ALL CLAIMS FOR RELIEF
Red Dead 2
21.

Red Dead 2 was released in the United States on October 26, 2018 for PlayStation

4 and Xbox One. A true and correct copy of the video game is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.1
22.

Red Dead 2 is a creative work.

23.

Red Dead 2 reflects creative choices in, among other things, its characters, setting,

plot, graphics, animations, music, dialogue, and other expressive elements.
24.

Red Dead 2’s main storyline takes approximately 60 hours to unfold. The game

is comprised of roughly 500,000 lines of dialogue and 300,000 animations.
25.

The article Red Dead Redemption 2 details revealed: 60 hours long, 500,000 lines

of dialogue, 300,000 animations states, “The final game contains 300,000 animations and
500,000 lines of dialogue in total.” A true and correct copy of the article is attached hereto as
Exhibit 5.

1

Plaintiffs have attached the Xbox One version of Red Dead 2 to this Complaint. For the convenience of the Court,
Plaintiffs will make an Xbox One console available to the Court upon request. A scan of the packaging for Red
Dead 2 is attached hereto as Exhibit 4.

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26.

Red Dead 2 was created over a seven year period by over two thousand people,

including writers, actors, musicians, artists, animators, designers, and programmers.
Red Dead 2’s Plot
27.

Red Dead 2 begins in the American West of 1899. As the Wild West era draws to

an end, lawmen and bounty hunters work to track down the West’s remaining outlaw gangs. The
charismatic Dutch van der Linde and his eponymous gang have roamed the American West for
years. Now they are being chased across America by authorities seeking to make the West far
less wild.
28.

Players experience the story as Arthur Morgan, a dangerous man who was

adopted as a boy by gang leader Dutch Van Der Linde. The Van Der Linde gang is the only
family Arthur has ever known but through the course of the story, his unswerving loyalty to
them—and Dutch—is tested.
29.

The Red Dead 2 story begins after a robbery goes badly wrong in the town of

Blackwater and the gang flees for their lives. Looking for a last big score that will let them
establish good lives on the right side of the law, the gang repeatedly fails to accomplish their
goal. At one point in the story they rob the private train car of a business tycoon who in turn
hires Pinkertons to protect his interests. This is just one of dozens of different sub-plots the
player will encounter throughout the over 60 hours it takes to experience the main story of Red
Dead 2.
30.

The main story of Red Dead 2 is told through a series of “missions.” Players can

follow the main story missions, participate in dozens of optional missions, or pursue dozens of
hours of optional adventures. Missions may require players to accomplish a certain task within a
particular time frame or to seek out certain characters who advance the narrative. Players can

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spend dozens of hours exploring the world without engaging the main story line or they can
follow the story missions if they choose.
31.

The player has considerable freedom in how they encounter the story and certain

player actions will even influence the story outcome. For example, players can participate in
optional tasks include hunting for legendary animals, working with local sheriffs as a bountyhunter, searching for dinosaur bones in the dessert, making tonics, crafting weapons, breaking
wild horses, or following treasure maps. The game takes place in a huge virtual world that covers
a wide range of American landscapes stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Rockies, with over

50 unique weapons, more than 100 unique vehicles, over 200 different animal species, and even
1,000 different articles of clothing.
32.

Playing Red Dead 2 demonstrates the level of detail and complexity of the game.

True and correct copies of gameplay capture videos for the missions in which the Pinkertons
appear in Red Dead 2 are attached as Exhibits 6–14.
The Historical Accuracy of Red Dead 2
33.

Red Dead 2 reflects historical events and characters to immerse the player in the

34.

Red Dead 2 contains multiple plotlines based on historical events.

35.

Red Dead 2 contains a plotline centered on the U.S. government seizure of Native

game.

American land.
36.

The Native American land plotline is based on real historical events, including the

seizure of the Black Hills from Native American nations in the late 1800s, and the treatment of
the Osage tribe by the government in the early Twentieth Century.

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37.

In one scene in Red Dead 2, Arthur encounters a suffrage rally and discusses

women’s suffrage with them, reflecting the historical women’s suffrage movement taking place
in Southern and Southwestern states in the late 1800s.
38.

Red Dead 2’s gang of outlaws on the run from the law reflects the historical

presence of fugitive criminals across the American frontier in the late Nineteenth Century and
the historical attempts to apprehend these gangs.
39.

Beyond historical events, Red Dead 2 contains a variety of details that enrich the

historical setting, including the inclusion of historical “new” technologies available in the late
Nineteenth Century, such as electric current, rail roads, “mechanical men,” and the hot air
balloon.
40.

Red Dead 2 contains historically accurate weapons options designed to reflect real

technology available in the late 1800s. True and correct video clips of Red Dead 2 depicting
these weapons are attached hereto as Exhibit 15–18.
41.

In one mission in Red Dead 2, Arthur attends a “Magic Lantern Show,” a

historical form of entertainment common at the turn of the Nineteenth Century.
42.

Red Dead includes historically accurate flora and fauna from the late Nineteenth

Century American West.
43.

Red Dead 2 includes music that is historically accurate to the time period and

performed on instruments common to music of the period like the jug, harmonica, banjo, fiddle,
and cello.
44.

Red Dead 2 features a racially and ethnically diverse set of characters.

45.

The diversity of Red Dead 2’s characters reflects the demographic makeup of the

historical American West.

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46.

One Red Dead 2 character, the robber baron character who hires the Pinkertons is

a reference to the historical industrialists famous in the United States in the late 1800s.
47.

