POLLUTION IS EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS

H.R. HOLLAND
Engineering
Division
Logistics
Department
Sarnia,
Ontario
January
30, 1970

 -

2 -

INTRODUCTION

The Oxford
"the

destruction

providing

of

purity

protection

to

is

"the

addition

of

in

such

quantity

that

. so suffers

dictionary
or
our

foreign

matter

the

system

an undesirable

of

the

a foreign
the
so

great

that

of

the

became
and

the

could

repeating

great

pollution
Indians

- the

varied:
end

plains

of

1.

the

Pollution
critical

2,

For

buffalo

to

rifles

and

their

herds,

the

of

vanished,

of

which

arms

and

the

were
.
of

the

buffalo

the

Then

white

was polluted,
of

this

for
for

agriculture
four

the

interference

- extinction;

the

were

primitive

results

life;

buffalo

Fortunately,

degree

way of
for

our

the

Ind i ans

presence

the

illustrates
of

of

the

their

buffalo

available

pollutant
the

system

environment.

their

nomadic

when
to

definition

successfully

fate

'l'ypically
the

example

level

adjust

the

and

adjust

pollution

any given

components

small

for

became

occurs

to

an ecological

cannot

to

vanished.

This
of

to

The environment

herds

were

men - the

aspects

was

intolerable.

relation

better

3

To these

addition

Indians

men came with

as

In

consider

plains.

herds

pollution

change."

and hostile

number

sanctity".

environment,

As an example,
herds

defines

the

and
most

the
white

settlement.
important

environment:
foreign

addition

the

total

the

susceptibility

environment

varies

the

grass

buffalo

reaches

environment

cannot
of

the

considerably.
flourished

a specific
adjust.

individual
(The

.)

 -

3.

- 4 Table
1
ESTIMATED GLOBAL EMISSIONS OF SOME AIR POLLUTANTS

3 -

The localized

high

concentrations

of

pollutants
COMPOUND

which

cause

pollution

of man augmented
waves

and

are

in

far

fires.

from

natural

Table

No.

below

the

4.
as

it

with
of

sewage;
bird

of

it

--

that

only

to maintain
it

can

processes

Fortunately,

to

very

complex.

and

engineering

more
social
there
but

which

a beach

and
is

*S02

Combustion

"

of

contributions

as

concentrations

the

means

of

addition

man's

are

of

or

*S04
Total
s
Compounds

All Sources
Natural
"

*N02

*N20

Combustion
Biological
Combustion
Biological
Biological

Total
N
Compounds

All Sources
Natural
Sources

*CO

Combustion
Sources
Incineration
Forest
Fires
Marine
- Undetermined

*H2S

and

skills

questions

organization.
satisfactory
are

action

in

involved.

at

a species

to

*NH3

a

in which
are

to

such

our

S

II
II

8

Sources

3
30
70
130

"

II
II

306
230

"

16.1
150
3.5
4900
410

Action
Action
Action

X

106 as
II

5480
5460

large

Oxidation
of Plant
Animal Matter
Combustion

and

221 x 106 as
25
"
11
but

very

C

large

and
150,000
4,500

scientific
but

economics,

since

106 as

levels

this

extremely

To many of

X

prevent

man.

inadequate

answer

affected

by natural

providing

are

in

is

destroyed

environment

many areas

the

matter

encountered

unresolved

of

spell;

from

51
11
3

products

contamination

to

environment

- coal
- petroleum
Petroleum

T/YR.

of

disappearance

foreign

assimilated

our

thinks

of

disaster

the

to

mainly

EMISSION

Refining
Smelting
Industrial
Marine
Terrestrial
Marine

usually

pollution

a choking

course

protect

of

because

satisfactory

interests

tidal

delinquency.

pollution

no completely

opposing

is

juvenile

political

SOURCE

activities

eruptions,

a swimmer

closed
it

knowledge

pose

man's

e.g.

or

There

the

production

conscious

an asthmatic,

protection

as

total

the

is

The problems
essential

to

levels.

be diluted,

--

the
dwarfs

to

Since
the

sources

a naturalist

slums

species,

phenomena

own interests;

flower;

sociologist,

due mainly

However,

1,

terms
to

or

natural

critical

his

in

are

The individual

affects

pollution

by such

forest

pollutants
shown

episodes

law

these

even

Tot .al C
Compounds

All Sources
Natural
Sources

154,757
150,000

and

questions

References:

*

legitimate

**

Gaseous
Natural

Atmospheric
Pollutants
Sources
- Robinson

Carbon Dioxide
Affects
P. 1162 - Environmental
November,
1969.

