The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development OFFICE OF COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress PART 1: POINT-IN-TIME ESTIMATES OF HOMELESSNESS DECEMBER 2018 Acknowledgements AUTHORS: Meghan Henry, Anna Mahathey, Tyler Morrill, Anna Robinson, Azim Shivji, and Rian Watt, Abt Associates PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Dr. Jill Khadduri, Abt Associates, and Dr. Dennis Culhane, Professor of Social Policy, University of Pennsylvania DATA COLLECTION MANAGERS: Azim Shivji and Rian Watt, Abt Associates DATA COLLECTORS AND REVIEWERS: Tara Adam, Thomas Baker, Korrin Bishop, Marissa Hashizume, Anna Mahathey, Tyler Morrill, Arturo Nava, Jillian Ouellette, Anna Robinson, Jon Ruiz, Colleen Sargent, Aubrey Sitler, Tanya de Sousa, Amanda Steigman, Michelle Thompson, and Rian Watt, Abt Associates PROGRAMMERS/ANALYSTS: Azim Shivji and Tyler Morrill, Abt Associates, and Jon-Paul Oliva, GIS and Data Quality Consultant REVIEWERS: Dr. Larry Buron and Dr. Alvaro Cortes, Abt Associates Karen DeBlasio and William Snow, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: David Dupree, Jessica Kerbo, Marina Kosareva, and Jon Saunders, Abt Associates Contents Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Progress on the Preventing and Ending Homelessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 About this Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 SECTION 1 Homelessness in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SECTION 2 Homeless Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 SECTION 3 Homeless Families with Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 SECTION 4 Unaccompanied Homeless Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 SECTION 5 Homeless Veterans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 SECTION 6 Chronically Homeless Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 SECTION 7 National Inventory of Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Key Findings On a single night in 2018, roughly 553,000 people were experiencing homelessness in the United States. About two-thirds (65%) were staying in sheltered locations—emergency shelters or transitional housing programs—and about one-third (35%) were in unsheltered locations such as on the street, in abandoned buildings, or in other places not suitable for human habitation. Homelessness increased (though modestly) for the second year in a row. The number of homeless people on a single night increased by 0.3 percent between 2017 and 2018. The increase reflects declines in the number of people staying in emergency shelters and transitional housing programs being offset by increases in the number of people staying in unsheltered locations. Between 2017 and 2018, the unsheltered population increased by two percent (or 4,300 people). Over half of all unsheltered homeless people are in Continuums of Care (CoCs) that encompass the nation’s 50 largest cities. Just over a fifth are in CoCs with largely rural populations. An increase in the number of individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness was the sole cause for the national increase in all people experiencing unsheltered homelessness. Between 2017 and 2018, the number of unsheltered individuals increased by three percent. Nonetheless, the number of unsheltered individuals in 2018 was 11 percent lower than the number in 2007. The number of people experiencing homelessness in families with children continued to decline, by two percent between 2017 and 2018, and by 23 percent between 2007 and 2018. In 2018, more than 180,000 people in families with children were experiencing homelessness, and most people experiencing homelessness in families with children were staying in sheltered locations (91%). A large part of the decline in family homelessness since 2007 has occurred among people staying in unsheltered locations. The number of veterans experiencing homelessness declined by five percent between 2017 and 2018 and dropped by 48 percent since 2009. Decreases in veteran homelessness occurred in the number of veterans staying in both sheltered and unsheltered locations. On a single night in 2018, about 36,000 people were experiencing homelessness as unaccompanied youth—that is, people under the age of 25 experiencing homelessness on their own. Most unaccompanied youth (89%) were between the ages of 18 and 24. Just over half of unaccompanied youth were unsheltered (51%), a much higher rate than for all people experiencing homelessness (35%) and a somewhat higher rate than for people experiencing homelessness as individuals (48%). The number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness increased by two percent between 2017 and 2018 but is 26 percent lower than it was in 2007. The recent increase was driven by a 16 percent increase in the number of sheltered individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness, while the number of unsheltered chronically homeless individuals dropped by four percent. African Americans are considerably overrepresented among the homeless population compared to the overall U.S. population. While accounting for 13 percent of the U.S. population, African Americans account for 40 percent of all people experiencing homelessness and 51 percent of people experiencing homelessness as members of families with children. In contrast, nearly 6 in 10 people experiencing unsheltered homelessness (most of whom do so as individuals) are white. In January 2018, 3,900 people were staying in sheltered locations specifically for people displaced by presidentially declared national disasters. People in these locations were displaced from areas struck by Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Nate; western wildfires; and other storms and events. 1 Definition of Terms Please note: Key terms are used for AHAR reporting purposes and accurately reflect the data used in this report. Definitions of these terms may differ in some ways from the definitions found in the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act and in HUD regulations. Chronically Homeless Individual refers to an individual with a disability who has been continuously homeless for one year or more or has experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the last three years where the combined length of time homeless in those occasions is at least 12 months. Chronically Homeless People in Families refers to people in families in which the head of household has a disability and has either been continuously homeless for one year or more or has experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the last three years where the combined length of time homeless in those occasions is at least 12 months. Continuums of Care (CoC) are local planning bodies responsible for coordinating the full range of homelessness services in a geographic area, which may cover a city, county, metropolitan area, or an entire state. Emergency Shelter is a facility with the primary purpose of providing temporary shelter for homeless people. Homeless describes a person who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. Housing Inventory Count (HIC) is produced by each CoC and provides an annual inventory of beds that assist people in the CoC who are experiencing homelessness or leaving homelessness. Individual refers to a person who is not part of a family with children during an episode of homelessness. Individuals may be homeless as single adults, unaccompanied youth, or in multiple-adult or multiple-child households. Other Permanent Housing is housing with or without services that is specifically for formerly homeless people but that does not require people to have a disability. Parenting Youth are people under age 25 who are the parents or legal guardians of one or more children (under age 18) who are present with or sleeping in the same place as that youth parent, 2 where there is no person over age 24 in the household. Parenting Youth Household is a household with at least one parenting youth and the child or children for whom the parenting youth is the parent or legal guardian. People in Families with Children are people who are homeless as part of a household that has at least one adult (age 18 and older) and one child (under age 18). Point-in-Time Counts are unduplicated onenight estimates of both sheltered and unsheltered homeless populations. The one-night counts are conducted by CoCs nationwide and occur during the last week in January of each year. Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) is a housing model designed to provide housing assistance (project- and tenant-based) and supportive services on a long-term basis to formerly homeless people. HUD’s Continuum of Care program, authorized by the McKinney-Vento Act, funds PSH and requires that the client have a disability for eligibility. Rapid Rehousing is a housing model designed to provide temporary housing assistance to people experiencing homelessness, moving them quickly out of homelessness and into permanent housing. Safe Havens provide temporary shelter and services to hard-to-serve individuals. Sheltered Homelessness refers to people who are staying in emergency shelters, transitional housing programs, or safe havens. Transitional Housing Programs provide people experiencing homelessness a place to stay combined with supportive services for up to 24 months. Unaccompanied Homeless Youth (under 18) are people in households with only children who are not part of a family with children or accompanied by their parent or guardian during their episode of homelessness, and who are under the age of 18. Unaccompanied Homeless Youth (18-24) are people in households without children who are not part of a family with children or accompanied by their parent or guardian during their episode of homelessness, and who are between the ages of 18 and 24. Veteran refers to any person who served on active duty in the armed forces of the United States. This includes Reserves and National Guard members who were called up to active duty. Unsheltered Homelessness refers to people whose primary nighttime location is a public or private place not designated for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for people (for example, the streets, vehicles, or parks). 3 Progress on Preventing and Ending Homelessness The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and other federal agencies collaborate with state and local partners to prevent and end homelessness across the country. This coordinated effort to end homelessness continues to be a key to making progress to prevent and end homelessness. GOAL Prevent and end chronic homelessness • The number of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness declined by 16 percent, or approximately 17,000 people, between 2010 and 2018. • Nearly 89,000 individuals experiencing homelessness on a single night in January 2018 had chronic patterns of homelessness. Two-thirds of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness were staying outdoors, in abandoned buildings, or other locations not suitable for human habitation rather than staying in shelters, reflecting the high degree of vulnerability of this population. • In 2018, there were 113,000 more permanent supportive housing (PSH) beds dedicated to people with chronic patterns of homelessness than there were in 2010 (a 200% increase). GOAL Prevent and end homelessness among Veterans • Between 2010 and 2018, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness was cut nearly in half (49%), a decline of 36,000 people since 2010. • Nearly 38,000 veterans were experiencing homelessness on a single night in January 2018, of whom 62 percent were staying in emergency shelters or transitional housing programs. 4 GOAL Prevent and end homelessness for families, youth, and children • In January 2018, just over 180,000 people in 56,000 families with children experienced homelessness, about 62,000 fewer people than in 2010, a 25 percent decline. • Just over 20,000 people were in families with children in which the head of household was under the age of 25. • More than 36,000 people under the age of 25 were unaccompanied youth—that is, homeless on their own rather than as part of a family— and most (89%) were between the ages of 18 and 24. GOAL Set a path to ending all types of homelessness • In January 2018, almost 553,000 people were homeless on a single night, with nearly twothirds (65%) found in emergency shelters or transitional housing programs. • While the number of people experiencing homelessness increased modestly, by less than one percent between 2017 and 2018, homelessness has declined by more than 84,000 people since 2010, a 13 percent reduction. Recent increases in national homelessness were driven by increases in individuals staying in unsheltered locations. . About This Report The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) releases the Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress (AHAR) in two parts. Part 1 provides Point-inTime (PIT) estimates, offering a snapshot of homelessness—both sheltered and unsheltered— on a single night. The one-night counts are conducted during the last 10 days of January each year. The PIT counts also provide an estimate of the number of people experiencing homelessness within particular homeless populations, such as people with chronic patterns of homelessness and veterans experiencing homelessness. urbanicity of the remaining CoCs. NCES defines 12 geographic locales, which were collapsed into three distinct categories: urban (mapping to the three NCES “City” locales), suburban (mapping to the three NCES “Suburban” locales, as well as the “Town – Fringe” locale), and rural (mapping to the three NCES “Rural” locales, as well as the “Town – Distant” and “Town – Remote” locales).2 Using the percentage of each CoC’s total population3 living in urban, suburban, and rural areas, based on the NCES geographic data, CoCs were classified into categories according to its largest percentage among the three. To understand our nation’s capacity to serve people who are currently or formerly experiencing homelessness, this report also provides counts of beds in emergency shelters, transitional housing programs, safe havens, rapid rehousing programs, permanent supportive housing programs, and other permanent housing. In other words, a CoC where a plurality of its population lives in rural areas would be classified as a “largely rural CoC.” That would not imply, however, that all people experiencing homelessness in the largely rural CoC were counted in rural areas. CoCs span large territories (even an entire state in some cases) and may comprise a mixture of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Yet because PIT estimates are reported for an entire CoC, each person experiencing homelessness in the CoC cannot be classified as staying in an urban, suburban, or rural area. Rather, all people experiencing homelessness in the CoC are classified as staying in a CoC that is largely urban, suburban, or rural.4 In 2018, the PIT estimates of people experiencing homelessness in sheltered and unsheltered locations, as well as the number of beds available to serve them, were reported by 398 Continuums of Care (CoC) nationwide. These 398 CoCs covered virtually the entire United States. To better understand how homelessness differs by geography, the AHAR study team categorized CoCs into four groups: 1. Major city CoCs 2. Other largely urban CoCs 3. Largely suburban CoCs 4. Largely rural CoCs First, CoCs representing the 50 most populous cities in the United States were assigned to the major city CoC category. Next, the study team used geographic data published by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)1 to determine the 1 The study team used NCES data from the 2015–2016 school year (the most recent data available when the CoC categories were developed). 6 2 Definitions for each of the 12 NCES locales are available in the Locale Boundaries User’s Manual: https:// nces.ed.gov/programs/edge/docs/NCES_LOCALE_ USERSMANUAL_2016012.pdf 3 The study team used population counts from the Census Bureau’s 2010 block-level data. Census blocks are the smallest geographic unit for which the Census reports population counts, and they are the ideal unit for this CoC analysis. Block-level population data are only available in the decennial census reports. 4 The median percentage of the population living in urban areas among major city CoCs was 70 percent. The median urban percentage among other CoCs classified as largely urban was 58 percent. The median suburban percentage among CoCs classified as largely suburban was 65 percent, and the median rural percentage among CoCs classified as largely rural was 71 percent. Humunuutut?? umuulwuutll About This Report continued The 2017 PIT estimates cited in this report are lower than originally reported in Part 1 of the 2017 Annual Homeless Assessment Report. The Los Angeles City and County CoC reduced its 2017 PIT estimates of youth experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations. In total, this update reduced the 2017 estimates by both total and unsheltered population by 2,746 people. HUD has methodological standards for conducting the PIT counts, and CoCs use a variety of approved methods to produce the counts. The guide for PIT methodologies can be found here: https://www.hudexchange.info/ resource/4036/point-in-time-count-methodologyguide. HUD reviews the data for accuracy and quality prior to creating the estimates for this report. 8 - ?1 Estimates of Homelessness IN THE UNITED STATES ~39. . a? gein1 National Estimates Homelessness in the United States Demographic Characteristics EXHIBIT 1 .1: PIT Estimates of People Experiencing Homelessness By Sheltered Status, 2007–2018 647,258 630,227 639,784 623,788 590,364 637,077 564,708 621,553 550,996 576,450 552,830 549,928 403,308 391,401 255,857 226,919 253,423 394,698 392,316 403,543 386,361 391,440 360,867 401,051 390,155 373,571 231,398 195,666 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 190,129 173,268 2013 2014 194,467 176,357 175,399 2007 358,363 231,472 233,534 2015 2016 2017 2018 All Homeless People Sheltered People Unsheltered People Note: 2017 estimate differs from the 2017 Annual Homeless Assessment Report: Part 1 due to an adjustment made by Los Angeles to their unsheltered population. The total unsheltered population was reduced by 2,746 people. On a Single Night in January 2018 • 552,830 people experienced homelessness in the United States. • Most stayed in sheltered locations (65% or 358,363 people), while 35 percent (194,467 people) stayed in unsheltered locations. • Of those in sheltered locations, 3,864 people were staying in beds that were funded specifically because of a presidentially declared natural disaster. These events included Hurricanes Maria, Irma, Harvey, and Nate, as well as the wildfires in the west. • Two in three people experiencing homelessness (67%) were adults in households without children. The remaining 33 percent of people experiencing homelessness did so as part of a family. • Of every 10,000 people in the United States, 17 experienced homelessness on a single night in 2018. 