??w?mmw5? (If? (.3 mil-IIU-up?u? TILL, Dl' 1? TM FEDERAL BUREAUV OF WASHINGTON. 0.0., .- . .Honorable Richar Helms Director . Central Inxelligencc.?gency D2 C2. - 'Dear Mr; Helms: I am en.clos ing a documea? _Foceutial in she Uni?ca1?_tates rhis inierest to you2 - All-signS paint taua? re the Hat on. this S?mzi have zen spontano throw? ghcut recent years 'ini'tl" aft-3C? bite, 3311315335: $13391. 1rwc< jy?gi agat1b40a_ .nd 1w ot2a.ga??a by cow"2,i contr? Muted towg=d ?e5fc 11123 Mart in Lubnrr M523 ana Stokely flames of racia . . has . i: - I a. ENT 01" JUE: INVESTIGATION 20535 May 26; 1% 0? BY LIAILGM .REVIEWE TASK FORCE 77/ RELEASE IN FULL [j RELEASELN PART DENIAL urcial Viola: I '13 S?l? jaer?" Mt eHMrent r9c133 sir.2. Most of the ?isux?ars a Gatgwour" of IE i . hie but in?a$ 't 5., .. . .. 3L3 ?rdL La YCJADLS have .1. . . - . 22 2032? 4.021222% 222153.22'i212222: n. it: . 2 Cairnzl uhael have Lan?aa Lha - '2 IE 1mg joiz2ed Ca?michaei an? cane? extremisi: in the?c?k 11 :2??33 rov*veat i? embracing-the ni?t tag: 3 cf linL ilig tha 63251 righ movamen? with the?aLT22?13tnnmuv;n p1Wo est AQVUHDHIO The aitiwar campaig??cn?ors-d My Maigs on: c2ntL? aimg am? ?20?~Mrs "n the Uziteu HianJ .an? ab? Dada ccpy of ?215 enclosure 1? hairg ?uMLi2Me? t0 each o?.the follarinz: ?232 HildMe? Sicgallg at fhe white Mcu.u; the Vice President; the .dcretaMLOG of Staie ag? Defnnse: and tha Att?vney Gainvalo I - Uyrz veudvaI Gf ihe clafaified mafor1233 this 124?1? becoytcs us: 2? la: 21(4'; ?3.g?ip'w? In. t. . n. I. I'gg .. hm? 'i Ina-gm?; br- A a 14.00000 I I. w" . EAL QWEM INVESTEGAHON I: a I a. RACIALYIOLEECE ?Fm; be?! . 5} nun-"r9141 .. Group 1 I Excluded from automatlc . 7 - 1- 7 downgrad;ng agd 5 .7 declassiflcatlon {Cat ?15.,.?fuac .Ff?tf1?T-? x: . Mg; fir-A . ?Ln-? page PREFACEQO Oi'l?. i 0'1: . a a 0'ii. Continuing Racial Tenhibn, . . ii Seasonal Phenomenon333: Another Riotous Summer . . . . 11 Civil Rights Linked with Vietnam . . RACIAL TROUBLE -PREDICTED . . . . 1 . . A as OminOuSIWarningsFamili.ar Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 4 - VIOLENCE POTENTIALS IN THE EAST . . . . 5- Baltimore, ?arylaod . . . . . . . 5 Boston, Massachusetts . . . . . . . 6 Buffa103NeW York A. '5 a 6 Charleston, West Virginia . . . 1 . . . . 8 Elizabeth, Haw Jersey . . . . . . . 8 Hartford, Connecticut .-. . . . .-. . . . 9 Jersey City, New Jersey . . . . . . 9 New York, New York . . . . . . . 10' Newark, New Jersey . . . . . 0'0 . . . . 13 Paterson, New Jersey . . . . . . . . 14 Philadelphia, . . . . . .15 PittsburghRochester, New York . . . . . . . . . . 16 Washington"35-th "m Eda 7545:?; Rio-0RACIAL IN THE MIDWEST . 23? Akron, Ohio? a a ?0 Benton Harbor, Hichigan . . . . a 23 Chicago, Illinois . . . . . 24 . CicerOnBerwyn, Illinois . . . . . . . 27 ?Cincinnati, Ohio . . 9Cleveland, Ohio . . . . . a layton, Ohio . . . . . 29 MiChj-gan a a 29 '7 Boot St. Louis, Illinois . . .-. . a a 30? Flint, HiChigan lwil. Gary, Indiana . . Harveywnixmoor, Illinois . . . . . . . . .733 Indianapolis, Indiana a. . . ..34 Kansas City, Missouri 34' Lansing, Michigan . . a 35 Milwaukee, .0 'q a 9' a .35 Hinneapolis~$t. Pau1,Hinneaota . . . . . 37" HiChigaOmaha, NebraSka I. 4 a. 0 38 St. Louis, Hissouri . . . . . . . . Illinoi$_ . . 39. RACIAL VIOLENCE PCTENTIAL IN THE WEST . e- 9 Bakersfield; California Denver, Colorado . . . . a . . . 41 Los Angeles, California . . . . . 0.. . 41- Oakland, California . . . . . . . . . 43 Oxnard, California . . . . . . . . . 44 Portland, Dragon Richmond, California . . . . . . . . 45 San Bernardino, California . . . . . . a 45 San Diego, California . . . . . . . a 46 San Francisco, California a . . . . 46 Seattle, waShi-ngton a .48 2 ,gdfhaag??h RACIAL VIOLENCE POTENTIAL it: THE SOUTH . .f . 49 Atlanta, Georgia . . . . . a . . . . . 49] 'Birmingham, Alabama . . . . . . 49 Bogalusa, LouisianaDallas, Texas . . . . . . . . . a 51 Fort Lauderdale, Florida . . . . . . . .7. 51 Hemtony Texas 92,. 'o I a '0 51 Jackson, Missisaippi . .-. . . 52 Louisville, Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . 53 . Memphis, Tennessee . . .Miami, Florida . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Nashville, Tennessee . . . . . . . . 55 ?Natchez, Mississippi . New orleam, LOBiSiana Richmond, Virginia . . . . . . . 57 ;7 San Antonio, Texag . a 57 127* FUSION OF CIVIL RIGHTS AND: ANTIVAR . 59? ?i A Aggravating Tensi6n . y. . 59 Creating Opposition to Vietnam War:. . . 59 Union of Civil Righta and Peace E6vementa .60 A f1. 3 Fri-0000C)! 'i .v'a PREEACE . This document is, in esSenc?, survey of summer?sjracial'violence potential .United States; Its cd?tents wereqderived from public sources, public officials, police officers, knowledgeable observers, and FBI source?.' This document should nef, however,Ibe regarded as a feport based upon the results of any specific investigation conducted by the FBI. 49? an intelligence ?Win-Iii.? - consistsa?im. 1 i Continuing Racial Tension After three_consecutive summers of racial turbulence in the United States, there were hopes that the social, economic, and political gains achieved by the Negro in recent years might be alleviating racia1~ unrest QiVil rights legislation, antipoverty programs, and better police?community relations have' brought a measure of improvement in the status and . treatmentsof'Negroes, but discontent and frustration - relations have deteriorated in a number . of cities throughout the country during,the past year. Seasonal Phenomenon- 3 "54 g, 11%" .. . We are new satin era of protracted racial conflict that has preduced a crisis in law enforce? .. ment. Along with the annual seasonal rise in summertime a crime, it is?painfully evident that racial turmoil has similarly become a summer phenomenon. The racial violence' potential is especially high in hot weather in the Nationfs urban areas because large numbers of Negroes, living under crowded, depressed conditions in ghettos, take to the streets to escape the heat and seek relaxation and . recreation. ?The situation is compounded by.the restiveness and alienation~of large numbers of idle junior and senior high school students and other Negro youths. Because of the cembustible temper of the times, an inconsequential incident can ignite a riotous situation in any city or town . in the country., . Another Riotous Summer"? The Spring of 1957 has already witnessed almost daily outbreaks of racial disorder somewhere in the country. All signs point toward recurrent racial convulsions through? out the country this summer?amore than likely on an even 3 wider scale than in previous years??marked by plundering, arson, destruction, and attacks on law enforcement officers. There is the added danger this year that the scenes of racial strife in large cities might Spread from Negro ii 3 1.2- .V- or- m? [2?5 :3 42. mu5). 3,4,50ch communities into white neighborhoods and that increased numbers of white people might reeort'to violence in an effort to counter Negro demonstratore or riotere. -The threat of racial every urban.- community in the land; ?In an atmosphere 5 'g'teneion, violence can strike anywhere at any time with _'all the unprediotability, rapidity; and a tornado, '75. -, ';Civil Rights Linked with Vietnam IA +Hoet of the riots and disturbancee'ot the past-'3 gv-three-yeare have been spontaneous eruptions of mob 7 - violence, triggered by some trivial incident and fueled by teenuege?Negro youths-end and .., .c 7 ., irresponeible ghetto agitation? .. and propaganda on the part of_commnniete and other -subvereivee and extreeietefhave definitely contributed ito Regro unrest and fomented'?iolence; ?Lo particular,?? . A . ?demngogoee like Martin Luther Keng,;Stokely Carmichael, 3 Floyd Hc?ieeick, Ca851u54C1eyr;and.Dick Gregory have -Q fanned the fires of-racial'diecoxd-and 'King (has now joined civil righte'extremiete in embr?cing the communist tactic of linking the civil rights movement-with the ahti~Vieteemyl war protest movement, claiming that United States in Vietnam to diverting attention from civil _-rights; Kiog?e exhortation to boycott.the draft and refuse- to fight-Could lead eventually to dangerous displaye of - civil disobedience and activities by Negroes and whitee_elike. Thus, the antiwar ceepaigo_endorsedc - by-King helps to promote communist aims and programs in 'the united Statee and abroad. 111. (e 5? 14-09000 1 RACIAL TROUBLE PREDICTED Ominous Warnings . Each.sp?iag of the past few years has evoked. prognostications ?rom Negro spokesmen and public officials in cities with substantial Negro populations-to the effect- that.the enSuing summer months would see outbursts?o?_ racial violence. 1This Spring_the prophecies have been more -numerous andamore ominous than ever, particularly those voiced my Negro leaders. "The war in Vietnam has strengthened the.?orceS' of bigotry and reaction,? declared Martin Luther_King, President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference has caused many young people to become disenchanted With our society. The failure to solve the problems of our cities will o_ly exacerbate the situation, and give the extremists on Both sides a much more receptive .,audience._ Polarizatio? of the race question in the 'United States won't merely mean outbreaks of violence. .It .Twill mean outright racejwars is some of our cities.? . ,4 - 5/ *At least teh.cities across?the country Were described by King as "powder kegs? which could'exploder into racial violence.this~summer. .Among those cities he? '1isted mere New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and the Bay area of California, - including Oakland; . I . 'Sporadic youth?led'riOts throughout the country must be expected-this summer and every summer for'the next decade, Bruce Celes, Program Director for the.Chicago' Young Men's Christian Association, told.the House Education Subcommittee. 'The continuing tumult, according to Coles, can he traced.to a conflict_hetween the promises of an affluent scciety and society's limited ability to spread that affluence around. 'Unable,to get jobs and rise out of the slums, the Negro boysnusimply ?blame whitey'and raise hell," he said. . A 7 14-00005 llienetion and teneion in Negro neighbor? hoods "are reaching catastrophic proportions which can - lead to unprecedented explosions in 1967,? eerned Edward Rutledge.end Jack E. ?ned, Executive Director and' Associate Executive?nirector of the National Committee -Againet Discrimination in Housing, in an enoual report. Rutledge and Wood, who forecast racial disordere in 1965 "and 1966, drew their conclusions from a study oonducted- -1o 41 cities and 25 states during 1966. A Rutledge ado Wood claimed'they_found a coneiction .eeong Heggo youth that progreeo in civil rights will be achieved torough eociel'tureoil, and they repeatedly heard euo? comments in ghettoe as "We need tee and a half more riote_to get out of here.? 7 ?Herdl?.any coeeunity 1n thieapountry can call 7 ?iteelf from trouble Floyd HeKieeick, Netiohel Di ector of the Congress of ;Raoia1_Equality ??Kieeick placed Cleveland at the top of his liet'of trouble epote;"elong eith eoet New Jersey cities. Other?clfies he enumerated were New York City; Waehington; Detroit; Chicago; Gary, Indiana; "St. Louie; Eeet St. Louis, Loe-Angelee; San Francisco; and Oakland." Negro sociologist at Howard University, Dr. Nathan Here, eoes a "very real" poeeibility of a civil war between whites and Negroes in-the United States. "It's going to be quite a ehile off yet?uthough not eo far off as to be outside of our liie open," he said. Dr. Hare, who describes himself ae?a "theorist" in the- '"blaok power" movement, is actively spreading its philosophy to Negro ooLlegee across the country. "Violence is the only way left to the black lean to achieve his manhood in America," Ernest Chambers, -a leader of young militants in to the National Conference on Community Values and Conflict in New York City. He said that ?violence purges the soul of the black man and returns to him his eelfwreepect." Chambers maietained that preVention of racial violence was up to the white people. ?They must realize, he eeid? that injuetice 1e practiced deily against the Negro and that Negro youths will no longer put up eith it? lo fl {3 mpg-:3 row i; 1. w? "nu! h; pi 14-00000 . . mu - ?The key to racial peace this Summer, observed Roy Wilkins, Executive Director of the National Association w' for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), is jobs for the thousands of young Negroes who will be turned loose from school "With muscles in their arms and mischief in their minds." With.?one out of three Negro teen?agers, wandering around," he said, "yen are going to have trouble.? Wilkins eXpressed the hope that there'would be no riot in any city, and added: "But I can't say there won?t because all the ingredients are there."? -- . Public officials in a number of large cities have expressed considerable apprehension about the possibility of.racial violence this year. Mayer John V. Lindsay, of New York City, asserted that "we have no way of knowing what this summer will bring but we do know that if violenceabreaks out, the young Peeple of the ?ghettos Will be in its vanguangg? He hes called upon the administration to restore outsiinfantipoverty funds for . summer youth activities:or face the threat of rioting in Negro ghettos this summerDisturbances,are 1ikely_in the Nation's capital this summer, according to Walter . Tbbriner, a District of Columbia Commissioner, unless funds for recreatio?al programs for school children are approved. if youthful energy is got channeled constructively, he cautioned, am sure that increased vandalism, destruction, and. other antisocial behavior would tend to result." He added: "Of course, we can never assume summer peace, since'incidents fanning neighborhood reaction.are neither foreseeable nor controllable. But we can, by providing ,these funds, make the occurrence of summer incidents less likely and their enlargement to other areas less apt to occur.? a - Mayor Ivan Allen, Jr}, of Atlanta, observed - that "in any big city with_major slum problems, incidentS-. amounting almost to riots can occur at any time during the hot summer months whenever there is provocative leadership that finds an incident that can be exploited. There is always some incident that proVocative leaders can use if they Want."? rim 1. 3 9' a ?esh (112 4-00000 teases-armrest; The forebodings of recent years have been_amply that have developed in the United States during the past three summers. E?ents have unmistakably shewn that any municipality in the country with a Negro population?is _SUSeeptible to a racial outbreak. A partial listing 0f cities and racial disorders have occurred since '1964-indioates that'racial disorders Can happen anywhere and everywhere at anytime: New York City;.Roohester, New York; Philadelphia; Jersey City; Cleveland;.Dayton, Ohio; Lansing, Michigan; Chicago; Waukegan, Illinois; Omaha; Francisco; Los Angeles; Atlanta; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; and Bogalusa, Louisiana. It is obviously .