The Van Der Linde gang has historical parallels to Butch Cassidy and the

Wild Bunch, an outlaw gang that operated during the end of the Wild West and was ultimately
chased out of the country by Pinkertons.
Recognition of Red Dead 2’s Historical Accuracy
48.

Leading commentators have praised Red Dead 2 for its complexity and attention

to detail.
49.

For example, in the article Red Dead Redemption 2: Game Review, The

Hollywood Reporter wrote that “The depth of the game's content borders on the inconceivable.
There is so much to do and see in Red Dead Redemption 2 that at times it can feel
overwhelming.” A true and correct copy of the article is attached as Exhibit 19.
50.

Similarly, in the article Red Dead Redemption 2 Is True Art, The New York

Times opined that Red Dead 2 is “A new American epic for the digital age . . . it is a literary
experience that emphasizes — and simulates — tragedy and personal consequences.” A true and
correct copy of the article is attached as Exhibit 20.
51.

Articles also have acknowledged Red Dead 2’s historical accuracy. They note its

importance and how it adds to the player’s overall experience of the game.
52.

For instance, in the article How Historically Accurate is Red Dead Redemption

2?, IGN, a popular video game, stated, “Rockstar Games has gone above and beyond to make the
world seem deeply believable while functioning within the parameters of an open world
entertainment experience” and praises the “realism” of its broad themes. The article went on,
“Here’s hoping that Red Dead Redemption 2’s success in deriving such a measure of historical
reality paves the way for more period pieces in gaming that vault us into an illusion of life long
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past and reward our curiosity with learning and discovery.” A true and correct copy of the
article is attached hereto as Exhibit 21.
53.

Likewise, in the article Birding Like its 1899: Inside a Blockbuster American

West Video Game, the Audubon Society commended the game’s inclusion of “200 distinct,
interactive species of animal,” stating that they were “impressed with the breadth and relative
accuracy of the species represented.” A true and correct copy of the article is attached hereto as
Exhibit 22.
54.

The Guardian, in the article Get Real! Behind the Scenes of Red Dead Redemption

2 - The Most Realistic Game Ever Made, also commended the game’s realism, stating that
“Rockstar aims to provide players with a wild west fantasy so authentic that you can forget it is
not real.” A true and correct copy of the article is attached hereto as Exhibit 23.
The Marketing for Red Dead 2
55.

The marketing and promotion of Red Dead 2 states that the source of the

videogame is Plaintiffs.
56.

The front cover of Red Dead 2’s packaging states “Rockstar Games Presents Red

Dead Redemption II.” Ex. 4.
57.

The back cover of Red Dead 2’s packaging includes the mark ROCKSTAR

GAMES and Plaintiffs’ Rockstar Logo. Ex. 4.
58.

Red Dead 2 has three official trailers distributed by Take-Two (the “Promotional

Trailers”). True and correct copies of the Promotional Trailers are attached hereto as Exhibits
24-26.
59.

Each of the Promotional Trailers for Red Dead 2 prominently displays Plaintiffs’

trademarks and logos.

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60.

Red Dead 2 has three “accolades” trailers distributed by Take-Two (the

“Accolades Trailers”). True and correct copies of the Accolades Trailers are attached hereto as
Exhibits 27–28.
61.

Each of the Accolades Trailers for Red Dead 2 prominently displays Plaintiffs’

trademarks and logos.
62.

Red Dead 2 has three “launch” trailers, to promote the release of the game (the

“Launch Trailers”). True and correct copies of the Launch Trailers are attached hereto as
Exhibits 29–31.
63.

Each of the Launch Trailers for Red Dead 2 displays Plaintiffs’ trademarks and

64.

Red Dead 2 has a trailer related to an exclusive early access event for PS4 players

logos.

(the “Early Access Trailer”). A true and correct copy of the Exclusive Access Trailer is attached
hereto as Exhibit 32.
65.

The Early Access Trailer for Red Dead 2 displays Plaintiffs’ trademarks and

66.

As shown to the right, Red Dead 2 was advertised

logos.

through a billboard campaign. The billboards displayed Plaintiffs’
trademarks and logos, as well as the phrase “From the Makers of
Grand Theft Auto.”

67.

Plaintiffs license a guide for Red Dead 2 (the “Guide”), which displays Plaintiffs’

trademarks and logos. A true and correct copy of the Guide is attached hereto as Exhibit 33.

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68.

The Guide’s cover states, “Rockstar Games Presents Red Dead Redemption II:

The Complete Official Guide.”
69.

Plaintiffs also distributed print and online advertisements for Red Dead 2. These

advertisements display Plaintiffs’ trademarks and logos. Examples of print and online
advertisements for Red Dead 2 are attached as Exhibit 34.
70.

The image to the right depicts a print advertisement

and magazine cover for Red Dead 2.

Defendants
Defendants’ History
71.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton National Detective Agency was founded

by Allan Pinkerton in 1850 in Chicago, Illinois. It was among the first private detective agencies
in the United States. Although it went by “Pinkerton National Detective Agency” throughout the
Nineteenth Century, Defendants currently do business under two names: “Pinkerton Consulting
& Investigations” and “Pinkerton Corporate Risk Management.”
72.

Upon information and belief, when the Pinkerton National Detective Agency was

founded in the middle of the Nineteenth Century it initially specialized in protecting railways
from thefts by gangs of outlaws. In this way, Pinkerton agents acted as law-enforcement-for-hire
for large railroad companies and wealthy businessmen looking for added security. Through their
involvement in the railroad, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency and Pinkerton agents,
known as “Pinkertons,” began to gain notoriety as a central player in the Wild West.