&

from Urhan and
Robbins,
APCA 69-155.

Global
Ecology - E.K. Peterson,
Science
and Technology,

N

 -

5 -

be

very

large,

not

on individual
Commission
with

costs
only

freedom

in
of

requirement

sleeping

of

for

be

slow

protection
is

can

prepared

this

is

and

to

mistakes

pay

estimated

to
It

efforts,

the

a few remote
condition,

the

must

environment
wilderness
but

all

in

a task

visitors

also

interests

Resources

on private

legal

such

magnitude,

progress

the

environment

(In

the

case

so
of

the
long

Lakes

as
Erie

man
and

areas

be

will

that

protected

can

be
have

of

the

as

the

result

but

not

preserved.

preserved
to

in

be denied

their

of

present

complexity

basis.

a whole

requires

the

as

on other

anti·

moment,

provinces,

The

Ontario

and

has

organizations.

soil

are

this

and

importanct

The protection

of

establishment

of

· social

control

lies

effectiveness

with

in

the

of

of

Division

and

Health,
is

the

acts.
mainly

their

in

grasp

the
varies

has

which

has

in

staff

since

has

made

control

on the

hazard.

'l'his

being,

their

basis
is

that

are

ll.C . is
of

resource

development

and

guard

Energy

the

air,
and

authority

best
water

Resource

organized

a low priority

evolving
against

Environment

legislation

assigned

largely

a nuisance

in

rather

dec;i.sion,

largely

Services

start.

adequate

politi..;al

Health

Clean

are

is

the

closely.

problems

it

in

Environmental

a newly

has

has

a valid

problems

the

a vigorous

their

Quebec

to
of

development

Saskatchewan
skeleton

agencies

concentrated

mainly

Manitoba
Commission

problems

budgets.

following

entrance.

largest

Department

reasonable
Alberta

Department

the

Separate

located

these
Perhaps

size,

considerably.

control
Ontario

as

At the

Management

emphasized

can

such

on pollution

essential

$8,000,000,000.)
be

of

on a voluntary

society

controls

hands

Nevertheless,

of

with

boats

example.
of

be dealt

cannot

restrictions

Water

tanks

be made,

for

will

additional

holding

a typical

price.
be

in

is

will

be provided

solutions

The Ontario

sewage

accommodation

the
but

action.

Inevitably,
will

reaching

dollars

6 -

LEGAL CONTROLS ON POLLUTION
A problem

The

-

since

and

a

the

future.

to

pollution

than
for

a health
U-,e time

internal.
a system
the

needs

balancing
of

the

environmental

necessity
protection,

 -

7 -

The M ritimes
legislation

but

municipal

are

sewage

handicapped

is

a major

Where
been
are

a reasonable
sharing

Canadian
such

resource

of

Resource
It

management,

to

research

situations.

cooperation

Canada

Navigable

and

Waters,

established

the

latter

Recently

there

have

advice

prairie

They

of

Joint

and
in

acts

Water

handles
as

National

those

vigorous

the

Arctic

and

of

1969,

provides

for

massive

in

the

fields

water

resource

and

water

of

provinces
control

have

been

costs,
Log for

in
King

(2)
emphasized

the

crying
this

case

for

quality

federal

they

first

federal

to

the

of

the

to

the

may find

into

management.
of

that · they

have

the

vulnerability

Canyon
of

and
the

Santa

Barbara

environment

to

exchanged

disasters
major

air

have

catastrophes.

is

addition,

the

such

there
of

of

the

is

a

sovereignty

delicate

development

of

the

arctic
the

oil

the

and

agency.

Such

neutralize

of

federal

intervention

or

to

digest
is

solid
both.

the

take

capacity
them.
imposition

or

of
One of
of

is

standards

the

may apply
the

the

quite

the

account
the

wastes

or

to

are,
of

into

the

body

wastes
There

discharge

standards

water

requirements

must
the

sources

with

or

wastes

the

comply

effluent

they

jurisdiction,

they

receiving

the

has

to

that

since

body

and Welfare

network.

industries)

mainly

dilute,

monitoring

or

in

Health

by licensing

handling

agencies

National

governing

obtained

atmosphere,

to

standards.

what

controlling

differences

of

to

quality

provided

by the

individual

amount

In

drilling

banning

establishment

of

institutions

facility

licensing
and

pollution

Stork.