- impossible to pinpoint When and where racial violence will-T emmh - .But there isgon?,a?pect of racial violence that can be predicted wi?aehme precision:_ the pattern it will follow. In yirtually every_instance where major-riOts have brokengout.in Negro?oommunities in recent years, the ?pattern and sequence of events have been identical: the, escalation of an initial minor episode involving police action; a rapidly growingtorowd and mounting excitement and hysteria fomented by troublemakers, extremists, and subversiVes; overt hostility toward the polioe,accompanied' by wild charges of "police brutality"; the explosion or blind, irrational mob fury and action; street fighting between Negroes and police; hurling of rocks, bricks, bottles, fire bombs,.and other objects; looting, vandalism, and arson; and,.finally, summoning of police reserves and frequently the National Guard to restore law and order. In - The survey on the following pages endeavors to highlight the violence potential Which exists in the United States as the Summer of 1967 draws nearo 34700000 3?1 it Eii?dmi? tilti- RACIAL VIOLENCE 999191111 19 THE ener'I". Baltimore, HeIryland f(1996)? Pcpu1ation .I917, 41 per cast Negro At the present tine Baltimore police officiels- feel that there is 1999 Itensiou today than there has been for the past year and that there 1s no current Situation that is Likely to lead to riots or racial violence eiIthin the next six months. They believe that the Negro leader-' Iship, although at times radical manages to control its followers ?nd that the communication the police and this lenderShip is good, largely due to the effectiv e? mess of community relations councils set up by the Baltimore Police Department. In their- essesSnent qt the situation, they conclude that if violence,noesI oIccur, it will arise either from police action-in hIeevxly populated Negro districts or from count erdemonstrators Irepresenting ehtte?I .suprenacistI hate groups.~ I =14 On two occasions within the pee year, an 7: ,?individual representing the Fighting American NetionshiSt and one representing the Baltimore (white) Citizens Council cqunterdemonstrated civil rights demonstrations integrated housihg.? The National States Rights Party, a white hate .gronp, has been refused permission to hold rallies in- the Baltimore area. A Klan group has recently distributed rsCist literature in a housing project in iBaltimore. The Ileading civil rights group on the Baltimore scene is CORE, which designated Baltimore 1 te target city for 1966. Meet civil rights groups .ective in Baltimore are national or local civil rights groups not dominated or influenced Iby shbversive elements. Although the Civic Interest Group is a legitimate local group,. two of its leaders have expressed a desire to organize a Baltimore chapter 01 Deacons for Defensees? Justice, an alluhegrc Aorgan izat1on composed of armed members.. . kvr??g?iig?tni??ii 1400000 I Boston, . . Population 617,326 (1966); 9 per cent Negro (1956), It is the unanimous opinion of community leedere that the recee ie_relatively nonexistent and that racial violence in the near future ie.inprobable.. They indicate that efforts to improve the Negroese economic and social status have been largely successful; thet has been made in school integration; and that communication- between minority groans and excellent.? ?Although no present issues appear to he of eufficient magnitude to evoke an extreme emetional-reeponee, informed sources indicate that the possibility.o? a spontaneous outbpret of violence inflamed by a Stokely Carmichael can never be-rule? out entingly. They admit that a certain?eeount;of tene?on?ie eing nurtured by rest? teen?agere and by;e teeumilitenl'ednlt publicity? like Reverend Virgil A. head, Director of the Blue Hill Christian Center and Chairman of the New England >?Brench of the Southern,?hrietian Leadership Conferencee :Wood, lamenting the la?h of a strong racial is straining to find a rallying point for civil rights Q, 7 activities?=0ne issue that carries a potential for racial. difficulties in Boston is the possible election ee.heyor of Ere. Louise Day Bloke, a school committee member, who has opposed the_civil rights movementl When her candi?eoy for ?eyor wee announced, Knrtin Luther King remarked that "it would be very tragic for Boston if she were elected.? Buffalo, Nee Yerk '1 Population 481,453 17 per cent Negro-t (1966). - . . . Officials of the Buffalo.Police Department say there is no current iesue affecting the Negro community in Buffalo leaoing thee to believe that there will be any i racial Violence in that city during the coming months, Further, there is no notable hoetility on the part of Negroes toward the Police Departmentgal. 333.tEea ?it 32* wt Ea {3 has 14-00990 An organizetion known as BUILD (Build? Unity,i xIndependence, Liberty, and Dignity) was formed in' January, 1967, under contract with the Industrial Areae Foundation (IAF), a community organizing agency with ?iheadQuarters in Chicago. IAF, which is headed by 'ISaul Alinsky as Executive Director, has been active 7; organizing the poor??mostly Negroeenuin Chicago, Bu23talo, tend Rochester, New York. .. . . BUILD hoe publicly announced that- it will orgeniee fthe entice Negro community in Buffalo on a "grass reo ts"' level for the purpose of building a coalition to apply oh the existing "white power structure" of the city. The~hajor issue for organizing. the- _community uill -fl he school integration. City and Federal Goverunent officials, as well as members of the Board of Education, feel there are no .insurmounteble problems facing Negroe? in Buffalo in the form of john, housing, and :education. Those who are able and willing to work are gainfully .employed, most of them ?nt existing union wages. g?oueing is not a major nroblen, one some Negroes are finoing homes in suburban areas with? Out any sharp conflict. The problem of integrated educau tion is. being met, and the Board of Education has replaced an anti? integration member with a member recommended by BUILD. . . hThe Common Coluncil of Buffalo has two Negroes on it, and the Fire Commissioner, who was appointed in 1966, is a Hegro. Many Negroee have been given front office jobs in stores and public places, and no animosity or friction hue resulted therefrom. If racial tensions increase thie eumner, it Icon eell be because BUILB hue heated up on or wrongly??in order to find a magnetic argument 9 President, Reverend Frank Emmanuel, ie regarded by responsible clergy and others as not only uninformed about othe_true conditione in Buffalo but- also intellectually dishonest. It is the present intent of the responsible clergy to remain aloof from BUILD, to keep in touch with the Negro community, and to not as a counterbulonce to BUILD. \thg r1! uk 31;;?2 Charleston, West Virginia Population 104,976 (1986); 8 per cent Negro ,u - . a; . Authorities are looking rather eppreheceively _toeard the recurrence of two racial incidents of the paeti year. Both of those involved attempts by demonstrators to force admittance of Negroes to privately oened emcee? meat areas: . and the Skatelend Skating Rink in CharleetOn.w 0n both- Voccesions? the demonstrators Were refused entry. Negro demonstratore at the pool were iew,end their attempts to gain admission did not reeult in violence. However, a 'second demonstration at the eketing.rink in January, 1967, involved 60 Negroes and whites from West Virginie State College.end was led by a militemt Whitehetudent named William Weimer. The ioCidentgieeolteg in 34 arrests for trespassing and disorderly cgpducil ?Weimer'wae charged with destruction of properiy_and assaulting a police OfficerHuman Rights Law, passed by the West Virginie State Legislature early this year, has ordered the integration by July.l, 1967, of all facilities which are?v public or_deel with the public. Because of this nee lee, white and?Ncgro.Ieeders consider that amusement areas, eepecially the.pool and skating rick??the latter is. sche?uled?to close in June, 1957~~eill.beoome tergete-of demonstrators. Law enforcement officers are catching these areas closely and anticipate further democetratione on the part of ?cimer and other etudente-et the college. Even though area leaders, both Negro and white, are attempting to solve all racial difficulties in a peaceful manner, all concede that an outbreak of racial violence in the Charleston area is a possibility in the future, - 7 Elizabeth, Nee Jersey? .Populetion 110,600 (1966); 11 per cent ?egro (1966). . 7 _the Rock Lake Swimming Pool io South Charleston 470.0ch I I i According to city and police offici.ele, reciel ?conditione in Elizabeth are calm and there co not appear to be any groupe or individ?e?le in that city presenting . a violence-potential problem. They feel that if trouble -ehould arise this summer, it will be a and . unorgani_zed action brought on by unrelated incioent. Thomas Highemith, Executive Director of . Community Action for Economic Opportunity, states that r. the stability in Elizabeth is due to the concern and ?lactioa civic leaders in meeting the demands cf Negroes in areas of better housing, better jobs, and better law enforcement. - Hartford. Connecticut Population 158, 000 (1967); 22 per cent Negro 3 mm (1967). ., .7 . . Captain Benjamin Goldeteia, Coordinator of- - Human Relations for the Hartford Police Department, feels . that racial conditions are generally good, and he knees of no "seething problems" that eight erupt thie year ie Hartford. He says the Negro leaders in Hart.ford are concerned about possible trouble in the North Eno of Hartford where many Negroes and Puerto Ricene reside. Captain Goloetein states there is considerable crime ?in the area, such as murders, assaults, and thefts which is committed mainly by organieed groups who have no respect fer authority. The memoere or groupe eill undoubtedly cause trouble as laebreakere, but they are not racial demonstrators. According to Captain Goldeteio Regro leaders are doing all they can to st the Police Department in maintaining law and order. J. Jersey City, How Jersey ?Populatioo 278,000 (1967); 25.per cent Negro (1967). - Captain Raymond V. Bleeczak. of the Jersey Cit.y Police Department, that racial conditioee in Jereey City are generally good. He can foresee no real 4 . racial trouble during the coming summer. The cemende of Negroes, he states, have largely been met. 2 it?at ta. ??13 5.1.00 n-nm 14-00000 Honeignor E?gene Reilly, paeter of-C?riet the King Roman Catholic Church, knows of no'specific area of racial unrest in Jersey City; He points out, however,.' .thatfthere'hae been a rash of?minor-incidente?lately, indicating a teengege Negroes. Captain Bleeczek and Monsignor Reilly both' . state that improved housing conditions, better.echoole,' - and_more recreational facilities and job Opportunities . are the.mgin objectives of.c1vll.right5v3,' . 1' (1960); New . . 14 per cent Negro . . Eighty bar cent of?the Hegreeguin new york City reside in four areas: nthe Harlem eree Of upper Manhattan,? the sectlon - 1? ?"Bronx, and south Jamaica in Queege County. . The racial eieu?tien?ie?new-York City fer fhe. immediate future dces net unduly alarm city'and police officials, Negro_leadere; end.othere familiar eith'recial ?affairs in the largest city;in the nation. Most of them -do not believe that any serious violence will break out this summer. ?Due to edvance planning by the New City PoliCe Department; there were no major -'incidente 0f racial violence in the city during the _Summer_of?1966. This advance planning hes.enab1ed the Police_Department to anticipate trouble and'to?take -preventive steps before-a flareeup occurs. The 1967 summer schedule of the Police Department calls for' increased patrols at beaches; parks, and playgrounds;? strategy meetings between police officials and community leaders; youth projects to keep restlese and'idle. children and youths.occupied; and security precautions in areas where?the spark of racial unrest may be fanned. by subversivee and extremists. . gr ?1 asaw. 14-00000 A leading police official does not contemplate trouble or violence this summer beyond the normal increase in dieorders caused by juveniles with time on their hands during the vacation period. Bis princieal coecera is the. -irreseonsihle and untrue statesents made by too soacalledI civil rights leadersgto the mass communications media, far, he claims, these statements tend to aggravate racial tension. By the same token, he maintains, if the sees media continue ?to publicize the dire predictioas'of violence of sellukaosn pub_lic figures, violence is very likely to follow. $.police official stationed in the heart of 7 Harlem characterizes the racial situation there as good at the present time. There seems to be so unusual racial tension, according to this official, and contacts between the police and Harlem residents are normal. He concedes, hoeever, that the end of the school term and the cochlea? tics of idle youths and hot weather could alter the picture. An officer of the saysothat it is to forecast whether or not there will be violence this summer or where it will take place if there is. He notes that the situation has not.really changed much since the Harlem riot of 1964, becaUSe the causes of discontent and unrest still persistuwthe substandard living conditions in Negro com?unities and the lack of equal opportunitiesI for Hegroee.- Fortunately,?he adds, most of the Regroes affected By these adverse conditions never resort to or engage in violence. Nevertheless, there are a goodly number who will respond violently to some incident, particun larly one chich involves so-Called ?police bru :ality. "c Another HAACP leader does not foresee any trouble or violence during the coming months. This oi.iicial emphasizes that it is time that all citizens, both Negro and white, case to the realization that there will be "constant turmoil until the day the Negro is greeted those rights and privileges that have been denied his for so many years. A- According to one informed source, it is . impossible to state definitely ehether or not there will be racial violence in New York City, for no one knows exactly that the catalyst may be which would escalate any .. 11"? . MM ?mint?a- 34700000 . . I 1 given incident into violence. _Numeroue reaeone have been given in the past to explain outbreaks of violence, this . source points out, and the game reasons will be cited again when and if violence erupte.- - I . - This source states that if he were asked to pinpoint an area where violence might break out, he would ,deelgnate the East New York section of Brooklyn, into ?which Negroes are moving from the Bedferd~3tuyveeant ?section. These Negroee,fhe says, are encountering eel? moeity from-the longtimeiresidents of East New Yerk. Therefore,5the seeds of trouble are being eoen.- Khother informed source feele'that_violence potential exists in Harlem and Bediord~8tuyveeant. Recent statements, this eoprce says, made by Negro leaders such as martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael 7 . have not had a calming effect the Negro people? 7 7 Rather, they have servedwto foods etteetion on the .poeeibility that violenoe is inevitable. Furthermore,? 'thie source-believes, the treetment accorded Adam Clayton Powell in Congress and Clay in.hie attempt to avoid the of whether or not they deserved "itnnhes served to intensify and bitterness; these factors contribute to racial tension, according? to this-Source, and when the ingredients of hot weather, unemployment, and restless youths are added, there is definitely an increase in the possibility of reciel' violence?this?eummer in New Yerk City. Much Negro resentment engendered when the House of Representatives voted, early in march, 196?, to ?exc1ude Adam Clayton Powell from membership in Congress for misuse of funds eo? unbecoming conduct. Many Negroes in New York City and elsewhere in the country regard this puniehment e8 unusually hereh and an expression of white racism. They charge that he was singled out for punish~ meat because of his race; rather than becauee his behavior differed from that of other Moreover, in View of the softer'puniehment that Negroes believe will be meted out to Senator Dodd by hie colleagues in the Senate, many Negroes are angered by what they feel is the application of a double standard of conduct by Congress to white and Negro members. 12 - ?153 a 3 n- 2,541 14-00000 Negrb-subversivea and extrehista like Jesse Gray ?incendiary effect they have_on some susceptible seghehtd of the Negro papulation.- Gray 13 Director of the Harlem Commu-V n1tyCouncilmesing and has been active on. nun-zeroing. Gagau? aloha in_the past gn demonstrations, particularly against ?"police.brutality"jand ?slumlord? exploitation of Negroes. Gray was organizer of the_Harlem Region df the ConanniSt .Party in the late 1950's and, although no longer a Party member, he is still friendly?with the Party. 