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73.

Upon information and belief, the image to the

right shows Pinkerton agents in 1885, including William
Pinkerton, Allan Pinkerton’s son.
74.

Upon information and belief, in 1855, Pinkerton

agents acted as hired muscle for railway companies looking to
protect their shipments in the American West. The agency was
hired by the Illinois Central Railroad to act as private security. Pinkertons posed as political
dissidents in order to search out criminals targeting the train route. This led to an incident in
1861 in which Pinkerton agents uncovered and foiled an assassination plot to attack President
Abraham Lincoln in his railway car.
75.

The image to the right shows Allan Pinkerton, left, with

Abraham Lincoln, middle.
76.

Upon information and belief, in the late 1800s, the

Pinkerton National Detective Agency was hired by the United States
government to act as private, quasi-law enforcement officers—tracking,
apprehending, and often killing outlaw gangs and targets in the Wild
West. Pinkerton agents pursued a variety of famous American West
outlaws, including Jesse James, the Younger Gang, the Dalton Brothers, and Butch Cassidy and
the Wild Bunch.
77.

Upon information and belief, in the 1890s, Pinkerton agents chased Butch

Cassidy and the Wild Bunch out of the country. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency’s
notoriety grew even further due to its pursuit of famous Wild West outlaws.

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78.

Upon information and belief, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency

significantly grew in size during the late Nineteenth Century and thousands of Pinkertons
operated across the United States, often working as a private law enforcement arm of the United
States government. The company employed so many Pinkertons that Ohio outlawed the agency
out of fear that it had become a private militia.
79.

Upon information and belief, even after they began working for United States

government, Pinkertons continued to perform security work for American industrialists and
union-busters. In 1892, Pinkertons participated in an attempt by Henry Frick, Chairman of the
Carnegie Steel Company, to break up the iron and steel unions. At that time, union workers
operating in Carnegie’s steel plants went on strike, locking themselves in the factory.
80.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents were hired by Mr. Frick to break

up striking workers. The violent encounter between the agents and the striking workers resulted
in a battle on July 6, 1892. Three hundred Pinkerton agents assembled near the Homestead
Works of the Carnegie Steel Company, where workers had taken shelter in a fortified mill.
Bearing Winchester rifles, the Pinkerton agents intended to remove the union organizers by
force. The result was a violent fight during which nine workers were killed and seventy suffered
significant injuries.
81.

Upon information and belief, the event is known as the “Homestead Strike” or the

“Pinkerton Rebellion.” The Pinkerton Rebellion was one of the most violent union disputes in
United States history.
82.

Upon information and belief, following the Pinkerton Rebellion, union

sympathizers accused the Pinkerton National Detective Agency of inciting the riot that resulted

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in the deaths of nine striking men. The company’s notorious reputation as union-busters and
mercenaries grew even further.
83.

Upon information and belief, in 1893 Congress passed the Anti-Pinkerton Act,

which limited the federal government’s ability to hire private investigators or mercenaries like
the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. The legislation was passed due to concerns that the
federal government was using private contractors, including the Pinkerton National Detective
Agency, as a quasi-military forces ready for combat. The Anti-Pinkerton Act was also widely
recognized as a response to the federal government’s use of Pinkerton agents to disrupt and
harass labor organizers.
84.

Upon information and belief, at the turn of the century and into the early

Twentieth Century, Pinkerton agents acted as factory guards and performed investigations into
labor union activities. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency continued to accept jobs
investigating unions until the 1930s, when Congress passed the Wagner Act, deeming such
investigations into union activity unlawful. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency’s earnings
dropped significantly after the Wagner Act’s passage.
85.

Upon information and belief, in 1965 the Pinkerton National Detective Agency

became Pinkerton’s Inc. During this period, the company shifted focus from detective work to
security services, with greater focus on accounting and insurance firms. Defendants continued to
provide private security services throughout the late Twentieth Century, but by 1990, less than
two percent of its guards carried guns.
86.

Upon information and belief, Defendants acknowledge their history as a key

business in the Wild West. Defendants expressly admit and acknowledge their historical role in

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protecting the railroads; the pursuit of Jesse James and Butch Cassidy, as well as other famous
outlaws; and the foiled Lincoln assassination plot.
87.

Defendants’ website has a timeline, touting their involvement in taming the Wild

West and the pursuit and capture of famous Wild West outlaws (the “Defendants’ Timeline”). A
true and accurate copy of the Defendants Timeline is attached hereto as Exhibit 35.
88.

Defendants’ history, including its law enforcement role in the Wild West, is a

historical fact that no one can own.
Defendants Today
89.

Upon information and belief, today, Defendants are providers of corporate risk

management solutions. Defendants perform at least the following services: risk advisory, riskbased screening, security risk management (including security guard management, facility
security, special event security, and supply chain security), corporate investigations, protection
services, threat response services, and protective intelligence. Defendants have offices in North
America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.
90.

Upon information and belief, today, Defendants do not hunt down outlaw gangs

in the western United States.
91.

Upon information and belief, Defendants were acquired in 1999 by Securitas

Security Service USA, Inc., and are subsidiaries of Securitas AB.

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92.

Upon information and belief, from 1850 to 1925, detectives working for the

Pinkerton National Detective Agency used shield-shaped solid silver badges with engraved
lettering to identify themselves. Starting in 1930, the design of the badges was changed to a star
shape with gold plating and black lettering. The latter is the badge depicted in the Defendants’
Marks.
93.