The Torrey

the

due

continued

and

protection

The Department

pollution

considerable

the
While

water

of

in

the

damage

Erie

Georgia.

on the

and

national

ambient

Lake

the

area.

environment

established

federal

reading

entry

sharing

the

of

of

debate

from

(municipalities,

on

fields.

changes

Straits

waters

flora

resources

control

problems

have

specific

given

the

approving

Waters

No matter

Harbours
of

Act,

November,

King

continuing

disposal
The Canada

Canadian

international

approach:
(1)

the

investigations

in

expanding

confined

a number

significant

on

in

to

(3)

been

clearly

such

Birds,

jurisdiction

has

Commission

while

conferences

led

operations

fauna

attaining

national

gas

over

The

for

have

pollution.

role
in

has

provinces

a vehicle

with

federal

there

successfully.

two major

except

U.S.A.

been

is

dealing

the

Migratory

federal

control

problems,

Saskatchewan

The International

between

funds.

- the

Ministers

now,

and

adequate

for

sponsored

the

of

have

interprovincial

South

has

Up to
mainly

of

and

cooperation.

by ],ack

are

North

Council

Newfoundland

problem.

there

degree

the

and

8 -

composition
properly,

various
the

receiving
potential

uniform

waste

but

nature
system
dangers
inappropriate

 -

9 -

DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA,

OBJECTIVES

Criteria
concentrations
They

must

of
take

receiving

into

based

the

are

which

criteria

from

pollution.

objectives

and

political

and

are

are

to

apply

of

sharing

the

them

which

can

pollution.

action

of

receiving

system.

be exceeded

be varied

They

without

of

safety

depending

is

of

between

are

whole

the

with

on social,

enforceable

of

limits

pollutants.

Usually

discharges,

system.

They are in

reach

on the

on humans.

It

they

contaminants

capacity

the

completely

of

the

system

between

means

criteria

by law.

Their

ere

the

key

determination

to

obtaining

presents

some

control

the

criteria

for

Provision

of

shelter

belts

to

operation

and

of

insects,

are

met,

~11 regulations

essential.

control

solid

governing
waste

screen

air

disposal
what

rodents,

is

and
are

at

odours,

best

water

mainly

pollution
aesthetic.

and

personal

of

determining

and in

judgement

will

so
can

eliminate
of

additional

individual.

perceptions

of

the

pollution

has

and

far

of

levels

air

by epidemio-

neither

an easy
must

differences

do occur.

these

nor

a

adopt
due

Only

to

time

and

problems.

ambient

objectives

from

pressures

- political,

Many people

develop

which

so

smoking

agencies

that

because

provided

safe

is

·

magnitude

combinations

However,

common data

to

and

complex

there

pollutants

cigarette

the

investigations

process.

best

of

developed.

been

introduces

the

sociological
highly

complications

because:

an unsightly
litter

singly

subject

effects

on the

that

of

legal

order

as

although

air

subjects,

The development

economic,

for

experimental

research

is

criteria

volunteer

on their

unique
criteria

If

of

and animal

designed

viruses.

of

as well

solved

profession,

interpretation

well

of

fate

water

numbers

have

The medical

reliable

based

values

been

for

large

stake.

follows

both

have

a much higher

agreement

studies

effect

is

of

to

logical

it

of

very

techniques

problems
the

criteria

be considered

effective

over

at

are

to

Establishment

is

millions

possible

but

qualities

health

difficulties

establishing

There

but

uncertainty

human health

failed

legally

receiving

still

(3)

the

(1)

and water

most

of

solvable.

be protected,

to

involves

sources.

pollution

but

fauna

are

serious

The problems

formidable

uses

various

problems:

are

are
flora,

individual

concentrations

tl1e margin

waste

Reliable
over

the

in

considerations.

individual

waste

the

cannot

However,

the

maximum

in

concentrations

to

the

of

reinforcing

the

acceptable

economic

to

result

(2)

critical

Fortunately,

criteria

allowable

applied

exceeded,

sensitivity

possible

Standards
maximum

if

determined

pollutants.

on the

damage

scientifically

the

Objectives
pollutants

AND STANDARDS

which

account

and

of

the

pollutants

systems

combinations

are

10 -

1.

noise
one

aspect

of

thus

an angler

they

eat

too

It

sometimes

environmental
might
many

fish

l~ads

to

protection

advocate
- from

intense
to

the

eradication

his

point

of

preoccupation

the

neglect
of

view

of

with

all

Mergansers
an eminently

others,
because
sensible

 -

suggestion,

but

one

the

type

of

attribute
the

guaranteed

Since

2.

the

pollution

where

it

to

to

which
to

result

in

criteria.

some

in

the

Mr.

of

the

has

already

Journal

of

of well-intentioned

and

geometric
They

may not

they

will

wait

for

the

then

fast

as

they

Air

50,

of

that

skies

to

expect,

even
the

in

large
aid

is

of

diluting
and

complex

computers.

the

the

environment

to

and

their

the

as

the

the

January,

sampling

per

cubic
than

existing

meter

annual

a geometric

be adopted

and

skies

next

state.

mean.