6 Charles as Charles I Kenyatta-r18 the leader of a small group of Negroes called th? Mau,_a black nationalist group._ He conduCts, .weekly strhet-meetings outside the_Hotel Theresa in?Hahl?m_v .lin an effort to inflame Negroes to?rise-up against the white man. At a'recent gathering of 75?people, he declared;- ."the hell with.Presideht said he was in favor cf -."burning the city down," summer would be "very hotdue oh?er?er at th? racial scene, the racidl? picture in the.Uhited States becomes more confusing every' 2 day because?the'soacahl?d civil leaders who receive ?most-of the attention in the newg media are app landed and. ,readily accepted as leaders of.the Negro people deapfte their obvioualy divergent?philosophies; Martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael are cited as claasic examples: Kihg continually reiterates his belief in integratioh and .the use at nonViolence, whereas Carmichael-exhorts the- Negro people_to resoft to "black pagerg" with its implied threat of violence and reverse racism; 2 -. . H?wark; New Jer?ey. - per cent Negro:' (1967). . . . -.. ., Martin Luther King included Newark-among.the cities he described as 'irowder kegs,'n which "could burst . into racial violence this-summer.9 He thereby aroused the wrath of Newark Councilmen'Calvin D. West'and, . IrVine I. Turner, hoth_Negroes, who stated that they respected King for his accompliShments, but added? "We do not need prophets of doom_to incite racial unreat when . -10.. 14700000 .there is none. While we are not naive enough to believe that the Negro has reached his- total goal of human under? standing in our city, great strides have been made and A greater ones are in the offing." . - . - - Newark police officials a-re oi the opinion that _racia1 conditions are good.. They cannot foresee any ?lr problems at this time. While admitting that conditions 7 in Newark are not perfect, they also assert that progress is steady and that the business community is especially helpful in hiring, training, and promoting Negroes.) These officials reason that many Negroes have 3 Stake in the? city government and the average income per head of housenih hold and per family is higher than in any other municipality on the eastern seaboard Paterson,- -Hew Jersey Population l52, 000 gl?o7), 23 per cent Negro . (.1957The general .raci?al condition in Paterson, ac cording to Mayor Lawrence Kramer, is conSidered good. Benever, the absence of poverty funds from the yederel Government for recreation during the summer months might, he feels, result in trouble during this period. a Mrs. Susen- Hersog, President of the Board of Directors of the Peterson Task Force, an_ entipoverty agency, states she does not believe racial tension exists to any great extent at the present time bu_t that there is a ?potential within the Negro community that can burst into the open at any'moment. ,As an example, she points out that any . unnecessary force used by a policemen in making an arrest .7- ,7 of a Negro can triggeriraciel violence. She also. feels th_at 9 it is a mistake on the part of the Federal Government not to Supply funds for summer recreation and supervision of youth groups. Mrs. Herzog accuses the general news media and their handling of racial dissussions by martin Luther King and Stokely Carmi?heel ext creating tension within the .Negro community. . The Very Reverend Vincent E. Puma, pester of Our Lady of Victories Roman Catholic Church, also feels' that the Federal Government errs in holding back money for i_14 - 14-00000 (1967). - summer recreation programe,.becauee idle youth'on street corners cause problems. Monsignor Puma advised that the churches and synagogues are attempting-to relieVe.the situation during the summer months by organizing a recreational and teaching campaign which'will be financed .I through donatiOns. ?Philadelphia, -. per cent.Negro . - di-_7. '3 . Municipal leaders and.other knowledgeable observers generally agree-that although there is lees - likelihood~1?l racial.violenee this year than in recentu? '9 years, the potential for violence ie'ever present. ,probebly lower than at any time Since the riot of'- Mensa-51964. 1 .3 45? - -Phillip a Director Of the. -RAACP, says he has no speci?1c_1nformation Concerning *poseihle re?ial distunbe?ces this summer. He believes _Bubstandard housing and unemployment of unskilled workers might lead tO-frustration and tensiOn during the hot summer months and could trigger violence.- He also feels gPhiladelphia Polioe Lieutenant-GeorgerFenel, of the Civil Disobedience Unit, stateefthat racial tehsione are I that unnecessary ferce by bolice officers in making erreete\ could cause violent-reactions; In Support of this con- tention? it 15 stated in a_recently published report by the Committee on Community Tensions of_the Fellowship? -7 that mistreatment of citizehs by police is more likely to set off major disturbances than any other single ?lfactor. _rThis repert'nemed the following areas as teneion' points in Philadelphia with the greatest.petential for racial outbreakg: Heheington} (2).North Central Philadelphia, (3) Hawthorne Housing Project in South Philadelphia, (4) 36th and Filbert Streete-in West Philadelphia, (5) 30th and Tesker Streets in South_ Philadelphia, (5) East Falls in?Horthwest Philadelphia, 19th and Green Streets in North Philadelphia. 14700000 . Pittsburgh, Pepulation (1960); 17 per cent INegro (1969). .- Police enc city officials describe the general . . - .3 racial conditions in Pittsburgh as good ecd- say that jg Ia} racial issues actually haVe not received much supporIt free a 1,fr .1117 the Negro community. Pittsburgh is peculiar in that 1t . has five Widely separated Negro areas and 1eck of canoern_? Irby one NegroI community as to whet acoure in the others. . When Sto?ely Carmichael epeke in Pittsburgh in Merch,1967,j -he commented that there were no reelI rectalI that . cityThe coneeneue of city officials is that the A. potential for violence in Pittsburgh appears to. be very . small. However, there is cleave the poeeibility that en .f;r ?mmwe incident can develoo into violence, gh?y also point out SI _r11 _thet outside racial agit-atore. are not knoec to be working ?-1n Pittsburgh and that the previously mentioned visit by - Caimicheel was an isolated affair. . . 4' . . Rochester, Nee Yerk 9 Population 305, 849 (1964); 11 per centI NegroI I (1964). The prevalent feeling in Rochester is that there .15 a definite potential for racial violence An 1nform.ed source "can Juet eenee something is wrong in the Negro ,comeucity; however-, it would be impossible to predict an exact date when a race riot might erupt A police official -eaye that there is no indica- 1? tion that aIreciel disturbance is imminent. He feels, however,-the potential 13 greater than last year, Laploie Aehford, Executive Director of the Rochester Urban League, in presently-concerned about the tension and apprehensionIingthe?Negro and the white'communities. Another informed source has Said that the" potential for violence in Rochester is at an 31.1 time _high. He cites the principal causes to be substandard housing and the high coet of living. 16 - 14-00000 II ii :Ilrv ?kl i a ?Mu-?71 ?ul" One clergyman regards the racial situation in Rochester as tense. ?There are, he points out, several . 'emall groups of Negro young men who are militant and restless and who went FIGHT (Freedom, Honor m- Today), a local militant civil righte organize~ tion, to epeak out end take more positive action in - 1- demending an improvehent in Negro conditione.. - Accurding to'a city official, the general- apprehension about the_like11hood of racial violence is based on.the folloeing factore: (1) a prediction of a "10389.h0t.8ummer" by the Director of (2) by local, State, and Federal agencies to improve housing, recreational facilitiee, and sanitation procedures in _Regro areae: and (3) congregation of_Negro youths on city streets. . FIGHT, which was fogmed in,Rocheeter in 1955 under contract with Saul clinch '5 Inauetriel Areas Foundation, is presently unde? -he,leeccrehip of the minister. 1~ .Reverend Franklin Delanojkcoeevelt3Florence,'a Negro The*purpose oi?hl??T is to eradicate slum ghetto areas and schocl?eegregetion and to.provide jobs .for unemployed Negroes.- In September, 1986, FIGHT . approached the largest employer in Rochesterwuthe Eastman Kodak Compenym-and demanded that company to hire and train 600 herducore unemployed Negroes. An Resistant 7 Vice President?designated to hold talks With FIGHT eigced a document pertaining-to these demands in December, 1966, but Kodak later repudiated the agreement as The company explained that it could not deal on an issue with one recial group to the exClueion of any other and it would not commit itself to a specific number of pereons it would employ at any given time. The struggle between FIGHT and Kodak continues; with the issues still unresolved. Saul Alineky, Executive Director of IAF and the -guiding force behind FIGHT, hee been deecribed by a former Vice-President of FIGHT as a master'of the "game cf cocfi? deuce with a play on words, in that he will twist every racial situation to fit his Gen needs and to further his image." 17 if}; garb, tin-Wag Cat?t?c a {my 9313 ?93. i 5* awwr-wm - FIGHT Director Florence has been characterized as "power hungry" and insincere. A tactic he employs frequently is to start a rumor of potential violence, which . creates unrest among both Negroes and whites. Through unreasonable demands and threats, which are widely publicised _in the news media, he has inflamed the poorly educated hegroee and they are ready to react against any seemingly aggressive police action. Because of his insincerity and "'unorthodox tactics, Florence is considered a dangerous .1 f. ,4 racial leader. . -. . Florence and 600 demonstrators disrupted the annual stockholders? meeting or-the Eastman Kodak Company, which was held in Flemington, New Jersey, late in April, 1967. In an effort to make Kodak accept a. . demands, Florence~shonted "If Eastman Kodak wants car, it's war they?ll have." He ea he planned to meet with civi.l rights leaders, includihgie Stokeey Carmichael, to . 'plan a demonstration inuRochester on July 24, the third . anniversary of the city? 5 huge riot. - I a Washington, 3. C. - Population 802,000 (1965); ea per centVN?ggb (1955). . w, A The Nation's Capital has a higher percentage of Negroes than any other major city in the United States, Horeover, in 1965, Negroes in Washington public schools constituted 90 per cent of the total enrollment. Opinions as to the potential for racial disturbances in Washington, D. C1, during the Summer of 1967, are almost as na?erous and varied as the number of peraons interviewed. Most would agree, however, that an icolated incident could deVeloP trouble, Because the city has a huge Negro population, many of whose opiniene - no not vary significantly from those of their kiasmen in other large cities, the following comments concerning the underlying causes of Negro discontent which leads to disturbances are enumerated: an; it snag. 14700000 1. Bitterness-end Hegeoee ?come as a result of being the oppressed underdog for tea long a period. '7 .. 2. Negro,youngstere must be given something etc do to keep them 09; of trouble, If young Negroes can obtain emeloyment,,e they will be able to acquire dignity, buy clothing, have ?fun 1n'theiy_spare_tiee, and forget about riots and violencea 1 4. .There are not sufficient summertime jobe" and not enough recreational facilities and pregrame to I keep young Negroes Occupied during summer vacation periodsw. 5. Ho?eing is inadequateg? During the sumeer months, Negro families cannotsgyey'inro?euroem apartments where they have been confineqvellhein?er.: The censtruc? tioe'of highuriee, expe?Si?elapaytments forces Regroes intc an evereroeded environment.? Lendlor?e exploit- Hegroee through high regt?en? inadequate facilitiesa . 6. Schools in Negro cogmunitiee are over" crowded and :nferior by cgmparieon with those found in white ne?ghberhoode. 7. Negroes feel that white police officers treat them as?secondeclaes citizens and make them the target of their racial prejudice. The_use'oi "trigger? words, each as "boy" and "nigger," results in diereepect for and hostility toward the police. Some in the ?egre - .ghettOS look upon all policemen, white and Negro, es the enemy 8. The shift made by Martin Luther King to? ?wholehearted support for those protesting United States .participetion in the war in Vietnam and his exhortation - to boycett.the draft may have farmreachi?g?effecte, especially on those facing military service. 19 a . we. name-nu: 2 ~e:15? Fmi 3:7? -., ?qae in?; 14-00000 7 . 94' Adam Clayton Powell is still regarded an 1dol_and is the favorite of Negroes everywh?re. . Negroes believe that Powell?s troubles with Congrass? _?.stemmed frOM'his Negro'ancestry,? Thug, he is gupparted regardless of his;?au1t3. If he is denied hiaxmeat in 'CongraSB,-some form of trouble can be expected. - - 10. Thare is a-strong undercurrent of antim 7. Semitism-developing in the'Negro community,.becauae many _merchants ang landlords in the Negro communitiessare? JewsAmong Negroes, there is the same rift between the youngar generation and the parent'generatian that exista among ather ethnic groups. 12. Th? vast majority-Of the Negro p?pulatien-dbes?l not feel that advance the'cause of the Negra.. . 4' ?Concerning_05hdftions peculiar to Waghington, D. the city is.1argely depeydent upon Congress for funds. .In Agril, a Bistrict cf Columbia CommiBSioner, warned Chagress that disorders are, likely - to pccur this Bummer unless funds for recreation programs are approved. ?4 - . - In midnApril, the Reverend H,,A1hion Ferre11,~ District Parole Board Chairman, said that much social and economic help is needed in and that "Swimming pools and the things swimming pools represent? _uill-nct be enough to maintain peace. On May 10, 19675 Vice President Hubert Humphrey announced that Waahington should have 15 new swimming - pools completed by miduJUIy. 0n the same day, Secretary ?oi Labor W. Willard ?irts announced that $5,4093000 would? be Spent on a program, beginning in Jana, to provide jobs-.? or training for 4,000 Washingtonians. In Carmichael, who 7 'graduated from HOward'University in Washington, D. C., in _1964, announced his plans-t0 work as SNCC.Field_Secretary in-the ?ation's Capital this summer. He called far a massiVa "resistance movement" by young peeple to end_the .war in Vietnam. ?t 14700000 - A Howard is primarily a Negro university.? On . -March 21, 1967, Selective Service Director Lewis Hershey was booed-from a platform at the university by antidrett-' _proteetere. A_eeriee of subsequent demonstrations led-to i the issuing of an ear on May 5, 1967, by Howard Preeident. - Jamee M. Nabrit pinging an administration?vetc over the time and place of.demenstretiene and'banning unofficial" press conferences, _The?erder met with immediate defiance free the Black Power Committee, which held e,cempue 7 conference hours after thexnee rules were.anneunced.7u '3 .1 ?Dne'eource states that tensions-are created by the "rabbl?uroueing? speeches by so?called Negro leadere;- . such as Carmichael, Harion'Barry, and . Barry wee-formerly.SHCC Director in.Washington. -Hobeou3 an . -extremist, is-Cheirman of the District of Columbia chapter . 