The image to the right depicts the badge used by the Pinkerton

National Detective Agency from 1850 to 1925 (the “Historical Pinkerton
Badge”):

94.

Upon information and belief, Defendants no longer use the Historical Pinkerton

95.

Defendants do not have a live trademark registration for the Historical Pinkerton

Badge.

Badge with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (“USPTO”).
96.

The following images depict modern badges used by Defendants in the period

after 1930, specifically the “Eagle Badge” (left) and the “Star Badge” (right):

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97.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton Service has registered the following

trademarks and logos with the USPTO:

1,778,207);

and

(Registration Nos. 3,773,594; 1,780,710; and

(Registration No. 2,450,925); PINKERTON’S (Registration No. 887,265);

(Registration No. 546,426).
98.

Upon information and belief, Defendants’ employees currently carry the Eagle

Badge for identification as company investigators.
99.

Upon information and belief, Defendants’ employees currently do not carry the

Star Badge or the Historical Pinkerton Badge for identification as company investigators.
Pinkerton in Media and Popular Culture
100.

Upon information and belief, because of the Pinkerton National Detective

Agency’s notoriety and key involvement in the Wild West, its agents have appeared in numerous
creative works set in the Nineteenth Century and early Twentieth Century time period. In the
works in which they appear, Pinkerton agents are often depicted capturing outlaws or acting as
mercenaries in the Wild West.
101.

Wikipedia’s Pinkerton (detective agency) entry describes depictions of the

Pinkerton National Detective Agency and Pinkertons in popular media. A true and correct copy
of the entry is attached hereto as Exhibit 36.
102.

Upon information and belief, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency and

Pinkertons are referenced in media about the American West.

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103.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents sometimes are depicted in media

donning bowler hats, suits, and other American Western apparel.
104.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents, in fact, wore bowler hats, suits,

and other Western apparel.
105.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents sometimes are depicted in media

with silver shield-shaped badges.
Television Series
106.

Pinkerton agents appear extensively in various television shows about the

American West and the turn of the Nineteenth Century.
107.

For example, upon information and belief, in the 1959 American western

television series Wanted: Dead or Alive, starring Steve McQueen, a young runaway is framed for
killing a Pinkerton agent.
108.

Upon information and belief, in the 1959 American western television series

Bronco, the main character encounters a Pinkerton agent who has been captured by stage coach
robbers.
109.

Upon information and belief, a Pinkerton agent is a character in the 1968

American western television series The High Riders.
110.

Upon information and belief, in the 1972 American western television series

Crossties, one of the characters vows to die fighting the Pinkertons.
111.

Upon information and belief, in the 1989 American western television series The

Young Riders, a detective named Pinkerton National Detective Agency is hired to secure a
shipment of gold.
112.

Upon information and belief, in the 1997 American western television series,

Dead Man’s Gun, Pinkerton agents are hired to investigate a kidnapping.
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113.

Upon information and belief, in the 2010 period drama Boardwalk Empire, one of

the characters is revealed to be a Pinkerton agent.
114.

Upon information and belief, in the 2004 American western television series

Deadwood, Pinkerton agents appear throughout the series.
115.

Upon information and belief, in the 2012 television series Ripper Street, set in the

late Nineteenth Century, one of the characters is revealed to be a former Pinkerton agent.
116.

Upon information and belief, in the 2012 television series Copper, three Pinkerton

agents appear in the series.
117.

Upon information and belief, in the 2014 Canadian western television series When

Calls the Heart, Pinkerton agents are employed as security for a mining company.
118.

Upon information and belief, in the 2014 television series Penny Dreadful,

Pinkerton agents confront one of the characters in a bar.
Movies
119.

Pinkerton agents are often included as characters or referenced in movies about

the Wild West and the early Twentieth Century.
120.

Upon information and belief, in the 1942 American western film The Sundown

Kid, a Pinkerton agent goes to prison to get information about a counterfeiting operation, in order
to track down a famous outlaw and his gang.
121.

Upon information and belief, in the 1953 American western film The Lone Hand,

one of the characters is ambushed and killed by a Pinkerton agent.
122.

Upon information and belief, in the 1954 American western film Wyoming

Renegades, one of the main characters turns out to be a Pinkerton agent, undercover to catch a
gang of Wild West outlaws.

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123.

Upon information and belief, in the 1954 American western film The Bounty

Hunter, Pinkerton agents are hired to track down a gang of train robbers.
124.

Upon information and belief, in the 1957 American western film Hell’s

Crossroads, a Pinkerton agent is one of the main characters involved in the hunt for Jesse James.
125.

Upon information and belief, in the 1972 American western film The Great

Northfield Minnesota Raid, a banker hires Pinkerton agents to track the outlaws Jesse James and
Cole Younger.
126.

Upon information and belief, a Pinkerton agent is a character in the 1972

American western The Train Robbers.
127.

Upon information and belief, in the 1980 American western

film The Long Riders, Pinkerton agents are depicted investigating criminal
activity in the Wild West.
128.

An image of an advertisement for The Long Riders is shown

to the right.

129.

Upon information and belief, in the 1994 American western

film Bad Girls, the main characters are tracked down by Pinkerton agents.
130.

Upon information and belief, in the 1995 American western made-for-television

movie Bonanza: Under Attack, Pinkerton agents and the outlaw Frank James, brother of Jesse
James, appear throughout the film.
131.

