February 2019 City of Portland Community Policing MAIL SURVEY Prepared by DHM Research 503.220.0575 239 NW 13th Ave #205 Portland, OR 97209 www.dhmresearch.com Table of contents INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY _____________________________________________________________ 2 SUMMARY & OBSERVATIONS _________________________________________________________________ 5 KEY FINDINGS _______________________________________________________________________________ 7 APPENDIX _________________________________________________________________________________ 26 DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 1 Introduction & Methodology 1 DHM Research administered a survey on behalf of the City of Portland, Compliance Officer and Community Liaison (COCL), and the Portland Committee on Community-Engaged Policing (PCCEP). The objective of this survey was to assess community perceptions of the Portland Police Bureau. This survey largely mirrors previous surveys conducted in 2013, 2015, and 2016. Research Methodology Sample The sample for the study was generated from a random selection of all Portland residential mailing addresses. The cover letter and landing page for the online survey instructed households to select the adult with the most recent birthday to complete the survey. The mailing list used for this study was appended with information indicating whether the household was likely to include African American and Hispanic individuals. To attempt to collect sufficient data from minority groups, these households were oversampled. The breakdown was 20% presumed African American, 30% presumed Hispanic, and 50% presumed White or some other race. The target number of completed surveys was 1,000. Based on past response rates, 6,500 household were selected to participate in the survey. A total of 1,380 valid surveys were ultimately returned, for a response rate of 21%. Sample size varies by question due to missing responses. The sample size is sufficient to assess opinions generally, and allows a review by multiple subgroups including age, gender, area of city, race, Hispanic ethnicity, educational attainment, and other demographics. Survey Administration DHM Research administered this dual instrument survey to residents of the City of Portland from January 25 to March 20, 2019, on the following schedule. • • • • • • January 25, 2019: Initial postcard mailed. This postcard alerted residents of a forthcoming version of the paper survey and also provided them the option to complete the survey online. January 29, 2019: Survey packet mailed, consisting of a cover letter explaining the purpose of the project, instructions, the survey itself, and a prepaid return envelope. Recipients were once again presented with the option to complete the survey by mail or online and asked to do so by February 20, 2019. February 1, 2019: A thank you and reminder postcard was mailed. February 4, 2019: A second copy of the survey was mailed along with an updated cover letter, and prepaid return envelope. March 3, 2019: Online portal closed, ending online collection of data. March 20, 2019: Final data entry and validation of all paper surveys. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 2 Each survey respondent was provided a unique numerical passcode. To complete the survey online, respondents were required to enter their passcode. Only one completed survey per passcode was allowed. In the event that multiple surveys were returned with the same passcode (either online or paper) only the first completed survey was accepted. The online survey was hosted on an independent and secure DHM Research server and was available to respondents 24 hours a day. In gathering responses, DHM Research employed quality control measures including pre-testing and monitoring the online survey to identify potential browser issues. DHM Research collected all returned paper surveys and entered responses into the online portal. Quality control measures were implemented to ensure the accuracy of DHM Research staff entries. Weighting The sample plan ensured that every adult with a household address had an equal opportunity to be selected for the study. Inevitably, however, response rates vary across demographic groups. As with most surveys of this type, women and older residents completed the survey at higher rates. To ensure that the results presented here are representative of entire adult population, the data has been weighted by age, gender, race, ethnicity and area of city (N, NE, SE, NW, SW). Table 1 provides the frequency and percentage of responses across demographic groups with weighted and unweighted results. The size of the difference between weighted and unweighted frequencies signifies the magnitude of weighting. Table 1 Weighted1 and Unweighted Frequency of Demographic Groups Response Category Unweighted n Weighted n Unweighted % Weighted % Gender Male 597 661 44% 49% Female 738 675 55% 50% 9 12 1% 1% Non-binary/3rd gender Prefer to self-disclose 6 2 <1% <1% Ethnicity Hispanic 143 134 11% 10% Non-Hispanic 1200 1209 89% 90% Race Caucasian/White 1117 1059 87% 82% Black/African American 89 90 7% 7% American Indian/Native 56 23 4% 2% American Asian 82 114 6% 9% Native Hawaiian/Pacific 15 10 1% 1% Islander Age 18–29 69 323 5% 24% 30–44 307 431 23% 32% 45–59 376 337 28% 25% 1 Weighted percentages for gender, ethnicity, race and age based on 2017 5-year Estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census figures for the population in the City or Portland. Weighted percentages for area are based on City of Portland estimates: http://www.portlandonline.com/portlandplan/index.cfm?c=52257&a=288621 DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 3 Response Category 60–74 75+ Area of the City North Northeast Northwest Southeast Southwest Unweighted n 425 170 Weighted n 175 81 Unweighted % 32% 13% Weighted % 13% 6% 176 487 44 502 171 149 425 121 535 149 13% 35% 3% 36% 12% 11% 31% 9% 39% 11% As an example, men were underrepresented in the unweighted data and women were overrepresented. Weighted responses brought frequencies closer to the overall proportion of men and women in the community. In line with results in previous years, some adjustments were made to reflect categories not included in Census information (e.g., transgender). Note that weighting was adjusted for lower response rates among people younger than age 45 as well. Results for both weighted and unweighted data can be found in Appendix A. Differences between the two were typically small. Analyses presented within the body of the report reflect weighted results. Quality Control A random sample of 114 paper surveys was selected by Microsoft Excel’s random number generator. Responses for paper surveys which had been entered by DHM Research staff into the online portal were checked for accuracy. Of all questions checked, we found an error rate of 0.1%. A total of 11 errors were found within the 7,590 closed-ended questions which were checked in this batch of surveys. No openended entry errors were observed. Statement of Limitations: Any sampling of opinions or attitudes is subject to a margin of error. The margin of error is a standard statistical calculation that represents differences between the sample and total population at a confidence interval, or probability, calculated to be 95%. This means that there is a 95% probability that the sample taken for this study would fall within the stated margin of error if compared with the results achieved from surveying the entire population. The margin of error for this survey is ±2.6%. DHM Research Background: DHM Research has been providing opinion research and consultation throughout the Pacific Northwest and other regions of the United States for over 40 years. The firm is nonpartisan and independent and specializes in research projects to support public policy making. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 4 Summary & Observations 2 Portland residents view the Portland Police Bureau (PPB) most positively when it comes to activities directly related to fighting crime. As has been true in previous years, residents rated the bureau’s performance most highly on fighting crime. Close to half, 48%, said PPB had done a good or very good job fighting crime. Over eight in ten would call the police to report a crime they saw happening in the neighborhood (87%) or would work with the police to identify a person who committed a crime in their neighborhood (86%). Residents perceived Portland police less positively when asked to evaluate PPB’s values, management, respect for all, community relationships, and use of racial profiling. Residents rated the bureau’s performance lowest on responding to mental health issues in the community. Four in ten rated the bureau as poor or very poor when it comes to responding to mental health issues in the community (42%). This is a drop of 14 points from 2016, when 28% rated the bureau poorly. The shift was seen primarily in an increase of those saying the bureau’s performance was very poor (16% in 2019 compared to 5% in 2016). A majority of those with a personal history of mental health issues or a family member with mental health issues evaluated the bureau poorly (56%). Of those who had contact with the police, the majority report they were treated fairly. Satisfaction with those experiences is higher than in 2016. Of the one in three residents who had contacted the Portland police to report a crime or ask for help (33%), the majority (88%) said they were treated fairly and were satisfied with the experience (86%). About one in ten residents (11%) had been contacted by a police officer, including warnings, traffic stops, citations, or arrests. Of those, 78% said they were treated fairly, which is an increase of seven points compared to 2016. 76% were satisfied with the experience, which is an increase of seventeen points compared to 2016. Residents express concern that Portland police use more force than necessary when dealing with communities of color and those experiencing a mental health crisis. More than four in ten residents indicated that they thought Portland police used more force than necessary when dealing with racial or ethnic populations (47%) or people experiencing a mental health crisis (47%). Agreement outweighed disagreement for both questions. Fewer thought police used more force than necessary when dealing with other groups, such as people in their neighborhood or people with physical disabilities (11%–21%). In these other situations, disagreement outweighed agreement and the most common response was neither agree nor disagree. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 5 Residents from historically marginalized communities express greater concern about how the Portland police treat them. Responses throughout the survey echo a consistent theme: members of marginalized communities have more negative views about the Portland Police Bureau and have less positive interactions with police officers. Concerns about potential stereotyping by police and police use of force were higher among those whose experiences are directly assessed by these questions. A majority of Native American respondents (85%), African American respondents (74%), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander respondents (55%), and those who identify as Hispanic/Latino (55%) indicated concern that the Portland police may stereotype them based on their race or ethnicity. Those who have a history of mental illness and those who have a physical health condition also expressed heightened concern about potential stereotyping. Around one in four of those with a mental health condition (26%) and those with a physical disability (27%) agreed that they were worried about being stereotyped by Portland police. Similarly, there was heightened concern about use of force among several of these same communities. A majority of Native American respondents (87%), African American respondents (70%), and those who identify as Hispanic/Latino (63%) agreed that Portland police use more physical force than necessary when dealing with racial or ethnic populations. In addition, 61% of those who had a history of mental health issues themselves or had a family member with mental health issues thought Portland police use more physical force than necessary when dealing with people experiencing a mental health crisis. By and large, residents are unsure whether the bureau is taking steps to improve services. Residents did not know whether PPB had undertaken specific activities to improve services. They were most aware that PPB was training officers to help people who are having a mental health crisis (37%) or training officers to work with people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds (36%). As has been true in past years, skepticism was highest when it comes to investigations of and accountability for officers. That is, residents were more likely to think the bureau had not taken steps to improve in these areas than to believe the bureau had. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 6 Key Findings 3 This report summarizes community perceptions of the Portland Police Bureau (PPB). Results are compared to the previous survey, completed in 2016, to provide information about stability and change over time. 3.1 LEGITIMACY AND TRUST Public perceptions of the Portland Police Bureau were most positive when it came to working with the police to address crime. Respondents evaluated the PPB on fifteen dimensions assessing public perceptions of trust in the police and police legitimacy (Q1a–Q1o)2. Positive attitudes were highest when it came to working with or contacting the police in order to address crime. Over eight in ten would call the Portland police to report a crime they saw happening in the neighborhood (87%) or would work with the police to identify a person who committed a crime in their neighborhood (86%). Legitimacy and Trust: Top Tier If I saw a crime happening in my neighborhood, I would call the Portland Police to report it. (n=1359) 49% 38% I would work with the Portland Police to identify a person who committed a crime in my neighborhood. (n=1355) 49% 37% 8% 9% I think I would be treated fairly by the Portland Police. (n=1331) 19% Portland Police do not treat people like me disrespectfully. (*Rev) (n=1346) 18% 40% If I call the Portland Police, I would receive the same quality of service as others in Portland. (n=1354) 17% 41% 25% 13% 5% When a Portland Police officer makes a request, you should do what he/she says, even if you disagree with it. (n=1361) 17% 40% 24% 13% 6% 27% 11% 6% The Portland Police are trustworthy. (n=1342) Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neither 14% 54% 42% Somewhat disagree 15% 21% 9% 15% 6% Strongly disagree DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 1 2 Some questions in the survey were worded such that endorsement (agreement) corresponded to negative perceptions. Responses to these questions are reversed in charts—disagreement is shown in green, which reflects positive perceptions of PPB. Additionally, question wording is modified in the chart by adding “do not” to ease interpretation. When this was done, we notate with *Rev next to the relevant question. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 7 The public’s attitudes are neutral to somewhat positive about the values and management of the Portland Police Bureau. They are neutral to somewhat negative in how they rate the bureau’s treatment of some members of the community and community relationships overall. As has been the case in the past, respondents held less positive perceptions of Portland police when asked to evaluate PPB’s values, management, and if they treat people disrespectfully because of gender or sexual orientation. When it comes to police decisions, values, and management, it may be most accurate to describe opinions as reflecting neutral to somewhat positive opinions. Total positive opinions overall outweighed total negative opinions for these questions. In contrast, public opinion reflected neutral to somewhat negative perceptions when it comes to whether the police treat individuals disrespectfully because of race or ethnicity, how the police treat those with mental health issues, racial profiling, and strength of community relationships. Negative opinions outweighed positive for these questions. Legitimacy and Trust: Lower Tier The Portland Police make decisions that are right for the people in my neighborhood. (n=1353) 11% I think my values and the values of the Portland Police are very similar. (n=1356) 10% 28% Portland Police do not treat people disrespectfully because of their gender or sexual orientation. (*Rev) (n=1340) 11% 26% I think the Portland Police Bureau is well managed by 7% professional leaders. (n=1338) Portland Police do not treat people disrespectfully because of their race or ethnicity. (*Rev) (n=1348) Portland Police do not treat people disrespectfully because of their mental health status. (*Rev) (n=1351) 38% 19% 9% 19% Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neither 19% 44% 12% 9% 39% 20% 36% 33% 37% Somewhat disagree 