But

then

don't

go home to
clear

as

be back."
of

the

objectives

a technical

problem.

digesting

systems

system
the

can

very

high

conditions
poorly

waste

be simulated

and

of

streams.

into
It

within

It

in

many

planned

and

the

total

problem

the

process

employment

of

Fortunately,

successfully

with

and

and

expensive.
Detroit
to

2000

race

accommodate

to

Washington.
complex

to

Pittsburgh

of

a sa·tisfactory

67 that

physical

is

hand,

an

people

environment

other

only

shares

urban
such

can
even

present

unhappy

effects

important
and

with

of

phase

being

in

education,

relations,
in

of

enhancement

housing,

trans-

essential

to

atmosphere.

an environment

will

people.

one

religious

recreation

suggested

15 million

A _great

complexes

Expo

protection

and

stimulating

A.D.

great

show the

is

It

population

population

environments.

The Doxiadis-Detroit
in

the

On the

control

access

to

larger

Chicago

at

cities

urbanization.

parks

in

cities.

Boston

provision
of

environmental

opportunities,

expanding

U.S.

in

the

A.D.

planned

deteriorating

of

from

density.

large

increase

an even

demonstrated

a well

Providing
rapidly

Lakes

component

Pollution

an enjoyable

processes

in

rapid

from

a prospect,

was

population

requires

the

each

protecting

people

continue,

2000

in

the

stretches

in

such

the

of

Great

Montreal

and orderly

portation,

ambient

receiving

at

from

trends

lower

necessity.

be happy
air

of

the

the

environment

arise

already

population

beyond

urgent

and

the

megalopolis

embrace

problems

concentration

With

phenomena
for

time

increasing

and well

by

proposals

fundamental

our

1970

Association

sound

in

present

will

discussed

disturbing

to

And when

basically

and

If

association:

is,or

numbers

clear.

of

U.S.A.

micrograms

a microgram

involvement
unattainable

Control

criteria

10 less

they'll

knowledge

involved

The

he can
than

and

in

60 micrograms

or

know what

standards

a detailed

rather

the

listening

The translation
effluent

for

strongly,

personal

Pollution

of

demanding
or

in

now witnessing

on study

demand
the

"they"

an editorial

citizens,

mean,

most

intense

occurred
from

"We are

quality,

vague

responsible

of unwarranted

a director

based

is

URBANIZATION AND ALTERNATIVES

lovers.

eastern

excerpt

A. H. Phelps,

standards

rarely

such

establishment

following

issue

bird

belongs.

the

This

all

he objects

Unfortunately,
can

enrage

individual

responsibility

"us"

- 12 -

11 -

be very

in

difficult

Edison

studies

a minimum

cost

the

face
and

of

a

very

on Metropolitan
of

240 billion

dollat

 T
-

-

In the
serious

consideration

in

the

U.S.A.

in

the

development

of

larger

handle

For

and more
the

immediate

light
is

13 -

of

being

these
given

Canada

there

of

mid-Canada

the

capable
problems

are

units

WHAT IS

of

more

and
to

similar

additional
project
municipal
effectively.

IMPERIAL OIL DOING?

studies,

population

The official

stabilization

of

Imperial

Oil

Limited

alternatives
and

the

policy

is

to

of

all

Canadians

country's
public

air,
interest

for
water
is

a)

Oil

its

conservation

and

soil.

the

employees
of

the

the

environment

at

the

statement.

share

the

quality

of

believes

by regulations

appropriate

protection

following

The company

served

provide

in

and

the

best

on environmental

expressed

"Imperial

evolution

government

14 -

concern

the

that

the

that

protection

of

the

possible

cost

to

least

the

economy
b)

are

based

on standards

developed
c)

provide
the

d)

e)

is

the

methods

of

equitably

which

contribute

place

control

the

policy

to

comply

to

provide

to

of

improve

materials

and

and

implement

and

soil

agencies.

conservation,

regulations

~~ditional
is

operations

governmental

water

existing

protection

technically

of

feasible

the

and

practical

encourage,

establish

develop

appropriate

air,

such

economically

to

pollution

with

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 - 16 -

- 15 We cannot
to

co-operate

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 - 17 To the
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- 18 of

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 - 19 - 20 CONCLUSION
lines

from

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conference
These

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the

Imperial
ty

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the

senior

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 - 22 -

- 21 -

It
and

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