Upon information and belief, in the 1995 American western, Frank & Jesse,

Pinkerton agents try to track down the film’s main characters, a group of outlaws who rob banks
and trains.

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132.

Upon information and belief, in the 1997 film Titanic, a character’s bodyguard is

revealed to be a former Pinkerton agent.
133.

Upon information and belief, in the 2001 American western film American

Outlaws, Allan Pinkerton and detectives from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency are hired
by the owner of a fictional rail road to track down Jesse James.
134.

Upon information and belief, in the 2004 film The Legend of Butch & Sundance,

Butch Cassidy and his gang fight Pinkerton agents.
135.

Upon information and belief, in the 2005 film The Legend of Zorro, Pinkerton

agents appear throughout the movie.
136.

Upon information and belief, in the 2010 American western remake 3:10 to

Yuma, Pinkerton agents appear at the beginning of the film.
137.

Upon information and belief, the 2011 American western film Blackthorn features

a former Pinkerton agent who resolves to prove that Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid are
still alive.
138.

Upon information and belief, the term “Pinkerton Agent” appears in at least 21

film descriptions on the Internet Movie Database. A true and correct copy of the search results
for “Pinkerton Agent” on the Internet Movie Database is attached hereto as Exhibit 37.
Books
139.

Pinkerton agents are often featured in books about the Wild West and the turn of

the Nineteenth Century.
140.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents appear in Beverly Jenkins’ novels

Vivid and Before Dawn.
141.

Upon information and belief, a Pinkerton agent appears in Sir Arthur Conan

Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes novel The Valley of Fear.
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142.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents appear in a variety of western

novels by Louis L’Amor, including the novel Milo Talon.
143.

Upon information and belief, the main character in Belle Boyd’s novel

Fiddlehead is a Pinkerton agent.
144.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents also appear in and

play a central role in romance novels about the American West, including The
Pinkerton Detective Series by Elizabeth M. Miller and The Tinkered Pinkerton
by Helen Louise Carroll.
145.

An image of the cover of Book 1 of Elizabeth Miller’s Pinkerton

Detective Series is shown to the right, with a subtitle noting that it is part of the
author’s “Pinkerton Detective Series.”
146.

Upon information and belief, a Pinkerton agent is a character in Derek Hart’s

American western book, For Love or Honor Bound.
147.

Upon information and belief, a Pinkerton agent is the main character in the

American western book series Pinkerton Man Series by C.J. Daty.
148.

Upon information and belief, a Pinkerton agent appears as a character in Kathleen

Y’Barbo’s American western book, The Confidential Life of Eugenia Cooper.
149.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents are main characters in J.D.

Hardin’s American western book, The Pinkerton Killers.
150.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents also appear in the 1980

novelization of the musical Annie.

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151.

Upon information and belief, there are 8,850 references to “pinkerton agent” in

the Google Books database. A true and correct copy of the first page of the Google Books
search results for the term “pinkerton agent” is attached hereto as Exhibit 38.
Other Media
152.

Upon information and belief, the protagonist of the video game BioShock Infinite

is a former Pinkerton agent known for his violent methods putting down strikes.
153.

Upon information and belief, in the online video game Poptropica, a Pinkerton

agent’s services are used to catch a thief.
154.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents are characters in the 1997

American western comic book series Justice Riders.
155.

Upon information and belief, Pinkerton agents are character in the 2012 American

western comic book series Lucky Luke, in the book, Lucky Luke Versus The Pinkertons.
156.

Upon information and belief, the Marvel character Caleb

Hammer from several comic books, including The Coming of Caleb Hammer,
is an agent for the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The image to the right
depicts Caleb Hammer on the cover of The Coming of Caleb Hammer with a
business card labeled “Pinkerton Detective Agency.”
Pinkerton Agents in Red Dead 2
157.

Consistent with past works, Red Dead 2 uses references to

Pinkerton agents in its depiction of the Wild West and the early Twentieth Century.
158.

At the bottom of Page 29 of the Guide, in a list of characters appearing in Red

Dead 2, “The Pinkertons” are described as “A detective agency established by Allan Pinkerton,
the Pinkertons are private agents hired by the US government to track western outlaws such as
those from the Van der Linde Gang.” Ex. 33.
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159.

Pinkerton Detective Agency characters appear in only 10 of Red Dead 2’s

missions, out of over 100 total missions in the main storyline.
160.

In one subplot of the main storyline, the Van der Linde gang robs a train and the

train owner, Leviticus Cornwall, responds by hiring Pinkerton agents to track down and
apprehend Arthur and his fellow outlaws. Ex. 6.
161.

A cinematic cut-scene (“cinematic”) is essentially a short video that seamlessly

integrates with gameplay that furthers the story of the game. Players first encounter agents from
the Pinkerton Detective Agency during a cinematic scene in which Arthur is fishing by a stream
with his friend’s son. While the player is enjoying this tranquil activity, it is suddenly
interrupted when two men approach dressed in bowler hats, red vests, ties, and grey coats. The
men each have a silver shield-shaped badge affixed to their chest, the text of which is often not
legible in the game.
162.

The silver shield-shaped badges in Red Dead 2 are not the same design as the Star

163.

The following images show Pinkerton agents Milton and Ross as they appear in

Badge.

Red Dead 2:

164.

In Red Dead 2, the two men introduce themselves as “Agent Milton. Agent Ross.