9% 13% 6% 45% 21% The police in Portland do not use race and ethnicity when deciding whether to stop someone. (*Rev) 7% 14% (n=1348) 10% 6% 34% 27% 10% The relationship between the police and the people of this city is very good. (n=1349) 36% 21% 13% 15% 28% 14% 26% 16% Strongly disagree DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 2 Average ratings of legitimacy and trust have remained largely stable across time. Averaging responses across the fifteen questions yielded an overall index of perceived legitimacy and trust in the Portland police. Chart 3 displays mean legitimacy and trust scores for this survey and the previous survey, as well as legitimacy and trust ratings for this survey by race, age, LGBTQIA+ identity, mental health history, and neighborhood. Lower scores indicate disagreement and higher scores indicate agreement. A value of 3 corresponds to the “neither agree/disagree” scale category and is the midpoint of DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 8 the scale. Mean values of legitimacy and trust were similar to 2016 values and were, on average, a bit above the midpoint. In general, ratings of the individual questions either remained the same or have become more negative across time. We note that changes of less than 4–5 percentage points are within the margin of error and therefore not necessarily statistically significant. The two questions with the largest drops, 6 or 7 points, were I think my values and the values of Portland Police are very similar (38% agree in 2019 vs 45% in 2016) and when a Portland police officer makes a request, you should do what he/she says, even if you disagree with it (57% agree in 2019 vs. 63% agree in 2016). Legitimacy and Trust in Police (Mean Agreement) Benchmark and Group Differences 2019 Total 2016 Total 3.4 3.4 White Black/African American Native American Asian Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 3.4 3.1 2.9 3.5 3.3 Hispanic/Latino Non-Hispanic/Latino 3.1 3.4 18–29 30–44 45–59 60–74 75+ 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 LGBTQIA+ Non-LGBTQIA+ 2.8 Mental health issue No issue 3.0 N NE SE NW SW 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 1: Strongly disagree 5: Strongly agree DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 3 Members of historically disadvantaged groups and younger residents have lower trust in the PPB. Respondents from Asian and White communities were more positive about the police than those in the African American and Native American communities. Non-Hispanic respondents were more positive than Hispanic/Latino respondents. Respondents ages 45 or older were more positive than those younger than 45. Those identifying as LGBTQIA+, and those with mental health issues, were less positive about the police. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 9 Observed group differences were generally.5 or less on the rating scale. Average responses corresponded to a neutral stance (neither agree nor disagree, values around 3.0) to neutral leaning toward some trust (values 3.5 or higher). Note that two groups, Native American respondents and those identifying as LGBTQIA+, held average responses below 3.0. In these cases, it may be more accurate to characterize their attitudes as neutral leaning toward some distrust. 3.2 CONCERNS ABOUT TREATMENT Just under one in four respondents are worried about being stereotyped by Portland police on the basis of their race or ethnicity. Respondents answered three questions asking whether they worry Portland police may stereotype them because of their race or ethnicity, because they have a mental health condition, or because they have a physical disability. Just under one in four agreed that Portland police may stereotype them because of their race or ethnicity (23%). Fewer agreed that Portland police may stereotype them because of having a mental health condition (14%) or a physical health condition (7%). Stereotyping: I worry Portland police may stereotype me because: Of my race or ethnicity. (n=1102) 8% 15% I have a mental health condition. (n=923) 5% 9% I have a physical health condition. (n=958) Strongly agree 4% Somewhat agree 21% 26% 28% Neither 37% 38% 19% 22% 41% 24% Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 4 Respondents from historically marginalized communities express greater concern about how the Portland police may treat them. Results at the population level (all respondents) may obscure the experiences of some groups, particularly those of smaller size. A majority of Native American respondents, African American respondents, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander respondents, and those who identify as Hispanic/Latino indicated concern that the Portland police may stereotype them based on their race or ethnicity. Those who have a history of mental illness and those who have a physical health condition also expressed heightened concern about potential stereotyping. Around one in four of those with a mental health condition (26%) and those with a physical disability (27%) agreed that they were worried about being stereotyped by Portland police. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 10 Agreement: I worry that Portland police may stereotype me because: Of my race or ethnicity. (n=1102) Native American 85% Black/African American Mental health issue 26% 74% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 55% Asian White I have a mental health condition. (n=923) No issue 11% 32% I have a physical health condition. (n=928) 13% Physical disability Hispanic/Latino Non-Hispanic/Latino 27% 55% 19% No disability 6% DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 5 Demographic differences Averaging responses across individuals on the three questions yielded an overall index of confidence that the Portland police do not stereotype based on race or ethnicity, mental health conditions, or physical health conditions (Chart 6). The midpoint of the scale is three, the same as in the individual questions. Higher values indicate more positive perceptions—that is, lack of worry. Average perceptions were similar to what was seen in 2016: respondents indicated that they neither agree nor disagree that Portland police stereotype in these three areas, leaning toward somewhat disagreeing that stereotyping is a worry. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 11 Confidence in Police Not Stereotyping (Mean) Benchmark and Group Differences 2019 Total 2016 Total 3.6 3.5 White Black/African American Native American Asian Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 3.8 2.5 2.4 3.4 2.8 Hispanic/Latino Non-Hispanic/Latino 3.0 3.6 18–29 30–44 45–59 60–74 75+ 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 LGBTQIA+ Non-LGBTQIA+ 3.2 Mental health issue No issue 3.6 3.4 3.6 N NE SE NW SW 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.7 1: Strongly disagree 5: Strongly agree DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 6 Confidence that Portland police do not stereotype was lower among Hispanic/Latino respondents, African American respondents, Native American respondents, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander respondents. Confidence was also lower among respondents with a mental health issue, with a physical health condition, or those who were concerned that their own or a family member’s mental health condition would affect interactions with police. Average responses were below 3.0 for African American respondents, Native American respondents, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander respondents. Lower responses reflected that, on average, respondents in these communities lean toward somewhat agreeing that stereotyping is a worry. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 12 3.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS Performance in Past Year When rating PPB’s activities over the past year, respondents are most positive about the bureau’s performance fighting crime. Respondents rated the PPB’s performance over the past year in eight activities. Close to half, 48%, said PPB had done a good or very good job fighting crime. More than three in ten said PPB had done a good or very good job treating youth with respect (37%), listening to community concerns (35%), treating people who do not speak English as a first language with respect (33%), and being open and honest with the public (33%). Performance Fighting crime. (n=1275) 8% 40% Treating youth under the age of 18 with respect. 