10 Data source: PIT 2007–2018 • One-fifth of people experiencing homelessness on a single night in 2018 were children (20% or 111,592), 71 percent were over the age of 24, and nine percent were between the ages of 18 and 24. • Children experiencing homelessness were rarely unsheltered. Nine in ten children were staying in sheltered locations. Children comprised only five percent of all people in unsheltered locations. • Six in 10 people experiencing homelessness (or 332,925 people) were men or boys, and 39 percent (216,211) were women or girls. Less than one percent were either transgender (2,521) or gender non-conforming (1,173). • Men were more likely to be unsheltered than women. Nearly 7 in 10 people experiencing unsheltered homelessness were men or boys. • Nearly half of all people experiencing homelessness (49% or 270,568 people) identified their race as white, and nearly 6 in 10 people (59%) experiencing unsheltered homelessness were white. While comprising nearly half of the homeless population, people identifying as white were underrepresented compared to their share of the U.S. population (72 percent). EXHIBIT 1 .2: Homelessness By Household Type and Sheltered Status, 2018 People in Families, Sheltered Individuals, Sheltered 30% People in Families, Unsheltered 3% 35% Unsheltered 35% 65% Sheltered 32% Individuals, Unsheltered The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 1 .3: Demographic Characteristics of People Experiencing Homelessness 2018 All Homeless People Sheltered People Unsheltered People # % # % # % 552,830 100% 358,363 100% 194,467 100% Under 18 111,592 20 .2% 101,086 28 .2% 10,506 5 .4% 18 to 24 48,319 8 .7% 30,154 8 .4% 18,165 9 .3% Over 24 392,919 71 .1% 227,123 63 .4% 165,796 85 .3% Total Age Gender Female 216,211 39 .1% 160,024 44 .7% 56,187 28 .9% Male 332,925 60 .2% 197,025 55 .0% 135,900 69 .9% Transgender 2,521 0 .5% 1,108 0 .3% 1,413 0 .7% Gender Nonconforming 1,173 0 .2% 206 0 .1% 967 0 .5% Non-Hispanic/Latino 430,354 77 .8% 280,183 78 .2% 150,171 77 .2% Hispanic/Latino 122,476 22 .2% 78,180 21 .8% 44,296 22 .8% White 270,568 48 .9% 156,673 43 .7% 113,895 58 .6% Black or African American 219,809 39 .8% 168,716 47 .1% 51,093 26 .3% 6,643 1 .2% 3,588 1 .0% 3,055 1 .6% 15,414 2 .8% 7,628 2 .1% 7,786 4 .0% Ethnicity Race Asian Native American Pacific Islander 8,039 1 .5% 4,177 1 .2% 3,862 2 .0% Multiple Races 32,357 5 .9% 17,581 4 .9% 14,776 7 .6% EXHIBIT 1 .4: Change in Number of People Experiencing Homelessness 2007–2018 Change 2017–2018 Change 2010–2018 Change 2007–2018 # % # % # % Total 1,834 0.3% -84,247 -13.2% -94,428 -14.6% Sheltered -2,504 -0 .7% -45,180 -11 .2% -33,038 -8 .4% 4,338 2 .3% -39,067 -16 .7% -61,390 -24 .0% Unsheltered 11 1 National Estimates Homelessness in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2018 EXHIBIT 1 .5: Change in Homelessness By Age and Sheltered Status, 2017–2018 All Homeless People Sheltered People Unsheltered People # % # % # % Total 1,834 0.3% -2,504 -0.7% 4,338 2.3% Under 18 -2,937 -2 .6% -2,203 -2 .1% -734 -6 .5% 18 to 24 -2,673 -5 .2% -1,588 -5 .0% -1,085 -5 .6% Over 24 7,444 1 .9% 1,287 0 .6% 6,157 3 .9% • Four in 10 people experiencing homelessness were black or African American (219,809 people). African Americans accounted for a much smaller share of the unsheltered population (26%) than they did the sheltered population (47%), but in both cases were considerably overrepresented compared to their share of the U.S. population, 13 percent. • One in five people experiencing homelessness was Hispanic or Latino (22% or 122,476 people). This is slightly higher than the share of the U.S. population that identified as Hispanic or Latino in 2018, 18 percent. Since 2017 • Homelessness remained relatively flat between 2017 and 2018, increasing by just 0.3 percent (or 1,834 people). The slight increase in overall homelessness can be entirely attributed to an increase in the number of unsheltered individuals. • While the number of people staying in sheltered locations continued to decline for the fourth consecutive year (by 2,504 people or The number of people in unsheltered locations increased for the third year in a row between 2017 and 2018 . 12 • • • • 0.7% between 2017 and 2018), the number of people in unsheltered locations increased for the third year in a row between 2017 and 2018, by 4,338 people or two percent. Homelessness declined among children and young adults aged 18 to 24 (by 3% and 5%) and increased among people ages 25 or older (by 2%). The number of people identifying as Hispanic or Latino who were experiencing homelessness increased overall by four percent (4,114 people) between 2017 and 2018. Conversely, the number of non-Hispanic people experiencing homelessness declined by 0.5 percent (2,280 people). Homelessness declined for all racial groups except people identifying as white, who saw an increase of four percent (10,893 people). Unsheltered homelessness increased among people who identified as white (8% or 8,709 more people), Asian (2% or 58 more people), and multiracial (8% or 1,078 more people). Since 2007 • Homelessness declined by 15 percent (94,428 people) between 2007 and 2018. • Despite recent increases in unsheltered homelessness, 24 percent fewer people (61,390 people) were experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations in 2018 than in 2007. • Sheltered homelessness declined by eight percent (33,038 people) over the same time period. 1 State Estimates Homelessness in the United States On a Single Night in January 2018 • Half of all people experiencing homelessness were in one of five states: California (24% or 129,972 people); New York (17% or 91,897 people); Florida (6% or 31,030 people); Texas (5% or 25,310 people); or Washington (4% or 22,304 people). • California and New York had the largest numbers of people experiencing homelessness and high rates of homelessness, at 33 and 46 people per 10,000. Hawaii and Oregon also had high rates, with 46 and 35 people per 10,000. While Florida and Texas contributed large numbers of homeless people to the national estimates, they had rates of homelessness lower than the national average of 17 people per 10,000 (15 per 10,000 for Florida and 9 per 10,000 for Texas). Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories • Nearly half of all unsheltered people in the country were in California (47% or 89,543). The state with the next largest number of people experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations was Florida, with seven percent of the U.S. total (13,393 people). • In four states, more than half of all people experiencing homelessness were found in unsheltered locations: California (69%), Oregon (62%), Nevada (56%), and Hawaii (53%). • Four states—Maine, Rhode Island, New York, and Massachusetts—sheltered at least 95 percent of people experiencing homelessness. EXHIBIT 1 .6: Estimates of Homeless People By State, 2018 WA 22,304 OR 14,476 NV 7,544 MT 1,405 ID 2,012 UT 2,876 CA 129,972 AZ 9,865 WY 639 CO 10,857 NM 2,551 ME, 2,516 VT, 1,291 ND 542 SD 1,159 NE 2,421 KS 2,216 OK 3,871 TX 25,310 AK 2,016 MN 7,243 WI 4,907 MI 8,351 PA OH 13,512 IL 10,643 IN 10,249 5,258 WV VA MO KY 1,243 5,975 3,688 5,883 NC,9,268 TN,7,883 AR SC 2,712 3,933 MS AL GA 1,352 3,434 9,499 LA 3,059 IA 2,749 NH,1,450 MA, 20,068 RI, 1,101 CT, 3,976 NJ, 9,398 DE, 1,082 MD, 7,144 DC, 6,904 NY 91,897 FL 31,030 HI 6,530 14 Number of People Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 People Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 1 .7: States with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Unsheltered People Experiencing Homelessness 2018 Highest Rates CALIFORNIA OREGON NEVADA HAWAII WASHINGTON 68.9% 61.7% 56.2% 53.2% 47.6% 129,972 Homeless 89,543 Unsheltered 14,476 Homeless 8,925 Unsheltered 7,544 Homeless 4,239 Unsheltered 6,530 Homeless 3,475 Unsheltered 22,304 Homeless 10,621 Unsheltered MAINE RHODE ISLAND NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS NEBRASKA 3.9% 4.6% 4.7% 4.9% 5.9% 2,516 Homeless 98 Unsheltered 1,101 Homeless 51 Unsheltered 91,897 Homeless 4,294 Unsheltered 20,068 Homeless 985 Unsheltered 2,421 Homeless 144 Unsheltered Lowest Rates EXHIBIT 1 .8: Largest Changes in Homelessness by State By State, 2007–2018 2017–2018 2007–2018 Largest Increases Largest Increases MASSACHUSETTS 2,503 / 14 .2% NEW YORK NEW YORK 2,394 / 2 .7% MASSACHUSETTS 4,941 / 32 .7% TEXAS 1,762 / 7 .5% DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 1,584 / 29 .8% WASHINGTON 1,192 / 5 .6% HAWAII 460 / 918 / 10 .3% ALASKA 374 / 22 .8% LargestDecreases CALIFORNIA -1,560 / -1 .2% FLORIDA -17,039 / -35 .4% FLORIDA -1,160 / -3 .6% TEXAS -14,478 / -36 .4% GEORGIA -10,140 / -51 .6% ARIZONA Largest Decreases a -7 .7% 29,296 / 46 .8% 7 .6% MICHIGAN -700 / HAWAII -690 / -9 .6% CALIFORNIA -9,014 / -6 .5% GEORGIA -675 / -6 .6% NEW JERSEY -7,916 / -45 .7% Due to methodological changes, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Michigan, and Wyoming were excluded from the list of largest changes from 2007-2018. 15 1 State Estimates Homelessness in the United States Changes Over Time • The number of people experiencing homelessness declined in 31 states and the District of Columbia between 2017 and 2018. The largest absolute decreases were in California (1,560 fewer people), and Florida (1,160 fewer people). The largest percentage decreases were in North Dakota (50%) and Wyoming (27%). • The number of people experiencing homelessness increased in 19 states between 2017 and 2018. The largest absolute increases were in Massachusetts (2,503 more people), New York (2,394 more people), Texas (1,762 more people), and Washington (1,192 more people). The largest percentage increases were in South Dakota (23%), and Connecticut (17%). • The number of people experiencing homelessness declined in 38 states between 2007 and 2018. The largest absolute decreases were in Florida (17,039 fewer people), Texas (14,478 fewer people), and Georgia (10,140 fewer people). The largest percentage decreases were in Georgia (52%) and New Jersey (46%). Despite remaining relatively flat between 2017 and 2018, the number of people experiencing homelessness has declined by 15% since 2007 . 16 • Between 2007 and 2018, the number of people experiencing homelessness increased in 12 states, plus the District of Columbia. The largest absolute and percentage increases were in New York (29,296 more people or 47%), Massachusetts (4,941 more people or 33%), and the District of Columbia (1,584 more people or 30%). 1 Estimates by CoC Homelessness in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 1 .9: Percent of People Experiencing Continuums of Care (CoC) were Divided into Four Geographic Categories Homelessness 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) cover the CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases (Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX), two large cities were located in the same CoC. Total Homelessness 50.8 6.3 24.8 18.0 Sheltered Homelessness 50.3 7.0 26.2 16.6 Unsheltered Homelessness 51.7 22.3 20.8 2. Other Largely Urban CoCs (n=59) are CoCs in which the population predominantly resides in an urbanized area within a principal city within the CoC (but the CoC does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities). 3. Largely Suburban CoCs (n=172) are CoCs in which the population predominantly resides in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. 4. Largely Rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population predominantly resides in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural territories. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied to the CoCs, see the About This Report section of this report. On a Single Night in January 2018 • Just over half (51%) of all people experiencing homelessness in the United States did so in one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. • CoCs that were predominantly suburban accounted for one-quarter of all people experiencing homelessness, CoCs that were predominantly rural accounted for 18 percent, and CoCs that did not contain one of the 50 largest cities but were predominately 18 By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2018 100% 0% 5.2 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs urban accounted for just six percent of all homelessness. • Largely rural CoCs had the highest rate of unsheltered homelessness (40%), while largely urban CoCs other than those containing the 50 largest U.S. cities sheltered the highest percentage of people (71%). • More than one in five people experiencing homelessness (or 24%) did so in either New York City (78,676 people) or Los Angeles (49,955 people). New York City had one of the lowest rates of unsheltered homelessness (5%) while Los Angeles had one of the highest rates of people experiencing homelessness who were found in unsheltered locations (75%). • Largely suburban CoCs had the highest percentage of people experiencing homelessness in families with children (36%). Largely urban CoCs other than those containing the 50 largest cities had the highest percentage of people homeless as individuals (74%). Changes Over Time • Between 2017 and 2018, overall homelessness changed by less than one percent in all but largely suburban CoCs, where the number of people experiencing homelessness increased The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 by three percent. These changes were driven entirely by increases in the sheltered population in largely suburban CoCs, which rose by four percent (or 3,528 people) during that time. • Largely rural, largely urban, and major city CoCs experienced decreases in their sheltered populations and increases in their unsheltered populations. Largely urban CoCs that did not contain one of the 50 largest US cities experienced the largest increase, with 12 percent more people experiencing unsheltered homelessness. There were five percent more people experiencing unsheltered homelessness in largely rural CoCs, and one percent more people in unsheltered locations in major cities. EXHIBIT 1 .10: Percent Sheltered and EXHIBIT 1 .11: Percentage of People Unsheltered for each CoC Category Experiencing Homelessness by Household Type and CoC Category 2018 100% 0% Major City CoCs 64.7 Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs 35.3 71.5 68.8 Largely Rural CoCs 60.1 Sheltered 2018 100% 28.5 32.1% 25.9% 35.6% 32.6% 32.7% 67.9% 74.1% 64.4% 67.4% 67.3% Largely Rural CoCs Total (Not Including Territories) 31.2 39.9 Unsheltered 0% Major City CoCs Other Largely Largely Suburban Urban CoCs CoCs Individuals People in Families with Children 19 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 1 .12: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of People Experiencing Homelessness in each CoC Category 2018 Total People Experiencing Homelessness, 2018 CoC Name Major City CoCs Total People Experiencing Homelessness, 2018 CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs New York City, NY 78,676 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 1,685 Los Angeles City & County, CA 49,955 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 1,641 Seattle/King County, WA 12,112 Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN 1,424 San Diego City and County, CA 8,576 Oxnard, San Buenaventura/Ventura County, CA 1,308 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 7,254 Spokane City & County CoC, WA 1,245 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 4,955 Texas Balance of State 7,638 Honolulu City and County, HI 4,495 Oregon Balance of State 6,392 Nassau, Suffolk Counties, NY 3,868 Washington Balance of State 5,666 Springfield/Hampden County, MA 3,368 Colorado Balance of State 3,989 Connecticut Balance of State 3,235 Georgia Balance of State 3,730 20 The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 1 .13: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of People Experiencing Homelessness Who Are Unsheltered in each CoC Category 2018 Percent of all homeless people that are unsheltered, 2018 Total homeless people, 2018 CoC Name Total homeless people, 2018 CoC Name Major City CoCs Fresno City & County/ Madera County, CA Other Largely Urban CoCs 2,144 78 .4% Vallejo/Solano County, CA Los Angeles City & County, CA 49,955 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 7,254 75 .1% Pasadena, CA Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 5,496 70 .3% Visalia/Kings, Tulare Counties, CA Long Beach, CA 1,873 64 .5% Oxnard, San Buenaventura/ Ventura County, CA 75 .2% Eugene, Springfield/ Lane County, OR Largely Suburban CoCs Pasco County, FL Clackamas County, OR Imperial County, CA Percent of all homeless people that are unsheltered, 2018 1,129 81 .2% 1,641 69 .1% 677 68 .2% 967 67 .4% 1,308 63 .5% Largely Rural CoCs 2,668 90 .5% 383 90 .3% Lake County, CA 1,493 Fort Walton Beach/Okaloosa, Walton Counties, FL 495 Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 2,320 Alpine, Inyo, Mono Counties, CA 89 .3% Jackson/West Tennessee 157 99 .4% 615 96 .1% 1,026 88 .1% Hendry, Hardee, Highlands 83 .2% Counties, FL 453 84 .8% 77 .5% Mendocino County, CA 880 82 .2% EXHIBIT 1 .14: Change in Homelessness by Sheltered Status and CoC Category 2017–2018 All People Numeric Change Sheltered Unsheltered Percent Change Numeric Change Percent Change Numeric Change Percent Change Total 1,698 0 .3% -2,304 -0 .6% 4,002 2 .2% Major City CoCs -1,863 -0 .7% -3,087 -1 .7% 1,224 1 .3% 314 0 .9% -757 -3 .0% 1,071 12 .1% Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 3,390 2 .6% 3,528 3 .9% -138 -0 .3% -143 -0 .1% -1,988 -3 .2% 1,845 4 .9% 21 2 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States EXHIBIT 2 .1: PIT Estimates of Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status, 2007–20181 647,258 630,227 639,784 623,788 637,077 621,553 590,364 564,708 576,450 412,700 392,131 404,525 387,613 395,140 368,174 382,156 550,996 549,928 366,585 358,422 360,189 552,830 372,417 355,212 203,127 205,616 215,995 213,073 194,340 212,218 205,834 209,148 204,855 199,159 198,008 193,144 199,627 199,670 151,041 176,136 182,922 181,779 182,997 173,441 165,047 178,077 152,806 157,204 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All Homeless People Sheltered Individuals Total Individuals Unsheltered Individuals 2018 2017 estimate differs from the 2017 Annual Homeless Assessment Report: Part 1 due to an adjustment made by Los Angeles to their unsheltered population. The individual unsheltered population was reduced by 2,496 people. 1 On a Single Night in January 2018 • 372,417 people experienced homelessness as individuals—that is, in households without children—representing 67 percent of the total homeless population. • A little over half of all people who experienced homelessness as individuals were staying in sheltered locations, 52 percent or 194,340 people. • Twenty-two out of every 10,000 individuals in the United States were homeless on a single night in 2018. Demographic Characteristics • Most individuals experiencing homelessness were age 25 or older (90%). People between 18 and 24 years old made up just 9 percent of homeless individuals, and only one percent of homeless individuals were under 18 years old. • Seven in ten people experiencing homelessness as individuals identified as men (262,025 men). The remaining 30 percent identified as women (just over 28% or 106,871 women), transgender, or gender non-conforming. 