Pinkerton Detective Agency, seconded to the United States government.” They inform Arthur
that he is a “wanted man” and that there is a reward of “$5,000 for your head alone.” The

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agents tell Arthur that they do not want Arthur. They want the man that has raised Arthur and
cared for him since he was orphaned – the head of his gang Dutch Van de Linde.
165.

The image to the right shows the encounter

between Agent Milton and Arthur in Red Dead 2.
166.

Beyond this initial encounter, Agents Milton

and Ross appear in other scenes in the game during which
they attempt to apprehend Arthur and members of his gang.
167.

In another scene, Agent Milton ambushes the Van der Linde gang as they convene

in a cabin. Mr. Milton approaches outside, out of sight, telling Arthur and the gang, “This is
Agent Milton with the Pinkerton Detective Agency. On behalf of Cornwall Kerosene and Tar,
the United States Government and the Commonwealth of
West Elizabeth, we are here to arrest you.” Ex. 10.
168.

The image to the right shows Agents Milton

and Ross as they appear during the ambush scene in Red
Dead 2.
169.

Agents Milton and Ross’s badges are not

legible in the ambush scene described in the previous Paragraph.
170.

When the Pinkertons appear in Red Dead 2, the word “Pinkerton” generally only

is mentioned to identify the agent’s occupation. Exs. 6–14.
171.

Red Dead 2 does not state in words that it is sponsored by Defendants.

172.

Red Dead 2 does not state in words that it is affiliated with Defendants.

173.

Red Dead 2 does not state in words that it is associated with Defendants.

174.

Red Dead 2 does not state in words that it is endorsed by Defendants.

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175.

Red Dead 2 does not state in words that it is sponsored by the Pinkerton National

Detective Agency.
176.

Red Dead 2 does not state in words that it is affiliated with the Pinkerton National

Detective Agency.
177.

Red Dead 2 does not state in words that it is associated with the Pinkerton

National Detective Agency.
178.

Red Dead 2 does not state in words that it is endorsed by the Pinkerton National

Detective Agency.
Marketing for Red Dead 2 Does Not Include Defendants’ Marks or Reference
Defendants
179.

Red Dead 2’s front cover does not use the word “Pinkerton,” the Historical

Pinkerton Badge, or the Star Badge. Ex. 4.
180.

Red Dead 2’s front cover does not reference Defendants. Ex. 4.

181.

Red Dead 2’s back cover does not reference the Pinkerton National Detective

Agency. Ex. 4.
182.

Red Dead 2’s back cover does not use the word “Pinkerton,” the Historical

Pinkerton Badge, or the Star Badge. Ex. 4.
183.

Red Dead 2’s back cover does not reference Defendants. Ex. 4.

184.

Red Dead 2’s back cover does not reference the “Pinkerton National Detective

Agency.” Ex. 4.
185.

Red Dead 2’s Promotional Trailers do not use the word “Pinkerton,” the

Historical Pinkerton Badge, or the Star Badge. Exs. 24–26.
186.

Red Dead 2’s Promotional Trailers do not show reference Defendants. Exs. 24–

26.

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187.

Red Dead 2’s Promotional Trailers do not reference the Pinkerton National

Detective Agency. Exs. 24–26.
188.

Red Dead 2’s Accolades Trailers do not use the word “Pinkerton,” the Historical

Badge, or the Star Badge. Exs. 27–28.
189.

Red Dead 2’s Accolades Trailers do not show reference Defendants. Exs. 27–28.

190.

Red Dead 2’s Accolades Trailers do not reference the Pinkerton National

Detective Agency. Ex. 27-28.
191.

Red Dead 2’s Launch Trailers do not use the word “Pinkerton” or the Star Badge.

Ex. 29-31.
192.

Red Dead 2’s Launch Trailers do not reference Defendants. Exs. 29–31.

193.

Red Dead 2’s Launch Trailers do not reference the Pinkerton National Detective

Agency.
194.

Red Dead 2’s Early Access Trailer does not use the word “Pinkerton,” the

Historical Badge, or the Star Badge. Ex. 32.
195.

Red Dead 2’s Early Access Trailer does not reference Defendants. Ex. 32.

196.

Red Dead 2’s Early Access Trailer does not reference the Pinkerton National

Detective Agency. Ex. 32.
197.

Red Dead 2’s billboards do not use the word “Pinkerton,” the Historical Pinkerton

Badge, or the Star Badge. Ex. 34.
198.

Red Dead 2’s billboards do not reference Pinkerton. Ex. 34.

199.

Plaintiffs’ print and online advertisements for Red Dead 2 do not use the word

“Pinkerton” or reference Defendants. Ex. 34.

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200.

Plaintiffs’ print and online advertisements for Red Dead 2 do not use the

Historical Pinkerton Badge or the Star Badge. Ex. 34.
201.

Plaintiffs’ print and online advertisements for Red Dead 2 do not reference the

Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Ex. 34.
Defendants’ Cease and Desist Letter
202.

On December 13, 2018, more than six weeks after Red Dead 2 was released to

widespread attention and acclaim, Defendants sent Plaintiffs a cease-and-desist letter. A true and
correct copy of Defendants’ December 13 letter is attached hereto as Exhibit 39.
203.

The December 13 letter claimed that the appearance of two Pinkerton agent

characters in Red Dead 2 infringed Defendants’ trademarks and constituted unfair competition.

The letter only specifically cited PINKERTON’S (Registration No. 887,265) and
(Registration No. 546,426) as the trademarks Defendants claim Plaintiffs had infringed.
204.