'of-Aeeociated Community ..tt ?ji .7 . View Th1: eo-called leaders - . frequently accuee the lccal pelice.of brutality, but - .fgr?: ?we; investigation 'Another BoUrCe'point?d out thetj?erry and Lester ?cxienie, SNCC 'Director attee?ting to provoke a Situation when they were arrested recently after walking. against a red-traffic lig?t; ?While real problems involvingathe attitude of-the police toward Negrbee do .exiet, the source adde,.Barry needs issues to keep the SNCC organization alive. The fact that_Barry had to attempt_to provoke an incident, thie source concludes, _ref1ects an improvement in the police image; Police officiale.and others indicate that a contributing'facterci racial tension in Washington is irresponsible coverage given to all racial incidents or incidente with racial overtones by 10031.newspapere and radio and television stations, It is said that radical end?exaggerated statements are given publicity, without' .any.attempt to clarify?or groSSly biased remarks. Simple and honest reporting, it is felt,-would do much.to lower the general temper of the publicge Similar comments are made about the national television coVerage given to antiadminietretion statements by perSOne such "as King, Carmichael, and Cassius Clays .. 21 . - gm '5 24?. 5? ?a 14-00000 A member of the Citizens Advisory Council- condemns SNCC for displaying in its Washington office windows posters of a white policeMan ahouting "Nigger~ S. 0. and pictures 0f Accarding to this source, exhortation to "Stop Police Brutality" is nothing short of hatred and an incitement 9 to riot. . The fathl Shoating of a lgwyear?dld Negro with -H a arrest record by a Washington policeman on 7 May 1,1.987, has precipitated protest on the part of some Negroes. These Negroes threaten civil violence if the District-Commissioners do not spongor a "citizen investigation" of the shooting14700000 1:10:11; VIOLENCE toms Mme Akron, Ohio Pope lotion 300, 090 (1967); 18 per cent Negro (1967) Chief Berry Whiddon of the Akron Police Department the racial climate in Akron as vastly improved over last year. He reports that the improved situation has resulted from Mayor John Ballard?s compete nt handling of racial setters one the steps taken by the Police Department to promote better relations with minority groups which previously ?um exhibited keen resentment toward law enforcement officers. - Howevenq Chief Whiddon and other knowledgeable .. observers advise that the poteotial for,racia1 violence in Akron is difficult to evaluates oer too pr1mary reaSons: 7 first, there is an unpre?i9tshle- -elesent composed of Regro . youths who are unorganized undisciplined, and completely lacking in respect for law and order; second, there is the -possih1e influence of outsiders Who want to cause disruption ,_for their own purposes;. Either o? these two elements can' fan a spontaneous incident into a folluecale riot. -1 q. Benton Harhor, Michigan Benton Harbor- and adjoining Benton Township hove a combined population 01' 45, 060, of which 25 per. cent. is Negro. Racial conditions is the area are described by local leaders as fairly satisfactory at the present time, 9 although there is a prevalent uneasy.feeling among both races that the peace is temporary. Civic committees, composed of both whites and Negroes, are apparently able to settle racial differences amicably. The area is said to be completely integrated, but civil rights groups claim that housing discrimination still exists. Officials of the Benton Harbor Police Department and the Benton Township Police Department and other informed ?sources feel that future racial violence in the area is unlikely, but if it does occur it will be sparked by a spontaneous, unforeseen event and will begin among the younger Negroes,who are manifesting a growing belligerence. . 23 . 34700000 .(1966). ?Chicago, Illinois 'popuiation 3,456,000 per cent Negro While the potential- for racial disorder in Chioego continues to exiet, it ie no greater than it in 1966 inteneive and extensive efforts are being made to extend social justice to areae largely inhabited by minority groupe. Nevertheless, it is recognized that a relatively liminor incideht can rapidly evolve into a major dieorde and that actions by certain groups or individuals can alter the racial picture eigoificently overnight. Unfortunately, there is a very real potential for a eajor disturbance within Negro neighborhoods. eroeineot eeoeg these are: (1) the near Side of Chicago? 8 Loop, (2) North Laeneale, (3) the east and Garfield Park communities, andsqe) eeverai areas on Chicego? 3 south side, euch es Engleeood, In. addition, there is the Puerto Riceo community on Chiceg0_ north side, where dieterbancee occurred in J3me, 1966 The major disorders in Chicago over the poet several years have generally taken place within the confines of the listed above. ?Hoeever, the marches during the Summer of 1966 reeulted in disturbancee in alluehite residential neighborhoods located prime rily in the southwest and sections of .the citye - - A The impact of the presence in Chicago of ?artin Luther King and other leedere of the Southern Christian Leederehip Conference (SCLC) was somewhat limited during the early summer of 1966. Ultimately, the Chicago Freedom, Havement (CFM), dominated by the SCLC, initiated program of openwoccupency marches into allwehite areas kooeo for their animoeity toward Negroes. The marches escalated in inteneity until August, when the city obtained an injunction limiting the number of marchers, setting the time for marches, vand impoeiog other restrictions. Soon thereafter, a somcalled "summit conference," which included Mayor Richard J. Daley, King, GEE representetivee, and-others, reached.certeio? agreements and temporarily defused the i 24 - eng, were?. Ciwg toedutitie 34700000 0 a shot. However, theoo agreements were not approved in all respocto by the more militant wings of the CFC coo other civil rights organizations. "hora or leso in protect, they organized oponuhousing marches into the suburb of .Cicoro in Septeober. :Thoso marches resulted in isolated .1ncidonto of violence; the calling out of the Illinoio National Guard to preserve order, and served to aggravate the prevalent anti Negro antagonism for which 4. Cicero is well known. 9 i- ?ithin the pa?t several months, charges have been_ .1oveled by segments of the local civil rights movement primarily tho CFC, that city agencieo party to the August; 1966, agreements were not their obligatiocsa Theoe chargco led to a flurry of publicity on comments by King and Reverend Ahdroo Youog, SCLC Executive Director, that it may be necessary to renew marches and demonstrations which would make the 1966 marche ?"pai? bytcompariooh.? In early April,1967,anor Daley hted that the violators of the Auguot, 1966,1njunctton would be arreated and low and order would prova11.Additiohally., Cock County Sheriff Joseph Woods stated that violence would not be tolerated in suburban Cook County thio Summer.. Thug, the original charges had the not effect of hardedtng attitudes and. causing a 1033 of communication between civil rights advocates cod local governm?ot. . odvocotcoaoho inflame inflate minor incidents, ouch as police mattoro; out of perspective; and attempt to dootroy?contidonco in law enforcement agencies. Certain organizations protect a similar problem even though the vaot moiority of Chicago a Negro citizens have turocd their bash 3 on such groups. Among thcce groups arc the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Deacons for Defense and Justice and Community Teamo (ACT). The DDJ, with an estimated of covon, advocatec arms for the defense of Negrooag ACT and militant civil righto groupo. Chicago mooberc of ACT associate With a "black power" groupgrowing problem is the activity of 14-00000 An individual worthy ofmention is nationally- known entertainer Dick Gregory, who ran for mayor of Chicago '?as on independent write?in candidate in horch,1967. He hoe led numeroue civil rights demonstrations in Chicago and elsewhere and has been arrested in connection with this activity for disorderiy conduct, resisting arrest, and the like. Gregory is conSidered a "maverick" who does not lend exclusive support to any civil rights group and participates in activities which appeal to him personally. - . Altho?gh a large number of Negro families have found hosee in previously all?white communities without incident, the possibility of violence resulting from future movewins cannot be ignored. . In the White communities, there are counterparts of the Negro nationalist groupeo. Prominent among minority exclusion groups is deration Crescent {0C).i It is reportedly a- combination of some 19 organizations in white neighborhoods. The which is-?Foppoeed to open hensiog ano forced integration, such as in the public schools, has said that it will sponsor counterdemoostratiohs against civil .i?ights marches in white neighborhoods. Primarily, CC representSf neighborhoods forming o'eresceot running from Chicago 5 southwest side, through nearuwest suburbs, to Chicago northwest side. . ht the.preseot time, there are no.specific situan tioos in Chicago which contain the immediate potential for an outbreak of racial violence. It is realized, however, that disturbances or violence can occur at any time. The loo? income, highapopolation?density, slum areas of.Chicego?s south and west sides must be considered tense and volatile. Residents of these neighborhoods, with particular emphasis on Laondele and Garfield Park, feel that there has been no improvement in city services and facilities since last summer. In many instances, the police .are regarded as the enemy in these neighborhoods. Inhabitants of these areas 'are also convinced that local merchants, particularly white merchants, charge prices that are higher than those in shite neighborhoods. The Negro community feels that violence and? disturbances will occur again, particularly in the Lowndale area, and the only question in the minds of most residents of these areas is what type of incident will set them off, 34700000 Cicero-Berwyn, Illinois The adjacent communities of Cicero end Bereyn have a combined alluehite population of 128,000. Port of Cicero borders directly on Chicago? a west side Hegro clue areas: and thie boundary has long represented an invieible line beyond which Chicago' 8 elem areas have never exteoced. Superintendent of Police Joeeph Barlcge of Cicero feels that the CiceromBerwye area ie of particular concern because ofvthe publicly acknowledged anti?Negro eentimeet I prevalent in these elimwhite communities, the pact exclusion of Negroes, and the disturbance onion took place in September,' 1966, on the occasion of an march by Negro civil rights militants from Chicago into the area. This 'dieturbance resulted in the arrest of some 40 persons. Antiwmegro eentioeot has been compounded by the fereetioo- oi cancelled property owners! groups, the majority of eh ich are strongly opposed to open using. Io Superintendent Barloge' opinion, if t_here ie a Negro cove?in or a civil rights march into Cicero derihg the Summer of 1967?uee has been threatened by Martin Luther:King~~Violence will be [almost a certainty. ?x it CioCinnati, Ohio 5? . Population 500,329 (1966); 24 per cent Negro (1966). i - . Public and police officials and informed cheervere? report that im geocrel, reciel conditions are good in Cincinnati. Chief of Police Jacob Schott says that because the Hegro community is widely diepereed and the City Council provides ?a forum for leaders of protect groups to set forth their vices, there is less possibility of violence in Cincinnati than in other large cities. In addition, a Police?Coemunity Relations Bureau has recently been formed by the Police Department to expend the ectivitiee of districtwlevel committees whose function is to promote greater harmony between the police and the Negro community? These officials that?the potential for racial violence'ie present if someone triggers it or if an outsider such as Stokely Carmichael 1e able to precipitate disturbanceo Public Safety Director Henry Sandman notes a possible teneion point could be the rising rate of unemployment among Negro and young adults, especially in connection with the diecriminetory hiring policies of the building trade unione. "27? - a'eh?i iwuicmw '?ghl?a 34700000 _Cleveland, ch15 1 populatxdn?810,ese :(1965); 33 per cent Regro_s_ (1965),? .7 - .7 Local police officiele,-respeneible civil righte . indicate that.there ie-no reason to expect full?ecele _*=rioting in Cleveland this summer such as occurred in the 3 Rough area-in July, 1966. tA11.expeot eporedic'incidentegto. take place throughout the East Side,euch as rock throeieg, -?1re and-vandalism practiced by teeneege Negro . hoodlume an? reetlese,joblees-youth. - Sergeant John J..Ungvery, Coordinator of Racial .Hettere fer the Cleveland Police Department, believes the . racial climate has improved redeetly as e.reeult of efforts; 'by'the Municipal Community?aelations Board,'artielee in the_ local Negro newspaper3-end aetions ofjarqpsed responsible _citizene againet_the hoodlu?e v?e?heve?been.creeting.terror in the streets of the Regtq?ghettoa. A -In June, 1966, several disturbances occurred in the vicinity of the Jemo "Freedom? Kenyatta (JFK)?H0ueeg privately operated community center which was a-hangout for teen?age hoedlume and black nationaliete?from the time it opened in "1964. Negro youthe three rocke at care and store win?oee, tossed fine bombs, and destroyed one supermarket_by fire. Thereafter; the Police Department, which.considered this center the Humber One potential-trouble spot for organized racial violenoe, closed the JFK House for sanitation reasons. ?end buildingncode violations. - There have'been no major disturbances in'Cleveland since the widespread rioting of July 18-21,-1966, which resulted in four deathe, $500,000 damage, end'ZSZ arrests. 'Howevergiecidents have.occurred, such as one in April, 1967, when six Negro youths burned down a school in the heart of the Negro community, causing damage of $250,000. ?Leter that . month, a rowdy group of Negro-teenuagere threw rocks and bottles at automobiles and store.windowe and eetablishmente. -28.. {Sr-11: 5.3- T?nzs'?. (In It came; ?gdzli??a .7. 7? "3 L, ?w a h? In the Spring of 1937, Fred A. Evace, a Negro, ehc 'like_e to be called "Ahmeu" and is a eelfuclaimed aetrology expert, predicted that May 9,1967,eould eigcal the outbreak of heetilitiee between the United States and Red China and would be the beginning of a general uprising by Negroes eVeryeh?re. Actually, "Ahmen" is the leader of a email group-uabout 100-?oi black nationaliet extremietev known as the United. Black Brotherhood (HEB), which is the successor to the JFK House. According to police, meet members ol the do not have any real understanding of the. black nationalist philosophy and are primarily a group or lawless youths who are now using the black nationalist slogans as a clock for their criminal conduct. Early in may, 1967, CORE announced that it had -picked Cleveland as a "target city" for "an or teneive program for the Negro community." .A week later, 'Eertin Luther King announced that t?e city had been selected for Organized civillfighte action this summer. _He eeid_hie Southern collation Leaderehip Conference would start a program in June similar to programs begun - in Chicago, Louisville, and Grenada, Flo eiesippi. King termed Cleveland 3 ?teeming cauldron of hoetility."l Dayton, Ohio . - . .3 a . Population 270,000 (1967); 22 per cent Negro (1987). Officials?of local civil rigute groups ane the Dayton Police Department agree that racial conditions in that city appear to be very good.- According to ?re. mile? 9. .?illiemeon, Secretary of the Dayton chapter of the racial antagonism which could reeult in violence does not exist. Clair W. Harte, Acling Chief of Police in Dayton, admits that a spontaneous eruption could occur over a relatively minor incioent, but to his knowledge organized violence is not in tlie offing. Detroit, Michigan Population 1,640,090 (1966); 35 per cent Negro (1965). A 29 - (in ,zwl 1. :f-u u, 53- 5 '?in 931,32 n? 8' iv14-00000 ;knowledge of Conditions in tn Infcraed so?rCes have given a.fgvorable_general picture of the OVerall racial situation_in Detroit; 'Seriou? collaborative efforts by dedi?ated leaders of both races appear to have resulta, With great strides bging made to establish a peaceful white and Negro people; ?Highly Pladed law enforceme?t officialsji?di?ate* (rthaf?they know of no existing situations that might trigger racial violence. 