22 Data source: PIT 2007–2018 • Women accounted for slightly higher share of sheltered individuals (31%) than of unsheltered individuals (27%). • Just under 19 percent of all individuals experiencing homelessness identified as Hispanic or Latino. The share of individuals identifying as Hispanic varied by sheltered status, accounting for 15 percent of the sheltered population and 23 percent of the unsheltered population. • A majority of people experiencing homelessness as individuals identified as white (54% or 202,046 people), much higher than the percentage of people experiencing homelessness in families with children (38%). However, while an even higher percentage of unsheltered homeless individuals were white (59% or 104,274 people), it was the same as the percentage of unsheltered people in families who were white. • African Americans accounted for 35 percent of all homeless individuals (or 128,741 people) and 27 percent of unsheltered individuals (or 47,770 people). By comparison, African Americans accounted for 51 percent of people experiencing homelessness in families with children, and 20 percent of unsheltered people in families. Since 2017 • The number of people experiencing homelessness as individuals increased by two percent (5,832 more individuals) between 2017 and 2018. While the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased in both sheltered and unsheltered locations, the overall increase was driven by a three percent increase in the number of unsheltered individuals (4,636 people). • Individuals ages 25 and older accounted for the entire increase in individual homelessness, increasing by three percent (or 8,053 people). This increase was partially offset by a 13 percent decline among individuals under 18 and a four percent decline in the number of individuals aged 18 to 24. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 2 .2: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless Individuals 2018 Characteristic Total homeless All Homeless Individuals Sheltered Individuals Unsheltered Individuals # % # % # % 372,417 100% 194,340 100% 178,077 100% 1.2% Age Under 18 4,291 1.2% 2,183 1.1% 2,108 18 to 24 34,132 9.2% 17,466 9.0% 16,666 9.4% Over 24 333,994 89.7% 174,691 89.9% 159,303 89.5% Female 106,871 28.7% 59,182 30.5% 47,689 26.8% Male 262,025 70.4% 133,915 68.9% 128,110 71.9% Transgender 2,446 0.7% 1,064 0.5% 1,382 0.8% Gender Non-Conforming 1,075 0.3% 179 0.1% 896 0.5% 301,994 81.1% 164,462 84.6% 137,532 77.2% 70,423 18.9% 29,878 15.4% 40,545 22.8% White 202,046 54.3% 97,772 50.3% 104,274 58.6% African American 128,741 34.6% 80,971 41.7% 47,770 26.8% 4,919 1.3% 2,176 1.1% 2,743 1.5% 11,812 3.2% 4,551 2.3% 7,261 4.1% Pacific Islander 4,128 1.1% 1,616 0.8% 2,512 1.4% Multiple Races 20,771 5.6% 7,254 3.7% 13,517 7.6% Gender Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino Race Asian Native American EXHIBIT 2 .3: Change in Numbers of Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status, 2007–2018 Change 2017–2018 Total Homeless Individuals Change 2010–2018 Change 2007–2018 # % # % # % 5,832 1.6% -22,723 -5.8% -40,283 -9.8% Sheltered Individuals 1,196 0 .6% -17,878 -8 .4% -18,733 -8 .8% Unsheltered Individuals 4,636 2 .7% -4,845 -2 .6% -21,550 -10 .8% EXHIBIT 2 .4: Change in Numbers of Homeless Individuals By Age and Sheltered Status, 2017-2018 Total Change Under 18 Sheltered Change # % Unsheltered Change # % # % -665 -13 .4% -146 -6 .3% -519 -19 .8% 18 to 24 -1,556 -4 .4% -425 -2 .4% -1,131 -6 .4% Over 24 8,053 2 .5% 1,767 1 .0% 6,286 4 .1% 23 2 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States • Three percent more women experienced homelessness as individuals in 2018 than in 2017, compared to one percent more men. Women in sheltered locations increased by two percent, and women experiencing homelessness as individuals in unsheltered locations increased by four percent. The number of transgender individuals increased by 22 percent, and was driven by an increase in unsheltered individuals (409 more in 2018 than 2017). • Homelessness increased among Hispanic individuals and non-Hispanic individuals at similar rates (one and three percent) between 2017 and 2018. However, while the number of non-Hispanic individuals in sheltered locations declined slightly (less than one percent), Hispanic individuals in sheltered locations increased by five percent. • Homelessness among white individuals increased by six percent overall (or 10,544 people) and by nine percent among the unsheltered population (or 8,995 people). Conversely, homelessness among African American individuals decreased by two percent overall (or 2,527 people) and by nine percent among the unsheltered population (or 4,943 people). However, the number of African American and white individuals experiencing sheltered homelessness increased at similar rates (by 3% and 2%). Hawaii, California, and Oregon had the highest rates of individuals experiencing homelessness, with 50 or more individuals experiencing homelessness per 10,000 individuals . 24 Data source: PIT 2007–2018 Since 2007 • Over a longer time period, 2007-2018, individual homelessness declined by 10 percent (40,283 fewer people). This decline was comprised of both a decline in the number of homeless individuals in unsheltered locations— which dropped by 11 percent (21,550 fewer people)—and in sheltered locations, which dropped by nine percent (or 18,733 people). I I I . .05vi.13atlula?Fr_ . olsu .- - a. .- 2 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 2 .5: Estimates of Homeless Individuals By State, 2018 WA 16,424 OR 11,139 NV 7,058 ID 1,297 UT 1,904 CA 109,008 AZ 7,259 ME, 1,450 VT, 780 ND 467 MT 983 WY 434 CO 7,607 NM 1,949 SD 836 NE 1,745 KS 1,443 OK 2,823 TX 19,199 AK 1,434 MN 3,993 WI 2,740 MI 5,209 NY 39,827 PA 8,163 OH IL 6,752 IN 6,929 3,776 WV VA KY 1,021 3,928 MO 2,735 3,776 NC, 6,451 TN, 6,139 AR SC 2,280 3,082 AL GA 2,570 MS 6,943 1,024 LA 2,540 IA 1,711 NH, 835 MA, 6,811 RI, 747 CT, 2,280 NJ, 6,048 DE, 708 MD, 4,914 DC, 3,770 Number of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 Individuals Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ FL 21,443 HI 4,131 On a Single Night in January 2018 • California accounted for 30 percent of all people experiencing homelessness as individuals in the United States and 49 percent of all unsheltered individuals. • More than half of all the nation’s homeless individuals were in four states: California (30% or 109,008 people), New York (11% or 39,827 people), Florida (6% or 21,443 people), and Texas (5% or 19,199). • California and Hawaii had the highest rates of homelessness among all individuals, with 59 and 58 out of every 10,000 individuals experiencing homelessness. These rates are more than 2.5 times the national rate of individual homelessness (22 out of every 10,000 individuals). • In 10 states, more than half of individuals experiencing homelessness were staying in unsheltered locations: California (78%), Hawaii (71%), Oregon (64%), Washington (60%), Nevada (59%), Mississippi (55%), Arizona (54%), Texas (54%), Arkansas (53%), and Florida (50%). 26 • In contrast, more than 90 percent of people experiencing homelessness as individuals were sheltered in four states: Maine, Rhode Island, Nebraska and Vermont. Changes Over Time • Between 2017 and 2018, the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased in 29 states and the District of Columbia. The largest absolute increases were in Texas (2,491 people), New York (2,437 people), and Washington (1,643 people). The states with the largest percentage increases were South Dakota (37%), Delaware (15%), and Texas (15%). • The number of homeless individuals declined between 2017 and 2018 in 21 states. The largest absolute declines occurred in Florida (1,325 fewer people) and California (1,252 fewer people). The largest percentage declines were in North Dakota (44%) and Wyoming (30%). The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 2 .6: States with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Unsheltered Homeless Individuals, By State, 2018 Highest Rates CALIFORNIA HAWAII OREGON WASHINGTON NEVADA 78.3% 70.6% 63.8% 60.3% 59.3% 109,008 Homeless 85,373 Unsheltered 4,131 Homeless 2,916 Unsheltered 11,139 Homeless 7,112 Unsheltered 16,424 Homeless 9,905 Unsheltered 7,058 Homeless 4,185 Unsheltered MAINE RHODE ISLAND NEBRASKA VERMONT NORTH DAKOTA 6.3% 6.6% 7.9% 8.8% 10.3% 1,450 Homeless 91 Unsheltered 747 Homeless 49 Unsheltered 1,745 Homeless 137 Unsheltered 780 Homeless 69 Unsheltered 467 Homeless 48 Unsheltered Lowest Rates 27 2 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 2 .7: Largest Changes in Homeless Individuals By State, 2007–2018 2017–2018 2007–2018 Largest Increases TEXAS 2,491 / 14 .9% NEW YORK NEW YORK 2,437 / WASHINGTON 3,135 / 23 .6% WASHINGTON 1,643 / 11 .1% OREGON 1,268 / 12 .8% ARIZONA OREGON 6 .5% 11,771 / 42 .0% 771 / 11 .9% HAWAII 796 / 23 .9% 705 / MINNESOTA 724 / 22 .1% 6 .8% Largest Decreases a a FLORIDA -1,325 / -5 .8% FLORIDA CALIFORNIA -1,252 / TEXAS -1 .1% -11,597 / -35 .1% -7,107 / -27 .0% GEORGIA -479 / -6 .5% GEORGIA -5,578 / -44 .5% MICHIGAN -419 / NEW JERSEY -2,924 / -32 .6% ALABAMA -415 / -13 .9% ARIZONA -2,761 / -27 .6% -7 .4% Because of methodological changes, Michigan was excluded from the list of largest decreases from 2007-2018. • Between 2007 and 2018, the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased in 22 states and the District of Columbia. The largest increase was in New York (11,771 more people), a 42 percent rise. Washington and Oregon also had large increases (3,135 and 1,268 more people). • During the same eleven-year period, 28 states experienced a decline in the number of homeless individuals. The largest declines were experienced in Florida (11,597) and Texas (7,107). 28 i .9 A . ,vx?oseux ,[wt-?awe? . g. ,1 a in.? . m, git-em?; . . . I n- :41'91; - . 1' gujufy2 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities are located in the same CoC. EXHIBIT 2 .8: Homeless Individuals By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2018 100% Sheltered Individuals 48.3 Unsheltered Individuals 54.5 8.5 5.4 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 30 23.7 18.1 25.7 17.6 21.6 18.5 Largely Rural CoCs 50.5 63.6 Largely Suburban CoCs Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied to the CoCs, see the About This Report section of this report. 7.0 49.5 Other Largely Urban CoCs 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. 51.2 100% Major City CoCs 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=172) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. 0% EXHIBIT 2 .9: Homeless Individuals By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2018 0% 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=59) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoC does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. All Individuals Experiencing Homelessness Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories 36.4 56.8 51.3 Sheltered 43.2 48.7 Unsheltered On a Single Night in January 2018 • More than half (51%) of all people experiencing homelessness as individuals did so in major city CoCs (188,720 people). Of people experiencing homelessness in major cities, more than half were unsheltered (51% or 95,285 people). No other CoC category had an unsheltered rate above 50 percent. • Major city CoCs accounted for 55 percent of the national total of unsheltered individuals, and 48 percent of the national total of sheltered individuals. Largely suburban CoCs, by contrast, represented a higher share of the national total of sheltered individuals (26%) than of the national total of unsheltered individuals (22%). • CoCs that were largely urban but did not contain one of the nation’s largest cities sheltered the highest percentage of individuals of all CoC types (64%). • In three major city CoCs, more than 80 percent of homeless individuals were unsheltered. All three were in California: Fresno (89%), Los Angeles (85%), and San Jose (82%). • Four largely rural CoCs reported unsheltered rates above 90 percent: the CoC comprised of Alpine, Inyo, and Mono Counties CA, which is on the border of California and Nevada (99%); Lake County CA, located in Northwest California (98%); the CoC comprised of Hendry, The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 2 .10: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless Individuals by CoC Category 2018 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Age Under 18 0 .9% 1 .1% 1 .3% 1 .7% 18 to 24 9 .6% 7 .7% 8 .5% 9 .5% Over 24 89 .4% 91 .2% 90 .2% 88 .8% Gender Female 27 .1% 27 .9% 28 .8% 33 .9% Male 71 .6% 71 .6% 70 .7% 65 .6% Transgender 1 .0% 0 .3% 0 .4% 0 .3% Gender Nonconforming 0 .4% 0 .2% 0 .2% 0 .2% Non-Hispanic/Latino 77 .2% 88 .6% 84 .9% 87 .4% Hispanic/Latino 22 .8% 11 .4% 15 .1% 12 .6% White 43 .8% 59 .6% 60 .6% 74 .6% Black 45 .2% 30 .3% 28 .7% 14 .6% Asian 1 .6% 0 .8% 1 .3% 0 .4% Native American 2 .9% 3 .7% 2 .3% 5 .1% Pacific Islander 1 .0% 0 .8% 1 .4% 0 .8% Multiple Races 5 .6% 4 .8% 5 .7% 4 .5% Ethnicity Race EXHIBIT 2 .11: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Homeless Individuals by CoC Category 2018 Homeless Individuals CoC Name Major City CoCs Homeless Individuals CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA 42,079 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 1,390 New York City, NY 33,391 Oxnard, San Buenaventura/Ventura County, CA 1,109 Seattle/King County, WA 9,488 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 1,054 San Diego City and County, CA 7,063 Vallejo/Solano County CA 1,052 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 6,267 Reno, Sparks/Washoe County, NV 1,051 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 3,780 Texas Balance of State 5,767 Honolulu City and County, HI 2,905 Oregon Balance of State 4,419 Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma County, CA 2,657 Washington Balance of State 3,730 St . Petersburg, Clearwater, Largo/Pinellas County, FL 2,253 Salinas/Monterey, San Benito Counties, CA 2,683 Riverside City & County, CA 2,087 Colorado Balance of State 2,546 31 2 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States Hardee, and Highlands Counties, FL, which abut Lake Okeechobee (95%); and the CoC comprised of Colusa, Glenn, Trinity Counties in California’s central valley (94%). • People experiencing homelessness as individuals in largely rural CoCs were more likely to be women (34%) than those in major city (27%), other urban (28%), or suburban (29%) CoCs. • Nearly one in four of people experiencing homelessness as individuals in major cities was Hispanic or Latino (23%), a higher proportion than were reported in other largely urban (11%), largely suburban (15%), and largely rural (13%) CoCs. Changes Over Time • While individual homelessness increased in all CoC categories, predominantly rural CoCs experienced the largest increase between 2017 and 2018 (4% percent or 2,782 people). This increase was driven by an eight percent increase in unsheltered individuals (2,331 more people). • The number of individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness in other largely urban CoCs (those without one of the 50 largest US cities) increased by 12 percent (or 964 more people) between 2017 and 2018. This increase was slightly offset by a two percent Between 2017 and 2018, the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased in all CoC types . 32 Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories decrease in the number of people experiencing sheltered homelessness in these CoCs (or 368 more people). • Increases in the number of individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness in major city CoCs slowed. Between 2014 and 2015, unsheltered individual homelessness increased by 11 percent. Individual homelessness increased by eight percent between 2015 and 2016, and by 19 percent between 2016 and 2017. Between 2017 and 2018, it increased by less than one percent. However, the number is now higher than it was in 2007 (by 137 people or 0.1%). • Between 2007 and 2018, unsheltered homelessness among individuals declined in largely suburban CoCs by 34 percent (19,382 fewer people) and in largely rural CoCs by six percent (1,903 fewer people). Meanwhile, the number of unsheltered individuals increased modestly in major city CoCs and in other largely urban CoCs (2%, or 198 more people). The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 2 .12: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Homeless Individuals who were Unsheltered by CoC Category 2018 Percent of all homeless people that are unsheltered, 2018 Total homeless individuals, 2018 CoC Name Total homeless individuals, 2018 CoC Name Major City CoCs Fresno City & County/ Madera County, CA Other Largely Urban CoCs 1,886 88 .7% Fayetteville/Cumberland County, NC Los Angeles City & County, CA 42,079 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 6,267 82 .2% Glendale, CA Oakland, Berkeley/ Alameda County, CA 4,801 79 .9% San Francisco, CA 6,211 69 .8% Pasadena, CA 85 .3% Vallejo/Solano County, CA 142 90 .1% 1,052 84 .2% 168 82 .7% 823 77 .5% 573 76 .6% 145 99 .3% 547 97 .6% Visalia/Kings, Tulare Counties, CA Largely Suburban CoCs Imperial County, CA Percent of all homeless people that are unsheltered, 2018 Largely Rural CoCs 1,311 96 .9% Alpine, Inyo, Mono Counties CoC, CA Clackamas County, OR 317 95 .0% Lake County, CA Fort Walton Beach/Okaloosa, Walton Counties, FL 348 93 .7% Hendry, Hardee, Highlands Counties, FL 292 94 .5% Fort Pierce/St . Lucie, Indian River, Martin Counties, FL 854 93 .0% Colusa, Glenn, Trinity Counties CoC, CA 162 93 .8% Pasco County, FL 829 87 .5% Mendocino County, CA 829 87 .2% EXHIBIT 2 .13: Change in Individual Homelessness by Sheltered Status and CoC Category 2017–2018 All Homeless Individuals Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Sheltered Homeless Individuals Numeric Change Percent Change Unsheltered Homeless Individuals Numeric Change Percent Change Numeric Change Percent Change 1,139 0 .6% 396 0 .4% 743 0 .8% 596 2 .4% -368 -2 .2% 964 11 .5% Largely Suburban CoCs 1,346 1 .6% 875 1 .8% 471 1 .3% Largely Rural CoCs 2,782 4 .4% 451 1 .3% 2,331 7 .7% 33 3 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States Data source: PIT 2007–2018 • The average size of families experiencing homelessness was 3.2 people. EXHIBIT 3 .1: PIT Estimates of Homeless People in Families with Children By Sheltered Status, 2007–2018 238,096 234,558 78,535 75,750 78,514 79,442 77,184 77,155 50,612 56,230 53,753 50,783 222,190 206,286 194,716 216,261 184,411180,413 191,571191,903 185,824 175,563 167,723 164,023 190,996 186,482 187,313 178,328 239,397 191,325 181,506 48,401 70,957 67,613 64,197 61,265 57,886 56,342 49,693 24,358 30,619 2007 2008 2009 • Children under the age of 18 made up 60 percent of people experiencing homelessness in families. Of the remaining 40 percent, most were 25 years of age or older (33%). Eight percent of all people in families with children were young adults between 18 and 24. • Not surprisingly, children comprised a smaller share of unsheltered people in families (52%) than sheltered people in families (60%). • African Americans accounted for 51 percent of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness and 54 percent of all sheltered families. However, African Americans accounted for only 20 percent of unsheltered people in families. • The inverse was true for people identifying as white. While 36 percent of people in families with children in sheltered locations identified as white, 59 percent of the unsheltered family population was white. • Nearly 3 in 10 people in families experiencing homelessness were Hispanic or Latino (29%), higher than the proportion of Hispanic or Latino individuals experiencing homelessness (19%). Hispanics and Latinos comprised 29 percent of families in sheltered locations and 23 percent of people in families in unsheltered locations. 