7% (n=1193) 30% Listening to community concerns. (n=1272) 27% 8% Treating people who do not speak English as a first 6% language with respect. (n=1188) 27% Being open and honest with the public. (n=1273) 6% 27% Being accepting and supportive of citizens who want to 6% file a complaint against a police officer. (n=1175) 24% Building trust with the community. (n=1305) 7% 23% Responding to mental health issues in the community. (n=1275) Very good Good 18% Fair Poor 35% 12% 6% 42% 36% 15% 6% 16% 40% 34% 18% 20% 40% 36% 36% 18% 22% 26% 13% 9% 12% 11% 12% 16% Very poor DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 7 Four in ten rated the bureau’s performance as poor or very poor in responding to mental health issues in the community (42%). This is a drop of 14 points from 2016, when 28% rated the bureau poorly. The shift reflects an increase in those saying the bureau’s performance was very poor (16% in 2019 compared to 5% in 2016). A majority of those with a personal history of mental health issues or a family member with mental health issues evaluated the bureau poorly when it came to responding to mental health issues in the community (56%). Demographic differences We averaged responses across all eight questions to yield a summary index representing mean performance ratings. Questions were scored such that higher ratings reflect poorer performance DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 13 evaluations. Portland respondents, on average, gave PPB a 3.0 performance evaluation score, representing a fair performance overall. Although we provide the index score from 2016, we note that the list of activities assessed has changed from that assessed previously. Two activities were added (treating youth/those who do not speak English as a first language with respect) and one was dropped (working with the community to solve problems). Native American respondents, women, respondents with an associate’s or bachelor’s degree, those who identify as LGBTQIA+, those with a history of mental health issues, and those who had been a crime victim in the past 12 months rated the bureau more poorly. Younger respondents also rated the bureau more poorly, with those below the age of 45 being the least positive, those between the ages of 45 and 74 being somewhat more positive, and those ages 75 and above being the most positive. Performance Evaluations (Mean Rating) Benchmark and Group Differences 2019 Total 2016 Total 3.0 2.9 White Black/African American Native American Asian Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.9 Hispanic/Latino Non-Hispanic/Latino 3.6 3.2 3.0 18–29 30–44 45–59 60–74 75+ 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.5 LGBTQIA+ Non-LGBTQIA+ 2.9 Mental health issue No issue 2.9 N NE SE NW SW 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.9 1: Very good 5: Very poor DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 8 Improvements in the Past Year By and large, respondents are unsure whether the bureau is taking steps to improve services. Respondents were asked whether, to their knowledge, PPB was doing six different activities to improve services. Respondents were most likely to say they were aware that PPB was training officers to help people when they are having a mental health crisis (37%) or training officers to work with people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds (36%). Over three in ten also said they were aware that the bureau DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 14 was hiring more people of color and women (33%) and training officers to only use force when necessary (32%). As has been true in past years, skepticism was highest when it comes to investigations of and accountability for officers. Aside from the matter of training officers to help people who are having a mental health crisis, half or more were uncertain whether PPB was taking any of the other steps to improve. If the bureau has taken steps to improve, the public is largely unaware of these efforts. To your knowledge, is the Portland Police Bureau doing any of the following things to improve services in Portland? Training officers to help people when they are having a mental health crisis. (n=1347) 37% Training officers to work with people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. (n=1345) 36% Hiring more people of color and women as police officers. (n=1345) 33% Training officers to use force only when absolutely necessary. (n=1349) 32% Holding officers accountable who have violated the Bureau's policies. (n=1348) Thoroughly investigating complaints against police officers. (n=1338) 15% 12% 10% 15% 22% 17% Yes 28% 20% No 48% 52% 58% 53% 50% 62% Don't know DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 9 Men, those who do not identify as LGBTQIA+ and those ages 30 or above indicated they thought they police were making efforts to improve in more areas than did their counterparts. Long-Term Effects of Changes Respondents were more likely to be confident than doubtful that changes being made in the PPB would have a lasting positive impact. Respondents were split as to whether they were confident that changes being made in the PPB would have a lasting positive effect on police-community relations (39%) or uncertain whether changes would have a lasting positive impact (36%). Responses were similar to what was seen in 2016, with a slight shift from doubtful to uncertain. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 15 Lasting Effect? Somewhat 30% 36% 15% Very 9% 10% Confident Doubtful Not sure 2019 (color) n=1293 2016 (light grey) n=1764 DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 10 Confidence was higher among Asian respondents, those who did not identify as LGBTQIA+, those with a high school degree or less, and those ages 60 or higher. 3.4 PERCEPTIONS REGARDING USE OF FORCE A plurality of respondents agree that Portland police use more force than necessary when dealing with racial or ethnic populations and those experiencing a mental health crisis. Respondents were asked to evaluate the level of force used with six different groups of people. Over four in ten thought Portland police used more force than necessary when dealing with racial or ethnic populations (47%) or people experiencing a mental health crisis (47%). For these two populations, agreement outweighed disagreement. Fewer thought police used more force than necessary when dealing with other groups, such as people in their neighborhood or people with physical disabilities (11%–21%). In these other situations, disagreement outweighed agreement. It should also be noted that in these instances, the most common response was neither agree nor disagree. This response may reflect neutrality or uncertainty. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 16 Agreement: Portland police officers use more physical force than necessary when dealing with: People experiencing a mental health crisis. (n=1319) 20% Racial or ethnic populations. (n=1322) 18% Community members in general. (n=1314) 13% People with disabilities. (n=1312) 13% Strongly agree Agree 7% 31% 29% 16% People in the LGBTQIA+ community. (n=1312) People in my neighborhood. (n=1317) 28% 30% 17% 45% 26% 51% 22% 47% 42% Neither agree/disagree 16% 25% 34% Disagree 6% 9% 8% 9% 13% Strongly disagree DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 11 Demographic differences We averaged answers to the set of six questions across each individual question to create an index of perceived use of force by Portland police. Higher values indicate more positive perceptions, e.g., that Portland police do not use more force than necessary. Mean responses this year were 3.0, indicating that, on average, respondents neither agree nor disagree that Portland police use more force than necessary. This is on par with the mean response of 3.1 in 2016. A response of 3.0 corresponds with neither agree nor disagree, suggesting that respondents in general are either neutral or uncertain about whether Portland police use more force than necessary. Men, White respondents, Asian respondents, those who do not identify as LGBQTIA+, respondents ages 60 or older, respondents who did not have a history of mental health conditions (self or family member), and respondents with community-based contact with police officers all had more positive perceptions about Portland police’s use of force. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 17 Appropriate Use of Physical Force (Mean Rating) Benchmark and Group Differences 2019 Total n=1331 2016 Total White Black/African American Native American Asian Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Hispanic/Latino Non-Hispanic/Latino 18–29 30–44 45–59 60–74 75+ 3.0 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.7 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 LGBTQIA+ Non-LGBTQIA+ 2.7 Mental health issue No issue 2.7 N NE SE NW SW 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 1: Police use more force than necessary 5: Do not use more force than necessary DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 12 3.5 CONTACT WITH POLICE Police Visibility in Neighborhood The majority of respondents, 78%, had not seen foot patrols in their neighborhood in the past year. Although this was similar to what was seen in 2016 (79%), there were increases in the percentage of respondents who had seen Portland police on foot patrol weekly (5%, up two percentage points) or in the past month (9%, up three percentage points). DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 18 Frequency of Seeing Police on Foot Patrol in Neighborhood 78% 79% 2019 n=1358 2016 n=1798 1% 2% Every day 5% 3% Once a week 9% 6% Once a month 7% 10% Once a year Never DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 13 White respondents, Native American respondents, and those ages 60 or older were least likely to have seen a Portland police officer on foot patrol. Community Contact with Police The most common type of community contact between police officers and respondents is casual conversations; one in three respondents had a casual conversation with an officer in the past year. Respondents indicated whether they had four different types of community-based contact with a Portland police officer. Close to one in three had a casual conversation with a Portland police officer that did not involve being stopped to be questioned (33%). About one in ten had attended a meeting where an officer introduced themselves (11%). Fewer had attended a meeting where an officer explained what the police were doing to address neighborhood problems (7%) or knew the first or last name of any Portland police officer who patrols in their neighborhood (6%). DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 19 Familiarity With Portland Police 33% Had a casual conversation with an officer in the past year. (2019 n=1368; 2016 n=1806) Know the first or last name of officer who patrols in neighborhood. (2019 n=1363; 2016 n=1808) 32% 6% 6% Attended any meeting where a police officer introduced him/herself in the past year. (2019 n=1368; 2016 n=1807) 11% 12% Attended a meeting where an officer explained what police are doing about neighborhood problems in the past year. (2019 n=1369; 2016 n=1791) 2019 7% 10% 2016 DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 14 Overall, the frequency of community-based contact was similar to that seen in 2016. There was a threepoint decrease in the proportion of respondents attending a meeting where an officer explained what police are doing about a neighborhood problem. We saw few demographic differences in the average number of situations respondents had contact with the police. Those ages 30–44 were more likely than those ages 45–59 or 75 and older to have had any sort of community contact with police. Feelings of Safety Six in ten feel safe walking alone at night in the neighborhood; three in ten feel safe walking alone at night downtown. When asked how safe they feel walking alone at night in their neighborhood, just under six in ten respondents felt safe or very safe (59%). Three in ten felt safe walking alone in downtown Portland at night (30%). The proportion of respondents feeling safe was similar to what was seen in 2016 (60% felt safe in their neighborhood; 32% felt safe downtown). DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 20 How safe would you feel: Walking alone at night in your neighborhood. (n=1369) Walking alone at night in downtown Portland. 5% (n=1352) Very safe Safe 19% 40% 25% Neither safe nor unsafe 21% Unsafe 17% 31% 17% 7% 18% Very unsafe DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 15 Men, those with at least a bachelor’s degree, and those ages 30–59 were more likely to feel safe in both situations. Residents of North Portland, and Southeast Portland, were more likely to feel unsafe in their own neighborhood. Crime Exposure 27% said they or someone in their household had been the victim of a crime in Portland in the past year. The proportion of respondents saying they or someone in their household had been the victim of a crime, 27%, was the same as was reported in 2016 (n=1368). Groups more likely to indicate they or someone in their household had been a crime victim in the past year include non-Hispanics (28%), Native American respondents (46%), those younger than age 45 (30%–36%), those living in Northwest Portland (40%), and those who had a personal history or a family member with a history of mental health issues (35%). Contact with Police The majority of those who had contact with the police report they were treated fairly. Around three in ten respondents had contacted the Portland police to report a crime or ask for help (33%). The majority of those who contacted the police (88%) said they were treated fairly. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 21 Voluntary Contact with Police Contact 33% 88% Fair 12% Unfair n=440 DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 16 A majority of nearly all groups thought they were treated fairly. The one exception is that 35% of African American respondents who contacted the police thought they were treated fairly. About one in ten respondents (11%) had been contacted by a police officer, including warnings, traffic stops, citations, or arrests. Of those, 78% said they were treated fairly, which is an increase of seven points compared to 2016. Involuntary Contact with Police Contact 11% 78% Fair 22% Unfair n=143 DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 17 The majority of respondents in most demographic groups said they were treated fairly when contacted by a police officer. There were two exceptions: 31% of Native American respondents and 45% of respondents with a physical disability thought they were treated fairly. Over half of respondents (55%) indicated they would be comfortable calling the police if a family member was experiencing a mental health crisis. This represents a decrease of three percentage points from 2016, although the percentage of those saying they were very comfortable rose two percentage points. On balance, it appears opinions have remained about the same. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 22 Comfort Level Calling the Police if Family were Experiencing Mental Health Crisis Somewhat 31% 28% 24% Very Comfortable 17% Uncomfortable 2019 (color) n=1351 2016 (grey) n=1786 DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 18 Those who had a personal history or a family member with a history of mental health issues were more uncomfortable with calling the police if a family member were experiencing a mental health crisis (61%). African American respondents (62%), those who identify as LGBTQIA+ (60%), and those below the age of 45 (51%–53%) were also uncomfortable calling the police in this situation. A majority of respondents who had contact with the police were satisfied with how they were treated by the officer; satisfaction has increased in each area compared to 2016. Respondents who had contact with the police were asked how satisfied they were with their treatment by the officer in their most recent interaction (voluntary and involuntary contacts) or the overall experience (mental health crisis). Respondents who contacted the police to report a crime or ask for help were most satisfied (86%), followed by those who had been contacted by the police (76%). Of those who had called for assistance for someone experiencing a mental health crisis, 69% were satisfied. Satisfaction rose in all three areas compared to 2016. In the case of involuntary contact, where police officers contacted the respondent, satisfaction rose 17 percentage points. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 23 Satisfaction with Experience Interacting with Police Voluntary interaction Involuntary interaction Called for help for someone in a mental health crisis 2019 (n=431) 37% 2016 (n=592) 33% 2019 (n=143) 32% 2016 (n=269) 21% 2019 (n=168) 22% 2016 (n=173) Very satisfied Satisfied 28% Dissatisfied 49% 10% 45% 11% 11% 44% 38% 6% 23% 47% 38% 15% 15% 18% 18% 16% 19% Very dissatisfied DHM RESEARCH FEBRUARY 2019 CHART 19 Voluntary interaction: White respondents were more satisfied than African American and Native American respondents. When they contacted the police voluntarily, respondents living in Southeast Portland were more satisfied with their experience than those living in North or Northeast Portland. Involuntary interaction: When contacted by the police, White respondents were more satisfied with their experience than were Native American respondents. Mental health crisis: White respondents were more satisfied than African American respondents. Men, those who do not identify as LGBQTIA+, those older than 74, and those without a history of mental health issues (self or a family member) were more satisfied when they called the police for help for someone having a mental health crisis. 3.6 SUMMARY Overall, results suggest that Portland residents hold a positive view of Portland police when it comes to fighting crime. They remain concerned about how police may treat people of racial and ethnic minority groups and those with mental health conditions. People within those marginalized communities have elevated concerns about police behavior and lower levels of trust that they will be treated respectfully. Where perceptions have changed over time, they have tended to decline. We note that many of these declines are within the margin of error, although the overall pattern should not be dismissed. The majority of those who had contact with the police are satisfied and think they were treated fairly. Additionally, satisfaction among those who had contact with the police has risen since 2016. In the case of involuntary contact, when the police contacted the respondent, satisfaction rose 17 percentage points. This increase is notable and suggestive of meaningful improvements. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 24 Each year we observe that the average tone of public perceptions is neutral. It continues to be the case that most people report minimal contact with the police. As the majority lack first-hand knowledge, the public’s opinion may be best characterized as uncertain rather than neutral. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 25 Appendix 4 City of Portland/Community Policing 2019 January 25–March 3, 2019 City of Portland Residents N=1380; margin of error ±2.6% DHM Research Project #00557 Please select your language preference Response category English 2019 Weighted; n=1379 2019 Unweighted; n=1379 Spanish 2019 Weighted; n=1 2019 Unweighted; n=1 n=1380 99.99% 99.99% <.1% <.1% As part of the City of Portland’s Settlement Agreement with the Department of Justice concerning the Portland Police Bureau and use of force with people experiencing mental health issues, the City is conducting a survey on the performance of the Portland Police Bureau. It is important to hear from the community on: § § Where the Portland Police Bureau is doing a good job. Where the Portland Police Bureau needs to improve. The City of Portland asks that you take 15 minutes to answer these important questions about the Portland Police Bureau. Questions focus on your trust in police, your opinion of community outreach by police, and perceptions on use of force by police. Your voice is needed to help improve communityengaged policing. This survey is completely anonymous and there is no way to connect your answers to your identity. Your ID number is not connected to your name or address and is only meant to prevent persons from submitting multiple surveys. You do not have to answer any questions you don’t want to. Only persons 18 or older should complete the survey. If there are two or more adults in your household, the person who had the most recent birthday should complete the survey. This will help us hear from a diverse sample of the community. The deadline for the survey is Wednesday, February 20, 2019. DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 26 1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements. Neither Strongly agree/ Strongly Response category agree Agree disagree Disagree disagree a. The Portland Police make decisions that are right for the people in my neighborhood. 2019 Weighted; n=1353 11% 38% 36% 10% 6% 2019 Unweighted; n=1347 13% 38% 35% 9% 4% 2016 Weighted; n=1795 12% 37% 36% 11% 3% 2016 Unweighted; n=1788 13% 41% 36% 8% 2% b. The Portland Police are trustworthy. 2019 Weighted; n=1342 14% 42% 27% 11% 6% 2019 Unweighted; n=1335 17% 44% 24% 10% 4% 2016 Weighted; n=1784 15% 42% 27% 12% 5% 2016 Unweighted; n=1769 17% 47% 24% 9% 3% c. Portland Police treat people like me disrespectfully. 2019 Weighted; n=1346 6% 15% 21% 40% 18% 2019 Unweighted; n=1340 6% 11% 19% 41% 23% 2016 Weighted; n=1803 6% 12% 20% 37% 25% 2016 Unweighted; n=1787 5% 11% 18% 39% 27% d. If I call the Portland Police, I would receive the same quality of service as others in Portland. 2019 Weighted; n=1354 17% 41% 25% 13% 5% 2019 Unweighted; n=1347 20% 45% 20% 11% 4% 2016 Weighted; n=1811 17% 42% 21% 16% 5% 2016 Unweighted; n=1796 19% 46% 19% 12% 3% e. I think I would be treated fairly by Portland Police. 2019 Weighted; n=1331 19% 54% 15% 9% 3% 2019 Unweighted; n=1332 22% 54% 15% 7% 3% 2016 Weighted; n=1810 25% 49% 15% 8% 4% 2016 Unweighted; n=1795 22% 55% 14% 7% 2% f. I think my values and the values of Portland Police are very similar. 2019 Weighted; n=1356 10% 28% 34% 19% 9% 2019 Unweighted; n=1351 13% 33% 32% 15% 7% 2016 Weighted; n=1807 14% 32% 31% 15% 9% 2016 Unweighted; n=1796 15% 38% 29% 12% 6% g. The police in Portland use race and ethnicity when deciding whether to stop someone. 2019 Weighted; n=1348 16% 26% 37% 14% 7% 2019 Unweighted; n=1345 13% 25% 36% 17% 9% 2016 Weighted; n=1807 12% 28% 38% 13% 9% 2016 Unweighted; n=1799 11% 27% 36% 18% 9% h. Portland Police treat people disrespectfully because of their race or ethnicity. 2019 Weighted; n=1348 13% 20% 39% 19% 10% 2019 Unweighted; n=1341 11% 19% 36% 21% 12% 2016 Weighted; n=1807 9% 20% 38% 21% 11% 2016 Unweighted; n=1800 7% 19% 37% 24% 13% i. Portland Police treat people disrespectfully because of their mental health status. 2019 Weighted; n=1351 15% 21% 36% 19% 9% 2019 Unweighted; n=1345 11% 21% 36% 21% 11% 2016 Weighted; n=1809 8% 24% 37% 22% 9% 2016 Unweighted; n=1801 8% 22% 37% 23% 10% DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 27 Neither Strongly agree/ Strongly Response category agree Agree disagree Disagree disagree j. Portland Police treat people disrespectfully because of their gender or sexual orientation. 2019 Weighted; n=1340 6% 13% 44% 26% 11% 2019 Unweighted; n=1332 5% 12% 43% 26% 13% 2016 Weighted; n=1803 4% 11% 47% 25% 12% 2016 Unweighted; n=1793 3% 12% 45% 27% 12% k. If I saw a crime happening in my neighborhood, I would call the Portland Police to report it. 2019 Weighted; n=1359 49% 38% 8% 4% 2% 2019 Unweighted; n=1357 55% 36% 5% 3% 1% 2016 Weighted; n=1821 54% 35% 7% 2% 2% 2016 Unweighted; n=1815 57% 37% 4% 1% 1% l. I would work with the Portland Police to identify a person who committed a crime in my neighborhood. 2019 Weighted; n=1355 49% 37% 9% 3% 1% 2019 Unweighted; n=1351 54% 36% 7% 2% 1% 2016 Weighted; n=1819 54% 35% 7% 1% 2% 2016 Unweighted; n=1812 56% 36% 5% 1% 1% m. I think the Portland Police Bureau is well managed by professional leaders. 2019 Weighted; n=1338 7% 27% 45% 12% 9% 2019 Unweighted; n=1337 9% 30% 43% 12% 7% 2016 Weighted; n=1804 7% 26% 47% 11% 8% 2016 Unweighted; n=1796 8% 29% 44% 12% 6% n. The relationship between the police and the people of this city is very good. 2019 Weighted; n=1349 4% 21% 33% 28% 14% 2019 Unweighted; n=1339 5% 23% 37% 26% 9% 2016 Weighted; n=1803 4% 21% 36% 28% 12% 2016 Unweighted; n=1785 4% 25% 39% 25% 7% o. When a Portland police officer makes a request, you should do what he/she says, even if you disagree with it. 2019 Weighted; n=1361 17% 40% 24% 13% 6% 2019 Unweighted; n=1356 22% 42% 20% 12% 4% 2016 Weighted; n=1813 24% 39% 22% 11% 4% 2016 Unweighted; n=1803 26% 46% 19% 7% 2% 2. Please indicate how you think Portland police would treat you (Skip any of these 3 questions that you feel does not apply to you). Neither Strongly agree/ Strongly Response category agree Agree disagree Disagree disagree a. I worry that Portland Police may stereotype me because of my race or ethnicity. 2019 Weighted; n=1102 8% 15% 21% 37% 19% 2019 Unweighted; n=1020 8% 16% 19% 34% 23% 2016 Weighted; n=1416 10% 17% 15% 35% 22% 2016 Unweighted; n=1271 7% 16% 18% 36% 24% b. I worry the Portland Police may stereotype me because I have a physical health condition. 2019 Weighted; n=958 3% 4% 28% 41% 24% 2019 Unweighted; n=897 4% 6% 25% 39% 27% 2016 Weighted; n=1228 3% 7% 26% 42% 23% 2016 Unweighted; n=1130 2% 7% 27% 39% 25% DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 28 Neither Strongly agree/ Response category agree Agree disagree Disagree c. I worry Portland Police may stereotype me because I have a mental health condition. 