'They very cautiously added that the same situation existbd_last'year and yet riots did occur, condede twat if theSe break out ag?in.thi5 year,_theyl will undoubtedly repeat the pattern of 1966; that is; they- will emanat?.?r0a exclusively Negro districts.which have high l-u concentrations of loitering teenuagers, violent_crime, and ?_va11~round IaWIessness. pl 7, officialk agre? {hat tyeyf thfeel vi?lenc?}?_ will occur, but if it does, it. ill probably-stem from-Same minor incident like citation 0: .some re?id?nts of the Negro districtsResponsible negro citizens who have firstha?d "t racial- violence will Occur this sugmer in these areas; 'Theywbaae- their judggent on the rath?r large concentration of Hatian cf? Islam members, whose pro-Negro and-antiwhite propaganda-- -incitea Negro-youths to crime a?d violence; on the ideas o?,f "black pa?er" rmplanted-by-the-visits'of Stokely Carmichael- to the.Detroit area_during the past year; and by-the general -conditio?3 in these Hegro districts described as-harboring. smoldering hostility which lends itself t9 sudden racial incidents, partiCularly during the hot, summer manthso East 8t. Louis, Illinoik population 35,090 (1961); 55 per cent Negro (1967). Police.officials, local civic'leadera, and-representa? tives of civil prospecta for racial peace in East St. Louis during the?summer montha ?appear to be very good and; barring same unforese?n incident, no racial violence_is-expected. .u 30 14-00000 - . . . .: at aim Sin?? - ?that the greatest potential for racial violence'would come 7 - from minor flare-mpg 03 construction jabs cauaed by-the d1?ficu1tie3_encountered by Negroes in attempting to-join: labor unionsAccording?tg Billy Jonea, chapter of the the only peraon.who might try to ?ament . a disturbance is Homer Randolph; Chairman of the East St. Louis. '_branch of CORE, and ha has no genuine'issue ior which to fight. Kinkpatrick, leader of the East-Sty?Lauig Euaan.-' -Relation? Commission,ratated that probably the ?a?t.ap?ortune - timp for violence there had passed;'that was, wh?n:8tokely' Cmrmichaal~apake at_ajIOCa1_a11~Hegro high achaol 1a Apr11,"' 7 .1967, and called for the ?iercise of "black power." ., 'EudxeBCG did not indicate Population peg cent Eegrol(1967); . It is the?opi?id? of.regpansib1e.civic_leaders that Flint; whose Mayor %3 a Negro, has littlerracial tension through established channela has aahigh employment rate and, _,13 con?idered to be fully integrated,'with the possihge exception of a few eleMentary schools in predominantiy- white areas. Cemmunity Relations by the Flint Police Department and composed of reapoasible Negro and whitq leadgra reyresenting civic, law.en?0rcement, Hegra, and church groups, meetg and?irons nut of concern to th? community. Although it appears to be the congenaus that racial ?tension is minimal; there are some who view-the_situation_ iu?a different light. 4A national.HA?CP leader recently spoke in Flint and deacribed the'city as a "J1m_CrGw town? contending that housimg and the educational syatem remain segregated; The President of the Flint KAACP, Edgar Holt, 13 cenaidered extremely militant, hag participated.in' picketing demonstrations, and 15 pxesently conSidering egonomic- boyCotts to enforte openehouSing?legislation. -- A - ?31+ 14-00000 Chief of Police Gerald Lyons doecribee two situations which could activate a definite violence potential: forcible arrests in a predominantly Hegrc area and a prolonged strike at the General Motors lent with reeultent unemployment. . i- .9. . ?Gary, Indiana a Population 182,500 (1960); 55 per cent Hegro ?(1967)c . - . I s?e facto segregated housing 13 currently.the most volatile one the moot petentially dangeroUS and explosive in Gary. Negro leaders predict that if-evente take their natur?l couree,_the entire city will eventually become Hegro ghetto surrounded by a white eell\cf suburbia; The 1 Denibnn Civil Rights Bill and the Open Occunency Ordinance . - were passed in 1965, and Mayor A. Hertin Ketz created the ., Gary Eunan Relations enforce open occupancy. . I However, an injunction hoe-delayed the enforcement of open 42:: :occupancy and has canned resentment among Negroee, who non - ?threaten to take direct. action. - . members of an extremely militant youth group called Students for a Democratic Society have injected themselves into slum clearance by forming an organization known on the Freedom Union for Slum Eradication (FUSE). FUSE, a direct action growby nae been criticized by some Negro leaders for - playing on the emotions of the Negro people by raising .unfoundcd and charges against communi+L Ly. poverty and elummclearance programs. A number of FUSE representatives ere cold to be arrogant and hostile toeard authority of en kind a A Police and other city officials and civil rights lenders have expressed grave concern over the violence potential of Negro gangs-?some-of whose members are in their 20?eu?beceuee of their possession of weapons and fire bombs. gangs are reportedly bragging about future plans for violence. Overall membership is estimated at 600. Combined, these gangs of the entire midtown Negro community. . 14-00000 In a public announcement in Auguet, 1966, Chief of Police Conway C. Mullins estimated that there were "50,090" armed persons in Gary and that their of email -aree constitutes a dangeroue situation it iocilitetee the commission of crimes of violence. Chief Hulline denounced existing laxtgun-control lace and advocated much retricter legislation governing the purchase and of Gary police?community relations have also come -under fire. One civil rights leader relatione "lousy, but adds that this criticiee eepliee to. . both white and Negro police officeresl The crux_oi the criticism is that officers are not adequately trained to handle people and problems that could develop into riotous eituatione. Negroes 1h Gary compriee a nearly solid end formidable voting bloc. Three of the present nice city Councilmen are Negroee; one of the three ?ery Police . rt ll?? ie -e Negro;reng the Lake??ounty Coroner, a 7- Negro, resides in Gary. of the city 3 eight high schools have some Negeo pupils. J, . ,x This Negro voting power wee clearly evident in the .recent victory of Richard G. Hatcher, 33~year~old Negro 7 Councileecratulerge, who eon the Democratic nominetiongor Sayer of Gary in the primary election on Key 2, 1967, over the incumbent, Mayor Hate. The campaign was conducted on an.extreme1y oitter level and has undoubtedly left ecerc among Negroes and whites. Kate, for example, celled HetCher a "radical, extremist, and an advocate of black pocer.? .One of Hatcher'e main eupoortere to alleged to have asserted that "we should use whatever methode poeeible,_ including violence, in order to meet our goale-. It is feared that any friction over voter registration or almost any incident during the forthcoming election campaign could possibly epark violence. Hatcher is generally conceded to stand i Mg 8 good chance of being elected. . 3 . 4 Harveywnixmoor, Illinois . . Harvey hes a population of 25, 000, of which 28 per 3 cent 18 The Negro community is located directly opposite Dixmoor, which has a population of 6 003, 60 per cent being Negro.l 9.33:- Cif?wh?itn IZp-er? 3: I 3 :iv-?in. my? 14-00000 .During the Summers of 1954, 1965, and 1966, the? EarVBy?DimeOr area was the scene of riotg revolving araund'_ -a liquOr store and a televigion atore.? A police oi?icer was abet in the chest during the 1&65.disturbance. Since the Spring of 1967, the area aurrounding theae stores, and, in some'instances, 'attempts have been made to prevent them irom,enter1ng, 'Th?ae incidents have be?n instigated by younghoodlums-and youths .7who are hostile toward authority generally. 'Such incidents '-are not considered a3 civil rights situationa,_but the~r f. individuals i?VolV?dlcou1d conceivably create?vidlence. . I?diana?OIi?, Indiana.. 'IHPopulation 509,000 (1967); 25 ?er deht Negro I Inioraed Sources de?not think-violence is imminent, as wincere efforts are being ma?? to relygve conditions 5 which breed racial unre$t?- ?bdlocalg?AACP=director a?d thelr lice are achieving-mut?akau?gerstand1ng of their problems and are improving chanaels bet?een7?egroes and the police in an effort?to forestq1}x1ncideuts that could spark violeQCe. Reverend President of the lhdiana . chapter of the Shuthern Christian Leadership Confere?ce, ?ees My not agree that the racial situation has improved. "He contends that'youmg Negroes, particularly, are losing patience and an incident might ig?ite3the "p?wder keg." Kansas City, Hissouri . 7 -Kansag City; Missouri, bag a population of 576,000,? 19 per cent of Which is Negro, and adjacent Kansas City, Kamaas, has a population of180,000, 17 per cent of which is Negrc. Within-the past year, there have been several demonstrationa in Kansas-City, missouri, protesting alleged policebrutality and-discriminatiqn against Negroeso These demonstrationg?were.1ed by the Council for United an crganization formed 1a3t year with the help of'Saul Aliasky?s Industrial Areas Foundation (IRE). - 14-00000 Tho keeps a man, Michael Jaaea Miller, ia.tho city to serve as organizer and advisor for CUA. miller, a graduate of the University of California, at Berkeley, baa been active in the past in SRCC. In the Summer of 1966, he attended a ?ational Youth Eucamumont held by the Communist Party, USA, at Camp Wobatuck, Wingdale, Raw Ybrk.. The CUR is planning economic boycotta to be held in Kansas City. Responsible minority and leadera know of no specific potential for racial violence. ,They point out that spontaneous diaturbaaces might occur when allegations are made of unequal or brutal treatment by 'police or when some other incident is magnified by - t?irraaponaible-talk or publicity. - - '03, Lansing, aichigan Population 120, 034 (1967); 11 per cent Negro . t'L - 53? at Civic leaders in Lansiag feel that the efforts that have been made throug? ouch agencies aa the Human Relatioaa Council, composad of prominent ?egroea and uhitoa in the oomuu?ity, havesd?ae much toward keeping racial matters ?froa becoming controveraial issueai It is felt that no militant groups exist among Lanaing's Negroes and that community efforts being made to secure better job opportunitiea and and the development of recreational facilities for Regroes attest to the succeaa of the collaborative aiforta of Hegro leaders and city officialg. As to the poaaibility of racial violence in the area, reapouaible members of the negro co_mmuoity that racial diaturbaacaa may occur thia summer, but if they do, ?they will be spontaneous, unorganized reactiono to some police enforcement mattor. Milwaukee, Wiaconaia Population 750,000 (1967); ll?par Cent Negro (1967). 3 .Police officials, leaders of the Negro commuaity,' and other informed sources state that there has generally been no change in the racial situation in the city during ?-35 14-00000 -assista.uc pastor of St. Boniface Roman Catholic Church. a of the Negro community. Father Groppi: who is white, is an made plans fon.the fire bombing of a number of reSidences .prosecute Father Groppi and others. the past year. It is pointed out that a large number of the Negroes in Milwaukee are home owners and live in single or double family dWelliogs and there are no tenement districts. Some Negro leaders feel that the Police Department is too severe in its relations with Negroes and may be applying a double standard in dealing with Negro and white citizens. 0n the other hand, Chief of Police Harold Breier contends that law and order can be maintained only through vigorous law enforcement. . The main worry of police is the potentially explosive influence posed by the Milwaukee Youth Council (MYC) of the NAACP, a civil rights group made up principally . of juveniles under the direction of Father James Groppi, 11__ The headquarters of the MYC is at Freedom.House, in the heart 5 outepoken civil rights leader.- - ?1 5.9 In early thcee members of the MYC told police that Father Groppi and members of the MYC had_ of public officials as a_rdivereionary tactic -so that members of the MYC could start a riot However, police have been unable to obtain sufficient corroborative information to On May 5, 1957, Father Groppi and two members of the NYC were arrested for interfering with police officers in the arrest of two l?myear?old boys charged with disorderly conduct in the vicinity of Freedom House. AS a result; ?5 young people gathered at the scene of the arrest and threw rocks, which broke squad car windows. At the time of his arrest, Groppi allegedly shouted, "Start the riot." Since that time, police cars cruising the area have been pelted with stones and once a fire bomb struck the 3 root of the vehicle but did not ignite. On another occasion, i two abandoned houses in this neighborhood were set on fire _i by a 12myear~old boy who admitted that he hangs around 1 Freedom Houee, although he is not a member. Because of the provocative activities prompted by Father Groppi and members of the MYC, police are keeping a close watch on the immediate neighborhood of Freedom House. 1.35 ?ning; in 3.- WE- 14700000 . On Hey 13, about 500 civil rights demonstratore, 1 led by Father Groppi, marched on E1 leoukee 3 police headquartere .to protest what they contended one police 01.. Negroeo. Father Groppi had been complaining of police I. 1' 1* for several weeks. a . - Einneapoliewst. Paul Hinneeota ?inoeapOlie has a population of 482, 892 (19603I, .i or end adjacent St Paul has a population 01-313, 090 (1960) In each city, Negroes comprise lees thanI three per centI of Lxhiw . the population.- . v.1 T?e racia1 situation 1n. Minneapolis and St. Peu1_ :hee not changed to any extent in recent months, accordingI I . ,111 - to sources most familiar with racial conditione in this 1? ,111 area. There 19- no known condition at this time which would 'Pa; forecaIt racial unrest or mob violence in Ithese twioI cities "Iduring the next few months. 3 .. - 3b 'Huekegon, Eichigen if .5 Euekegoo has a popu1 etion of 46-009,15 be: ceIot of which is Hegro, and adjacent Muskogee Heights has a A population of 21,000,01 which 4? per cent is INegro.I 1 .A number of informed sources this area state that employment is high; schools are both good and integrated;- end no racial exist at present. Ciinl rights demonetretions ere pe'oceful and are aimed primarily at better and fair treatment for Negroes. Although overall race re1etione in the area are- considered good, lee officials are following eIith some concern two potentially dangeroos trends. The first is on increase in violent crime in the- heavily populated Negro areas, which is indicative of a growing contempt ?for authority especially prevalent in the 16 to 20 age- group, who attempt to screen their by civil r_1_ghte activities. Too, within the paetIyeer, Sheriff Earion Calkine has noted a resentment on the part of the white ?people in the aree.over this rise in crime and a definite - in requests for gun permits and in the purchases of- firearme.? Sheriff Calkine is watching.ior evidence of organizational activitiee and together with community i leadere, feels that there is a growing potential for racial violeoce iothie eree among irree Iponeible PJegro youths. 14-00000 - - .. ?sconce Omaha, Nebreeke Population 385, 000 (1967) 8 per cent Negro (1957). . In July, Auoguet; and September, 1966, and heron and April,' 1967, there were serious incidents of racial violence in the Negro district of Omaha. All of these occurred spontaneously and involved primarily Negro youths under 25 years of age.. It call upon the National Guard to+etop the'eid?eprecd vandalism and looting that occurred in July,-1966. Two of these incidents followed police action in the Negro district; one resulted from strong?teelioge aroused by the suicide of an incarcerated_ Negro youth; and the other was'coneidered a continuation? of teennege iighte at a local recreational center. Informed sources coo%ider the situation tenee and rate the poseibilit? of racial violence "quite high" due to the ill feeling Created by past incidents and to the rapidity with which Negro youths respond to the leadership of militant who are not associated with any civil rights grocpe. 'loforoed sources agree that communications between law enforceheot and city official-e are open but are not as good as they were a year ago. ate prevailing mood in the city is one of impatience. Statements that the city will tolerate no more violence are? creating greater hoetilit: and tension. Negro leaders are criticizing the Police Department for inedequate protection against the rampaging youths, alleging that the police are reluctant to enter the Negro district and possibly precipitate an incident that could lead to further violence. Sto Louis, A Population 700,006 (1955); 29 per cent Negro (1950). . . In 1963, the St. Louie branch of CURE picketed the Jefferson Bach and Truet Company, alleging job diecriminatioo, As e.resu1t of the picketing,?15 demonstrators were arrestedhit. 14-00000 were. ua lg 3155:4711: They were later found in contempt of court and received fines and Jail sentences of varying severity, which they began to- serve in hatch, 1967. Protects were initiated in hereh,'1967, against the Jefferson Bank and Truet Company and ageinet- Judge Michael J. Scott who had found the demonstrators guilty of contempt of?conrt. Picketing has been carriee out at the Judge a home a meet daily since March 13,1967,onder the eponeorehip of a group known he the Eeetuweot Coordinating ~Counc11 (EWCC). Eugene Tournour, who has been described an a member of the Communist Party,.USA,1n Chicago, was reportedly in St. Lou1e to in organizing the EWCC Knowledgeable sources 1n St. Louie agree that the ?ailing of the Jefferson Bank demonstrators serves as a rallying point for those who may wish to stir the emotions of the Ne egro community. It is agreed that eventual v1olenoe in a poeeihility. Some observers have gone so 1'ar he to euggeet that even though the sentences meted out to the deecnetretore were deserved, itgnight he wise to release then in the hope of tenei6ne among Negroes. It is also felt by some .that violence cou1d be triggered by friction between police officers and Hegroee, no matter hoe trivial the precipitattng incident. Another point of danger 1e the problem of unemploym cent among Negroes. Approximately 4, 000 Negro yOuthe the . were employed during the Summer of 1966 will not be employed during of 1967 because of leek of eveilahle funds. i Outeidere such as Eugene Tournour, Martin Lether King, and Stohely Carmichael are as adding to the potential for unrest and violence. Carmichael spoke in St. Louie in April, 1967. One observer expressed the opinion that 11 eoch individueleiao etay away from 'St. Louie, the prohleme might be more successfully resolved. Wenhegene?orth ?Chicegom21on, Illinois Wenkegan, North Chicago, and Zion are adjacent common? nities with a total population of 200, 060, 13 per cent of which 1e Negro. . CQNE $5.132 3?5 1* I. 516? ?x it .55. 14700000 'being of racial the atrong_1anguage us?d "by Wa?kegan's in denouncing the persona reappnsible ?ngeadered_re3entment'among the entira" Negrc.comaun1ty, who felt that_all Ware being blamed*?0r?? tha.actions of relatively few.' The violence patantial?in the Negro tavern area where the 1956 disturbancea teak place is considered to.st111 exist, as many~indiv1duhls I) 'there repQrtedly robvioua police prleem if an 1nc1de?t_did take place. Awtangible exists 1h r?gardJ?; to'efforts by white and Negro harents?to-get the Wankegan' 'School Board to.change the boundaries qr a.1ocal'elementaryr .school to promote-a'better raqia;fba1apce within .A suit to force the district tor?hange.th@ boundaries is i 0 noia SUpreme Court. Should.? the Court decide against the prainfiffs or undue delays presently pending before-the II '-occur, thi? could concei?abiy.b? an-isSue around which . demonstrations could aris?g? . -. 1" 34700000 .1- .?s_mm -. RACIALNY OLENQE POTENTIAL IN [gakerSfieid, California (1967);15 pes ularly during the summer-months when the yOung peeple are not attending sobool.r Police officials observe.that racial violence iq Bakersfield has always been on the heels-of-major_f racia; localities, and they believe this has a I'bearing?on future disturbanCes. As a result of 1966, . specific orders have been given t0?pol?oe offiCers to shoot to kill any participant inga?oisprQer Who-is seen using any type of Weapon agains?ja policeman; These orders cover the throwing-of objects a?d=?ave been made known.to the Negro- 'commUnity. It is believed thaiftbe'orders Will?prevent' future disturbances.l?r r" Egnver, Colorado Pepulatioe sl?gboo per Poliee and city officials, religioes leaders;Vend heads.0f civil rights groups state that they can foresee no racial riots'for the Denver area unless some_militant outside groups manufacture a problem which does not exist in Denver at the present time. 'Tbe only real problem during the past racing;' Some of them were on probation at the tihe. Integration leaders and others concerned advise that there- ":w?re no racial overtones to these disturbances and that sufficient groundwork is sing 1a1d now to_control the situation should it arise during the Summer.of 19670? E98 Angeles,-California population of Los?Angeles County_6,038,77l (1960);' )9 8 per cent Negro, 10 per centrMexican-American (1960 In.genera1, the racia1_situation in Los Angeles and' 7 its mefrOpolitan area appears to be normal With no apparent 41 - 14110000 a 1 potential for a widoapread riot such as the one that took -placo in tho Watts d1otriot in Auguat, 1965. Polioo- souroeo adviao that improved relations botoeoo the Loo Angoloa Police Dopartaont and the Hagro community are due to the new Chief of Polioo, Thomas Roddin, and his poaitivo efforto to ootabl1oh rolatioao and to maintain contact with the Eogro minority. . - All agree that violanoo of a spontaneous nature could Occur among groups of_ idle Negro youths, as hao happened in the past. A high official of the Loo Angaloa Police Dopgrtaont reports that as summer approaches, the Police Dopartmont is receiving more and more rumors of possible violoaco when aohool ends. He further states that there appoara to ho a gonoral movement among reotloas young: Eogro elements .I toward the "black concept, which suggests the poaoibility of futuro violence. A.nothor source says that State Senator Eorvyn E. Dymally is attempting to arrange a Black Power 'Coaforoaoo in Southern California, but he has no indication of what the of ouch ef1ggta m1ght be. . 7 f' In Apr11,1967', a 'f1ght betwe?n a Negro "ahd a white atudont at. Long Roach Polytechnic High School which resulted in the boyo?tt of the school track team by 43 Negro student athlete?, who Woro?subsequontly dropped from the team. Although 15 membero were reinstated, an . official of the Long Beach Police Department says thatkclose liaison io.boing maintained with school administrators, as he fools the situation representa a potential for Violonoo. Chief of PoliCo William Kennedy of Inglewood, reports that there is a potential for trouble in the Morning Side Park section of Inglewood, which is rapidly changing from a white to a Eogro section. However, he points out _that the Negroes who have moved into the section appear to be of the law?ab1ding and responsible type. 1 According to local government and c_1vil rights leadera, tho only trouble spot in the Lonrovia?Duarte area is in the of Hun-tiogtoa Drive and California Street where Negro - juvonilos oongregate'and frequently become involved in fights, either among themselves or with law enforcement officers. On April 14,196? a group of four young Negroes attacked police officers who had stopped them for a traffic violation near Huntington Drive. About 50 other Eogro youths appeared and additional patrol cars were called. The original offenders were arrested, and the root of the crowd quickly dioporaad. A aiailar aituation or iota 1n Paoadona in the vicinity of Fair Oaks ?42? 14100000 end?yountain Avenues, where it the eveninga.and occasionally engage in eltercatiene with 'the police. - - - Venice; which_hae been the scene of . dents in the paetg-is regarded by a high police official ea" Lee Angeles Police Sepertment is taking positive steps?tov _7 '1-1mprove police-community relations,and the president of the"? ?local chapter of the NAACP has co?sulted eith_Geverner Reagan regarding an "on the job" training program the NAACP would like to see in operatien by June, 1967. A Bionicio ?erales, Executive Director of the ?exicen Opportunitxes Foundation, states that relations-between Hexicen~?mericene and Negroes in Whittier c0ntinue.te.eereeu, as feel ?het Hegroee are receiving prefera ?entiel job uneasy eituatien in.the I'mexicanwAmericen eommunity'of'sente Fe Springs, Where homes, are being condemned to make w?y?forsleemeest Federal heueing. 'Eemeewners are and have threatened ,te uee'fireerme if neCessery. 1; Oakland, California. f" Populatidn'378,000 (1967); 277pee_eent Negre {1967)o .During the past year, there has been-eeme racial 7 etrife in oeklenda' In August, 1966, following the arrest of ?a Neg?0.girl for shoplifting at a food market,-the _market was vandalized and later burned to the ground. ixm ?October, the Ad Hoe Committee foerueli Education, formed and endorsed or supperted by civil.rights, neighborhood, and 7 church'groups, announced that by the local Board of Education;' A schoOl boycott was held. Approximately 200 Negro?teen-egere entered ene high_echool and overturned furniture. White etudents?endgteechere were beaten? .0ne teacher was knOCRed uneenscious and robbed and had to be sent to the hospital.' Three of oeklend'e'eix high senseles- Oakland Technical, Cestlemont, and Frement,_ all three with' large numbers of both Negro and white students?~ere believed -to have potential for violence. 7" . There have been other incidents of vandaliem eed lbeetinge. The police are harassed end charged with brutality. The Black Panther Party for self Defemee of Oakland, formed in December, 1956, roam the etreete, armed to protect themselves .. . 100000 d??hix??igaag and fellow Negroes from "police On May 2,195?, the Black Panthers, armed with loaded pistols, shotguns, and rifles, descended upon the St?nte Capitol, in Sacramento. They entered the chamber where the assembly was in session.5 A Black Panther lender rend n'stntemeni protesting en assembly bill that would ban the carrying of losded sespons within city - limits. There was;po violence, and they were ejected by State 7 Police. . It-is believed that idle teen-age and young adult groups, as well as the Black Panther Party, might seize upon- sone incident?ss an opportunity to canoe widespread violence. Various civil rights groups continue to work for an end tetkziacto segregation, for equal employment opportunities for Negroes, and for an end to "police brutality. . Oxnard, California 3 Population 65, 000 ?(1967) 5 per cent'Hegro, 17 per cent . ;m A According to the Chief of Police, the general racial situation at Oxnard is good; however, during the past year there have ?een isolated instances of sci mesity toward police officers on the part of youthful-Negroes and nesicanmsmericsns, -shich indicate to him a definite possibility of violence as the result of an arrest orrsome incident between the police end these youths. He points out that-the Colonic District in Oxnard is potentially explosive in that it is an area of snbu homes inhabited by and degrees. nsny of them have criminal records and are contemptuous of law enforcement officers and, because of their low economic status, undoubtedly harbor resentment toward society in general. ?Portlandj Oregon ?1 Population 372,676 (1960); 5 per cent Negro (1960); Local government and police officials, leaders of various racial groups, and sources representing a cross section of the community feel that the racial situation in Portland is excellent and that "Watts"wtype?ricting is inconceivable under present conditions. They caution, however, that smell~ disorders involving teen~sgers could occur if ignited by a spark such as iriction between white and Negro students or apparently overaggressive police activity. According to the police, any potential for racial unrest is concentrated in the Negro?dcminsted Albina District 44 i ISM an!? I?wh? i Ea; 14-00000 and immediate surrounding area. Police odvioo that the only ,opocific locationo for possible rooiol dioturbonoee gre Eononold'e Hamburger Drivemln Restaurant or Jeffery on High isohool after an athletic event ott.rocting a large number of -otudento. Both the restaurant and too high ochool are located in the Albina District. Richmond, California I Population 80, 000 (1966); 20 per cent Negro (196$)Vl In April, 1967, about 20 Hogro youths looted a clothing store? The police felt that the looting might have A occurred because a police officer, earlier in the evening, A had shot and killed a suspected burglar, a 22-year-old Negro, found running frOm a liquor store. The Black Pan.ther Party for Self Defense of Oakland hoe used such incidents ea -thie in seeking support in Forth Richmond. The Polipe Department, the City council (which has too Negro members), and various civic organizations, wit tho co9poration of new industries moving into _the area, are making an effort to solve their- ra9iol problems. They feel that job - opportunities for Negroes are of utmost importance but that ?there 15 no unrest serious enough to canoe violence. 9 II. Son Bernordioo, Califoroio 'u Population 120, 000 (1967);9 per cent Negro 31960). officials in San Bernardino feel that although conditions have improved, there remains a definite potential for violence in the San Bornardino area.. There are certain Negroes who have mode what are considered to be excessive 1 demands on the community, mostly for complete integration of all ochoolo, and unleso- demands are- met immodiotely, there 15 the possibility that direct action will be taken by the Hegro population. 1 The west end section of San Bernordino is regarded as the "powder keg" area. There have been a number of Fogro youths who, in the poSt, have caused incideoto apparently in the hope that they would develop into riots. 'Although liaison between the Negro community and law enforce- ment agencies has improved over the post your, there is always . the possibility that the orrost of a Fegro can eSoolete into a riOt. 4.45four ?3 WW9 1400000 435311 Diego, California Population 650,000 (1986); 9 per cent.?egro (1966)} 0 During the 1965 watts riot in Los Angales, minor disturbances occurrad in acutheast San Diego in Lngan Haightg, 7.. ?Mm? a pra?oainantly Negro section,.where 98 per cent of tha City's ?agro and 50 per cent of the members Vi its other . ainsrity groups redide. I Pblice officials have stated that they have no inform Eatian of imminent racial difficultiast They paint out.that, in the in San -- and unpredfbtable and-thatutroub1e_in other parta?of tha country;9* particularly in Los Augelem, has-a contagioug effeCt_on the ?an D1330 Negro community. - San Franci?co, California: Pnpulatton per cent Negro (1966).0 There are four mainS?Eeas-o??concern in San Franciaco. _Theae Hunters Point area, Fillmore' 7 District, Hiasion'Diatrictj?and District. There '15 also Chinatown, there the.crime rate 18 growi?g fast ampag- youngaters-who are breaki?g aWay from the custcma of their law-abiding ancestors. . . The Hunters Paintharea consiSts mainly of temporary World War II hanging units, which are scheduled to be daaoliahedfin 1970. -The?