236,175 241,937 235,259 Demographic Characteristics 2010 2011 2012 2013 19,153 16,688 16,390 20,462 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total People in Families Sheltered People in Families Family Households Unsheltered People in Families On a Single Night in January 2018 • 180,413 people were homeless in 56,342 families with children, representing one-third (33%) of the total homeless population in 2018. • Of all people in households with children in the United States, 11 out of every 10,000 were experiencing homelessness on a single night. • More than 9 in 10 people experiencing homelessness in families with children were sheltered (164,023 people). Only 16,390 people in families with children were counted in unsheltered locations. EXHIBIT 3 .2: Change in Number of Homeless People in Families with Children By Sheltered Status, 2007-2018 Change 2017-2018 Number Percent People in families -3,998 Sheltered -3,700 Unsheltered Family households 34 Change 2010-2018 Number Percent -2 .2% 61,524 -2 .2% -27,302 -298 -1 .8% -1,544 -2 .7% Change 2007-2018 Number Percent -25 .4% -54,145 -23 .1% -14 .3% -14,305 -8 .0% -34,222 -67 .6% -39,840 -70 .9% -23,100 -29 .1% -22,193 -28 .3% The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 3 .3: Parenting Youth By Sheltered Status, 2018 People in Parenting Youth Families Total Parenting Youth (Under 18) Parenting Youth Age (18 to 24) Children of Parenting Youth Sheltered People in Parenting Youth Families Unsheltered People in Parenting Youth Families Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 8,724 100% 88,249 100% 475 100% 87 1 .0% 77 0 .9% 10 2 .1% 8,637 99 .0% 88,172 99 .1% 465 97 .9% 11,319 10,791 528 EXHIBIT 3 .4: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless People in Families with Children 2018 Characteristic People in families All Homeless People in Families Sheltered People in Families Unsheltered People in Families # % # % # % 180,413 100% 164,023 100% 16,390 100% 51.2% Age Under 18 107,301 59.5% 98,903 60.3% 8,398 18 – 24 14,187 7.9% 12,688 7.7% 1,499 9.1% Over 24 58,925 32.7% 52,432 32.0% 6,493 39.6% 109,340 60.6% 100,842 61.5% 8,498 51.8% Gender Female Male 70,900 39.3% 63,110 38.5% 7,790 47.5% Transgender 75 0.0% 44 0.0% 31 0.2% Gender Non-conforming 98 0.1% 27 0.0% 71 0.4% 128,360 71.1% 115,721 70.6% 12,639 77.1% 52,053 28.9% 48,302 29.4% 3,751 22.9% White 68,522 38.0% 58,901 35.9% 9,621 58.7% Black or African American 91,068 50.5% 87,745 53.5% 3,323 20.3% Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino Race Asian 1,724 1.0% 1,412 0.9% 312 1.9% Native American 3,602 2.0% 3,077 1.9% 525 3.2% Pacific Islander 3,911 2.2% 2,561 1.6% 1,350 8.2% Multiple Races 11,586 6.4% 10,327 6.3% 1,259 7.7% EXHIBIT 3 .5: Change in Numbers of Homeless People in Families with Children By Age and Sheltered Status, 2017–2018 Total Change 2017-2018 People under 18 in families with children Sheltered Change 2017-2018 Unsheltered Change 2017-2018 # % # % # % -2,272 -2 .1% -2,057 -2 .0% -215 -2 .5% People age 18 to 24 in families with children -1,117 -7 .3% -1,163 -8 .4% 46 3 .2% People over age 24 in families with children -609 -1 .0% -480 -0 .9% -129 -1 .9% 35 3 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States Additional Characteristics • Only five percent of homeless people in families with children were in households with chronic patterns of homelessness (8,273 people). Three in ten (30%) chronically homeless people in families with children experienced homelessness in unsheltered locations. • Parenting youth accounted for 61 percent of all people between the ages of 18 and 24 in families with children. Approximately 16 percent of all people in families who were under the age of 25 were people in parenting youth households. 5 • Of people in families with a parent under 25, five percent were found in unsheltered locations, about half the rate as for all people in families (9%). Since 2017 • The number of people in families with children who experienced homelessness on a single night declined by two percent (or 3,998 people) between 2017 and 2018. The number of family households experiencing homelessness declined by three percent (or 1,544 households). Family homelessness declined by two percent across sheltered status. • Overall homelessness decreased for all age groups between 2017 and 2018. However, unsheltered homelessness increased by three percent for people in families with children aged 18 to 24. (People in this age group may be the parent of the family or they may be young adults in a household that has both another adult and at least one child under 18.) • Overall homelessness also declined for all gender groups between 2017 and 2018, 5 87 people under the age of 18 who are parents are included in this estimate. People under the age of 18 who are experiencing homeless with their children are reported under “child-only” households, and are also included in the individuals section of this report. They are not included in the total number of people experiencing homelessness in families. 36 Data source: PIT 2007–2018 • The number of Hispanic or Latino people in families experiencing homelessness increased overall by four percent (1,918 people) and was shared across sheltered and unsheltered populations. Conversely, homelessness declined for non-Hispanic or non-Latino people in families, including a five percent (5,454 people) decrease in sheltered homelessness and a four percent (462 people) decrease in unsheltered homelessness. • Homelessness decreased for all racial groups, except for a less than one percent increase for white people in families, mainly an increase in sheltered homelessness. Since 2007 • Between 2007 and 2018, the number of people in families who experienced homelessness dropped by 23 percent (54,145 fewer people), and the number of family households that experienced homelessness dropped by 28 percent (22,193 family households). • The decline in overall rates of family homelessness can be attributed to the substantial decrease in the number of people in families with children who experienced homelessness in unsheltered locations. Between 2007 and 2018, unsheltered family homelessness has dropped 71 percent (39,840 fewer people). The number of people in families with children staying in sheltered locations also declined, though by a smaller amount (8% or 14,305 people). 3 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 3 .6: Estimates of Family Homelessness By State, 2018 WA 5,880 OR 3,337 NV 486 ND 75 MT 422 ID 715 WY 205 UT 972 CA 20,964 AZ 2,606 ME, 1,066 VT, 511 CO 3,250 NM 602 MN 3,250 SD 323 IA 1,038 NE 676 KS 773 OK 1,048 TX 6,111 AK 582 WI 2,167 MO 2,107 AR 432 LA 519 MI 3,142 NH, 615 MA, 13,257 RI, 354 CT, 1,696 NJ, 3,350 DE, 374 MD, 2,230 DC, 3,134 NY 52,070 PA 5,349 OH IL 3,891 IN 3,320 1,482 WV VA KY 222 2,047 953 NC, 2,817 TN, 1,744 SC 851 AL GA MS 864 2,556 328 FL 9,587 Number of People in Families Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 People in Families Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ HI 2,399 On a Single Night in January 2018 • Nearly three in ten (29%) people in families who experience homelessness in the U.S. do so in New York (52,070 people). All but 29 of those people (or 0.1%) stayed in sheltered locations. • More than half of the nation’s homeless people in families with children were in four states: New York, California (12% 20,964 people), Massachusetts (7% or 13,257 people), and Florida (5% or 9,587 people). • Two-thirds of unsheltered people in families with children (65%) were in one of four states: California, Florida, Oregon, and Colorado. • New York and Massachusetts also had very high rates of homelessness among families. In 2018, 57 out of every 10,000 people in New York and 44 out of every 10,000 people in Massachusetts experienced homelessness. • In five states, more than one-quarter of people experiencing homelessness in families with children were unsheltered: Oregon (54%), Tennessee (33%), Colorado (32%), Wyoming (31%), and Idaho (28%). These rates were 38 considerably higher than the national rate of just under 10 percent. • In three states (Connecticut, Delaware, North Dakota) and the District of Columbia, none of the people experiencing homelessness in families with children were unsheltered. Changes Over Time • Homelessness among people in families with children increased in 12 states between 2017 and 2018. The largest increases were in Massachusetts (17% or 1,959 more people in families with children) and Connecticut (44% or 516 more people). • Homelessness declined for people in families with children in 38 states and the District of Columbia between 2017 and 2018. The largest decreases were in the District of Columbia (19% or 756 fewer people), Texas (11% or 729 fewer people), and Minnesota (14% or 519 fewer people). • Over a longer period, 2007-2018, the number of people experiencing homelessness in The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 families with children increased in 7 states. New York experienced the largest absolute increase, with 17,525 more people in families experiencing homelessness, a 51 percent rise. In Massachusetts, 94 percent more people in families experienced homelessness in 2018 than in 2007 (6,422 more people), and in the District of Columbia, 96 percent more people in families with children experienced homelessness (1,531 more people). • Between 2007 and 2018, the number of people experiencing homelessness in families with children declined in 43 states. In that timeframe, Florida reduced its homeless family population by just over one-third (36% or 5,442 people); Texas cut its population in half (55% or 7,371 fewer people); and New Jersey and Georgia reduced their populations by nearly two-thirds (60% or 4,992 fewer people, and 64% or 4,562 fewer people). EXHIBIT 3 .7: Highest and Lowest Rates of Unsheltered People in Families with Children By State, 2018 Highest Rates OREGON TENNESSEE COLORADO WYOMING IDAHO 54.3% 32.6% 31.5% 31.2% 27.7% 3,337 Homeless 1,813 Unsheltered 1,744 Homeless 569 Unsheltered 3,250 Homeless 1,024 Unsheltered 205 Homeless 64 Unsheltered 715 Homeless 198 Unsheltered DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CONNECTICUT DELAWARE NORTH DAKOTA MASSACHUSETTS 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3,134 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 1,696 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 374 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 75 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 13,257 Homeless 2 Unsheltered Lowest Rates Note: Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories. 39 3 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 3 .8: Largest Changes in Homeless People in Families with Children By State, 2007–2018 2017–2018 2007–2018 Largest Increases MASSACHUSETTS 1,959 / 17 .3% NEW YORK 17,525 / 50 .7% CONNECTICUT 516 / 43 .7% MASSACHUSETTS 6,422 / 94 .0% NEW JERSEY 247 / 8 .0% DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 1,531 / 95 .5% FLORIDA 165 / 1 .8% CONNECTICUT 147 / 6 .0% VERMONT ARIZONA 387 / 29 .6% 75 / 17 .2% Largest Decreases a a DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA -756 / -19 .4% TEXAS -7,371 / -54 .7% TEXAS -729 / -10 .7% CALIFORNIA -7,070 / -25 .2% MINNESOTA -519 / -13 .8% FLORIDA -5,442 / -36 .2% PENNSYLVANIA -518 / -8 .8% NEW JERSEY -4,992 / -59 .8% WASHINGTON -451 / GEORGIA -4,562 / -64 .1% -7 .1% Because of methodological changes, Michigan was excluded from the list of largest decreases from 2007-2018. Approximately 16 percent of people in families who were under the age of 25 were people in parenting youth households 40 3 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States EXHIBIT 3 .9: Homeless People in Families Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories with Children By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2018 100% 0% Homeless People in Families with Children Sheltered People in Families with Children Unsheltered People in Families with Children 49.9 52.7 19.5 3.4 5.0 5.2 27.1 18.0 26.8 15.4 30.4 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=172) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. Largely Rural CoCs EXHIBIT 3 .10: Percentage of Family Homelessness that is Sheltered and Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2018 100% Major City CoCs 96.7 Other Largely Urban CoCs 94.3 Largely Suburban CoCs 90.6 Largely Rural CoCs 78.3 Sheltered 3.3 5.7 9.4 21.7 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied to the CoCs, see the About This Report section of this report. Unsheltered On a Single Night in January 2018 • Half of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness in the United States did so in CoCs covering one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. Major city CoCs accounted for more than 2.5 times the share of sheltered people in families with children (53%) than of unsheltered people in families with children (20%). • CoCs that were predominantly suburban accounted just over one-quarter (27%) of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness. 42 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=59) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoC does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 46.6 0% Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories • CoCs that were predominantly rural accounted for 18 percent of homeless people in families with children –similar to their share of homeless individuals. However, nearly half of all unsheltered people in families were in largely rural CoCs (47%), considerably higher than the share of unsheltered individuals in largely rural CoCs (18%). • CoCs that were predominantly rural had the highest rate of unsheltered homelessness among people in families with children, with 22 percent staying outdoors. In all other CoC categories, more than 9 in 10 people in families experiencing homelessness were sheltered. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 3 .11: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of People Experiencing Family Homelessness By CoC Category, 2018 People in Families with Children CoC Name Major City CoCs New York City, NY People in Families with Children CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs 45,285 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 631 Los Angeles City & County, CA 7,876 Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN 538 Boston, MA 3,653 St . Louis City, MO 330 District of Columbia 3,134 Spokane City & County, WA 328 Seattle/King County, WA 2,624 Bridgeport, Stamford, Norwalk/Fairfield County, CT 309 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Springfield/Hampden County, MA 2,911 Oregon Balance of State 1,973 Nassau, Suffolk Counties, NY 2,876 Washington Balance of State 1,936 Pasco County, FL 1,839 Texas Balance of State 1,871 Massachusetts Balance of State 1,651 Wisconsin Balance of State 1,650 Honolulu City and County, HI 1,590 Colorado Balance of State 1,443 • One-quarter of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness did so in New York City, and all of those 45,285 people were sheltered. Demographic Characteristics • The gender and age characteristics of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness do not vary much by CoC category and generally reflect national patterns. • However, race and ethnicity do vary by geography. More than one-third (35%) of people in families with children experiencing homelessness in major cities were Hispanic, the highest rate among the CoC categories. In largely suburban CoCs, 28 percent of people in families identified as Hispanic, which was most similar to the national rate. Predominantly rural CoCs had the lowest rate of people experiencing family homelessness identifying as Hispanic or Latino (17%). • In major cities, 25 percent of people in families experiencing homelessness were white, compared with 63 percent in largely rural CoCs. Conversely, two-thirds of people experiencing homelessness in families in major cities were African American (67%) compared to 22 percent in largely rural CoCs. Largely rural CoCs account for 18 percent of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness, and 47 percent of unsheltered people in families . 