Defendants specifically allege that “the Pinkerton National Detective Agency is

widely used including the Andrew Milton and Edgar Ross characters,” which it alleges “creates
the false impression that the game originates from [Defendants] or that [Defendants are]
somehow connected to or associated with Rockstar Games in a way that deceives customers or
causes confusion or mistake.”
205.

Defendants’ December 13 letter further alleged that “Rockstar Games’ usage is

likely to dilute the distinctive quality of [Defendants’] Marks. This attempted association of
[Defendants] and Rockstar Games through the Red Dead Redemption II game is likely to blur
the distinctive character and tarnish the reputation of [Defendants’] famous trademarks. Your

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use of the [Defendants’] Marks, therefore, constitutes trademark infringement and unfair
competition under applicable federal and state laws.”
206.

Defendants demanded in their December 13 letter that Plaintiffs compensate

Defendants, “for the use of its valuable trademark,” further stating, “While we are willing to
discuss a lump sum figure, given the prominence of the [Defendants] brand and the importance
of the Pinkerton characters to the game story an applicable percentage of each game sold is an
appropriate royalty rate.”
207.

Plaintiffs responded to Defendants on December 18, 2018. A true and correct

copy of Plaintiffs’ response is attached hereto as Exhibit 40.
208.

In their December 18 response, Plaintiffs explained that Red Dead 2 is an

expressive work protected by the First Amendment and Defendants’ trademark claim is
precluded by the First Amendment because the references to Pinkerton agents are (1) artistically
relevant to the work and (2) not explicitly misleading as to its source.
209.

Defendants responded on January 4, 2019 by sending Plaintiffs another cease and

desist letter. A true and correct copy of Defendants’ January 4 letter is attached hereto as
Exhibit 41.
210.

In Defendants’ January 4 letter, Defendants indicated that they disagree with

Plaintiffs’ contention that the First Amendment applies here and stated, “Of course, and not
surprisingly, [Defendants are] prepared to protect its legal rights and Assets. It can do so through
legal action or through discussions leading to an appropriate licensing agreement.”
211.

Defendants have not identified to Plaintiffs marketing material for Red Dead 2

that uses the word “Pinkerton” or Defendants’ Marks.

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212.

Defendants have not identified to Plaintiffs advertisements for Red Dead 2 that

use the word “Pinkerton” or Defendants Marks.
213.

Defendants have not identified to Plaintiffs official trailers for Red Dead 2 that

use the word “Pinkerton” or Defendants Marks.
214.

Defendants have not identified to Plaintiffs examples of consumers that are

confused as to a connection between Defendants and Red Dead 2.
There is An Actual Controversy Between the Parties
215.

Red Dead 2 is a creative work, entitled to First Amendment protection. The First

Amendment precludes a trademark infringement claim by Defendants here, as the depiction of
Pinkerton agents in the game is artistically relevant to the game and is not explicitly misleading
to consumers.
216.

This conclusion is supported by the game Red Dead 2 itself, as well as its

marketing and packaging. The inclusion of historical references to Pinkerton agents in Red Dead
2 is artistically relevant to the game, as Red Dead 2 is a game about the end of the Wild West era
and Pinkerton agents played a key historical role therein.
217.

Consumers would not believe that the video game was produced by or in

association with Defendants.
218.

In particular, Plaintiffs’ trademarks appear prominently on the product packaging,

as well as at the beginning of the game, and in trailers and other advertising for the game.
219.

No marks owned by Defendants appear in any advertising for Red Dead 2.

220.

Plaintiffs’ use of the phrases “Pinkerton Detective Agency” and “Pinkerton” to

describe the occupations of characters appearing in Red Dead 2 constitutes nominative fair use,
as Plaintiffs do not use these terms to describe the source of Plaintiffs’ product, but rather, use
them to describe the historical agency and its employees.
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221.

Defendants’ threat of legal action in its December 13 and January 4 letters has

given rise to uncertainty and controversy with respect to Plaintiffs’ ongoing right to reference the
“Pinkerton Detective Agency” and “Pinkerton” in Red Dead 2. Plaintiffs seek to resolve this
dispute as promptly as possible so that they can focus on creating innovative videogames that tell
exciting stories without the threat of litigation.
222.

To resolve the legal and factual questions raised by Defendants and to afford

relief from the uncertainty and controversy caused by Defendants’ actions, Plaintiffs are entitled
to a declaratory judgment that Red Dead 2 does not infringe any trademark rights Defendants
may own.
223.

Defendants’ assertion that Plaintiffs have infringed Defendants’ trademarks

adversely affects Plaintiffs. Unless resolved by the Court, the uncertainty and controversy
between the parties will continue to harm Plaintiffs.
CLAIM FOR RELIEF
COUNT I
Declaratory Judgment of Non Infringement Under the First Amendment
224.

Plaintiffs repeat and reallege each and every allegation above as if fully set forth

225.

Defendants allege that Plaintiffs’ reference to “Pinkerton,” the “Pinkerton

herein.

Detective Agency,” and the Historical Pinkerton Badge in Red Dead 2 infringes Defendants’
Marks. It has communicated that assertion in a cease and desist letter creating a controversy
between the parties.
226.

Red Dead 2 is a creative work reflecting creative choices in plot, setting, dialogue,

animation, and other artistic elements. Thus, Red Dead 2 is protected by the First Amendment.

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227.

Red Dead 2 references the Pinkerton Detective Agency and Historical Pinkerton

Badge as part of the creative expression of the video game. Those references are relevant to
Plaintiffs’ artistic message as Plaintiffs have sought to create a historically realistic depiction of
the Wild West, and the references relate to the historical feel, setting, and plot of the videogame.
228.