&rea is populated predominantly by Hegroea, a large number of whom.were?brought into the city fram aout?ern states to work in the shipyards_during World War 11.. It is.a trouble spot becauae the inhabitants are di?aatiafied with the housing ana'many, including school dropuouts, do not have the skilla to qualify for employment in a-city where busineas offices are the principal employers. - The Fillmore District, consiatingllargely-of dilapidated and oVercrowded housing,has a high inaidence of' 5 crime and delinquency. The Misaion??ietrict cantains a high percentage of Spanish-spaaking familtes and a.15nacre; Eorld War II tamporary housing'unit that is occupied almost rentiraly by-Hegroas. -Tha Spanishmapeahing element in the Hiasion Diatrict believes that it has been neglected'and overloaked in employment opportunities; The Haightm?ahbury District_ia_referred to aS?n paychedelic community because it 18 rapidly baing taken-over by use LSD and marijuana and dreaa in a.gaudy manner.' 14-00000 J'The Hunters Point and Fillmore Districts were the lscene of three days of rioting in September, 1966, after a white policeman shot and killed a 16?year?old negro youth who was'riding in a Stolen car. The California National-*, "Guerdrwas called to quell the rioting. For several days, in mid?May, 1967,'scattered violence and vandalism-tooklplace? throughout the city, with most of the trouble again centering in the-Hunters Point and areas; In unseasonably hot weather, gangs of Negro youths tossed racks at car_and store, _windows, assaulted pedestrians, and started fires.? 7 Chief of Police rnomas J, Cahill stated that race in '7 among young Negroes and-house evictions to make room for redevelopment may cause difficulties. Chief Cahillal? also stated that_Martin Luther King and Stokely,Carmic?ael thave a definite effect on the Negro residents of San Francisco ?'and, therefore, the activities of these two indiViduals could. .affect the racial situation in?the city.r 11.! Another individnal wigngconsi?erabi? influence in the I Negro community is Dr. Carlton'Benja?in?bood1ettg'a surgeon and editor-of the weekly, ?T?e ?nn ?eparter," which?is ?eeigned for a NegrO'audience. Dr. Goodlett; who was an unsucceszul 'candidate for Governor of celifornia in 1966, was considered to be a CPUSA member in I947. He isvthe only American who participates in meetings of the Presidential Committee of'tbe World Council of Peace, an international communist-front group; -WHile several civil rights organizations have head? 'quarters in San Francisco, the most militant is the Blackl? Panther Party. -This onganization originated in Lowndes County, Alabama,.where it was known as the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, Certain members of this group are armed,- allegedly for self-defense. .On February 21, 1967, several Black Panthers, wearing black berets and carrying shotguns,? rifles, and pistols, appeared at the San Francisco International Airport to act-as bodyguards for Betty X, widow-of Black Muelim leader-Malcolm X, Who was arriving by plane. No action-was taken against this group by_law enforcement officers in order to avoid injury_to bystanders. . - - In summary, San Francisco's racial relations are I generally good. There is is planning racial violence, and there is.just as much agreement that, if racial violence does'erupt, it will be triggered'by? an_isolated incident. Its underIYing causes will be lack of jOb opportunities for the limited skills in the minority ,4 I'll; v.1 71,:qu 3" ?or: 7?7-1 4 I. can}? (turn a co ?mu If 14-00009 Communities and dis?ontent among N?gro?s living inut?mp?rary Wartime-housing scheduled to be'demoliahed in 1?70; The feeling prevails in the Regro'cOmmunity.that radevelopment is deaigned primari1y_to drive them from the-city'no that higge 1 ?rent housing can.be constructed for White families.? on the' other baud, San Francisco officiala are'extremely?a?nsitive j.l~ "'to the demand? of the minority communities, and the? . . a ?San Relations Unit has--" raceiveg almost ugiversal cammendation for ita work.- V.Population 557,037 (1960); 5-percent?egro ?There have.been no racial demonstrations in Seatt;e during the past year, according to the Seattle Polioe- .. Department. 'Police officials-and civil rights leaders paint t6 progress made-in the civil rights fie1d_dur1ng 12'months'and do not faresee any likelihoad of_vio1ence in the?near*fgture$. . .I RACIAL memo, more (SOUTH- Atlanta, Georgia Population 487, 455 (1960); 38 per cent Hegro (1960). . The main activity of civil rights groups in Atlanta ?hna been devoted to occasional picketing or otherwise demonw ageinet sium housing oonditione that exist in some - 'predominIantly Negro communities. Protects have also- been mnde- against the failure of some businesses to _employ what in IQ. considered by some .to be a representative number of Negroes. Three substandard Regro communities where violeno en -provoking incidents could occur are the Summerhill area, the Vine City?eren, and the Beuleverd eren.' Any ree 1 er fancied. 12;; incident of violence in a substandard nree between..n. Negro (and a ?nite person,- eepecie1ly if the white person is a law enforcement officer, can instantly fen racial intO? further violence. ;In the poet, when news of racial incidents? i has spread, individuals euchgee thoee connected with SHCC have-{u 'jo* wruehed to the scene forethe.purpose of provoking reeidente of the area to rebel against? ?authority. - Hate organizations, both Negro and white, present a very real threat. For example, .in Heron-1967,1tlenta police. -arrested five Black Huelimewwedherente of the Ration,o? Islam, la Negro hate organizetion--efter a complaint was received thatI Negro citizens were attacked by Muslims selling "Huhemmnd 7' Speaks," the newspaper published by the Nation of Islam. While the Block Muslims were being booked at the Atle entn Police Department, they attacked police officers on duty, hospitalizing three policemen. 7 Hembere cf Klan groups are antagonistic toward ouch individuals as Stokely Carmichael, lending figure in the Student Nonviolent Cool-dinnting Committee, whoee national headquarters are located in and Hertin Luther King, IPreSident of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, whose headquarters also situated in Atlanta. Heny ot_her. members of the white community share this dislike of Carmichael 'end King. - Birmingham, Alabama Population 345, 900 (1967); 40 per cent Negro (1967). 1.949.," . 5 1-40-0ch -. . I . Detective Marcus Jones, the'Birmicgham Police Department, who handlee racial matters in the city,? . etatee.thet during the pact year Birmingham has eejcyed gocd? racial relations. He says there have been no bombing incidents ?cr.ecte of individual terrorism. .Hceeyer, on.Februery 17; 1957, [an 18?year-old Negro youth_burglerizing an elementary school . was shot and killed by a city police-officer; .Thie incident Sj:: triggered_daily demonstrations-but, according to Detective' . Jones, police protection accounted fer the fact that no . 3 violence occurred during these demonstraticne. v? - "Reverend Edward Gardner, Vice President of the? Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, the organlzatiOn . epcnsoring the demonstrations, claime that at least ten'Negrcee;. have been shot and killed by local law enforcement officerev during the.Raet_yeer. "He says-racial demonstrations against . _,"police brutality" would centinue; ?Er. Gardner warns that . 'viclence break out et_any time) for bath whites and Negroes in the city are'ccpeble could occur thiejfell,he feels; when Hegre studente integrate previously 99 a large scale. . - - . Dr. John Nixon,?PresidEntiofythe Birmingham Chapter . of the NAACP, believes that?airmipghem has come a long way in the ficld?of racial relaticne-in the last year but hes a long . way to go; He contends that the Negro in Birmingham can gain _hie equal rights only by demonstrations. . . Hr. William Hamilton, Executive Secretary'tct- ruaycr Albert Boutwell, expresses the View that the potential 'for violence in Birmingham 18 very low, mainly because thcueecde cf?Negrces new have jobs they did not have during "the huge racial?demonetraticns in the city in 19630 :Bcgeluea, population 21,423 (1950); 33 per.cect Negro (19603g Racial conditions in Bogaluee at the moment are termed very good.? However, police officials-are concerned 'thct Federal-mandates concerning hiring policies more favorable to Hegrcee at the local paper mill may bring about a strike, thereby causing a resumption of_ptcketing and Strife in Bogalusa. Additionally, it'ie feared that Should some modifications of the'Federel demands be made, the Hegrc pepulction might be upset encugh to begin demonstrating again. 14-00000 I 53?; 3155M - There is also some Speculation that eegregetioniete may precipitate unrest as result of the order for full eehool integration in the fall of this year. 7 Belles, Texas Population 679,684 19 per Negro {1966). An official of the Department of Houeingend Urbee Development sees nofproepeet of racial violence in the Dallas area, e1though.Richerd Dockery, Southwestern Regional Director out the NAACP, feels the possibility for violence does exist. He says that if violence occurs, it will probably be the reeult of some'unpredictablegincident. 5 . [plegence Regional Bireetor of the HAAQP,_claims that there is an atmosphere of enreet in . the Negro bommuntty in Belles because of unemployment end." underemployment of queli?ed??egroesa Danger?bf a reeialevioleHCe?eggptiOn over School integration seems to be less etproble? than in the pest; . Emmett Conrad, in?e neglaewSc?ool Beard runwoff election held on Key 1, 1967, ewe t?e:?iret Negro_ever to be elected to the Board. This was considetee to be a viotory'for the "Goele For Dallas? Rxogrem, thigh included many recommendations for' better education. . . Fort LeuderdeleJ Florida ?Ropuletioo 125,000 20 per cent Negro hMilton J. Kelly, Managing Editor of the "Fort Launerdele News," states that general racial conditions in the Fort Lauderdele area have been good during the pest year. Captain Floyd Hell, of the Fort Leuderdele Poliee Department, and other reeponsible obeerVere in.the city do not anticipate an outbreak of violenceain the city in the near future. Each believes, however, that the northwest section of Fort Leuderdale, slum area, ie a potentiel source of-Negro unrest beceuee'of -poor housing and poor living conditions in geoerel,' Houston, Texas Population 1,187,000 (1957); 23 per cent Negro (1980). Prior to May 16, 1987, informed sources had reported that there.hed been no incidents of racial violence in the recent past in Houston and that no such trouble was anticipated 1 cmi?q 1? we!) I'm! i e' We en: 14-00000 . (3 a? 31:11 (i an? 1? 13 the near future. However, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee had been conducting demotstrations to proteat the refusal 0f the Texas Southern Uuiveraity to reinttate SNCC, which had been banned from the campus of this predominantly Negro institutioa. - On the 16, a Houston police officer was shot and killed by an unkna?a sniper when he respandad -to a call for help from four other palicemen who were being subjected to sniper fire on the campus. Heavy police rein? fmamntamadiately converged cm- the campug 33d conducted- a roaaubymroam'se?rch of the buildinga for the aniper. Several weapons wane found and about 500 students were arreated._ ?uhammad Ali, as he prefers to be Icalled-mnow ?laims Houston as his residence;. Since 1963, the new deposed world's heavyweight boxing champion hag been resisting - attempts to induct him into the Armed Forcea, an the basis of ?hia religioua affiliation with?the Nation gt Islam, a Hegro hate group which.is opPaSgd to th? War 4p Vietnam and 311? soucalled'White man's 28, 1967, Clay refused to be inducted into the s?fvt?e in Houatong Clay could become a rallying paint for opposition to?the draft and to the Vietnam war by gacial gropp?. It was reparted that in the Harlea area of NEW York City, for instance, Clay's refusal?? to be drafted had cansiderable emotional impact amcng ycung Negroaa. . Jackgoa, Higgissippi Population 165,000 (1967); 36 per cent Ragro (1967). During the early houra of May 11, 1967, a wild was get off on the campus of Jackagu State Buiveraity, a predominantly Negro institution, when two Negro policemen @ought?to arregt a Negro man for speeding. Negro from dormitories to attack the policemen, shouting insulta and curgeg and throwing bottleg, bricks, and rocka. ?An eatimate placed the number of rampaging at 1,500. Disturbancea continued for two nights. ?Three Hegro yauths were.ahot during the second night 9f rioting, one of whom aubgaquently died of big woundg. 'Following'the first night of rioting, Governor Paul Johnson called up 385 National Guardsme? to bring about law and order. Only a few days earlier, Asgimtant Chief of ?olice E. 3. Pierce Said there was little potential tor mass rioting in Jackaon. He pointed out that the racial situation in Jackgon had been extramely quiet during 1936 and early 1967; that there h?d been no mass meetings, marche?, or ?emongtram tioua having pron?unced racial overtones. Similarly, I <23 5.33 ?3 2?33?! A Allen L. Johnson, on NAACP official, state& he one cot aware of any racial situation in Jeckeon which could leed to a racial - riots 'The Jackson State University demonetration graphically- illuetretee how quickly and unexpectedly on otherwise ineige nificent incident can ignite demonstration which can, in turn, lead to more serious situation. -- It is worth noting that Stokely Carmichael addressed groups at Jackson State University and Tougeloo College, another predominantly Negro school, on April 11,'1967? Louisvigle, Kentucky'. apopulation'ees,o44 (1964); 20 per.cent?Hegro {1964). Unt11?Merch, 1967, racial conditiooe were considere?" good. It was felt that Negro demands for complete integration gradually were being met through the work of a ?eece Relations 3 Commission eetebliehed in laszxecd toro?kh public ordinances passed in 1963 and lBGS/outl?wing ?i?criminctory practicesa - . - Another ordinanceypee?eo in August, 1965, and calledc the "?eclcretioc of provided for complaints 'regcrding di?criminctio??in houeigg to be settled through rnegotietion end persuasion, but carried?no criminal Reocltieer' Thie ordinance is the beeie of racial difficulties that are precently threatening the3c1ty of Louisville with widespread racial vio?ence. 31m 1966, civil rights leaders complained that the ordinance was ineffective in preventing discrimination in housing. Initial conferences and failed, In . Enron, 1967, civil rights demonstratione.begcn. In April, the rejection by the Louisville Board of Aldermen of another propoeed ordinance reeulted in en intensification of deeocetratione involving from 65 to 200 'pereone who marched into on area at the .eouth end of the city. The number of spectators and hecklere reached between 2,000 and 2,509 and, on three occeeione, it one for the police.to use tear gee to disperee the violent creed. Close to arrests, primarily of demonstrators, have been made by the Louieville Police Department. On April 81, 107 adults end 26 juvecilce were arrested for attempting to march in the south end of Louisville contrary to a temporary restraining order on April 14 forbidding nighttime morocco. 3 .. 