43 3 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 3 .12: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of People Experiencing Family Homelessness who are Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2018 Percent that are unsheltered, 2018 People in Families with Children CoC Name Total homeless people, 2018 CoC Name Major City CoCs Percent of all homeless people that are unsheltered, 2018 Other Largely Urban CoCs San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 987 30 .0% Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 251 45 .0% Long Beach, CA 195 29 .2% Fayetteville/Cumberland County, NC 230 42 .2% Los Angeles City & County, CA 7,876 21 .2% Little Rock/Central Arkansas 131 24 .4% San Diego City and County, CA 1,513 20 .8% Pasadena, CA 104 22 .1% 152 11 .2% 91 .9% Jackson/West Tennessee 420 91 .2% Oklahoma City, OK 243 18 .5% Mobile City & County/Baldwin County, AL Largely Suburban CoCs Pasco County CoC, FL 1,839 Largely Rural CoCs El Dorado County CoC, CA 168 82 .1% Central Oregon 199 82 .9% Charles, Calvert, St . Mary's Counties CoC, MD 218 62 .4% Northwest North Carolina 243 77 .8% Fort Walton Beach/Okaloosa, Walton Counties CoC, FL 147 Columbia, Hamilton, 58 .5% Lafayette, Suwannee Counties, FL 106 72 .6% Santa Maria/Santa Barbara County CoC, CA 371 41 .5% Oregon Balance of State 1,973 68 .8% Note: Excludes CoCs with fewer than 100 people in families with children experiencing homelessness. Since 2017 • Family homelessness declined in all CoC types except those that are largely suburban, where it increased by four percent. This increase was driven entirely by increases in the sheltered population (6% or 2,653 people). • Between 2017 and 2018, largely rural CoCs experienced the largest percentage decline in the number of people experiencing homelessness in families with children (8% or 2,925 people) and major cities experienced the largest absolute decline (3% or 3,002 people). • Unsheltered homelessness among families rose in major city CoCs (by 481 people or 20%) and in other largely urban CoCs (by 107 people or 44 26%), but declined in largely suburban CoCs (by 609 people and 12%) and largely rural CoCs (by 486 people or 7%). The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 3 .13: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless People in Families with Children By CoC Category, 2018 Major City CoCs (n=48) Other Largely Urban CoCs (n=59) Largely Suburban CoCs (n=172) 61 .5% 59 .3% Largely Rural CoCs (n=114) Age Under 18 59 .3% 60 .3% 18 to 24 8 .7% 6 .6% 7 .6% 6 .2% Over 24 32 .1% 31 .9% 33 .1% 33 .5% Female 60 .9% 61 .9% 60 .4% 60 .2% Male Gender 39 .1% 37 .9% 39 .4% 39 .8% Transgender 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .1% 0 .0% Gender Nonconforming 0 .0% 0 .1% 0 .1% 0 .0% Non-Hispanic/Latino 65 .2% 80 .6% 72 .2% 82 .8% Hispanic/Latino 34 .8% 19 .4% 27 .8% 17 .2% White 25 .0% 38 .5% 46 .2% 63 .1% Black 66 .7% 47 .7% 41 .9% 21 .5% Asian 0 .9% 0 .7% 0 .9% 0 .5% Native American 1 .2% 3 .0% 1 .3% 5 .0% Pacific Islander 1 .1% 1 .0% 2 .6% 1 .7% Multiple Races 5 .1% 9 .1% 7 .0% 8 .2% Ethnicity Race EXHIBIT 3 .14: Change in Family Homelessness By Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2017-2018 All People in Families with Children # Sheltered People in Families with Children % Unsheltered People in Families with Children # % # % Total -4,165 -2 .3% -3,658 -2 .2% -507 -3 .3% Major City CoCs -3,002 -3 .3% -3,483 -3 .9% 481 19 .7% Other Largely Urban CoCs -282 -3 .0% -389 -4 .4% 107 26 .2% Largely Suburban CoCs 2,044 4 .4% 2,653 6 .4% -609 -11 .8% Largely Rural CoCs -2,925 -8 .3% -2,439 -8 .8% -486 -6 .5% 45 4 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States In recent years, HUD has expanded Point-in-Time (PIT) count data collection to include information on the number of young adults and children who are experiencing homelessness without a parent or guardian present. Unaccompanied youth are people under the age of 25 who are not accompanied by a parent or guardian and are not a parent presenting with or sleeping in the same place as his or her children. HUD and its federal partners selected the PIT counts from January 2017 as the baseline measure of homelessness among unaccompanied youth. While 347 communities conducted unsheltered counts in 2018, it was not required. Therefore, 2019 will be the first year that we examine year-to-year trends in unaccompanied homeless youth. Data source: PIT 2018 On a Single Night in January 2018 • There were 36,361 unaccompanied homeless youth under the age of 25. This represents just under seven percent of the total homeless population and ten percent of people experiencing homelessness as individuals. • Of all people in the United States who were under the age of 25 and living in households without a parent or guardian and without their own children, 18 out of 10,000 were experiencing homelessness. • In addition, there were 8,724 parents and 11,219 children of those parents in families in which the parent was a youth. They are not included in this chapter but are described in the Families chapter of this report. • Nearly 9 in 10 unaccompanied youth were EXHIBIT 4 .1: Estimates of Unaccompanied between the ages of 18 and 24 (89% or 32,268 Homeless Youth people). The remaining 11 percent (or By Age and Sheltered Status, 2018 4,093 people) were under the age of 18. Total Sheltered Unsheltered • Unaccompanied homeless youth are Unaccompanied Unaccompanied Unaccompanied Homeless Youth Youth Youth more likely to be unsheltered (51%) than # % # % # % all people experiencing homelessness 36,361 100 .0% 18,011 100 .0% 18,350 100 .0% Total Homeless (35%) or people experiencing Youth (under 25) homelessness as individuals (48%). The 4,093 11 .3% 2,014 11 .2% 2,079 11 .3% Homeless Youth percentages that are unsheltered are (under 18) 32,268 88 .7% 15,997 88 .8% 16,271 88 .7% Homeless Youth almost the same for unaccompanied (18-24) youth under the age of 18 and those 18-24. EXHIBIT 4 .2: Sheltered and Unsheltered Unaccompanied Homeless Youth Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Youth By Sheltered Status, 2018 100% 0% All People Experiencing Homelessness 64.8 Homeless Individuals 52.2 Unaccompanied Youth (under 25) 49.5 Sheltered 46 Unsheltered 35.2 47.8 50.5 • Just under 40 percent of unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness were women or girls (38%), a higher percentage than of all individuals experiencing homelessness (28%). One-third of unaccompanied youth staying in unsheltered locations were female, compared to just over one-quarter of all unsheltered individuals (27%). • Youth identifying as transgender accounted for approximately one percent of the unaccompanied youth population, regardless of sheltered status. Meanwhile, although The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 an extremely small share of the overall unaccompanied youth population, people who did not identify as male, female, or transgender comprised a higher share of the sheltered population than the unsheltered population (2% compared to 1%). • African Americans comprised a larger share of the sheltered unaccompanied youth population than the unsheltered population. African American unaccompanied youth accounted for a slightly larger share of the sheltered population than did all African American individuals (44% compared to 42%) and a lower percentage of unsheltered unaccompanied youth than all individuals (24% compared to 27%). • Almost one-quarter of unaccompanied homeless youth were Hispanic or Latino (24% or 8,887 people). The rate is higher among unsheltered unaccompanied youth (29% or 5,387 people). Unaccompanied youth were more likely to be Hispanic or Latino than all homeless individuals: 24% of unaccompanied homeless youth were Hispanic or Latino compared to 19% of all homeless individuals. • Nearly half of unaccompanied youth were white (49%), and about one-third (34%) were African American. Multiracial youth accounted for 10 percent of all unaccompanied homeless youth. Native American youth represented four percent of the unaccompanied homeless youth population, and Asian and Pacific Islander youth together accounted for the remaining five percent. • Compared to all homeless individuals (including people over the age of 24), unaccompanied youth were more likely to identify as a race other than white or African American (17% versus 11%). EXHIBIT 4 .3: Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness 2018 Sheltered Unaccompanied Youth All Unaccompanied Youth Total Unsheltered Unaccompanied Youth # % # % # % 36,361 100% 18,011 100% 18,350 100% Age Under 18 4,093 11.3% 2,014 11.2% 2,079 11.3% 18 to 24 32,268 88.7% 15,997 88.8% 16,271 88.7% Gender Female 13,731 37.8% 7,620 42.3% 6,111 33.3% Male 21,828 60.0% 9,987 55.4% 11,841 64.5% Transgender 503 1.4% 315 1.7% 188 1.0% Gender non-conforming 299 0.8% 89 0.5% 210 1.1% 27,474 75.6% 14,511 80.6% 12,963 70.6% 8,887 24.4% 3,500 19.4% 5,387 29.4% White 17,757 48.8% 8,167 45.3% 9,590 52.3% African American 12,336 33.9% 7,979 44.3% 4,357 23.7% 516 1.4% 155 0.9% 361 2.0% 5.9% Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino Race Asian Native American 1,576 4.3% 492 2.7% 1,084 Pacific Islander 436 1.2% 139 0.8% 297 1.6% Multiple Races 3,740 10.3% 1,079 6.0% 2,661 14.5% 47 4 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States Data source: PIT 2018; Excludes PR and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 4 .4: Estimates of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By State, 2018 WA 2,184 OR 1,309 NV 1,404 ND 65 MT 119 ID 115 WY 82 UT 191 CO 593 CA 12,396 AZ 638 ME, 152 VT, 101 NM 182 MN 709 SD 61 IA 209 NE 157 KS 133 OK 313 TX 1,379 AK 163 WI 246 MI 604 IL 684 MO 534 AR 240 LA 214 NY 2,941 OH 686 IN 268 KY 193 PA 684 WV VA 61 286 NC, 478 TN, 485 MS 87 AL 158 NH, 81 MA, 465 RI, 39 CT, 187 NJ, 518 DE, 53 MD, 267 DC, 318 GA 494 SC 237 FL 1,892 Number of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 Unaccompanied Youth Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ HI 189 On a Single Night in January 2018 • California reported the largest numbers of homeless unaccompanied youth (12,396 people), accounting for one-third of all unaccompanied youth. Other states with large numbers of homeless unaccompanied youth were: New York (2,941), Washington (2,184), Florida (1,892), and Nevada (1,404). Unaccompanied homeless youth are more likely to be unsheltered (51%) than all people experiencing homelessness (35%) or people experiencing homelessness as individuals (48%) . 48 • California accounted for 54 percent of all unsheltered homeless unaccompanied youth (9,920 people). The state with the next largest number was Washington, with eight percent of the nation’s unsheltered unaccompanied youth, or 1,421 people. • Nevada, California, and Oregon had very high rates of homelessness among unaccompanied youth. Nevada had the highest rate, with 98 out of every 10,000 youth experiencing homelessness on their own. California and Oregon had rates of 54 and 53 out of 10,000 unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 4 .5: States with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Unsheltered Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By State, 2018 Highest Rates NEVADA CALIFORNIA HAWAII WASHINGTON OREGON 83.8% 80.0% 73.5% 65.1% 62.6% 1,404 Homeless 1,177 Unsheltered 12,396 Homeless 9,920 Unsheltered 189 Homeless 139 Unsheltered 2,184 Homeless 1,421 Unsheltered 1,309 Homeless 819 Unsheltered RHODE ISLAND MAINE VERMONT ALASKA NEBRASKA 2.6% 5.9% 7.9% 8.0% 8.3% 39 Homeless 1 Unsheltered 152 Homeless 9 Unsheltered 101 Homeless 8 Unsheltered 163 Homeless 13 Unsheltered 157 Homeless 13 Unsheltered Lowest Rates • States with the highest percentages of unaccompanied youth who were found in unsheltered rather than sheltered locations were in the western part of the country. Nevada had the highest percentage, with 1,177 people staying in places not meant for human habitation. California followed, with 9,920 unaccompanied youth staying in unsheltered locations, 80 percent of the state’s unaccompanied homeless youth. • Rhode Island had the lowest percentage of unaccompanied youth who were unsheltered, with only three percent. 49 4 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States EXHIBIT 4 .6: Unaccompanied Youth Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories Experiencing Homelessness By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2018 100% 0% All Unaccompanied Homeless Youth 51.2 Sheltered Unaccompanied Youth Unsheltered Unaccompanied Youth 44.4 6.1 7.7 57.9 4.4 23.0 19.7 25.8 22.1 20.3 17.3 Major City CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Youth in each CoC Category By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2018 100% 0% 57.0 Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 43.0 36.8 63.2 48.3 44.4 25.7 44.3 Sheltered 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=59) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoC does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=172) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. EXHIBIT 4 .7: Unaccompanied Homeless Major City CoCs Data source: PIT 2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories 55.6 55.7 Unsheltered 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied to the CoCs, see the About This Report section of this report. On a Single Night in January 2018 • More than half (51%) of all unaccompanied youth were counted in the nation’s major cities, similar to its share of all individuals experiencing homelessness. However, major cities accounted for a larger share of the nation’s unsheltered unaccompanied youth (58%) than of all unsheltered individuals (55%), and a smaller share of sheltered unaccompanied youth (44% versus 48%). • Major cities had the highest percentage of unaccompanied youth who were unsheltered (57%), followed by largely suburban CoCs (44%) and largely rural CoCs (44%). Other largely urban CoCs (those that do not include one 50 of the nation’s largest cities) had the lowest percentage of unaccompanied youth found in unsheltered locations. • Other largely urban CoCs accounted for six percent of all unaccompanied youth nationwide, eight percent of sheltered unaccompanied youth, and four percent of unsheltered unaccompanied youth. • About one in four sheltered unaccompanied youth (26%) were counted in largely suburban CoCs, while one in five (20%) unsheltered unaccompanied youth were counted in those locations. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 • CoCs that are predominantly rural accounted for a slightly larger share of the nation’s sheltered unaccompanied youth (22%) than unsheltered unaccompanied youth (17%). A slightly larger share of unaccompanied youth were found in largely rural CoCs than were all individuals (20% versus 18%). • In three major city CoCs—San Jose, Las Vegas, and San Francisco—more than 80 percent of unaccompanied were unsheltered. • In two largely suburban CoCs—Pasco County FL and Santa Cruz CA—more than 90 percent of unaccompanied homeless youth were unsheltered. • Unaccompanied youth found in predominantly rural CoCs were much more likely to be white (72%) than unaccompanied youth in major city CoCs (38%), other largely urban CoCs (51%), or largely suburban CoCs (52%). • In all categories of CoCs, nearly all unaccompanied homeless youth were between the ages of 18 and 24. Largely rural CoCs had the highest percentage of unaccompanied homeless youth under the age of 18 (15%), and major city CoCs had the lowest percentage (9%). 51 4 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States Data source: PIT 2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 4 .8: Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth in each CoC Category By CoC Category, 2018 Major City CoCs (n=48) Other Largely Urban CoCs (n=59) Largely Suburban CoCs (n=172) Largely Rural CoCs (n=114) Age Under 18 9 .1% 11 .4% 13 .1% 14 .7% 90 .9% 88 .6% 86 .9% 85 .3% Female 35 .7% 40 .5% 38 .4% 41 .7% Male 18 to 24 Gender 61 .3% 58 .2% 60 .0% 57 .0% Transgender 1 .9% 0 .8% 1 .0% 0 .8% Gender NonConforming 1 .1% 0 .5% 0 .6% 0 .5% Non-Hispanic/Latino 72 .1% 85 .2% 77 .5% 80 .2% Hispanic/Latino 27 .9% 14 .8% 22 .5% 19 .8% White 38 .3% 51 .1% 51 .9% 72 .2% Black 41 .2% 32 .9% 33 .1% 16 .6% Asian 2 .2% 0 .9% 0 .9% 0 .3% Native American 5 .0% 4 .6% 2 .6% 4 .5% Pacific Islander 1 .3% 1 .1% 1 .3% 0 .7% Multiple Races 12 .0% 9 .3% 10 .2% 5 .7% Ethnicity Race 52 The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 4 .9: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By CoC Category, 2018 Unaccompanied Homeless Youth CoC Name Unaccompanied Homeless Youth CoC Name Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 2,517 Vallejo/Solano County, CA 218 Los Angeles City & County, CA 2,337 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 132 New York City, NY 2,142 Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN 116 Seattle/King County, WA 1,518 Spokane City & County, WA 101 Las Vegas/Clark County, NV 1,295 Anchorage, AK 97 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 614 Oregon Balance of State 641 Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma County, CA 505 Salinas/Monterey, San Benito Counties, CA 623 Pasco County, FL 328 Texas Balance of State 443 Riverside City & County, CA 240 Washington Balance of State 356 San Luis Obispo County, CA 210 Colorado Balance of State 246 EXHIBIT 4 .10: CoCs with the Highest Rates of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth Who are Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2018 Unaccompanied Homeless Youth CoC Name Percent that are unsheltered, 2018 Unaccompanied Homeless Youth CoC Name Major City CoCs Percent that are unsheltered, 2018 Other Largely Urban CoCs San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 2,517 96 .8% Vallejo/Solano County, CA Las Vegas/Clark County, NV 1,295 88 .4% San Francisco, CA 1,292 87 .0% Spokane City & County, WA Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 935 78 .9% Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN San Diego City and County, CA 876 78 .8% -- Largely Suburban CoCs 218 82 .1% 132 74 .2% 101 32 .7% 116 18 .1% -- -- 623 94 .5% Largely Rural CoCs Salinas/Monterey, San Benito Counties, CA Pasco County, FL 328 96 .6% Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 614 93 .3% Oregon Balance of State 641 73 .8% San Luis Obispo County, CA 210 89 .0% Colorado Balance of State 246 67 .1% Santa Rosa, Petaluma/ Sonoma County, CA 505 87 .7% Texas Balance of State 443 63 .9% Marin County, CA 133 86 .5% Georgia Balance of State 178 59 .0% Note: Some CoCs were excluded from this analysis because the total number of unaccompanied homeless youth in those CoCs was less than 100. 53 5 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States EXHIBIT 5 .1: PIT Estimates of Homeless Veterans By Sheltered Status, 2009–2018 73,367 74,087 65,455 60,579 55,619 49,689 47,725 43,409 43,437 39,471 40,020 37,878 40,033 35,143 34,909 29,958 30,650 32,119 31,505 26,404 25,422 25,436 20,710 17,570 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 16,220 2015 13,067 2016 24,690 23,312 15,330 14,566 2017 2018 Homeless Veterans Sheltered Veterans Unsheltered Veterans On a Single Night in January 2018 • 37,878 veterans were experiencing homelessness in the U.S., accounting for just under nine percent of all homeless adults. • A majority of veterans were staying in sheltered locations (62% or 23,312 veterans), and 38 percent (or 14,566 veterans) were staying in places not suitable for human habitation. However, veterans accounted for a higher percent of adults in sheltered locations (9.1%) than adults in unsheltered locations (7.9%). • Nearly all veterans were experiencing homelessness in households without children (98%). Veterans in families were more likely to be sheltered (74%) than veterans in households without children (62%). • Approximately 18 out of every 10,000 veterans in the United States experienced homelessness on a single night in 2018. Demographic Characteristics • Men accounted for nine in ten veterans experiencing homelessness (91% or 34,412 54 Data source: PIT 2009–2018 veterans). A slightly higher share of unsheltered veterans were women (10%) than of sheltered veterans (8%). • A higher percentage of veterans experiencing homelessness were white (58%) compared to all people experiencing homelessness (49%) and a somewhat higher percentage of veterans were white compared to people in households without children (54%). The share of unsheltered veterans who were white (61%) was similar to the shares of all people and individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness (both at 59%). • African Americans comprised one-third of veterans experiencing homelessness but less than one-quarter of veterans experiencing unsheltered homelessness (24%). While African Americans comprise a smaller share of veterans experiencing homelessness than of all people experiencing homelessness, they are overrepresented as compared to their share of all U.S. veterans (12%). • Veterans experiencing homelessness were half as likely to identify as Hispanic or Latino as all people experiencing homelessness (11% compared to 22%), but were overrepresented compared to the percentage of all U.S. veterans who were Hispanic (7%). Hispanics make up a larger share of unsheltered homeless veterans, 15 percent. Since 2017 • After increasing between 2016 and 2017 (for the first time since 2009), the number of veterans experiencing homelessness decreased by five percent (or 2,142 people) between 2017 and 2018. • This decline was comprised of a six percent decrease in the number of veterans experiencing homelessness in