Plaintiffs’ references to the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the Historical

Pinkerton Badge only appear in the context of the video game. Plaintiffs’ packaging and trailers
for Red Dead 2 do not reference Defendants or Pinkerton National Detective Agency, nor do
they suggest Defendants’ sponsorship or affiliation of Red Dead 2.
229.

Under trademark law, the use of a mark in a creative work that is artistically

relevant to the work and not overtly misleading is protected by the First Amendment. In such
circumstances, it is black-letter law that the First Amendment precludes a trademark
infringement claim.
230.

Because Defendants have threatened to take legal action to prevent Plaintiffs from

continuing to reference “Pinkerton,” the “Pinkerton Detective Agency,” and the Historical
Pinkerton Badge in Red Dead 2, notwithstanding the fact that the First Amendment precludes a
trademark infringement claim in this instance, Plaintiffs are entitled to a declaratory judgment of
non-infringement on this basis alone.
COUNT II
Declaratory Judgment of Nominative Fair Use
231.

Plaintiffs repeat and reallege each and every allegation above as if fully set forth

232.

Defendants’ Marks are not used as source indicators in Red Dead 2.

233.

Pinkerton agents cannot be readily identified without using the Defendants’

herein.

Marks.
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234.

Red Dead 2 uses “Pinkerton,” “Pinkerton Detective Agency,” and the Historical

Pinkerton Badge to refer to the historical Pinkerton National Detective Agency.
235.

To the extent that they use Defendants’ Marks, Plaintiffs only use as much as

necessary to identify the historical Pinkerton National Detective Agency in Red Dead 2.
236.

Consumers are not likely to be confused about the source of Plaintiffs’ products,

given its extensive use of its own logos and trademarks in marketing for Red Dead as well as the
differences in the products offered.
237.

Under trademark law, the use of a trademark to reference or describe the

trademark holder’s business is permitted where the business cannot be readily described without
the use of the mark, the mark is used only as necessary to describe the business, and the use is
not likely to cause confusion.
238.

Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ use of “Pinkerton,” “Pinkerton Detective Agency,” and

the Historical Pinkerton Badge in Red Dead 2 constitutes nominative fair use and is not
trademark infringement.
239.

Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment from this Court that Plaintiffs’ use of

“Pinkerton” and “Pinkerton Detective Agency” in Red Dead 2 is nominative fair use.
COUNT III
Declaratory Judgment of No Likelihood of Confusion
240.

Plaintiffs repeat and reallege each and every allegation above as if fully set forth

241.

Plaintiffs’ and Defendants’ services are unrelated.

242.

In particular, Plaintiffs produce and distribute innovative videogames.

243.

Defendants do not produce or distribute videogames.

244.

By contrast, Defendants provide corporate risk management and security.

herein.

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245.

Plaintiffs do not provide corporate risk management or security solutions.

246.

Upon information and belief, it is unlikely that Defendants will begin offering

videogames or videogame related products or services.
247.

In Red Dead 2, Plaintiffs use the historical name “Pinkerton Detective Agency.”

248.

Plaintiffs do not use Defendants’ current names—“Pinkerton Consulting &

Investigations, Inc.” or “Pinkerton Service Corporation”—in Red Dead 2.
249.

In Red Dead 2, Plaintiffs use the Historical Pinkerton Badge.

250.

Plaintiffs do not use the Star Badge in Red Dead 2.

251.

There is no evidence that consumers are confused about the source of Red Dead

252.

A new copy of the Xbox One version of Red Dead 2 can be purchased from

2.

GameStop for $59.99. A true and correct copy of the GameStop purchase page for the XBox
One version of Red Dead 2 is attached hereto as Exhibit 42.
253.

In light of the differences between their uses of their respective marks, the

differences between the products and services for which their marks are used, and the fact that
they have thus far co-existed without confusion, Plaintiffs’ use of “Pinkerton,” “Pinkerton
Detective Agency,” and the Historical Pinkerton Badge is not likely to cause confusion or
mistake as to the source or affiliation of Plaintiffs’ products, or confuse consumers into believing
that Plaintiffs’ products are sponsored or endorsed by Defendants.
254.

Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment from this Court that Plaintiffs’ use of

“Pinkerton,” “Pinkerton Detective Agency,” and the Historical Pinkerton Badge is not likely to
cause confusion as to the source or affiliation of its products or confuse consumers into believing
its products are sponsored or endorsed by Defendants.

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PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE, Plaintiffs Take-Two and Rockstar Games respectfully request Judgment
against Defendants as follows:
1.

Find and declare that Plaintiffs’ references to the Pinkerton National

Detective Agency in Red Dead 2, including through use of the phrases “Pinkerton,” “Pinkerton
Detective Agency,” and the Historical Pinkerton Badge do not infringe Defendants’ trademark or
other rights;
2.

Award Plaintiffs reasonable attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs in this

3.

Grant such other, further, and different relief as the Court deems just and

action; and

proper.

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DEMAND FOR TRIAL BY JURY
Plaintiffs demand trial by jury on all issues so triable in this action.
Dated: January 11, 2019

/s/ Dale M. Cendali
Dale M. Cendali
Joshua L. Simmons
Miranda Means
KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP
601 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10022
Telephone: (212) 446-4800
Facsimile: (212) 446-6460
dale.cendali@kirkland.com
joshua.simmons@kirkland.com
miranda.means@kirkland.com
Attorneys for Plaintiffs

39