2019 Weighted; n=923 5% 9% 26% 38% 2019 Unweighted; n=866 5% 8% 27% 35% 2016 Weighted; n=1225 6% 8% 26% 34% 2016 Unweighted; n=1105 4% 8% 28% 36% Strongly disagree 22% 26% 26% 25% 3. Rate the Portland Police Bureau’s (PPB) performance over the past year on the following activities. Very Response category good Good Fair Poor Very poor a. Fighting crime. 2019 Weighted; n=1275 8% 40% 35% 12% 6% 2019 Unweighted; n=1271 12% 43% 32% 9% 4% 2016 Weighted; n=1726 13% 42% 35% 7% 3% 2016 Unweighted; n=1731 13% 49% 31% 5% 2% b. Responding to mental health issues in the community. 2019 Weighted; n=1275 4% 18% 36% 26% 16% 2019 Unweighted; n=1274 6% 21% 40% 23% 10% 2016 Weighted; n=1695 8% 23% 40% 23% 5% 2016 Unweighted; n=1676 7% 29% 41% 19% 4% c. Building trust with the community. 2019 Weighted; n=1305 7% 23% 36% 22% 12% 2019 Unweighted; n=1294 8% 29% 36% 18% 9% 2016 Weighted; n=1734 11% 24% 33% 24% 9% 2016 Unweighted; n=1717 9% 32% 34% 18% 6% d. Being open and honest with the public. 2019 Weighted; n=1273 6% 27% 34% 20% 12% 2019 Unweighted; n=1282 8% 32% 34% 17% 9% 2016 Weighted; n=1717 8% 26% 35% 20% 10% 2016 Unweighted; n=1711 9% 32% 35% 17% 7% e. Listening to community concerns. 2019 Weighted; n=1272 8% 27% 36% 16% 13% 2019 Unweighted; n=1263 10% 32% 36% 14% 8% 2016 Weighted; n=1712 9% 30% 31% 20% 9% 2016 Unweighted; n=1706 10% 36% 34% 15% 6% f. Being accepting and supportive of citizens who want to file a complaint against a police officer. 2019 Weighted; n=1175 6% 24% 40% 18% 11% 2019 Unweighted; n=1166 8% 26% 40% 17% 10% 2016 Weighted; n=1605 7% 22% 37% 23% 11% 2016 Unweighted; n=1577 6% 26% 39% 19% 9% g. Treating youth under the age of 18 with respect. 2019 Weighted; n=1193 7% 30% 42% 15% 6% 2019 Unweighted; n=1179 8% 32% 41% 14% 5% h. Treating people who do not speak English as a first language with respect. 2019 Weighted; n=1188 6% 27% 40% 18% 9% 2019 Unweighted; n=1184 8% 29% 39% 17% 7% DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 29 4. To your knowledge, is the Portland Police Bureau doing any of the following things to improve services in Portland? Response category Yes No Don’t know a. Training officers to use force only when absolutely necessary. 2019 Weighted; n=1349 32% 15% 53% 2019 Unweighted; n=1346 35% 12% 52% 2016 Weighted; n=1791 34% 12% 54% 2016 Unweighted; n=1784 38% 10% 53% b. Training officers to help people when they are having a mental health crisis. 2019 Weighted; n=1347 37% 15% 48% 2019 Unweighted; n=1343 42% 13% 46% 2016 Weighted; n=1790 40% 11% 49% 2016 Unweighted; n=1782 44% 10% 47% c. Training officers to work with people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. 2019 Weighted; n=1345 36% 12% 52% 2019 Unweighted; n=1340 39% 11% 50% 2016 Weighted; n=1790 35% 13% 52% 2016 Unweighted; n=1780 40% 10% 49% d. Hiring more people of color and women as police officers. 2019 Weighted; n=1345 33% 10% 58% 2019 Unweighted; n=1341 37% 9% 54% 2016 Weighted; n=1787 26% 13% 60% 2016 Unweighted; n=1774 29% 10% 61% e. Thoroughly investigating complaints against police officers. 2019 Weighted; n=1338 17% 20% 62% 2019 Unweighted; n=1342 21% 19% 60% 2016 Weighted; n=1788 18% 21% 61% 2016 Unweighted; n=1780 21% 19% 59% f. Holding officers accountable who have violated the Bureau’s policies. 2019 Weighted; n=1348 22% 28% 50% 2019 Unweighted; n=1346 27% 23% 49% 2016 Weighted; n=1787 21% 25% 54% 2016 Unweighted; n=1780 26% 22% 52% 5. How confident are you that any changes being made in the Portland Police Bureau will have a lasting, positive effect on police-community relations? 2019 2019 2016 2016 Response category weighted unweighted weighted unweighted n=1293 n=1297 n=1764 n=1762 Very confident 9% 10% 11% 11% Somewhat confident 30% 33% 29% 34% Not sure 36% 36% 34% 35% Somewhat doubtful 15% 13% 19% 14% Very doubtful 10% 8% 8% 6% DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 30 6. Do you agree or disagree that: “Portland Police officers use more physical force than necessary when dealing with _______________” Neither Strongly agree/ Strongly Response category agree Agree disagree Disagree disagree a. Community members in general. 2019 Weighted; n=1314 5% 16% 45% 26% 9% 2019 Unweighted; n=1309 5% 14% 43% 29% 9% 2016 Weighted; n=1758 5% 16% 43% 28% 8% 2016 Unweighted; n=1744 3% 16% 43% 30% 8% b. Racial or ethnic populations. 2019 Weighted; n=1322 18% 29% 30% 17% 6% 2019 Unweighted; n=1318 15% 29% 30% 18% 7% 2016 Weighted; n=1768 16% 29% 34% 15% 6% 2016 Unweighted; n=1758 12% 31% 33% 18% 6% c. People experiencing a mental health crisis. 2019 Weighted; n=1319 20% 28% 31% 16% 5% 2019 Unweighted; n=1315 18% 27% 31% 17% 7% 2016 Weighted; n=1763 13% 31% 34% 17% 6% 2016 Unweighted; n=1752 11% 30% 34% 19% 6% d. People in the LGBTQIA+ community. 2019 Weighted; n=1312 5% 13% 51% 22% 8% 2019 Unweighted; n=1302 6% 13% 50% 23% 9% 2016 Weighted; n=1741 4% 11% 52% 24% 8% 2016 Unweighted; n=1730 4% 12% 52% 24% 8% e. People with disabilities. 2019 Weighted; n=1312 5% 13% 47% 25% 9% 2019 Unweighted; n=1310 6% 11% 47% 26% 10% 2016 Weighted; n=1759 6% 10% 50% 25% 9% 2016 Unweighted; n=1753 5% 10% 50% 27% 9% f. People in my neighborhood. 2019 Weighted; n=1317 4% 7% 42% 34% 13% 2019 Unweighted; n=1315 4% 8% 38% 35% 16% 2016 Weighted; n=1772 5% 8% 39% 32% 15% 2016 Unweighted; n=1763 3% 8% 38% 36% 15% 7. Please tell us about your experience with the Portland police in the past year… Every Once a Once a Once a Response category day week month year a. How often do you see Portland police on foot patrol in your neighborhood? 2019 Weighted; n=1358 1% 5% 9% 7% 2019 Unweighted; n=1356 1% 4% 6% 7% 2016 Weighted; n=1798 2% 3% 6% 10% 2016 Unweighted; n=1794 1% 2% 4% 7% Never 78% 83% 79% 86% Response category Yes No b. In the past year, have you had a casual conversation with a Portland police officer that did not involve you being stopped on foot or in a car to be questioned? 2019 Weighted; n=1368 33% 67% 2019 Unweighted; n=1364 32% 68% 2016 Weighted; n=1806 32% 68% 2016 Unweighted; n=1801 32% 68% DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 31 Response category Yes No c. Do you know the first or last name of any Portland police officer who patrols in your neighborhood now? 2019 Weighted; n=1363 6% 94% 2019 Unweighted; n=1362 5% 95% 2016 Weighted; n=1808 6% 94% 2016 Unweighted; n=1803 6% 94% d. During the past year, have you attended any meeting in Portland where a Portland police officer introduced him/herself? 2019 Weighted; n=1368 11% 89% 2019 Unweighted; n=1365 11% 89% 2016 Weighted; n=1807 12% 88% 2016 Unweighted; n=1799 11% 89% e. During the past year, have you attended any meeting in Portland where a Portland police officer explained what the police were doing to address neighborhood problems? 2019 Weighted; n=1369 7% 93% 2019 Unweighted; n=1367 8% 92% 2016 Weighted; n=1791 10% 90% 2016 Unweighted; n=1794 9% 91% 8. How safe would you feel walking alone at night: Response category a. In your neighborhood? 2019 Weighted; n=1369 2019 Unweighted; n=1368 2016 Weighted; n=1812 2016 Unweighted; n=1802 b. In downtown Portland? 2019 Weighted; n=1352 2019 Unweighted; n=1342 2016 Weighted; n=1792 2016 Unweighted; n=1762 Very safe Safe Neither safe nor unsafe 19% 18% 21% 19% 40% 40% 39% 40% 17% 19% 17% 19% 17% 17% 17% 17% 7% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 6% 4% 25% 23% 27% 25% 21% 22% 25% 24% 31% 31% 27% 32% 18% 20% 16% 15% Unsafe Very unsafe 9. We also want to know about experiences you may have had in the past 12 months. Response category Yes No a. Have you or anyone in your household been the victim of a crime in Portland over the past year? 2019 Weighted; n=1368 27% 73% 2019 Unweighted; n=1365 23% 77% 2016 Weighted; n=1809 27% 73% 2016 Unweighted; n=1800 21% 79% DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 32 Yes Yes (had contact) No treated (had no Response category treated fairly unfairly contact) b. Did you contact the Portland Police in the past year to report a crime or ask for help? If “yes,” were you treated fairly in your most recent interaction? 2019 Weighted; n=1349 29% 4% 67% 2019 Unweighted; n=1353 27% 4% 69% 2016 Weighted; n=1791 30% 3% 67% 2016 Unweighted; n=1769 26% 3% 71% (had contact) Very Very Response category satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied dissatisfied c. (If “YES” to the above question) Taking the whole experience into account, how satisfied are you with the way you were treated by the officer in your most recent interaction? 2019 Weighted; n=431 37% 49% 10% 5% 2019 Unweighted; 44% 42% 7% 7% n=401 2016 Weighted; n=592 33% 45% 11% 11% 2016 Unweighted; 40% 44% 10% 6% n=508 Yes Yes (had contact) No treated (had no Response category treated fairly unfairly contact) d. Did a Portland police officer contact you in the past year (ex: warning, traffic stop, citation, arrest)? If “YES,” were you treated fairly in your most recent interaction? 2019 Weighted; n=1342 8% 2% 89% 2019 Unweighted; n=1334 8% 2% 90% 2016 Weighted; n=1787 9% 4% 87% 2016 Unweighted; n=1775 7% 2% 91% (had contact) Very Very Response category satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied dissatisfied e. (If “YES” to the above question) Taking the whole experience into account, how satisfied are you with the way you were treated by the officer in your most recent interaction? 2019 Weighted; n=139 32% 44% 6% 18% 2019 Unweighted; n=128 44% 36% 8% 13% 2016 Weighted; n=269 21% 38% 23% 18% 2016 Unweighted; n=197 35% 40% 15% 11% Very Somewhat Somewhat Very Response category comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable f. How comfortable would you feel calling the police for assistance if a family member was experiencing a mental health crisis? 2019 Weighted; n=1351 24% 31% 28% 17% 2019 Unweighted; n=1346 28% 31% 26% 15% 2016 Weighted; n=1786 22% 36% 26% 16% 2016 Unweighted; n=1768 27% 36% 23% 14% DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 33 No Very Very (I had no Response category satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied dissatisfied contact) g. If you called for help for someone experiencing a mental health crisis, how satisfied were you with the help you received? 2019 Weighted; n=1213 3% 7% 2% 2% 86% 2019 Unweighted; n=1186 4% 6% 2% 2% 85% 2016 Weighted; n=1558 3% 4% 2% 2% 89% 2016 Unweighted; n=1526 4% 6% 1% 1% 88% 10. Your survey is anonymous. The following questions are included only to help us know how well our results represent all residents in the City of Portland. a. What is your gender identity? Response category Male Female Non-binary/3rd gender3 Prefer to self-disclose 2019 weighted n=1350 49% 50% 1% n=2 2019 unweighted n=1350 44% 55% 1% n=6 2016 weighted n=1806 48% 50% 1% 1% 2019 weighted n=1344 1% 99% 2019 unweighted n=1341 1% 99% 2016 unweighted n=1806 43% 57% n=3 1% b. Do you identify as transgender? Response category Yes No c. Do you describe yourself as Spanish, Hispanic, Latino, or Chicano? 2019 2019 2016 weighted unweighted Weighted Response category n=1343 n=1343 n=1784 Yes 10% 11% 9% No 90% 89% 91% d. What is your racial background? (Mark all that apply) 2019 2019 weighted unweighted Response category n=1284 n=1284 White4 82% 87% Black or African American 7% 7% American Indian or Native American 2% 4% Asian 9% 6% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific 1% 1% Islander Other --- 2016 Unweighted n=1784 9% 91% 2016 weighted n=1772 82% 9% 4% 6% 2016 unweighted n=1772 81% 7% 3% 5% -- -- 8% 8% 3 2016 response categories were: Male, Female, Transgender, Other 2016 response categories were: Caucasian/White, African-American/Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Indian/Native American, Other 4 DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 34 e. Do you identify as LGBTQIA+?5 2019 unweighted n=1326 7% 93% 2016 weighted n=1753 10% 90% 2016 unweighted n=1724 6% 94% What is the highest level of education you completed? 2019 2019 weighted unweighted Response category n=1351 n=1352 Some high school or less 2% 3% High school degree/GED 9% 9% Some college, but no degree 17% 20% Associate’s degree 8% 8% 60% Bachelor’s degree or higher 64% 2016 weighted n=1801 2% 7% 21% 9% 62% 2016 unweighted n=1802 3% 10% 22% 9% 55% 2016 weighted n=1796 24% 32% 25% 13% 6% 2016 unweighted n=1796 3% 15% 28% 41% 13% Response category Yes No 2019 weighted n=1334 12% 88% f. g. What is your age? Response category Under 30 30–44 45–59 60–74 Over 74 2019 weighted n=1347 24% 32% 25% 13% 6% 2019 unweighted n=1347 5% 23% 28% 32% 13% For the following questions, mental health issues are defined as conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar, schizophrenia or PTSD. Response category Yes No h. Do you have an immediate family member with a mental health issue? 2019 Weighted; n=1344 34% 66% 2019 Unweighted; n=1343 32% 68% 2016 Weighted; n=1797 36% 64% 2016 Unweighted; n=1792 29% 71% i. If “YES,” do you believe your family member’s mental health issue would affect interactions with police officers? 2019 Weighted; n=450 54% 46% 2019 Unweighted; n=429 53% 47% 2016 Weighted; n=640 55% 45% 2016 Unweighted; n=505 52% 48% j. Do you have a mental health issue? 2019 Weighted; n=1339 17% 83% 2019 Unweighted; n=1339 12% 88% 2016 Weighted; n=1779 19% 81% 2016 Unweighted; n=1773 10% 90% 5 2016 question wording was: Do you identify as LGBTQ? DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 35 Response category Yes No k. If “YES” do you believe If “YES” do you believe your mental health issue would affect interactions with police officers? 2019 Weighted; n=224 32% 68% 2019 Unweighted; n=158 34% 66% 2016 Weighted; n=325 36% 64% 2016 Unweighted; n=180 31% 69% l. Do you qualify as someone with a “disability” as defined by the government? 2019 Weighted; n=1327 5% 95% 2019 Unweighted; n=1320 8% 92% 2016 Weighted; n=1772 8% 92% 2016 Unweighted; n=1762 10% 90% 11. Portland’s 5-digit Zip Codes all start with “972.” Please provide the last two digits of your home Zip Code 2019 2019 2016 2016 weighted unweighted weighted unweighted Response category n=1380 n=1380 n=1829 n=1829 North 11% 13% 11% 13% Northeast 31% 35% 31% 37% Northwest 9% 3% 9% 3% Southeast 39% 36% 39% 35% 12% 12% Southwest 11% 11% The space below is provided for additional comments regarding the Portland Police: DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 36 Appendix B Further Context for Results In some instances, results from this survey differed from the bureau’s own community engagement survey6 that was also released in 2019. For example, we found that 48% agree the Portland Police Bureau does a very good or good job fighting crime, whereas the community engagement survey found 21% thought Portland Police always or often does a good job reducing crime. In other instances, results were fairly similar. For example, we found that 42% thought Portland police use race or ethnicity when deciding whether to stop someone and the community engagement survey found that 45% thought Portland police consider race and ethnicity when enforcing the law. Both surveys suggested that communities of color hold less positive perceptions of Portland police and have less positive experiences with Portland police. Differences in question wording may account for some discrepancies in findings. We also note that community engagement surveys serve a different purpose from a scientifically-based assessment of the community. Both have their strengths and it is not necessarily expected that results mirror each other. Where findings are cross-validated in both surveys, it increases confidence that those findings are a reliable, replicable representation of the community’s opinions. 6 https://www.portlandoregon.gov/police/article/725900 DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 37 APPENDIX C Weighting Summary Weighting adjusted how we counted responses in order to make sure the sample matched the demographic characteristics of the total population of the City of Portland. This is necessary because survey participation rates vary across demographic groups. In particular, women, older residents, and those who are White completed the survey at higher rates. If the data are not weighted, the attitudes and experiences of these groups have a disproportionate influence on the total results. People who were underrepresented received a weight greater than 1; people who were overrepresented received a weight less than 1. For example, relatively few young people returned surveys. Therefore, their responses received more weight. Conversely, older people were overrepresented and received less weight. Similar weights were applied by gender, race, and area of the city. We used a weighting technique7 that adjusts across multiple demographic variables simultaneously. This technique ensures that weighting for one demographic variable does not result in unintended changes for another demographic variable. In terms of the survey results, weighting typically yielded small differences in the overall results. 7 Iterative proportional fitting, as put forth by W.E. Deming and F.F. Stephan (1940). DHM RESEARCH CITY OF PORTLAND COMMUNITY POLICING FEBRUARY 2019 38