sheltered places (1,378 fewer veterans), and a five percent decrease in the number of veterans experiencing homeless in unsheltered places (764 fewer veterans). The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 Since 2009 • The number of veterans experiencing homelessness has been cut nearly in half since 2009, by 48 percent (or 35,489 people), reaching a new low of 37,878 in 2018. • Between 2009 and 2018, veteran homelessness decreased both among those in sheltered locations (by 51% or 15,392 fewer veterans) and those found in unsheltered locations (by 46% or 20,097 fewer veterans). EXHIBIT 5 .2: Proportion of Adults Experiencing Homelessness Who Are Veterans Sheltered Status, 2018 Sheltered Status # of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness # of Adults Experiencing Homelessness 37,878 23,312 14,566 441,238 257,277 183,961 Total Sheltered Unsheltered % of Adults Experiencing Homelessness Who are Veterans 8 .6% 9 .1% 7 .9% EXHIBIT 5 .3: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless Veterans 2018 Characteristic Total Veterans All Veterans # Sheltered Veterans % 37,878 # 100% Unsheltered Veterans % 23,312 # 100% % 14,566 100% Gender Female Male 3,219 8.5% 1,811 7.8% 1,408 9.7% 34,412 90.8% 21,440 92.0% 12,972 89.1% 174 0.5% 60 0.3% 114 0.8% 73 0.2% 1 0.0% 72 0.5% 33,839 89.3% 21,502 92.2% 12,337 84.7% Transgender Gender Non-conforming Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino 4,039 10.7% 1,810 7.8% 2,229 15.3% Race White 21,825 57.6% 12,977 55.7% 8,848 60.7% Black or African American 12,296 32.5% 8,784 37.7% 3,512 24.1% 324 0.9% 168 0.7% 156 1.1% 1,168 3.1% 473 2.0% 695 4.8% Asian Native American Pacific Islander 306 0.8% 131 0.6% 175 1.2% Multiple Races 1,959 5.2% 779 3.3% 1,180 8.1% EXHIBIT 5 .4: Change in Numbers of Homeless Veterans By Sheltered Status, 2009–2018 Change 2017 to 2018 Change 2010 to 2018 Change 2009 to 2018 # % # % # % Total Veterans -2,142 -5 .4% -36,209 -48 .9% -35,489 -48 .4% Sheltered Unsheltered -1,378 -764 -5 .6% -5 .0% -20,125 -16,084 -46 .3% -52 .5% -20,097 -15,392 -46 .3% -51 .4% 55 5 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States Data source: PIT 2009-2018 EXHIBIT 5 .5: Estimates of Homeless Veterans By State, 2018 WA 1,636 OR 1,363 NV 723 ND 9 MT 198 ID 215 WY 47 UT 239 CA 10,836 AZ 893 ME,119 VT,104 MN 301 SD 110 IA 196 NE 171 CO 1,073 NM 290 KS 195 OK 313 TX 1,935 AK 132 WI 332 MI 693 IL 804 IN 539 LA 406 OH 749 KY 369 MO 507 AR 251 NY 1,224 TN,742 MS 102 AL 339 PA 982 WV VA 131 485 NH,143 MA, 985 RI, 103 CT, 190 NJ, 555 DE, 70 MD, 574 DC, 306 NC, 884 SC 415 GA 705 Number of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 Veterans Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ FL 2,543 HI 532 On a Single Night in January 2018 • California accounted for just under 30 percent of all veterans experiencing homelessness in the United States (29% or 10,836 veterans) and half of all unsheltered veterans (7,214 veterans). • In five states, more than half of all veterans experiencing homelessness were unsheltered: California (67%), Mississippi (64%), Oregon (56%), Hawaii (55%), and Washington (53%). • California, Oregon, and Hawaii also had the highest rates of homelessness among all veterans, far exceeding the national rate of 18 out of 10,000 veterans. California had the highest rate (60 out of every 10,000 veterans experiencing homelessness), followed by Oregon and Hawaii (43 and 41 out of 10,000 veterans). • Eight states sheltered more than 95 percent of their homeless veterans. In Wyoming, no homeless veterans were unsheltered. Other states with very small percentages of homeless veterans who were unsheltered were 56 Nebraska (2%), Rhode Island (3%), New York (3%), Wisconsin (3%), Delaware (4%), and New Hampshire (5%). • Montana and New Mexico had the highest percentages of homeless adults who were veterans (17% and 15%) and also were among the states with the highest rates of veterans among all adults (11% and 9%). However, some states have high rates of homelessness among their veterans but are not among the states with the highest rates of veterans in their adult population. Louisiana had the second highest rate of homelessness among veterans but was 35th in the rate of veterans among all adults (7%). Idaho and New Hampshire had the 4th and 5th highest rates of homelessness among veterans but the 19th and 20th highest rates of veterans overall. • Conversely, Alaska had the highest rate of veterans among all adults (12%) but had one of lowest rates of veterans in its homeless adult population (8%). 5 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States Data source: PIT 2009–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 5 .6: States with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Unsheltered Veterans 2018 Highest Rates CALIFORNIA MISSISSIPPI OREGON HAWAII WASHINGTON 66.6% 63.7% 56.0% 54.9% 52.9% 10,836 Homeless 7,214 Unsheltered 102 Homeless 65 Unsheltered 1,363 Homeless 763 Unsheltered 532 Homeless 292 Unsheltered 1,636 Homeless 866 Unsheltered WYOMING NEBRASKA RHODE ISLAND NEW YORK WISCONSIN 0.0% 1.8% 2.9% 3.3% 3.3% 47 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 171 Homeless 3 Unsheltered 103 Homeless 3 Unsheltered 1,224 Homeless 40 Unsheltered 332 Homeless 11 Unsheltered Lowest Rates Note: Excludes states with methodological issues. Since 2017 • Veteran homelessness decreased in 32 states. The largest absolute decreases, and those driving the national decrease, were in California (600 fewer veterans) and Washington (457). The largest percentage decreases were in Wyoming (25%) and Kentucky (25%). • The number of veterans experiencing homelessness increased in 18 states and the District of Columbia between 2017 and 2018. The largest absolute increases were in Massachusetts (132 more veterans) and Oregon (112). The largest percentage increase was in Mississippi (79%). The next largest percentage increase was in Alabama (26%). Since 2009 • Since 2009, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness has increased in only five states: Oregon (86), Utah (73), Vermont (43), Hawaii (33), and Arkansas (2). 58 • The number of veterans experiencing homelessness decreased in 45 states plus the District of Columbia, with the largest absolute decreases in California (7,137 fewer veterans), New York (4,655), and Florida (4,592). States with large percentage decreases were: Louisiana (80%), New York (80%), Georgia (75%), and Mississippi (72%). The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 5 .7: Largest Changes in Homeless Veterans By State, 2017-2018 and 2009-2018 2017–2018 2009–2018 Largest Increases MASSACHUSETTS 132 / 15 .5% OREGON 86 / OREGON 112 / UTAH 73 / 44 .0% 9 .0% 6 .8% ALABAMA 70 / 26 .0% VERMONT 43 / 69 .9% MISSISSIPPI 45 / 78 .9% HAWAII 33 / 6 .7% NEW MEXICO 42 / 16 .9% ARKANSAS 2 / 0 .8% Largest Decreases CALIFORNIA -600 / -5 .2% CALIFORNIA -7,137 / -39 .7% WASHINGTON -457 / -21 .8% NEW YORK -4,655 / -79 .2% FLORIDA -274 / -9 .7% FLORIDA -4,592 / -64 .4% TEXAS -265 / -12 .0% TEXAS -3,556 / -64 .8% KENTUCKY -120 / -24 .5% GEORGIA -2,055 / -74 .5% Note: Figures from 2009-2018 exclude North Dakota, Colorado, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Michigan. All figures exclude Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories. 59 5 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States EXHIBIT 5 .8: Homeless Veterans By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2018 47.5 Sheltered Veterans 44.0 Unsheltered Veterans Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories 100% 0% Veterans Experiencing Homelessness 7.8 9.4 53.0 5.3 27.4 17.3 30.2 16.4 22.8 18.8 Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs EXHIBIT 5 .9: Percentage Homeless Veterans Sheltered and Unsheltered in each CoC Category 2018 Major City CoCs 100% Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 42.8 57.2 73.8 26.2 31.9 68.1 58.3 Sheltered 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=59) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoC does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. Major City CoCs 0% Data source: PIT 2009-2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories 41.7 Unsheltered 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=172) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied to the CoCs, see the About This Report section of this report. On a Single Night in January 2018 • Nearly half of all homeless veterans nationwide were counted in major city CoCs (48%). An additional 27 percent of homeless veterans were counted in largely suburban CoCs, 17 percent in largely rural CoCs, and eight percent in other largely urban CoCs (urban CoCs that do not include one of the 50 largest US cities). • Major city CoCs accounted for a higher percentage of the national total of unsheltered veterans than of sheltered veterans (53% vs. 44%). Largely suburban CoCs, by contrast, accounted for a higher percentage of sheltered veterans than of unsheltered veterans (30% vs. 23%). 60 • All five major city CoCs with the highest percentages of homeless veterans staying in unsheltered locations were in California. Los Angeles had the highest unsheltered percentage, with 76 percent of homeless veterans counted in that city staying in unsheltered locations. • Among the categories of CoCs, major city and predominantly rural CoCs had the highest percentages of homeless veterans who were unsheltered, (43% and 42%), while only 26 percent of homeless veterans were unsheltered in other largely urban CoCs. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 • Largely suburban CoCs are diverse. For example, Imperial County CA, which is largely suburban, reported that 98 percent of its homeless veterans were unsheltered. In contrast, the largely suburban Chester County PA CoC sheltered all of its homeless veterans in 2018. • Among predominately rural CoCs, Hawaii Balance of State and Chico/Paradise/Butte County CA, had the highest percentages of homeless veterans who were unsheltered (78% and 73%). • While the states that had the highest rates of veterans among their homeless adult populations were largely rural (e.g., Alaska and Montana), predominantly rural CoCs did not have higher percentages of veterans among their homeless adult populations than other CoC types. In largely rural and major city CoCs, eight percent of homeless adults were veterans, and in other largely urban and largely suburban CoCs 10 percent of adults experiencing homelessness were veterans. • Veterans experiencing homelessness are less likely to be Hispanic or Latino than all individuals experiencing homelessness in each CoC category. Veterans are equally likely to be white in each category except for major city CoCs, where 49 percent of homeless veterans were white compared to 44 percent of all individuals experiencing homelessness. EXHIBIT 5 .10: Demographic Characteristics of Veterans in each CoC Category 2018 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 8 .3% 7 .2% 8 .1% 10 .2% Gender Female Male 90 .6% 92 .6% 91 .7% 89 .5% Transgender 0 .7% 0 .2% 0 .2% 0 .2% Gender NonConforming 0 .4% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .1% Non-Hispanic/ Latino 86 .7% 93 .1% 91 .3% 92 .6% Hispanic/Latino 13 .3% 6 .9% 8 .7% 7 .4% White 48 .6% 59 .2% 62 .6% 74 .1% African American 40 .7% 32 .9% 29 .0% 15 .1% Ethnicity Race Asian American 1 .0% 0 .3% 0 .9% 0 .5% Native American/ American Indian 3 .1% 3 .0% 2 .1% 4 .6% Pacific Islander 0 .8% 0 .4% 1 .0% 0 .6% Multiple Races 5 .7% 4 .2% 4 .4% 5 .0% 61 5 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States Data source: PIT 2009-2018 Changes over Time • The number of veterans experiencing homelessness declined in all CoC categories between 2017 and 2018. The largest percentage decline, 10 percent, occurred in CoCs that were largely urban but did not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. Almost all the decline was in sheltered veteran homelessness (314 of 315 people). • The largest absolute decrease in veteran homelessness occurred in major cities, where 1,303 fewer veterans were counted in 2018 than in 2017. This overall decline was shared evenly by declines in sheltered and unsheltered veterans. EXHIBIT 5 .11: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness By CoC Category, 2018 Homeless Veterans CoC Name Homeless Veterans CoC Name Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA 3,538 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 173 San Diego City and County, CA 1,312 St . Louis City, MO 136 Seattle/King County, WA 921 Little Rock/Central Arkansas 124 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 658 Vallejo/Solano County, CA 124 San Francisco, CA 656 Reno, Sparks/Washoe County, NV 119 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 419 Oregon Balance of State 474 Honolulu City and County, HI 407 Texas Balance of State 451 St . Petersburg, Clearwater, Largo/Pinellas County, FL 281 Washington Balance of State 390 Asheville/Buncombe County, NC 247 Colorado Balance of State 315 Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 245 Indiana Balance of State 278 62 The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 5 .12: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Homeless Veterans who are Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2018 Percent that are Unsheltered, 2018 Homeless Veterans CoC Name Percent that are Unsheltered, 2018 Homeless Veterans CoC Name Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA 3,538 Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 526 71 .9% San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 658 Sacramento City & County, CA Fresno City & County/Madera County, CA 75 .4% Vallejo/Solano County, CA 124 84 .7% 173 69 .4% 68 .7% Little Rock/Central Arkansas 124 43 .5% 492 66 .5% Tallahassee/Leon County, FL 108 17 .6% 211 59 .2% 119 16 .8% 125 77 .6% 109 73 .4% Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR Reno, Sparks/Washoe County, NV Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Imperial County, CA 130 97 .7% Hawaii Balance of State Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 245 88 .6% Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 419 85 .2% Oregon Balance of State 474 73 .0% Pasco County, FL 214 81 .8% Georgia Balance of State 167 70 .1% San Bernardino City & County, CA 170 73 .5% Texas Balance of State 451 68 .1% Chico, Paradise/Butte County, CA EXHIBIT 5 .13: Change in Veteran Homelessness By Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2017–2018 All Homeless Veterans Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Sheltered Homeless Veterans # % # -1,303 -6 .8% -315 -9 .7% Unsheltered Homeless Veterans % # % -678 -6 .2% -625 -7 .5% -314 -12 .6% -1 -0 .1% Largely Suburban CoCs -116 -1 .1% -129 -1 .8% 13 0 .4% Largely Rural CoCs -387 -5 .6% -246 -6 .1% -141 -4 .9% 63 6 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States Since 2017: EXHIBIT 6 .1: PIT Estimates of Chronically Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status, 2007–2018 119,813 120,115 78,045 107,212 103,522 106,062 96,268 86,289 74,697 61,620 62,733 64,551 63,621 45,592 41,768 45,418 43,329 56,871 2008 2009 2010 88,640 77,486 52,786 54,815 52,890 57,886 60,076 38,971 29,418 32,647 2007 86,705 83,170 83,989 2011 2012 28,355 31,203 2013 2014 26,629 30,754 24,596 2015 Data source: PIT 2007–2018 2016 2017 2018 Chronically Homeless Individuals Sheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals On a Single Night in January 2018 • The number of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness increased by two percent (or by 1,935 people) between 2017 and 2018. This marks the second consecutive year in which chronic homelessness has increased, after declining steadily for eight years. • Overall increases were driven by the rise in the number of chronically homeless individuals in shelter. Between 2017 and 2018, the number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness staying in sheltered locations increased by 16 percent (or 4,125 more people). • After increasing between 2016 and 2017, the number of unsheltered chronically homeless individuals declined by four percent (or 2,190 fewer people) between 2017 and 2018. The number of unsheltered chronically homeless individuals is still higher than it was in each year between 2012 and 2016. • Nearly one-quarter of individuals experiencing homelessness had chronic patterns of homelessness (88,640 homeless individuals or 24%). • Nearly two in three chronically homeless individuals were staying in unsheltered locations such as under bridges, in cars, or in abandoned buildings (65% or 57,886 people). This was much higher than the 48 percent unsheltered rate for all people experiencing homelessness as individuals. EXHIBIT 6 .2: Change in Numbers of Chronically Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status, 2007–2018 Change 2017–2018 Change 2010–2018 Change 2007–2018 # % # % # % Total Chronically Homeless Individuals 1,935 2.2% -17,422 -16.4% -31,173 -26.0% Sheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals 4,125 15 .5% -12,575 -29 .0% -11,014 -26 .4% Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals -2,190 -3 .6% -4,847 -7 .7% -20,159 -25 .8% 64 The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 Since 2007: • The number of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness declined by 26 percent (or 31,173 fewer people) between 2007 and 2018. That decline was comprised of declines both in the number of chronically homeless individuals found in unsheltered locations (26% or 20,159 fewer people) and in the number of sheltered chronically homeless individuals (26% or 11,014 fewer people). • Between 2007 and 2018, the share of all individuals experiencing homelessness who had chronic patterns of homelessness declined from 29 percent to 24 percent. 