53 onseugg'et?fott? :31 on cam-- 14-00000 I ?.Mamghiai Tennessee With the Sanction of martin Luther Kihg? his brother; . Reverend A. D. Williams King, Chairman of tho Kentucky_ Christian Leadership Conference; and other loaders of tho'opon. movement, domenstrators threatened to disrupt the 93rd Kentucky Derby on hay 6. .Negro comedian Dich Gregory, who Joined the fracas, was occused.o? incitiog_?ivo young? Hogroeo to bolt onto the race traoh at Churohill Booth during . tho ?ir3t raco'on hay 2. To avert a largemaohlo riot,.torthor inflahod by the offer of the oosxstanoe of 1,033 hiaoomoh, city '.oificiols cancelled ?hoy of the preliminary.footivitieo and-r ordorad the Rational Stardomon to duty. Tho'horby was run without further incident.? . - Leaders on.tho scene feel.that t?nsion is so gfoat.? _thot a riot could erupt'at any moment. The? oohsioer?thot-r - only the presence of a.coo51derahle number of potioe has averted conditionfstordatoo Longtime civil rights leaders in Louisville, although- city leaders are callous to the demands of disogree with the flagrant'tactics used by arrived leaders of the open booting domoostratioog and are feoxfull -that tho.irresponsible ??gro el?meht og?the city might gain 'tho-demonstrotors; Speaking for the Louisville Committee of Hogro?Chorohmon, Tucker has stated: ?We- in the Chicago?area (oh?ofaortin Luther King tho active in ?dG?OhotrhtiOBS in Chicago) that'thaateohhiciahs got the hell out of Louisville." 42? ;Popu1gtion 500,000 (1957); 45 per cent Regro (1967). ?emphis has had no major racial violence. Police Commissioner Clouds Armour has consistently enforced tho lows and has not tolerated violence from either white or Rogro extremists. - - II. Police officials and other observers generally agree that racial conditions in Hemphis are'good. However,-Coptatn, J. G. Rhy,of the.hemphis Police'?eportmentiio oi the opinioa that there is more potential for violence now than he has in past?years. He gays some Hegroes seem to-thioh that the hormohious race relations ahd the progress in integration have beeh'exaggerated. Captain Ray feels that Should violence como, it will_ occur in the Lehoyue Gardens area, a publiCNhouoihgproject 54 - 14700000 I in the south central port of the city. Thie housing project ?end the area surrounding it constitute . depressed eree, ohero_epontmneoue violence could occur. For? . example, Captain Rey notee that recently a Negro juvenile one shot by police in a burglary or break-in in this area. Immediately, Negro youths started shouting, "Black Power." 2 Captain Rey feele any. arrest by law enforcement officers could trigger spontaneous violence. However, he Negro .1eaders probably can be counted on to use their ieilueoce to stop violence. . . One informed source soye there is little petentiel vialence of a racial nature in Memphis -to_ere is a- strong movement by Ina_tiooally premioent agitators from outside the city. This source asserts that while some Hegro leaders may speak as.though they are not opposed to outside agitatioo, .they would in rea1ity. act to preVent it. - .. Miami, Florida . . 115?.? Population 291, 888 (IQQGL 22+per cent Negro (1960). Eunicipel and Negro leaders have stated the no potential "trouble epote" exist in the Miami area and they do not anticipate any eort.x of racial violence in the foreseeable future. The?Eiami Police Department hoe no knooledge of eituatione which might trigger mob violence or riots. - . NashvilleI, Tennessee I Popu1etion 176, 874 (1960); 40 per cent Negro (1960)o The nationally publicized riot of April 8 11,1967, in Nashville and issues and conditions growing from this riot have coueed a deterioration of racial relations in. the cityo However, avenues for the exdhange of ideas between Hegroee and whitee continue to exist, and it is be1ieved that progress coo be resumed. - Oboervere have cemmented that too Student Honviolent? -COordin3ting Committee woe deeply involved in evente immediately _preoediog the rioting and woe large1y responsible for what occurred. during the couroo of the rioting. ob eervere ore of the opinion that SECC 18 net truly representative of the Neg ro academic community, particularly from a numerical standpoint. . if?? 14-00000 0 . . It is believed there is little potential for renewed rioting in the Negro community during the coming months, since the potential for unrest and violence will further lesson with the end of the regular Senecl year, when the student population on the campuses of Fisk University and Tennessee Agricultural I and Industrial State University will he reduced. Additionally, most SHCC leaders and\ectiVi will not be allowed to return to either uniVerSity.. Actually, the April rioting was go ogrephicellIy _restricted to a small portiOn of the city in and. about the ?campuses of Fisk and Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State Univ ersitieso Although extremely active, the rioters "were relatively few in number and consisted mostly of Negro - students and other Negro males in their late teensI and early . twenties. While there is a considerable amount of substandard Negro housing in the city, t?here is no ghetto; the Negro community is separated into segments in seWeral areas. of I'Nashville. This distribution causes problems for effective Negro leadership. On therother?hand, a group such so SNCC can reach but a fraction of the total Negro communitv at any one time. As matter or tact, it has been observed that in some areas of ?eshviIlle many Negroes have never heard of Stokely Carmichaela . 1 'Natchez, diesissippi Population 28 ,000 (1967); 48 per cent Negroes In April, 1967, James Lloyd Jones, a white men; was tried for the murder oi Ben.White, a Negro. A mistrial fresulted and the retrial will be held in November, 1967. Tension rose in the Negro community over this matter, but did not_ reach a Icritical point. Tensions here since subsided Chief of Police J. Robinson, of the Natchez Police De pertment, censiders the general racial situation to be quiet. He knows of no significant unrest among Negroes and feels there will be -none'un1oSs_some unforeseen incident occurs. R. Brent Person, President Of the Natcheandems County School Board, says the Board hes-received instructions to prepare a new plan for school integration to be put into effect in the Full of 1967,. but he believes there will be trouble regardless of the action taken. 456.1. 34700000 Charles Evere, NAACP Director for the State of I asserts that Negroes are planning no note of violence because they feel they would be degrading themselves by committing such acts. New Orleane, Louisiana population per cent Negro (1960), New Orleans police officiele state there 13 no indication of potential recinl violence in the cityo Similarly, perecne knowledgeable in civil righte organiznw tione in the new Orleans once foresee nothing indicating .the possibility of major-racial disturbances. Richmond; Virginia Population 219, 958 (l960); 52 per cent Negro (1967). A spokesman for the Richm no states that racial conditions are genernll Wony .good, since the employment picture has greatly improved in the poet year or two and integration in job opportunities is nnj.versnl throughout the city. Communication between public officials and lenders of various Negro groups is antecble, and several Negroes have been elected to the City Council. Further, ecnool integration has gone smoothly with a minimum of incidents during the pest year. It is pointed out, however, that people are frequently influenced by controvereiclpublic figures and consequent reaction under these circumstances in unpredictable. Edward L. Slade; Jr., President of the.Richmond Branch of the NAACP,expresees eimilnr views. He states that racial relations in Richmond continue to in an orderly manner- and .Governor Hills E. Godwin'e stand'on cross burnings has given the Negro community at feeling of more securitya According to Slade, the NAACP is a controlling and pacifying influence on the Negxo people of Richmond and it hope 3 to remain so. Another civic leader observes that'Stokely Carmichael'e recent appearance in Richmond had not operked any lawlessness or violence, whereas his appearances in other comnunities have provoked such activitye Sen Antonio2 Texas Population 7 per cent Negro (1967). in 57 a. Fem! it if 1 it?e A n. {3 Jim?) f. .J 13? L- .1 Z-?zi Inna 14700000 . . ?other Negro _over the curru? 7 . ?San A?tanio "Police Dgpartm?tive,89rgeant Albert Saenz, of the - .of any potentg? -there-hava buH? ?the past. states that neither he nor hia sources know_. ?lly violent situation in the area and, 1 1 no overt manifestations of rac;al unregt_;p - Th? Sah Antonio NAACP, as Well as ??ers?inIfhe area, has expressed-satisfaction \t ionshi between-the whites and the Negroes? relat $33 :321-40-0ch I . I a E?s. nap ?lm I 1 .r .23.. ta gr: FUSION OF CIVIL RIGHTS AND ANTIWAR MOVEMENTS Aggravating'TenSion The innumerable racial riots and disturbances. -which have plagued the United States Since 1964 have had - their genesis primarily in the.long-smoldering 'and resentment of NegroeS'over_unequal joh,'school, and - .housing Opportunities and their deep?seated antipathy; .toward the police.? However, constant agitation.and ,'propaganda on the part;of communists-and other.subversive and- ?1 extremist elements have done much to aggravate teasioa_ia the. ghettos of the Nation's big cities.. - - In*the nearly 48 years at its existence, the Communist Party,'USA (CPUSA), has subjected Negroes to unending agitation and propaganda.' It has portrayed itself to this minority group_@s the champion of_raoial equality, civil rights, civil protest. To the credit_of the? ?groes?and to the great disappointment of the com?hnist35'the Communist Party has not been able to recruit an& retain significant -numbers_of Negroes as members; ?Most Negroes realize that the commuhistS'are interested in-them primarily to exploit racial issues ana to create?the chads upon.Which communism nourishes; Nevertheless; the cumulative ?.effect of this ceaseless agitation and propaganda and? the familiam_communist charge of "police brutality?" cannot be ignored or minimiZed. 3 . Creating OppositiOn'to?Vietnam War During a period which has new extended beyond three years, and other subversive organizations '.haVe_been engaged in campaigns to influence the United States Government to withdraw its troops from Vietnam or to participate in negotiations to end the waro_ They hepe, of course, that either action would result.ultimately in advancing the-cause of intern tional commanism through a'victOry in Vietnam; - Ar - The actiVities of the CPUSA in recent months have, almost without exception; been-directed in one way or another toward the creation of opposition 14700000 I '1 a? e. in Vietnam. This opposition, the communists reason, serves to lend encouragement to the North Vietnameezand the Viet Cong to continue the fighting despite military adversities and could lead to domestic discontent in the United?States similar to that which contributed to the French military disengagement from events in_Indochine. In View of the historic?eesigns of the CPUSA on the Negro people and the racial ferment that has been evidenced by_the disturbances of recent summers, it was inevitable that the communists and other subversives and extremists would attempt to link civil rights protests . with antiwar protests so dc to increase the magnitude each. - - As enrl? as_April, 1965, General Secretary Gus Hall told the CPUSA Secretariat that the:"peece struggle" is a major and tOp priority project of the CPUSA. At the same time, Hell claimed that the protest movements in this were convergingegwith peace 'leaders becoming civil rights leaqehS?apd?YiCe verse. By and large, Hall continued the?seme mace oi.peop1e reacted against the ultrari?gt?? election, against conditions in Alabama, and against erents in Vietnamn The struggle for-social progress . H?n'the 1964.pre31dentiel and the struggle against po?iciee of imperialist aggreew? asions were, in Hall's words, not joined. onion of Civil Mnights antheecewhiovementg -In antiwar propaganda attuned to Hell's ,assertion, the CPUSA claims that the ear in Vietnam has racial overtones not only because it involves nonwhites' in Asia but also because it consumes funds that might otherwise be expended for the war on poverty in the depressed areas of large cities inhabited by Negroes. The CPUSA has also praised the Student Nonvio ent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the militant civil rights. youth group, for being the first to make the tie between civil rights and peace. A recent of the fusion of the civil rights and antiwar movements was the concelled "Vietnam Week shieh culminated in mass demonstrations 9 in New York City and San Francisco on April 15,?1967. 14-00009 Thie preteetacttvity was eponeored by the Student Mobilization.Committee and the Spring Mobilization, Committee to End?the War in Vietnam.- Among the partici- pants in the activities of these committees are members . the the W. E. DuBoie_Clube of-America. communist-inspired merxtet?criented youth group; the pro-Bed?Chinese Progressive Labor_Perty the. . _m ?Trotskyite Socialist?crkere Party Young-._ - ~Socia115t Alliance the SWPFe-youth end training i - 1 section. i J- -- ce?ference by Arnold Johnson,0hairman of ite?Nationcl: ?PeaceCommiseion, ace National Executive Beard members tees West and Thomas Dennis.. At this time ?Jchneon was stating that one million . people to demonstrate at the seme?kime against.United States at a conferenceeheld was CPUSA HetionalCommittee member Bettina Aptheker, the is a student at the University of California at Berkeley. The activities in bne 0171.151; district, selected at random, show.the extent of communist 1nvolvement_in - _mobilizatioe were described as the most_important of all endeavors by members of the ?ichiganrntetrict. Participants in the parade in ?evaork City ,on April 15 included Gus Hall and at-leest 260 CPUSA members. Over onehelf of the total membership in the United-States also marched in the.peradeg 'Others.? articipating he para and ally 1n York City 1 were eev 1 here 0 the-DC and - 61?, i 34700000 The Reverend James Bevel is the National Director of the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam., He was released by Martin Luther King ?from a key position in King 8 Southern Christian Leadership Conference to permit him to take. this assign? ment. 7? a Significantly, among the principal speakers at the antiwar rally in New York City on April 15 were Martin Luther King; Stokely Carmichael, a tOp figure in Flayd McKissick, National DirectOr of and Bevel. Bevel Stated that the next objective of the '"peace forces" will be to organize- a massive march on Washington, D. 0.3 to confront President Johnsonr Ahother speaker at this rally was Linda Dannenberg, ExecutiVe Secretary Of the Spring Mobilization Committee who is known to consult with leaders of the? 'New York District of the CPUSA. Dannenberg announced that thousands are going to be gelled upon for a ?radical action summer? in which' they w:111 go into every town in the United States to organise a massive protest against this country' involvement in the war in Vietnam. She requested that every interested Student attend an antiwar meeting in Chicago on may 13 and 14,1967. As a follow?up to these peace demonStrations, King and other leaders of the Spring Mobilization Committee launched a nationwide ?Vietnam Summer" organizing effort. They called for 10,000 volunteers, including 2,000 tulle time workers, to spend the summer in 500 communities escalating opposition to the Vietnam war, encouraging Negroes to refuse to be drafted, and attempting to create ,a political bloc powerful enough to end the war. The antiwar campaign is patterned after the 1964 summer civil rights drive in Mississippi. Now that the civil rights and the antiwar protest movements have been joined, with the distinct 'possibility of ominous displays of civil disobedience and near seditious activities on the part of Negroes ,and whites alike, the outlook for this summer is grim indeed. The injection of antiwar activities into_civil rights activities is bound to intensify racial discord and heighten the violence potential throughout the country. ?162 . .1 . - may? . I I caiifiwid? mm n' I nun I . In the long run,.this consolidated civil_rights; peace movement will be detrimental to the na?ional securityf and best interests of the Nation, for-it Will not only tend ?to encourage the enemy and prolong the Vietnam war but will alse.have an adverse effect on the cause oi civil.rights.Ale 5 ?g9 u. - f. .d-P - h' '1 '3