65 6 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States Data source: PIT 2007-2018, Excludes PR and US territories EXHIBIT 6 .3: Estimates of Chronically Homeless Individuals By State, 2018 WA 5,775 OR 4,013 NV 637 ND 69 MT 183 ID 293 WY 42 UT 298 CA 32,668 AZ 1,740 ME, 198 VT, 138 CO 2,571 NM 814 MN 970 SD 115 IA 215 NE 380 KS 278 OK 804 TX 3,269 AK 323 WI 446 MI 756 IL 1,470 IN 428 MO 819 AR 453 LA 467 NY 5,829 OH 700 KY 349 TN, 1,556 MS 255 AL 472 PA 1,318 WV VA 150 812 NH, 141 MA, 1,373 RI, 233 CT, 298 NJ, 1,212 DE, 162 MD, 1,259 DC,1,586 NC,1,175 SC 671 GA 992 Number of Chronically Homeless Individuals per 10,000 Individuals Less than 5 5-9 10-19 20+ FL 4,543 HI 1,529 On a Single Night in January 2018 • Thirty-seven percent of all individuals identified as having chronic patterns of homelessness in California, which had only 30 percent of all people experiencing homelessness as individuals. California accounted for almost half of the nation’s unsheltered chronically homeless individuals (49%). • More than half of all chronically homeless individuals were in three states: California (37% of the national total), New York (7%), and Washington (7%). • In seven states, more than 70 percent of chronically homeless individuals were staying in unsheltered locations. Hawaii and California reported the highest percentages (87% and 85%). • North Dakota and Wyoming sheltered all individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness. In Maine, only one of the 66 198 individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness was unsheltered. • Forty-two percent of homeless individuals counted in the District of Columbia were experiencing chronic homelessness. In addition to the District of Columbia, three states had chronicity rates above 35 percent: New Mexico (42%), Hawaii (37%), Oregon (36%), and Washington (35%). Changes Over Time • Thirty-three states and the District of Columbia experienced an increase in the number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness between 2017 and 2018. Washington had the largest increase, with 1,418 more chronically homeless individuals counted in 2018 than in 2017. The next largest increases occurred in Oregon, with 893 more individuals with a pattern of chronic homelessness, New York (742 more individuals), Colorado (445), and Arizona (277). The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 6 .4: States with the Highest and Lowest Rates of Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals 2018 Highest Rates HAWAII CALIFORNIA MISSISSIPPI OREGON GEORGIA 86.8% 85.1% 84.3% 78.5% 76.0% 1,529 Homeless 1,327 Unsheltered 32,668 Homeless 27,811 Unsheltered 255 Homeless 215 Unsheltered 4,013 Homeless 3,151 Unsheltered 992 Homeless 754 Unsheltered NORTH DAKOTA WYOMING MAINE RHODE ISLAND INDIANA 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 7.3% 11.0% 69 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 42 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 198 Homeless 1 Unsheltered 233 Homeless 17 Unsheltered 428 Homeless 47 Unsheltered Lowest Rates EXHIBIT 6 .5: Largest Change in the Numbers of Chronically Homeless Individuals By State, 2007–2018 2017–2018 2007–2018 Largest Increases WASHINGTON 1,418 / 32 .5% WASHINGTON 3,172 / 121 .9% 1,184 / 41 .9% OREGON 893 / 28 .6% OREGON NEW YORK 742 / 14 .6% HAWAII 751 / 96 .5% COLORADO 445 / 20 .9% IDAHO 198 / 208 .4% ARIZONA 277 / 18 .9% KANSAS 119 / 74 .8% Largest Decreases -2,873 / -8 .1% CALIFORNIA FLORIDA -408 / -8 .2% TEXAS -4,662 / -58 .8% TEXAS -228 / -6 .5% FLORIDA -2,920 / -39 .1% MARYLAND -177 / -12 .3% OHIO -1,608 / -69 .7% LOUISIANA -142 / -23 .3% GEORGIA -1,492 / -60 .1% CALIFORNIA -7,673 / -19 .0% 67 6 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States • Seventeen states had declines in the number of chronically homeless individuals between 2017 and 2018. The largest absolute decrease by far occurred in California (2,873 fewer people), followed by Florida (408) and Texas (228). • Between 2007 and 2018, 34 states and the District of Columbia recorded decreases in chronic homelessness among individuals. California experienced the largest decline in the number of chronically homeless individuals, with 7,673 fewer chronically homeless individuals counted in 2018 than in 2007. Texas also experienced a considerable decline, with 4,662 fewer chronically homeless individuals. Other states with large absolute declines were Florida (2,920 fewer people), Ohio (1,608), and Georgia (1,492). • Of the 16 states that experienced increases in the number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness between 2007 and 2018, the largest absolute increase occurred in Washington, with 3,172 more chronically homeless individuals in 2018 than in 2007. Other states with large absolute increases were Oregon (1,184 more chronically homeless individuals) and Hawaii (751). The number of chronically homeless individuals increased by 2% between 2017 and 2018, but is 26% lower than the 2007 estimate . 68 Data source: PIT 2007–2018; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories 69 oi 6 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States EXHIBIT 6 .6: Chronically Homeless Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories Individuals By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2018 100% 0% Total Chronically Homeless 54.8 7.1 Sheltered Chronically Homeless 52.0 Unsheltered Chronically Homeless 9.3 56.3 5.9 21.9 16.2 23.8 14.9 20.9 16.9 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs EXHIBIT 6 .7: Percentage of Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness who are Sheltered and Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2018 100% 0% Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 33.3 45.9 48.3 38.1 66.7 54.1 25.7 32.4 Sheltered 61.9 67.6 Unsheltered On a Single Night in January 2018 • Fifty-five percent of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness were counted in one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. This varies slightly by sheltered status, with 56 percent of unsheltered chronically homeless individuals in major cities, compared with 52 percent of sheltered individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness. • Major city CoCs accounted for a slightly larger share of chronically homeless individuals than of all individuals experiencing homelessness (55% compared to 51%), while largely rural CoCs accounted for a slightly 70 Data source: PIT 2007-2018, Excludes PR and US territories 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=59) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoC does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=172) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied to the CoCs, see the About This Report section of this report. smaller share (16% of chronically homeless individuals compared to 18% of all individuals experiencing chronic homelessness). • Major city CoCs and largely rural CoCs had the highest percentages of chronically homeless individuals who were unsheltered, more than two-thirds in each case. In other largely urban CoCs, only 54 percent of chronically homeless individuals were unsheltered. • Los Angeles had the largest number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness in the country (12,782 people or 15% of the national total). Los Angeles also had the highest percentage of chronically homeless individuals staying outdoors, at 94 percent. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 6 .8: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Chronically Homeless Individuals By CoC Category, 2018 Chronically Homeless Individuals CoC Name Major City CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA Chronically Homeless Individuals CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs 12,782 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 677 New York City, NY 5,131 Vallejo/Solano County, CA 441 Seattle/King County, WA 3,437 Visalia/Kings, Tulare Counties, CA 286 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 2,056 Oxnard, San Buenaventura/Ventura County, CA 280 San Diego City and County, CA 1,991 Spokane City & County, WA 249 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 1,038 Oregon Balance of State 1,369 Honolulu City and County, HI 1,012 Washington Balance of State 1,351 Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma County, CA 715 Salinas/Monterey, San Benito Counties, CA 935 Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 563 Colorado Balance of State 712 Richmond/Contra Costa County, CA 492 Texas Balance of State 638 • The largely suburban CoCs of El Dorado County, CA, which includes suburban Sacramento, and Clackamas County, OR, which includes suburban Portland, reported that all individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness were in unsheltered locations. Changes Over Time • While the number of all individuals experiencing homelessness in major city CoCs changed very little between 2017 and 2018, the subset of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness experienced considerable change, increasing by 18 percent in sheltered locations and decreasing by 10 percent in unsheltered locations. • The number of unsheltered chronically homeless individuals in major city CoCs rose each year between 2014 and 2017, but the number dropped between 2017 and 2018. Meanwhile, the number of non-chronically homeless individuals staying in unsheltered locations continued a steady increase between 2014 and 2018. The number is now higher than it was in 2007 by nearly 7,500 people. • Largely rural CoCs experienced the largest increase in the number of chronically homeless individuals between 2017 and 2018, both in absolute numbers (1,661 more individuals) and percentage increase (13%). Increases in the number of unsheltered chronic individuals accounted for two-thirds of the total rise in largely rural CoCs. • The decline in the number of chronically homeless individuals staying in unsheltered locations nationally was driven by declines in major city CoCs (10% fewer individuals) and other largely urban CoCs (4% fewer individuals). 71 6 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States Data source: PIT 2007-2018, Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. Territories EXHIBIT 6 .9: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Chronically Homeless Individuals who are Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2018 Percent that are Unsheltered, 2018 Chronically Homeless Individuals CoC Name Major City CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA Percent that are Unsheltered, 2018 Chronically Homeless Individuals CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs 12,782 94 .0% Visalia/Kings, Tulare Counties, CA 286 95 .8% Long Beach, CA 570 93 .7% Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 677 84 .5% Fresno City & County/Madera County, CA 524 92 .0% Vallejo/Solano County, CA 441 84 .1% San Francisco, CA 1,732 90 .9% Oxnard, San Buenaventura/ Ventura County, CA 280 81 .8% Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 1,625 86 .5% Savannah/Chatham County, GA 223 81 .6% 201 96 .5% 517 92 .1% 935 91 .9% 530 88 .9% 253 88 .5% Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Hendry, Hardee, Highlands Counties, FL El Dorado County, CA 145 100 .0% Clackamas County, OR 122 100 .0% Hawaii Balance of State Fort Walton Beach/Okaloosa, Walton Counties, FL 112 99 .1% Palm Bay, Melbourne/Brevard County, FL 108 98 .1% Arizona Balance of State Pasco County, FL 392 95 .7% • The number of sheltered individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness increased in each CoC category. The largest absolute increase occurred in major city CoCs (2,370 or 18%), and the largest percentage increase was found in largely suburban CoCs (1,199 or 20%). This section describes the nation’s capacity to house homeless and formerly homeless people The increases in chronically homeless individuals between 2017 and 2018 were driven by increases in largely suburban and largely rural areas . 72 Salinas/Monterey, San Benito Counties, CA Gainesville/Alachua, Putnam Counties, FL using housing inventory data submitted by communities each year. These data provide estimates of the number of beds available on the night of the Point-in-Time count for two types of projects: 5. Shelter projects, serving people currently experiencing homelessness: Emergency Shelters, Transitional Housing projects, and Safe Havens 6. Permanent Housing projects, serving people who were homeless when they entered the project but are no longer homeless because they are in permanent housing (i.e., formerly homeless people): Rapid Rehousing, Permanent Supportive Housing, and Other Permanent Housing projects The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 6 .10: Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness and Individuals without Chronic Patterns of Homelessness in Major City CoCs 2007–2018 90,000 81,398 79,316 80,000 79,996 75,560 73,986 77,734 80,882 83,152 84,169 83,272 79,503 70,000 63,389 59,282 57,991 60,000 77,529 55,988 51,446 45,475 50,000 39,160 46,837 45,899 45,160 45,254 46,149 42,720 38,285 35,260 40,000 28,221 28,785 20,034 19,947 31,896 29,514 28,742 30,000 17,673 19,572 20,000 25,477 27,271 27,929 13,797 12,949 11,890 2014 2015 2016 23,522 17,383 13,463 11,720 13,536 15,906 10,000 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2017 2018 Chronically Homeless Individuals, Sheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals, Unsheltered Non-Chronically Homeless Individuals, Sheltered Non-Chronically Homeless Individuals, Unsheltered EXHIBIT 6 .11: Change in Numbers of Chronically Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2017–2018 All Chronically Homeless Individuals Sheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals # % # % # % 1,961 2 .3% 4,143 15 .7% -2,182 -3 .7% Major City CoCs -994 -2 .0% 2,370 17 .5% -3,364 -9 .5% Other Largely Urban CoCs -115 -1 .8% 32 1 .1% -147 -4 .2% Total Largely Suburban CoCs 1,409 8 .0% 1,199 19 .7% 210 1 .8% Largely Rural CoCs 1,661 13 .3% 542 13 .4% 1,119 13 .3% 73 1 7 Inventory of Beds National Estimates in the United States Homelessness in the United States EXHIBIT 7 .1: Inventory of Beds for Homeless and Formerly Homeless People 2007–2018 361,386 353,800 267,106 264,440 43.2% Beds for People Experiencing Homelessness 238,708 225,840 211,451 214,425 Rapid Rehousing 185,332 201,879 Permanent Supportive Housing 12.2% 11.3% 56.6% Permanent Housing Beds 40.3% 286,203 277,537 284,298 211,205 EXHIBIT 7 .2: Distribution of Bed Inventory By Type, 2018 Transitional Housing 318,673 219,381 207,589 Data source: HIC 2007–2018 188,636 31.9% 4.1% Other Permanent Housing Emergency Shelter 159,784 Note: The small share of Safe Haven beds (0.2%) is not included in this exhibit. 120,249 101,029 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Housing On a Single Night in January 2018 • There were 896,893 beds in emergency shelters (ES), safe havens (SH), transitional housing (TH), rapid rehousing (RRH), permanent supportive housing (PSH), or other permanent housing (OPH) to serve people experiencing homelessness or formerly homeless people. • For the third consecutive year, a larger share of beds was dedicated to housing people who were formerly experiencing homelessness (57%) rather than to providing temporary places to stay in in emergency shelters, safe havens, or transitional housing programs (43%). • Of the 389,622 beds dedicated to sheltering people currently experiencing homelessness, 73 percent were ES beds, and 26 percent were TH beds. Less than one percent of these beds were provided through SH projects (0.6%). • Of the 507,271 beds in housing for formerly homeless people, 71 percent were in PSH. Smaller shares were in RRH (22%) and OPH (7%). 74 Beds by Household Type, 2018 Communities identified the number of beds targeted to families (i.e., households with both adults and children), adult-only households, and child-only households. • ES beds targeted families and adult-only households in approximately equal proportions, 51 and 48 percent. • TH beds were also roughly evenly split, with 48 percent dedicated to families and 51 percent to adult-only households. • In 2018, nearly three-quarters of RRH beds (74%) were targeted to people in families. RRH was initially designed to serve families. In recent years, however, RRH has also been targeted to individuals, veterans, and youth. • Almost two-thirds (65%) of PSH beds were targeted to adult-only households, but less than half (44%) of OPH beds were targeted to adultonly households. • Beds targeting child-only households were rare—only 3,943 beds in total— and were most prevalent in ES projects (74% of child-only beds). The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 Beds Targeted to Specific Populations, 2018 • PSH programs may dedicate all or a subset of their inventory to people with chronic patterns of homelessness. In 2018, there were 168,503 PSH beds dedicated to people experiencing chronic homelessness, 47 percent of all PSH beds. • Sixteen percent of all beds (139,266 beds) were dedicated to households with veterans. Threequarters of beds dedicated to veterans were PSH beds. • Although the number of SH beds was small (2,390 beds in total), 41 percent of these beds were dedicated to veterans. • There were 24,089 beds targeted to unaccompanied youth and families with youth parents (where all members are under the age of 25). Of these beds, 40 percent (or 9,546) were in TH. • One percent of beds for people currently experiencing homelessness were identified as beds for people displaced by presidentiallydeclared natural disasters (or 3,808 ES, TH, or SH beds). EXHIBIT 7 .3: Inventory of Beds By Household Type, 2018 Beds for Adult-Only Households Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Safe Haven Rapid Rehousing Permanent Supportive Housing Other Permanent Housing Total Beds Beds for People in Families Beds for Child-Only Households # % # % # 138,648 48 .4% 144,632 50 .5% 51,640 51 .1% 48,645 48 .1% Total Year-Round Beds % # % 2,923 1 .0% 286,203 100 .0% 744 0 .7% 101,029 100 .0% 2,390 100 .0% 0 0 .0% 2,390 100 .0% 27,899 25 .6% 81,102 74 .3% 94 0 .1% 109,095 100 .0% 235,680 65 .2% 125,586 34 .8% 120 0 .0% 361,386 100 .0% 16,269 44 .2% 20,459 55 .6% 62 0 .2% 36,790 100 .0% 472,526 52 .7% 420,424 46 .9% 3,943 0 .4% 896,893 100 .0% EXHIBIT 7 .4: Inventory of Beds Dedicated to Specific Populations 2018 Bed Type Beds Dedicated to People with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness Total Beds # % Beds Dedicated to Veterans # Beds Dedicated to Youth* % # % Emergency Shelter 286,203 4,348 1 .5% 6,835 2 .4% Transitional Housing 101,029 13,817 13 .7% 9,546 9 .4% Safe Haven 2,390 969 40 .5% 74 3 .1% Rapid Rehousing 109,095 14,665 13 .4% 3,245 3 .0% Permanent Supportive Housing 361,386 28 .7% 3,895 1 .1% Other Permanent Housing Total Beds 168,503 46 .6% 103,783 1,684 4 .6% 494 1 .3% 168,503 18 .8% 139,266 15 .5% 24,089 2 .7% 36,790 896,893 * Beds dedicated to youth are beds set aside by programs to serve people under the age of 25 unless there are no people under 25 present. In the case of parenting youth, these beds include beds for their children 75 1 7 Inventory of Beds National Estimates in the United States Homelessness in the United States Beds by CoC Category, 2018 Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories6 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=59) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoC does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=172) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied to the CoCs, see the About This Report section of this report. • In major city CoCs, as well as other CoCs that were predominantly either urban or suburban, a greater share of beds (ranging from 56% to 62%) was devoted to the permanent housing inventory than to the shelter inventory. In contrast, fewer than half of the beds in CoCs that were predominantly rural were for permanent housing (48%). • Across all four categories of CoCs, ES beds represented a majority of the shelter inventory, and PSH beds represented a majority of the 6 CoCs located in PR, VI, and GU were excluded from the CoC Category analysis. 76 Data source: HIC 2007–2018 EXHIBIT 7 .5: Distribution of Beds By Type and CoC Category, 2018* 100% 0% 34.8 9.0 9.3 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs 27.8 11.8 Largely Suburban CoCs 25.9 12.3 Largely Rural CoCs 35.5 ES TH 12.4 25.7 15.2 16.0 RRH 15.4 41.8 4.9 44.2 3.4 42.1 4.3 31.2 1.8 PSH OPH *Excludes SH, which accounts for between 0.1 and 0.5% of beds across the four CoC categories. permanent housing inventory, but both were most prevalent in major city CoCs—where the ES share of shelter beds was 79 percent, and the PSH share of permanent housing beds was 75 percent. • Major city CoCs and largely rural CoCs reported a higher percentage of ES beds (35% and 36%) than did other largely urban CoCs and largely suburban CoCs (28% and 26%). • In proportion to the total bed inventory, RRH beds were most common in largely rural CoCs (15%, compared to 12% nationally); PSH beds were least common in these CoCs (31%, compared to 40% nationally). Since 2017 • Between 2017 and 2018, the total inventory of year-round beds for people currently or formerly experiencing homelessness decreased by 2,166 beds, a change of less than one percent. • The number of beds in shelter projects (ES, TH, and SH) declined by 9,817 beds, or 2.5 percent, while the permanent housing inventory (RRH, PSH, and OPH) grew by 7,651 beds, or 1.5 percent. • TH and OPH were the only two types of projects where the number of beds decreased between 2017 and 2018 (by 19,220 beds in TH and 15,312 beds in OPH, decreases of 16% and 29%). The largest increase in inventory was in The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 7 .6: Change in National Inventory of Beds for Homeless Shelter and Permanent Housing Projects 2007-2018 Change 2017-2018 Change 2007-2018 # % # % Total Beds -2,166 -0 .2% 285,601 46 .7% Emergency Shelter 8,666 3 .1% 74,752 35 .4% -19,220 -16 .0% -110,176 -52 .2% 172,750 91 .6% Transitional Housing* Safe Haven Rapid Rehousing* Permanent Supportive Housing Other Permanent Housing* 737 44 .6% 15,377 16 .4% 7,586 2 .1% -15,312 -29 .4% RRH, where 15,377 more beds were reported in 2018 than in 2017 (a 16% increase). • The number of PSH beds dedicated to serving people experiencing chronic homelessness increased by 19,498 beds (13%). • The number of beds dedicated to veteran households decreased by 2,275 beds (2%), and the number of beds dedicated to unaccompanied youth and families with youth parents increased by 797 beds (3%). * Data collection on RRH in the past was limited and often included in the TH category. HUD began collecting and reporting data on RRH in 2013 and uses that year as its baseline for RRH inventory data. HUD began collecting data on OPH in 2014 and uses that year as its baseline for OPH inventory data. 77 1 7 Inventory of Beds National Estimates in the United States Homelessness in the United States Data source: HIC 2007–2018 EXHIBIT 7 .7: Inventory of PSH Beds for Chronically Homeless People 2007-2018 168,503 149,005 37,807 42,298 2007 2008 2009 67,964 2010 2011 2012 Since 2007 • In 2007, the national shelter inventory for people experiencing homelessness was more than twice as large as the permanent housing inventory (for formerly homeless people). Between 2007 and 2018, the shelter inventory decreased by 33,034 beds (8%), while the permanent housing inventory increased considerably, by 318,635 beds (169%), and there are now more beds devoted to permanent housing than to shelter projects. • The permanent housing inventory has grown each year since 2007. The rate of growth has slowed, however, as this year’s two percent increase is lower than the increases of between four and seven percent during the prior four years. • In 2007, there were about as many ES beds (211,451) as there were TH beds (211,205). Over time, the ES inventory increased, more resources were devoted to permanent housing, and the TH inventory declined. Between 2007 and 2018, the number of TH beds dropped by 52 percent, and the number of ES beds grew by 35 percent. • The number of PSH beds has risen each year since 2007, as communities have increasingly devoted resources to PSH. Over the eleven-year period from 2007 to 2018, the PSH inventory grew by 172,750 beds in total, an increase of 92 percent. 78 2013 95,066 94,282 2014 111,390 2015 345.7% 130,696 33.8% 37,615 17.2% 16,324 0.8% 784 15.5% 12,616 9.3% 6,973 9.9% 6,729 23.0% 12,708 9.2% 4,654 19.6% 8,304 11.9% 4,491 55,256 50,602 81,666 74,693 2007–2018 13.1% 19,498 2016 2017 2018 • The increase in PSH was driven by an increase in efforts to dedicate PSH beds to people experiencing chronic homelessness. The number of those beds increased dramatically between 2007 and 2018; 130,696 PSH beds for chronically homeless people were added in this eleven-year period, a 346 percent increase. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 7 .8: Project Types for Homeless and Formerly Homeless People SHELTER FOR HOMELESS PEOPLE Emergency Shelter (ES): is a facility with the primary purpose of providing temporary shelter for homeless people Emergency Shelter (ES): provides temporary or nightly shelter beds to people experiencing homelessness Transitional Housing (TH): provides homeless people with up to 24 months of shelter and supportive services Safe Haven (SH): provides temporary shelter and services to hard-to-serve individuals PERMANENT HOUSING FOR FORMERLY HOMELESS PEOPLE Rapid Rehousing (RRH): provides short-term rental assistance and stabilizing services to formerly homeless people Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH): provides long-term housing with supportive services for formerly homeless people with disabilities, and often those with chronic patterns of homelessness Other Permanent Housing (OPH): provides housing with or without services that is specifically for formerly homeless people but that does not require people to have a disability 79 Appendix ALABAMA change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 3,434 7 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (1,010) I Sheltered (2,424) Estimates of Homelessness individuals 864 153 veterans 472 $325541: ALAS change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 2,016 27 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (309) I Sheltered (1,707) Estimates of Homelessness 1:434 individuals 582 163 maxing: 132 323 mil: ARIZONA +1 change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 80 9,865 14 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (4,066) I Sheltered (5,799) Estimates of Homelessness 7,259 individuals 2,606 aiili?ilgileannmes 638 hg?glegpjol?hl 893 veterans 1,740 35:35:11: Appendix ARKANSAS 9 in eVery 1 Estimates of Homelessness people were experiencing homelessness +9.9o/o individuals change from 2017 people in families with children -1 change from 2010 unaccompanied homeless youth I Unsheltered (1,257) I Sheltered (1,455) veterans Total Homeless, 2018 chronically homeless 2,712 individuals CALIFORNIA 33 in every 1 Estimates of Homelessness people were experiencing homelessness individuals 20,964 1 2,396 EEZCSEZTQES I Unsheltered (89,543) 1 veterans I Sheltered (40,429) Total Homeless, 2018 chronically homeless 129,972 individuals CO LORADO -1 change from 2017 change from 2010 68.9% 1 9 in eVery 1 Estimates of Homelessness people were experiencing homelessness individuals '0080/0 I . .I. 3,250 Siipc?iigrgm change from 2017 -29.9% change from 2010 unaccompanied homeless youth I Unsheltered (4,329) I Sheltered (6,528) 1 Veterans Total Homeless, 2018 2 chronically homeless I individuals 81 Appendix CONNECTICUT 1 1 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness +17.4% change from 2017 14.6?o '7090/0 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (581) I Sheltered (3,395) Total Homeless, 2018 3,976 DELAWARE 1 1 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness +89% 86% change from 2017 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (93) I Sheltered (989) Total Homeless, 2018 1,082 Estimates of Homelessness 2.280 1,696 1 87 $35,823:: 190 298 35:36:): Estimates of Homelessness 703 374 53 7o 162 $32-$53: DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 99 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 8.7% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (600) I Sheltered (6,304) Total Homeless, 2018 6,904 82 Estimates of Homelessness 3,770 indiViduals 3,134 ?iipc'?l?f?es 31 8 306 1.586 FLORIDA change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 31,030 1 5 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (13,393) I Sheltered (17,637) Appendix Estimates of Homelessness 21 individuals 9,587 1,892 2,543 4,543 $322221: GEORGIA change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 9,499 9 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (3,599) I Sheltered (5,900) Estimates of Homelessness 6,943 individuals 2,556 Sii?i?il?rf?mes 494 705 992 $133528le homeless HAWAII change from 2017 +1 1 9% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 6.530 46 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (3,475) I Sheltered (3,055) Estimates of Homelessness individuals 2,399 Sii??il?f?es 1 89 veterans 1 homeless 83 Appendix IDAHO 1 2 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness -1 . 2% change from 2017 -1 4.2% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (723) I Sheltered (1,289) Total Homeless, 2018 2,012 Estimates of Homelessness 1:297 individua s 715 1 1 5 3:23;: 215 293 ILLINOIS 8 in every people were experiencing homelessness -1 change from 2017 18.2% '2601% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (1,942) I Sheltered (8,701) Total Homeless, 2018 10,643 Estimates of Homelessness individuals 3,891 684 veterans 1,470 INDIANA 8 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 '1 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (579) I Sheltered (4,679) Total Homeless, 2018 84 5,258 Estimates of Homelessness 3,776 individuals 1,482 Siili?ilg?mes 268 E?i??i?i?fi??ii? 539 veterans 428 inhe?cfallihome'ess IOWA 9 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 88% change from 2017 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (241) I Sheltered (2,508) Total Homeless, 2018 2,749 KANSAS 8 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 3.170 16.1% change from 2017 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (357) I Sheltered (1,859) Total Homeless, 2018 2,216 Appendix Estimates of Homelessness 1,711 individuals 1,038 209 3:335:35: 196 215 Estimates of Homelessness 1,443 773 133 195 273 35:35:12: KENTUCKY 8 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (868) I Sheltered (2,820) Total Homeless, 2018 3.688 Estimates of Homelessness individuals 953 Sii?i?l??les 193 Eglciillpf?lli: veterans chronically homeless individuals 85 Appendix LOUISIANA -7. 4% change from 2017 75.5% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 3.059 7 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (1,065) I Sheltered (1 ,994) Estimates of Homelessness individuals 519 5:11:82? lies 214 Eg?iig?l? veterans 467 MAINE +1 0.40/0 change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 2,516 1 9 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 3.9% I Unsheltered (98) I Sheltered (2,418) Estimates of Homelessness individua s 1,066 1 52 EEincSi?ijg?? 119 198 mil: MARYLAND -1 change from 2017 -34.1% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 7,144 86 1 2 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (1,764) I Sheltered (5,380) Estimates of Homelessness individuals 2,230 267 574 1,259 MASSACHUSETTS 29 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 49% +20.6% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (985) I Sheltered (19,083) Total Homeless, 2018 20,068 MICHIGAN 8 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 10.8% change from 2017 '36000/0 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (899) I Sheltered (7,452) Total Homeless, 2018 8,351 MINNESOTA 1 3 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 15.5% change from 2017 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (1,121) I Sheltered (6,122) Total Homeless, 2018 7,243 Appendix Estimates of Homelessness 6,811 individuals 13,257 $3123?? 465 985 1,373 inh?i?vi?cfllihme'ess Estimates of Homelessness 5.209 3:142 604 693 756 inhgsitslz Estimates of Homelessness individuals 3,250 709 veterans chronically homeless individuals 87 Appendix MISSISSIPPI 5 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (621) I Sheltered (731) Total Homeless, 2018 1,352 MISSOURI 1 0 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 20.6% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (1,214) I Sheltered (4,669) Total Homeless, 2018 5.883 Estimates of Homelessness individuals 37 102 Estimates of Homelessness 3,776 IndiViduals 2,107 5:31:13? mes 534 EEXEZPSQES 507 819 MONTANA 1 3 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 -1 3.0% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (373) I Sheltered (1,032) Total Homeless, 2018 1.405 88 Estimates of Homelessness individuals 422:3tazts 193wmm 183$m?wmms NEBRASKA 1 3 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 59% change from 2017 -37.6% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (144) I Sheltered (2,277) Total Homeless, 2018 2.421 NEVADA 25 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 -32.7% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (4,239) I Sheltered (3,305) Total Homeless, 2018 7,544 NEW HAMPSHIRE 11 in every people were experiencing homelessness 10.6% change from 2017 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (154) I Sheltered (1,296) Total Homeless, 2018 1,450 Appendix Estimates of Homelessness individuals 676 1 57 EECEEZTQEE veterans 380 $531211: hOme'eSS Estimates of Homelessness individuals 486 1,404 723 veterans inh?ilrii?cuagly homeless Estimates of Homelessness individuals 615 81 EZXEZPSSES veterans chronically homeless individuals 89 Appendix NEW JERSEY +1 0.1 0/0 change from 2017 -31 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 9,398 NEW MEXICO change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 2,551 NEW YORK +2 change from 2017 +40.1% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 91,897 90 1 0 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (1,623) I Sheltered (7,775) 1 2 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered I Sheltered (1,755) 46 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 4.7% 1 I Unsheltered (4,294) I Sheltered (87,603) Estimates of Homelessness individua s 3,350 51 8 555 1,212 Estimates of Homelessness 1 individuals 602 1 82 veterans 814 Estimates of Homelessness individua s 52:07 2,941 1,224 5:829 NORTH CAROLINA change from 2017 -24.0% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 9,268 9 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (2,450) I Sheltered (6,818) Appendix Estimates of Homelessness individuals 2,817 Sii?l'?il?if?es 478 EZECSEZPSSEE veterans 1,175 inhari?vri?lffa'iihc?me'ess NORTH DAKOTA change from 2017 -32.2% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 542 7 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 8.9% I Unsheltered (48) I Sheltered (494) Estimates of Homelessness individuals 75 people in families with children 65 unaccompanied homeless youth 9 veterans 69 chronically homeless individuals OHIO +1 change from 2017 -1 8.5% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 10,249 9 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 12.8% I Unsheltered (1,315) I Sheltered (8,934) Estimates of Homelessness individuals 3,320 aiipl?iJSiE?T?es 686 veterans chronically homeless individuals 91 Appendix OKLAHOMA change from 2017 -26.0% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 3.871 OREGON change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 14,476 change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 13,512 92 1 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (1,191) I Sheltered (2,680) 35 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (8,925) I Sheltered (5,551) 1 1 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 12.9% I Unsheltered (1,744) I Sheltered (11,768) Estimates of Homelessness lnleiduals 1.048 31 3 313 804 3335221: Estimates of Homelessness 11 individuals 3,337 Siipc'?ilgrlearlmles 1,309 E?lcii?gpf??li? 1,363 4,013 Estimates of Homelessness 8,163 individuals 5,349 684 mm: 982 1,318 RHODE ISLAND 1 0 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 46% change from 2017 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (51) I Sheltered (1,050) Total Homeless, 2018 1.101 SOUTH CAROLINA 8 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 42.1% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (1,344) I Sheltered (2,589) Total Homeless, 2018 3933 Appendix Estimates of Homelessness 747 354 39 103 233 in?ating Estimates of Homelessness individuals 851 237 veterans 671 $23,121:: SOUTH DAKOTA 1 3 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 24.6% +58.5% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (285) I Sheltered (874) Total Homeless, 2018 1,159 Estimates of Homelessness individuals 323 61 ?incilpf?? veterans 1 1 5 chronically homeless individuals 93 Appendix TENNESSEE 1 2 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2017 -23.3% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (2,855) I Sheltered (5,028) Total Homeless, 2018 7,883 TEXAS 9 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 50/0 change from 2017 -27.9% change from 2010 I Unsheltered (10,534) I Sheltered (14,776) Total Homeless, 2018 25,310 UTAH 9 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 14.6% change from 2017 -1 2 change from 2010 I Unsheltered (420) I Sheltered (2,456) Total Homeless, 2018 2.876 94 Estimates of Homelessness individuals 1,744 435 12:22:?55333 veterans 1,556 1:116:21: Estimates of Homelessness 1 9,1 iridividnais 6,1 1 1 am; 1,379 1,935 3.269 Estimates of Homelessness 1 individuals 972 191 veterans 298 12:11:31: Appendix VERMONT 21 in every 1 Estimates of Homelessness people were experiencing homelessness individuals 51 1 people in families with children 1 unaccompanied homeless youth I Unsheltered (82) 1 Veterans I Sheltered (1,209) 6.4% +5.4?yo change from 2017 +5.8o/o change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 chronically homeless 1,291 individuals VIRGINIA 7 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness Estimates of Homelessness .1 .50/0 individuals 34.2% 2,047 change from 2010 unaccompanied homeless youth I Unsheltered (915) ISheltered (5,060) Veterans Total Homeless, 2018 2 chronically homeless 5,975 individuals WASHINGTON 30 in every 1 Estimates of Homelessness people were experiencing homelessness individuals 5,880 2,1 84 ngnc?ic?r:sp:?:: IUnsheltered(10,621) veterans I Sheltered (11,683) change from 2017 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 chronically homeless 22,304 individuals 95 Appendix WEST VIRGINIA change from 2017 -45.1% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 1,243 7 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 14.7% I Unsheltered (183) I Sheltered (1,060) Estimates of Homelessness 1,021 individuals 61 131 veterans 1 50 home'ess WISCONSIN change from 2017 -22.5% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 4,907 8 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness 7.8% I Unsheltered (382) I Sheltered (4,525) Estimates of Homelessness 2,740 2357??m?m$ 332wmm WYOMING -26.8cyo change from 2017 +1 change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2018 639 96 1 1 in every 1 people were experiencing homelessness I Unsheltered (199) I Sheltered (440) Estimates of Homelessness individuals 205 53133:? lies 82 Kglciillpyaglf? 47 Veterans 42 chronically homeless individuals The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development OFFICE OF COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT